DocumentType,DocumentTitle,Abstract,Author,Editor,BookAuthors,PublicationType,PublicationName,Publisher,PublicationYear,PrintedPublicationYear,PublisherCity,Volume,Issue,StartPage,EndPage,BookTitle,BookSeriesTitle,Descriptors,PMID,ID,Correspondence,ISSN,ISBN,DOI
"Journal Article","Flying dreams stimulated by targeted movement and sound: Art and science in the dream hotel.","We present Dream Hotel Room 1, a sculptural artwork by Carsten Höller (with Adam Haar Horowitz) that uses dream engineering techniques to induce flying dreams. Dreams of flying are an exceptional experience; even years after their occurrence, people report these remain some of the most meaningful and memorable dreams of their lives. Existing literature suggests that flying dreams are common in childhood and then become infrequent in adulthood, occurring in only about 1% of adult dreams. We aim to (a) induce flying dreams in an adult population using a custom-built robotic bed, (b) probe their phenomenological correlates, and (c) open targeted dream incubation experiences up to a large public in an art museum setting. To our knowledge, this is a unique and novel approach where scientists collaborate with artists to incubate dreams with the priority being the joy of the incubated dream rather than a particular scientific hypothesis. In total, 353 museumgoers slept in the Dream Hotel Room 1 for either a 1 hr nap period or overnight; of these, 24 submitted voluntary dream reports, with 16 visitors (67%) reporting at least one dreamt experience of flight. This is higher than baseline frequencies in adult populations reported in prior literature. Participants reported visual, auditory, vestibular, and somatosensory flying dream content. These findings may facilitate the development of dream flight induction technologies, as well as novel artist–scientist collaboration methodologies across the brain sciences. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Haar Horowitz, Adam;Höller, Carsten;Hildebrand, Dominik;Di Chio, Nicola;Carr, Michelle;Picard-Deland, Claudia;Riskin, Seth;Maes, Pattie","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2025","","US","","","No Pagination Specified","No Pagination Specified","","","*Art;  *Dream Analysis;  *Dream Content;  *Museums;  *Sciences; Engineering","","2026-10153-001","Haar Horowitz, Adam: Dust Dream Sciences, 2092 California Street, San Francisco, CA, US, 94109, adam@dust.systems.us","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000308"
"Journal Article","Impact of childhood trauma on dreams in adulthood: An Argentine survey.","The aim of this study was to assess whether participants who present more frequently with nightmares or distressing dreams have had traumatic experiences in their childhood and their relationship with current personality traits. Three instruments were administered to a sample of 446 adults from the Argentine population: the Dreams Questionnaire, Negative Childhood Experiences Questionnaire, and an abbreviated version of the Symptoms Assessment. The results showed that participants presented specific dream content, such as hearing voices/music in dreams (88%), lucid dreams (79%), night terrors (64%), evil/demonic presences (61%), and dreams about a traumatic events (40%). The results also showed a correlation between the frequency of dream experiences and parental maltreatment (emotional, sexual, and physical abuse) and a positive and significant correlation between dream recall with propensity for mental health vulnerability symptoms, which confirmed the two main hypotheses. In addition, a gender difference showed that males tended to have greater dream recall compared to females, and females tended to show predominantly more auditory dreams and night terrors compared to males. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Parra, Alejandro","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2025","","US","","","No Pagination Specified","No Pagination Specified","","","*Dream Content;  *Dream Recall;  *Early Experience;  *Nightmares;  *Symptoms;  *Trauma; Sleep Terrors","","2026-08076-001","Parra, Alejandro: Facultad de Psicologia, Universidad Isalud, Venezuela 931, Ciudad Autonoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina, C1095AAS, rapp_ale@fibertel.com.ar","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000307"
"Journal Article","Nightmare disorder in women.","The aim of this study is to identify the short-term proximate triggers and effects of nightmares in adult women. In total, 85 females and 29 males participated in a 2-week intensive longitudinal assessment of mood, stress, social conflict, and sleep architecture measures. Sleep architecture was monitored with the DREEM–3 Headband device. Multilevel modeling analyses were conducted with lagged and cross-lagged effects estimates. Although women reported greater regular dream recall rates than men (9.76 women and 7.93 men), they reported the same number of nightmares as men (1.48 women and 1.48 men). Women displayed elevated percentage of light sleep in association with regular dreams, disturbing dreams, and nightmares and lesser amounts of percentage of deep sleep (N3%) for all three dream types. Z score conversions for N3% demonstrated a more dramatic reduction in N3% for females versus males on nights with disturbing dreams/nightmares. Female participants had significantly higher wake after sleep onset compared to males, with an estimated increase relative to men of 18.012 min (SE = 6.313, p = .006). An increase in stress 4 days prior to a nightmare significantly predicted that nightmare (estimate = 0.188, p = .020). Gender strongly mediated the effect of stress leading to a future nightmare. The interaction between gender and nightmares was positive and significant (p = .0015), with 23.9 more minutes awake after sleep onset than males 3 days after a nightmare occurrence. Women with nightmares may be disproportionately sleep deprived relative to male counterparts. Stress and insomnia precede the nightmare and insomnia follows. Such sleep deprivation contributes to a cycle where nightmare-related sleep-avoidant behavior leads to insomnia and build-up over time of a significant sleep debt. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","McNamara, Patrick;Balch, John;Raider, Rachel;Reed, Chanel","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2025","","US","","","No Pagination Specified","No Pagination Specified","","","*Human Sex Differences;  *Insomnia;  *Nightmares;  *Sleep;  *Sleep Onset; Stress","","2026-08554-001","McNamara, Patrick: Department of Psychology, National University, 9388 Lightwave Avenue, San Diego, CA, US, 92123, pmcnamara@nu.edu","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000309"
"Journal Article","Leveraging deep neural networks for lucid dream communication via two-dimensional electrooculography.","This article introduces a novel approach to lucid dream communication, leveraging electrooculographic signals for real-time, natural language messaging within dreams. Beyond traditional horizontal eye movement techniques, our methodology incorporates vertical eye movements, enhancing the expressive range of communication. Recognizing the potential for lucid dream communication in diverse settings, including home and laboratory environments with varying conditions, we explore two complementary approaches focusing on gesture detection and translating gestures into English words. Methodologically, we employ a grid system enabling dreamers to encode messages into eye gestures. We develop two deep neural network models for classifying and decoding eye movement data. One model integrates a dynamic threshold algorithm with a convolutional neural network for gesture classification, while the other uses a transformer-based decoding of grid-encoded eye gestures into natural language sentences. Tested in two pilot studies with awake participants, our setups exhibit promising results. In Pilot Study 1, we attained an average accuracy of 77.6% in classifying eye gestures across subjects. Pilot Study 2 demonstrates an average accuracy of 90.3% in postdecoding, successfully recovering the original English language message in most cases. This method exhibits an average eye typing speed of 19.7 characters per minute. Our results emphasize the practicality of real-time natural language dream communication, demonstrating its applicability in both laboratory and home settings. If successfully replicated during lucid dreaming states, this pioneering method holds the potential to pave the way for novel research on dreams, memory, and consciousness. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Amo, Victoria;Godt, Nikolai;Leugering, Johannes;Appel, Kristoffer","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2025","","US","","","No Pagination Specified","No Pagination Specified","","","*Communication;  *Eye Movements;  *Gestures;  *Lucid Dreaming;  *Messages;  *Natural Language;  *Deep Neural Networks; Convolutional Neural Networks","","2026-01594-001","Amo, Victoria: Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Max-Planck-Ring 8, Tubingen, Germany, 72076, academia@victoriaamo.com","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000304"
"Journal Article","The relationship between mindfulness and lucid dreaming: A systematic review.","The relationship between mindfulness and the frequency with which one experiences lucid dreams is conceptually strong and can be grounded in the continuity hypothesis and in neuroscientific investigations. However, only few studies have been performed regarding this relationship, and comparisons between studies are difficult to make because of methodological issues and discrepancies in results. This study aims to investigate the degree to which this relationship exists and determine the potential factors accounting for the expected discrepancies to guide further research. For that aim, a systematic literature review was conducted in Scopus, Web of Science, and PsycINFO. A total of 555 unique studies were screened, of which three studies (consisting of a total of six substudies) were included that matched the inclusion criteria. The studies were analyzed through a narrative synthesis. The findings reveal an inconclusive association between mindfulness and LDF. Factors identified as potentially accounting for the inconsistencies among the results were meditation experience, lucid dreaming experience, dream recall, gender, and age. This review underlines the importance of pursuing future research that takes these factors into account to enhance our understanding of the relationship between mindfulness and lucid dreaming. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Balt, Annemiek C.;Nieuwenhuis, Marlon;de Bruin, Ed J.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2025","","US","","","No Pagination Specified","No Pagination Specified","","","*Dream Recall;  *Experiences (Events);  *Hypothesis Testing;  *Lucid Dreaming; Mindfulness Meditation","","2025-99351-001","Nieuwenhuis, Marlon: University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, Enschede, Netherlands, 7500 AE, m.nieuwenhuis@utwente.nl","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000303"
"Journal Article","Sleep patterns and crisis-related dreams during the COVID-19 pandemic and the Russo-Ukrainian war.","The COVID-19 pandemic and the ongoing Russo-Ukrainian War have profoundly affected individuals worldwide, eliciting heightened levels of stress, anxiety, and fear. This study investigates the impact of these crises on sleep patterns and dream experiences within Portugal’s general adult population. Online surveys administered during both crises examined changes in sleep patterns, dream recall frequency, and characteristics of crisis-related dreams. The study involved 1,020 participants during the COVID-19 pandemic and 703 participants during the Russo-Ukrainian War. Results reveal that while the pandemic significantly disrupted various life domains, including mental health, the war primarily impacted financial stability. Sleep disturbances unfolded during both crises, but pandemic-induced disruptions were more pronounced. Crisis-related dreams, characterized by fear and distress, were also more prevalent during the pandemic. Variations in crisis-related dream emotional and sensory content were identified. Anxiety was mainly associated with pandemic dreams, whereas sadness and anger characterized war-related dreams. These findings underscore the psychological ramifications of crises on sleep and dreams, emphasizing the importance of addressing mental health issues during tumultuous epochs. The study also suggests that monitoring sleep patterns and analyzing dream content can provide valuable insights into individuals’ emotional processing of collective crises. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Vicente, Henrique Testa;Becker, Joana Proença;Sequeira, Joana;Farate, Carlos","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2025","","US","","","No Pagination Specified","No Pagination Specified","","","*Crises;  *Dream Content;  *Fear;  *Pandemics;  *Sleep;  *War;  *COVID-19; Sleep Quality","","2025-88861-001","Vicente, Henrique Testa: Instituto Superior Miguel Torga (ISMT), Rua Augusta, Coimbra, Portugal, 3000-061, henrique.t.vicente@gmail.com","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000305"
"Journal Article","Assessing attitudes toward dream incubation: A new scale.","This study aims to develop the Dream Incubation Attitude Scale for assessing attitudes toward dream incubation. The Dream Incubation Attitude Scale underwent psychometric testing based on responses drawn from 109 Hong Kong participants. This resulted in a three-factor structure comprising self-efficacy, skepticism, and challenge, each exhibiting strong internal consistency with Cronbach’s α values ranging from .72 to .89. Concurrent validity was established through small to moderate correlations with the Dream Attitude Scale. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Kwok, Ching-Wai;Zhou, Ruth De-Hui;Hou, Yanwen;Yu, Calvin Kai-Ching","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2025","","US","","","No Pagination Specified","No Pagination Specified","","","*Attitude Measures;  *Attitudes;  *Concurrent Validity;  *Dream Analysis;  *Test Construction; Test Reliability","","2025-88863-001","Yu, Calvin Kai-Ching: Department of Counselling and Psychology, Hong Kong Shue Yan University, 10 Wai Tsui Crescent, Braemar Hill, North Point, Hong Kong, kcyu@hksyu.edu","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000306"
"Journal Article","Trauma or transcendence? The relationship between near-death experiences and dreaming.","Near-death experiences (NDEs) are exceptional states of consciousness reported by many individuals who come close to death. Unusual dream phenomena such as more intense and vivid dreams, higher dream recall, and increased lucid dreaming have been purported to occur after NDEs, however, a comprehensive assessment of the dream experiences and attitudes of NDE survivors remains unexplored. Moreover, it remains unknown whether anomalous dream experiences stem from the actual NDE or the traumatic experience of coming close to death. In this study, 138 NDE survivors, 45 participants who experienced a life-threatening event but without NDE, and 129 participants who had never come close to death completed a quantitative questionnaire assessing trauma symptoms and a range of dream-related variables. The NDE group reported significantly more lucid dreams, creative and problem-solving dreams, precognitive dreams, and out-of-body experiences during sleep than both other groups of participants. Furthermore, these experiences appeared to be primarily related to the NDE rather than trauma symptomology. Findings continue to suggest a relationship between nonordinary states and expanded awareness more broadly—whether experienced during sleep or wakefulness—offering further insights into the phenomenon of consciousness in general. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Lindsay, Nicole;Tassell-Matamua, Natasha;O'Sullivan, Laura;Gibson, Rosemary","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2025","","US","35","1","1","17","","","*Death and Dying;  *Dream Content;  *Lucid Dreaming;  *Near Death Experiences;  *Precognition;  *Sleep;  *Survivors; Trauma","","2025-09084-001","Lindsay, Nicole: School of Psychology, Massey University, Manawatu Campus, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, New Zealand, 4442, n.lindsay1@massey.ac.nz","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000278"
"Journal Article","Archetypal dreams correlated with physical health.","The traditional Chinese medicine implies that physical health problem is related to dreaming of bizarre and usual dreams. Carl Jung argues that archetypal dreams are more bizarre and unusual than everyday dreams. Here, we explored whether individual differences in physical health problems were related to dreaming of archetypal dreams. In total, 106 participants completed a questionnaire, which measured individual differences in physical health problems and dreams. Then, the archetypality of these dreams was rated by both participants themselves and external judges. The results showed that people with a higher physical health problem score had more archetypal dreams than those with lower scores. The results suggested that individual differences in physical health problem were related to bizarre and unusual dreams. In addition, the results indicate that some dreams are related to physical situations. Thus, there may be a need for some cognitive dream theories to consider the effect of physical health problem on dreams. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Wang, Jiaxi;Feng, Xiaoling","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2025","","US","35","1","58","67","","","*Alternative Medicine;  *Archetypes;  *Dreaming;  *Individual Differences;  *Jung (Carl);  *Physical Disorders; Physical Health","","2025-29570-001","Wang, Jiaxi: Department of Psychology, School of Education, Guangzhou University, Higher Education Mega Center, 230 Waihuan West Road, Guangzhou, China, 510006, jiaxiwang311@foxmail.com","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000288"
"Journal Article","Dream images in women during COVID-19 in México.","This article presents the final results from research considering dream images during the first COVID-19 lockdown in Mexico. The sample consisted of nine subjects, with an age range of 18–38 years of age, living in México during the lockdown of the first wave of COVID-19 (beginning in March 2020). This was a multiple case study, with a qualitative approach. Eleven subjects participated voluntarily in an average of two to three in-depth clinical interviews lasting 1 hr. During the interview, participants were asked to share their most recent dream. They then proceeded to find meaning in the dream imagery through an analytical dialogue in conversation with the interviewer. After gathering all the data, the authors proceeded to use the narrative method and grounded theory to process the findings. Results showed a predominance of images charged with negative emotions, especially fear. Additionally, participants expressed a perception of vulnerability associated with a lack of control and unclear boundaries. Finally, participants presented, through their dream images, an unstable, dangerous, and misleading worldview. Few dreams literally referred to the pandemic, and only two participants repeatedly mentioned being affected by COVID-19. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Bontempo e Silva, Luiza;Beck, Gustavo;Jaschack, Miguel G. M.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2025","","US","35","1","29","37","","","*Dream Analysis;  *Dream Content;  *Pandemics;  *COVID-19; Quarantine","","2025-25221-001","Bontempo e Silva, Luiza: Department of Psychology, Fundacion Universidad de las Americas Puebla, CS Building,Office 263, Ex Hacienda Santa Catarina Martir, San Andres Cholula, Mexico, 72810, luiza.bontempo@udlap.mx","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000285"
"Journal Article","Exploration of contentless awareness during sleep: An online survey.","This article presents the results of the first study part of the research project “Objectless sleep experiences” aimed at exploring the phenomenological blueprints of conscious sleep states that lack a distinct object of awareness. A total of 573 responses were collected from an online survey that asked about the incidence, frequency, and phenomenology of a range of sleep phenomena. The survey’s results provide a better understanding of the variety of sleep experiences by yielding preliminary insights into the phenomenology of objectless sleep experiences. Additionally, the results show that putative instances of objectless awareness during sleep are rare. From the thematic analysis, reports of objectless sleep experiences were characterized as a state of “void,” “emptiness,” or simply an awareness of the sleeping state. Moreover, two sorts of temporal dynamics of this sort of experience were distinguished from the reports: following the dissolution of a dream scene or arising spontaneously during sleep without recall of what preceded it. Furthermore, the results provide preliminary insights into the phenomenology of certain waking experiences that some have regarded as potentially related to instances of objectless sleep awareness. Such experiences include the phenomenon of white dreaming, the feeling of knowing, upon awakening, that one had a dream but was unable to recall its content. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Alcaraz-Sánchez, Adriana","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2025","","US","35","1","38","57","","","*Awareness;  *Dream Content;  *Dream Recall;  *Phenomenology;  *Sleep; Surveys","","2025-04999-001","Alcaraz-Sánchez, Adriana: Centre for Philosophical Psychology, University of Antwerp, Lange Sint-Annastraat 7, Antwerp, Belgium, 2000, adriana.alcaraz.sa@gmail.com","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000271"
"Journal Article","Characteristics of typical Japanese dreams: Relationships with age, gender, and self-construal.","Several types of dream content are universally reported by many people, and it is believed that typical dreams suggest people’s shared mentality and psychological themes. The purpose of this study was to investigate typical dreams among Japanese people in relation to age, gender, and self-construal. An online questionnaire was administered to 400 nonclinical Japanese participants. Participants were asked to answer scales to investigate typical dream frequencies and self-construal. The results revealed age and gender differences in dream contents with respect to typical dream frequencies. In addition, some typical dreams had an increased frequency in relation to anthropophobia, an independent view of self, and an interdependent view of self. The effects of age and the association with anthropophobia suggest that typical dreams may occur in the process of establishing the self from a state of psychological immaturity. In addition, gender differences and the relationship between the independent and interdependent views of self in the frequency of typical dreams suggest psychological themes that arise in the process of self-establishment in Japanese people and the direction in which the ego is oriented for social adaptation. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Konakawa, Hisae","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2025","","US","35","1","100","114","","","*Age Differences;  *Dream Content;  *Human Sex Differences;  *Japanese Cultural Groups;  *Self-Concept; Interdependence","","2025-27527-001","Konakawa, Hisae: Uehiro Research Division, Institute for the Future of Human Society, Kyoto University, 46 Yoshidashimoadachicho, Sakyo Ward, Kyoto, Japan, 606-8501, konakawa.hisae.8e@kyoto-u.ac.jp","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000286"
"Journal Article","Automatic dream content analysis finds effects of gender, age, and blindness on word use.","Links between waking life and dreaming are still far from well understood. The continuity hypothesis states “There is considerable congruence between what a person dreams about at night and what he does or thinks about when he is awake” (Hall & Nordby, 1972, p. 125). With automatic content analysis software, Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count, we analyzed word frequencies in dream reports to test the continuity hypothesis. People’s differences in gender, age, and whether they are blind or sighted in waking life are associated with different frequencies of word usage. In Studies 1, 2, and 3, we found that different word frequencies found in waking life are also found in dream reports. Further, in Study 4, we applied a machine learning technique and built support vector machine models using word frequencies in dream reports to discriminate between binary characteristics of a person based on the content of the person’s dreams, for the characteristics of male/female and sighted/blind. The models well predicted these binary characteristics of the dreamers. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Zheng, Xiaofang;Schweickert, Richard;Song, Mengjiao","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2025","","US","35","1","68","85","","","*Age Differences;  *Blindness;  *Dream Analysis;  *Dream Content;  *Human Sex Differences;  *Wakefulness; Word Frequency","","2025-28092-001","Zheng, Xiaofang: Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, 70 Pond Street, Unit 1, Medford, MA, US, 02451, xiaofangzhengviola@gmail.com","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000287"
"Journal Article","The impact of COVID-19 pandemic-related distress and social isolation on dreams.","The COVID-19 pandemic has had widespread psychological and social impacts globally. This study investigated the effect of pandemic-related distress and social isolation on the dream experiences of individuals in Hong Kong. A sample of 213 participants completed measures assessing COVID-19 psychological distress, objective and perceived social isolation, dream intensity, and dream motifs. The results showed that higher COVID-19 psychological distress was associated with greater objective and perceived social isolation. Importantly, prior COVID-19 infection status was found to moderate the relationships among distress, social isolation, and specific aspects of dream experiences. For those with a prior COVID-19 infection, psychological distress predicted more intense dream experiences and more grandiose dream themes. These findings suggest that the multifaceted psychosocial impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic have significantly influenced individuals’ dream lives, with prior infection status playing an important moderating role. The results provide insights into the complex interplay among the pandemic’s effects, social isolation, and the subjective dream world. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Wu, Si-Min;Rashidnia, Jafar;Yu, Calvin Kai-Ching","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2025","","US","35","1","18","28","","","*Distress;  *Dream Content;  *Infectious Disorders;  *Pandemics;  *Social Isolation; COVID-19","","2025-56041-001","Yu, Calvin Kai-Ching: Department of Counselling and Psychology, Hong Kong Shue Yan University, Wai Tsui Crescent, Braemar Hill, North Point, Hong Kong, kcyu@hksyu.edu","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000298"
"Journal Article","Typical dreams among Japanese people: Gender and age differences.","The two aims of this study were to examine gender and age differences in typical Japanese dreams and further compare them with data from other cultures. A total of 206 Japanese youth, 253 adults, and 100 elderly people were surveyed. “Recent impressive dreams” reported by participants were rated using the Typical Dream Questionnaire (Nielsen et al., 2003). The results showed that the prevalence of typical dreams was low, but the ranking and frequent themes were in line prior studies. Regarding gender differences, only one item “arriving too late” was significant. In terms of age differences, five items showed significance. Youth reported dreaming more frequently about “school, teachers, studying,” and “being chased or pursued.” On the other hand, adults reported dreaming more about “finding money.” The theme of “a person now dead being alive” was most prevalent among the elderly, followed by adults. Lastly, “become a child again” was commonly reported by both the elderly and adults. We conclude that these differences support the continuity hypothesis. In addition, typical dreams were considered to have some degree of universality across cultures. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Yoshioka, Yui","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2025","","US","35","1","86","99","","","*Age Differences;  *Dreaming;  *Human Sex Differences; Japanese Cultural Groups","","2024-59373-001","Yoshioka, Yui: Graduate School of Education, Kyoto University, Yoshida Honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan, 606-8501, y.yui.0121@gmail.com","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000267"
"Journal Article","Dreaming oneself awake: Psychological flexibility, imaginal simulation, and somatic awareness in Tibetan Buddhist dream yoga.","Contemplatives in Tibet understood dreaming to be a powerful expressive domain in which novel and disparate worlds can be experienced, from which new knowledge can emerge and new skills be cultivated. Buddhist practices of dream yoga (rmi lam rnal ‘byor) consist of practical methods to learn how to lucidly perform specific contemplative techniques while asleep. Such contemplative sleeping practices are designed to extend insights achieved during dreaming into perceptual shifts during waking life. To better understand the underlying mechanisms operative in Tibetan Buddhist dreaming practices, this article translates and interprets excerpts from historical Tibetan dream yoga manuals from the 14th through 17th centuries in the Nyingma Seminal Heart tradition of Dzogchen and the Shangpa Kagyü tradition of the Six Teachings of Niguma. Specifically, we are concerned with discerning three discrete experiential dimensions prescribed in dream yoga manuals: operations of (a) perceptual plasticity; (b) imaginal simulation and use of mental imagery; and (c) somatic awareness of what Tibetans call the “mental body of dream” (rmi lam gyi yid lus). Each dimension references discourses and analogs in contemporary philosophy of mind, cognitive science, and cultural psychology about meta-awareness, imagination, reflexive awareness, and enhanced cognition and embodiment. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Sheehy, Michael R.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2025","","US","","","No Pagination Specified","No Pagination Specified","","","*Awareness;  *Buddhists;  *Dreaming;  *Lucid Dreaming;  *Traditions;  *Wakefulness; Yoga","","2025-82842-001","Sheehy, Michael R.: Contemplative Sciences Center, University of Virginia, Contemplative Commons, 403 Emmet Street South, Charlottesville, VA, US, 22903, ms4qm@virginia.edu","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000302"
"Journal Article","Nightmares and the Big Five personality traits: A systematic review and three-level meta-analysis.","Our objective was to conduct a systematic review with meta-analysis to enhance our comprehension of the Big Five personality traits that are associated with nightmare frequency and distress and might thus serve as risk factors for frequent and distressing nightmares. The inclusion criteria for studies were the use of a validated questionnaire to measure the Big Five personality traits and the measurement of nightmare distress and/or frequency in an adult population. Relevant studies were searched on PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science. Risk of bias was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Tool for analytical cross-sectional studies. Three-level meta-analyses were performed. Ten studies, all with a low risk of bias, were included. Due to the lack of studies on this topic, we were only able to conduct meta-analyses on nightmare frequency with openness and neuroticism. The pooled Fisher’s z between nightmare frequency and openness was z = 0.06 (95% confidence interval [CI] [0.02, 0.10], p < .01). The pooled Fisher’s z between nightmare frequency and neuroticism was z = 0.30 (95% CI [0.23, 0.38], p < .001). The association between nightmare frequency and neuroticism is small to moderate, while the association between nightmare frequency and openness is negligible to small. Our results imply that neuroticism is a greater predisposing factor for nightmare frequency than openness. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Roland, Aurore;Goossens, Zosia","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2025","","US","","","No Pagination Specified","No Pagination Specified","","","*Distress;  *Five Factor Personality Model;  *Nightmares; Openness to Experience","","2025-81767-001","Roland, Aurore: Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, Brussels, Belgium, 1050, aurore.roland@vub.be","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000301"
"Journal Article","Political mobilization, trauma, delusional dream themes, and nightmare distress in Hong Kong.","Dreams are known to be affected by large-scale traumatic events that impact society, but the literature on social movement-related trauma is inadequate. The Anti-Extradition Law Amendment Bill Movement (Anti-ELAB) was a 7-month large-scale and highly traumatic social movement in Hong Kong that began in March 2019 in opposition to a bill proposed by the Hong Kong Government to amend its extradition laws. Using a sample of 112 Chinese young adult (74 females, 38 males, Mage = 20.83) residents in Hong Kong, this article reports an investigation into relationships between trauma (as manifested in posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms), dream content (dream motifs, classified according to persecution or ego ideal delusional inclinations), and nightmare distress, all recalled by participants in relation to personal experiences of the Anti-ELAB. The hypothetical mediation models tested in the study confirm that the Anti-ELAB affected dream variables indirectly through trauma, including dream motifs modulated by persecution and ego ideal inclinations, offering critical insights into their dynamic interplay. Potential explanations for the findings as well as their implications for further research and clinical practice are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Lo, Hoi-Yan;Yu, Calvin Kai-Ching;Wong, Melissa Ho-Lam;Davey, Gareth","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2025","","US","","","No Pagination Specified","No Pagination Specified","","","*Delusions;  *Distress;  *Dream Content;  *Nightmares;  *Persecution;  *Social Movements; Trauma","","2025-69008-001","Yu, Calvin Kai-Ching: Department of Counselling and Psychology, Hong Kong Shue Yan University, Wai Tsui Crescent, Braemar Hill, North Point, Hong Kong, kcyu@hksyu.edu","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000299"
"Journal Article","Psychometric properties of the Chinese version of Nightmare Distress Questionnaire in adolescents with psychiatric disorders.","Nightmare Distress Questionnaire (NDQ) is commonly used to assess nightmare distress. The psychometric properties of the Chinese version of NDQ (NDQ-CV) have been shown to be satisfactory in the general population of Chinese adolescents. This study aims to evaluate the psychometric properties of NDQ-CV in adolescents with psychiatric disorders. A total of 536 patients with psychiatric disorders aged 10–19 years old were recruited from Shandong Mental Health Center in China between October 2021 and March 2022. A structured questionnaire including NDQ-CV was used to measure nightmare distress, nightmare frequency, sleep duration, insomnia, daytime sleepiness, and depressive symptoms. Confirmatory factor analysis was performed to assess the factor structure of NDQ-CV in adolescents with psychiatric disorders. The mean age of the participants was 15.30 ± 1.95, and 61% was female. Fifty-two percent of participants were diagnosed with depressive disorder. Confirmatory factor analysis showed that the revised one-factor model was most suitable to interpret the structure of NDQ-CV. The internal consistency reliability coefficient was 0.94. The total scale score was significantly correlated with nightmare frequency, gender, sleep duration, insomnia, daytime sleepiness, and depressive symptoms. Furthermore, there were significant differences in NDQ-CV total scores between adolescents with psychiatric disorders and the general adolescent population. The NDQ-CV has satisfactory reliability and validity and is suitable to assess nightmare distress in adolescents with psychiatric disorders. Further studies are needed to investigate the psychometric properties of NDQ-CV in clinical and healthy adult populations. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Wang, Ziyang;Hu, Lei;Yang, Yanyun;Liu, Xianchen","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2025","","US","","","No Pagination Specified","No Pagination Specified","","","*Adolescent Psychiatry;  *Confirmatory Factor Analysis;  *Foreign Language Translation;  *Mental Disorders;  *Nightmares;  *Questionnaires;  *Test Reliability; Test Validity","","2025-64258-001","Hu, Lei: Shandong Mental Health Center, Shandong University, 49 Wen Hua Dong Road, Jinan, China, 250014, hulei616@163.com","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000297"
"Journal Article","Culturally responsive dreamwork: Facilitating culturally competent dream discussions.","Culturally responsive dreamwork (CRD) addresses a significant gap in counseling and psychotherapy by offering an innovative, culturally competent approach for therapeutic dream discussions. By adopting a culturally responsive stance, CRD guides dream discussions without imposing psychological beliefs, acknowledging that many clients view dreams as meaningful cultural, religious, and spiritual experiences. Within CRD is a framework of key areas of focus: sharing, appreciating, finding the significance, and editing. Recognition of these four areas allows therapists to adaptively facilitate dream discussions using their core helping skills and multicultural competence, enabling dreamwork congruent with clients’ beliefs and therapists’ clinical approaches. The article details the need for CRD and its use in therapy. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Wagener, Alwin E.;Young, J. Scott","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2024","","US","","","No Pagination Specified","No Pagination Specified","","","*Counseling;  *Dream Content;  *Psychotherapeutic Counseling;  *Psychotherapy;  *Therapists; Cultural Competence","","2025-56869-001","Wagener, Alwin E.: School of Psychology and Counseling, Fairleigh Dickinson University, MailStop M-ZN2-01, 285 Madison Avenue, Madison, NJ, US, 07940, awagener@fdu.edu","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000300"
"Journal Article","From falling apart to disturbing dreams: A preliminary examination of self-fragmentation and nightmares.","Previous theory suggested a relationship between fragmentation of the self-structure and nightmares. This article examines this possibility by providing an overview of the theoretical rationale for their relationship and a preliminary empirical study exploring the relationships between a brief measure of fragmentation proneness, distress, and nightmares among 307 undergraduate students. The results indicated that fragmentation proneness and distress were both significantly related to nightmares. Fragmentation proneness, but not distress, accounted for significant independent variance in nightmares after accounting for age and gender. These results suggest that self-fragmentation may play a role in experiencing nightmares and potentially partly explain the relationship between distress and nightmares. The results and suggestions for future research are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved)","Kelly, William E.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2024","","US","","","No Pagination Specified","No Pagination Specified","","","*College Students;  *Distress;  *Dream Analysis; Nightmares","","2025-53914-001","Kelly, William E.: Department of Psychology, University of the Incarnate Word, 4301 Broadway, CPO 388, San Antonio, TX, US, 78209, wkelly@uiwtx.edu","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000296"
"Journal Article","Ecological momentary assessment of daily affect, stress, and nightmare reports among combat-exposed veterans.","Research primarily in civilian samples supports bidirectional relations between daytime factors and trauma-related nightmare (TRN) reports. This study tested the relations of daytime negative affect and event-related stress with nightly occurrence and characteristics of TRNs in a sample of Veterans with and without posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). We studied 27 U.S. combat-exposed veterans who completed prompts across 7 days of an ecological momentary assessment protocol, assessing daytime negative affect and event-related stress. Each morning, they also reported whether they had a TRN and, if so, the level of disturbance and vividness. Over 100 morning reports were collected. Approximately half of this sample (55%) reported at least one TRN across the study week, with TRNs reported only by participants with current PTSD. In multilevel logistic regression models, higher average negative affect was associated with greater odds of having TRNs. While negative affect and event-related stress on a given day were not prospectively associated with TRNs later that night, a TRN occurrence was associated with greater next-day negative affect and event-related stress. In contrast to findings found in civilian populations, daytime negative affect and stress during the day were not associated with subsequent TRN occurrences in this veteran sample. Instead, there was evidence for a cumulative effect of negative affect on TRN occurrence, potentially driven by experiencing TRNs. Therefore, targeting TRNs specifically could have a positive impact on reducing this self-maintaining nightmare cycle. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Miller, Katherine E.;Boland, Elaine M.;Barilla, Holly;Ross, Richard J.;Kling, Mitchel A.;Bhatnagar, Seema;Gehrman, Philip R.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2024","","US","34","4","307","317","","","*Combat Experience;  *Military Veterans;  *Nightmares;  *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder;  *Stress;  *Exposure;  *Negative Emotions; Military Mental Health","39950038","2025-31878-001","Miller, Katherine E.: Mental Health Service Line, Minneapolis VA Health Care System, One Veteran’s Drive, Minneapolis, MN, US, 55417, katherine.miller13@va.gov","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000281"
"Journal Article","Attachment insecurities and relational nightmares: Mentalization matters.","Previous research found a relationship between relational nightmares and insecure attachment. The current study proposed and tested mentalization as a moderator of this association. Our primary hypothesis was that the link between attachment anxiety and relational nightmares would be stronger for those with poorer mentalization skills. Mentalization was not expected to interact with the effect of attachment avoidance on relational nightmares. Two hundred eighty-three undergraduate students aged 18–29 years (M = 19.30, SD = 2.02) completed a questionnaire designed to assess relational nightmare frequency, attachment insecurities, mentalization, neuroticism, other dream variables, and demographic characteristics. The results were consistent with our hypothesis and previous research. Attachment anxiety significantly predicted relational nightmares after controlling for attachment avoidance. As expected, the association was stronger for those with poor and average mentalization skills compared to those with high levels of mentalization capacity. Controlling for attachment anxiety, attachment avoidance did not independently or interactively predict relational nightmares. This study further supports the continuity hypothesis of dreams and extends the literature by suggesting mentalization as a mechanism underlying the association between insecure attachment and relational nightmares. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved)","Kim, Hwaheun;Kelly, William E.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2024","","US","34","4","372","385","","","*Anxiety;  *Avoidance;  *College Students;  *Nightmares;  *Mentalization; Attachment Style","","2025-27526-001","Kim, Hwaheun: Department of Psychology, California State University, Bakersfield, 9001 Stockdale Highway, Bakersfield, CA, US, 93311, hkim31@csub.edu","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000284"
"Journal Article","Using visual dream reports in art therapy to reconsolidate emotional memories.","A critical aim of psychotherapy is to modify the implicit emotional memories (EMs) that drive the unwanted behavior of clients. Empirical work from neuroscience and psychology suggests that, according to the reconsolidation theory, a memory becomes labile and susceptible to modification when it is reactivated and confronted with a prediction error (PE; i.e., an experience contradicting the memory). This action research aims to fill the gap between reconsolidation theory and psychotherapy practice. Specifically, it explores how EMs may be updated through reconsolidation by creating in-session visual dream reports (VDRs; e.g., dreamer’s drawing, sculpture) in addition to writing a home dream journal. Eight women each attended eight art therapy sessions (including pretreatment and posttreatment sessions), where the therapist assisted them in identifying and updating EMs using their own VDRs. After each session, a table was filled with the identified EMs (i.e., predictions) and PEs that were processed. Data were reviewed to highlight the contribution of VDRs and the related emotions. Results suggest that both the written dream report and the VDR can contribute to different steps of the memory reconsolidation process. Affect change acted as an interoceptive PE, and the surprise reaction elicited through the creative process was used as a key marker of PE processing. Written dream report and VDR also contributed to verify the reconsolidation success. This research enlarges the variety of ways to conduct and verify EM reconsolidation in psychotherapy. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved)","Boudrias, Sophie","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2024","","US","34","4","328","344","","","*Art Therapy;  *Dream Analysis;  *Emotional Content;  *Memory;  *Prediction Errors;  *Psychotherapy; Memory Consolidation","","2024-84278-001","Boudrias, Sophie: Department of Art Therapy, Universite du Quebec en Abitibi-Temiscamingue, 625 Avenue du President-Kennedy, Suite 800, Montreal, PQ, Canada, H3A 1K2, Sophie.Boudrias2@uqat.ca","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000277"
"Journal Article","Correlation between attitudes toward dreams and workplace well-being in Taiwan: A study.","This study was a survey on the relationship between Taiwanese dream attitudes and workplace well-being. The research tool used structured questionnaires as data collection tools, and the questionnaires were answered by employees in the workplace. The content consists of three parts: the first part was participants’ background (including dream frequency estimation), the second part was the dream experience and attitude scale (Beaulieu-Prévost et al., 2009) and the third part was the workplace well-being scale. A total of 340 samples were recovered, and the research results were as follows: Different background variables (gender, age, education level, and job attributes) have differences in dream feeling attitudes scale; different background variables (age, marital status, and education level) were different in the workplace wellbeing scale. There were differences in workplace well-being, and workplace employees’ attitudes toward dream feelings have a significant positive impact on workplace well-being. Among them, the impact of the seven dimensions of dream feelings and attitudes on workplace well-being was examined, and the overall well-being of the workplace and its four dimensions reached significant predictions. Among the seven dimensions of dream feeling and attitude, “dream meaning” and “dream understanding” have the most significant impact on the overall workplace well-being and its four dimensions, indicating that “dream meaning” has a significant positive effect on the overall workplace well-being and its four dimensions. “Dream understanding” has a significant negative impact on workplace well-being as a whole and its four dimensions. Based on the results, suggestions were provided for future practical work and research. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved)","Chu, Hui-Chuang","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2024","","US","34","4","353","371","","","*Dream Content;  *Employee Attitudes;  *Experiences (Events); Employee Well Being","","2024-55686-001","Chu, Hui-Chuang: Department of Educational Psychology and Counseling, National Tsing Hua University, No. 521, Nanda Road, East District, Hsinchu City, Taiwan, 30014, hcchu@mx.nthu.edu.tw","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000262"
"Journal Article","Dream intensity and motifs experienced by psychiatric patients.","This study aimed to compare the dream experiences of psychiatric patients and nonclinical individuals by utilizing the Dream Intensity Scale and the Dream Motif Scale—Short Form, while taking into account trait emotions and the use of psychotropic medications. The sample consisted of 127 community psychiatric participants recruited through mental health organizations in Hong Kong and 164 mentally healthy participants recruited through convenience sampling. Both psychiatric and nonpsychiatric participants were requested to complete the Dream Intensity Scale, Dream Motif Scale—Short Form, and a brief version of the Affective Neuroscience Personality Scales. The findings unveiled that psychiatric patients, in general, and depressed patients, specifically, exhibit an overall heightened dream intensity, with their dreams featuring greater concerns pertaining to ego integrity and persecution. Furthermore, in comparison to healthy individuals, individuals with schizophrenia demonstrate a higher prevalence of lucid dreaming and autosuggestive dream episodes, albeit with relatively indistinct sensory imagery during the dreaming state. The findings of this study shed light on the intricacies involved in comprehending the dream experiences of psychiatric patients. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved)","Yu, Calvin Kai-Ching","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2024","","US","34","4","345","352","","","*Dream Content;  *Experiences (Events);  *Major Depression;  *Psychiatric Patients; Schizophrenia","","2025-34477-001","Yu, Calvin Kai-Ching: Department of Counselling and Psychology, Hong Kong Shue Yan University, 10 Wai Tsui Crescent, Braemar Hill, North Point, Hong Kong, kcyu@hksyu.edu","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000290"
"Journal Article","The effect of childhood emotional abuse and neglect on disturbed dreaming frequency: The important role of rumination and perceived social support.","The stress acceleration hypothesis of nightmares suggests that childhood trauma has a profound impact on disturbed dreaming in adulthood. Studies have found that emotional abuse and neglect are the most common but easily ignored types of childhood abuse. This study investigated the influence of emotional abuse and neglect, the mediating role of rumination, and the moderating role of perceived social support on the frequency of disturbed dreaming. A total of 847 participants participated in the study, including 482 female and 365 male, aged 17–22 years (M = 19.05, SD = 0.98). All participants completed a childhood trauma questionnaire subscale, a rumination scale, a multidimensional scale of perceived social support questionnaire, and a disturbed dreaming frequency survey. After controlling for gender variables, we found that emotional abuse and neglect positively predicted the disturbed dreaming frequency. The mediation analysis showed that rumination played a mediating role between emotional abuse and neglect and disturbed dreaming frequency. Emotional abuse and neglect positively predicted rumination and rumination positively predicted disturbed dreaming frequency. The moderation analysis showed that perceived social support played a moderating role between rumination and disturbed dreaming frequency. As the level of perceived social support increased, the positive prediction effect of rumination on disturbed dreaming frequency gradually weakened. The results help us understand the pathways and conditions of how emotional abuse and neglect affect the frequency of disturbed dreaming, as well as provide some references for prevention and intervention for individuals with frequent disturbed dreaming. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved)","Lin, Bingbing;Ye, Ziqing;Ye, Yiduo;Wang, Kunyan;Zhang, Yuanjun","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2024","","US","34","4","318","327","","","*Child Abuse;  *Dreaming;  *Early Experience;  *Emotional Abuse;  *Rumination (Cognitive Process);  *Trauma; Perceived Social Support","","2024-69053-001","Ye, Yiduo: College of Psychology, Fujian Normal University, No. 1 Keji Road, Gaoxin District, Fuzhou, China, 350117, yeyiduo@163.com","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000270"
"Journal Article","Sigmund Freud’s contributions to dream science.","Although unpopular in some psychological circles, Sigmund Freud is arguably the most influential psychologist of all time, having had wide-ranging impact beyond the field of psychology in art, literature, advertising, and popular culture. There are many errors in his huge corpus but, also, seminal contributions that have been verified but which, because of psychology’s severe silence, have been lost to psychology. This paper reclaims and elaborates Freud’s contributions to dream science (e.g., dreams are hypermnesic; dreams have meaning, and at both surface [“manifest”] as well as deeper [“latent”] semantic levels; context is largely responsible for psychological depth; free-associations map semantic networks and provide context for deep meanings; both universal symbols and universal distortions are at play in dreams). Freudian distortions (e.g., dream-work distortions) turn out to be identical to Bartlettian distortions but for motive (defense vs. schematization). The manifest- versus latent-content distinction can be formulated in analysis of variance terms as the distinction between main effects and interactions. Because of the unique cluster of phenomena involved, the neural default network may be conceived of as the “Freud Network.” (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Erdelyi, Matthew Hugh","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2024","","US","34","4","386","401","","","*Dream Analysis;  *Freud (Sigmund);  *Sciences; Default Mode Network","","2024-82523-001","Erdelyi, Matthew Hugh: erdelyi.mh@gmail.com","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000274"
"Journal Article","An empirical comparison of some nightmare dispositions: Neuroticism, nightmare proneness, thin psychological boundaries, and sensory processing sensitivity.","Previous research and theory have identified several dispositions for experiencing frequent nightmares, but these dispositions are rarely examined simultaneously. This study compared the relative strength of these dispositions in predicting nightmare frequency. A sample of 116 university students completed measures of nightmare frequency, neuroticism, nightmare proneness, thin psychological boundaries, and sensory processing sensitivity. After accounting for sociodemographic variables and dream recall frequency, only nightmare proneness and thin boundaries significantly independently predicted nightmare frequency. These findings highlight the importance of nightmare proneness and thin boundaries as predictors, underscoring the need for further research with diverse samples to better understand these relationships. Limitations and future research directions are also discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved)","Kelly, William E.;Mathe, John R.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2024","","US","","","No Pagination Specified","No Pagination Specified","","","*Boundaries (Psychological);  *Neuroticism;  *Nightmares; Sensory Integration","","2025-41893-001","Kelly, William E.: Department of Psychology, University of the Incarnate Word, 4301 Broadway, San Antonio, TX, US, 78209, wkelly@uiwtx.edu","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000294"
"Journal Article","Exploring adolescent lucid dreams: A pathway to learning, growth, and mental well-being.","In addition to being aware of being in a dream, dreamers in a lucid dream can sometimes also intentionally execute predetermined actions and manipulate the dream’s narrative. These features open the opportunity to use lucid dreaming (LD) as a recreational, therapeutic and skill acquisition tool. This study conducted semistructured interviews with nine adolescent lucid dreamers to gain insight into their LD experiences and the role these play in their waking lives. Reflexive thematic analysis revealed that LD provided participants with a space where they felt safe to explore movements and behaviors without the repercussions they would experience if they were awake. During LD they trained motor skills, addressed emotional conflicts, prepared for difficult waking life situations, and engaged in fun activities. These experiences promoted motor learning, self-efficacy, personal growth, and mental well-being. This study also highlighted that training motor skills in a lucid dream may at times heighten waking self-efficacy but not necessarily motor performance. LD brought participants a sense of freedom, liberation, and empowerment, alongside positive emotions, and a temporary release from the burdens of their waking lives. Advanced dream manipulation skills may not be mandatory for benefiting from LD, suggesting that LD may be a valuable tool for novice lucid dreamers and those with limited dream manipulation. Adolescence is a period marked by self-evaluations and the development of one’s own identity. LD may be a valuable tool to support these developmental processes and adolescents’ well-being. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved)","Bonamino, Clarita;Watling, Christopher;Polman, Remco","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2024","","US","","","No Pagination Specified","No Pagination Specified","","","*Adolescent Development;  *Adolescent Psychology;  *Lucid Dreaming;  *Motor Development;  *Motor Skills;  *Self-Efficacy;  *Wakefulness; Well Being","","2025-36212-001","Bonamino, Clarita: School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Kelvin Grove Campus, Brisbane, QLD, Australia, 4059, clarita.bonamino@gmail.com","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000293"
"Journal Article","Elder relatives in waking life correlated with both elder relatives in dreams and animals in dreams.","There are dream metaphors that express waking-life experiences indirectly. Animals in dreams have been speculated to be related to dream metaphors. Here, we explored if there was any relationship between waking-life experiences related to elder relatives with both dreaming about elder relatives and dreaming about animals. For 1 day, 270 participants recorded waking-life experiences in daily diaries before sleeping and recorded their dreams upon waking. Two external judges rated if there was any content related to elder relatives or animals in both daily diaries and dreams. The most three frequent animals in dreams were dogs, cats, and snakes, or fishes, or birds. The frequency of waking-life experiences related to elder relatives was correlated with both the frequency of dreaming about elder relatives and the frequency of dreaming about animals. Yet, the latter two variables were not correlated with each other. The results supported the continuity hypothesis of dreaming. In addition, the results may suggest that some animals in dreams represented elder relatives in waking life metaphorically. Moreover, the results may support Carl Jung’s idea that the image of animals in dreams may be a symbol of parents. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved)","Wang, Jiaxi;Feng, Xiaoling","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2024","","US","","","No Pagination Specified","No Pagination Specified","","","*Dream Content;  *Dreaming;  *Metaphor;  *Wakefulness; Journal Writing","","2025-34476-001","Wang, Jiaxi: School of Psychology, Guangzhou University, Higher Education Mega Center, 230 Waihuan West Road, Guangzhou, China, 510006, jiaxiwang311@foxmail.com","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000292"
"Journal Article","The bereavement experience: Dreams and waking experiences of the deceased.","In separate literature—end-of-life experiences, dreams in bereavement, and continuing bonds in bereavement—there are preliminary findings that both dreaming of the deceased and having an experiential encounter while awake are common experiences. The present, brief report is a post hoc analysis of previously unanalyzed items from two studies of bereaved individuals. One study focused on loss following the death of a romantic partner (n = 268) and the other following the death of a dog or cat (n = 199). Participants were asked to indicate whether they had dreamed of the deceased or had a waking experience of seeing, hearing, or feeling the touch of the deceased in the prior month. Consistent with prior research, a substantial portion of each sample (50.7% of the partner loss participants and 32.2% of the pet loss) reported at least one waking experience of seeing, hearing, and/or feeling the deceased. When dreaming of the deceased and/or having a waking experience of the deceased were combined, it was found to be 82.5% for partner loss and 68.2% for pet loss. Furthermore, dreaming about the deceased was related to having such waking experiences. These preliminary, exploratory findings contribute to the growing recognition that we need more research and theory into the function of such experiences for the bereaved and for those facing end of life. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved)","Black, Joshua;Belicki, Kathryn;Ralph, Jessica","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2024","","US","","","No Pagination Specified","No Pagination Specified","","","*Auditory Perception;  *Bereavement;  *Death and Dying;  *Dream Content;  *Dreaming;  *Emotions;  *Grief; Wakefulness","","2025-33750-001","Black, Joshua: BC Centre for Palliative Care, 210-2850 Livingstone Avenue, Abbotsford, BC, Canada, V2T 0K3, griefdreams@gmail.com","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000291"
"Journal Article","Differences in emotional content, dream awareness, and dream control between lucid dreams and out-of-body experiences: Report analyses.","Lucid dreams (LDs) and out-of-body experiences (OBEs) initiated from sleep paralysis both involve heightened cognitive abilities during sleep. Some researchers suggest that OBEs, specifically originating from sleep paralysis, are closely related to LDs or even considered variations of the same phenomenon. Our study compared non-LDs, LDs, and sleep paralysis-induced OBEs from 60 participants over 2 months (916 dream reports). We used Lexicons like National Research Council Canada Emotion Lexicon and Empath, along with Hall and Van de Castle’s scoring system (Domhoff, 1996) with variations and additional measures. The results showed that OBE were characterized by higher occurrences of negative emotions compared to both lucid and non-LDs as measured by automatic and manual scoring systems. Also, more OBE reports contained words related to agency and insight; higher manual scoring of dream control-related expressions; and more total sensations, dream activities, reference to prospective memory evocations, spatial and body references, and more difficulties with movement within the dream environment, than LDs. The findings support the idea that sleep paralysis-induced OBEs represent unique experiences distinguished from LDs. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Gallo, Francisco Tomás;Herrero, Nerea Lucía;Tommasel, Antonela;Godoy, Daniela;Spiousas, Ignacio;Gasca-Rolin, Miguel;Ramele, Rodrigo;Gleiser, Pablo Martín;Forcato, Cecilia","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2024","","US","","","No Pagination Specified","No Pagination Specified","","","*Awareness;  *Dream Analysis;  *Dream Content;  *Emotional Content;  *Lucid Dreaming;  *Out of Body Experiences;  *Sleep; Mental Lexicon","","2025-31860-001","Gallo, Francisco Tomás: Laboratorio de Sueno y Memoria, Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida, Instituto Tecnologico de Buenos Aires (ITBA), Iguazu 341, Buenos Aires, Argentina, 1437, frgallo@itba.edu.ar","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000283"
"Journal Article","Whose sexual dream experiences are more intense? An exploratory study on the relationship between personality traits and sexual dreams.","Sexual dreams reflect individuals’ attitudes toward sex, the personal significance of sex, and/or sexual issues in their waking life. Gaining insight into the factors associated with the perceived intensity of sexual dream experiences is beneficial for achieving a comprehensive assessment of sexual mental health. The study will explore the relationship among personality traits, anxiety, depression, and sexual dream experiences based on the continuity hypothesis of dreaming. A questionnaire was administered to 384 participants (mean age = 20.63 years, SD = 1.21; 205 females, 179 males), revealing that over half of them reported having sexual dreams, with a higher prevalence among males. The sexual dream group scored higher than the nonsexual dream group on aggressiveness, neuroticism, and sensation seeking. Furthermore, negative emotions, sensation seeking, activity, and extraversion play an important role in the perceived intensity of sexual dream experiences among sexual dreamers. These findings provide valuable insights for sexual education practitioners to understand individuals’ sexual dream experiences and related psychological factors, contributing to scientific advancements in sexual health and education. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved)","Gan, Youteng;Wang, Ruohang;Wang, Xueyu;Li, Jiangang;Chen, Yuting;Chen, Jianan;Fan, Hongying","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2024","","US","","","No Pagination Specified","No Pagination Specified","","","*Dream Content;  *Personality Traits;  *Sensation Seeking; Sexuality","","2025-28364-001","Fan, Hongying: School of Psychology, Beijing Sport University, Xinxi Road 48, Haidian District, Beijing, China, 100084, fan_hongying@yeah.net","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000289"
"Journal Article","Sounds of lucidity: Auditory stimulation for triggering reality checks in lucid dream induction.","The surreal aspects of our dreams are often accepted as real, without evoking any scrutiny or doubt. Yet, in some instances, critical evaluation of the dream world elicits an understanding of its inherent, often misleading, reality. The present sleep laboratory study investigated the efficacy of lucid dream induction using a combination of two lucid dream induction techniques. The presentation of an external stimulus (auditory stimulus: “You are dreaming”) was coupled with the performance of a reality check during an additional presleep learning phase. The subsequent auditory stimulation during rapid eye movement sleep aimed to elicit a reality check during a dream, consequently evoking dream lucidity. Six out of 11 participants (54.5%) subjectively reported experiencing a lucid dream and in three participants (27.3%), and three out of 36 rapid eye movement phases (8.3%), these lucid dreams were physiologically verified by the electrooculogram signal. This study further highlights the importance of verifying each step in the lucid dream induction protocol: the effectiveness of reality checks, their integration into dreams, and the subsequent connection to evoked lucid dreams. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved)","Peters, Emma;Erlacher, Daniel;Rühl, Martin;Schädlich, Melanie","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2024","","US","","","No Pagination Specified","No Pagination Specified","","","*Auditory Stimulation;  *Lucid Dreaming;  *Reality; REM Dreams","","2025-25146-001","Peters, Emma: Institute of Sport Science, University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 145, Bern, Switzerland, 3012, Emma.peters@unibe.ch","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000282"
"Journal Article","Revisiting trait and state predictors of nightmare frequency and nightmare distress.","Previous research has yielded mixed results as to whether state or trait factors best predict nightmare frequency and nightmare distress. Several previous studies examining state and trait factors have included psychological distress as a state factor while neuroticism, absorption, and psychological boundaries have been included as trait factors. Using a sample of 166 university students, the current study extends previous research by including other trait factors recently found to be important in predicting nightmares—ego strength, emotional dysregulation, and nightmare proneness—in addition to neuroticism, boundaries, and absorption. Regression results found that trait variables combined to account for significant variance in nightmare frequency and nightmare distress above state factors. Nightmare frequency was best accounted for by nightmare proneness and psychological boundaries. Nightmare distress was best accounted for by ego strength and emotional dysregulation. State distress did not independently predict nightmare distress or nightmare frequency after accounting for trait variables. The results and areas for future research are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Kelly, William E.;Mathe, John R.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2024","","US","34","3","242","256","","","*Boundaries (Psychological);  *Distress;  *Dream Content;  *Ego;  *Neuroticism; Nightmares","","2024-64709-001","Kelly, William E.: Department of Clinical Mental Health Counseling, Neumann University, One Neumann Drive, Aston, PA, US, 19014, kellyw@neumann.edu","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000266"
"Journal Article","Thematic and content analysis of positively toned dreams.","This study aimed to investigate a large sample of highly positive dreams to better understand the overarching themes and emotions present in such dream reports and the way in which highly positive dreams unfold. Participants (N = 345) included in the present study kept home dream journals in which they were asked to write down their dreams each morning upon awakening over the course of 2–5 consecutive weeks. The prevalence of maximally rated positive dreams in our sample of 5,502 everyday dream reports was 3.4% and 118 dream narratives reported by 88 participants (26 men and 62 women) who self-rated these dreams as containing intense positive emotions were subsequently analyzed. The three most common themes in this sample of highly positive dreams were sexual content, positive platonic social interactions, and nature/bountiful environment. The most frequently reported emotions in the sample included joy, lust/sexual arousal, pride, calmness/serenity, surprise, and playfulness/amusement. Approximately 16% of all highly positive dreams also contained negative emotions. When compared to women, men were significantly more likely to report themes of positive platonic social interactions and artistic creations and endeavors. No sex differences were found for emotions. Finally, almost half of all highly positive dreams contained triggering factors that rendered the dream positive or enhanced the positive emotion in the dream, and almost 25% of our sample of highly positive dreams were lucid dreams. The implications of these findings are discussed in light of the broader literature on dreams. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved)","Labell, Jenna;Diushekeeva, Ajar;Zadra, Antonio","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2024","","US","34","3","211","224","","","*Dream Analysis;  *Dream Content;  *Emotions;  *Human Sex Differences;  *Lucid Dreaming; Positive Emotions","","2025-27519-001","Zadra, Antonio: Department of Psychology, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, Canada, H3C 3J7, antonio.zadra@umontreal.ca","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000279"
"Journal Article","A study on the effect of mental health on dream intensity among urban village residents.","In order to explore the relationship between the mental health of urban village residents and the intensity of dreams, we conducted the current study using the Symptom Checklist-90 self-rating scale and the Dream Intensity Scale to investigate the mental health status and dream intensity of 1,190 urban village residents recruited by random sampling in Xi’an City, China. A t test, correlation analysis, and one-dimensional regression analysis were conducted using SPSS 24.0. The study’s findings revealed that the lower dream intensity of urban village residents was mainly reflected in the lower number of conscious dreams and nightmares. Dream intensity differed significantly between men and women. There was a significant positive correlation between mental health and dream intensity, and mental health could negatively predict dream intensity to a certain extent. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved)","Zhang, Wenwen;Li, Yuhang;Liu, Ning;Han, Le;Han, Xueyang;Su, Mingzhu;Yang, Tao;Li, Mei;Jing, Huihui;Lu, Hongbin;Yin, Fang;Xie, Bin;Zou, Xue","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2024","","US","34","3","299","306","","","*Dream Content;  *Mental Health; Urban Environments","","2025-27519-002","Zou, Xue: Department of Adolescent Mental Health, Xi’an International Medical Center Hospital of Northwest University, No. 777 Xitai Road, Shaanxi, Xi'an, China, 710100, zouxued@163.com","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000280"
"Journal Article","Characteristics and psychological analysis of typical dreams in orphan college students.","This study intends to explore the characteristics of dreams from orphan college students with corresponding analysis. A total of 139 orphan college students and 201 college students from ordinary family backgrounds were investigated using the Typical Dreams Questionnaire. The most important findings are (a) The average number of typical dream themes dreamed by orphan college students was 5.55, much less than ordinary students with extremely significant difference (p p p p p p < .01). The discussion then focuses on the theme of “snake” from orphan college students for more detailed analysis, finding that it may be related to the orphan college students’ inner fear, shadow, repressed desire, negative mother, but also symbolizes rebirth, healing, and individuation. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved)","Xu, Xinzan;Ying, Zhehua;Feng, Xiaoling;Shen, Heyong;Yang, Xinhua","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2024","","US","34","3","288","298","","","*College Students;  *Dream Analysis;  *Dream Content; Orphans","","2024-63179-001","Feng, Xiaoling: Institute of Analytical Psychology, City University of Macau, Avenida Padre Tomas Pereira, Taipa, Macau, 999078, fengxler@foxmail.com","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000268"
"Journal Article","Associations between autobiographical memory and dreaming: An individual-differences approach.","Autobiographical memory and dreaming are ubiquitous in everyday life. The study of their relation has largely been assessed using experimental approaches, abstracting from individual differences, despite evidence of stable individual differences in both mental processes. Here, we examined, for the first time, whether individual differences in the recollective experience of autobiographical memory (measured by the Autobiographical Recollection Test [ART]; Berntsen et al., 2019) are associated with individual differences in dreaming (measured by the Inventory of Dream Experiences and Attitudes, Beaulieu-Prévost et al., 2009) in a sample of 246 participants. The ART showed consistent and robust associations with five out of seven aspects of dreaming, demonstrating that the way people generally remember their personal past is reliably related to the way they experience their dreams. The findings provide new perspectives on the role of autobiographical memory in dreaming as well as on the continuity hypothesis of dreaming. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved)","Cárdenas-Egúsquiza, Ana Lucía;Seli, Paul;Berntsen, Dorthe","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2024","","US","34","3","274","287","","","*Autobiographical Memory;  *Dream Content;  *Dreaming; Individual Differences","","2024-59756-001","Cárdenas-Egúsquiza, Ana Lucía: Center on Autobiographical Memory Research, Department of Psychology and Behavioural Sciences, Aarhus University, Bartholins Alle 11, Aarhus C, Denmark, 8000, analuc@psy.au.dk","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000264"
"Journal Article","Differential brain activation during dream versus story recognition in the medial prefrontal cortex: An event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging study.","Compared to ordinary memories, dream memories still have something mysterious about them and invite interpretation. The aim of this study was the simple but fundamental question whether this (perceived, presumed) emotional–mental specificity of dream memories is associated with something specific at the level of brain physiology. Subjects were n = 30 healthy volunteers, aged 21–62 years, who had experienced a significant high-intensity dream or had repeatedly experienced such a dream. Using event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and a recognition memory paradigm, we investigated the neural correlates of recognition of “dream words” compared to “story words.” Thirty dream words that best represented the dream were extracted during a qualitative dream interview with intensive dream reliving. Thirty story words were learned through self-directed effort from a written short story. These items, along with 60 additional distractor words from the dictionary, were randomly presented on the scanner in an old/new decision task. When dream words were statistically contrasted with story words in terms of their blood-oxygen-level-dependent effects, the difference was significant (p < .001, effect size dz = 1.2). By superimposing the mean contrast image on a reference brain, we were able to localize the specificity of dream activation in the medial orbitofrontal cortex/medial prefrontal cortex, a central part of the default mode network. The results suggest that dream memories are differentially processed in these areas. A novel experimental design was demonstrated that allows precise control of dream stimuli for future functional magnetic resonance imaging studies. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Russ, Michael O.;Fischmann, Tamara;Baehr, Tobias;Leuzinger-Bohleber, Marianne","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2024","","US","34","3","225","241","","","*Brain;  *Dream Content;  *Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Medial Prefrontal Cortex","","2024-93962-001","Leuzinger-Bohleber, Marianne: Poliklinik fur Psychosomatische Medizin und Psychotherapie, Universitatsmedizin Mainz, Untere Zahlbacher Strasse 8, Mainz, Germany, 55131","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000276"
"Journal Article","Indigenous resilience and healing through dreams and spirituality.","Through Indigenous dream knowledge, Indigenous youth are beginning to find or achieve a new resilience. Their new set of guidance is coming from the dream narrative’s contribution to healing their trauma as more and more people take back their stolen culture, especially, regarding dreams and spirituality that may aid in the building of resilience and healing of trauma. This article looks at the concept of Indigenous dream narrative from the intersections of resilience, spirituality, healing, and trauma by looking at traditional knowledge shared through lived experiences to understand this essential part of Indigenous culture. There are many ways of interpreting of dreams, however, this article will focus on the wisdom and knowledge of Elders and others, who are familiar with Indigenous social–cultural and spiritual perspectives. Analyzing dreams or “dream weaving” is a conduit with a message that can bring about healing and well-being (Lorenz, 2013; Riley-Mukavetz, 2021). An evaluation of dreams, lucid dreaming, and dream knowledge will be included along with spirituality and two-eyed seeing. This enables a duality for assessing how dreams are interpreted within a healing context. Interpreting dreams through the areas of spirituality and healing puts this method in conjunction with the Elders’ roles. This knowledge presented, reflects my own lived experience as an educator of settler-Indigenous background, as I acknowledge how dreams are used to interpret one’s spiritual, emotional, physical, and mental stability. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Ward, John T.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2024","","US","34","3","257","273","","","*Dream Analysis;  *Dream Content;  *Experiences (Events);  *Indigenous Populations;  *Resilience (Psychological);  *Spirituality;  *Trauma; Intersectionality","","2024-69853-001","Ward, John T.: Faculty of Education, University of Ottawa, 145 Jean-Jacques-Lussier Private, Ottawa, ON, Canada, K1N 6N5, jward075@uottawa.ca","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000273"
"Journal Article","The application of the hill cognitive-experiential model of dream interpretation in Hong Kong.","To date, no study, which examined the application of Hill Cognitive-Experiential Model of Dream Interpretation in Chinese clients, had considered client expectations and therapist input. This study fills this gap by investigating whether Hong Kong Chinese clients would benefit more from high therapist input to dreamwork, taking clients’ expectations, subjective dream intensity as a trait, and Asian values into consideration. A total of 63 Hong Kong young adults were asked to complete the workbook designed by Hill to interpret their own dreams and after that, received either a high or low therapist input session online. The findings indicated that clients’ expectations toward counseling and perceived therapist input can predict dreamwork outcomes. Specifically, perceived higher therapist input or a more directive approach would result in better dreamwork outcomes among Hong Kong Chinese clients. This relationship was even more robust in those clients with relatively strong Asian values. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved)","Pong, Lek Hon Edmond;Yu, Calvin Kai-Ching","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2024","","US","34","2","168","185","","","*Client Attitudes;  *Counseling;  *Dream Analysis;  *Online Therapy;  *Test Construction;  *Therapist Attitudes; Treatment Outcomes","","2023-88007-001","Pong, Lek Hon Edmond: Department of Counselling and Psychology, Hong Kong Shue Yan University, 10 Wai Tsui Crescent, Braemar Hill, North Point, Hong Kong, panglihan@hotmail.com","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000246"
"Journal Article","Dreaming about the pandemic: A thematic content analysis of COVID-19-related dreams during the outbreak in Portugal.","The COVID-19 pandemic has affected the mental health of people around the world, altering sleep patterns and dream experiences. Since dream content is associated with waking-life experiences, one would expect pandemic-related concerns to pervade dreams. Building upon previous research efforts, this study aims to contribute to the ongoing debate on dream function and to address potential variability in dream content according to different pandemic experiences. The survey protocol included questions on sociodemographic information, pandemic-related experiences, impact on personal social networks, perceived negative impact on several areas of life, sleep patterns, and dream experiences/reports. A total of 1,020 participants responded to the online survey questionnaire, and 177 COVID-19-related dreams were reported. A thematic content analysis was performed to codify participants’ dream reports. Chi-square tests addressed possible relations between dream content and pandemic-related experiences. Participants who dreamed about the COVID-19 pandemic also tended to report decreased sleep duration, increased frequency of nocturnal awakenings, and increased frequency of nightmare recall. The most frequent dream themes were sickness, death, inefficiency, and work-related concern. Being a health professional was associated with inefficiency and work-related concern themes. Inefficiency dreams were also associated with the death of a significant person. There was a strong association between the pandemic impact on employment and the being chased theme. Data supports the notion that dreams reflect waking-life anxieties and concerns. Therefore, dream content analysis could assist in identifying vulnerable/high-risk groups during collective crises and offer valuable insight into individuals’ psychological state in psychotherapeutic interventions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Proença Becker, Joana;Farate, Carlos;Sequeira, Joana;Vicente, Henrique Testa","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2024","","US","34","2","122","139","","","*Death and Dying;  *Demographic Characteristics;  *Disease Outbreaks;  *Dream Content;  *Pandemics;  *Sleep Wake Cycle;  *Social Environments; COVID-19","","2024-70742-001","Vicente, Henrique Testa: Instituto Superior Miguel Torga (ISMT), Largo da Cruz de Celas nº 1, Coimbra, Portugal, 3000-132, henrique.t.vicente@gmail.com","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000272"
"Journal Article","Music in the “Barb Sanders” dream series.","Music is important to humans; therefore, we would expect according to the continuity hypothesis that dreaming reflects the waking-life musical activity of the person. In this study, we analyzed the long dream series of “Barb Sanders,” who has music as one of her main hobbies. This dream series includes 4,254 dreams recorded between 1960 and 2001. Our results indicated that 13.9% of all dreams contained references to music. The most commonly occurring topics in dreams were general musical themes (e.g., dancing) and listening to music, but making music and singing were also reported. Notably, the instruments most frequently appearing in the dreams corresponded to those which the dreamer played in her waking life. The emotional context of musical dreams was mainly positive and associated with joy and happiness. Overall, the findings align with the continuity hypothesis, highlighting reflections of active musical engagement in the dream content. Future directions in dream research may explore the use of long dream series to delve into the associations between musical dream frequency as well as emotions across musicians with varying musical proficiency. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved)","Markert, Bettina;Schredl, Michael","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2024","","US","34","2","186","194","","","*Dream Analysis;  *Dreaming; Music","","2024-54446-001","Markert, Bettina: Faculty of Psychology, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Ferdinand-von-Schill Strasse 5, Oldenburg, Germany, 26131, finna443@gmail.com","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000263"
"Journal Article","Prolonged changes in the perception of dreaming behaviors resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic.","Reports of changes in dreaming behaviors emerged immediately after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. However, it is unclear if these changes persisted long term, after initial lockdowns were lifted and people became accustomed to pandemic life. The current study measured dreaming behaviors known to have changed immediately after the pandemic onset and other behaviors not previously examined, over 1 year after the pandemic began in 591 university students from the United States and Germany. Retrospective reports of all dreaming behaviors before the pandemic began were also obtained, as were measures of current sleep quality, perceived change in sleep quality due to the pandemic, and attitude toward dreams. Perceived nightmare and dream recall frequency, dream intensity, and negative tone increased over 1 year after the pandemic began, indicating that these previously known changes were long-lasting. Perceived increases in lucid dreaming, dream sharing, and how often dreams affect daytime mood extend knowledge of how pandemic life influenced dreaming. Whereas having a positive attitude toward dreams predicted perceived increases in aspects of dreaming that may have been beneficial in coping with pandemic-related challenges, perceived sleep quality decline predicted increases in dream recall frequency and measures related to the emotional aspects of dreams, suggesting that individuals with the greatest increases in these measures are at high risk for sustained mental health issues stemming from the pandemic and that dream-based interventions could help. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved)","Westerberg, Carmen E.;Price, Michael;Niziurski, Julie;Howard, Krista","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2024","","US","34","2","107","121","","","*Attitudes;  *Dream Recall;  *Dreaming;  *Pandemics;  *Perception;  *COVID-19; Sleep Quality","","2024-63969-001","Westerberg, Carmen E.: Department of Psychology, Texas State University, 601 University Drive, San Marcos, TX, US, 78666, cw54@txstate.edu","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000269"
"Journal Article","Coronavirus pandemic dreams in China: A qualitative research on the effect of the Wuhan lockdown on dream contents.","This study investigated the “coronavirus pandemic dream” phenomenon in Chinese including residing in Wuhan city based on the continuity hypothesis, which states that dream contents reflect waking life. We analyzed the effects of lockdown due to coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) on dream reported from Chinese university students and workers residing in inside and outside of Hubei province including Wuhan city, where the infection was initially detected in the world. The questionnaire on dreams, consisting of descriptions of the most striking dreams and classification of dream characteristics with reference to the Hall/Van de Castle Coding System, was administered to 943 participants via online survey over two periods. The recall rate of the COVID-19-related dreams among the participants of the Hubei province was high at 10.3%, while that in other provinces was 3.2%. Due to the different degrees of impact and quarantine policies, the Chinese in various regions have been affected differently by COVID-19. In the characteristic analysis of the dream contents, the biggest difference between the participants in Hubei and in other provinces was the emergence of words such as abandon and end during the lockdown, which are common in nightmarish pandemic dreams in many cultures. People in areas where the epidemic is severe or lockdown measures are strict may have more serious psychological problems, and needs more attention to psychological problems. In conclusion, analyzing the dream content could help identify specific people who may be the most at risk. It could allow researchers to direct appropriate help to specific populations in the pandemic. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved)","Wang, Shang;Matsuda, Eiko;Matsuoka, Kazuo","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2024","","US","34","2","140","156","","","*Chinese Cultural Groups;  *College Students;  *Dream Analysis;  *Dream Content;  *Pandemics;  *COVID-19; Quarantine","","2024-73759-001","Wang, Shang: School of Special Education and Rehabilitation, Binzhou Medical University, 346 Guanhai Road, Yantai City, China, 264003, yukityann123456@gmail.com","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000275"
"Journal Article","Sports and dreaming: An online survey of American adults.","The results of an online survey of 4,588 demographically diverse American adults provide insight into the questions of (a) who in the general population tends to have sports-related dreams, (b) how does interest in sports relate to dreaming about sports, and (c) what are the typical themes in sports-related dreams? A quantitative and qualitative analysis of the participants’ responses indicates that sports dreams occur among a wide range of people, especially among men, people with higher education, people who are interested in sports, and people with high dream recall. Sports-related dreams correlate more strongly with waking-life interest in sports than waking-life participation in sports. The sports that appeared most frequently in dreams were basketball, football, baseball, soccer, running, swimming, and golf. The contents of sports-related dreams tended to include more winning than losing, more unusual alterations than realistic portrayals of sports scenarios, and more active playing rather than passive watching. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved)","Bulkeley, Kelly;Schredl, Michael","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2024","","US","34","2","157","167","","","*Dreaming;  *Interests;  *Sports; Sports (Attitudes Toward)","","2024-14475-001","Bulkeley, Kelly: Sleep and Dream Database, 38650 SE Delph Ridge Road, Estacada, OR, US, 97221, bulkeleyk@gmail.com","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000256"
"Journal Article","Oneiric music: Dream signals in early cinema.","Oneiric sequences have figured into cinema almost from the medium’s inception. In modern cinema, music often plays a key role in helping audiences distinguish between action that is supposedly “real” and action, whether enacted or recalled, that amounts to “just a dream.” However, the convention of announcing a forthcoming dream scene by means of relatively strange music had a clear starting point in the 1940s, contemporaneous with the introduction of Freudian–Jungian dream theory into the mainstream of popular culture. How, one wonders, were dreams “signalled” in earlier cinema? This essay discusses filmic dream scenes in general, and in passing it notes—as readers of this journal surely know—that almost invariably the content of filmic dreams bears little relationship to what dreamers in fact experience. But the focus here is not on the content of filmic dreams but on their presentation, especially during the premodern era of the so-called silent film. Drawing on evidence from such diverse sources as published collections of “photoplay music” and animated cartoons from the 1930s, this essay suggests that the framing of cinematic dreams in films from the early decades of the 20th century was not at all like what audiences of today perhaps take for granted. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Wierzbicki, James","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2024","","US","34","2","195","210","","","*Audiences;  *Dream Content;  *Films; Music","","2024-44180-001","Wierzbicki, James: University of Sydney (Conservatorium of Music), Suite 139, 171 Hutchison Street, Coober Pedy, SA, Australia, 5723, james.wierzbicki@sydney.edu.au","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000260"
"Journal Article","Veteran treatment completers’ and facilitators’ perceptions of cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia and imagery rehearsal therapy for posttraumatic sleep disturbances.","Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) and imagery rehearsal therapy are recommended cognitive-behavioral treatments. However, little is known about the acceptability of the treatments for veterans with posttraumatic sleep disturbances. This study was conducted after a pilot randomized controlled trial that compared CBT-I with CBT-I combined with imagery rehearsal therapy (IRT) in a sample of Australian veterans with diagnosed posttraumatic stress disorder and sleep disturbances. Individual semistructured interviews were conducted with veterans who completed group CBT-I or group CBT-I + IRT (n = 11), and a focus group was conducted with the facilitators who delivered the treatments (n = 3). The study examined participants’ experiences and perspectives of the treatments, and their acceptability for veterans. Inductive thematic analysis led to the identification of six themes that elucidated the perceived acceptability of the treatments, influences on engagement and retention, and recommendations to optimize both treatments. Overall, veterans reported that both treatments were acceptable and described gaining meaningful treatment benefits. Nonetheless, CBT-I only interview participants described continuing posttraumatic nightmares. Most IRT participants (six out of seven) described benefits that included nightmare reductions, however, not all veterans perceived equal benefits from IRT. The findings suggested that IRT may benefit veterans with greater nightmare severity. Future research is needed to delineate which subgroups of veterans are most likely to gain benefits from IRT. Participants’ recommendations map out directions for future research and the clinical dissemination of CBT-I and IRT for veterans with posttraumatic sleep disturbances. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved)","Prguda, Emina;Dwyer, Miriam","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2024","","US","34","1","50","67","","","*Cognitive Behavior Therapy;  *Imagery;  *Insomnia;  *Military Veterans;  *Nightmares;  *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder;  *Sleep Treatment; Sleep Wake Disorders","","2024-23553-001","Prguda, Emina: Gallipoli Medical Research Foundation, Greenslopes Private Hospital, Newdegate Street, Greenslopes, QLD, Australia, 4120, PrgudaE@ramsayhealth.com.au","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000253"
"Journal Article","A coding system for correlations between waking-life experiences and dreams.","The correlation between waking-life experiences and dreams could be rated by both dreamers themselves (the self-rating) and independent judges (the external-rating). Yet a problem was whether results of these ratings were meaningful. To address the problem, we compared results of the external-rating with a random condition for coincidental correspondence which instructed judges to rate similar elements between each participant’s dreams with another participant’s waking-life experiences. Ninety-eight participants recorded major daily activities (MDAs), personally significant events (PSEs), major concerns (MCs), and dreams. Then both the self-rating and the external-rating were adopted. The self-rating found that most of dreams were related to waking-life experiences of the same day, while the external-rating only found about half dreams were related to waking-life experiences. In addition, results suggested that the external-rating could identify meaningful incorporation for both PSEs and MCs being incorporated into dreams, but this was not the case for MDAs, which may indicate that nonemotional waking-life experiences were rarely incorporated into dreams. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved)","Wang, Jiaxi;Feng, Xiaoling;Shen, Heyong","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2024","","US","34","1","85","98","","","*Dreaming;  *Hypothesis Testing;  *Life Experiences; Wakefulness","","2023-92092-001","Wang, Jiaxi: Department of Psychology, School of Education, Guangzhou University, Higher Education Mega Center, 230 Waihuan West Road, Guangzhou, China, 510006, jiaxiwang311@foxmail.com","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000249"
"Journal Article","Nightmare types and suicide.","Previous research has robustly documented the relationship between sleep and suicide, where many aspects of poor sleep quality, sleep disturbances, and sleep disorders have been found to predict suicide. Research has also linked nightmares to suicide. It is not known, however, if nightmare types (idiopathic, trauma-related, and complex nightmares [nightmares with comorbid sleep and breathing diagnoses]) may differentially affect mental health. Thus, the current study examines the relationships between different nightmare types, suicide attempts, and mental health treatment utilization within a sample of veterans with a previously documented suicide attempt. To examine the relationship between nightmare types, suicide attempts, and mental health treatment utilization, multiple logistical regression was used. Results of our analyses revealed that only trauma-related nightmares predicted suicide attempts. Both trauma-related and complex nightmares were associated with increased mental health treatment utilization. These results support previous findings that depict a strong relationship between sleep, nightmares, suicide, and treatment usage. The results further support theories of nightmare types and their differing effects on psychological symptoms and treatment. Overall, the findings provide clinically significant information about the relationship between trauma-related nightmares and suicide. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Youngren, Westley Atrayeau;Bishop, Todd;Carr, Michelle;Mattera, Elizabeth;Pigeon, Wilfred","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2024","","US","34","1","1","7","","","*Attempted Suicide;  *Health Care Utilization;  *Military Veterans;  *Nightmares;  *Sleep;  *Suicide;  *Trauma; Military Mental Health","","2024-68685-001","Youngren, Westley Atrayeau: Department of Psychology, University of Missouri–Kansas City, Office 308, 5030 Cherry Street, Kansas City, MO, US, 64110, wyoungren@umkc.edu","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000261"
"Journal Article","Concretization as a possible mechanism of nightmare proneness: Some theoretical considerations and empirical findings.","Nightmare proneness, a disposition to experience frequent nightmares, has been found to predict nightmares independent of neuroticism, psychological distress, and trauma symptoms. One theorized mechanism of nightmare proneness is concretization, a hypothetical defensive style in which vague and unpleasant inner states are made more tangible. The possible role of concretization in nightmare proneness and nightmares has not been examined empirically. The current research investigates the relationships between concretization, nightmare proneness, and nightmares across three studies involving a total of 621 university students. Concretization was found to be strongly related to nightmare proneness and was a mechanism in the relationship between nightmare proneness and nightmares independent of neuroticism, trauma symptomology, psychic structure, repression, psychopathology syndromes, nightmare distress, and dream recall frequency. The results, limitations, and suggestions for future research were discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved)","Kelly, William E.;Daughtry, Don;Mathe, John R.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2024","","US","34","1","8","25","","","*Distress;  *Dream Recall;  *Neuroticism;  *Nightmares;  *Psychopathology; Trauma","","2024-68685-002","Kelly, William E.: Department of Clinical Mental Health Counseling, Neumann University, One Neumann Drive, Aston, PA, US, 19014, kellyw@neumann.edu","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000265"
"Journal Article","The priming effect of presleep conscious thoughts on dreams.","In this study, we explored the influence of presleep conscious thoughts on dreams. One hundred forty-eight participants reported any thoughts that came to their minds before falling asleep, and reported their dreams the next morning after they woke up. Then, two independent judges rated similar correspondences (characters, objects, locations, and actions) between each participant’s conscious thoughts and dreams of the same person. In addition, the judges used the same method to rate similar correspondences between each participant’s conscious thoughts and dreams of another participant (the randomized condition). The result showed that there were more correlations between each participant’s conscious thoughts and dreams of the same person than the randomized condition. Thus there was meaningful continuity between presleep conscious thoughts and dreams. In addition, dreams may be correlated with the activation of autobiographical memories primed by waking-life experiences. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved)","Wang, Jiaxi;Feng, Xiaoling","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2024","","US","34","1","99","105","","","*Consciousness States;  *Dream Analysis;  *Dreaming;  *Priming;  *Sleep; Memory Consolidation","","2024-11497-001","Wang, Jiaxi: Department of Psychology, School of Education, Guangzhou University, Higher Education Mega Center, 230 Waihuan West Road, Guangzhou, China, 510006, jiaxiwang311@foxmail.com","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000257"
"Journal Article","Relational nightmares: A new scale and test of the continuity hypothesis of dreams applied to nightmares in a young adult sample.","Previous research has found general support for continuity between waking experiences and nightmares, supporting the continuity hypothesis of dreams. For instance, nightmares have been related to waking trauma experiences and negative affect. However, specific nightmare themes and corresponding waking experiences have rarely been examined. This study examined whether the content themes of unpleasant waking relational experiences are reflected in relational nightmares. A new relationship-themed nightmare scale was developed and was found to be related to general trauma, negative affect, and negative waking relational experiences such as relational worries, insecure attachment styles, and grief, but not positive waking relational experiences such as social support and friendship closeness. Among the waking relational experiences, grief was a particularly strong and unique predictor of relational nightmares. The results and avenues of future research are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved)","Kelly, William E.;Kim, Hwaheun","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2024","","US","34","1","26","39","","","*Grief;  *Hypothesis Testing;  *Nightmares;  *Psychometrics;  *Test Construction;  *Trauma;  *Wakefulness; Negative Emotions","","2023-91318-001","Kelly, William E.: Clinical Mental Health Counseling Department, Neumann University, One Neumann Drive, Aston, PA, US, 19014, kellyw@neumann.edu","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000248"
"Journal Article","Comparative analysis of three lucid dreaming techniques.","Lucid dreams (LDs) are characterized by the presence of consciousness and the ability of a person to influence the dream plot. At present, LD induction is a challenging task, and a comparative analysis of LD techniques is needed. In this study, we compare the effectiveness of different LD induction techniques, including phantom wiggling, observing images, and imagining movements. All the techniques are intended to transfer consciousness from wakefulness into a dream. In an online experiment, volunteers were instructed to try each of the techniques three times following each of the following methods: while falling asleep in the evening (direct method [DM]), while falling asleep after an interrupted sleep (deferred direct method [DDM]), and immediately upon awakening (indirect method [IM]). A report was considered successful if at least one attempt out of three led to an LD. In total, nine attempts were made for each technique. Overall, 1,119 reports were received. For the phantom wiggling technique, the efficiency rates were 11% for the DM, 32% for the DDM, and 24% for the IM. For the observing images technique, the efficiency rates were 11% for the DM, 17% for the DDM, and 31% for the IM. For the imagining movement technique, the efficiency rates were 7% for the DM, 24% for the DDM, and 31% for the IM. Despite the substantial differences among them, all three techniques can be effective for LD induction with similar efficiency. The goal of further studies is to compare all other LD induction techniques to find the most and least effective ones. This can improve our understanding of the nature of LDs and the effectiveness of their study. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved)","Shashkov, Andrey;Raduga, Michael;Brauns, Artur","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2024","","US","34","1","40","49","","","*Consciousness States;  *Lucid Dreaming;  *REM Sleep; Sleep","","2024-03371-001","Shashkov, Andrey: Phase Research Center, REMspace, 46, Apartment 15, Arkadya Shipunova Street, Osinovaya Gora, Russia, 300045, andrey.vyacheslavych@gmail.com","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000255"
"Journal Article","Pandemic dreams: A qualitative analysis of dream imagery during the COVID-19 pandemic.","This article examines the content of dreams collected during the beginning of containment due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy (between March and May 2020). Dreams in our sample were compared to the Hall and van de Castle norms. In accordance with the continuity hypothesis, contents of dreams were found to be influenced by the daytime experiences of the pandemic: (a) they were dominated by negative emotions such as fear and anxiety; (b) they depicted a diminished number of social interactions; (c) in aggressive interactions the dreamers were more often enacting the role of the victim; and (d) there was a higher number of dead and familiar characters, conveying death thoughts and the desire to reunite with family. Interestingly, these results were stronger in the female sample suggesting that women were more negatively affected by the pandemic. In addition to the content analysis, we explored the data by performing a reflexive thematic analysis of the function of dreams in coping with the traumatic features of the waking experience. (a) Most of the dreams in our sample were categorized as Repetitive-Traumatic, depicting the repetitions of traumatic scenes experienced in daytime. (b) Following for frequency, we found dreams labeled as Compensatory-Defensive, staging the fulfillment of desires and scenarios opposite to the stressful situation experienced in daytime. (c) Lastly, a few dreams were categorized as Elaborative, depicting situations that evolve toward a resolution or a reorganization of the stressful experiences of the waking state. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved)","Sacchetti, Sofia;Parlato, Davide;Tartaro, Giacomo;Sebastianelli, Alessia;Ramonda, Gabriele;Maggiolini, Alfio","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2024","","US","34","1","68","84","","","*Dream Analysis;  *Dream Content;  *Pandemics;  *Stress;  *Wakefulness;  *Thematic Analysis; COVID-19","","2023-97698-001","Sacchetti, Sofia: School of Psychology, Liverpool John Moores University, Tom Reilly Building, Byrom Street, Liverpool, United Kingdom, L3 3AF, v.s.sacchetti@gmail.com","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000247"
"Journal Article","Real-time transferring of music from lucid dreams into reality by electromyography sensors.","In lucid dreams (LDs), people maintain consciousness and can make predetermined actions while asleep. Since the 1970s, electrooculography and other sensors have been used to send signals from LDs into reality. In this study, we test whether electromyography (EMG) can help transfer melodies from LDs, which can expand our abilities to transfer information from LDs into reality. Software was developed to translate EMG impulses into sounds. Four LD practitioners were trained to play musical rhythms by straining their arm muscles, which had EMG sensors on them. Then, these volunteers were asked to induce LDs and repeat the task under polysomnographic observation in a laboratory. Each volunteer induced from one to three confirmed LDs. Three of them were able to transfer musical rhythms into reality, as the EMG sensors detected electrical spikes in the arm muscles despite sleep paralysis. The researchers heard the sounds from the dreams in real time and in recordings. The results prove the concept that people can transfer rhythmical EMG impulses from LD, which could be potentially useful for transferring sounds or music from LD into reality. As one practitioner failed to transfer proper EMG signals, the method needs further investigation. Since LD practitioners sometimes create original music in LDs, it could be possible to transfer these insights into reality. These melodies can be broadcasted via the Internet, TV, or radio in real time. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)","Raduga, Michael;Shashkov, Andrey;Gordienko, Nikolai;Vanin, Andrey;Maltsev, Evgeny","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2023","","US","33","4","495","507","","","*Auditory Stimulation;  *Electromyography;  *Lucid Dreaming;  *Music;  *Rhythm; Time","","2023-75194-001","Raduga, Michael: REMspace, Phase Research Center, Rubina 11-227, Novorossiysk, Russia, 353900, obe4u@obe4u.com","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000244"
"Journal Article","You are what you dream: The dark tetrad and dream content.","Previous research has found behaviors associated with personality traits can be found in the dreams of those who possess them, suggesting a continuum between dreaming and waking life. The present study sought to investigate the association between dark tetrad traits (psychopathy, narcissism, Machiavellianism, and sadism) and dream content. One hundred thirty-seven participants completed questionnaires measuring dark tetrad traits and fighting, sexual, and grandiosity themes of dream content. Correlation analyses revealed significant positive relationships between all dark tetrad traits and fighting, sexual and grandiosity dreams. Regression analyses revealed that psychopathy and gender predicted fighting dreams, and sadism uniquely predicted sexual and grandiosity dreams. The results suggest that waking life dark tetrad personality traits are reflected in dream content. The continuity hypothesis, which posits a continuity between waking life and dreaming, may in part explain the results. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)","Jenkins, Tom A.;Martin, Margaret","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2023","","US","33","4","434","445","","","*Aggressive Behavior;  *Dream Analysis;  *Dream Content;  *Grandiosity;  *Personality Traits;  *Sadism;  *Sexual Sadism; Dark Triad","","2023-96475-001","Jenkins, Tom A.: Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Room 2.40, 10W, Claverton Down, Bath, United Kingdom, BA2 7AY, tj260@bath.ac.uk","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000252"
"Journal Article","The role of dream sensations in Lucid dreams.","Lucid dreams (LDs) are dreams in which the dreamer can remain conscious and control the dream plot. Although most people are familiar with this phenomenon, its nature remains unclear in many aspects. This pilot study aims to investigate the role of dream sensations (DSs) in the etiology of LDs. We hypothesize that avoidance of DSs reduces LD duration and leads to the quick termination of LDs. The results of the current study will improve the current understanding of rapid eye movement sleep's neurobiology. To check the hypothesis through an online resource, we instructed 100 volunteers to deliberately avoid any DSs during an LD and estimate how much time has passed in an LD by means of counting seconds. A control group (n = 155) was asked to “follow the flow,” experience all arising DSs, and estimate how much time passed in the same manner as the experimental group. For most of the participants in the experimental group, deliberate avoidance of DSs resulted either in awakening (40% of cases) or falling asleep with a loss of consciousness (12%). Both unpaired and paired t-tests applied to participants of either one or both experiments demonstrated a significant decrease (p < .05) in the duration of the LD experience in the experimental group. The results of the current study suggest that DSs play an important role in the etiology of LDs and contribute to prolonging LDs, though other factors are apparently involved, which should be addressed in further studies. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)","Drøm, Elena;Raduga, Michael;Popenko, Anna;Shashkov, Andrey;Zhunusova, Zhanna","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2023","","US","33","4","446","455","","","*Avoidance;  *Lucid Dreaming;  *REM Dreams;  *REM Sleep; Time Estimation","","2023-64200-001","Popenko, Anna: REMspace, Phase Research Center, 11/35 office 227, Rubina st, Novorossiysk, Russia, 353900, anna@navdream.ru","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000242"
"Journal Article","Waking-life and dream social networks: People mix differently but their centrality is similar.","An individual draws on memory of people and their relations during deliberate recall of his or her social network and during spontaneous generation of people while dreaming. We compare social networks produced by each use of memory in a case study. A dream social network was made for major people in a long series of dreams of a woman. Two people were linked if they occurred in a dream together. The dreamer responded to a questionnaire about relations between major people in waking life. A waking-life social network was made by linking two people if the individual indicated they knew each other. A similarity between the two networks is that people important (central) in one network tend to be important in the other network. The networks have differences. Community structure is more diffuse in the dream social network. The dream social network has fewer completed triangles than the waking-life social network. Assortativity, a network measure, is positive in the waking-life social network, but negative in the dream social network. Differences are consistent with findings that rapid eye movement sleep, the stage from which most dreams are reported, facilitates remote associations in memory. During dreaming, the dreamer's memory of people and their relations is not so much searched as explored. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)","Han, Hye Joo;Schweickert, Richard","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2023","","US","33","4","388","409","","","*Cognition;  *Dreaming;  *Memory; Social Networks","","2023-45616-001","Schweickert, Richard: Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, 703 Third Street, West Lafayette, IN, US, 47907, schweick@purdue.edu","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000236"
"Journal Article","Dangerous waters: The impact of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami on survivor dream content.","Episodic memories of emotionally salient and personally significant events are often incorporated into dreams, although rarely replayed identically to the original waking event except in replicative posttraumatic nightmares. We investigated, in five Swedish female 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami survivors, how episodic memories of the catastrophe were reflected in their dreams after trauma, both in retrospectively recalled nightmares and bad dreams, and in prospective dream diaries completed several months after the catastrophe. We also assessed whether the emotional and threatening dream content differed between the trauma and a matched control group. Based on the threat simulation theory, we predicted that the trauma group dreams would portray notable similarities with elements related to the original tsunami trauma, and that the trauma group would demonstrate a higher prevalence of negative emotional states, and a higher frequency of threatening dream events as well as more severe threats in their dreams. Only the first hypothesis was partially supported, with retrospective nightmares bearing higher similarity to the trauma experience than the prospective dream diary dreams. However, we observed no statistically significant differences in emotional or threatening dream content between the groups, suggesting that the trauma group participants were not suffering from significant posttraumatic dreaming at the time of systematic dream data collection. Yet, specific features of the trauma group dreams might be interpreted as remnants of episodic tsunami-related memories: Their dreams had a higher percentage of life-threatening events depicting realistic but improbable threats, and an analysis of water-related themes evidenced stressful themes related to waves. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)","Bergman, Monica;MacGregor, Oskar;Olkoniemi, Henri;Redgård, Rickard;Revonsuo, Antti;Valli, Katja","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2023","","US","33","4","369","387","","","*Dream Content;  *Emotional Trauma;  *Episodic Memory;  *Natural Disasters;  *Nightmares;  *South Asian Cultural Groups;  *Threat; Trauma","","2024-04567-001","Bergman, Monica: Department of Cognitive Neuroscience and Philosophy, School of Bioscience, University of Skovde, P.O. Box 408, Skovde, Sweden, 541 28, monica.bergman@his.se","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000254"
"Journal Article","Relationship between trait anxiety and emotions in dreams, evaluated in older adults.","The relationship between the level of anxiety and emotions in dreams is a subject that has been fairly studied, particularly in young adults. However, there exists a limited body of research on this subject among older adults. This study examines the relationship between trait anxiety levels, emotions in dreams, dream recall frequency (DRF), and potential gender differences within older adults. A total of 22 participants (nine men and 13 women) were recruited from the seniors group at Complutense University of Madrid (Mage = 64.9 years). Each participant initially completed the trait subscale of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-T) questionnaire and also maintained a dream diary for 2 weeks, providing assessments of the valence, arousal, and intensity of each of the basic emotions experienced in dreams. Results showed a modest correlation between the average STAI-T and sadness in dreams and a significant correlation between the level of fear and that of emotional arousal, but only in the women group. No additional gender distinctions were identified. Furthermore, it was observed that recalled dreams tended to exhibit a neutral valence and moderate arousal and there was a reduced level of anxiety and a lower DRF in comparison to the results obtained in studies involving young adults. The findings suggest that DRF in older adults is not correlated with anxiety levels. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)","Mediano, Mar","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2023","","US","33","4","410","420","","","*Anxiety;  *Dream Content;  *Dreaming;  *Emotions;  *Physiological Arousal;  *Affective Valence; Older Adulthood","","2024-26368-001","Mediano, Mar: Department of Basic Psychology II, Faculty of Psychology, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), Calle Pinar de Dona Consuelo, 11, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain, 28220, mar.mediano@uess.es","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000258"
"Journal Article","Client experiences and understandings of dreams in contemporary Australian psychological practice: An IPA study.","Identifying and understanding the beliefs, experiences, and expectations of clients around dreams in psychological practice can assist psychologists to avoid or minimize unintended, negative consequences of mismatches in expectations between the client and the psychologist. In this study, 5 adult Australian clients undertook semistructured interviews in which they explained their experiences and perceptions of dreams in psychological practice. An interpretative phenomenological analysis approach was used, and the themes emerging from the analysis clustered around participants’ experiences (with emotions ranging from feeling pressured, frustrated, or vulnerable, to feeling relief or validation), and their underlying assumptions or rules, around what to share (or not share) with whom, and when. The participants’ explanations for their experiences and opinions reflected their underlying individual and sociocultural understandings of both psychotherapy and dreams, with references made to dream beliefs, the stage of therapy, and psychologist cues. The findings highlight the value of approaching therapy (and dream sharing in therapy) from a social/cultural practice framework. This framework understands interactions or exchanges between psychologists and clients as being influenced by a range of cultural assumptions, which both parties bring into the therapy room with them. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)","Leonard, Linda;Dawson, Drew","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2023","","US","33","4","476","494","","","*Clients;  *Clinical Practice;  *Dream Content;  *Psychotherapy;  *Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis; Dream Analysis; Emotions; Psychologists","","2023-13051-001","Leonard, Linda: Appleton Institute, Central Queensland University, c/o 44 Greenhill Road, Wayville, SA, Australia, 5034, l.leonard@cqu.edu.au","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000228"
"Journal Article","Bodily Self-Consciousness in Dreams Questionnaire (BSD-Q) and its relation to waking dissociative experiences.","According to virtual reality dream theory (Hobson & Friston, 2014), while dreaming, brains generate a dream world similar to a virtual reality environment, and this world uses the same predictive self/world modeling capacity as that used during wakefulness. The theory proposes that phenomenology of dreaming experience is based on the waking experience, a view widely accepted by dream researchers. In the current research, we argued that individuals with different intensities of dissociative experiences during waking, will report corresponding differences in the profoundness of sensory modality experiences, such as touching in dreams. To test this hypothesis, first, we developed a novel Bodily Self-Consciousness in Dreams Questionnaire, that was completed by 414 participants. The questionnaire measured the intensity of different sensory modality experiences in past dreams. The results showed that a four-factor solution explains 64% of the total variance, and yielded sufficient reliability with McDonald’s ω ranging from .62 to .84, and Cronbach’s α ranged from .61 to .84. Along with the Bodily Self-Consciousness in Dreams Questionnaire, we administered the Dissociation Questionnaire (Vanderlinden et al., 1993), which showed a significant positive correlation between the bodily self-consciousness in dreams and dissociative experiences during waking. In conclusion, the results showed that all of the modalities pertain to bodily self-consciousness in dreams and are significantly correlated with waking state dissociative experiences. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)","Erdeniz, Burak;Tekgün, Ege;Menteş, Özge;Çoban, Aslıhan;Bilge, Selma;Serin, Emin","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2023","","US","33","4","456","475","","","*Dissociation;  *Dream Content;  *Questionnaires;  *Self-Perception;  *Wakefulness; Dreaming; Factor Structure; Prediction; Test Construction; Test Reliability; Test Validity; Virtual Reality","","2022-82052-001","Erdeniz, Burak: Department of Psychology, Izmir University of Economics, Fevzi Cakmak, Sakarya Cd. No.156, Izmir, Turkey, 35330, burak.erdeniz@ieu.edu.tr","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000217"
"Journal Article","Dreaming reflects neural resynchronization after sleep-dependent neuroplastic adaptations.","Synchronous and coordinated neural electrical activity is essential for proper mental functioning in the wake state. Sleep-dependent neuroplastic repair and adaptation that occur because of oxidative damage, inflammation, learning, and memory formation fostered by wake state experiences alter the finely tuned electrical activity of neurons. Resynchronization after neuroplastic repair and adaptation, but before waking, is needed to redress such adverse effects. These circuit-specific resynchronizations restore the unique sequential activity patterns needed for the diversity of mental functions. Dreaming is the result of neural circuit activations during sleep as part of resynchronization processes. Dream content is explained by the information load of neural circuits that underwent extensive neuroplastic repair and adaptation and that were activated during resynchronization. Neural circuit activation sequences and their combinations during resynchronization determine the narratives and bizarreness of dreams. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Schulze, Hans G.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2023","","US","33","4","421","433","","","*Dreaming;  *Electrical Activity;  *Neural Plasticity; Sleep","","2023-90950-001","Schulze, Hans G.: Monte do Tojal, Caixa Postal 128, Hortinhas, Terena, Portugal, 7250-069, georgschulze8@gmail.com","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000250"
"Journal Article","Attachment, childhood trauma, and dreaming.","Two studies were conducted to examine the relationship between psychological attachment, childhood trauma, and a variety of dream experiences. Study 1 involved 114 Chinese young adults, with 100 Chinese young adults in Study 2. In both studies, participants completed the Revised/Adult Attachment Scale, Dream Intensity Scale, Ego Ideal Scale, Object Relation Scale, and Paranoiac Relation Scale. In addition to these scales, the Adverse Childhood Experiences Questionnaire was adopted in Study 2. Study 1 showed that attachment anxiety positively predicted dream themes surrounding ego-ideal, object-relation, and paranoiac issues. Study 2 demonstrated that attachment avoidance significantly mediated the effect of the childhood trauma on dreaming paranoiac-relation and ego-ideal themes. The overall evidence suggests that despite its significant mediation effect, attachment avoidance does not seem to fully explain the relationship between childhood trauma and current dream experiences. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)","Yu, Calvin Kai-Ching;Au, Pui-Kwan","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2023","","US","33","3","221","234","","","*Attachment Behavior;  *Dream Content;  *Dreaming;  *Experiences (Events);  *Psychology; Trauma","","2023-79625-001","Au, Pui-Kwan: Department of Counselling and Psychology, Hong Kong Shue Yan University, 10 Wai Tsui Crescent, Braemar Hill, North Point, Hong Kong, 20p701m@hksyu.edu.hk","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000239"
"Journal Article","The association between personality traits and stress with nightmare frequency: An online study.","Several studies explored the association between nightmare frequency and trait (neuroticism and openness) and state (current stress level) factors. The current online study investigated these associations using a nonrepresentative sample (N = 276). It was expected that both state and trait variables impact the nightmare frequency and the hypothesis that state factors might mediate the association between trait factors and the nightmare frequency. Results showed that both state and trait factors are independently associated with nightmare frequency. In contrast to Schredl (2003), we did not find a mediating effect of state factors on the association between nightmare frequency and trait factors. The findings support the neurocognitive model of nightmare etiology (Levin & Nielsen, 2007). (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)","Gessert, Johanna;Schredl, Michael","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2023","","US","33","3","244","251","","","*Neuroticism;  *Nightmares;  *Openness to Experience; Stress","","2023-63233-001","Gessert, Johanna: Department of Psychology, University of Magdeburg, Gerhart-Hauptmann-Strasse 6, Schwerin, Germany, 19053, JohannaG@freenet.de","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000241"
"Journal Article","Dreaming of the sleep lab is associated with improved performance on a sign language learning task: A pilot study.","Evidence suggests that dream content, such as dreaming about a learning task, is associated with improved task performance following sleep. Given links between sleep and language learning, we conducted a morning nap study to assess whether dream content correlates with improvement on a sign language learning task. We collected data from 16 participants who completed a sign language vocabulary learning and recall task before and after a 2-hr nap opportunity. Participants were awakened from REM sleep and asked to report a dream and rate the extent to which their dream incorporated elements of the laboratory or the task on a 1–9 Likert scale, and an independent judge additionally scored laboratory incorporation in dreams. Results showed that lab-related dreams were associated with improved performance on the task following sleep. Overall, the results are in line with recent findings that dream content correlates with learning, here extended to a sign language task. The results could be interpreted in several ways: Dream content may be influenced by trait factors (cognitive capacity and motivation) that correspond with learning, or dream content could either reflect or actively enhance underlying memory consolidation during sleep. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)","Carr, Michelle;Wary, Madeline;Grewal, Alam;Stafford, Sophia;Raider, Rachel;Pigeon, Wilfred R.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2023","","US","33","3","235","243","","","*Dream Analysis;  *Dream Content;  *Dreaming;  *Learning;  *Napping;  *REM Dreams;  *Sign Language; Sleep","","2023-90948-001","Carr, Michelle: Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester Medical Center, 300 Crittenden Boulevard, Box PSYCH, Rochester, NY, US, 14642, mcarr4@u.rochester.edu","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000245"
"Journal Article","The effectiveness of lucid dreaming practice on waking task performance: A scoping review of evidence and meta-analysis.","A lucid dream is a dream during which the dreamer becomes aware of the fact that they are experiencing a dream. The higher awareness and cognitive traits which accompany lucid dreams offer individuals a unique opportunity to use this practice to rehearse waking skills. This scoping review aimed to summarize existing evidence on the effectiveness of lucid dreaming practice (LDP) on the performance of waking skills and used a meta-analytical approach to estimate an overall effect of LDP. A total of seven studies were reviewed. Findings indicate that LDP can improve waking performance of motor tasks of a variety of nature with an overall medium positive effect size of .483 (p = .095). LDP environments appear to be suitable for the practice of waking tasks however practitioners should be aware that perception may at times be distorted from wakefulness. Dream distractions may also be encountered which may impair dream practice and have a negative effect on subsequent performance. A lack of empirical evidence within the literature was identified. Challenges with conducting LDP research are discussed and recommendations for future research are proposed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)","Bonamino, Clarita;Watling, Christopher;Polman, Remco","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2023","","US","33","3","292","315","","","*Lucid Dreaming;  *Motor Development;  *Practice;  *Time Perception;  *Wakefulness; Awareness; Distraction; Test Performance","","2022-84369-001","Bonamino, Clarita: School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove Campus, Brisbane, QLD, Australia, 4059, c.bonamino@qut.edu.au","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000209"
"Journal Article","Incidence of dreaming and subjective quality of general anesthesia with and without standardized stress relaxation and dream suggestion by the anesthesiologist: A prospective interventional randomized trial using an adaptive design.","Objective was to investigate, if incidence of dreaming is increased, when positive suggestion of dreams is applied by an anesthesiologist preoperatively. Forty patients with standard care (Controls, CON) and 40 patients with dream suggestion (SUGG) before maxillofacial surgery were included in the study (33 female and 47 male patients). One day before surgery, patients with SUGG were requested to imagine a pleasant dream (dreamfilm) for anesthesia. Immediately before anesthesia, these patients were requested to imagine their dreams. After anesthesia, all patients were interviewed about dreaming. Incidence of dreaming was higher in patients with SUGG (23 vs. 12, p = .024). However, patient's satisfaction with anesthesia was not higher in SUGG than in CON, 10 (5 to 10) versus 10 (5 to 10), p = .26; Numerical Rating Scale 0–10, 0 = none, 10 = most. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)","Schäfer, Britta;Klose, Phil;Wiltfang, Jörg;Fudickar, Axel","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2023","","US","33","3","264","274","","","*Dreaming;  *General Anesthetics;  *Intervention;  *Relaxation Therapy;  *Stress; Anesthesia (Feeling); Imagination; Relaxation; Surgical Patients","","2022-95080-001","Fudickar, Axel: Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Strasse 3/12, Kiel, Germany, D-24105, axel.fudickar@uksh.de","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000215"
"Journal Article","The proportional experience of dream types in relation to posttraumatic stress disorder and insomnia among survivors of intimate partner violence.","Survivors of intimate partner violence (IPV) commonly suffer from posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), insomnia, and nightmares. Past studies demonstrate a link between replicative (i.e., replay the trauma) and recurrent (i.e., repeating) nightmares and PTSD and insomnia. However, there is a lack of research on the variety of dreams and nightmares experienced in relation to PTSD and insomnia. This study explored 5 types of dreams and nightmares among 499 IPV survivors recruited through social media to complete an online cross-sectional survey. The dream types were selected based on theories of dreaming, suggesting it exists on a continuum of both repetition and emotion (i.e., dream or nightmare) and that more severe PTSD and insomnia symptomology should be linked to repetitive nightmares. Dream types were transformed for each participant into ratios that showed the proportion of each type of dreaming in relation to all the dreaming reported by the participant over the past 3 days. Then, multiple regressions were used to examine whether those dream types were predictive of PTSD, insomnia, and PTSD symptom criteria. The results showed that only replicative nightmares and novel (i.e., new) dreams were predictive. Additionally, it was discovered that across PTSD and insomnia symptom severities, novel dreams remained relatively constant in number, whereas other types of dreaming, particularly nightmares, increased in frequency. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)","Wagener, Alwin E.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2023","","US","33","3","275","291","","","*Insomnia;  *Intimate Partner Violence;  *Nightmares;  *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder;  *Survivors; Dream Content; Dreaming; Prediction","","2023-08683-001","Wagener, Alwin E.: Department of Psychology and Counseling, Fairleigh Dickinson University, 285 Madison Avenue, Madison, NJ, US, 07940, awagener@fdu.edu","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000227"
"Journal Article","The neuroelectric alignment of dreaming: The sleep/dream state frequencies of consciousness.","This article presents a restructuring of the classification of dreaming in which the states of dreaming, like the states of sleep, are tied to their defining electrophysiology. Each sleep stage is characterized by a phenomenologically distinct form of dreaming associated with the specific physiologic brain frequency used to define each sleep/dream state. These different forms of sleep-state-associated consciousness have significant phenomenological, physiologic, and electrophysiologic differences, yet in most current literature they are all considered to be a loosely defined state called dreaming. This proposed neuroelectric classification of dreaming acknowledges the associated electrophysiology of each dream state producing a tighter and more coherent description of dreaming-associated physiology and the association of reported dreaming with sleep-state-specific dreams and parasomnias. This merging of the neuroelectic framework with the sleep-associated phenomenology of each dream state expands the importance and relevance of dreaming to modern theories of neuroconsciousness. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Pagel, J. F.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2023","","US","33","3","252","263","","","*Consciousness States;  *Dreaming;  *Electrophysiology;  *Phenomenology;  *Sleep; Parasomnias","","2023-99080-001","Pagel, J. F.: P.O. Box 6, Arroyo Seco, NM, US, 87514, Pueo34@earthlink.net","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000251"
"Journal Article","The feeling priming theory (FPT) of dreaming.","This article presents the feeling priming theory (FPT) of dreaming. According to the FPT, dreaming favors the motivation to avoid aversive anticipated events and to approach gratifying anticipated events. It is suggested that one component of anticipated emotions—anticipated feelings—is reproduced in dreams. Upon awakening and during the day, these anticipated feelings would remain activated (primed) in memory. Consequently, anticipated emotions would exert a greater influence on avoidance and approach behaviors, mainly through an increase in the intensity of anticipatory feelings (i.e., feelings of fear or hope/desire). This article comprises five main sections. First, the need for a new theory of the function of dreaming is addressed. Second, key constructs of the theory are described, including the constructs of “emotion” and “feeling.” Third, a brief overview of the theory is presented. Fourth, seven hypotheses that constitute the core of the theory are discussed along with supporting evidence. Fifth, an explanation of nightmares based on the proposed theory is offered. The FPT represents an alternative to theories that attribute an emotion regulation function to dreaming. It offers a new perspective on the relationship between dreaming and waking emotions. In particular, the FPT does not label nightmares as dysfunctional. Instead, nightmares and other dysphoric dreams are hypothesized to result from the same processes as normal dreaming. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Lemyre, Alexandre;Bastien, Célyne;Vallières, Annie","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2023","","US","33","3","316","367","","","*Dreaming;  *Emotions;  *Fear;  *Hope;  *Priming; Emotional Regulation; Memory; Nightmares; Theories","","2022-58781-001","Lemyre, Alexandre: Research Center of the Montreal University Institute of Mental Health, Universite de Montreal, 7331 rue Hochelaga, Montreal, PQ, Canada, H1N 3V2, alexandre.lemyre@umontreal.ca","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000202"
"Journal Article","Dream changes across the first three waves of the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy.","The 2019 novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) has strongly impacted the world. Recent research findings found significant effects of the pandemic on dreaming. We investigated sociodemographic, COVID-19-related variables, and oneiric activity (by the Most Recent Dream) during the first, the second, and the third wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in three matched samples, for a total of 600 Italian adult subjects (82.7% women; aged 18–81 years, M = 30.4, SD = 13.3). Results indicated that: (a) the majority of participants were medium recallers; (b) during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, participants reported higher negative emotions and longer dreams; (c) during the second wave, participants reported higher positive emotions and lower presence of sensory impressions in their dreams; (d) during the third wave, participants reported lower positive emotions in their dreams; and (e) participants knowing a COVID-19 death reported shorter dreams and higher negative emotions in their dreams, while student participants reported longer and more realistic dreams. Results of the quali-quantitative analyses revealed recurring themes in the Most Recent Dreams, as well as a strong continuity with the waking experience, especially focused on family and friends, as well as on places where the quarantine was lived and on the outside world. In sum, the findings of this study indicate that the COVID-19 pandemic understood as a high-impact and traumatic event, significantly affects people's dreams, especially in terms of elicited emotions, as well as in terms of themes related to the pandemic. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved)","Sommantico, Massimiliano;Parrello, Santa","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2023","","US","33","2","105","120","","","*Dream Analysis;  *Emotions;  *Pandemics;  *Negative Emotions;  *Positive Emotions; COVID-19","","2023-60358-001","Sommantico, Massimiliano: Dynamic Psychology Laboratory, Department of Humanities, University of Naples Federico II, via Porta di Massa 1, Naples, Italy, 80133, sommanti@unina.it","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000238"
"Journal Article","Experience of emotions in dreams: An empirical phenomenological study.","We conducted an empirical phenomenological study of emotion experience in dreams. Unlike previous research in this field, we based our findings on phenomenological data while bracketing our assumptions and judgments about how emotions are experienced. Our study describes the external and internal dynamics of emotion experiences in dreams. We tried to show that phenomenology-based approaches are relevant for investigating experience in dreams and that they allow for a richer description and a deeper understanding of the phenomenon. We also highlight the question of what we are studying when we study emotion experience in dreams, as we show how the same emotions can be experienced differently each time and different emotions can share the same components in one single dream. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)","Fabjan, Sara","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2023","","US","33","2","206","219","","","*Dream Content;  *Dreaming;  *Emotions;  *Judgment;  *Phenomenology; Dream Recall; Memory","","2023-02284-001","Fabjan, Sara: Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Primorska, Polje 42, Izola, Slovenia, 6310, fabjan.sara@gmail.com","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000222"
"Journal Article","An exploratory study of the Eastern understanding of déjà rêvé (already dreamed) experiences in Kerala-Indian culture.","Surveys have been carried out enquiring about the incidence of déjà vu in several countries but not in India. In this study, a questionnaire was used to query 500 representative subjects in the Indian state of Kerala to ascertain the incidence frequencies of déjà vu experiences, precognitive dreams, and déjà rêvé experiences. The explanations favored for déjà vu experiences were also compared. The study found that déjà vu experiences are highly prevalent among Indians, but people with less education have no scientific knowledge of what these experiences are termed. Men reported déjà vu experiences slightly more frequently than women. The incidence of precognitive dreams is comparable to that in the West. All the participants in the study expressed a positive attitude toward déjà rêvé experiences. Intriguingly, older and more educated people were more likely to report déjà rêvé experiences, whereas Christians reported them less frequently than Hindus. Participants with a higher level of education were more inclined to believe déjà vu is a scientific yet unknown occurrence, and they were less likely to link déjà vu to reincarnation or soul transmigration. The questionnaire used in this study was rather straightforward; however, it might be improved and validated. The current study is restricted to Kerala's geographical areas. In the future, other parts of India could be studied and the results compared with those reported here. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)","Eranimos, Boban;Funkhouser, Art","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2023","","US","33","2","153","163","","","*Attitudes;  *Dream Content;  *Precognition; Educational Attainment Level; Human Sex Differences","","2023-11159-001","Funkhouser, Art: C. G. Jung Institute, Hornweg 28, Kusnacht, Switzerland, 8700, art.funkhouser@gmail.com","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000230"
"Journal Article","Representation of dreams in medieval Sufi texts: A qualitative study.","For medieval Sufis, dreams were a portal to the spiritual realm. Their ideas are a valuable source for tracing and better understanding the sociocultural beliefs of today's Muslim people regarding the meaning and function of veridical dreams. We used the thematic analysis method to analyze 387 dream narratives from 34 books by Sufis from the 9th to the 15th centuries to determine how dreams were represented in these works. Five major themes were extracted: 1. dream as a mode of communication and as a messenger; 2. dream as a means of endorsement and validation; 3. dream as a source of feedback and as a premonition of 1’s destiny; 4. dream as a means of divination and prophecy, and 5. dream as influential in daily lives. We discuss each of these themes, their meanings, and implications separately, and present different ethnohistorical evidence for these themes. Understanding Sufi culture regarding dreams might thus help us in better understanding the cultural foundations of these ideas in Muslim communities. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)","Mazandarani, Amir Ali;Mahmoudi, Vahid","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2023","","US","33","2","187","205","","","*Anthropology;  *Narratives;  *Religion;  *Spirituality; Dream Analysis; Dreaming; Muslims","","2022-46600-001","Mazandarani, Amir Ali: Department of Behavioral Sciences, Institute for Research and Development in the Humanities, SAMT Organization, SAMT Building, Jalal Al-e-Ahmad Expressway, Tehran, Iran, mazandarani@live.com","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000201"
"Journal Article","Typical dreams of Chinese elderly people during COVID-19 pandemic.","This study aimed at investigating the dream themes of Chinese elderly people during COVID-19 and its relationship with death anxiety. In this study, 264 participants from four cities in different regions of China were interviewed through one-on-one interviews. Nielsen's Typical Dream Questionnaire (TDQ) and Death Anxiety Scale (DAS) were also administered. The dream recall rate of the elderly was 48.48%; there were differences in TDQ35 and TDQ1 between the experimental group (EG) and control group (CG); the most common emotion in elderly people's dreams was fear; TDQ21 (flood) and TDQ28 (see Yourself Die) were two higher frequent dream themes in the high death anxiety group. The results support the dream continuity hypothesis and threat simulation theory (TST), dreams may help coping with death anxiety, and future research directions are also suggested. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved)","Yang, Dengle;Wu, Wenyuan;Xia, Yiyun;Feng, Yuanming;Zhang, Jin","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2023","","US","33","2","121","135","","","*Death Anxiety;  *Dream Content;  *COVID-19;  *Older Adulthood; Quarantine","","2023-63385-001","Yang, Dengle: Centre for Foreign Literature and Culture, Guangdong University of Foreign Studies, 2 Baiyun Avenue, Baiyun District, Guangzhou, China, 510420, yangdengle@hotmail.com","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000237"
"Journal Article","Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on sleep and dreams: Study in a Portuguese sample.","Research has shown that during the COVID-19 pandemic, there were significant changes in sleep quality and dream activity. An increase in dream and nightmare recall frequency and a predominance of aversive emotional and phantasmatic dream content were recorded. The objective of the study was to analyze the pandemic's socio-occupational, psychological and experiential impact, focusing on sleep quality, dream/nightmare recall, and the emotional content of dreams in a sample of Portugal’s adult resident population. Online data collection involved 1,020 adults ≥ 18 years (67.1% women). The research protocol included several questions regarding demographics, subjective experience of the pandemic, and its perceived impact on respondents’ personal social networks, sleep habits, and dream content. The pandemic substantially affected participants’ social interactions and mental health, with 17.2% reporting the death of a significant person. Overall sleep quality decreased during the pandemic, whereas dream/nightmare recall increased, and 27% of the respondents dreamed about COVID-19, reporting negative emotions and sensations in these dreams. Higher dream/nightmare recall was especially related to changes in sleep patterns, namely, increased nocturnal awakenings and sleep latency. Younger people, those belonging to a high-risk group, those reporting a higher subjective concern about the pandemic, those experiencing the death of a significant person, and those with self-reported employment and mental health problems were more likely to dream about COVID-19. Our findings add to psychological sleep and dream research regarding the function of dreams during collective stressful events. Considering the significant connection among mental health, sleep patterns, and dream content, research and clinical implications are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved)","Simões, Mariana;Farate, Carlos;Espírito-Santo, Helena;Vicente, Henrique Testa","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2023","","US","33","2","136","152","","","*Dream Content;  *Dream Recall;  *Pandemics;  *Sleep;  *COVID-19; Dream Analysis; Sleep Wake Cycle; Sleep Quality","","2023-18683-001","Vicente, Henrique Testa: Miguel Torga Institute of Higher Education (ISMT), Rua Augusta, Coimbra, Portugal, 3000-061, henrique.t.vicente@gmail.com","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000231"
"Journal Article","Predicting impactful dreams: The contributions of absence-related melancholy and absence-related depression.","Distressing life events precipitate disturbing dreams in several forms (e.g., nightmares, sleep terrors). Although research has focused on nightmares, some studies have differentiated three types of impactful dreams: nightmares, existential dreams, and transcendent dreams (Kuiken et al., 2006; Lee & Kuiken, 2015). In two studies, we examined whether contrasting forms of response to distressing life events (absence-related depression and absence-related melancholy) differentially predict these dream types. In an initial in-laboratory session, participants described their loss and trauma histories, and then, in an online session after awakening from an impactful dream, they completed an Impactful Dreams Questionnaire and a Post-Dream Questionnaire. Analyses of variance and structural equation models indicated that absence-related depression independently mediated the effects of loss, trauma, and traumatic loss on nightmare distress. In contrast, the interplay between absence-related melancholy and absence-related depression mediated the effects of loss, trauma, and traumatic loss on the features of existential dreams. These results suggest that dreamers’ response to nightmares resembles reparative regulation of intrusive memories, whereas their response to existential dreams resembles ambivalent reflection on poignant reminiscences. The basis for such reminiscences in existential (and perhaps transcendent) dreams is a level of metacognition that enables attunement to explicitly metaphoric relations between semantically “neighboring” dream representations. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)","Kuiken, Don;Lee, Ming-Ni;Northcott, Peyton","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2023","","US","33","2","164","186","","","*Dreaming;  *Major Depression;  *Nightmares;  *Sadness; Existentialism; Metaphor; Trauma; Traumatic Loss","","2023-30615-001","Kuiken, Don: Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, P217 Biological Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB, Canada, T6G 2E9, dkuiken@ualberta.ca","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000234"
"Notice of Retraction","Retraction of Hill et al. (2013).","Reports the retraction of 'The dreamscape of psychodynamic psychotherapy: Dreams, dreamers, dream work, consequences, and case studies' by Clara E. Hill, Charles J. Gelso, Judith Gerstenblith, Harold Chui, Sakar Pudasaini, Jessica Burgard, Ellen Baumann and Teresa Huang (Dreaming, 2013[Mar], Vol 23[1], 1-45). This retraction is at the request of coauthors Hill and Gelso after the results of an investigation by the University of Maryland Institutional Review Board (IRB). The IRB found that the study included data from between one and four therapy clients of the Maryland Psychotherapy Clinic and Research Laboratory (MPCRL) who either had not been asked to provide consent or had withdrawn consent for their data to be included in the research. Coauthors Gerstenblith, Chui, Pudasaini, Burgard, Baumann, and Huang were not responsible for obtaining and verifying participant consent but agreed to the retraction of this article. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 2013-09854-001.) Of 46 cases of psychodynamic psychotherapy, 23 clients presented at least 1 dream, with discussions averaging about 13 minutes in length; only 5 clients discussed dreams in 3 or more sessions (case studies are provided). The clients who discussed dreams, as compared with those who did not, had more positive attitudes toward dreams and lower attachment anxiety. Encouragement to discuss dreams did not have an effect on the amount of dream work. Therapists primarily listened and asked for description of images when working with dreams. Greater use of exploration activities during dream work was associated with higher client and therapist ratings of session process/outcome. Clients who talked about dreams indicated that they did so because they wanted insight or had troubling dreams; ultimately, they found the dream work to be helpful. Clients who did not talk about dreams tended not to remember dreams and thought other issues were more important to discuss in therapy. Evidence for the effects of dream work was mixed. Implications of results for practice and research are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","No authorship indicated","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2023","","US","33","2","186","186","","","*Attitudes;  *Clients;  *Dream Analysis;  *Dream Content;  *Dreaming;  *Psychodynamic Psychotherapy;  *Psychodynamics; Middle East Respiratory Syndrome","","2023-80461-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000243"
"Journal Article","Who has nightmares? An investigation into the relationship between personality and nightmares.","The aim of the study was to explore the relationship between personality and nightmares, particularly nightmare frequency and nightmare distress. A distinction between the two concepts has been developed to account for the clinical impact of nightmares. It is conceived that these phenomena may be influenced by personality. Specifically, we wanted to answer the question “Who has nightmares?” We also wanted to investigate how nightmare coping strategies are related to nightmare frequency and nightmare distress and if the variance in these phenomena might be explained by personality. We surveyed 225 people (Mage = 24.4) to analyze their personality, behavior, and thoughts related to nightmares. Our instruments included the Nightmare Distress Questionnaire, the Nightmare Frequency Questionnaire, a subscale from Mannheim Dream Questionnaire, a self-constructed coping strategies scale, and the Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness–Five-Factor Inventory-30. Multiple and ordinal regression analyses were used to explain the variance in nightmare distress and frequency in terms of age, gender, personality, and coping strategies as independent variables. The results showed that openness to experience was positively associated with nightmare frequency, whereas neuroticism was positively associated with nightmare distress. We also found coping strategies to have a significant positive relationship to both nightmare frequency and distress. However, we did not find any gender effect. We discuss the findings in relation to existing literature. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)","Brekke, Fredrik;Hodges Dale, Thomas;Pallesen, Ståle","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2023","","US","33","1","32","44","","","*Coping Behavior;  *Distress;  *Nightmares;  *Personality; Age Differences; Attitudes; Human Sex Differences","","2023-38957-001","Hodges Dale, Thomas: School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Pentland House, 47 Robb’s Loan, Edinburgh, United Kingdom, EH14 1TY, t.h.dale@sms.ed.ac.uk","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000235"
"Journal Article","Typical images of animals in dreams: Results from a content analysis.","Although animal dreams are well investigated, little is known about images of animals in dreams. The present study explored the contents of animal dreams of 201 subjects (including 52 male) from China via the most recent dream method and analyzed them mainly through the Hall and Van de Castle (1966) System. The results showed: (a) the most frequent species found in dreams about animals were snakes, dogs, and cats. Moreover, compared with males, females dreamed of more snakes. (b) Typical images of animals in dreams may be described by four kinds of theme nodes (TNs): dreamers’ experiences, social interactions, animal characteristics, and environmental characteristics. Dreamer’s experience and social interactions were the rooting TNs that expressed dreamer’s emotions, primarily negative emotions, but significant differences existed in various animals. Animal and environmental characteristics were the apparent TNs, such as their child nodes of color, activities, size, and settings, that provided specific narrative content related to the dreamers’ emotions and interactions with animals. Negative images of typical images of snakes were most frequent in dreams, followed by dreams about dogs and cats. (c) The associations about animal dreams were mainly related to adverse life events, followed by daily contact experience with animals, in which the snake dream was significantly lower than expected. Such findings suggest that negative emotions and direct contact in waking life are both indispensable continuities to people’s dreams of animals. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)","Tian, Liangsu;Wu, Sanmei;Duan, Peiting;Chen, Yaqi;Shen, Heyong","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2023","","US","33","1","75","92","","","*Animals;  *Dream Analysis;  *Dream Content;  *Emotions;  *Imagery; Animal Coloration; Cats; Dogs; Human Sex Differences; Snakes; Social Interaction; Negative Emotions","","2023-54046-001","Shen, Heyong: South China Normal University, Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science of Guangdong Province, School of Psychology, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, No. 55, West of Zhongshan Avenue, Guangzhou, China, 510631, shenheyong@hotmail.com","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000220"
"Journal Article","Solving the nightmare mystery: The autonomic nervous system as missing link in the aetiology and treatment of nightmares.","Current theories about the aetiology of nightmares and mechanisms of action that account for their successful treatment have not yet taken the polyvagal theory (Porges, 2011) into consideration. While the polyvagal theory’s updated and multifaceted view of the autonomic nervous system’s (ANS) response to threat has begun to transform the field of trauma treatment, most of these ideas have not yet been applied to nightmares and their treatment. This article outlines how the theory may provide a missing link in understanding specific ways that trauma and adversity lead to chronic nightmares, and it offers a way to make sense of the heterogeneity of trauma-related symptoms and concomitant responses to nightmare treatments. A review of the literature demonstrates evidence of links between measures of ANS and physiological responses to nightmares. Content similarities between threat responses described by polyvagal theory and common nightmare themes provides an additional avenue for assessment and intervention. Theories of nightmare aetiology and treatment are evaluated with respect to polyvagal theory, and lastly, a proposed treatment protocol, nightmare relief, offers a polyvagal-informed, process-experiential approach to treating nightmares, with links to clinical examples. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)","Ellis, Leslie A.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2023","","US","33","1","45","74","","","*Autonomic Nervous System;  *Etiology;  *Nightmares;  *Theories;  *Trauma; Intervention; Threat; Treatment; Adversity","","2023-07476-001","Ellis, Leslie A.: 279 Anna’s Drive, Saltspring Island, BC, Canada, V8K 2W9, leslie@drleslieellis.com","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000224"
"Journal Article","Interactions with family members in students’ dreams.","The present study examined the frequency of core family members (mother, father, brother, and sister) in dreams and their interactions with the dreamer. The dreams were collected via dream diaries. Dream content was analyzed using the Hall and Van de Castle rating system. Overall, 28.9% of the 1,612 dreams reported by 425 participants (361 females and 64 males) included at least one member of the core family. The mother as a single figure appeared most often (13.4%). The father and “parents” as a unit occurred the second most (7.6%), followed by sister (7.6%), and the brother occurred the rarest (5.1%). Comparing the dream interactions with the parents, the dreamers were more aggressive against their mothers and received more friendliness from their fathers. Interactions with brothers and sisters were similar, except that more frequent indirect interactions happened with brothers. There was more verbal interaction and more aggression between dream self and his or her parents compared with siblings. Overall, there was no sexual interaction and almost no physical aggression with family members. As our findings are in line with the literature about family interactions in waking life, they support the continuity hypothesis of dreaming. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)","Nöltner, Sandra;Schredl, Michael","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2023","","US","33","1","19","31","","","*Dreaming;  *Family Members;  *Family;  *Social Interaction;  *Students; Brothers; Fathers; Mothers; Sisters","","2022-71798-001","Schredl, Michael: Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Postfach 12 21 20, Mannheim, Germany, 68072, michael.schredl@zi-mannheim.de","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000212"
"Journal Article","A reflection on Ernest Hartmann’s equation between the central image in dreams and the objective correlative in poetry.","Ernest Hartmann observed a close similarity between the central image in dreams (an image that can effectively represent the emotional content of a dream) and the objective correlative (defined by T.S. Eliot as “a set of objects, a situation, a chain of events which shall be the formula of that particular emotion”). This article argues that Hartmann’s equation between central image and objective correlative is amply valid and can shed new light on the relationship between the esthetic experience and the dreaming experience. For this purpose, 3 points are underlined. First, the objective correlative is characterized by its multifaceted dream-like basis. Second, in light of the central role that Eliot attributed to the Italian medieval poets of the “Dolce Stil Nuovo,” the historical significance of a dream reported by Dante is discussed. Third, Hartmann’s equation can assume different aspects, especially regarding the either explicit or implicit (or partly implicit) relationship between objective correlative and dreaming. Among the numerous instances offered by cultures that are widely separated by space and time, the article considers examples taken from T.S. Eliot’s “Ash Wednesday”, Guido Cavalcanti’s Sonnet XVIII, Dante’s “Vita Nova”, the Book of Genesis, Lucretius’s “De Rerum Natura”, a waka on the theme “Spring” by Fujiwara no Teika, and the lyrics of a song by Franco Battiato. The validity of Hartmann’s equation suggests that the reference to dreaming, being common to both the art creator and the art receiver, plays a latent but basic role in the esthetic experience. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Barcaro, Umberto","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2023","","US","33","1","93","103","","","*Aesthetics;  *Dream Content;  *Dreaming;  *Emotional Content;  *Poetry; Writers","","2022-57822-001","Barcaro, Umberto: Institute for Information Science and Technologies, CNR, via Moruzzi 1, Pisa, Italy, 56124, umberto.barcaro@isti.cnr.it","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000204"
"Journal Article","The relationship between dreaming and autonoetic consciousness: The neurocognitive theory of dreaming gains in explanatory power by drawing upon the multistate hierarchical model of consciousness.","The neurocognitive theory of dreaming, which emphasizes portions of the default network as the most important neural substrates that support dreaming, can increase its explanatory power by drawing upon the multistate hierarchical model of consciousness (Domhoff, 2022; LeDoux, 2019). The default network’s two main subsystems, the dorsal medial prefrontal cortex subsystem and the medial temporal cortex subsystem, are involved in supporting imagination and mind-wandering during waking, which suggests dreaming is a form of spontaneous imaginative thought. The multistate hierarchical model of consciousness considers the regions that support dreaming to be part of the intermediate multimodal areas in the multistate hierarchy. In terms of self-reflective (autonoetic) consciousness, the schemas developed and stored in the intermediate multimodal areas are rerepresented by the higher-order networks in the anterior prefrontal cortex (the dorsal lateral and ventral lateral prefrontal cortices, and the lateral frontal pole), which are the additional regions essential for autonoetic consciousness to emerge. These anterior areas are relatively deactivated during all stages of sleep, which may explain various “cognitive insufficiencies” during dreaming, such as the lack of autonoetic consciousness and episodic memory, and the relative absence of figurative thinking and emotions. Dreaming produces noetic (fact-knowing) consciousness, based on semantic memory. However, there are rare instances of self-awareness during dreaming, in which the anterior higher-order networks are atypically activated during sleep. The findings on the immaturity of the default network until ages 9–11, and the gradual development of the cognitive abilities necessary for dreaming, are consistent with this analysis. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Domhoff, G. William","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2023","","US","33","1","1","18","","","*Consciousness States;  *Dreaming;  *Neurocognition;  *Sleep;  *Default Mode Network; Models; Prefrontal Cortex; Schema; Semantic Memory; Medial Prefrontal Cortex","","2023-30739-001","Domhoff, G. William: Department of Psychology, University of California, Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA, US, 95064, domhoff@ucsc.edu","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000233"
"Journal Article","Imperial dreams and oneiromancy in ancient China—we share similar dream motifs with our ancestors living two millennia ago.","Oneiromancy has been the most important form of divination throughout Chinese history. Details of oneiric practice can be found in ancient Chinese records written during and after the Zhou dynasty (1046–256 BC). Like The Yellow Emperor’s Canon of Internal Medicine, some ancient Chinese works of oneiromancy—such as The Lofty Principles of Dream Divination—enumerated some dream motifs, which resemble typical themes dreamed by people in the modern world. There have been no studies systematically comparing dream narratives across historical records and against the typical themes identified by contemporary dream research. This study therefore examined whether dreams documented in the earliest Chinese archives (475 BC–445 AD) contained typical themes that people dream in the present day. In addition, it analyzed how ancient Chinese oneirocritics interpreted those dreams. A total of 76 dreams were found in 14 ancient Chinese classics. More than half were dreamed by either emperors or empress dowagers. Around 76% contained at least 1 typical theme, the most prevalent theme featuring a person already dead as alive. Giving a reason for taking a certain action was the most common dream oracle. Indirect representation via collective or personal symbols was a more common mode of dream expression than direct representation. The evidence converged in suggesting that typical themes dreamed by people today can be traced back to the earliest recorded history, although the same themes might carry varying meanings that match the dreamers’ preoccupations and historical backgrounds. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)","Yu, Calvin Kai-Ching","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2022","","US","32","4","364","374","","","*Ancestors;  *Dream Analysis;  *Narratives; History","","2022-36258-001","Yu, Calvin Kai-Ching: Department of Counselling and Psychology, Hong Kong Shue Yan University, 10 Wai Tsui Crescent, Braemar Hill Road, North Point, Hong Kong, kcyu@hksyu.edu","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000195"
"Journal Article","Prevalence and detailed experience of frequent sexual dream in Chinese university students.","The sexual dream is partly connected with sexual crimes and affects both physical and psychological well-being of university students, but there is no investigation on the detailed sexual dream experience and the depressive mood in this population in China. Altogether 3,479 students in a comprehensive Chinese university were invited to report their frequency of lifelong sexual dream. The frequent sexual dreamers (sDreamers) and nonfrequent sexual dreamers (controls) were invited to answer the Sexual Dream Experience Questionnaire (SDEQ) and the Plutchik–van Praag Depression Inventory. Altogether 1,481 students reported their lifetime sexual dreams (the prevalence of sexual dream was 42.57%), and 89 were defined as sDreamers (the prevalence of frequent sexual dream was 2.56%), with a male preponderance. Comparisons between sDreamers and the 213 controls have shown that the SDEQ Joyfulness, Familiarity, and Bizarreness scores were elevated in sDreamers. Moreover, Plutchik–van Praag Depression Inventory was correlated with SDEQ Joyfulness and Bizarreness in sDreamers and with Joyfulness in controls. This is the first report in Chinese university students regarding the sexual dream experience and depressive mood, which might help to investigate the emotional state in frequent sexual dreamers. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)","Wang, Chu;Lu, Yifan;Lv, Hongyuan;Liu, Lingshan;Lajunen, Timo J.;Wang, Wei","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2022","","US","32","4","356","363","","","*College Students;  *Dream Analysis;  *Dream Content;  *Emotional States; Depression (Emotion); Life Span","","2022-44088-001","Wang, Wei: Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, China, NO-7491, wew@ntnu.no","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000198"
"Journal Article","Characterizing veterans’ dreams applying the Zurich dream process coding system.","To contribute to the characterization of nightmares in trauma survivors, the Zurich Dream Process Coding System was used to analyze reports of recurrent nightmares from 27 German soldiers with a diagnosis of posttraumatic stress or adjustment disorder who had been admitted to a trauma-related treatment program. Applying a previously developed set of 8 markers of affect regulation during dreaming, a consistent picture of central features emerged. The majority of dream reports were characterized by an abrupt overwhelming beginning, passivity of the dream ego, absence of or failing of trials to leave this passive position by means of interactions or locomotion, absence of or failing of metacognitions and metarelations, as well as a sudden ending and resulting on-off-character of the dreams. These findings are interpreted as indicative of a specific dysfunction in the affect regulation of individuals suffering from trauma-related psychopathology. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)","Wittmann, Lutz;Kempe, Simon;Anstadt, Thomas;Schredl, Michael;Protić, Sonja;Höllmer, Helge;Gorzka, Robert-Jacek","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2022","","US","32","4","331","344","","","*Computer Programming;  *Dreaming;  *Nightmares;  *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder;  *Coding Scheme; Dream Analysis; Emotional Regulation; Military Veterans; Trauma","","2023-17928-001","Wittmann, Lutz: International Psychoanalytic University, Stromstrasse 1, Berlin, Germany, 10555, lutz.wittmann@ipu-berlin.de","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000229"
"Journal Article","Nightmare prevalence in an outpatient pediatric psychiatry population: A brief report.","Treatable pernicious nightmares are underreported in clinical and community samples and are often unrecognized by health-care providers. Frequent childhood nightmares double the odds of youth suicidal ideation and quadruple the odds of a youth suicide attempt. However, if detected, nightmares are treatable with cognitive behavioral or pharmacological interventions. Currently, rates of nightmares and nightmare disorder in outpatient pediatric psychiatry populations are unknown. We report findings of nightmare screening conducted at an outpatient pediatric psychiatry facility. A total of 806 children were seen at the clinic over the period of the study; 782 parents of patients aged 3 to 17 received paper-and-pencil screeners. Of those, 678 (86.7%) completed the screeners, and 276 (40.7%) were positive for nightmares, with most children remembering their nightmares. A total of 89 (32.2%) “always” remembered their nightmares, and 165 (59.8%) “sometimes” remembered the nightmares. In addition, 155 (56.2%) had nightmares the week prior, and of those, 59 (38.1%) “always” remembered the nightmares and 82 (52.9%) “sometimes” remembered. Aggregated electronic medical record data found that of the 806 patients seen during the study period, 12 (0.01%) had been diagnosed with nightmare disorder, 129 (16%) had been diagnosed with posttraumatic stress disorder, and 24 (0.03%) had acute stress disorder. Although electronic medical record data showed that few children with chronic nightmares were identified by clinicians, many families were interested in treatment. We join with researchers of adult populations in calling for routine screening of nightmares. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)","Cromer, Lisa DeMarni;Stimson, Jack R.;Rischard, Mollie E.;Buck, Tara R.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2022","","US","32","4","353","355","","","*Nightmares;  *Pediatrics;  *Psychiatry; Screening","","2023-09251-001","Cromer, Lisa DeMarni: Department of Psychology, University of Tulsa, 800 South Tucker Drive, Tulsa, OK, US, 74104, lisa-cromer@utulsa.edu","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000225"
"Journal Article","Differences between lucid and nonlucid dream reports: A within-subjects design.","Lucid dreams are characterized by the awareness of the dreamer that s/he is dreaming. Typically, if the dreamer can control the dream action, pleasurable activities like flying or having sex are chosen. The present study analyzing lucid and nonlucid dream reports reported by 100 persons confirmed previous findings that lucid dreams contain more positive emotions than nonlucid dreams. Moreover, lucid dream reports also included fewer problems, being less often subject to verbal aggression, and fewer death themes. A new finding is that lucid dream reports include fewer verbal interactions and a lower number of dream characters. This would imply that lucid dreamers choose actions that often include having fun by themselves. It would be very interesting to follow up these findings with larger dream content studies and investigate dream content and emotional changes before and after becoming lucid within the same dream. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)","Schredl, Michael;Fuchs, Carla;Mallett, Remington","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2022","","US","32","4","345","352","","","*Awareness;  *Dream Content;  *Emotions; Lucid Dreaming","","2022-49828-001","Schredl, Michael: Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Zentralinstitut fur Seelische Gesundheit, Postfach 12 21 20, Mannheim, Germany, 68072, Michael.Schredl@zi-mannheim.de","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000199"
"Journal Article","Direct and indirect effects of dispositional emotion regulation on dream experiences.","In view of the paucity of research on the role of dispositional emotion regulation in dreaming, this study comprehensively examined the indirect effects of cognitive reappraisal, expressive suppression, and the difficulties of regulating positive and negative emotions on dreaming through waking positive and negative emotions. A total of 249 Chinese adults with the mean age of 32.52 years (SD = 10.60) were invited to complete the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire, Perth Emotion Regulation Competency Inventory, Positive Affect and Negative Affect Schedule, Brief Form of Affective Neuroscience Personality Scale, Dream Intensity Scale, and Dream Motif Scale. The results revealed that cognitive reappraisal and negative emotion regulation difficulty indirectly influenced dream experiences primarily through affecting negative trait and state emotions, whereas expressive suppression indirectly influenced dream experiences via its effect on positive trait emotions. Contrary to the hypothesis, the results showed that positive emotion regulation difficulty could directly influence dreaming. The study provided the empirical evidence for the indirect and direct effect of dispositional emotion regulation on dreaming. Accordingly, the subjective experience of dreaming may reflect not only waking emotional experiences but also the strategies and difficulties of emotion regulation. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)","Wong, Siu-Sing;Yu, Calvin Kai-Ching","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2022","","US","32","4","393","407","","","*Cognitive Appraisal;  *Dream Content;  *Dreaming;  *Emotional Regulation;  *Negative Emotions; Emotions; Foreign Language Translation; Test Construction; Wakefulness; Positive Emotions","","2022-87423-001","Wong, Siu-Sing: Department of Counselling and Psychology, Hong Kong Shue Yan University, 10 Wai Tsui Crescent, Braemar Hill, North Point, Hong Kong, sam.sswong@yahoo.com","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000216"
"Journal Article","Predicting the efficiency of lucid dreaming practice.","Lucid dreaming (LD) are dreams in which humans maintain self-awareness. People may have different predispositions for mastering this skill, and a person’s level of LD mastery could be predicted by their dream recall frequency (DRF). Though this fact is well established, it was never controlled for specific sleep hours, and we do not know the extent of this correlation. To fill the gap, an online survey was administered among 594 adults who have tried to master LD. Significant Spearmen’s rho values (p < .001, 95% confidence interval) indicate that overall DRF and dream vividness both correlate with total LD amount, as well as its intentional and spontaneous frequency, vividness, and duration. An analysis considering a healthy sleep range of 7 to 9 hr confirmed the general correlation. DRF and dream vividness directly correlate with effective LD practice for people with similar sleep durations. If this is the case, effective LD practitioners can be identified in advance. At the same time, standard LD techniques may be relatively ineffective for some practitioners due to physiological limitations; these individuals require new solutions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)","Raduga, Michael","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2022","","US","32","4","382","392","","","*Dream Recall;  *Lucid Dreaming;  *Practice;  *Predisposition;  *Sleep; Surveys","","2022-95076-001","Raduga, Michael: REMspace, Phase Research Center, Rubina 11-227, Novorossiysk, Russia, 353900, obe4u@obe4u.com","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000223"
"Journal Article","Personality disorder chiefly presenting with chronic dream reality confusion: A case report.","The phenomenon of having difficulty differentiating experiences in sleep and wakefulness is called dream–reality confusion (DRC) and can cause significant functional impairment along with diagnostic challenges. Here, we present the first documented case of DRC from India, which for several years since early adolescence masqueraded as psychotic symptoms leading to poor treatment response. The case also underscores the importance of detailed history-taking and descriptive psychopathology in patients showing treatment resistance. Here, we also reiterate the commonly overlooked symptom of sleep disturbances in patients with a borderline personality trajectory with significant childhood trauma. Individuals with Cluster B personality traits are likely to experience DRC more, compared with normal individuals, due to their excessive dissociative tendencies, negative dream content, and fantasy proneness. Here, we describe the stepwise approach to reconceptualization and management of this patient, which led to a better outcome. The impact of childhood trauma on the sleep–wake cycle is further discussed. We also emphasize the common phenotypes seen in Cluster B personality, major mood disorders, and complex posttraumatic stress disorder that may cause diagnostic pitfalls. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)","Mudaliyar, Satyanarayanprabhu;Venkatesan, Velprashanth;Toppo, Sneha;Das, Monaspika;Ram, Daya;Gupta, Nimish","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2022","","US","32","4","375","381","","","*Dream Analysis;  *Mental Confusion;  *Personality Disorders;  *Personality;  *Trauma; Dissociation; Dream Content; Sleep","","2023-15915-001","Venkatesan, Velprashanth: Department of Psychiatry, Central Institute of Psychiatry, No 71, Al Razi Hostel, CIP Hostel, Post Office – Kanke, Police Station – Kanke, Ranchi, India, 834006, mr.velprashanth@gmail.com","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000226"
"Journal Article","Pandemic dreams: A thematic analysis of university students’ dreams during the COVID-19 outbreak.","The aim of this study is to investigate how the COVID-19 pandemic affects the dream content of university students. This research, which is based on a qualitative design, is based on a phenomenological approach. The group of the study was determined by purposive sampling, and 221 dreams that 115 university students had recently and that were not repetitive (it was emphasized that dreams were not seen before the pandemic and at the same time were not recurring) were recorded in written form by online survey method. Thematic analysis method was used in the analysis of the data. The six main themes that emerged as a result of the thematic analysis of dreams obtained from the participants are “Corona,” “Chaos,” “Death and Loss,” “Illness,” “Fear, Threat, and Anxiety,” and finally “Crowd and Loneliness.” It was found that the contents reflected in the dreams of the participants during the pandemic process affected the life negatively and traumatized the individual. It was also found that the participants and their relatives were infected with COVID-19, extraordinary events (traumatic experiences, e.g., the apocalypse, the outbreak of wars, natural disasters) were experienced during this disease, as well as deaths and losses due to the disease, and these were fearful in the dreamer, and increased the perception of threat and anxiety. On the other hand, it can also be argued that the widespread exposure of people to social distance and social isolation during the pandemic was reflected in the contents of dreams in the form of being alone and seeing crowded environments. As a result, since concerns and fears about the pandemic are common and many individuals are affected both while awake and asleep, talking about and analyzing the dreams of individuals who apply for counseling or therapy can be considered a useful approach in terms of relieving stress and anxiety related to COVID-19. Similarly, the dreamer’s psychic sufferings can be effectively uncovered and processed through dream contents. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved)","AVCI, Mahsum","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2022","","US","32","3","221","234","","","*Dream Analysis;  *Dream Content;  *Pandemics;  *Thematic Analysis;  *COVID-19; Anxiety; College Students; Traumatic Experiences","","2022-91460-001","AVCI, Mahsum: Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Bingol University, Bingol, Turkey, mahsumavci@hotmail.com","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000219"
"Journal Article","Characteristics of dreams and nightmares in patients with anxiety disorders.","Characteristics of dreams of clinical outpatients with anxiety disorders still remain a relatively poorly investigated field of psychology. The present study aimed at investigating several dream characteristics of outpatients with anxiety disorders in comparison with dream characteristics of healthy individuals. In the study, 38 adult participants with anxiety disorders and a matched healthy control group of 38 individuals were investigated. During a period of 21 days, all participants filled in written dream diaries directly after sleep, which contained two scales for positive and negative emotions and one scale for the general intensity of emotions in a dream, two dream questionnaires, the Multidimensional Düsseldorf Dream Inventory and the Mannheim Dream Questionnaire, and two nightmare questionnaires, the Nightmare Behavior Questionnaire and the Nightmare Distress Questionnaire. Results showed that patients with anxiety disorders tended to provide longer dream reports and possessed a higher dream recall frequency, their dreams were distinguished by a more negative emotional tone and a lower dream mood, more intense and vivid emotionality, more aversive dreams, a higher rate of incorporations of waking life into dreams, their waking-life mood was found to be more often influenced by dreams, they had a higher nightmare frequency and more nightmare distress and were more interested in the interpretation of their dreams. Within the group of anxiety patients, nightmare distress did not differ between men and women, as well as any behavioral consequences and effects after nightmares. The results indicate marked differences in the way anxiety patients experience dreams, irrespective of the dream contents. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)","Rimsh, Anton;Pietrowsky, Reinhard","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2022","","US","32","3","314","329","","","*Anxiety Disorders;  *Dream Analysis;  *Dream Content;  *Nightmares;  *Questionnaires; Distress; Human Sex Differences; Personality Differences","","2022-70395-001","Rimsh, Anton: Department of Clinical Psychology, Institute of Experimental Psychology, Heinrich Heine University Dusseldorf, Universitatsstr. 1, Dusseldorf, Germany, 40225, anton.rimsh@hhu.de","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000211"
"Journal Article","Nightmare frequency and nightmare distress: Relationship to the big five personality factors and sensory-processing sensitivity.","Previous research has shown that Big Five personality factors such as Neuroticism and Openness to Experience are related to both the frequency and severity of nightmares. Recent theoretical and empirical work suggests that trait sensory-processing sensitivity (SPS), characterized by heightened emotional and sensory sensitivity, may better describe nightmare-prone individuals. The current study aimed to test whether SPS factors (Low Sensory Threshold, Ease of Excitation, and Aesthetic Sensitivity) contribute to nightmare frequency and nightmare distress in addition to the well-known associations with neuroticism and openness to experience. A survey study of 1,807 individuals (1,008 woman, 799 men; age = 47.75 ± 14.41 years) assessed Big Five personality factors, SPS factors, and nightmare frequency and distress in addition to sociodemographic factors. Regression analyses were conducted to test for relationships between trait factors and nightmare frequency and distress. We replicated previous findings that neuroticism is related to both nightmare frequency and nightmare distress. In addition to neuroticism, regression analyses showed that the SPS factors of Low Sensory Threshold (i.e., sensitivity to stimuli such as bright lights and loud noises), and to a lesser extent Aesthetic Sensitivity, contributed to nightmare frequency. In addition to both neuroticism and nightmare frequency, Ease of Excitation (i.e., propensity to being overwhelmed by external and internal stimuli) contributed to nightmare distress. Overall, the findings support theoretical models of SPS as a unique trait predictor of both nightmare frequency and nightmare distress; findings may be relevant to clinical approaches to treating nightmares. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)","Carr, Michelle;Heymann, Rina;Lisson, Anna;Werne, Nika Marie;Schredl, Michael","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2022","","US","32","3","257","268","","","*Distress;  *Five Factor Personality Model;  *Neuroticism;  *Nightmares;  *Sensitivity (Personality); Aesthetics; Openness to Experience","","2022-86664-001","Carr, Michelle: Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester Medical Center, 300 Crittenden Boulevard, Rochester, NY, US, 14642, michelle_carr@urmc.rochester.edu","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000214"
"Journal Article","Attitudes toward dreams: The predictor of tendency to interpret dreams among modern Iranians.","Despite the interest of people in the subject of the dream interpretation in Iranian culture, little research has been conducted in this field. It is common to try and understand the meaning of a dream but the dream elements predicting an attempt at interpretation are not always clear. This study addresses that with a questionnaire administered to 720 participants. Questionnaire responses were analyzed to determine whether attitudes toward dreams could be used to tendency toward dream interpretation. Findings showed that attitudes toward dreams can predict the attempt to interpret dreams by dreamers. As the scores of the dream guidance, dream apprehension, dream significance, and dream entertainment increased, the action of dream interpretation increased as well. The findings indicated that people, seek the meaning and interpretation of their dreams based on their previous experiences and attitudes. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)","Askari, Fahimeh;Davoudi, Iran;Neysi, Abdolkazem;Zargar, Yadollah","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2022","","US","32","3","249","256","","","*Anxiety;  *Attitudes;  *Dream Analysis;  *Dream Content; Responses","","2022-92431-001","Askari, Fahimeh: Department of Psychology, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran, 7559111129, askari6467@gmail.com","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000218"
"Journal Article","Text analysis of veteran nightmare scripts in a cognitive-behavioral nightmare treatment.","Nightmares are a frequent and distressing complaint of trauma-exposed veterans. However, less is known about the language of these nightmares and how the nightmare narrative changes in rescripting therapy. This study reports on the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count variables of word count, affective processes, positive and negative emotion words, cognitive processes, and drives in 20 veterans participating in a study examining the efficacy of exposure, relaxation, and rescripting therapy for posttrauma nightmares. It was hypothesized that there would be significant increases in affective processes, positive emotion words, cognitive processes, and drives and significant decreases in negative emotion words and word count from nightmare transcription to rescription. It was further hypothesized that noncombat-related nightmares would demonstrate significantly larger changes in Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count processes than combat-related nightmares. The analysis revealed a significant decrease in word count (p p < .03). Noncombat-related nightmare rescriptions decreased significantly more in word count than combat-related rescriptions. Results from this study suggest that the content of written nightmare narratives can be significantly changed over the course of rescripting therapy. Further research is needed to investigate how these changes may be linked to other clinical outcomes. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)","Crowley, Matthew D.;Davis, Joanne L.;Miller, Katherine E.;Balliett, Noelle","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2022","","US","32","3","269","280","","","*Cognitive Behavior Therapy;  *Nightmares;  *Schema;  *Sleep;  *Text Analysis; Cognitive Processes; Military Veterans; Relaxation Therapy; Negative Emotions","","2022-87421-001","Crowley, Matthew D.: Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Tulsa, 800 South Tucker Drive, Tulsa, OK, US, 74104, mdc3606@utulsa.edu","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000144"
"Journal Article","Recurrent dream themes: Frequency, emotional tone, and associated factors.","The majority of adults (50% to 75%) report that they have had at least once recurring dreams in their lives; most of these recurrent dreams, for example, being chased, are negatively toned. However, systematic research regarding the content of these dreams is relatively scarce. Within the present online survey, 676 participants (545 women, 131 men) with mean age of 27.26 ± 9.12 years reported a recurrent dream. About two thirds of the dream reports were negatively toned, with the most frequent topics being “failure or helplessness” and “being chased.” Persons with high neuroticism scores were more likely to report a negatively toned recurrent dream. About a quarter of the dreams were positively toned, for example, “romantic and sexual interactions,” “experiencing something pleasant,” or “positive social interactions.” Overall, recurrent dreams seem to reflect waking life, that is, negative waking-life experiences are reflected in negatively toned recurrent dreams. It would be very interesting to study whether strategies such as imagery rehearsal therapy that aim to change dream content are reducing negative recurrent dreams and their negative effects on well-being. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)","Schredl, Michael;Germann, Luca;Rauthmann, John","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2022","","US","32","3","235","248","","","*Dream Analysis;  *Dream Content;  *Emotions;  *Neuroticism;  *Nightmares; Helplessness; Practice; Negative Emotions","","2022-94772-001","Schredl, Michael: Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Schlaflabor, Postfach 12 21 20, Mannheim, Germany, 68072, michael.schredl@zi-mannheim.de","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000221"
"Journal Article","Nightmares and nondisturbed dreams impact daily change in negative emotion.","The current naturalistic study used a novel multilevel lagged regressed change analysis to compare how different dream types predict distinct patterns of change in negative emotion during next-day wakefulness. For up to 21 mornings, 191 adults used an online dream log to report whether they had dreamed and—if so—which emotional content categories of dream they had experienced; next, they rated their current level of negative emotion. Aligning with theory suggesting a behavior-dependent emotional processing function of dreaming, it was hypothesized that nondisturbed dreams and bad dreams would aid in emotional processing because the dreamer stays asleep, whereas idiopathic nightmares would inhibit emotional processing because the dreamer wakes up and ceases sleep-dependent processing. As predicted, nondisturbed dreams predicted next-day decreases in negative emotion. Surprisingly, idiopathic nightmares also predicted next-day decreases in negative emotion, whereas bad dreams did not predict change in negative emotion. Bad dreams and nightmares within the same night predicted next-day increases in negative emotion. These findings are discussed in relation to dream memory functioning as an emotional integration mechanism that can support change toward wakeful emotional equilibration. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)","Tousignant, Olivia H.;Glass, Daniel J.;Suvak, Michael K.;Fireman, Gary D.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2022","","US","32","3","292","313","","","*Dream Analysis;  *Nightmares;  *Sleep;  *Negative Emotions;  *Emotional Processing; Dream Content; Memory; Wakefulness","","2022-73855-001","Tousignant, Olivia H.: Psychology Department, Suffolk University, Boston, MA, US, 02108, ohtousignant@gmail.com","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000213"
"Journal Article","Elucidating nightmare proneness: Relationships with emotional dysregulation and psychological vulnerability.","Previous research found that nightmare proneness, a personality disposition to experience frequent nightmares, independently predicted nightmare occurrences after accounting for maladjustment. However, mechanisms involved in the nightmare proneness construct are not well understood. The current study examined a model in which vulnerability and emotional dysregulation influenced nightmare proneness among 143 university students. Consistent with the model, vulnerability and emotional dysregulation independently predicted nightmare proneness after accounting for distress and gender. Only nightmare proneness accounted for unique variance in nightmare frequency, but vulnerability and emotional dysregulation influenced nightmare frequency indirectly through nightmare proneness. The results and suggestions for future research were discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)","Kelly, William E.;Daughtry, Don","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2022","","US","32","3","281","291","","","*College Students;  *Distress;  *Emotional Disturbances;  *Nightmares; Personality; Psychodynamics; Social Adjustment","","2022-55960-001","Kelly, William E.: Department of Psychology, California State University, Bakersfield, 9001 Stockdale Highway, Bakersfield, CA, US, 93311, wkelly1@csub.edu","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000207"
"Journal Article","Dreaming and lucidity in synesthesia.","Synesthesia is a phenomenon in which the stimulation of 1 sensory modality automatically and consistently over time evokes a sensation in the same or a different modality in an idiosyncratic manner. In addition to pure sensory coupling, synesthetes are characterized by cognitive peculiarities, such as abnormalities in perception, creativity, advantages in vocabulary, and vivid imagery. The present work is concerned with the question of the extent to which synesthetes’ unusual perception is reflected in the dream state. Little is known about synesthetes’ dreaming behavior. Dreams are equated with the unconscious processing of the mind. An exception is a lucid dream, in which one is aware of their dreaming. In this dissociative state, it is possible to establish a connection to one’s waking reality, wake up in a targeted manner, and control dream actions. Through self-report measures, participants (N = 31 grapheme–color synesthetes; N = 32 nonsynesthetes) indicated their dream experiences and completed the Lucidity and Consciousness in Dreams scale. Synesthetes reported lucid dream experiences significantly more often than nonsynesthetes. Qualitative differences were not found between both groups’ lucid dreamers. The 2 groups of lucid dreamers reported a majority of highly frequented lucidity. In addition, an association was identified between the early onset of lucid dreaming and higher values of the Lucidity and Consciousness in Dreams scale. The results are discussed regarding the relevance of lucidity in synesthesia within the context of consciousness research. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)","Khallieva, Vlada;Sinke, Christopher;Zedler, Markus;Worthmann, Hans;Bleich, Stefan;Szycik, Gregor R.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2022","","US","32","2","206","220","","","*Dream Content;  *Dreaming;  *Lucid Dreaming;  *Onset (Disorders);  *Synesthesia; Self-Report; Stimulation; Vocabulary","","2022-39989-001","Khallieva, Vlada: Clinic for Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Podbielskistrasse 162, Hannover, Germany, 30177, vlada.khallieva@stud.mh-hannover.de","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000190"
"Journal Article","Indigenous Chinese personality and dream content of Hong Kong and Taiwanese people.","This study investigated whether indigenous Chinese personality traits bear on dream content across Hong Kong and Taiwanese people. The sample contained 100 Hong Kong and 103 Taiwanese participants, who were asked to complete the Self Versus Social Orientation, Family Orientation, Harmony, and Thrift Versus Extravagance scales of the Chinese Personality Assessment Inventory and provide a dream narrative using the Most Recent Dream Report. Each dream report was coded separately by 2 trained judges using Hall and Van de Castle’s content analysis system and Yu’s Dream Motif Scale. The overall findings indicate that the 4 indigenous Chinese personality attributes have dynamic implications for dream content. Specifically, people who are more harmonious or more family-oriented encounter fewer ego-centered themes, persecutory themes, and aggressive activities in their dreams. In addition, the positive association between the attribute of thrift and dream grandiosity seems to be stronger among Hong Kong individuals than among Taiwanese individuals. This can be explained by the shared Chinese culture but discrete historical backgrounds of Hong Kong and Taiwan. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)","Yu, Calvin Kai-Ching;Liu, Tsz-Wing","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2022","","US","32","2","173","182","","","*Collectivism;  *Dream Analysis;  *Dream Content;  *Personality Traits; Chinese Cultural Groups; Grandiosity; Narratives","","2022-40010-001","Yu, Calvin Kai-Ching: Department of Counselling and Psychology, Hong Kong Shue Yan University, 10 Wai Tsui Crescent, Braemar Hill Road, North Point, Hong Kong, kcyu@hksyu.edu","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000197"
"Journal Article","Bad dreams and bad sleep: Relationships between nightmare frequency, insomnia, and nightmare proneness.","Previous research consistently found a relationship between nightmares and insomnia. The aim of the current study was to investigate how nightmare proneness, a disposition to experience frequent nightmares partly reflecting hyperarousal, might influence this relationship among 339 university students. After controlling for gender, neuroticism, and negative response bias, mediation models found that nightmare proneness had direct relationships with insomnia markers. Nightmare frequency partially mediated nightmare proneness for difficulty initiating sleep, maintaining sleep, and returning to sleep after waking but not early morning wakenings. The results suggested that nightmare proneness directly influences insomnia markers outside of nightmare frequency, neuroticism, negative responding, and gender and partly influences difficulty initiating sleep, maintaining sleep, and returning to sleep after waking through nightmare occurrences. The findings provide additional evidence for a relationship between nightmares and insomnia and suggest that nightmare proneness could be a factor in this relationship. Suggestions for future research are offered. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)","Kelly, William E.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2022","","US","32","2","194","205","","","*Insomnia;  *Neuroticism;  *Nightmares;  *Sleep;  *Wakefulness; College Students; Dream Analysis; Models; Response Bias","","2022-53883-001","Kelly, William E.: Department of Psychology, California State University, Bakersfield, 9001 Stockdale Highway, Bakersfield, CA, US, 93311, wkelly1@csub.edu","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000203"
"Journal Article","Dream recall, nightmares, dream sharing, and personality: A replication study.","Previous research indicated that dream variables such as dream recall, dream sharing, and nightmares are related to personality traits. However, the overall number of studies in this field is rather small, and this data set serves as a necessary replication. Overall, 819 persons (636 women, 183 men) with a mean age of 27.47 ± 9.32 years participated in an online survey. Findings indicated that dream recall was associated with openness to experience, nightmares mainly with neuroticism and—to a smaller extent—with openness to experience, and dream sharing with extraversion. As this pattern of findings is in line with previous research based on other measurement instruments and samples with different characteristics, this demonstrated the robustness of these relationships, supporting the lifestyle hypothesis of dream recall and the continuity hypothesis. Future research can aim at clarifying the causal links between personality characteristics and dream variables. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)","Schredl, Michael;Rauthmann, John","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2022","","US","32","2","163","172","","","*Dream Recall;  *Neuroticism;  *Nightmares;  *Openness to Experience;  *Personality; Dream Content; Experimental Replication","","2022-41984-001","Schredl, Michael: Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Schlaflabor, Zentralinstitut für Seelische Gesundheit, Postfach 12 21 20, Mannheim, Germany, 68072, michael.schredl@zi-mannheim.de","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000200"
"Journal Article","“Dreams drawer”: Analysis of dreams during lockdown in the Italian population.","The COVID-19 pandemic has indiscriminately involved the whole world, producing a collective trauma that may have activated socially shared mental processes. It was hypothesized that the content of dreams could reflect a change in the way people are conceptualizing relationships, their environment, and the world in general after the emergency and the lockdown. We used data from “Dream Drawer,” a free online forum where people could read about others’ dreams or write about their own. Our sample consisted of 68 participants and 90 dreams. Most of them were students, and 85% of the participants were facing lockdown at home with families. To identify how dream content could reflect the impact of lockdowns, dreams were analyzed with the emotional text mining methodology. The analysis created a factorial space of 2 factors: “Relationship With the Outside” (between the containing and the losing) and “Relationship With the Inside” (between the processing and losing yourself). Each factor presents a symbolic and reflective dimension. In this space, there are 3 clusters (“holding,” “refind the other,” and “anguish defense”). The findings demonstrate that home isolation, which is portrayed in dreams as an extraordinary and novel event, appears to be the aspect of the pandemic that the unconscious has most exploited, detecting the activation of collective mental processes in dreams. Dreamwork could be the first step in beginning to process this collective catastrophic experience. The results of this research may be useful in determining collective changes in anxiety and distress. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved)","Monaco, Silvia;Citti, Tiziana;Gaudio, Benedetta;Mariani, Rachele;Di Trani, Michela","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2022","","US","32","2","111","123","","","*Defense Mechanisms;  *Dream Analysis;  *Dream Content;  *Text Analysis;  *COVID-19; Distress; Homebound; Methodology; Pandemics; Test Construction","","2022-53463-001","Monaco, Silvia: Department of Dynamic, Clinical and Health Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, via degli Apuli 1, Rome, Italy, 00185, silvia.monaco@uniroma1.it","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000205"
"Journal Article","Pain and nightmares—A diary study of patients with chronic pain.","Chronic pain is highly related to poor sleep quality. However, there is still a lack of research concerning nightmares and pain in dreams of chronic pain patients. Previous research indicates that chronic pain patients have a high nightmare frequency and a high dream recall ability. Moreover, despite that pain in dreams has been reported rarely, chronic pain patients are assumed to report pain in dreams quite frequently. This study aims to investigate the occurrence of pain in dreams more deeply. For this purpose, a sample of patients with chronic pain disorder was investigated, including an age- and gender-matched control group. All participants kept a dream diary for 28 days and recorded their dream emotions and pain perception they had during their dreams. The patient group showed a significantly higher dream recall frequency and a significantly higher nightmare frequency than the control group. Moreover, patients reported more dreams including pain, whereas the control group seldom reported pain dreams. The intensity of pain in dreams was rated significantly higher for the patient group. According to these results, enhanced pain in waking-life continues in dreams. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)","Mathes, Jonas;Schuffelen, Jennifer;Dickmann, Benjamin;Gieselmann, Annika;Pietrowsky, Reinhard","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2022","","US","32","2","183","193","","","*Chronic Pain;  *Dream Analysis;  *Dream Recall;  *Nightmares;  *Pain Perception; Emotions; Patients; Sleep Quality","","2022-57819-001","Mathes, Jonas: Department of Clinical Psychology, Institute of Experimental Psychology, Heinrich Heine University Dusseldorf, Universitatsstr. 1, Dusseldorf, Germany, D-40225, jonas.mathes@hhu.de","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000206"
"Journal Article","Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the quality of sleep of mental health workers in Colombia.","Since the COVID-19 pandemic, there have been reports of poor sleep quality in the general population. However, there are few studies on the sleep quality of health workers, especially mental health workers. The primary objective of the study was to establish the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the quality of sleep of Colombian mental health workers. This study was a cross-sectional study with an analytical approach. Data gathered through an electronic self-reported questionnaire (the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index–Spanish version) was sent by email between September 27 and October 4, 2020. A total of 48.7% (209) of 429 respondents (mental health workers) slept poorly (95% confidence interval [46.3–57.1]). The lowest scores on the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index were for psychiatrists and psychologists (χ2 = 52.882, p = .000), women (χ2 = 6.393, p = .011), daytime shift workers (χ2 = 15.890, p = .0001), those who reported having dreams about the COVID-19 pandemic (χ2 = 16.001, p = .000) and those who had been in close contact with a suspected case of COVID-19 in the past month (χ2 = 10.269, p = .001). This study found that there has been a decline in the sleep quality of mental health workers during the COVID-19 pandemic in Colombia. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved)","Cabeza, Gina;Caballero, Helio;Castiblanco, Fernando;Cabrera, Diana;Martinez, Francisco;Lara, German","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2022","","US","32","2","124","134","","","*Insomnia;  *Mental Health Personnel;  *Pandemics;  *COVID-19;  *Sleep Quality; Mental Health; Nurses; Physicians; Psychiatrists; Psychologists; Sleep; Social Workers","","2022-68904-001","Cabeza, Gina: Department of Psychiatry, Remy Clinic, Calle 166 16c-45, Bogota, Colombia, gicamo16@gmail.com","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000210"
"Journal Article","Semisupervised lexicon generation using semantic relations for dream content analysis.","Word search and automated language processing methods for quantitative study of dreams are widely gaining traction over conventional coding methods such as Hall/Van de Castle (HVdC), which are laborious, subjective and take time to master. However, the word search lexica built using existing word search methods are often incomplete, prone to bias, suffer from narrow scope of observation, and are not replicable in non-English languages. This article presents an algorithm for semiautomatic lexicon building for analysis of dreams (SALAD) to automatically build comprehensive category dictionaries from a few initial seed words using lexical-semantic relations. We construct 41 such dictionaries using the proposed algorithm (SALAD) and quantitatively study three different sets of dreams (obtained from the publicly available DreamBank database): the male and female norm (normative) dreams of Hall & Van de Castle (1966) and a subject (Chris) with 100 dreams (1968). Chris’s dreams were also independently coded using the HVdC coding system. We evaluate and compare the results of Chris’s dreams against the results of male and female norms for both the SALAD and HVdC coding systems. We observe that the inferences drawn from SALAD are consistent with the inferences obtained from HVdC coding system. We finally discuss the strengths of SALAD by demonstrating the quality and coverage of the category dictionaries, its adaptability, and reduced time consumption (as compared with HVdC). (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)","Sood, Pourush;Brahma, Kaustav;Guha, Rajlakshmi;Chakrabarti, Partha P.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2022","","US","32","2","135","162","","","*Algorithms;  *Dream Content;  *Semantics;  *Mental Lexicon;  *Coding Scheme; Content Analysis; Dream Analysis","","2022-68904-002","Guha, Rajlakshmi: Center for Educational Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, West Bengal, Kharagpur, India, 721302, rajg@cet.iitkgp.ac.in","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000208"
"Journal Article","Dynamics of consciousness in dreams.","The state of consciousness changes between dream and wake spacetimes. Subjects in disparate cultures were studied to determine the transformations of consciousness from physiological state to dreams. Consciousness was in the physiological state when the observables of self, perception, cognition, language, and emotion were as expected in the population. Pathological states of consciousness in dreams include loss of self-awareness, high-resolution perception, enhanced cognition, entanglement, and teleportation. Observables were extracted from dream narratives of medical students and Dream Database subjects using natural language processing. Control narratives were novels, novellas, tweets, and public documents. Whole narratives, sentences, noun phrases, and verb phrases of corpora were embedded in multidimensional vector spaces for topological data analysis and clustering. Syntax and emotions were compared with control narratives, whereas semantics and cognition of subjects’ groups were compared. Spacetime, entities, and consciousness were dynamic in dream spacetime. Events in dreams were unique to subjects’ groups (<.0001). Visual and auditory sensations dominated dream spacetime. Physiological observables of self, perception, cognition, language, and emotions dominated dream events. Consciousness in physiological state was observer in most dream events. States of consciousness in dreams were symmetries of physiological, pathological, and superposition states. Consciousness transforms from physiological state to all possible states in dreams. Reality changes as consciousness oscillates spacetimes. The ontology of consciousness is independent of spacetime, self, and entities. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)","Oluwole, Olusegun Steven Ayodele","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2022","","US","32","1","75","97","","","*Cognition;  *Consciousness States;  *Dream Content;  *Self-Perception; Narratives; Nouns; Phrases; Sentences","","2022-27822-001","Oluwole, Olusegun Steven Ayodele: Neurology Unit, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Orita-Mefa, Oyo State, Ibadan, Nigeria, 200212, osaoluwole@hotmail.com","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000192"
"Journal Article","Dream recall frequency and sensory-processing sensitivity.","The lifestyle hypothesis of dream recall emphasizes psychological factors in explaining interindividual differences in dream recall frequency. Recent findings suggest that neurophysiological traits such as default mode network connectivity might also help to explain differences in dream recall. A sample of 1,807 participants (1,008 women, 799 men) with a mean age of 47.75 ± 14.41 years completed an online survey including the Highly Sensitivity Person Scale, the Big Five personality questionnaire, and a dream recall frequency scale. The finding of a relationship between aesthetic sensitivity (a subfactor of sensory processing sensitivity) and dream recall frequency supports the hypothesis that neurophysiological traits might also be important in explaining interindividual differences in dream recall. Large-scale studies using, for example, brain imagining techniques will be necessary to link interindividual differences in information processing to differences in dream recall frequency. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)","Schredl, Michael;Blamo, Agnes Elisabeth;Ehrenfeld, Felix;Olivier, Pauline Sophie","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2022","","US","32","1","15","22","","","*Dream Recall;  *Neurophysiology;  *Openness to Experience;  *Sensitivity (Personality);  *Surveys; Neural Networks; Questionnaires; Default Mode Network","","2022-19037-001","Schredl, Michael: Zentralinstitut fur Seelische Gesundheit, Postfach 12 21 20, Mannheim, Germany, 68072, michael.schredl@zi-mannheim.de","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000185"
"Journal Article","Automated analysis of dream sentiment—The royal road to dream dynamics?","Valence Aware Dictionary for sEntiment Reasoning (VADER) is an automated software program for analyzing textual data based on an established lexicon and annotated lexical features. Support-vector machine (SVM) is a popular machine-learning model for solving classification problems. VADER and SVM can serve as potential alternatives to the conventional content analysis and Linguistic Inventory and Word Count analysis of dream emotions. The study presented here aimed to evaluate the overall affective valence of dreams using both the VADER and SVM methods. A total of 2,600 dreams primarily obtained from an open source—including dreams reported by American, German, Hong Kong, Peruvian, and Taiwanese people—were subjected to the 2 automated algorithms for sentiment analysis. The mean VADER and SVM sentiment scores indicate overall balanced sentiment in dream reports. Accordingly, an average dream report contains positive and negative emotions of similar intensity. Notwithstanding their different algorithms and methodological strategies, the marked consistency between the VADER and SVM scoring suggests that VADER and SVM can provide reliable, effective, yet distinct tools for dream sentiment analysis. In addition, the analysis of Chinese people’s dreams suggests that the discrepancy between dream sentiment scored by automated algorithms and subjective feelings experienced by dreamers may reveal some dynamic processes during dreaming, such as working through concerns and desensitizing feelings. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)","Yu, Calvin Kai-Ching","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2022","","US","32","1","33","51","","","*Dream Analysis;  *Dream Content;  *Emotions;  *Machine Learning;  *Sentiment Analysis; Algorithms; Taxonomies; Negative Emotions; Positive Emotions","","2022-30918-001","Yu, Calvin Kai-Ching: Department of Counselling and Psychology, Hong Kong Shue Yan University, 10 Wai Tsui Crescent, Braemar Hill Road, North Point, Hong Kong, kcyu@hksyu.edu","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000189"
"Journal Article","Lucid nightmare as a state midway between nightmare and lucid dream.","Lucid nightmares, which are distinguished by their qualities pertaining to both nightmares and lucid dreams, might constitute a hybrid state in between a nightmare and a lucid dream. To test the notion that some lucid dreams might be transformed from nightmares, this study examined a structural equation model in which nightmares were hypothesized to predict lucid nightmares and therefore lucid dreams, with consideration of positive and negative trait emotions. This model was tested on a sample of 249 Hong Kong Chinese adults. The latent constructs of the model were indicated by the items and subscales adopted from the Dream Intensity Scale, Dream Motif Scale, Brief Affective Neuroscience Personality Scale, and Perth Emotion Regulation Competency Inventory. The structural equation modeling analysis supported the proposed role of lucid nightmare and negative emotionality as a predictor of nightmares. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)","Wong, Siu-Sing;Yu, Calvin Kai-Ching","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2022","","US","32","1","63","74","","","*Emotional Regulation;  *Lucid Dreaming;  *Nightmares;  *Negative Emotions; Professional Competence","","2022-28148-001","Wong, Siu-Sing: Department of Counselling and Psychology, Hong Kong Shue Yan University, 10 Wai Tsui Crescent, Braemar Hill, North Point, Hong Kong, sam.sswong@yahoo.com","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000188"
"Journal Article","Relationships between attitudes toward dreams, typical dreams, and emotions among chinese college students.","This study aimed to investigate the attitudes, themes, and negative emotions associated with dreams in 1,242 Chinese college students (74.4% female, 25.6% male; aged 18–30 years, Mage = 19.29, SDage = 1.38) in the postpandemic period. Data were obtained using an online questionnaire survey. The results indicated that the attitude of Chinese college students toward dreams in the postepidemic period was generally positive, the number of dream memories increased, and many dreams focused on a relatively rare theme of “having magical powers,” which was prevalent in students who were also experiencing negative emotions. Students reported depression, anxiety, and stress more frequently after the pandemic than before and during the pandemic, and depression was found to be negatively related to dream attitudes. The findings of this study shed light on the typical dreams, emotions, and dream attitudes of Chinese college students during the postepidemic period. The study results will allow other researchers to further conduct such studies and use the epidemic as the node to understand research on the dreams of Chinese college students, and the changes in their dreams before, during, and post the COVID-19 pandemic. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)","Cong, Beile;Xue, Meijuan;Ye, Yiduo","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2022","","US","32","1","1","14","","","*Attitudes;  *College Students;  *Dream Content;  *Emotions;  *Pandemics; Human Sex Differences; Student Attitudes; Negative Emotions","","2022-42986-001","Ye, Yiduo: College of Psychology, Fujian Normal University, Qishan Campus, No. 8 Xuefu South Road, Shangjie, Minhou, Fuzhou, China, 350117, yeyiduo@163.com","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000191"
"Journal Article","A presleep consideration of an intrusive thought enhances the possibility of dreaming of it.","This study investigated whether focusing on an intrusive thought before sleeping led to an increased likelihood of dreaming of the thought. A total of 150 participants were randomly assigned to three different kinds of conditions: an expression condition (focus on an intrusive thought for 5 min before sleeping), a suppression condition (suppress an intrusive thought for 5 min before sleeping), and a control condition (think about anything for 5 min before sleeping). Also, they completed a dream diary upon waking. Of them, 126 participants provide valid data for further analysis (40 from the expression condition, 43 from the suppression condition, and 43 from the control condition). The correlation between intrusive thoughts and dream content was rated by participants (self-rating) and two independent judges (external rating). The external rating showed that both a presleep suppression of an intrusive thought and a presleep focusing on an intrusive thought increased the possibility of dreaming of content related to the thought. These results may support the current-concern theory of dreaming, and they may, to some degree, support Carl Jung’s compensation theory of dreaming. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)","Wang, Jiaxi;Feng, Xiaoling;Shen, Heyong","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2022","","US","32","1","23","32","","","*Dream Content;  *Dreaming;  *Thought Suppression;  *Intrusive Thoughts; Jung (Carl); Wakefulness","","2022-42986-002","Shen, Heyong: School of Psychology, South China Normal University, No. 55, West of Zhongshan Avenue, Guangzhou, China, 510631, shenheyong@hotmail.com","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000193"
"Journal Article","Measurement of dreams by SCORS and LIWC: Prelude to dreamwork in psychotherapy.","Reliable and valid measures of dream content are necessary for evidence-based dreamwork in psychotherapy research. This article provides normative data on the Social Cognition and Object Relations Scale–Form L (SCORS-L) applied to normal college students’ dreams. Concurrent computer text analysis of 630 college students’ recent dreams and important dreams using the Linguistic Inquiry Word Count 2007 (LIWC 2007) was done to provide construct validation for the SCORS-L dream rating measure. SCORS-L affect and object relations content scales were significantly positively correlated with LIWC first person plural pronouns, social category words, and affiliation. SCORS-L scales involving cognitive content were significantly correlated with LIWC third person singular pronouns, social and family category words, and positive emotion words. SCORS-L ratings for important dreams were higher than for recent dreams for scales involving complexity of representations of people, the capacity for emotional investment in relationships, emotional investment in values and moral standards, understanding of social causality, and management of aggressive impulses. The SCORS-L rating scales for dreams show promise as a reliable, valid indicator of affective and object relational content that can supplement word search measures such as LIWC and the Hall/Van de Castle method. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)","Hawkins II, Raymond C.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2022","","US","32","1","52","62","","","*Dream Analysis;  *Dream Content;  *Measurement;  *Psychotherapy;  *Test Validity; Construct Validity; Object Relations; Pronouns; Social Cognition; Test Reliability; Words (Phonetic Units)","","2022-42986-003","Hawkins, Raymond C., II: Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Austin, 108 East Dean Keeton A8000, Austin, TX, US, 78712-0187, rhawkins@utexas.edu","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000194"
"Journal Article","A cross-cultural comparison of typical dreams among Naxi and Han Chinese dreamers.","The present study is a cross-cultural comparison of typical dreams among Naxi and Han Chinese dreamers. The research is based on 369 interviews (174 Naxi and 195 Han Chinese) combined with responses to the Typical Dreams Questionnaire. The results indicate that although dream themes are universal and reproducible, their frequency and significance are influenced by cultural tradition, geographical environment, and other factors. In addition, Naxi women were found to remember their dreams more often than Naxi men do, and Naxi people appear to recall their dreams more often than Han people do. Among the themes that Naxi people dream of, “snakes” figured most frequently, whereas other dream themes, such as “falling” and “a dead person is alive,” ranked highly among both Naxi and Han participants, which is consistent with other studies. However, this study found that “eating delicious foods” ranked higher among both groups of participants, which may be influenced by Chinese cultural traditions and customs. Overall, the conclusions of this study suggest that we should understand dreams from three levels: the individual unconscious, the cultural unconscious, and the collective unconscious. This means that the clinical practice of psychological counseling, in particular, should work not only on the basis of individual experience but also at the level of cultural archetypes and the cultural unconscious. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)","Liang, Jingyu;He, Yiqing","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2022","","US","32","1","98","110","","","*Cross Cultural Differences;  *Dream Content;  *Dream Recall; Chinese Cultural Groups; Geography; Traditions","","2022-42986-004","He, Yiqing: School of Education, Guangzhou University, No. 230, Waihuan West Road, Higher Education Mega Center, Panyu District, Guangzhou, China, 510006, ichin_hyq@163.com","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000196"
"Journal Article","Are we dreaming or are we awake? A quali–quantitative analysis of dream narratives and dreaming process during the COVID-19 pandemic.","The COVID-19 pandemic and the restrictive measures taken against the spread of the contagion can be considered as traumatic events having a major impact on mental health. Dreams after undergoing traumatic experiences could “replay” traumatic scenes or have a para-therapeutic role that facilitates connections between a traumatic event and associated emotions. However, the studies carried out thus far in the field of sleep and dreams during the COVID-19 pandemic have mostly focused on sleep disorders, emotional tones, and contents of dreams. The aim of the present study was to explore, from a qualitative–quantitative perspective, the contents of dreams and the functions of dreaming during the COVID-19 pandemic. A sample of 1,095 subjects who decide to recount their dreams, during the early phase of the COVID-19 outbreak, was involved. A part of the Mannheim Dream questionnaire was also examined, considering both dream recall and the attitudes toward the dreams—both meaningful and transformative—as indicators of the dreaming process. A cluster analysis was performed on dream narratives through the T-Lab software. In all, 4 thematic clusters emerged: Escape From the Threat; The Work of Mourning, Unrecalled Dreams; COVID-19: As Manifest Content. The factorial mapping organized 3 vectors of meaning, representative of the function of dreaming: Remembering, Repeating, and Working Through; From Traumatic Content to Problem-Solving Strategy; From the Safe-Guardian of Sleep to the Safe-Guardian of Dream Waking continuity. The dreaming process shows functions of integration and processing of memories but also that a decrease in dream recall can act as a defense and have a crucial role in mental life. Clinical implications are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved)","Margherita, Giorgia;Gargiulo, Anna;Lemmo, Daniela;Fante, Chiara;Filosa, Maria;Manari, Tommaso;Lenzo, Vittorio;Quattropani, Maria C.;Vegni, Elena;Borghi, Lidia;Castelnuovo, Gianluca;Cattivelli, Roberto;Saita, Emanuela;Franceschini, Christian;Musetti, Alessandro","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2021","","US","31","4","373","387","","","*Dream Analysis;  *Dreaming;  *Narratives;  *Pandemics;  *COVID-19; Dream Content; Dream Recall; Wakefulness","","2022-04153-001","Margherita, Giorgia: Department of Humanistic Studies, University of Naples Federico II, 1 Via Porta di Massa, Naples, Italy, 80133, margheri@unina.it","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000180"
"Journal Article","Incubating prognostic dreams: An initial study of the Secret Book of Praying for Dreams.","Dream incubation has been widely practiced throughout Chinese history, and the use of dream manuals explaining how to properly incubate auspicious dreams has remained popular to the present. Yet, there are few studies examining these manuals. In this article, I contribute to the study of the incubation of dreams by examining the contents presented in the Secret Book of Praying for Dreams (SPBD; qi-meng mishu, 祈梦秘书), edited by Shi Shilun (1659–1722). By so doing, I try to unpack the complex rationale of incubating dreams. As I show in this article, in the SBPD, events in dreams are regarded as having valid prognostic values for events of social life, if incubated appropriately. In turn, the dreamer’s social, physiological, psychological, and ethical statuses can directly affect the validity of incubated dreams. As a result, the laws of incubating dreams contained in SBPD are confluent as medical principles of traditional Chinese medicine, which are concerned with ethical behaviors of the dreamers in real life. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)","Zhang, Shaoying","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2021","","US","31","4","342","354","","","*Alternative Medicine;  *Dream Analysis;  *Ethics;  *Prayer;  *Prognosis; Laws","","2022-07539-001","Zhang, Shaoying: School of Government, Shanghai University of Political Science and Law, Room 218, Building 7, 7989 Wai Qing Song Road, Shanghai, China, 201701, mr.shaoyingzhang@hotmail.com","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000182"
"Journal Article","Factor analysis and validation of the Disturbing Dreams and Nightmare Severity Index.","The Disturbing Dream and Nightmare Severity Index (DDNSI) has been used widely in research and clinical practice without psychometric evidence supporting its use. The present study aimed to explore and confirm the factor structure of the DDNSI as well as to test the measure’s construct validity and invariance between groups based on sex and race. In all, 2 samples of U.S. undergraduate participants (N = 614 and N = 606) provided data on nightmares (i.e., DDNSI, Nightmare Effects Survey, Nightmare Frequency Questionnaire, Nightmare Distress Questionnaire, and Trauma-Related Nightmare Survey) and related psychopathology (e.g., symptoms of insomnia, depression, posttraumatic stress disorder, and anxiety). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses found the 5 original items of the DDNSI to load onto a single latent factor. The DDNSI was found to be a valid measure of nightmare frequency and distress, as it was significantly correlated with the Nightmare Frequency Questionnaire and the Nightmare Distress Questionnaire, and the DDNSI was able to differentiate between nightmares and psychopathology. Multiple group analysis invariance testing found that the latent structure of the DDNSI was comparable between sex (male vs. female) and race (White vs. Black). Though this research comes nearly 2 decades after the initial creation and use of the DDNSI, it provides a foundation for the scientific rigor of previous and future studies on nightmares using the DDNSI. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved)","Bolstad, Courtney J.;Szkody, Erica;Nadorff, Michael R.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2021","","US","31","4","329","341","","","*Dream Analysis;  *Factor Analysis;  *Nightmares;  *Test Validity; Convergent Validity; Discriminant Validity; Distress; Questionnaires","","2021-86631-001","Bolstad, Courtney J.: Department of Psychology, Mississippi State University, P.O. Box 6161, Mississippi State, MS, US, 39762, cjb905@msstate.edu","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000178"
"Journal Article","Analysis of dream contents of patients with anxiety disorders and their comparison with dreams of healthy participants.","Although anxiety disorders are well investigated, little is known about the dream content of patients suffering from anxiety disorders. The aim of the present study was to investigate specific characteristics manifested in dreams of patients with clinical anxiety disorders and to compare them with dreams of healthy persons. The sample consisted of 38 participants with anxiety disorders and a matched healthy control group of 38 individuals. As soon as they woke up in the morning, each participant filled in written dream diaries for 21 days and thus provided written dream logs. Dream reports of the participants were analyzed according to the Hall and Van de Castle (1966) system of content analysis of dreams. The results of our study showed that the presence of an anxiety disorder resulted in significant differences in dream contents, compared to the dreams of healthy individuals. Dreams of anxiety patients contained more characters, higher numbers of different activities, social and aggressive interactions, lower numbers of friendly interactions, higher frequencies of failures, misfortunes and negative emotions, and a lower prevalence of successes, good fortune and positive emotions. In addition, they had higher numbers of locations and settings, had more negative evaluations and assessments, and were characterized by a more intense and wider range of different modifiers. The results thus indicate a clear difference in the content and structure of dreams in anxiety patients compared to healthy persons, although anxiety themes are not always prevalent in their dreams. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)","Rimsh, Anton;Pietrowsky, Reinhard","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2021","","US","31","4","303","319","","","*Anxiety Disorders;  *Dream Analysis;  *Dream Content;  *Dreaming; Aggressive Behavior; Content Analysis; Negative Emotions; Positive Emotions","","2022-16342-001","Rimsh, Anton: Department of Clinical Psychology, Institute of Experimental Psychology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, Düsseldorf, Germany, 40225, anton.rimsh@hhu.de","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000184"
"Journal Article","Study of the images and contents in typical dreams of heart transplant recipients.","The present study investigated the typical dreams of heart transplant recipients (HTRs) in China using questionnaires (Typical Dream Questionnaire) and semistructured interviews. The most prevalent dream themes among the 81 HTRs studied are “a dead person is alive in dreams,” “being chased or pursued but not physically injured,” and “being physically attacked (beaten, stabbed, raped, etc.).” In all, 2 important research threads from the semistructured interviews are dreams HTRs had in the intensive care unit after surgery and dreams related to their heart donors. The purpose of this dream research is to better understand the HTRs’ postoperative psychological state, find better ways of providing psychological care, and improve their quality of life. Understanding of the dreams was deepened by placing them within the context of Chinese cultural and philosophical traditions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved)","Gao, Chan;Shen, Heyong","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2021","","US","31","4","320","328","","","*Dream Content;  *Heart;  *Organ Transplantation; Chinese Cultural Groups; Quality of Life; Surgery","","2022-16342-002","Shen, Heyong: Institute of Analytical Psychology, City University of Macau, Avenida Padre Tomás Pereira Taipa, Macau, China, 999078, shenheyong@hotmail.com","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000183"
"Journal Article","A moderated mediation model predicting the impact of nightmares on sleep quality.","Nightmares can yield deleterious effects on sleep quality; therefore, it is important to identify modifiable predictors of nightmare distress in order to promote better sleep outcomes. Lucid dreaming and trait mindfulness are both associated with decreased nightmares and may indirectly improve sleep quality; furthermore, these factors may have synergistic effects. To test this, a moderated mediation model was examined. Contrary to our hypothesis, results showed that lucid dreaming was associated with greater nightmare distress, which predicted worse sleep quality, but this effect was moderated by total mindfulness and the subfacet of acting with awareness. For individuals with low and average mindfulness, lucid dreaming increased nightmare distress, yielding a negative indirect effect on sleep quality. These effects were not seen for individuals with high mindfulness; rather, a trend emerged in which lucid dreaming for individuals high in mindfulness may improve sleep quality via lowered nightmare distress. Findings can inform nonmedical approaches to reducing nightmare distress and suggest that abilities in lucid dreaming may only yield benefits on reducing nightmares and corresponding sleep quality among individuals who also possess high mindfulness skills, particularly acting with awareness and nonjudgemental mindfulness. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved)","Barngrover, Sydney;Zendels, Philip;Peach, Hannah","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2021","","US","31","4","355","372","","","*Distress;  *Lucid Dreaming;  *Nightmares;  *Mindfulness;  *Sleep Quality; Awareness; Sleep","","2022-16342-003","Peach, Hannah: Department of Psychological Science, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9201 University City Boulevard, Charlotte, NC, US, 28223, hpeach@uncc.edu","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000186"
"Journal Article","Dreaming of the deceased after miscarriage: A pilot study.","Dreaming of the deceased is a common experience for the bereaved, yet little is known about these experiences following a miscarriage. This study explores dreaming of the deceased after a miscarriage, in both birth mothers and partners. Participants were 214 U.S. residents (133 birth mothers) who had experienced a miscarriage within the prior year. All questionnaires and dream reports were completed online. Many participants (57.0%) reported dreaming of the deceased unborn child at least once. Grief intensity scores ranged from very low to very high but did not relate to dream themes of the deceased from a checklist nor dream categories from a content analysis of participants’ most memorable dreams. This study provides preliminary exploration into the functions of dreams of the deceased following a miscarriage. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved)","Black, Joshua;Belicki, Kathryn;McCann, Aubrey;Piro, Robert","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2021","","US","31","3","229","243","","","*Dream Analysis;  *Dream Content;  *Dreaming;  *Grief;  *Spontaneous Abortion; Mothers; Perinatal Period; Partners","","2021-81902-001","Black, Joshua: 101 Dunrobin Lane, Grimsby, ON, Canada, L3M0H4, griefdreams@gmail.com","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000177"
"Journal Article","Dreaming about cats: An online survey.","Cats have lived with humankind for millennia, and one would expect—according to the continuity hypothesis of dreaming—that cats also show up in dreams, more often when the relationship is between the cat and a human is closer, for example, when she or he is a cat owner. Previous studies showed that the percentage of dreams that included cats ranges from 0.4% to 2%, but studies relating waking-life experiences with cats with dreams about cats have not been carried out. In total, 1,695 persons (960 women, 735 men; mean age: 53.84 ± 13.99 years) completed an online survey that included questions about dreams and waking-life experiences with cats. The findings indicate that cats show up—on average—in about 5% of the remembered dreams, but the percentage is much higher in cat owners or persons with a close contact to cats. Interestingly, the cat dream percentage was lower compared to the dog dream percentage, elicited in a previous study. Moreover, proximity during sleep and whether the cat stays in the household is also related to a higher percentage of dreams that include cats. Cat dreams are very positive, much more so than dreams in general, indicating that waking-life experiences with cats are also mostly positive. A small percentage of participants indicted that they had negative experiences with cats in the past; this is related to the frequency of dreams with threatening cats. The results support the continuity hypothesis, and it would be very interesting to conduct content analytic studies with dream samples obtained from pet owners to learn more about the variety of interactions between dreamers and their pets as they are reflected in dreams. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved)","Schredl, Michael;Bailer, Christian;Weigel, Muriel Sophie;Welt, Melina Sandra","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2021","","US","31","3","279","288","","","*Cats;  *Dream Analysis;  *Dream Content;  *Dreaming;  *Surveys; Dream Recall; Sleep; Threat","","2021-82673-001","Schredl, Michael: Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Schlaflabor, Zentralinstitut fur Seelische Gesundheit, Postfach 12 21 20, Mannheim, Germany, 68072, michael.schredl@zi-mannheim.de","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000176"
"Journal Article","Flying limitations in lucid dreams.","Lucid dreams (LDs) are dreams in which people intentionally or unintentionally become conscious and take control of the dream plot, allowing them to experience different emotions and perceptions. The laws of physics do not apply to the LD world. As such, it supposedly lacks the limitations that we experience in everyday life. In the present study, we ask the following questions: Is this the case? Do we really have no limits in LDs? In this study, we investigated LD limitations on the possibility of flying. We instructed LD practitioners to fly while in an LD while performing no other movements (including jumping). That is, practitioners were to attempt to fly using only intention and thought. Then they were asked to report whether they succeeded, how much effort was required, and the duration of the flight. Most of the participants succeeded in flying while in an LD. Among those with successful results, almost everyone spoke about flying with little effort. We suggest that even within the context of LDs, some limitations prevent some practitioners from flying, which should be explored in future studies. The outcomes of our research deepen the general understanding of LDs and the capabilities of LD practitioners to realize different goals, even though LD does not follow physical laws. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved)","Zhunusova, Zhanna;Raduga, Michael;Shashkov, Andrey","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2021","","US","31","3","272","278","","","*Dream Content;  *Intention;  *Lucid Dreaming; Diptera; Laws; REM Dreams; REM Sleep","","2021-78148-001","Zhunusova, Zhanna: Department of General Studies, Phase Research Center, Russian Federation, Dezhneva Street, 6-67, Krasnogorsk, Russia, 143444, zhannazhunusova@gmail.com","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000172"
"Journal Article","The impact of imagery rehearsal therapy on dream enactment in a patient with REM-sleep behavior disorder: A case study.","Imagery rehearsal therapy (IRT) is an evidence-based treatment for nightmare disorder (ND), and numerous studies have demonstrated its efficacy in reducing the frequency and severity of nightmares. ND and REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) co-occur, yet the impact of successful treatment of nightmares on dream enactment in RBD has not been studied. In this case study, we present the treatment of ND using IRT and its impact on dream enactment in the context of RBD. A total of 5 sessions of IRT over 5 months resulted in a reduction in nightmares and, according to the patient and her husband, a decrease in dream enactment. We hypothesize that reducing the emotional valence of the dream content may make dream enactment less likely. As a result, IRT may provide helpful adjuvant treatment to pharmacological treatment of RBD. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved)","Pierpaoli-Parker, Christina;Bolstad, Courtney J.;Szkody, Erica;Amara, Amy W.;Nadorff, Michael R.;Thomas, S. Justin","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2021","","US","31","3","195","206","","","*Enactments;  *Imagery;  *Nightmares;  *REM Dreams;  *Sleep Wake Disorders; Aging; Behavior Disorders; Dream Content; Practice; Treatment","","2021-94723-001","Thomas, S. Justin: Department of Psychiatry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, SC1010, 1720 2nd Avenue South, Birmingham, US, 35294-0017, sjthoma@uabmc.edu","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000174"
"Journal Article","Comparing hall Van de Castle coding and Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count using canonical correlation analysis.","For dream content analysis, automatic quantitative analysis techniques cannot only be faster than traditional hand-coding but also be lower in coding errors and bias caused by humans. Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC; Pennebaker et al., 2015) is an automatic technique possibly useful for dream research. To consider suitability of information produced by LIWC for dream studies, this article compares output of the Hall Van de Castle coding system (Hall & Van de Castle, 1966), the traditional and most often used hand-coding system in dream research, and LIWC, with canonical correlation analysis (CCA) using a classic set of dream reports collected by Hall and Van de Castle (1966). Results show good compatibility between outputs of the 2 tools, which indicates good potential and usability of LIWC for dream content analysis.CCA is a multivariate statistical method for measuring the association between 2 sets of variables. Despite its complexity, CCA is able to reveal rich information about relationships among multivariate variables. It has several advantages over univariate methods and can be useful for dream research. This article gives an intuitive and also a more formal introduction of CCA for dream researchers. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved)","Zheng, Xiaofang;Schweickert, Richard","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2021","","US","31","3","207","224","","","*Content Analysis;  *Dream Content;  *Linguistics;  *Statistical Correlation;  *Coding Scheme; Dream Analysis; Dreaming; Intuition","","2021-94723-002","Zheng, Xiaofang: Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, 385C Peirce Hall, 703 Third Street, West Lafayette, IN, US, 47907, zheng331@purdue.edu","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000173"
"Journal Article","Optimal sleep duration and its deviation outcomes from perspectives of REM sleep dissociative phenomena.","Lack of sleep increases vulnerability for a variety of diseases and decreases cognitive functions and the quality of life. To solve this problem, many researchers have attempted to determine the best sleep duration (SD). The aim of this follow-up study was to show how the prevalence of recurrent REM sleep dissociative phenomena such as lucid dreaming, sleep paralysis, out-of-body experiences, and false awakenings correlate with sleep duration. A live survey of 978 respondents was used to extract needed data. The respondents provided answers regarding their SD and frequency of recurrent REM sleep dissociative phenomena, which then were analyzed by using χ2 (α = .05) with Bonferroni corrections for posthoc tests. The results show that recurrent REM sleep dissociative phenomena are less common in men who sleep for 8 hr each night and for women who sleep for 9 hr each night, though the values slightly oscillate depending on age. The more deviation from these sleep times, the more recurrent REM sleep dissociative phenomena are observed (U-shape correlation). The outcomes of this study provide new perspectives on optimal sleep duration estimations and may help to improve our adaptation to modern world routine. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved)","Raduga, Michael","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2021","","US","31","3","244","251","","","*Dissociation;  *Lucid Dreaming;  *Out of Body Experiences;  *REM Dreams;  *REM Sleep; Dream Content; Paralysis; Sleep","","2021-94723-004","Raduga, Michael: Phase Research Center, Zapovednaya st. 8/1-258, Moscow, Russia, 127081, obe4u@obe4u.com","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000179"
"Journal Article","Dream sharing and positive mental health in Iranian culture.","Despite the interest of laypeople in the subject of dreams in Iranian culture, little research has been done in this field. Dreaming is a mental and personal phenomenon, but sharing dream with others is common. This study was administered to 720 participants whose questionnaire responses were analyzed to determine if they told their dreams to others, how much do they share their dreams, whom they told their dreams, what kind of dreams were more told to others, for what purpose and finally, what is the relationship between sharing positive/negative dreams with positive mental health? Findings showed that dream sharing is common and people most shared their dreams with their close persons includes spouse, mother, and friends, respectively. Dreams were mostly shared with the purpose of understanding the meaning of dreams and people sharing both positive and negative dreams with others but sharing positive dreams, both positive and negative dreams and even not sharing dreams are related to more positive mental health than sharing negative dreams. Overall, the findings indicated that dream sharing is common and can be associated by mental health. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved)","Askari, Fahimeh;Davoudi, Iran;Neysi, Abdolkazem;Zargar, Yadollah","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2021","","US","31","3","252","261","","","*Culture (Anthropological);  *Dream Analysis;  *Dreaming;  *Mental Health; Sharing (Social Behavior)","","2021-94723-005","Askari, Fahimeh: Department of Psychology, Ahvaz Shahid Chamran University, Golestan Boulevard 6135783151, Ahvaz, Iran, askari6467@gmail.com","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000169"
"Journal Article","Evidence for preferentially dreaming of waking-life experiences that are relevant to one’s life story.","The continuity hypothesis of dreaming proposes that waking-life experiences can be incorporated into dreams. On the other hand, it is proposed that dreams may reflect the process of sleep-dependent consolidation for autobiographical memories. A model of autobiographical memory emphasizes the self’s role and goals in remembering. Based on this model, we hypothesized that waking-life experiences that are relevant to one’s life story are preferentially incorporated into dreams. Participants (N = 30) kept daily logs and dream diaries for 7 consecutive days, and they matched waking-life experiences to dream reports. In addition, two external judges rated the degree to which each event was meaningful. Our results showed that waking-life experiences that were incorporated into dreams were more emotional and more meaningful and had more impact on one’s life than those that were not incorporated into dreams. These results may support our hypothesis. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved)","Wang, Jiaxi;Feng, Xiaoling;Shen, Heyong","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2021","","US","31","3","262","271","","","*Autobiographical Memory;  *Dreaming;  *Life Experiences;  *Psychotherapy;  *Memory Consolidation; Biographical Data; Dream Content; Meaningfulness; Preferences; Journal Writing","","2021-94723-006","Shen, Heyong: School of Psychology, South China Normal University, No. 55, West of Zhongshan Avenue, Guangzhou, China, 510631","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000181"
"Journal Article","The twelve labors of Zora Neale Hurston: Myths, dreams, and the heroic interpretation of life.","Novelist and anthropologist Zora Neale Hurston experienced a recurrent dream throughout her life, beginning in childhood. The dream consisted of about 12 “scenes” that she understood as prophesying important moments of her life. In this article, I consider the origin of the dream, its function in her life, the apparent relation of the dream contents to her waking life, and alternate versions of the important final scene of the dream. Hurston’s dream likely originated out of the tension between the young Hurston’s high intelligence, imaginativeness, and ambition, on the one hand, and the highly restrictive environment in which she lived, on the other. The dream seems to have functioned as a personal mythical narrative, which gave an overall sense of value and heroic purpose to Hurston’s life. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Dennen, David","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2021","","US","31","3","289","301","","","*Dream Analysis;  *Dream Content;  *Myths;  *Narratives;  *Precognition; Anthropologists; Intelligence; Wakefulness","","2021-67973-001","Dennen, David: Department of Applied English, Chihlee University of Technology, No. 313, Section 1, Wenhua Road, Banqiao District, New Taipei City, Taiwan, 220, daviddennen@gmail.com","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000166"
"Journal Article","Nightmares and COVID-19: A possible increase in suicide attempts.","COVID-19, an infectious disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, has negatively affected almost every country in the world, with consequences going far beyond those of the disease itself. Some pandemic-related symptoms, such as anxiety, fear, worry, and traumatic stress, have had an impact on mental health and are known to be significant causes of nightmares. It has been demonstrated that people with frequent nightmares have a higher risk of suicide, especially when the nightmares are combined with depression. Many countries have reported COVID-19-related suicides. In particular, patients with previous psychiatric disorders may present a worsening of symptoms, becoming more vulnerable to suicide attempts during the COVID-19 pandemic. Our aim is to call attention to the possible impact that an increase in nightmares during the pandemic may have in respect of suicide and the need to give more focus on the triad of sleep, mental health, and suicide, factors that might be more related than we thought prior to the COVID-19 pandemic. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Ishikura, Isabela Antunes;Galduróz, José Carlos Fernandes;Tufik, Sergio;Andersen, Monica Levy","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2021","","US","31","3","225","228","","","*Attempted Suicide;  *Nightmares;  *Psychiatric Symptoms;  *Sleep;  *COVID-19; Pandemics; Suicidal Ideation; Suicide","","2021-94723-003","Andersen, Monica Levy: Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Napoleão de Barros, 925 Vila Clementino-04024-002, São Paulo/SP-Brazil, Brazil, ml.andersen12@gmail.com","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000175"
"Journal Article","Working on dreams to facilitate Asian international university students’ transition to the United States.","We investigated the perceptions of the effectiveness of a single 60- to 90-min session of Hill’s (2004) model of dream work for 37 Asian international students who had recently come to the United States. Participants reported having made gains in terms of exploration, insight, and action from the dream sessions and having made changes in their lives, although they did not change significantly in terms of psychological distress and acculturative stress from presession to the 2-week follow-up. A total of 2 weeks after their dream session, a subset of 14 participants participated in follow-up interviews about their perceptions of the outcomes of the dream sessions and the helpful and unhelpful components. Qualitative analyses of interviews revealed that outcomes typically included gaining awareness or insight, improving emotions and attitudes, and implementing new actions; participants typically found the action stage and variantly found the insight and exploration stages to be helpful; having to explore unimportant images and having to provide too much detail about images were variantly reported as unhelpful. Implications for practice and research are presented. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved)","Sim, Wonjin;Hill, Clara E.;Duan, Changming;An, Mira;Gupta, Shudarshana;Prass, Megan","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2021","","US","31","2","100","116","","","*Acculturation;  *Asians;  *College Students;  *International Students;  *Interviews; Awareness; Stress Reactions; Transtheoretical Model","","2021-71385-002","Sim, Wonjin: Department of Psychology, Towson University, 8000 York Road, Towson, MD, US, 21252, wsim@towson.edu","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000170"
"Journal Article","Lucid dreams in veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder include nightmares.","A previous study in military veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and recurrent nightmares found a high prevalence of lucid dreaming (LD), the awareness while a dream continues that one is dreaming, and an “LD profile” characterized by frequent dream awareness and rare dream content control. Given the importance of the nightmare disturbance in PTSD, this study assessed with questionnaires the prevalence and characteristics of lucid nightmares, specifically, in a sample of 54 veterans with PTSD. Over half the sample endorsed experiencing LD, with nearly all of these individuals explicitly reporting lucidity in nightmares. The lucid nightmare profile was characterized by high awareness and low content control. Veterans reported feeling stuck and anxious, trying unsuccessfully to awaken from lucid nightmares. We conclude that lucid nightmares may occur commonly in veterans with PTSD, with a profile resembling that previously reported for LD experiences generally in this group. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)","Miller, Katherine E.;Ross, Richard J.;Harb, Gerlinde C.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2021","","US","31","2","117","127","","","*Awareness;  *Lucid Dreaming;  *Military Veterans;  *Nightmares;  *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder; Dream Content; Relapse (Disorders); Sleep","","2021-71385-003","Miller, Katherine E.: Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 3900 Woodland Avenue, Philadelphia, PA, US, 19104, katherine.miller13@va.gov","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000163"
"Journal Article","Dream sharing and the enhancement of empathy: Theoretical and applied implications.","This study replicated and extended a previous finding that the discussion of dreams increases the level of empathy toward the dreamer from those with whom the dream is discussed. The study addressed mediating variables for the empathy effect. Participants who already knew each other were recruited in dyads and were assigned dream-sharer and discusser roles. Each dyad used the Ullman dream appreciation technique to explore the relationship of the sharer’s dreams to recent experiences in the sharer’s life, with a maximum of 4 dream discussions per dyad (mean length of dreams = 140.15 words, mean discussion length = 23.72 min). The empathy of each member of a dyad toward the other was assessed using a 12-item state empathy questionnaire. A total of 44 participants (females = 26, males = 18, Mage = 26.70) provided empathy scores at baseline and after each dream discussion. For below median baseline empathy scorers, empathy of discussers toward their dream-sharer increased significantly as a result of the dream discussions, with medium effect size, η² = .39. Dream-sharers had a nonsignificant increase in empathy toward their discusser. Change in empathy was not linear across successive discussions, and was not related to length of dream reports, nor length of discussions. These findings of postsleep, social effects of dreaming, with possibly a group bonding function, go beyond theories of dreaming that have a within-sleep emotional or memory processing function for the individual. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved)","Blagrove, Mark;Lockheart, Julia;Carr, Michelle;Basra, Shanice;Graham, Harriet;Lewis, Hannah;Murphy, Emily;Sakalauskaite, Ausrine;Trotman, Caitlin;Valli, Katja","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2021","","US","31","2","128","139","","","*Dream Content;  *Dreaming;  *Dyads;  *Empathy;  *Self-Disclosure; Memory; Theories","","2021-71385-004","Blagrove, Mark: Department of Psychology, Swansea University, United Kingdom, SA2 8PP, m.t.blagrove@swansea.ac.uk","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000165"
"Journal Article","Attachment representations and early maladaptive schemas in children’s and adolescents’ dreams: A pilot study.","Based on the attachment promotion hypothesis of dreaming, this study explored the wake-to-dream continuity of youths’ attachment representations and early maladaptive schemas. A total of 19 children and adolescents (12 boys; M = 11.8 years, SD = 2.1) were administered the Child Attachment Interview and completed the self-reported Schema Inventory for Children. They were provided a digital audio recorder to report their dreams for 14 consecutive days. Data from 95 dreams (M = 5 per participant, SD = 2.6) were collected. Dream coding systems were developed to assess attachment- and schema-related content. Bootstrapped correlations were conducted between waking scores and the highest dream-derived scores. In addition, a cluster analysis of dreams—with a subsequent inclusion of the waking scores—was conducted for each participant. The results showed that security-related waking scores were linked to insecurity-related dreaming scores (dismissingness). Conversely, insecurity-related waking scores (dismissingness) were negatively linked to security-related dreaming scores. Security-related waking scores accounted significantly for the merging of the waking attachment profile to a cluster of dreams. No wake-to-dream association was found for attachment-related schemas (Disconnection and Rejection domain). Because dreams depict more insecure than secure attachment-related content, they may function to rehearse different attachment strategies. However, attachment security showed wake-to-dream continuity through cluster analysis, which might be a way to consolidate, in addition to a way to test or improve, attachment representations in childhood and adolescence. Implications for the hypothesized dream functions of attachment promotion, emotion regulation, and threat simulation are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved)","Bédard, Marie-Michèle;Simard, Valérie;Laverdière, Olivier","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2021","","US","31","2","140","163","","","*Dream Analysis;  *Dream Content;  *Dreaming;  *Schema;  *Wakefulness; Cluster Analysis; Emotional Regulation; Inventories","","2021-71385-005","Simard, Valérie: Department of Psychology, University of Sherbrooke, Campus de Longueuil, 150 place Charles-Le Moyne, Bureau 200, Longueuil, PQ, Canada, J4K 0A8, valerie.simard@usherbrooke.ca","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000168"
"Journal Article","Nightmare frequency and feminine and masculine sex roles: An online survey.","Previous research has documented a gender difference in nightmare frequency, with women reporting nightmares more often than men. Several explanations have been suggested but empirical research in this area is scarce. The present online survey was completed by 1,808 participants (1,110 women, 698 men) with a mean age 45.64 ± 15.33 years. The gender effect was no longer significant if masculinity/femininity, both showing negative or positive correlations to nightmare frequency, respectively, were statistically controlled. This finding indicates that gender roles may at least partially explain the gender difference in nightmare frequency. The data regarding the self-rated femininity suggest that having nightmares might be attributed to a feminine sex role. It would be interesting to study whether or not such attributions are linked to the fact that nightmare sufferers rarely seek professional help for their condition. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)","Schredl, Michael;Göritz, Anja S.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2021","","US","31","2","164","172","","","*Femininity;  *Human Sex Differences;  *Masculinity;  *Nightmares;  *Sex Roles; Attribution","","2021-71385-006","Schredl, Michael: Zentralinstitut fur Seelische Gesundheit, Postfach 12 21 20, Mannheim, Germany, 68072, michael.schredl@zi-mannheim.de","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000162"
"Journal Article","Nightmares are not the only negative dreams: Dream content in individuals who suffer from frequent nightmares.","Previous research found that nightmares are accompanied by strong negative emotions. However, nonnightmare dream content of individuals who frequently suffer from nightmares has never been examined. Eighteen individuals with frequent nightmares (≥1 nightmare/week) and 18 control participants without nightmares (<1 nightmare/month) were examined while sleeping at home in their usual environment with an ambulatory polysomnographic sleep recording system attached. They were asked to report dream content after spontaneous awakenings during 3 consecutive nights. This resulted in 157 dream reports that were subjected to dream content analysis by 2 trained research assistants. We compared nightmare and especially nonnightmare dream content and emotions within the nightmare group, as well as between nightmare and control participants. Also, we quantified references to the research setting in the dream reports. Results revealed more negative and fewer positive emotions in nonnightmare dreams of the nightmare group compared with the control group, even when waking anxiety scores were controlled for. Nightmares were rated as containing more negative affect and more anxiety compared with both, matched nonnightmare dreams of the same individuals and normal dreams of control participants. Furthermore, dreams of individuals who suffer from frequent nightmares contained fewer dream characters compared with control participants’ dreams. Considerably fewer references to the research setting were found compared with prior sleep laboratory studies on dream content. In conclusion, it was found that individuals who frequently suffer from nightmares also experience their usual nonnightmare dreams as more negatively toned. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved)","Paul, Franc;Alpers, Georg W.;Reinhard, Iris;Schredl, Michael","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2021","","US","31","2","173","185","","","*Dream Content;  *Nightmares; Negative Emotions","","2021-71385-007","Paul, Franc: Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany, J5 68159, franc.paul@zi-mannheim.de","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000164"
"Journal Article","Stress as a moderator of the relationship between alexithymia and dreaming: Research findings.","A study was carried out to investigate the relationship between alexithymia and dreaming, and stress as a moderator of that relationship. The aspects of dreaming considered were the number of remembered dreams, the number of nightmares experienced, the number of instances of sleep paralysis, and the number of lucid dreams. Based on the subject literature, there was assumed to exist a positive correlation between alexithymia and the number of nightmares, as well as negative correlations between alexithymia and numbers of remembered dreams, instances of sleep paralysis, and lucid dreams. A group of 82 persons was studied (41 women and 41 men), with the use of the Toronto Alexithymia Scale-20 and Perceived Stress Scale-10 questionnaires and a modified version of the Mannheim Dream Questionnaire. There was shown to exist a negative relationship between 2 aspects of alexithymia—difficulties in verbalizing feelings and operative thinking style—and the number of remembered dreams. Significant relationships were also discovered between the level of stress and the number of nightmares experienced or the level of alexithymia, particularly with regard to difficulties in the identification and verbalization of feelings. It therefore appears that dreaming has a specific manifestation in the case of people with alexithymia and may become an important element in the diagnosis of that disorder. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved)","Obrębska, Monika;Rohoza, Klaudia","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2021","","US","31","2","186","194","","","*Alexithymia;  *Dream Recall;  *Dreaming;  *Nightmares;  *Stress; Dream Content; Emotions; Sleep","","2021-71385-008","Obrębska, Monika: Faculty of Psychology and Cognitive Science, Adam Mickiewicz University, ul. Szamarzewskiego 89, Poznan, Poland, 60-568, obrebska@amu.edu.pl","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000167"
"Journal Article","The African origin of familial consciousness and the dynamics of dreaming.","African and African American traditions of dream work and dream interpretation have a long history interweaving with other traditions and have specific roots in the history of Africa itself. There are conceptions of the unconscious that parallel those of European traditions but in crucial ways are significantly different, particularly in the perception of personhood and psychological boundary permeability emerging in the dynamics of dreams and family life. These conceptions in many ways challenge traditional understandings of space and time but are also in keeping with the actual experience of dreaming itself and with certain quantum and relativistic conceptions of the relationships between space, time, energy, and, by implication, the range of consciousness itself. These are rooted in the African genesis of our species, both genetically and psychically, along with the shared reality of our neural inheritance. This article is a conceptual overview of this tradition, beginning with its cultural-historical roots to its clinical influence in practices today. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Bynum, Edward Bruce","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2021","","US","31","2","91","99","","","*Boundaries (Psychological);  *Dream Analysis;  *Dreaming;  *Family;  *Traditions; African Cultural Groups; Family Relations; Black People","","2021-71385-001","Bynum, Edward Bruce: Center for Counseling and Psychological Health, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 38 Boyden Road, Pelham, MA, US, 01002, ebbynum@uhs.umass.edu","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000171"
"Comment/Reply","Response to Bontempo e Silvia and Sandström (2020).","The article referred to in the title quoted a passage from one of C. G. Jung’s articles in such a way that it could give a false impression of Jung’s attitude concerning dreams. Here, the quotation is provided in full and supplementary information is provided concerning Jung’s approach to working with so-called “everyday” dreams. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Funkhouser, Art","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2021","","US","31","1","88","90","","","*Collective Unconscious;  *Dream Content;  *Dreaming; Jung (Carl)","","2021-38152-007","Funkhouser, Art: Frikartweg 2, Bern, Switzerland, 3006, atf@alum.mit.edu","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000158"
"Journal Article","Media exposure to COVID-19 epidemic and threatening dream frequency: A moderated mediation model of anxiety and coping efficacy.","Although media exposure to traumatic events has been shown to cause high dream anxiety and more threatening dreams, little is known about the mediating and moderating mechanisms underlying this relationship. In the present study, we examined the mediating role of anxiety in the relationship of media exposure to the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic and threatening dream frequency as well as the moderating role of coping efficacy. Three hundred and twenty-eight Chinese participants completed the measures of media exposure, anxiety, coping efficacy, and threatening dream frequency. The results indicated that media exposure was significantly and positively associated with threatening dream frequency, and anxiety partially mediated this relationship. Moderated mediation analysis further indicated that the relationship between media exposure and anxiety was negatively moderated by coping efficacy, and for lower coping efficacy individuals, media exposure had a more negative effect on anxiety than higher individuals. This study contributes to our understanding of the mechanism between trauma exposure and threatening dreams. It also provides us promising ways to manage posttrauma threatening dreams by increasing coping efficacy and decreasing media exposure. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved)","Guo, Huan;Shen, Heyong","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2021","","US","31","1","1","19","","","*Anxiety;  *Coping Behavior;  *Dreaming;  *Media Exposure;  *COVID-19; Epidemics; Threat; Trauma; Coronavirus","","2021-38152-001","Shen, Heyong: Institute of Analytical Psychology, City University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade Taipa, Macau, China, shenheyong@hotmail.com","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000159"
"Journal Article","How sleep disordered breathing impacts posttrauma nightmares and rescripting therapies.","Posttrauma nightmares (PNMs) are initiated by trauma exposure, often include content that resembles the triggering trauma, and are considered a hallmark symptom of posttraumatic stress disorder. Although rescripting therapies are a leading treatment option for PNMs, there are mixed results regarding their effectiveness. One variable that may give us more insight into the relationship between PNMs and rescripting therapies is sleep disordered breathing (SDB), especially when considering SDB may impact nightmare content, frequency, sleep staging, and symptom severity. Thus, given that SDB may influence PNMs, the current study investigated the relationship between SDB, nightmare content, the remembrance of nightmares, and the impact of a nightmare rescripting therapy in a trauma-exposed sample. Although there were no significant differences in nightmare frequency or remembrance among individuals with and without SDB at baseline, the non-SDB group (compared to the probable SDB group) was more likely to report nightmares that were similar to the triggering trauma. Following treatment, the group without SDB symptoms had significantly less nightmares, whereas the probable SDB group showed no significant decrease in nightmare frequency. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that PNMs in the presence of SDB symptoms (complex PNMs) may differ in content than PNMs without comorbid SDB symptoms (isolated PNMs) and that SDB symptoms may interfere with the efficacy of rescripting focused therapies. Future research is needed to determine if there is truly a difference between complex PNMs and isolated PNMs and if types of nightmares (complex and isolated) fare better under different treatment options (continuous positive air pressure vs. rescripting focused therapies). (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved)","Youngren, Westley;Balderas, Jessica;Farrell-Higgins, Jonathan","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2021","","US","31","1","20","31","","","*Nightmares;  *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder;  *Relaxation Therapy;  *Respiration;  *Exposure; Sleep Apnea; Trauma","","2021-38152-002","Youngren, Westley: Department of Psychology, University of Kansas, 1415 Jayhawk Boulevard, Lawrence, KS, US, 66047, way946@ku.edu","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000161"
"Journal Article","Association between recurrent dreams, disturbing dreams, and suicidal ideation in adolescents.","Disturbing dreams and recurrent dreams have both been linked to a wide range of psychological difficulties in children. There is growing evidence that the experience of frequent disturbing dreams is associated with suicidal ideation in adults, but studies in young adolescents have been limited and the results inconsistent. In addition, the possible relationship between suicidal ideation and recurrent dreams has yet to be studied. We thus investigated the relation between disturbing dreams, recurrent dreams, and suicidal ideation in a sample of young adolescents. Self-report measures of disturbing dream frequency, recurrent dream frequency, and suicidal ideation were collected at the age of 12 years and again at the age of 13 years from 170 children from a prospective population-based birth cohort. Although the rate of disturbing dreams and recurrent dreams dropped between ages of 12 and 13, the rate of self-reported suicidal ideation increased between the ages of 12 and 13 years. Analyses taking sex and age into account revealed that young adolescents who reported having had suicidal thoughts over the past year had significantly greater frequencies of disturbing dreams and of recurrent dreams than adolescents who had not thought about suicide. These findings highlight the potential clinical value of assessing disturbing and recurrent dreams as part of the screening process for suicidal ideation in young adolescents. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved)","Gauchat, Aline;Zadra, Antonio;El Hourani, Mira;Parent, Sophie;Renaud, Johanne;Tremblay, Richard E.;Séguin, Jean R.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2021","","US","31","1","32","43","","","*Dreaming;  *Nightmares;  *Suicidal Ideation; Adolescent Psychology; Self-Report","","2021-38152-003","Séguin, Jean R.: Centre de Recherche CHU Ste-Justine, Bureau B17.107, 3175 chemin Côte Ste-Catherine, Montréal, PQ, Canada, H3T 1C5, jean.seguin@umontreal.ca","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000157"
"Journal Article","Targets of erotic dreams and their associations with waking couple and sexual life.","Erotic dreams are common, but the ways in which they reflect waking day romantic relationships remain understudied. We examined the targets of erotic dreams reported by 470 men and 575 women in a romantic relationship as well as the associations between these targets and measures of couple and sexual life. Over 95% of all participants reported having erotic dreams. Women were more likely than men to report that their erotic dreams included their current partner, whereas men were more likely to report dreaming of someone other than their current partner, especially an acquaintance. Logistic regression analyses revealed that individuals in relationships of longer duration, with higher relationship satisfaction, greater sexual desire, and higher frequency of sexual intercourse with their partner were more likely to report erotic dreams involving their partner, whereas participants in relationships of shorter duration and with lower relationship satisfaction were more likely to report erotic dreams involving an ex-partner. Individuals reporting extradyadic sexual behaviors were less likely to have erotic dreams involving their current partner and more likely to dream about an ex-partner or an acquaintance. These results are consistent with the continuity hypothesis of dreaming showing that dream content tends to reflect waking thoughts and concerns. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved)","Vaillancourt-Morel, Marie-Pier;Daspe, Marie-Ève;Lussier, Yvan;Zadra, Antonio","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2021","","US","31","1","44","56","","","*Couples;  *Dream Content;  *Dreaming;  *Eroticism;  *Wakefulness; Relationship Satisfaction; Sexuality; Partners","","2021-38152-004","Vaillancourt-Morel, Marie-Pier: Department of Psychology, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Pavillon Michel-Sarrazin, 3600, rue Sainte-Marguerite, C.P. 500, Trois-Rivières, PQ, Canada, marie-pier.vaillancourt-morel@uqtr.ca","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000160"
"Journal Article","Offender-nightmares—Frequencies and characteristics.","In nightmares, the dream-self is mostly the victim, but there are also dreams in which the dream-self is the offender. Little is known yet about these offender-nightmares; thus, the main goal of the present study was to carry out the frequencies of offender-nightmares and to investigate if the dream-self is offending mostly in self-defense and anger, or whether the dream-self is offending out of fun and pleasure. Besides, personality traits of offender-nightmare dreamers, non–offender-nightmare dreamers, and nonnightmare dreamers are observed. Results show that the prevalence of offender-nightmares is not as high as in previous studies, but nevertheless offender-nightmares definitely appear. Being the offender in dreams does not necessarily mean that the dreamer calls the dream a nightmare. In most cases, the dream-self is offending in the heat of the moment and in self-defense, so possibly offender-nightmares are simulations of exaggerated manifestations of threats or anticipated conflicts, which the dream-self can only solute by offending. Future studies may investigate the coping styles of frequent offender-nightmare dreamers in waking life. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved)","Mathes, Jonas;Gieselmann, Annika;Pietrowsky, Reinhard","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2021","","US","31","1","57","68","","","*Aggressive Behavior;  *Dream Content;  *Nightmares;  *Personality Traits;  *Criminal Offenders; Anger; Crime Victims; Pleasure; Self-Defense","","2021-38152-005","Mathes, Jonas: Department of Clinical Psychology, Institute of Experimental Psychology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, Dusseldorf, Germany, D-40225, jonas.mathes@hhu.de","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000136"
"Journal Article","I dream therefore I am: A review on lucid dreaming in Western philosophy.","The first philosopher who referred to lucid dreaming (LD) was Aristotle, who pointed out that something in the dreamers’ consciousness tells them they are dreaming. In the Middle Ages, Aquinas commented that while asleep a man may judge that what he sees is a dream. During enlightenment, Reid alleged that he experienced waking-like cognition during dreams. In the 19th century, Nietzsche mentioned that he sometimes would realize he was dreaming amid a nightmare. In the past century, new arguments were given against the arising of self-consciousness in dreams. Malcolm, for example, based on the incapacity of communicating with the external world during the dream, concluded for the impossibility of a genuine dream “experience”—which would preclude LD. In the 1970s, there was a brief discussion between Dennett, for whom dreams are not experiences, and Emmett, who rebutted his argument citing LD, followed by Dennett’s reply that LDs are merely “illusions of a dream within a dream.” In 1981, the psychophysiologist LaBerge and coworkers recorded LD in the laboratory, which proved scientifically the existence of LD. Nowadays, many philosophers consider dreams as a key phenomenon for the study of consciousness and the mind-body problem, such as Antti Revonsuo, Jennifer Windt, Evan Thompson, and Thomas Metzinger, who agree that LD presents cognitive functions like self-consciousness. In this review, we explore these and other Western thinkers who wrote about LD throughout history. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Ferreira, Glescikelly H.;Prata, Tarik de A.;Fontenele-Araujo, John;de Carvalho, Fábio T.;Mota-Rolim, Sérgio A.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2021","","US","31","1","69","87","","","*Consciousness States;  *Dream Content;  *Lucid Dreaming;  *Philosophies;  *Self-Perception; Arguments; Dreaming; Mind; Philosophers","","2021-38152-006","Mota-Rolim, Sérgio A.: Brain Institute, Department of Physiology and Behavior, and Onofre Lopes University Hospital, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Av. Nascimento de Castro, 2155, Morro Branco, Brazil, 59056-450, sergioarthuro@neuro.ufrn.br","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000156"
"Journal Article","Inducing lucid dreams: The wake-up-back-to-bed technique in the home setting.","Lucid dreams occur quite rarely, so research has focused on different induction methods to increase lucid dream frequency. In the sleep laboratory setting the wake-up-back-to-bed (WBTB) technique in combination with the mnemonic induction of lucid dreams (MILD) technique is very effective. The present study with N = 50 participants in line with previous studies - indicates that these techniques are also effective at home with a lucid dream percentage of 18% after WBTB nights compared to 6% after non-WBTB nights. Of the 10 naïve participants who had never had a lucid dream before, 50% experienced at least one lucid dream during the 5-week period. Future studies using longer time intervals can investigate the questions whether everyone can learn lucid dreaming if s/he puts in the effort and how intensive induction training affect lucid dreaming frequency in the long run. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)","Schredl, Michael;Dyck, Sophie;Kühnel, Anja","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2020","","US","30","4","287","296","","","*Dream Content;  *Home Environment;  *Lucid Dreaming;  *Sleep;  *Training; REM Sleep; Test Construction","","2021-00512-001","Schredl, Michael: Schlaflabor, Zentralinstitut fur Seelische Gesundheit, Postfach 12 21 20, Mannheim, Germany, 68072, michael.schredl@zi-mannheim.de","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000152"
"Journal Article","We dream about typical themes in both REM and non-REM sleep.","This study examined whether typical dream themes would occur in both REM and non-REM (NREM) sleep. The sample consisted of 15 participants, who spent 3 consecutive nights at a sleep laboratory. A total of 219 awakenings and sleep interviews were conducted in the second and third laboratory nights, resulting in 133 interviews with mentation reports. Apart from free-recall reports collected via sleep interviews, the participants were asked next morning to recognize any typical themes occurring in each episode of REM/NREM mentation using a provided list of dream themes. It was found that slightly more than half of the mentation reports contained at least 1 typical theme. Despite their different retrieval rates, narrative complexity, and involvement of visual and verbal modalities, REM and NREM mentation reports exhibited similar amounts of typical themes. Consistent with more positive than negative emotions experienced by the participants, grandiose, erotomania, and appetitive themes were relatively common in the reports. In contrast to theorizing of sleep mentation being skewed toward adverse emotions, this alludes to a more balanced affective experience of sleep mentation. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)","Yu, Calvin Kai-Ching","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2020","","US","30","4","317","328","","","*NREM Sleep;  *REM Dreams;  *REM Sleep;  *Sleep; Dream Content; Emotions; Test Construction; Negative Emotions","","2021-00512-003","Yu, Calvin Kai-Ching: Department of Counselling and Psychology, Hong Kong Shue Yan University, 10 Wai Tsui Crescent, Braemar Hill Road, North Point, Hong Kong, kcyu@hksyu.edu","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000154"
"Journal Article","Nightmares as a unique predictor of suicide risk in a transgender and gender diverse sample.","Transgender and gender diverse individuals are at an increased risk for suicidality. Previous research in the general population has shown that trauma exposure is linked to suicide risk and nightmares, which commonly occur following exposure to a traumatic event, have also been linked to suicidal thoughts, attempts, and death by suicide. The current study examined the relationship among trauma exposure, sleep disturbance, and suicide risk in a sample of 155 transgender individuals. Data were gathered through an online Qualtrics survey regarding participants’ trauma exposure, endorsement of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, frequency and severity of trauma-related nightmares, and suicide risk. Nightmare frequency was found to significantly predict suicide risk, whereas nightmare severity on its own did not. Multiple exploratory analyses were conducted to examine the effects of trauma exposure and PTSD symptom severity on the relationship. In the first analysis, nightmare frequency remained the only variable significantly contributing to suicide risk, above and beyond PTSD and trauma exposure. In the second analysis, PTSD symptom severity significantly contributed to suicide risk above and beyond nightmare severity and trauma exposure. Results of the study suggest that nightmare frequency may play a unique role in suicide risk beyond that of trauma exposure and PTSD within transgender and gender diverse individuals. This provides evidence of an additional risk factor within this specialized population that can be targeted and treated to reduce suicide risk. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved)","Andrew, Shianne J.;Cogan, Chelsea M.;Scholl, James A.;Davis, Joanne L.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2020","","US","30","4","329","337","","","*Nightmares;  *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder;  *Severity (Disorders);  *Suicide;  *Transgender; Trauma; Gender Nonconforming","","2021-00512-004","Andrew, Shianne J.: Department of Psychology, University of Tulsa, 800 South Tucker Drive, Tulsa, OK, US, 74104, sja705@utulsa.edu","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000151"
"Journal Article","Increasing perception vividness during lucid dreaming by spinning: A pilot study.","In lucid dreams (LDs), people can control the events of the dream plot and experience vivid perceptions. However, perception vividness in LDs is sometimes very low, thus preventing practitioners from fully experiencing the phenomenon or using it for a predetermined goal. The goal of this research is to test whether spinning in a LD can lead to an increase in the vividness of the perceived space. We had 123 volunteers spin while in a LD and then stop to check for changes in the degree of perception. For 46% of the volunteers, vividness became higher after spinning, and 30% of them (14% of all) reported having perceptions higher than in wakefulness. The result of this research may enhance the general understanding of the nature of subjective perceptions in LDs, which, in turn, will help in researching related phenomena and their applications. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)","Raduga, Michael;Shashkov, Andrey;Zhunusova, Zhanna","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2020","","US","30","4","338","344","","","*Dream Content;  *Lucid Dreaming;  *Vestibular Apparatus;  *Volunteers;  *Wakefulness; Consciousness States; REM Dreams; REM Sleep","","2021-00512-005","Raduga, Michael: Department of General Studies, Phase Research Center, Zapovednaya St. 8/1-258, Moscow, Russia, 127081, obe4u@obe4u.com","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000153"
"Journal Article","A midsummer night’s dream: Shakespeare’s play of dreaming.","Dreaming is a central theme in William Shakespeare’s A Midsummer Night’s Dream. This essay explores his classic work using a broad interdisciplinary theory of dreaming that combines Freudian and Jungian views with insights from anthropology, religious studies, neuroscience, evolutionary biology, and cognitive psychology. This theory proposes that dreaming is a kind of play, the play of the imagination during sleep. The dreaming-is-play approach sheds new light on Titania’s serpent nightmare, Bottom’s erotic fantasy, Puck’s magical mischief in sleep, and other dream-related themes. The goal is not to translate or reduce A Midsummer Night’s Dream to psychological terms, but rather to use interdisciplinary dream research to illuminate the aesthetic whole of Shakespeare’s work and its enchanting effects on audiences from the late 16th to early 21st centuries. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Bulkeley, Kelly","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2020","","US","30","4","297","316","","","*Dreaming;  *Jung (Carl);  *Neurosciences;  *Nightmares;  *Sleep; Freudian Psychoanalytic School; Imagination; Theatre","","2021-00512-002","Bulkeley, Kelly: The Sleep and Dream Database, 4636 Southwest Humphrey Court, Portland, OR, US, 97221, bulkeleyk@gmail.com","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000143"
"Journal Article","Dreaming and the COVID-19 pandemic: A survey in a U.S. sample.","This study analyzes the responses of 3,031 U.S. adults who, in early May of 2020, completed an online survey regarding their dreams and the COVID-19 outbreak. The results indicate that those people most strongly affected by the pandemic also reported the strongest effects on their dream life (heightened dream recall, more negatively toned dreams, and pandemic-related dreams). Pronounced negative effects of the pandemic on dreaming were also found to be more likely among women and people with higher levels of education. These findings support the notion that changes in the frequency, tone, and contents of dreaming can help identify specific people who may be most at risk for mental health problems during the COVID-19 outbreak. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved)","Schredl, Michael;Bulkeley, Kelly","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2020","","US","30","3","189","198","","","*Dream Recall;  *Dreaming;  *Emotions;  *Pandemics;  *Coronavirus; Mental Health; Physical Health; COVID-19","","2020-71980-001","Schredl, Michael: Zentralinstitut für Seelische Gesundheit, Postfach 12 21 20, Mannheim, Germany, 68072, Michael.Schredl@zi-mannheim.de","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000146"
"Journal Article","Dreaming in the time of COVID-19: A quali-quantitative Italian study.","Based on the continuity hypothesis of dreaming with waking life, we have studied the effects of isolation on the dreams of Italian persons, during the time of the COVID-19 pandemic. The present study included a sample of 796 subjects (73.2% women; ages 18–79 years, M = 30.3, SD = 12.8). Participants were asked to complete a dream questionnaire, as well as to report their most recent dream, by responding to specific questions related to the content of their dream (e.g., realism/bizarreness, positive vs. negative emotions, emotional intensity and tone). Results indicate the following: Female participants were higher recallers than men and reported higher emotional intensity and a predominantly negative emotional tone of their dreams, as well as higher negative emotions and sensory impressions in their most recent dreams; 159 dreams (20%) included explicit COVID-19 references; participants knowing people affected by or who have died of COVID-19 report higher emotional intensity and sensory impressions in their most recent dreams; and the most recent dreams have been set in external locations and have presented strong negative emotions, especially with respect to dangerous, violent, and frustrating situations. In sum, the findings of this study indicate that the method of quali-quantitative dream content analysis is a very informative approach for studying the effects of significant contextual and catastrophic events, such as COVID-19 pandemic, on people’s inner lives. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved)","Iorio, Ilaria;Sommantico, Massimiliano;Parrello, Santa","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2020","","US","30","3","199","215","","","*Dream Analysis;  *Pandemics;  *Social Isolation;  *Negative Emotions;  *Coronavirus; Dream Content; Dreaming; Trauma; COVID-19","","2020-71980-002","Sommantico, Massimiliano: Department of Humanities, University of Naples Federico II, via Porta di Massa 1, Naples, Italy, 80133, sommanti@unina.it","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000142"
"Journal Article","Dreams about COVID-19 versus normative dreams: Trends by gender.","Dreams about the COVID-19 pandemic were collected from 2,888 dreamers via an online survey and compared to normative dreams from an earlier period. A total of 9 categories of emotions and body concerns from the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC) were utilized. As predicted by the continuity hypothesis of dreaming, women showed significantly lower positive emotions in their dreams and higher rates of negative emotions, anxiety, sadness, anger, body content, references to biological processes, health, and death. For male respondents, the predicted higher score for the LIWC variable health was the only one significant at as high a level as for women. LIWC positive emotions, negative emotions, anxiety, and death were elevated in the predicted direction at lower significance levels than the effects for women. The variables anger, sadness, and body did not differ for men between the pandemic dreams and the normative sample. Results are discussed in terms of the continuity hypothesis both for distress and specific concerns of both groups and in light of the higher rate of many stressors for women versus men during the pandemic. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved)","Barrett, Deirdre","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2020","","US","30","3","216","221","","","*Dream Content;  *Dreaming;  *Human Sex Differences;  *Pandemics;  *Coronavirus; Anger; Anxiety; Death and Dying; Health; Sadness; Sleep; Negative Emotions; Positive Emotions; COVID-19","","2020-71980-003","Barrett, Deirdre: 352 Harvard Street, Cambridge, MA, US, 02138, dbarrett@hms.harvard.edu","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000149"
"Journal Article","Pandemic dreaming: The effect of COVID-19 on dream imagery, a pilot study.","COVID-19 has changed the way that people around the world live their lives, consequentially spurring various mental health difficulties. The current study aimed to determine whether people experienced distinct dream imagery during the early phase of the pandemic in Canada. The dreams of Canadian university students were recorded for 2 weeks during the beginning of Canada’s experience with COVID-19. The dream imagery was analyzed and compared to a control group; t tests show that the COVID-19 group had significantly more imagery of location changes, animal, head, food, and virus-related dream imagery compared to the control group. This dream imagery is consistent with previous findings of the dream imagery of individuals experiencing waking day anxiety, suggesting that waking day concerns about COVID-19 may be affecting individual’s dream imagery. In addition, the increased amount of imagery related to the virus, food, and head imagery suggests that specific aspects of COVID-19 and the global response are reflected within sleep mentation. As concerns and anxieties regarding the virus are pervasive, affecting many people during both waking and sleep, it is suggested that dream interpretation may be a beneficial approach to alleviating COVID-19-related stress. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved)","MacKay, Cassidy;DeCicco, Teresa L.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2020","","US","30","3","222","234","","","*Dream Analysis;  *Dream Content;  *Imagery;  *Wakefulness;  *Coronavirus; Anxiety; Pandemics; Sleep; COVID-19","","2020-71980-004","MacKay, Cassidy: Department of Psychology, Trent University, Sleep and Dream Lab, 2101 East Bank Drive, SC 136, Peterborough, ON, Canada, cassidymackay@trentu.ca","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000148"
"Journal Article","Lucid dreaming: Effects of culture in a U.S. American sample.","Lucid dreaming is defined as a dream in which an individual becomes consciously aware that s/he is dreaming while dreaming. Concepts about lucid dreaming vary strongly in different cultures. The present survey was completed by 3,992 Americans 18 years and older in age (2,310 women and 1,682 men), with a mean age of 48.26 ± 17.09 years. Lucid dream occurrence in the total sample was 35.72%, with Hispanic participants reporting a significantly lower frequency of lucid dreams compared with White participants, a difference that might reflect a greater prominence of lucid dreaming in more individualistic cultures versus more communitarian cultures. Although the findings of this study suggest specific cultural effects on lucid dream frequency and other aspects of dreaming, more empirical research is needed to help to clarify how strongly these effects may appear in dreaming in general, and lucid dreaming in particular, among a wider range of today’s world population. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved)","Schredl, Michael;Bulkeley, Kelly","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2020","","US","30","3","235","245","","","*Dream Recall;  *Dreaming;  *Ethnic Identity;  *Human Sex Differences;  *Lucid Dreaming; Concepts; Test Construction; Latinos/Latinas; White People","","2020-71980-005","Schredl, Michael: Schlaflabor, Zentralinstitut für Seelische Gesundheit, Postfach 12 21 20, Mannheim, Germany, 68072, Michael.Schredl@zi-mannheim.de","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000145"
"Journal Article","Achieving pain during lucid dreaming and transferring it into wakefulness.","During lucid dreaming, people experience vivid perceptions and emotions that may have a psychophysiological impact after the person awakens. The goal of this research is to test whether it is possible to create pain during lucid dreaming and maintain it upon awakening. For this study, 151 volunteers completed a task in which they needed to achieve pain during lucid dreams (LD) and then wake up. They then checked whether the pain from the dream remained after they awoke, and, if so, they reported how long the pain lasted. Of the participants, 74% experienced pain during LD and 28% of them continued feeling the pain after waking. Our results may lead to new pain treatments and a better understanding of the nature of pain, LD, and hypnopompic hallucinations. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)","Raduga, Michael;Zhunusova, Zhanna;Shashkov, Andrey;Sevcenko, Natalia","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2020","","US","30","3","246","256","","","*Emotions;  *Hallucinations;  *Lucid Dreaming;  *Pain;  *REM Sleep; Wakefulness","","2020-71980-006","Raduga, Michael: General Studies Department, Phase Research Center, Zapovednaya st. 8/1-258, Moscow, Russia, 127081, obe4u@obe4u.com","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000150"
"Journal Article","Conscious use of dreams in waking life (nontherapy setting) for decision-making, problem-solving, attitude formation, and behavioral change.","The study explored to what extent dreams have been perceived as being helpful in waking life. More specifically, for “important” waking life (conscious) decision-making, the solving of emotional or nonemotional (practical/technical/work-related) problems, forming/changing an attitude about something or somebody, or a conscious behavioral change of the dreamer (N = 667). On a general level, 62,1% of participants indicated that dreams at some point had been of help or good use (regression analysis found a strong association with dream attitude, measured on Dream Attitude Scale [DAS]). Most often mentioned areas of help were creative input (55,8%) and emotional problem-solving (52,9%). There was a positive association between dream attitude (DAS) and emotional problem-solving and creative input. In all, 8.9% of participants reported that a “dream had influenced an important decision” (e.g., leaving a job, moving, buying a house, or leaving the partner). A regression analysis again indicated that a more positive attitude toward dreams (DAS) was associated with dreams influencing important decisions. Higher dream recall was also associated with all mentioned aspects. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)","Olsen, Michael Rohde;Schredl, Michael;Carlsson, Ingegerd","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2020","","US","30","3","257","266","","","*Attitude Formation;  *Decision Making;  *Dream Content;  *Problem Solving;  *Wakefulness; Behavior Change; Creativity; Test Construction","","2020-71980-007","Olsen, Michael Rohde: Strandesplanaden 110, 1st floor, Vallensbæk, Denmark, DK-2665, mail@michaelrohde.dk","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000138"
"Journal Article","Assessing the dream-lag effect among participants with different intuition score measured by the Myers–Briggs Type Indicator.","The dream-lag effect refers to there being, after the incorporation of memory elements from the previous 1 or 2 days into dreams, a lower incorporation of memory elements from 3 to 4 days before the dream, but then an increased incorporation of memory elements from 5 to 7 days before the dream. This study investigates whether intuition measured by the Myers–Briggs Type Indicator can influence participants’ ratings for the dream-lag effect. In total, 56 participants kept a diary for 7 days, reporting personally significant events and major concerns, and recorded their dreams in the 7th day night. Then they rated the level of matching between dreams and daily diary items. The dream-lag effect was found among the intuitive types, but not the sensing types. Furthermore, this effect was found only for the incorporation of personally significant events and not for major concerns. This suggested that the intuitive thinking may modulate the finding of dream-lag effect. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)","Wang, Jiaxi;Feng, Xiaoling;Bin, Ting;Ma, Huiying;Shen, Heyong","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2020","","US","30","3","267","277","","","*Dream Content;  *Dreaming;  *Intuition;  *Memory; Memory Consolidation","","2020-71980-008","Shen, Heyong: Department of Psychology, School of Psychology, South China Normal University, NO.55, West of Zhongshan Avenue, Guangzhou, China, 510631, shenheyong@hotmail.com","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000147"
"Journal Article","Dream journaling: Stability and relation to personality factors.","Cross-sectional surveys have indicated that about 5% of the survey participants recorded their dreams at least once a month. Studies have shown that dream recording is related to dream recall frequency, openness to experience, and low conscientiousness, indicating a distinct personality type of dream journalists. The findings of the first longitudinal study (N = 739 persons; 429 woman, 310 men; Mage: 48.76 ± 15.16 years) over a 2-year period on this topic indicate that dream recording is a very stable trait and that the 3 variables (dream recall frequency, openness to experience, and low conscientiousness) are still related to dream recording frequency if the trait aspect (previously measured dream recording frequency) is statistically controlled. Future studies should shed light on the motivations that stimulate dreamers to carry out the arduous task of recording dreams immediately upon awakening. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)","Schredl, Michael;Göritz, Anja S.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2020","","US","30","3","278","286","","","*Dream Content;  *Dream Recall;  *Personality;  *Journal Writing; Conscientiousness; Openness to Experience; Personality Traits","","2020-71980-009","Schredl, Michael: Schlaflabor, Zentralinstitut für Seelische Gesundheit, Postfach 12 21 20, Mannheim, Germany, 68072, michael.schredl@zi-mannheim.de","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000137"
"Journal Article","From adolescence to young adulthood in two dream series: The consistency and continuity of characters and major personal interests.","Based on several past studies of lengthy daily individual dream series, which are an unobtrusive, nonreactive archival measure, free of any demand characteristics, it has been established with adults over age 25 that dream content is consistent over years and even decades. In addition, dream content is often continuous with waking personal concerns as well, whether the concerns are positive (“interests,” “avocations”) or negative (“worries,” “preoccupations”; Domhoff, 2018, Chapters 3–4, for summaries of this work). The study presented in this article is a descriptive empirical investigation that explores the question of if and when consistency and continuity can be found in the teenage years or young adulthood. It is based primarily on individual dream series kept by 2 young women from early adolescence to young adulthood. They do not know each other and did not separately think about providing their dream reports to researchers until they were in their mid-20s. The analyses of these 2 series, one containing 4,329 dream reports, and the other containing 664 dream reports, are based on a quantitative word-search methodology, available through DreamBank.net. The resulting personalized word strings for each series combine the rigor of defined content categories with the speed and perfect reliability of computerized word searches. The findings on consistency and continuity during adolescence are similar to the earlier findings for adults. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)","Domhoff, G. William;Schneider, Adam","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2020","","US","30","2","140","161","","","*Dream Analysis;  *Dream Content;  *Dreaming;  *Adolescent Characteristics; Emerging Adulthood","","2020-31140-001","Domhoff, G. William: Department of Psychology, University of California, Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA, US, 95064, domhoff@ucsc.edu","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000133"
"Journal Article","Nightmares in adult psychiatric inpatients with and without history of interpersonal trauma.","Nightmares are a prevalent problem among trauma survivors and can cause significant impairment in well-being and daily functioning. Exposure to interpersonal trauma is associated with increased severity of posttraumatic symptoms, including nightmares, and greater likelihood of developing posttraumatic stress disorder. Furthermore, nightmares are one of the few symptoms that may persist in the years following a traumatic event. The aims of this study were to assess whether patients’ nightmares respond differently to treatment as usual and to determine whether exposure to different traumas was associated with treatment-resistant nightmares. Outcomes from 2,970 participants with comorbid psychiatric disorders were collected on a biweekly basis over the course of inpatient psychiatric treatment. Nightmare trajectory groups were identified using self-report nightmare severity data and analyzed in a group-based trajectory model. Chi-square tests were then utilized to determine group differences based on reported trauma exposure (no trauma, interpersonal trauma, noninterpersonal trauma, and combined interpersonal/noninterpersonal trauma). Participants with exposure to both interpersonal and noninterpersonal trauma are less likely to show improvement in nightmares with standard of care for inpatient psychiatric treatment relative to individuals exposed to interpersonal trauma only, noninterpersonal trauma only, or no history of trauma. The findings from this study highlight the challenges of treating nightmares following trauma exposure and the importance of implementing targeted treatment (e.g., imagery rehearsal therapy) for nightmares. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)","Wiltgen Blanchard, Anika;Rufino, Katrina;Hartwig Rea, Elizabeth;Paddock, Kieran;Patriquin, Michelle A.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2020","","US","30","2","107","119","","","*Nightmares;  *Psychiatric Patients;  *Trauma;  *Treatment;  *Interpersonal Relationships; Comorbidity; Patient History; Severity (Disorders); Survivors; Well Being; Exposure","","2020-34332-001","Patriquin, Michelle A.: Menninger Clinic, 12301 Main Street, Houston, TX, US, 77035, michelle.patriquin@bcm.edu","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000134"
"Journal Article","A full night’s sleep at home improves memory performance in an associative and relational learning task.","This study evaluated the effect of sleep in mediating episodic memory performances in a recognition task of visually associated and related elements. It also considered links between memory performances, dreams mentation, and emotional salience of items. Two groups of participants were studied; in the wake group, they stayed awake on a normal day, and in the sleep group, they slept at home according to their usual sleep schedule and context. Compared with the wake group, participants in the sleep group performed better in the delayed associative and relational tests. Negative and positive emotional images were better recognized by the participants than neutral ones with no group specificity. Examination of dream reports suggested that reporting a dream related to the present study was associated with an increase in recognition performances. Overall, our research demonstrated how new associative and relational links can be consolidated in memory following a full night’s sleep. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)","Ribeiro, Nicolas;Gounden, Yannick;Quaglino, Veronique","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2020","","US","30","2","171","188","","","*Associative Processes;  *Dreaming;  *Episodic Memory;  *Sleep;  *Memory Consolidation; Home Environment; Learning; Memory; Test Construction","","2020-26569-001","Ribeiro, Nicolas: Department of Psychology, Research Center in Psychology, Cognition, Psychism and Organizations EA 7273, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Chemin du Thil, Amiens, France, 80000, nicolas.ribeiro@u-picardie.fr","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000130"
"Journal Article","Examining the triggers of lucid insight.","Approximately half the population have experienced a lucid dream. Yet, it is not well understood how an individual realizes they are dreaming (i.e., lucid insight). A few studies suggest it can be triggered by a nightmare, or by the identification of inconsistencies/dream-like qualities/peculiarities. The present study aimed to produce a detailed typology of lucidity triggers to inform consideration of the nature of associated thought processes. A total of 91 lucid dreamers were identified in an undergraduate sample of 148. Lucid dreamers were asked to describe what it was, if anything, that had made them realize they were dreaming. Thematic analysis of responses extracted evidence of four overarching triggers consistent with previous research: identification of an abnormality, identification of a dream-like quality, an emotionally arousing dream event, and miscellaneous. It was uniquely identified that “abnormalities” within the dream were those inconsistent with waking knowledge rather than with the accompanying dream content. Novel triggers were identified that were classifiable as subthemes under the previously identified triggers, and triggers co-occurred in a third of cases. Novel triggers included “déjà rêvé,” the feeling that one has dreamt the experience before, as well as “self-comfort/denial” involving an emotionally driven denial of the reality of a distressing dream. Nightmare-induced lucidity appeared to arise via qualitatively diverse paths. The nature of the triggers indicates that higher order cognition can precede, and promote, lucid insight. This sheds light on a key theoretical issue of whether lucid insight is a prerequisite for the reemergence of higher order cognition. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)","Adams, Lucy;Bourke, Patrick","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2020","","US","30","2","120","139","","","*Cognition;  *Dream Analysis;  *Dream Content;  *Lucid Dreaming;  *Nightmares; Emotions; Insight; Phenomenology; Test Construction","","2020-38936-001","Adams, Lucy: Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, P.O. Box 85, 16 De Crespigny Park, London, United Kingdom, SE5 8AF, lucy.1.adams@kcl.ac.uk","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000139"
"Journal Article","Group dream work incorporating a psychophysical embodied approach.","This article presents an initial account of a 6-month process with a group of undergraduate students, in an educational environment, which explored the possibilities of archetypal group dream work and the incorporation of embodied activities to explore dream imagery. This work incorporated activities based in psychophysical actor training and aligns itself to an archetypal post-Jungian perspective for dream work. We suggest here that the model developed for this inquiry appears to have positive effects for the dreamer and for other participants. The main benefit of the practice is its capacity to evade ego’s defenses and generate psychic movement in the dreamer. This model for group dream work still needs to be tested in a clinical environment, which is the recommendation for further research. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Bontempo e Silva, Luiza;Sandström, Karoliina","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2020","","US","30","2","162","170","","","*College Students;  *Dream Content;  *Group Psychotherapy;  *Psychophysics;  *Clinical Models; Archetypes; Environment; Imagery; School Environment; Training","","2020-28776-001","Bontempo e Silva, Luiza: Department of Psychology, Fundacion Universidad de las Americas Puebla, CS Building, office 233, Ex Hacienda Sta. Catarina Martir, San Andres Cholula, Mexico, CP: 72810, luiza.bontempo@udlap.mx","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000131"
"Journal Article","Cancer patients’ meaning making regarding their dreams: A study among cancer patients in Malaysia.","Dreaming has been associated with human activity, including the activity of individuals with chronic illness. To date, there is a body of literature that has associated dreaming with certain chronic illnesses such as breast cancer, asthma, hypertension, and colitis. However, little research has been done on dreaming activity among cancer patients and their beliefs. This study aims to investigate dreaming activity among cancer patients and explore their meaning making in relation to their dreams. This qualitative study involved 35 cancer patients. A thematic analysis was used to analyze the data. The themes that emerged were dreams as an alarm, sadness and anxiety, denial, hope and motivation, nightmares are the work of evil, and searching for confirmation. It is hoped that this study will promote our understanding of cancer patients’ journey. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)","Ahmadi, Fereshteh;Mohamed Hussin, Nur Atikah","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2020","","US","30","1","79","91","","","*Breast Neoplasms;  *Chronic Illness;  *Client Attitudes;  *Dreaming;  *Meaning; Patients; Test Construction","","2020-01272-001","Mohamed Hussin, Nur Atikah: Department of Social Work, School of Social Sciences, University Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia, 11800, atikah.mhussin@usm.my","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000122"
"Journal Article","Gender differences in the frequency of aggression in dreams: A meta-analysis.","Although some studies have indicated notable gender differences in the frequency of aggressive dreams, heterogeneous results have also been reported, and this difference has not yet been explored systematically. We investigated the gender differences in the frequency of aggressive dreams by performing a meta-analysis of existing articles following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Finally, 12 eligible studies (14 databases) that included 3,294 (men = 1,522, women = 1,772) participants were identified. The pooled estimate of the odds ratio (OR) was 1.346 (95% confidence interval [CI; 1.156, 1.567], p < .001), which indicated that the frequency of aggression in men’s dreams was significantly higher than that in women’s dreams. This gender difference was significant in the child group (OR = 1.465, 95% CI [1.045, 2.055], p = .027) and the adult group (OR = 1.320, 95% CI [1.069, 1.631], p = .010), but it was not statistically significant in the teenager group (OR = 1.313, 95% CI [0.986, 1.747], p = .062), which may suggest that the intense inner conflicts of teenagers break the habitual gender pattern to some extent, at least in dreams. In addition, no significant heterogeneity or publication bias was identified, with a Q statistic of p = .464 and Egger’s test of p = .903, and the sensitivity analysis demonstrated the stability of the results of the present meta-analysis. The results supported the continuity hypothesis of the relation between reality and dreams to some extent. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)","Zhang, Lei;Pan, Nanfang;Chen, Taolin;Wang, Song;Gu, Jianling;Yang, Xun;Shi, Yan;Gong, Qiyong","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2020","","US","30","1","1","18","","","*Aggressive Behavior;  *Dream Analysis;  *Dream Content;  *Dreaming;  *Human Sex Differences; Coding Scheme","","2020-16875-001","Shi, Yan: Department of Psychology, Chengdu Normal University, No. 99 Haike Road East Section, Chengdu, China, 611130, syccen@163.com","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000127"
"Journal Article","Reading dream literature and the Big Five personality factors.","Books on dreams and dream interpretation have a very long history and still enjoy a wide readership. However, empirical studies regarding this topic are scarce. The present online study (N = 2,492) elicited frequency of reading dream literature and self-rated benefit of this reading. The findings indicate that reading something about dreams is quite common in the general population, and persons can benefit from this dream literature regarding the understanding of their own dreams. Positive Attitude Toward Dreams, Gender, Education, and Openness to Experience were some of the factors related to reading dream literature, whereas the self-rated benefit was related to the Amount of Material Read and Attitude Toward Dreams. Pursuing this line of research might help to identify approaches to dreams that are effective and might be applied in the context of psychotherapy. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)","Schredl, Michael;Göritz, Anja S.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2020","","US","30","1","45","53","","","*Attitudes;  *Dream Analysis;  *Dream Content;  *Five Factor Personality Model;  *Self-Evaluation; Dreaming; Personality; Reading; Test Construction","","2020-16875-002","Schredl, Michael: Schlaflabor, Zentralinstitut fur Seelische Gesundheit, Postfach 12 21 20, Mannheim, Germany, 68072, michael.schredl@zi-mannheim.de","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000129"
"Journal Article","A quantitative text analysis approach to describing posttrauma nightmares in a treatment-seeking population.","The interpretation of dreams has been a topic of interest for many centuries, dating back to 350 BC (Aristoteles, 2001). Specific considerations of the meaning of nightmares have not been as richly developed as they have been for dreams. One way dream researchers have analyzed dreams is through examining the use of language in dream reports. However, this method is in its infant stages regarding its approach to understanding nightmares. Psychological constructs can be measured using a form of quantitative text analysis called Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (Pennebaker, Boyd, Jordan, & Blackburn, 2015). This study aims to contribute to the understanding of nightmare content, specifically how nightmare content differs from that of dreams in areas of emotion, social, and perceptual processing. Transcripts of posttrauma nightmare (PTNM) reports were collected from individuals participating in a cognitive–behavioral therapy for nightmares, the exposure, relaxation, and rescripting therapy (Davis, 2008). Language use within PTNMs was compared with established norms of language use in dreams (Bulkeley & Graves, 2018). Results indicated that PTNMs differed from dreams significantly. PTNMs demonstrated increased use of negative emotion words, hearing and feeling words, and risk words. PTNMs showed decreased use of words related to friends and leisure, decreased analytical thinking, and clout. There were no differences in positive emotion words, family, death, visual and motion words. These results support the theory that PTNMs are different than dreams in important ways. The information gleaned from these PTNM reports may be used to inform treatment of trauma-related disorders. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved)","Paquet, Caitlin;Cogan, Chelsea M.;Davis, Joanne L.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2020","","US","30","1","54","67","","","*Dream Analysis;  *Health Care Seeking Behavior;  *Nightmares;  *Trauma;  *Text Analysis; Cognitive Behavior Therapy; Dream Content; Dreaming; Linguistics","","2020-16875-003","Paquet, Caitlin: Department of Psychology, University of Tulsa, 800 South Tucker Drive, Tulsa, US, 74104, cbp6442@utulsa.edu","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000128"
"Journal Article","Green and dreams can facilitate creativity.","This study investigated whether dream intensity is related to creativity and the enhancement of creativity via color stimulation. Dream Intensity Scale and Guilford’s Unusual Uses Task were used to assess 120 participants’ dream characteristics and creative performance. They were asked to take Guilford’s Unusual Uses Task thrice (tin can, paperclips, and brick) on 3 colored paper sheets (green, red, and white), with counterbalanced combinations of items and colored sheets. After that, they completed the Dream Intensity Scale. The Dream Intensity total score showed a positive correlation with the creativity score across all color conditions. It was furthermore positively correlated with the within-subject difference in the creativity score between the green and white conditions, with the correlations for the Dream Vividness and Altered Dream Episodes factor scores being the largest. The overall evidence suggests that people who experience more vivid dreams and exert more control over their dreams are more creative and benefit more from the facilitative effect of green. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)","Yu, Calvin Kai-Ching","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2020","","US","30","1","92","99","","","*Color;  *Creativity;  *Divergent Thinking;  *Dream Content;  *Lucid Dreaming; Dreaming; Test Construction","","2020-16875-004","Yu, Calvin Kai-Ching: Department of Counselling and Psychology, Hong Kong Shue Yan University, 10 Wai Tsui Crescent, Braemar Hill, North Point, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, kcyu@hksyu.edu","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000126"
"Comment/Reply","Reply to Mageo (2019): Four assertions I did not make about dreams.","In an article claiming that a mimetic theory of dreaming (with mimesis defined as “image-based, visual thinking”) is superior to the neurocognitive theory of dreams, 4 assertions are attributed to me that I did not make. The article states that I “admit that over half of simulated humans in dreams have bizarre features,” claim there is a considerable amount of figurative thinking in dreams, and believe that “How frequently an event occurs in waking life, according to the continuity hypothesis (CH), can predict the frequency of a similar dream event; the frequency of waking concerns and thoughts is predictive of subsequent dream content” (Mageo, 2019, pp. 371–372). Contrary to these assertions, the publications on the neurocognitive theory that are cited in the critique say distorted characters in dreams are very rare and that figurative thinking seems to be infrequent at best and therefore remains an unlikely hypothesis. Further, the continuity between dreaming and waking thought in the neurocognitive theory does not involve the frequency of waking events; instead, it is based on “personal concerns,” which are simulated during waking thought and enacted or dramatized during dreaming through the process of “embodied simulation” (Domhoff, 2003, 2007, 2017; Domhoff & Schneider, 2018). This reply stresses that theoretical differences are legitimate and to be expected, and not at issue. However, it is also legitimate to point out inaccurate characterizations of empirical conclusions and explanatory concepts, which may lead to misperceptions of the neurocognitive theory of dreams and to a blurring of distinctions among theories. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Domhoff, G. William","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2020","","US","30","1","100","105","","","*Dream Content;  *Models;  *REM Dreams;  *Simulation;  *Wakefulness; Culture (Anthropological); Psychology; REM Sleep; Theories","","2020-16875-005","Domhoff, G. William: Department of Psychology, University of California, Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA, US, 95064, domhoff@ucsc.edu","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000125"
"Journal Article","Nightmares and ego strength revisited: Ego strength predicts nightmares above neuroticism and general psychological distress.","The current research investigated ego strength as a construct that could partly explain the associations of nightmares with trait neuroticism and state general psychological distress. In 3 studies involving 416 university students, ego strength predicted frequent and distressing nightmares independent of neuroticism and general distress. After controlling for ego strength, neuroticism and general distress were no longer significantly related to nightmares. These findings were consistent across different measurement scales and independent samples. It was concluded that nightmares are better explained by the theoretically based ego strength construct than the descriptive constructs of trait neuroticism and general distress. The results and limitations of the studies are discussed in addition to recommendations for future research. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)","Kelly, William E.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2020","","US","30","1","29","44","","","*Distress;  *Ego;  *Neuroticism;  *Nightmares;  *Psychological Stress; Personality Traits; Test Construction","","2019-74996-001","Kelly, William E.: Department of Psychology, California State University, Bakersfield, 9001 Stockdale Highway, Bakersfield, CA, US, 93311, wkelly1@csub.edu","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000118"
"Journal Article","Lucid dreaming as a correlate of locus of control and resilience.","This study examined how subjective dream intensity and lucidity might be related to resilience and whether locus of control might mediate their potential relationship. The Lucidity and Consciousness in Dreams scale (LuCiD), Dream Intensity Scale (DIS), Resilience Assessment Questionnaire (RAQ), and Rotter’s Locus of Control Scale (LOC) were administered to 119 Hong Kong university students. The RAQ score was significantly indicated by the LuCiD and LOC scores, with the RAQ Problem-Solving subscale score being indicated by the DIS Dream Work subscale and LOC scores. The positive associations between the RAQ and the LuCiD and between the RAQ Problem-Solving and DIS Dream Work subscales were not mediated by the LOC. These findings suggest that internal locus of control does not account for the association between resilience and dream variables. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)","Yu, Calvin Kai-Ching;Wong, Siu-Sing","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2020","","US","30","1","19","28","","","*Internal External Locus of Control;  *Lucid Dreaming;  *Problem Solving; Resilience (Psychological)","","2020-02210-001","Yu, Calvin Kai-Ching: Department of Counselling and Psychology, Hong Kong Shue Yan University, 10 Wai Tsui Crescent, Braemar Hill, North Point, Hong Kong, kcyu@hksyu.edu","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000124"
"Journal Article","Dreams and the daydream retrieval hypothesis.","Dreams and daydreams are as beguiling as they are intangible. Both share many features, from neurobiology to the sensed experience. Nevertheless, the specific narrative relationship between both, if any, remains uncertain. Theories of dream origins are many: from the psychodynamic royal road, to biological theories including Hebbian-based memory consolidation and a unified quantum brain theory that extends to waking and dreaming alike. Both the ephemeral nature of dreams, and an inability to simultaneously study their content and biology, renders them difficult to research from a conventional biomedical perspective. This leaves agreement on the fundamental properties of dreams as ambiguous, and even the state of consciousness enjoyed during sleep is contested. What is known is that the qualia and neurophysiological signature of dreams and daydreaming share many features. We propose further, from a subjective experientialist position, that dream content is specifically derived from daydreaming or mindful wandering (subserved by the default mode network). If substantiated, this concept offers a new insight into the origin of dreams. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)","Eeles, Eamonn;Pinsker, Donna;Burianova, Hana;Ray, Julian","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2020","","US","30","1","68","78","","","*Daydreaming;  *Dream Content;  *Human Information Storage;  *Neurobiology;  *Theories; Brain; Fantasy; Narratives; Psychodynamics; Memory Consolidation","","2020-07233-001","Eeles, Eamonn: Internal Medicine Services, The Prince Charles Hospital, Rode Road, Chermside, Brisbane, QLD, Australia, 4032, eamonn.eeles@health.qld.gov.au","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000123"
"Journal Article","Recurrent dreams of Nigerian undergraduates.","Negative themes dominate the dream spaces of American, Japanese, Canadian, and Chinese undergraduates. Because negative emotions increase occurrence of negative dream themes, positive themes should dominate the dream space of Nigerians, who have a very high happiness index. Distribution and clustering of themes in dream space were studied among Nigerian undergraduates. Subjects were randomly selected from medical students, who lived in the same hall of residence. Recurrent dream themes in the study questionnaires of American, Canadian, and Chinese undergraduates were revised and categorized as (a) tasks (b) interactions (c) motion, and (d) phenomena. Recurrence of dream themes was graded from 0 to 5. Lifetime prevalence (99% confidence interval) was calculated, and gender differences were compared with the Mantel test. Principal component analysis and feature agglomerative clustering of dream recurrence vectors were performed. Geometric mean age (range) of 196 subjects, 120 men and 76 women, was 24 years (19–38 years). Total 105 recurrent dream themes were experienced. Geometrical mean (50% interquartile range) of recurrent dreams per person was 33 (24–55) for all subjects, but 34 (25–57) for men and 31 (24–50) for women. Positive themes had the highest occurrence and recurrence. Hair dressing and sex themes were significantly different between men and women (p < .0001). Vectors of recurrent dreams formed concept clusters. Positive themes dominate the dream space of Nigerian undergraduates. Themes are not randomly distributed in dream space. Concepts of awake space are in continuity with dream space. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved)","Oluwole, Olusegun Steven Ayodele","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2019","","US","29","4","339","357","","","*African Cultural Groups;  *Dream Analysis;  *Dream Content;  *Emotions;  *Happiness; College Students; Human Sex Differences; Test Construction; Negative Emotions; Positive Emotions","","2019-72751-001","Oluwole, Olusegun Steven Ayodele: Neurology Unit, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Queen Elizabeth Road, Ibadan, Nigeria, 200212, osaoluwole@hotmail.com","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000112"
"Journal Article","Dream recall frequency and attitude toward dreams: Stability over a 5-year period.","Despite a large number of cross-sectional surveys studying dream recall and attitude toward dreams indicating an age decline in both variables, longitudinal studies are scarce. The present study included 925 participants who were tested twice in a 5-year period and showed that dream recall frequency and attitude toward dreams is very stable over time (trait-like)—even though slight decrease in dream recall frequency and an increase in attitude toward dreams were found. There was a positive correlation between changes in dream recall frequency and changes in the Attitude Toward Dreams Scale. It would be very interesting to study long-term effects of dream-related “life events” such as psychotherapy, dream groups, or extraordinary dream experiences on dream recall frequency and attitude toward dreams. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved)","Schredl, Michael;Braband, Melissa;Gödde, Johanna;Kreicker, Sophie;Göritz, Anja S.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2019","","US","29","4","303","309","","","*Attitudes;  *Dream Content;  *Dream Recall; Group Psychotherapy","","2019-78466-002","Schredl, Michael: Schlaflabor, Zentralinstitut für Seelische Gesundheit, Postfach 12 21 20, Mannheim, Germany, 68072, Michael.Schredl@zi-mannheim.de","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000116"
"Journal Article","The threat simulation in nightmares—Frequency and characteristics of dream threats in frequent nightmare dreamers.","According to the threat simulation theory, the function of dreams is to rehearse threatening situations, which served an evolutionary advantage for our ancestors. Furthermore, the exposure to waking life threats is thus supposed to lead to an increased occurrence or quality of dream threats. Aims of the study were to investigate differences in the occurrence and quality of threatening events in dreams between nonnightmare dreamers and occasional nightmare dreamers. In the present study, a sample of narrative dream reports was investigated. Results show that occasional nightmare dreamers reported significantly more dreams than nonnightmare dreamers, but no significant differences were found in the intensity of negative emotions, the number of threats per dream, and the severity of dreams. Further, emotional appraisal plays an important role in the resolution of the threat. The threat simulation theory in particular is supported by this study. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)","Mathes, Jonas;Weiger, Naomi;Gieselmann, Annika;Pietrowsky, Reinhard","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2019","","US","29","4","310","322","","","*Dream Content;  *Emotions;  *Nightmares;  *Simulation;  *Threat; Ancestors; Narratives; Theories; Wakefulness; Negative Emotions","","2019-78466-003","Mathes, Jonas: Klinische Psychologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, Düsseldorf, Germany, D-40225, jonas.mathes@hhu.de","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000115"
"Journal Article","False awakenings in lucid dreamers: How they relate with lucid dreams, and how lucid dreamers relate with them.","In this article, some previously unreported findings from an old web survey about false awakenings (FAs) in 90 lucid dreamers will be discussed. FAs have been told to be frequent concomitants of lucid dreams, but objective data are lacking. In the present study, a positive correlation was found between the reported frequencies of FAs and lucid dreams, r = .51, p < .001, and 56 (62%) subjects reported experiencing habitual transitions from FAs to lucid dreams (or/and vice versa). These findings confirm previous anecdotal reports with objective data and suggest a similar neurophysiologic basis for the two kinds of experience. FAs appear to be characterized by a strong propensity of the experients to exercise a metacognitive judgment upon their state by means of reality checks (76% of respondents). Reality checkers reported that lucid dreams were a habitual termination of their FAs significantly more often than nonreality checkers (p < .001). This appears to be the first empirical datum in support of the frequently self-reported ability of lucid dreamers to turn “actively” their FAs into lucid dreams. Given the similarity between FAs and sleep paralysis in terms of possible state overlap, getting practice in performing reality checks could be a useful tool to manage some cases of recurrent sleep paralysis as well. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)","Buzzi, Giorgio","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2019","","US","29","4","323","338","","","*Lucid Dreaming;  *Paralysis;  *Sleep;  *Wakefulness; Judgment; Metacognition","","2019-78466-004","Buzzi, Giorgio: Neurological Private Practice, Medical Office, via Francesco Lovatelli, 74, Ravenna, Italy, 48123, gbuzzi2@libero.it","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000114"
"Journal Article","Mimesis versus simulation: Contemporary dream theory and the nature of dream mentation.","By forwarding a mimetic theory of dream mentation, this paper critiques two important current theories of dreaming—the Continuity Hypothesis and Social Simulation Theory. The Continuity Hypothesis (CH) holds that dreams are continuous with waking concerns. Social Simulation Theory (SST) postulates dream simulations select waking materials that allow dreamers to rehearse interpersonal skills and bonds instrumental for species survival. Using data from a study of undergraduate American dreamers, this paper argues the story-like dreams that tend to occur in REM sleep neither merely continue waking concerns, nor merely replicate the social bonds that help to make life meaningful. Rather, dreamers think mimetically about the cultural models through which people understand waking concerns and social bonds by copying visual metaphors for models that circulate in a social world and altering these images. The paper defines mimesis as an image-based form of thinking in which simulation of an image specifies a topic and variations represent thought about this topic. This idea about the nature of dream mentation casts new light on bizarreness in dreams. From a mimetic perspective, bizarreness is extreme visual variation and variation from slight to extreme is intrinsic to dream mentation. When images are realistic verisimilitude indicates they are not the focus of dream thinking. SST posits that social perception, social communication, and social behaviors are simulated in dreams. A mimetic perspective shows such simulations supply subjects for dream thinking while variations raise questions about the fidelity of perceptions as well as about the meanings of communications and behaviors. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved)","Mageo, Jeannette","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2019","","US","29","4","370","387","","","*Dream Content;  *Models;  *REM Dreams;  *Simulation;  *Wakefulness; Culture (Anthropological); Psychology; REM Sleep; Theories","","2019-78466-006","Mageo, Jeannette: Department of Anthropology, Washington State University, 1110 Valise Dr., Pullman, WA, US, 99163, jmageo@mail.wsu.edu","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000120"
"Journal Article","Dreams as gifts: A Maussian perspective.","In The Gift, Mauss argues that people in many cultures have engaged in what appears to be a voluntary giving of gifts, but which in fact carries obligations at each point in the exchange—in the giving of, receiving of, and response to each gift. Moreover, these exchanges of gifts are an integral part of both building connections between individuals and groups and maintaining social hierarchies. Using the Mauss view of gifts as a framework for examining the social practice of sharing dreams, this article demonstrates the obligations present in the giving of, receiving of, and responding to dreams. It then identifies the implications of this understanding of dreams as gifts, for clients offering their dreams in psychotherapeutic settings. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Leonard, Linda;Dawson, Drew","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2019","","US","29","4","388","401","","","*Anthropology;  *Dream Content; Clients; Economy; Psychotherapeutic Processes","","2019-78466-007","Leonard, Linda: Appleton Institute, Central Queensland University, 44 Greenhill Road, Wayville, SA, Australia, 5034, l.leonard@cqu.edu.au","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000117"
"Journal Article","The neurocognitive theory of dreams at age 20: An assessment and a comparison with four other theories of dreaming.","This article assesses the neurocognitive theory of dreams on the occasion of its 20th anniversary. The theory synthesizes findings from 3 strands of dream research, which focus respectively on the neural substrate that subserves dreaming, the development of dreaming in children, and quantitative findings on adult dream content, all 3 of which are necessary ingredients in any theory in cognitive neuroscience (Ochsner & Kosslyn, 2014). The article compares the current standing of the theory with that of 4 other theories with a neural dimension: the Freudian, activation-synthesis, memory-consolidation, and threat-simulation theories of dreaming. It concludes that the neurocognitive theory differs from the other 4 in that many of its key building blocks were created and have since been replicated by independent investigators in 3 different research areas. The other theories lack a developmental dimension, and their claims sometimes do not accord with established findings on dream content. On the other hand, the neurocognitive theory has been strengthened by neuroimaging findings revealing that the neural substrate that enables dreaming is a subsystem of the default network, which supports imagination in waking; it also includes key hubs in the waking self-system, which may help explain the focus on personal concerns in dreams. This subsystem of the default network, when unconstrained and activated, leads dreamers to experience themselves as being in hypothetical scenarios that include vivid sensory environments, which also usually portray interpersonal interactions. Dreaming is an intensified and enhanced form of spontaneous thought that can be characterized as an “embodied simulation.” (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Domhoff, G. William","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2019","","US","29","4","265","302","","","*Dream Content;  *Dreaming;  *Neurocognition;  *Theories;  *Default Mode Network; Childhood Development; Imagination; Simulation; Wakefulness","","2019-78466-001","Domhoff, G. William: Department of Psychology, University of California, Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA, US, 95064, domhoff@ucsc.edu","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000119"
"Journal Article","Analysis of the empirical research on the feeling of presence.","The feeling of presence consists of the feeling that another person or entity is detected near the extrapersonal space without any clear sensory evidence. Its symptoms include visual hallucinations and wrong coding of sensorial input. The phenomenon is sometimes present in pathologies such as sleep paralysis or neurodegenerative diseases, but it can also be found in healthy subjects. It has been associated with folk beliefs, but there is now enough evidence of its brain basis. A total of 72 studies from Web of Science and Scopus were analyzed considering 12 classificatory variables that were constructed bottom-up. Prevalence of neurodegenerative disease was higher for males, whereas sleep paralysis was prevalent for females. Twenty-one studies included participants with multiple pathologies. The episodes were generally associated to fear and anxiety. Some structural and functional alterations were found in neuroimaging case studies. Scale validation studies were scarce, usually showing scores with good psychometric properties. Diverse scales comprised different dimensions according to their objectives. Feeling of presence is a neuropsychological phenomenon, as failures in perception and self-concept are due to brain electric maladjustment. Evidence corroborates that mismatches are localized in cortical areas such as the temporal-parietal or insular cortex, as well as in subcortical areas, such as the hippocampus. The phenomenon main characteristics, associated factors, and measurement scales vary according to the studied pathological entity. Given that most scales have not been validated, a more empirical approach that takes into account the variety of associated pathologies is needed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Roballo, Francisco;Delgado, Ana R.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2019","","US","29","4","358","369","","","*Neurodegenerative Diseases;  *Paralysis;  *Pathology;  *Sleep;  *Visual Hallucinations; Neuropsychology; Phenomenology; Test Validity","","2019-78466-005","Roballo, Francisco: Department of Basic Psychology, Psychobiology and Methodology of the Behavioral Sciences, School of Psychology, University of Salamanca, Avenida de la Merced 109-131, Salamanca, Spain, 37005, idu002877@usal.es","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000113"
"Journal Article","Dream sharing frequency: Associations with sociodemographic variables and attitudes toward dreams in an American sample.","Dreaming is a personal experience during sleep that can, for various reasons, be shared upon awakening with other people. A sample of 5,255 American adults with diverse sociodemographic and ethnic backgrounds completed an online survey including an item eliciting the frequency of dream sharing. According to these data, dream sharing is fairly common among the general population—23% of the sample reported sharing dreams at least once a week. However, the practice is not universal, as 24% of the sample reported never sharing their dreams. The frequency of dream sharing was affected by a variety of factors such as age, gender, dream recall frequency, attitude toward dreams, education, relationship status, and ethnicity. As this is the first quantitative study reporting cultural differences in dream sharing frequency (e.g., Hispanics share their dreams more often than Whites), it would be very interesting to carry out surveys in different countries to study cultural effects on dream recall frequency and other dream variables. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved)","Schredl, Michael;Bulkeley, Kelly","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2019","","US","29","3","211","219","","","*Attitudes;  *Dream Content;  *Dream Recall;  *Racial and Ethnic Differences;  *Surveys; Demographic Characteristics; Ethnic Identity; Human Sex Differences; Sharing (Social Behavior); Test Construction","","2019-49462-001","Schredl, Michael: Schlaflabor, Zentralinstitut für Seelische Gesundheit, Postfach 12 21 20, Mannheim, Germany, 68072, Michael.Schredl@zi-mannheim.de","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000107"
"Erratum/Correction","'Indications that a northern New Mexico petroglyph was inspired by traumatic nightmare”: Correction to Pagel and Broyles (2019).","Reports an error in 'Indications that a Northern New Mexico petroglyph was inspired by traumatic nightmare' by J. F. Pagel and Kathleen Broyles (Dreaming, 2019[Jun], Vol 29[2], 196-209). In the article the term Pietra is misspelled throughout the article. The correct spelling is Prieta. In the third sentence of the introduction, the number of petroglyphs should instead appear as 47,000. This figure is not an accurate representation neither of the size of our archive (currently at 47,000) nor of the total body of images, as large unrecorded areas leave the sum total to date unknown. Additionally, several images have been assigned to the “Pueblo III era” (A.D. 1150 – 1350), which is neither the correct time frame nor the appropriate chronological terminology for this region. Properly speaking, the bulk of indigenous visual culture present on the Mesa dates to what area archaeologists term the “Classic Period,” which lasted from A.D. 1300 to approximately A.D. 1600. The caption for Figure 1 is incorrect and should instead appear as follows: Pueblo era, Venus Star image - Rio Grande Valley, Northern New Mexico (Negative image). The caption for Figure 2 is incorrect and should instead appear as follows: Contact era, one-legged anthropomorphic figure with cross - Rio Grande Valley, Northern New Mexico (Negative image). The caption for Figure 3 is incorrect and should instead appear as follows: Pueblo era, birthing shrine image - Rio Grande Valley, Northern New Mexico (Negative image). The online version of this article has been corrected. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 2019-34842-004.) Artists in aboriginal and modern societies often use dreams as inspiration for their created images. It is a reasonable assumption that some prehistoric images were also inspired by dreams. A variety of anthropological approaches indicate this assumption to be a logical probability. Another way to approach this possibility is to apply modern understandings of dream science to petroglyph images with phenomenology similar to dream-based art. Focusing on Mesa Prieta, a petroglyph site in Northern New Mexico, the argument is made for at least one petroglyph being inspired by dream—specifically, a nightmare image produced after the experience of trauma. Reaching agreement that this image is at least potentially inspired by dream opens the possibility that other images might also have been inspired by dreams and nightmares. Considering such a possibility could assist both viewers and experts in expanding their understanding and interactive dynamic with the rock art of prehistory. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved)","No authorship indicated","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2019","","US","29","3","240","240","","","*Art;  *Dream Content;  *Nightmares;  *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder;  *Trauma; Artists; Phenomenology","","2019-57607-002","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000111"
"Journal Article","The role of dreams of ads in purchase intention.","While highlighting the significance of exposure to ads to explain consumer behavior, extant literature has so far disregarded the potential impact of dreams. Linking the current-concerns theory and the model of cognitive response to advertising, this study focuses on the impact of dreaming of ads on purchase intentions. To test the 3 research hypotheses proposed, a quantitative study was conducted with Iranian consumers, using individuals’ retrospective self-assessment on the 3 variables of the study: exposure to ads, dreams of ads, and purchase intentions. Results were obtained using structural equation modeling analysis. The findings confirm that exposure to ads has a positive impact on purchase intention, comprising both direct and indirect effects through dreams of ads. In addition, it is shown that also dreaming about ads has a positive impact on purchase intentions. The article provides insights for researchers and practitioners interested in the effectiveness of advertising strategies and in the role of dreams for individuals. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)","Mahdavi, Mehdi;Fatehi Rad, Navid;Barbosa, Belem","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2019","","US","29","3","241","252","","","*Advertising;  *Consumer Behavior;  *Dreaming;  *Intention; Self-Evaluation; Test Construction; Theories","","2019-57607-003","Mahdavi, Mehdi: Department of Management, Islamic Azad University, Kerman Branch, Valiasr Boulevard, Kerman, Iran, 76351-31167, m_mahdavi1982@yahoo.com","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000110"
"Journal Article","Can we know about the evolution of dreaming?","Why do we dream? What does dreaming do for us evolutionarily, if anything? Can we ever know? Most theorists on this subject assume that we can know the answer and either provide an adaptationist theory (e.g., Revonsuo [2000] among many others) or a spandrelist theory (Flanagan, 2000). In this article, I provide a novel metatheory about the evolution of dreaming, arguing that despite our best evidence, we do not know whether or not we can ever work out what dreaming is for, if anything. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Springett, Ben","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2019","","US","29","3","220","240","","","*Adaptation;  *Dreaming;  *Evolutionary Psychology;  *Mind;  *Narratives; Architecture; Psychological Theories","","2019-57607-001","Springett, Ben: Department of Philosophy, Birkbeck, University of London, Malet Street, Bloomsbury, London, United Kingdom, WC1E 7HX, bs1844@my.bristol.ac.uk","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000108"
"Journal Article","The favorable prophetic dreams in the Sumerian Gilgamesh.","New finds of cuneiform tablets during the past 100 years have enabled editors and translators to complete lines and speeches in the text of Epic of Gilgamesh. These additions have also helped shift reader’s interpretations of the epic’s 9 dreams from the early psychoanalytical readings to the more usual prophetic dreams common in Mesopotamian dream genres. The 5 dreams experienced by Gilgamesh before battling with Humbaba, their interpretations by Enkidu, and key reassignments of specific speeches from Siduri to Shamash considerably increase Shamesh’s role as protector and mentor of Gilgamesh and establish the dreams as positive forces in Gilgamesh’s adventures. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Higdon, David Leon","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2019","","US","29","3","253","263","","","*Dream Analysis;  *Dream Content;  *Dreaming;  *Freudian Psychoanalytic School; Narratives; Symbolism","","2019-57607-004","Higdon, David Leon: 6201 Goldfield Place, North East, Albuquerque, NM, US, 87111-8208, dleonhigdon@q.com","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000109"
"Journal Article","Nightmares in mental disorders: A review.","No review has specifically focused on the experience of nightmares in individuals with a mental disorder. With a better understanding of nightmares in this population, clinicians will be more inclined to investigate for the presence of chronic nightmares, to consider nightmares for prognosis, and to treat this sleep difficulty independently from other mental disorders. Therefore, this narrative review aims to summarize the most relevant literature on the experience of nightmares in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depressive disorders and bipolar disorders, anxiety disorders and obsessive-compulsive disorder, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, schizophrenia spectrum disorders, substance use disorders, autism spectrum disorder, eating disorders, and personality disorders. Differences in the experience of nightmares between mental disorders are also addressed. Expectedly, the positive relationship between nightmares and PTSD is the most empirically supported. Empirical data generally support a positive relationship between nightmares and other mental disorders, with the autism spectrum disorder being an exception. Moreover, the presence of nightmares in individuals with a mental disorder is often associated with poorer mental health, poorer sleep, and a greater risk for suicide. In conclusion, this review highlights the importance for clinicians to investigate for the presence of chronic nightmares along with other sleep difficulties (most commonly, insomnia and sleep apnea), to consider the potential influence of nightmares on the course of the primary mental disorder, and to be prepared to grant access to treatments targeting nightmares. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved)","Lemyre, Alexandre;Bastien, Célyne;Vallières, Annie","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2019","","US","29","2","144","166","","","*Mental Disorders;  *Nightmares; Autism Spectrum Disorders; Posttraumatic Stress Disorder; Prognosis; Substance Use Disorder; Sleep Wake Disorders","","2019-34842-001","Lemyre, Alexandre: École de psychologie, Université Laval, Pavillon Félix-Antoine-Savard, local 1310, 2325 rue des Bibliothèques, Québec, PQ, Canada, G1V 0A6, alexandre.lemyre.1@ulaval.ca","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000103"
"Journal Article","Impact of fearful attachment style on nightmares and disturbed sleep in psychiatric inpatients.","Sleep disturbances, especially nightmares, are common in psychiatric populations (Winokur, 2015). This study used an archival data set of 1,092 patients from an inpatient psychiatric hospital to explore the relationships between adult attachment style, nightmare frequency, disturbed sleep due to nightmares, and difficulty falling asleep due to fear of nightmares. Expanding on previous research conducted by Belfiore and Pietrowsky (2017), this study examined whether fearful attachment style and trait neuroticism predicted disturbed sleep due to nightmares above and beyond trait neuroticism alone. In addition, this study examined whether fearful attachment style and trauma history predicted disturbed sleep due to nightmares above and beyond trauma history alone. The results suggest that patients with a fearful attachment style report significantly more difficulty falling asleep due to fear of having nightmares than patients with secure, preoccupied, or dismissing attachment styles. Fearful attachment style and trait neuroticism were more predictive of disturbed sleep due to nightmares than trait neuroticism alone. Likewise, fearful attachment style and history of trauma were more predictive of disturbed sleep due to nightmares than history of trauma alone. Patients with a secure attachment style reported less disturbed sleep due to nightmares than patients with fearful, preoccupied, or dismissing attachment styles, even after controlling for trauma. This suggests that secure attachment is a protective factor for sleep in patients with a history of trauma. These findings expand upon previous research that has found participants with fearful attachment styles report more nightmare distress than participants with secure, preoccupied, or dismissing attachment styles. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)","Reed, Joseph A.;Rufino, Katrina A.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2019","","US","29","2","167","179","","","*Attachment Behavior;  *Fear;  *Hospitalized Patients;  *Nightmares;  *Sleep; Neuroticism; Prediction; Protective Factors; Psychiatric Hospitals; Test Construction; Trauma; Attachment Style","","2019-34842-002","Reed, Joseph A.: The Menninger Clinic, 12301 South Main Street, Houston, TX, US, 77035, jreed@menninger.edu","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000104"
"Journal Article","A brief self-report measure for frequent distressing nightmares: The Nightmare Experience Scale (NExS).","Both nightmare frequency and nightmare distress have been described as cardinal features of the nightmare experience. However, most previous research has either neglected nightmare distress or measured it separately from nightmare frequency. Based on current nosology of nightmare disorder and recent research findings, the current work conceptualizes the two as representing a single construct, frequent distressing nightmares. Four studies are presented involving a total of 819 university students aimed at the development and examination of a brief scale, the Nightmare Experience Scale (NExS), for measuring frequent distressing nightmares. The NExS demonstrated good internal consistency and test–retest reliability. Validity was supported through a unidimensional factor structure and strong correlations with existing measures of nightmare frequency, nightmare distress, and nightmare intensity, as well as moderate correlations with dream recall frequency, general psychological distress, neuroticism, and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms. The NExS demonstrated incremental predictive validity of general distress and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms over and above individual measures of nightmare distress, frequency, and intensity. Moreover, it was able to discriminate individuals who met criteria for nightmare disorder and controls. The results and suggestions for future research are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved)","Kelly, William E.;Mathe, John R.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2019","","US","29","2","180","195","","","*Distress;  *Measurement;  *Nightmares;  *Rating Scales;  *Self-Report; College Students; Internal Consistency; Test Construction; Test Validity","","2019-34842-003","Kelly, William E.: Department of Psychology, California State University, Bakersfield, 9001 Stockdale Highway, Bakersfield, CA, US, 93311, wkelly1@csub.edu","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000106"
"Journal Article","Relationships between video game play factors and frequency of lucid and control dreaming experiences.","Lucid and control dream states have been linked to a variety of positive psychological outcomes, but are uncommon and difficult to induce. Delineating connections between lucid and control dreaming and immersion in other virtual environments could aid in understanding the nature of those dream states and developing more effective induction training. Video game play takes place in immersive virtual environments and has been linked to more frequent lucid dreaming (Gackenbach, 2006, 2009). The current research sought to identify connections between specific genres of video game play and lucid and lucid/control dream experiences, as well as replicating established relationships between overall gameplay and engagement, incorporation of game content into dreams, and lucid and lucid/control dream experiences. Play of physically interactive games was positively correlated with lucid and lucid/control dream frequency; no other genre showed the same association. Overall game play was not associated with frequency of lucid and lucid/control dreams, but was positively correlated with incorporation of game content into dreams, which in turn was positively correlated with lucid and lucid/control dream frequency. These findings expand and clarify our understanding of the overlap between lucid and control dream states and a highly popular form of virtual environment, and may aid in the induction and therapeutic use of lucid and control dreaming. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved)","Sestir, Marc;Tai, Ming;Peszka, Jennifer","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2019","","US","29","2","127","143","","","*Computer Games;  *Dream Content;  *Dreaming;  *Games;  *Lucid Dreaming; Therapeutic Environment","","2019-24877-001","Sestir, Marc: Department of Psychology, University of Central Arkansas, 201 Donaghey Avenue, Conway, AR, US, 72035, sestirm@uca.edu","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000102"
"Journal Article","Can learning to lucid dream promote personal growth?","A lucid dream occurs when a dreamer knows that he or she is dreaming while continuing to dream. Many people practice lucid dreaming to promote personal growth, including enhanced creativity and self-esteem. However, such benefits are evidenced by anecdotal reports and correlational studies rather than controlled experiments. Further, this existing evidence is confounded by the fact that most lucid dreaming procedures involve two supporting practices—dream journaling and a mindfulness exercise called reality checking—that may be independently associated with personal growth. Our study asked whether successfully inducing lucid dreams leads to personal growth above and beyond journaling and mindfulness using an experimental design. In a sample of undergraduates (N = 32), we assessed psychological well-being and personal growth longitudinally and compared participants assigned to lucid dream training to a group that only learned journaling and mindfulness practices and a third group that did not learn any techniques. We found no significant differences between the groups on indicators of personal growth on average. However, successful lucid dreamers had higher life satisfaction and self-esteem, as well as lower stress the day after lucid dreaming, compared with unsuccessful lucid dreamers. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved)","Konkoly, Karen;Burke, Christopher T.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2019","","US","29","2","113","126","","","*Life Satisfaction;  *Lucid Dreaming;  *Self-Esteem;  *Mindfulness;  *Journal Writing; Dreaming; Learning; Stress; Test Construction","","2019-24880-001","Konkoly, Karen: Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, 2029 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, US, 60208, karenkonkoly@gmail.com","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000101"
"Journal Article","Indications that a Northern New Mexico petroglyph was inspired by traumatic nightmare.","[Correction Notice: An Erratum for this article was reported in Vol 29(3) of Dreaming (see record 2019-57607-002). In the article the term Pietra is misspelled throughout the article. The correct spelling is Prieta. In the third sentence of the introduction, the number of petroglyphs should instead appear as 47,000. This figure is not an accurate representation neither of the size of our archive (currently at 47,000) nor of the total body of images, as large unrecorded areas leave the sum total to date unknown. Additionally, several images have been assigned to the “Pueblo III era” (A.D. 1150 – 1350), which is neither the correct time frame nor the appropriate chronological terminology for this region. Properly speaking, the bulk of indigenous visual culture present on the Mesa dates to what area archaeologists term the “Classic Period,” which lasted from A.D. 1300 to approximately A.D. 1600. The caption for Figure 1 is incorrect and should instead appear as follows: Pueblo era, Venus Star image - Rio Grande Valley, Northern New Mexico (Negative image). The caption for Figure 2 is incorrect and should instead appear as follows: Contact era, one-legged anthropomorphic figure with cross - Rio Grande Valley, Northern New Mexico (Negative image). The caption for Figure 3 is incorrect and should instead appear as follows: Pueblo era, birthing shrine image - Rio Grande Valley, Northern New Mexico (Negative image). The online version of this article has been corrected.] Artists in aboriginal and modern societies often use dreams as inspiration for their created images. It is a reasonable assumption that some prehistoric images were also inspired by dreams. A variety of anthropological approaches indicate this assumption to be a logical probability. Another way to approach this possibility is to apply modern understandings of dream science to petroglyph images with phenomenology similar to dream-based art. Focusing on Mesa Prieta, a petroglyph site in Northern New Mexico, the argument is made for at least one petroglyph being inspired by dream—specifically, a nightmare image produced after the experience of trauma. Reaching agreement that this image is at least potentially inspired by dream opens the possibility that other images might also have been inspired by dreams and nightmares. Considering such a possibility could assist both viewers and experts in expanding their understanding and interactive dynamic with the rock art of prehistory. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Pagel, J. F.;Broyles, Kathleen","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2019","","US","29","2","196","209","","","*Art;  *Dream Content;  *Nightmares;  *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder;  *Trauma; Artists; Phenomenology","","2019-34842-004","Pagel, J. F.: Rocky Mountain Sleep Disorders Center, P.O. Box 6, Arroyo Seco, NM, US, 87514, pueo34@juno.com","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000105"
"Journal Article","Common factors leading to a universal approach to dreamwork: A qualitative analysis.","Using 2 texts that survey the most prevalent current Western Euro-based dreamwork modalities, this qualitative analysis identifies common factors in dreamwork techniques. The results show a clear movement toward experiential and collaborative methods and away from interpretation by the dreamworker. The study found general agreement about the main dreamwork practices among the 14 approaches surveyed, except with respect to the use of associations and others’ projections, which some see as helpful and others see as leading too far from the original dream content. This analysis led to a proposed universal method for working with dreams. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved)","Ellis, Leslie A.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2019","","US","29","1","22","39","","","*Collaboration;  *Dream Analysis;  *Dream Content;  *Common Factors; Experiential Psychotherapy; Psychology","","2019-14239-002","Ellis, Leslie A.: 4505 Stonehaven Avenue, North Vancouver, BC, Canada, V7G 1E7, lae@telus.net","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000098"
"Journal Article","Neural correlate of the impact of dream recall on emotional processing.","The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of dream recall on the neurophysiological correlates of emotional processing. The hypothesis was that dream recall will produce an increased activation of fronto-limbic areas during an emotional task. Thirty-seven women were recruited and randomly assigned to two groups. Both groups were exposed to a visual task with emotional images (positive vs. negative) presented in two stages (T0 and T1). Between T0 and T1, in the experimental group, women were asked to recall and report a dream; whereas, in the control group, they were asked to report their work experiences. Electroencephalography data were continuously recorded in each participant, except during the personal report session. Event-related potential analyses showed an interaction effect of Time (T0 vs. T1) × Condition (positive vs. negative) × Group (experimental vs. control) in temporo-parietal montage at P100; and Condition × Hemisphere × Group in frontal montage from 200 to 1,000 ms. Standardized low resolution electromagnetic tomography results showed an increased activation of the fronto-limbic areas and a decreased activation of the anterior middle frontal gyrus and temporo-parietal junction at T1 compared with T0 in the experimental group. Conversely, in the control group, a decreased activation in limbic areas was found. Dream recall was associated with an increased intensity of the limbic and temporal circuits during emotional exposition, suggesting that dream recall seems to favor an emotional response. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)","Lai, Carlo;Lucarelli, Giada;Pellicano, Gaia Romana;Massaro, Giuseppe;Altavilla, Daniela;Aceto, Paola","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2019","","US","29","1","40","56","","","*Dream Analysis;  *Dream Content;  *Dream Recall;  *Electroencephalography;  *Neurophysiology; Emotional Responses; Evoked Potentials; Experiences (Events); Tomography; Emotional Processing","","2019-14239-003","Lai, Carlo: Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Via degli Apuli, 1, Rome, Italy, 00185, carlo.lai@uniroma1.it","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000096"
"Journal Article","Who dreams of the deceased? The roles of dream recall, grief intensity, attachment, and openness to experience.","This research addressed the question of why some bereaved individuals dream of the deceased whereas others do not. Two studies were conducted. In one, participants were 268 U.S. residents (150 men, 116 women, 1 other, and 1 undisclosed), with an age range of 20 to 70 (M = 33.8), who had lost a romantic partner or spouse in the previous 12 to 24 months. The second study had 162 U.S. residents (88 men and 74 women), aged 18 to 63 (M = 32.1), whose dog or cat had died in the previous 6 months. In both studies, participants completed online questionnaires assessing frequency of dreams of the deceased, general dream recall, consistency of dream recall, themes in dreams of the deceased, grief intensity, attachment to the deceased, and the personality variable of openness to experience. Path analyses found that in both studies frequency of dream recall showed direct effects on dreaming of the deceased, and in the pet loss study, grief intensity and openness to experience also showed direct effects. However, in both studies, grief intensity, openness to experience, and attachment all showed indirect effects either through dream recall (in the case of grief and openness to experience) or through grief intensity and dream recall (in the case of attachment). It is also noteworthy that, in both studies, those who recalled dreams of the deceased endorsed more positive themed dreams of the deceased, which contrasts both with “ordinary” dreaming and with posttraumatic dreams. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved)","Black, Joshua;Belicki, Kathryn;Emberley-Ralph, Jessica","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2019","","US","29","1","57","78","","","*Dream Content;  *Dream Recall;  *Dreaming;  *Grief;  *Openness to Experience; Attachment Theory; Bereavement; Romance","","2019-14239-004","Black, Joshua: Department of Psychology, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, ON, Canada, L2S3A1, griefdreams@gmail.com","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000100"
"Journal Article","The mediational roles of sleep disorders and nightmares in the relationship between trauma and dissociation.","The aim of this study was to test the validity of the “sleep-dissociation” perspective. In addition, and to gain a more comprehensive overview of the trauma–sleep–dissociation complex, we aimed to test in which manner and to what degree trauma sleep disorders and nightmares are related to dissociation. A total of 100 male and 100 female university students with mean age of 24 completed and returned a 160-item questionnaire designed to detect the extent of dissociation, childhood and recent trauma history, sleep disorders, and nightmares. Correlation analyses showed that sleep disorders and nightmares correlated significantly with history of childhood and recent trauma and dissociation. Findings from bootstrapping procedures showed that nightmares and sleep disorders, separately from each other, mediated the relationship between trauma and dissociation. However, when nightmares and sleep disorders were analyzed together in one data set, the only significant mediator was nightmares, which explained a substantial proportion of the total effect of childhood trauma on dissociation. These observations support the “sleep-dissociation” perspective on the relationship between trauma and dissociation, meaning that traumatic events might engender both sleep disturbances and nightmares, which in turn might play a pivotal role in the genesis of dissociative symptoms. The results of this study imply that trauma survivors, routinely, should be assessed and monitored with regard to sleep disorders and nightmares. Treating nightmares and, consequently, securing trauma survivors a consistent sleeping pattern and quality may play an important role in preventing the potential occurrence of dissociative symptoms. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)","Nobakht, Habib Niyaraq;Dale, Karl Yngvar","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2019","","US","29","1","79","90","","","*Dissociation;  *Nightmares;  *Test Validity;  *Trauma;  *Sleep Wake Disorders; College Students; Questionnaires; Survivors","","2019-14239-005","Nobakht, Habib Niyaraq: International Centre for Research in Human Development, Tomsk State University, Room 17, 4th Building, Moskovskiy Trakt, 8, Tomsk, Russia, 634050, habib_nobakht@yahoo.com","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000095"
"Journal Article","Measuring attitude toward lucid dreams: A six-item scale.","In recent years, the interest in lucid dreaming (dreaming with the conscious knowledge that one is dreaming) was stimulated by blockbuster films like “Inception” and the media interest in studies indicating that lucid dreaming can be beneficial. However, systematic studies regarding the attitude toward lucid dreams are lacking. An online survey was completed by 1,380 persons (777 women and 603 men), whose mean age was 51.63 ± 14.13 years. The six-item scale measuring attitude toward lucid dreams showed high internal consistency. The attitude toward lucid dreams was highly correlated with the general attitude toward lucid dreams and decreased with age; women reported a more positive attitude. However, the attitude toward lucid dreams was markedly lower than the attitude toward dreams in general. It would be interesting to study what the bases of the attitude toward lucid dreams are, for example, information in the media, personal experience, and reports of friends. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved)","Schredl, Michael;Rieger, Janina;Göritz, Anja S.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2019","","US","29","1","91","99","","","*Attitudes;  *Dream Content;  *Dreaming;  *Lucid Dreaming;  *Mass Media; Films; Surveys","","2019-14239-006","Schredl, Michael: Schlaflabor, Zentralinstitut für Seelische Gesundheit, Postfach 12 21 20, Mannheim, Germany, 68072, Michael.Schredl@zi-mannheim.de","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000094"
"Journal Article","Convergent, discriminant, and incremental validity of the Nightmare Proneness Scale.","The current study examined the validity of the Nightmare Proneness Scale (NPS; Kelly, 2018) as measuring a personality disposition that predisposes individuals to experience frequent nightmares. The NPS and measures to estimate its convergent and discriminant validity were administered to a sample of 140 university students. The convergent validity of the scale was supported through significant correlations with nightmare frequency, nightmare distress, nightmare effects, general psychological distress, neuroticism, and trauma symptoms. Discriminant validity was demonstrated through nonsignificant correlations with feminine gender role, habitual sleep length, and social desirability. Regression results indicated that the NPS significantly predicted incremental variance in nightmares above general distress, neuroticism, and trauma symptoms combined as well as above nightmare distress and nightmare effects. The results and suggestions for additional research on the NPS and nightmare proneness were suggested. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)","Kelly, William E.;Yu, Qiujun","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2019","","US","29","1","100","111","","","*Distress;  *Neuroticism;  *Nightmares;  *Test Validity;  *Trauma; College Students; Personality Measures; Personality; Test Construction; Incremental Validity","","2019-14239-007","Kelly, William E.: Department of Psychology, California State University, Bakersfield, CA, US, 93311, wkelly1@csub.edu","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000097"
"Journal Article","Dreaming is imaginative play in sleep: A theory of the function of dreams.","This article presents evidence in support of the theory that dreaming is imaginative play in sleep. Both play and dreaming are innate behaviors of our species that have the adaptive, survival-enhancing effect of stretching our minds beyond what is to imagine what might be. To explain why dreaming can best be conceived as a kind of play, the article draws upon research in evolutionary biology, neuroscience, developmental psychology, anthropology, religious studies, and therapeutic practices. The play theory of dreaming is capable of integrating these various sources of evidence into a clear conceptual framework that can account for many aspects of dreaming, including its connections with the biology of sleep, its overlap with the default network, the variability of dream recall, bizarreness, social content, threat simulations, post-traumatic stress disorder, and cultural and religious innovation. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Bulkeley, Kelly","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2019","","US","29","1","1","21","","","*Animal Play;  *Biology;  *Dreaming;  *Imagination;  *Sleep; Adaptive Behavior; Childhood Play Behavior; Neurosciences","","2019-14239-001","Bulkeley, Kelly: The Sleep and Dream Database, 4636 SW Humphrey Court, Portland, OR, US, 97221, bulkeleyk@gmail.com","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000099"
"Journal Article","The meaningful continuities between dreaming and waking: Results of a blind analysis of a woman’s 30-year dream journal.","This article reports the findings of a new exercise in the “blind analysis” of a long dream series. The study focused on 940 dreams of a woman (“Beverly”) who kept a regular dream journal for 30 years. Four subsets of her dreams (from 1986, 1996, 2006, and 2016) were analyzed using a digital word search template, and then predictions were made about Beverly’s waking life based on the word usage frequencies of her dreams. A total of 26 predictions were made, of which Beverly confirmed 23 as accurate. The correct inferences included aspects of Beverly’s emotional temperament, preoccupations, relationships, financial concerns, physical health, and cultural interests, especially revolving around religion and spirituality. The waking–dreaming continuities identified by the blind analysis method in this study strongly support the claims by Hall, Domhoff, Schredl, and others that patterns in dream content have meaningful connections with people’s concerns, interests, and activities in waking life. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved)","Bulkeley, Kelly","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2018","","US","28","4","337","350","","","*Computer Searching;  *Dream Analysis;  *Dream Content;  *Linguistics;  *Words (Phonetic Units); Dreaming; Interests; Religion; Spirituality; Wakefulness","","2018-27792-001","Bulkeley, Kelly: The Sleep and Dream Database, 4636 SW Humphrey Court, Portland, OR, US, 97221, bulkeleyk@gmail.com","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000083"
"Journal Article","Dream content corresponds with dreamer’s psychological problems and personality structure and with improvement in psychotherapy: A typology of dream patterns in dream series of patients in analytical psychotherapy.","This qualitative study of patients’ dreams in analytical psychotherapy using the method of Structural Dream Analysis investigated 15 cases and 202 dreams. In total, 5 major dream patterns were identified and that accounted for the majority of the dreams. The clients’ dream series were dominated by 1 or 2 repetitive patterns, which were closely connected to the psychological problems of the dreamers. In addition, typical changes in the dream series’ patterns could be identified that corresponded with therapeutic change. These findings support Jung’s theory of dreams as providing a holistic image of the dreamer’s psyche including unconscious aspects. The implications for different psychoanalytic theories of dreaming and dream interpretation are discussed as well as implications for the continuity hypothesis. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved)","Roesler, Christian","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2018","","US","28","4","303","321","","","*Analytical Psychotherapy;  *Dream Analysis;  *Dream Content;  *Personality;  *Psychoanalytic Theory; Patients; Therapeutic Processes","","2018-58270-001","Roesler, Christian: Department of Clinical Psychology, Catholic University of Applied Sciences Freiburg, Karlsstraße 63, Freiburg, Germany, 79104, christian.roesler@kh-freiburg.de","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000092"
"Journal Article","Adaptive nightmares of Holocaust survivors: The Auschwitz camp in the former inmates’ dreams.","This study, based on the testimonies submitted by former Auschwitz concentration camp prisoners to Polish psychiatrists in 1973, is focused on examining the most traumatic dreams of the former inmates—the dreams about the camp, dreamt in the postwar period. These dreams were analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively. For quantitative analyses, Hall and Van de Castle’s (1966) coding system was applied. The main goal of this study was to test the hypothesis—based mainly on Hartmann’s (2001a, 2001b, 2011) theory—that even such terrifying nightmares can have adaptive and healing potential. This hypothesis has been confirmed: The dreams about the camp have therapeutic potential, as they weave in new material into the dreamers’ traumatic memories, and especially the so-called “comeback dreams” (those in which the dreamers are aware that they come back to the camp for at least the second time) seem to have adaptive effects, mainly because of their near-lucid character. Therefore, Lavie and Kaminer’s (1991, 2001; Kaminer & Lavie, 1991) suggestion that repressive mechanisms serve best the process of coping with Holocaust trauma has been called into question. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)","Owczarski, Wojciech","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2018","","US","28","4","287","302","","","*Concentration Camps;  *Dream Analysis;  *Dream Content;  *Holocaust Survivors;  *Nightmares; Posttraumatic Stress Disorder; Incarcerated","","2018-38204-001","Owczarski, Wojciech: Department of Languages, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza Str., No. 55, Gdansk, Poland, 80-309, wowczarski1@tlen.pl","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000086"
"Journal Article","Pathological narcissism, dream experiences, and personality dynamics.","This study investigated whether narcissistic grandiosity and vulnerability are related to the incidence of dreaming about persecutory themes, dream work, and dream–reality confusion and whether these relationships are modulated by superego functions, affective traits, splitting defense, somatoform distress, and hypochondriacal disturbance. The Pathological Narcissism Inventory, Dream Intensity Scale (Diffusion), Dream Motif Scale (Persecution), Marlowe–Crowne Social Desirability Scale, International Personality Item Pool (Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, and Healthy Anxiety), Somatoform Dissociation Questionnaire, Affective Neurosciences Personality Scales, and Splitting Scale were administered to 160 young adults. The findings indicate that dream experiences measured by the two dream scales vary in direct proportion to narcissistic grandiosity and vulnerability, along with hypochondriacal and affective characteristics being other positive indicators and superego functions being the negative indicators. Nevertheless, splitting defense is a salient correlate of pathological narcissism such that it mediates the relationship between narcissistic grandiosity and the occurrence of persecutory themes in dreams. Accordingly, persecutory dreams might spring from the affective experiences of idealizing and devaluing others, which characterize the mechanisms of defense observed in narcissistic individuals. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved)","Yu, Calvin Kai-Ching","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2018","","US","28","4","322","336","","","*Dream Content;  *Dreaming;  *Grandiosity;  *Narcissism;  *Superego; Defense Mechanisms; Mental Confusion; Pathology; Somatoform Disorders; Test Construction","","2018-38000-001","Yu, Calvin Kai-Ching: Department of Counselling and Psychology, Hong Kong Shue Yan University, 10 Wai Tsui Crescent, Braemar Hill, North Point, Hong Kong, calvinkcyu@ymail.com","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000087"
"Comment/Reply","Can stimulus-incorporation and emotion-assimilation theorists revive the continuity hypothesis they deprived of cognitive meaning? A reply to Jenkins.","Jenkins’ (2018) attempt to defend the theorists I snidely called concept snatchers (based on a 1978 movie on “The Invasion of the Body Snatchers”) is beside the point: They did not take or steal ideas. They presented their version of the continuity hypothesis “without any mention of the original meaning of the concept . . .” (Domhoff, 2017, p. 15). They buried the original ideas by ignoring them, which is what led to the critique, not simply their adoption of the term. By talking about the everyday usage of the term continuity, Jenkins (2018) exculpated these theorists from a deficiency in their scholarship: a failure to address the full scientific literature in their articles. Moreover, the word “continuity” was not used in the study of dreams (the relevant usage domain) in the 6 decades before Bell and Hall (1971) proposed it. A search of PsycINFO for both “continuity” and “dream” anywhere in any record between 1806 and 1970 found only four relevant records. All of them appeared 60 years or more before the concept of a continuity hypothesis was introduced, only one comes close to it in substance, and none had any later impact on the cognitively based continuity hypothesis. Nor were there any mentions of “continuity hypothesis” and “dream” before 1971. The continuity of personal concerns between waking thought and dreaming is now well-established (Domhoff, 2018, Chapters 3 and 4). Incorporation theorists and emotion-assimilation theorists can gladly use the phrase “continuity hypothesis” if they can replicate their questionable empirical claims, which is doubtful. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Domhoff, G. William","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2018","","US","28","4","356","359","","","*Assimilation (Cognitive Process);  *Cognition;  *Dreaming;  *Emotions; Jungian Psychology","","2018-64574-001","Domhoff, G. William: Department of Psychology, University of California, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA, US, 95064, Domhoff@ucsc.edu","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000091"
"Journal Article","When is a continuity hypothesis not a continuity hypothesis? Why continuity is now a problematic name for a continuity hypothesis.","When Hall (Hall & Nordby, 1972) developed the continuity hypothesis, the name continuity aptly contrasted with Jung’s compensation view of dreams (Jung, 1945/1977). However, this article argues that continuity as a name now creates difficulties for a variety of reasons. In G. William Domhoff’s defense of his lineage of the hypothesis (2011, 2017), he explained why he views himself as the legitimate inheritor of Hall’s original hypothesis. He argued that other researchers, who also describe their work as studies in the continuity hypothesis, do not properly come under the rubric of his and Hall’s continuity hypothesis. His proposed resolution of this perceived difference is that the other researchers should change the name of their hypothesis. This article suggests that a large part of the present problem lies in Hall’s original choice of the name continuity without any qualification. When Domhoff, and Hall before him, used continuity, they were using it to denote their own particular meaning, thus creating an ambiguity in the word continuity. Domhoff’s title, “Invasion of the concept snatchers . . .” (2017), suggests that something has been taken or even stolen. This article asks the following: What does he own? What could be stolen? It suggests that a name change is advisable to clarify the current and any future language issues. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Jenkins, David","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2018","","US","28","4","351","355","","","*Dreaming; Jungian Psychology","","2018-40983-001","Jenkins, David: 6514 Portola Avenue, El Cerrito, CA, US, 94530, davidj@dreamreplay.com","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000089"
"Journal Article","Lucid nightmares: A survey of their frequency, features, and factors in lucid dreamers.","This article reports the first systematic study on lucid nightmares—terrifying lucid dreams with a lack of dream control. An online survey was completed by 634 participants, of whom 574 had had previous lucid dream experience. According to the reports of lucid dreamers, less than half of them had experienced a lucid nightmare, and only 1% of them could be considered as suffering from lucid nightmares—experiencing them once a week or more frequently. Lucid nightmares appear to be as distressing as ordinary nightmares. Lack of dream control and intense fear are among their most common features, followed by violent autonomous dream characters and the inability to wake up. Lucid nightmares are more likely to occur for women and nightmare sufferers, yet also for more frequent lucid dreamers and for those who experience lucid dreams spontaneously rather than them being induced deliberately. Key methodological points, for example, whether the awakening criterion in the definition of lucid nightmares should be included, are addressed, and suggestions for future research are provided. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)","Stumbrys, Tadas","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2018","","US","28","3","193","204","","","*Dream Content;  *Lucid Dreaming;  *Nightmares; Fear; Violence","","2018-45941-001","Stumbrys, Tadas: Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Philosophy, Vilnius University, Universiteto str. 9/1, Vilnius, Lithuania, 01513, tadas.stumbrys@gmail.com","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000090"
"Journal Article","Virtual reality-enabled treatment of nightmares.","We pilot tested the efficacy of a virtual reality-based imagery rehearsal and rescripting treatment (ReScript) for nightmares. Nineteen community volunteers (Mage = 49 years) who varied in terms of their nightmare distress levels participated in a 4-week-long trial of ReScript therapy. Participants used VR manual controls in an Oculus headset to manipulate 3 scary or threatening images per session with 2 sessions per week. The object was to manipulate these images into less scary or threatening images so as to gain cognitive control over intrusive imagery and to lessen overall anxiety or nightmare distress or nightmare daytime effects. Images were taken from the International Affective Picture System database and varied along 3 affective dimensions (valence, arousal, and dominance) important for nightmare imagery. Results demonstrated a significant reduction (from baseline to trial end) in anxiety levels, nightmare distress, and nightmare effects (all effect sizes .63 or above), as well as a significant decrease in anxiety words and a significant increase in cognitive process words in rescripted narratives. Nightmare frequency was also significantly reduced though effect size was small. No significant side or adverse effects were reported by participants during the 4-week trial. Indeed, Depersonalization and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptom Checklist scores significantly declined and mood function tests improved over the 4-week trial. We conclude that ReScript may be a safe and effective short-term therapy for nightmare distress but should next be tested with a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved)","McNamara, Patrick;Moore, Kendra Holt;Papelis, Yiannis;Diallo, Saikou;Wildman, Wesley J.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2018","","US","28","3","205","224","","","*Anxiety Disorders;  *Imagery;  *Nightmares;  *Treatment;  *Virtual Reality; Distress; Practice; Threat","","2018-45941-002","McNamara, Patrick: Center for Mind and Culture, 566 Commonwealth Avenue, Suite M-2, Boston, MA, US, 02215, pmcnamar3@gmail.com","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000088"
"Journal Article","Iranians’ beliefs about dreams: Developing and validating the My Beliefs about Dreams Questionnaire.","Several different beliefs about the importance of dreams have been recorded from ancient times to the present. In ancient Iranian culture, dreams had a special importance. Similarly, in modern times, Iranians pay much attention to their dreams. The present questionnaire study of several beliefs about dreams describes the beliefs of 486 Iranian university students in Tehran (men = 253; women = 233) from the Tarbiat Modares and Allameh Tabatabai University about their dreams through administering of the My Beliefs About Dream Questionnaire (MBDQ). The two main objectives of the research were to examine the psychometric properties of the MBDQ and to describe the dream beliefs of Iranian college students. Factor analysis of the MBDQ yielded a six-factor solution. In general, the present investigation revealed moderate to high construct validity and reliability of the MBDQ. A wide range of variation in dream beliefs was found among Iranian college students, with religious beliefs having much influence upon them. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)","Mazandarani, Amir Ali;Aguilar–Vafaie, Maria E.;Domhoff, G. William","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2018","","US","28","3","225","234","","","*Attitude Measures;  *Dream Content;  *Questionnaires;  *Test Construction;  *Test Validity; Cluster Analysis; College Students; Factor Analysis; Factor Structure; Foreign Language Translation; Sociocultural Factors","","2018-45941-003","Aguilar–Vafaie, Maria E.: Department of Psychology, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran, Vafaiesm@modares.ac.ir","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000085"
"Journal Article","Lucid music – A pilot study exploring the experiences and potential of music-making in lucid dreams.","In a lucid dream, the dreamer knows that he or she is dreaming and can thus deliberately carry out actions. The original goal of this study was to investigate musical practice in lucid dreams and its possible effects as well as the quality of the experiences. A total of 5 musicians were interviewed about their lucid dreams in which they had played instruments and sung. However, the interviewees were more interested in pleasure and inspiration than in actual practice and skill improvement. Therefore, the results provide more general information than planned. It could be shown that singing and playing musical instruments mostly work well in lucid dreams. Lucid music dreams were often accompanied by positive emotions and led to several positive effects in waking life, like facilitated guitar playing and enhanced confidence. Two interviewees especially enjoyed improvising solo in lucid dreams. The participants also emphasized the creative and inspirational potential of lucid music dreams, which is worth further investigation. Combining previous research on athletic practice in lucid dreams and the clues obtained from this study, it is likely that musicians could use lucid dreams to improve their skills. Future studies should further explore the potential of lucid music dreams for both creativity and performance in waking life. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved)","Schädlich, Melanie;Erlacher, Daniel","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2018","","US","28","3","278","286","","","*Lucid Dreaming;  *Musical Instruments;  *Practice; Creativity; Test Construction","","2018-24446-001","Schädlich, Melanie: Department of Movement and Training, Institute of Sports and Sports Sciences, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 700, Heidelberg, Germany, 69120, m.schaedlich@stud.uni-heidelberg.de","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000073"
"Journal Article","An integrative model proposal about underlying mechanisms involved in disturbing dream themes: Defense styles, dysfunctional attitudes, interpersonal styles, and dream themes.","The aim of the study was to investigate the psychological processes pointed out by dream contents and themes. For this purpose, a model that indicates mediation roles of interpersonal relationship style and dysfunctional attitudes, on the relationship between immature and neurotic defense mechanisms and disturbing dream themes in addition to direct relationship between these defense mechanisms and disturbing dream themes, was examined. The sample included 610 adults within the age range of 18 to 65. The results of the structural equation modeling analysis demonstrated that the proposed model fitted the values for a good model and explained 22% of the variance. Considering that the research focused on dream processes is limited in the literature, this research plays a crucial role in providing important information on the issue. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved)","Güven, Esra;Bilim, Gülçim","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2018","","US","28","3","261","277","","","*Defense Mechanisms;  *Dream Content;  *Dreaming;  *Interpersonal Relationships;  *Interpersonal Control; Dream Analysis","","2018-34602-001","Güven, Esra: Faculty of Science and Letters, Department of Psychology, Baskent University, Baglica Kampusu, Eskisehir yolu 18.km, Etimesgut, Turkey, 06790, esra.guvenn@gmail.com","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000077"
"Journal Article","The dreams of monks: Studies on Chinese Buddhists’ dream content.","The present study is a comparison of dream content between monks and nonreligious respondents, aiming to understand the unconscious of monks, and to further explore the influence of religion on our human mind. The authors interviewed participants to collect dreams and then explored similarities and differences through content analysis. A total of 127 participants reported their dreams, 65 monks and 62 nonreligious respondents. Results suggest a significant difference in dream themes between monks and nonreligious respondents. Compared with nonreligious respondents, there were more “prediction” and “revelation” themes in the monks’ dreams. Meanwhile, nonreligious respondents had more “death dream” and “others” than monks did. About the characters in the dream, “divine beings” and “teachers” appeared more often in the dreams reported by the monks, whereas “relatives,” “animals,” and “dead people” presented more in dreams of nonreligious respondents. There were also significant differences in the emotions expressed in the dreams between the two groups, with monks reporting more peaceful and reverent emotions than nonreligious respondents, as well as less anxiety. About the reaction to the dreams, monks chose “chanting and praying” more often than nonreligious respondents. The importance of the results was analyzed in relation to the characteristic of Buddhism and the living environment. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved)","Zhang, Daohua;Li, Qiong;Shen, Heyong;Song, Hang;Xu, Kai;Liu, Feng;Wang, Jiaxi;Liu, Danhong","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2018","","US","28","3","235","244","","","*Buddhists;  *Dream Analysis;  *Dream Content;  *Dreaming;  *Religion; Consciousness States; Emotional Responses; Emotions","","2018-22670-001","Shen, Heyong: School of Psychology, Center for studies of Psychological Application, Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science of Guangdong Province, South China Normal University, NO. 55, West of Zhongshan Avenue, Guangzhou, China, 510631, shenheyong@hotmail.com","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000079"
"Journal Article","The phenomenology of dream–reality confusion: A quantitative study.","Dream–reality confusion (DRC) is a difficulty or an impossibility to determine whether an event or an experience took place during wakefulness or if it was the content of a dream. The main goal of the present study was to explore characteristics of participants from the general population who often/very often experience DRC in comparison with those who never/almost never experience it. Altogether, 82 participants were investigated with a set of questionnaires. Results of the study indicate that individuals prone to DRC—in comparison with those who rarely or do not at all experience DRC—more often experience various sleep-related phenomena, and they also have higher neuroticism, thinner boundaries, higher dream recall frequency, and more involved attitudes toward dreams. Furthermore, some trends were revealed, suggesting that high level of borderline personality disorder features, fantasy proneness, and dissociative symptoms may be related to higher probability of experiencing DRC. The limitations of the study and future research directions were also discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)","Skrzypińska, Dagna;Hołda, Małgorzata;Szmigielska, Barbara;Słodka, Monika","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2018","","US","28","3","245","260","","","*Dreaming;  *Mental Confusion;  *Phenomenology;  *Reality;  *Wakefulness; Dream Content; Test Construction","","2018-34603-001","Skrzypińska, Dagna: Unit of Sleep Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 6, Krakow, Poland, 30-060, dagna.sk@gmail.com","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000078"
"Journal Article","Media use and gender relationship to the nightmare protection hypothesis: A cross-cultural analysis.","Chinese and Canadian people answered surveys in their native languages about their self-construal, media use history, and dreaming experiences. This included reporting a recent dream. The nightmare protection thesis was investigated. Sex was found to be modulated by culture in terms of the relationship between types of media used and negative dream content. This was particularly evident for men in Greater China versus Canada along the self-construal dimension of interdependence. As both cultures reported no difference in independent self-construal, it was argued that it is the role of interdependence that accounts for male differences between cultures. In addition, each media type highlighted a different cultural value. Specifically, gaming seemed more consistent with independence, whereas social media was consistent with interdependence. When dreams were considered, source data were important. Specifically, when respondents answered in terms of their impressions of their dream history, high social media users reported more bad dreams across sex and country. However, for the video game groups, a 3-way interaction emerged where country, sex, and gaming evidenced different patterns of bad dream scores. The other self-report dream measure was emotions felt during a recent dream, with general negative and positive emotions showing group differences. Finally, the judges’ coding of negative elements of dreams, threat and aggression, was most sensitive to social media effects. Across all the threat simulation interactions where country was an independent variable, the male sex in each country was most likely to show opposite results from the female sex. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved)","Gackenbach, Jayne;Yu, Yue;Lee, Ming-Ni","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2018","","US","28","2","169","192","","","*Computer Games;  *Cross Cultural Differences;  *Dream Content;  *Nightmares;  *Social Media; Dreaming; Human Sex Differences; Test Construction","","2018-08993-001","Gackenbach, Jayne: Department of Psychology, MacEwan University, 10700 - 104 Avenue, Edmonton, AB, Canada, gackenbachj@macewan.ca","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000066"
"Journal Article","Dream content and procedural learning in Vipassana meditators and controls.","Vipassana meditation is characterized by observing bodily sensations, developing emotional and attentional stability, and promoting prosocial qualities. Whether these characteristics are also reflected in meditators’ dream content is not currently known. Evidence relating dream content with sleep-dependent learning is mixed: Some studies suggest that dreaming of a task is beneficial for improvement, whereas others find no such effect. This study aimed at investigating whether meditators have qualitatively different dreams than do controls, whether meditators incorporate a procedural learning task more often than do controls, and whether dreaming about the task is related to better postsleep performance on the task. Twenty meditators and 20 controls slept for a daytime nap in the laboratory. Before sleeping and upon awakening, they completed a procedural learning task. Dream reports were collected at sleep onset and upon awakening (REM or N2 sleep). Dreams were then scored for qualities associated with meditation practice and for incorporations of the procedural task and the laboratory. Meditators had longer dreams, slightly more references to the body, and friendlier and more compassionate interactions with dream characters. Dreams of meditation practitioners were not more lucid than those of controls. Meditators did not incorporate the learning task or laboratory into dream content more often than did controls, and no relationship was found between dream content and performance on the procedural task. In control participants, in contrast, incorporating the task or laboratory in REM/N2 dreams was associated with improvement on the task, but incorporations at sleep onset were associated with slightly worse task performance. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)","Solomonova, Elizaveta;Dubé, Simon;Samson-Richer, Arnaud;Blanchette-Carrière, Cloé;Paquette, Tyna;Nielsen, Tore","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2018","","US","28","2","99","121","","","*Dream Content;  *Learning;  *Meditation;  *Performance;  *Task; Dreaming; Lucid Dreaming; Memory; Procedural Knowledge; Sleep; Test Construction","","2018-29461-001","Nielsen, Tore: Dream and Nightmare Laboratory, Centre for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine, CIUSSS-NIM–Hopital du Sacre-Coeur de Montreal, 5400 Gouin Boulevard West, Montreal, PQ, Canada, tore.nielsen@umontreal.ca","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000081"
"Journal Article","Dream content in pregnancy and postpartum: Refined exploration of continuity between waking and dreaming.","The present study is an extension of previous work on the dreams of pregnant women, with a large sample from pregnancy and postpartum. In total, 143 pregnant women completed dream diaries during 3 distinct periods. Also, 125 nonpregnant women completed a dream diary on 1 occasion. Pregnancy- and motherhood-related oneiric characteristics, as well as negative versus positive dream elements, were coded by 2 independent judges. Results revealed that pregnant women experienced more direct in-dream representations of pregnancy and motherhood than the comparison group. However, no differences in oneiric emotional content were observed between the 2 groups. Results support the continuity hypothesis with respect to thematic representations of pregnancy but are inconclusive regarding emotional content. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved)","Sabourin, Catherine;Robidoux, Raphaëlle;Pérusse, Alexandra D.;De Koninck, Joseph","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2018","","US","28","2","122","139","","","*Dream Content;  *Dreaming;  *Mothers;  *Pregnancy;  *Wakefulness; Test Construction","","2018-29461-002","De Koninck, Joseph: School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, 136 Jean Jacques Lussier, Ottawa, ON, Canada, K1N 6N5, jdekonin@uottawa.ca","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000070"
"Journal Article","Offender-nightmares: Two pilot studies.","Being the victim of an aggressor in nightmares is quite common for most persons, but there are also nightmares where the dream-self can become the offender. Two studies were conducted in two nonclinical samples of participants with frequent nightmares to investigate the so-called offender-nightmares. Study 1 served to assess the frequency of offender-nightmares in persons with frequent nightmares and the motives and actions in these dreams during a 28-day interval, whereas in Study 2, correlations to personality variables were investigated. The results indicate that the occurrence of offender-nightmares is not negligible; about 18% to 28% of the reported nightmares were classified as offender-nightmares. Most of the aggressive acts in these dreams were intentional, and killing a person was the most prominent offender’s act, with self-defense being the most common motive. Persons with offender-nightmares were also found to have been more violent in the past than persons without offender-nightmares and persons without nightmares. In addition, they scored higher in neuroticism and aggression, reported more creative achievements than persons without nightmares, and had more creative achievements than persons without offender-nightmares. The results suggest that offender-nightmares are rather common in people who frequently have nightmares and that these dreams are related to aggressiveness, creativity, and previous violent experiences. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)","Mathes, Jonas;Renvert, Monika;Eichhorn, Christian;von Martial, Simon Freiherr;Gieselmann, Annika;Pietrowsky, Reinhard","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2018","","US","28","2","140","149","","","*Aggressiveness;  *Content Analysis;  *Nightmares;  *Personality; Dreaming; Test Construction; Criminal Offenders","","2018-29461-003","Mathes, Jonas: Department of Clinical Psychology, Heinrich Heine University Dusseldorf, Klinische Psychologie, Universitatsstr. 1, Dusseldorf, Germany, D-40225, jonas.mathes@hhu.de","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000084"
"Journal Article","Pilot study: Brief posttrauma nightmare treatment for persons with bipolar disorder.","Previous research on an efficacious cognitive-behavioral treatment for posttrauma nightmares and sleep disturbances (exposure, relaxation, and rescripting therapy; ERRT) has not tested the treatment in individuals with bipolar disorder. However, research suggests that individuals diagnosed with bipolar disorder are at increased risk for trauma exposure and development of posttrauma symptoms. The present pilot study sought to examine the acceptability and preliminary efficacy of a modified version of ERRT (ERRT-B) on reducing the frequency and severity of nightmares and improving sleep quality for 7 trauma-exposed individuals diagnosed with bipolar disorder who also reported frequent posttrauma nightmares (experienced on average for 16 years). Participants attended 5 weeks of ERRT-B and completed baseline, posttreatment, and 3-month follow-up assessments to measure changes in nightmare frequency, nightmare severity, and associated symptoms. Large effect sizes were observed for nightmare frequency, nightmare severity, and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms, with 6 participants reporting zero nightmares at the 3-month follow-up assessment. Improvements in depression, global sleep quality, and insomnia severity were mixed. Results obtained from this study offer preliminary evidence in support of ERRT-B in reducing nightmare frequency and severity, and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms. These results suggest clinical utility for the treatment of trauma-related nightmares in individuals with bipolar disorder and encourage more research. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved)","Miller, Katherine E.;Davis, Joanne L.;Rhudy, Jamie L.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2018","","US","28","2","150","161","","","*Bipolar Disorder;  *Exposure Therapy;  *Nightmares;  *Relaxation Therapy;  *Treatment Effectiveness Evaluation; Cognitive Behavior Therapy; Sleep; Sleep Wake Cycle; Stress; Trauma","","2018-29461-004","Miller, Katherine E.: National Center for PTSD-Dissemination and Training Division, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, 795 Willow Road, Menlo Park, CA, US, 94025, katherine.miller13@va.gov","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000082"
"Journal Article","“Room, door. . . room”: Oneiric space in L’Avventura and  Last Year in Marienbad.","Cinema and dreams inhabit the same psychoemotional realm. This essay was written to explore this connection by marrying studies in dream psychology to avant-garde film theory. To do this, the essay provides a critical analysis of scenes from Michelangelo Antonioni’s L’Avventura (Pennasilico & Antonioni, 1960) and Alain Resnais’s L’Année dernière à Marienbad (Courau, Froment, Dorfmann, Dauman, & Resnais, 1961). Research is built from an instructive critical landscape focusing on the ongoing tensions between the spatial, oneirological explorations of film, as used in J. Allan Hobson’s studies on REM sleep cycles, and the psychoanalytical theory of Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung. There is a gap in research that has yet to further explore these tensions alongside film, which this article addresses. The argument is put forth that the treatment of offscreen and onscreen space interacts with the subconscious of characters in the films and, through that, the spectator’s subconscious mind. An analytical discourse is assembled that deviates from the metaphorical, psychoanalytical model of spectatorship and focuses on studying the films from the perspective of dream space. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Wilson, Edward P.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2018","","US","28","2","162","168","","","*Dream Analysis;  *Dream Content;  *Films;  *Lucid Dreaming;  *Psychoanalytic Theory; Dreaming; REM Sleep","","2018-22668-001","Wilson, Edward P.: Centre for Film and Screen, University of Cambridge, Raised Faculty Building, Sidgwick Avenue, Cambridge, United Kingdom, CB3 9DA, edward.wilson777@gmail.com","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000075"
"Journal Article","Metaphoric and associative aftereffects of impactful dreams.","The proposal that impactful dreaming is “involuntary poetry” suggests that some dreams facilitate creative thinking and have aesthetic aftereffects. In two online studies (n = 107 and 117), participants completed three tasks immediately after awakening from a dream: (a) an index of metaphoric creativity, (b) a measure of the interactive combination of associative fluency and restraint, and (c) a version of the Remote Associates Test. Results indicated that, after existential dreams (Studies 1 and 2) and perhaps transcendent dreams (Study 2), participants who reported dissociative absorption provided higher scores on the interactive combination of associative fluency and restraint. Results for both studies also indicated that participants who reported dissociative absorption following significant loss (including traumatic loss) had lower postdream scores on the remote associates task. Finally, results for Study 2 indicated that participants who awakened from impactful dreams (existential dreams, transcendent dreams, or nightmares) were more likely than those who awakened from mundane dreams to include a metaphoric vehicle and topic in the same ad hoc class (although for conventional metaphors only). This pattern of results indicates that a generative and expressive form of postdream creativity follows awakening from existential and transcendent dreams (but not nightmares), although whether this form of creativity supports aesthetically significant metaphoricity remains unclear. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved)","Kuiken, Don;Porthukaran, Alex;Albrecht, Kelly-Ann;Douglas, Shawn;Cook, Megan","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2018","","US","28","1","59","83","","","*Creativity;  *Dreaming;  *Metaphor; Associative Processes; Semantics; Test Construction","","2017-58464-001","Kuiken, Don: Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, P227 Biological Sciences Bldg, Edmonton, AB, Canada, T6G 2E9, dkuiken@ualberta.ca","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000067"
"Journal Article","Using the LIWC program to study dreams.","This article presents the results of an analysis of a large set of dream reports (N = 5,208) using the Linguistic Inventory and Word Count (LIWC) system of Pennebaker, Boyd, Jordan, and Blackburn (2015). The findings indicate that, in comparison with other kinds of texts studied by LIWC, dream reports are distinctive in having high frequencies of the following language categories: focus on the past, first-person singular words, personal pronouns, authenticity, dictionary words, motion, space, and home. The dream reports have relatively low frequencies of these LIWC categories: informal language, focus on the present, assent, positive emotions, clout, second-person references, affective processes, and quotation marks. In addition, the LIWC analysis was able to identify and distinguish between the key content features of recent dreams, nightmares, and lucid dreams. These results confirm earlier findings of McNamara (2008) and Hawkins and Boyd (2017) and support the further use of LIWC in dream research, in coordination with other empirical methods of study. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved)","Bulkeley, Kelly;Graves, Mark","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2018","","US","28","1","43","58","","","*Content Analysis;  *Dream Content;  *Linguistics; Words (Phonetic Units)","","2018-09741-001","Bulkeley, Kelly: The Sleep and Dream Database, 4636 SW Humphrey Court, Portland, OR, US, 97221, bulkeleyk@gmail.com","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000071"
"Journal Article","Nightmare experience in bipolar I and II disorders.","Some patients with bipolar disorder have traumatic experience, sleep disturbance, and emotional variations, which are related to nightmare reports in clinics. We hypothesized that the nightmare experience might present some uniqueness in different types of bipolar disorder. We invited 200 healthy volunteers and 141 bipolar disorder I (BD I) and 78 bipolar disorder II (BD II) patients who had at least one nightmare lifelong to undergo tests of the Nightmare Experience Questionnaire (NEQ) and the questionnaires measuring mania, hypomania, and depression. Compared with healthy controls, both BD I and BD II patients displayed their abnormal affective states and scored significantly higher on NEQ Meaning Interpretation; BD I patients, in addition, scored higher on NEQ Horrible Stimulation. Hypomania was correlated with Horrible Simulation in BD II patients, and depression was correlated with Physical Effect and Horrible Stimulation in healthy controls. We found some NEQ scales were elevated in bipolar disorder, but these abnormalities failed to differentiate BD I from BD II. However, these results help explain the cognitive and emotional disturbances of bipolar disorder in general. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved)","Ma, Guorong;Ma, Keyi;Zhu, Qisha;Shen, Chanchan;Wang, Chu;Wang, Jiawei;Fan, Hongying;Wang, Wei","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2018","","US","28","1","33","42","","","*Bipolar Disorder;  *Nightmares;  *Bipolar I Disorder; Hypomania; Major Depression; Mania","","2018-08189-001","Wang, Wei: Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychiatry/School Public Health, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou, China, 310058, drwangwei@zju.edu.cn","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000072"
"Journal Article","Letting go of the ego: Dreams about ego-centered concerns as a function of adversity, Taoist orientation, and locus of control.","Themes involving ego-centered concerns—such as performing very badly or failing at something, being blamed or punished, and blaming something on someone—are common in dreams. This study examined the extent to which dream themes characteristic of ego-centered concerns could be accounted for by Taoist orientation, with consideration of self-perceived adversity and locus of control. The sample contained 242 participants, 111 university students and 131 nonstudent participants. Participants’ incidence of dreaming of ego-centered concerns, Taoist orientation, and locus of control was measured using the Dream Motif Scale; the Ego-Grasping Orientation Scale; and the Internality, Powerful Others, and Chance Scales, respectively. The results suggest that the incidence of dreaming of ego-centered concerns is associated positively with the experience of chronic adversity and negatively with Taoist orientation. In addition, people who have left school, as compared with students, are more Taoist-oriented and are more inclined toward an internal locus of control. It seems that cultivating a Taoist lifestyle may help mitigate psychological distress springing from the ego-dominated perspective. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved)","Yu, Calvin Kai-Ching;Fung, Ching-Man","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2018","","US","28","1","84","98","","","*Dream Content;  *Dreaming;  *Ego;  *Internal External Locus of Control;  *Philosophies; Test Construction; Adversity","","2018-13320-003","Yu, Calvin Kai-Ching: Department of Counselling and Psychology, Hong Kong Shue Yan University, 10 Wai Tsui Crescent, Braemar Hill, North Point, Hong Kong, calvinkcyu@ymail.com","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000076"
"Journal Article","Book preferences and nightmares: The U.K. library study.","Nightmares are defined as disturbing mental experiences that generally occur during REM sleep and often result in awakening. The continuity hypothesis of dreaming would predict that media consumption arousing anxious feelings might increase nightmare frequency. Whereas there is some research on the effect of watching TV and playing computer games on dreams, research examining the relationship between reading and nightmares is scarce. The present study carried out in 3,535 children and adolescents showed that the preference for reading scary stories is positively related to nightmare frequency, whereas preferring fiction (novels and stories) is negatively related to nightmare frequency. To determine whether this is a causal effect, future studies should use experimental designs and test whether reading—even though it is not the most commonly used media form—can affect children in a negative way or whether reading specific books offering strategies for coping with nightmares can have beneficial effects on children. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Schredl, Michael;Samaras, Angelina;Henley-Einion, Josie;Blagrove, Mark","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2018","","US","28","1","24","32","","","*Books;  *Nightmares;  *Preferences;  *Reading; Literature; Recall (Learning); Adolescent Characteristics; Child Characteristics","","2018-13320-002","Schredl, Michael: Sleep laboratory, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, P.O. Box 12 21 20, Mannheim, Germany, 68072, Michael.Schredl@zi-mannheim.de","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000074"
"Journal Article","Are dreams social simulations? Or are they enactments of conceptions and personal concerns? An empirical and theoretical comparison of two dream theories.","This article compares social simulation theory, which claims that dreaming is a rehearsal for waking social perceptions and interactions, and therefore has adaptive value (Revonsuo, Tuominen, & Valli, 2015), with a neurocognitive theory of dreaming, which claims dreaming is an intensified form of mind-wandering that makes use of embodied simulation, primarily to enact the dreamer’s major conceptions and personal concerns, but has no adaptive value (Domhoff, 2011). The article presents new findings on types of embodied simulations in dream reports, 6.5% of which are not social simulations according to social simulation theorists. The article concludes with a critique of social simulation theory and 3 other social rehearsal theories based on (a) new results presented in this article, including findings on dreams with no characters other than the dreamer; (b) the replicated finding that social interactions with deceased loved ones are repeated consistently in dream series kept for years and decades, which does not fit with the idea of rehearsal for the future; (c) the cognitive–developmental evidence that dreaming does not reach the frequency of adult dreaming until ages 9–11, and is not fully like that of adults until early adolescence, which does not fit with the claim that dreaming has adaptive value for young children as a rehearsal of perceptual and interaction skills; (d) the theory’s questionable underlying assumptions concerning “implicit learning” during dreaming and “transfer of learning” to waking-life situations; and (e) the wide-ranging evidence that does not fit with the claim that dreaming has adaptive value. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Domhoff, G. William;Schneider, Adam","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2018","","US","28","1","1","23","","","*Daydreaming;  *Dreaming;  *Neurocognition;  *Simulation;  *Theories; Mind Wandering","","2018-13320-001","Domhoff, G. William: Department of Psychology, University of California, Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA, US, 95064, Domhoff@ucsc.edu","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000080"
"Journal Article","The ritual of dream interpretation in the Auschwitz concentration camp.","This study is based on the testimonies submitted by former Auschwitz concentration camp prisoners to Polish psychiatrists in 1973. The respondents gave accounts of the daily camp custom of dream interpretation. The method of dream explanation in the camp was not sophisticated. It was a simple way of understanding dreams as future-oriented signs of the dreamer’s fate. However, the custom of interpreting dreams in Auschwitz can be described as a complex and multilevel ritual that had at least 3 dimensions: individual, interpersonal, and social. On the individual level, this ritual was oriented on revealing the inmates’ future. A prisoner, listening to a dream reader, could receive a good or bad prophecy, and this uncertainty was the core of the process. The interpersonal dimension of this ritual was connected with the inmates’ need to capture others’ attention. On the social level, dream sharing was a community-building activity. On each of these levels, finding the meaning of a dream was not as important as being engaged in closer relationships with other inmates. This article is an attempt to characterize the Auschwitz ritual of dream interpretation in light of various branches of cultural and dream studies as well as Randall Collins’s theory of interaction ritual chains. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)","Owczarski, Wojciech","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2017","","US","27","4","278","289","","","*Concentration Camps;  *Dream Analysis;  *Holocaust;  *Incarcerated; Rites (Nonreligious)","","2017-50117-001","Owczarski, Wojciech: Department of Languages, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza Street no. 55, Gdańsk, Poland, 80-308, wowczarski1@tlen.pl","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000064"
"Journal Article","High thought suppressors dream more of their negative waking-life experiences than low thought suppressors.","Research has found that high thought suppressors dream more of their emotional waking-life experiences than low suppressors, in line with the dream rebound effect. The present study replicated and extended this finding. Participants (N = 62) completed the White Bear Suppression Inventory, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, and the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale and answered questions about their most recent dream. High thought suppressors dreamt more of their negative (but not positive) emotional experiences from waking-life than low thought suppressors. They also had poorer sleep quality and higher levels of depression, anxiety, and stress. The results indicate a negative relationship between trait thought suppression and well-being. Identifying problematic suppressed thoughts in dream content may assist in generating insights into them and/or have therapeutic benefit. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved)","Malinowski, Josie","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2017","","US","27","4","269","277","","","*Dreaming;  *Sleep;  *Thought Suppression;  *Intrusive Thoughts; Negative Emotions; Positive Emotions","","2017-50116-001","Malinowski, Josie: School of Psychology, College of Applied Health and Communities, University of East London, Stratford Campus, Water Lane, London, United Kingdom, E15 4LZ, j.malinowski@uel.ac.uk","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000061"
"Journal Article","Nightmares, abjection, and American not-quite identities.","In evolutionary theory, nightmares simulate threats to survival (Revonsuo, 2006). Many nightmares, this article argues, more likely simulate threats to social identity symbolized as threats to survival. In daily life, people experience major identity threats as abjection, a state in which they feel their self-presentation is a charade. Such feelings come from aspiring to an ideal associated with an internalized cultural model that people doubt they can realize as a plausible social identity, often because of their ambivalence about this ideal. Nightmares dramatize these feelings as well as think about and comment on them through visual metaphors for cultural models that enter dreams. I support and illustrate these ideas through two cases from a Northwest American study of dreaming. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Mageo, Jeannette","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2017","","US","27","4","290","310","","","*Nightmares;  *Simulation;  *Theories;  *Threat; Social Identity; Theory of Evolution","","2017-57288-001","Mageo, Jeannette: Department of Anthropology, Washington State University, P.O. Box 664910, Pullman, WA, US, 99164-4910, jmageo@wsu.edu","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000060"
"Journal Article","Empirical research and literature review of the experimental and systematic study of dreams in the late 19th and early 20th century: The important role of general psychology.","The aim of this work is to bring out the historiographical categorization and periodization of the studies on dreams between the late 19th and early 20th century. The study is divided into different stages: bibliographic research, content analysis, and statistical analysis. For bibliographic research, we selected 315 studies written between 1872 and 1940 and published in PsycInfo, the database of the American Psychological Association. We assigned each work to specific categories (psychological and physical disorders, general psychology, psychoanalytical theory, physiological psychology, and other categories). Each of these works underwent content analysis, whereby we highlighted the main model used by the different authors in the dreaming studies. Statistical analysis examined the relation between model and category. The methodology used integrated quantitative and qualitative perspectives for a better interpretation of the data. This historical research gives a new contribution to contemporary studies that have neglected the study of dreams in past decades. In fact, the conclusion of this study highlights the attention of general psychology to the study of dreams, the important role of psychological models as the main research approach in this field, and the premature attention to the dream with the physiological and psychological model, in an integrated perspective. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Morgese, Giorgia;Lombardo, Giovanni Pietro","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2017","","US","27","4","311","333","","","*Content Analysis;  *Dream Content;  *Dreaming;  *Experimentation;  *Psychology; History; Literature Review; Mental Disorders; Models; Physical Disorders; Physiological Psychology; Psychoanalytic Theory; Statistical Analysis","","2017-57288-002","Morgese, Giorgia: Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, History of Psychology Laboratory, Via degli apuli, 1, Rome, Italy, 00185, giorgia.morgese@uniroma1.it","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000065"
"Journal Article","The continuity hypothesis.","A longstanding tradition exists, surveyed by Freud in the opening pages of his Interpretation of Dreams, holding that dream life is continuous with awake life. Contrary to Domhoff (2017), Freud partook of this tradition, and Calvin Hall, who was much influenced by Freud, articulated the idea in 1971 (with A. Bell) as “the continuity hypothesis.” A decade later, with Domhoff’s collaboration, “personal preoccupations and concerns” (and, sometimes, “interests”), extending over years, became the focus of the continuity hypothesis, which Domhoff seeks to make the exclusive defining feature of the hypothesis. It is urged here that wider aspects of continuity, including “latent contents” as well as “manifest contents,” short- and intermediate-term dream–wake congruences, and personality constancies, should not be peremptorily excluded from a widely unifying principle of psychology. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Erdelyi, Matthew Hugh","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2017","","US","27","4","334","344","","","*Dream Analysis;  *Dream Content;  *Dreaming;  *Personality; Time","","2017-57288-003","Erdelyi, Matthew Hugh: Department of Psychology, Brooklyn College and the Graduate School, The City University of New York, 2900 Bedford Avenue, Brooklyn, NY, US, 11210-2889, iyledre@comcast.net","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000063"
"Comment/Reply","Now an invasion by a Freudian concept-snatcher: Reply to Erdelyi.","This article provides a detailed reply to a Freudian-oriented critique of “The invasion of the concept snatchers: The origins, distortions, and future of the continuity hypothesis” (Domhoff, 2017). According to the critique, the continuity hypothesis (the idea that most dreams enact the same concerns present in waking thought) is old hat, going back to the 19th century, and furthermore was a part of Freud’s thinking. This reply suggests that the critic often misunderstands what is said in the original article and that all of his substantive criticisms are wrong. Academic psychologists have rejected every substantive hypothesis concerning dreams put forth by Freud. Nor is there any evidence that free associations lead to an understanding of the formation of dreams or of dream content. Claims about subliminal stimulation in relation to dreams have been refuted. The questionnaire study of the dreams of amputees is inadequate and is contradicted by studies of dream reports from amputees and paraplegics. The comparisons of dreams with jokes are irrelevant. An analysis of Freud and Hobson’s anecdotal personal dreams cannot be taken seriously as scientific evidence. Contrary to the claims in the critique, the continuity hypothesis owes nothing to Freud or any other clinical theorist. The several reasons why the Freudian aspects of Hall’s theoretical work on dreams were abandoned are carefully summarized and are not in any way part of the current version of the continuity hypothesis or of the neurocognitive theory of dreams of which the continuity hypothesis is now a part (Domhoff, 2018). (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Domhoff, G. William","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2017","","US","27","4","345","350","","","*Dream Analysis;  *Dream Content;  *Dreaming;  *Personality; Time","","2017-57288-004","Domhoff, G. William: Department of Psychology, University of California, Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA, US, 95064, domhoff@ucsc.edu","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000068"
"Comment/Reply","Theorizing about the continuity between waking and dreaming: Comment on Domhoff (2017).","In his article “The Invasion of the Concept Snatchers: The Origins, Distortions, and Future of the Continuity Hypothesis,” Domhoff (2017) advocated a cognitive version of the continuity hypothesis. This commentary challenges his claim that his deviations from the original continuity hypothesis formulated by Hall and Nordby (1972) are the only way to advance the theoretical framework of the continuity hypothesis. Furthermore, Domhoff’s concepts are not well operationalized; that is, reliable instruments for measuring the occurrence, intensity, and time frame of personal concerns and preoccupations are lacking. As Domhoff selectively reported the empirical findings that support his notions, the commentary added further research that mostly favors the original version of the continuity hypothesis. The present article pleads for a multiplicity of theoretical and empirical approaches in dream research within the framework of the continuity hypothesis to further our understanding of the relationship between waking life and dreaming. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Schredl, Michael","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2017","","US","27","4","351","359","","","*Cognition;  *Dream Content;  *Dreaming; Concepts; Theories","","2017-50129-001","Schredl, Michael: Sleep Laboratory, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, PO Box 12 21 20, Mannheim, Germany, 68072, Michael.Schredl@zi-mannheim.de","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000062"
"Journal Article","German versions of the Nightmare Effects Survey (NES) and the Nightmare Frequency Questionnaire (NFQ): Psychometric properties in a sample of adult chronic nightmare sufferers.","The Nightmare Effects Survey (NES) and the Nightmare Frequency Questionnaire (NFQ), 2 widely used questionnaires in nightmare research, were translated into German and tested in a sample of 86 adult chronic nightmare sufferers. Participants completed the questionnaires together with measures of nightmare- and sleep-related factors and psychopathology and kept a nightmare diary for 3 weeks. Psychometric properties were determined: The German NES showed high internal consistency (Cronbach’s α = .898) and split-half reliability (r = .889) and a unifactorial structure (46.33% variance explained). The German NFQ and the prospective nightmare diary yielded similar frequencies for nights with nightmares, a significantly higher value for number of nightmares in the diary, and correlations of .621 and .570 between measures of nights with nightmares and number of nightmares, respectively. The 2 scores of the German NFQ were highly intercorrelated (r = .838). Correlations with related constructs were insignificant or low for the German NFQ (between r = .09 and r = .28) and medium for the German NES (between r = .27 and r = .59). The German NFQ and NES proved to be reliable, useful, and efficient to quantify nightmares and their effects. The findings demonstrate the questionnaires’ construct validity and support theories that differentiate between nightmare frequency, nightmare effects, and nightmare distress. German translations are provided as supplemental material. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved)","Schmid, Carolin;Kröner-Borowik, Tana;Hansen, Kathrin;Weßlau, Charlotte;Steil, Regina","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2017","","US","27","3","232","250","","","*Chronicity (Disorders);  *Foreign Language Translation;  *Nightmares;  *Questionnaires;  *Surveys; Distress; Psychometrics; Test Reliability; Test Validity","","2017-30918-001","Schmid, Carolin: Varrentrappstraße 40-42, Frankfurt, Germany, 60486, carolin.schmid@psych.uni-frankfurt.de","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000052"
"Journal Article","Reality testing and the mnemonic induction of lucid dreams: Findings from the national Australian lucid dream induction study.","Lucid dreaming is a learnable skill and has a wide range of potential applications. However, research in this area has been limited by a lack of effective and reliable lucid dream induction techniques. The present study provides a thorough investigation into 3 of the most promising cognitive lucid dream induction techniques—reality testing, wake back to bed (WBTB), and the mnemonic induction of lucid dreams (MILD) technique. A sample of 169 Australian participants completed a pretest questionnaire, provided baseline logbook data in Week 1, and practiced lucid dream induction techniques in Week 2. Results showed that the combination of reality testing, WBTB and the MILD technique was effective at inducing lucid dreams. Several factors that influenced the effectiveness of the MILD technique were identified, including general dream recall and the amount of time taken to fall asleep after finishing the technique. Recommendations for future research on lucid dream induction are provided. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)","Adventure-Heart, Denholm Jay;Delfabbro, Paul;Proeve, Michael;Mohr, Philip","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2017","","US","27","3","206","231","","","*Dream Recall;  *Lucid Dreaming; Methodology","","2017-40360-001","Adventure-Heart, Denholm Jay: The University of Adelaide, North Terrace Campus, Adelaide, SA, Australia, 5005, denholm.aspy@adelaide.edu.au","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000059"
"Journal Article","Sensory modalities during dreams in migraine: Case-control study using a daily questionnaire.","The migrainous brain is known to have a series of peculiarity in terms of metabolism, performances, emotions, and pain perception. This particularity seems to involve also the oneiric activity. Aimed to increase our knowledge about this topic, the present study tries to investigate migraineurs’ dreams by both an analytic qualitative and a semiquantitative perspectives. With an ad hoc questionnaire compiled each day at the awakening, we explored the frequency of dreams, the involved sensory system (visual, auditory, olfactory, and gustative), and the fragmentation of sleep. We found a higher frequency of dreams among migraineurs, partially linked to sleep discontinuation. The most relevant qualitative difference that emerged was the absolute higher frequency of gustative and olfactory dreams among migraineurs. All these peculiar characteristics were typical of the patients without aura, whereas the subgroup with aura did not differ from controls. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)","Giani, Luca;Casazza, Roberta;Mariani, Claudio;Lovati, Carlo","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2017","","US","27","3","260","268","","","*Dreaming;  *Migraine Headache;  *Perception; Auditory Perception; Olfactory Perception; Sleep; Taste Perception; Visual Perception","","2017-40360-002","Giani, Luca: U.O. Neurologia, Ospedale Luigi Sacco, Via G.B. Grassi, Milano, Italy, 20157, luca.giani@unimi.it","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000056"
"Journal Article","Sex dreams in married women: Prevalence, frequency, content, and drives.","Although sex dreams (SD) are of common occurrence, studies dealing with them are still restricted. SD had been reported as accompanying nocturnal orgasms in women and they were reported usually as a reflection of their actual experience. This cross-sectional descriptive study aimed to provide information about SD prevalence, frequency, content, and drives in a group of Egyptian married women. Overall, 211 married women answered a self-report questionnaire including 23 items covering the epidemiology of participants, sexual activity, and SD details. Overall, 106 of the participants (51.3%) experienced the occurrence of SD. The most common frequency of SD was once/month occurring in 25.6% of the participants; most common content seen was kissing (39.6%), most commonly occurring in familiar places (62.3%), most common persons seen were husbands (33.6%), feeling pleasure after it (54.7%) with increased emotional satisfaction (46.2%). The most common drive to have SD was to be in a sexually stimulating situation (51.8%). Occurrence of SD was more common in women aged 20–29, in those having a university degree and in house wives. SD was proportional to coital frequency and the frequency of orgasm. It is concluded that SD is not uncommon in married women where sexual thoughts and motives are represented. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved)","Younis, Ihab;Abdelrahman, Sherine H.;Ibrahim, Amany;Hasan, Samar;Mostafa, Taymour","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2017","","US","27","3","251","259","","","*Dream Analysis;  *Dream Content;  *Dreaming;  *Human Females;  *Sexuality; Spouses; Sexual Health","","2017-37787-001","Mostafa, Taymour: Andrology & Sexology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt, 11562, taymour1155@link.net","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000058"
"Journal Article","Cognitive differences in dream content between Japanese males and females using quantitative content analysis.","This study asked the question, “Are there significant content differences between male and female dream reports obtained in dream seminars conducted in Japan?” Each of the 100 female and 100 male research participants contributed 1 recent dream report during dream seminars that were held in Japan between 1990 and 1998 and in 2004. Dream reports were scored using Hall and Van de Castle’s (1966) system of content analysis. Major findings showed that Japanese males dreamed much more of male characters, whereas Japanese females dreamed more equally of female and male characters, a finding in line with Hall’s (1984) “ubiquitous sex difference” (p. 1109). Japanese females were also friendlier with other females, not other males, an uncommon finding (Domhoff, 1996). Results are discussed in terms of Hall’s (1953) continuity hypothesis and Domhoff’s (1996, 2003) cognitive model of dreaming (i.e., dreaming is a cognitive process and is based on the same conceptions and concerns as in the waking cognition). The findings illuminate some underlying cultural patterns of the contemporary roles of Japanese men and women. Future researchers should consider gender and socioeconomic status to better represent Japan’s social–economic diversity and obtain more dreams per participant to better represent the totality of participants’ dream lives. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved)","Tartz, Robert S.;Krippner, Stanley","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2017","","US","27","3","193","205","","","*Dream Analysis;  *Dream Content;  *Dreaming; Human Sex Differences","","2017-31801-001","Tartz, Robert S.: 640 Weatherstone Way, San Marcos, CA, US, 92078, roberttartz@gmail.com","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000054"
"Journal Article","What medical students dream of: A standardized and data-driven approach.","Medical students face specific challenges during their studies. This investigation was based on the analysis of more than 600 dreams of medical students by means of the Hall and van de Castle coding system, complemented by data-driven explorative and thematic analyses. The results revealed (a) the influence of the medical students’ context (curriculum and hidden curriculum) on dream contents and (b) the importance of performance and evaluation in medical students’ dreams. Medical students’ dreams seem to be an interesting way to better understand their lived experiences and preoccupations. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved)","Nikles, Mathilde;Stiefel, Friedrich;Bourquin, Céline","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2017","","US","27","3","177","192","","","*Dream Content;  *Dreaming;  *Medical Students;  *Lived Experience; Experiences (Events)","","2017-30255-001","Bourquin, Céline: Psychiatric Liaison Service, Les Allières, Avenue de Beaumont 23, Lausanne-CHUV, Switzerland, 1011","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000057"
"Journal Article","Such stuff as dreams are made on: Dream language, LIWC norms, and personality correlates.","We describe the language features of dream narratives from 3 large samples of normal persons using Linguistic Inquiry Word Count (LIWC), a computer text analysis program. Compared with LIWC norms from waking narratives, LIWC dream narratives showed more use of function words in general, common words, past tense verbs, relativity (particularly space), inclusion, leisure, friend, and home words, and less use of second-person pronouns, present and future verbs, causation words, large words, and assent words. Dream narratives did not contain more negative emotion words. These patterns were consistent across investigators, samples gathered at different times from student and online sources, and instructions for dream reports (i.e., recent dream vs. important dream). Statistically significant correlations between dream language features and personality (as measured by the Ten-Item Personality Inventory and the Big Five Inventory) were few in number and small in effect sizes. We conclude with discussing the implications of computer text analysis of dreams in more systematic studies comparing linguistic features with dream themes in cross-cultural clinical populations, and the implications of these features for scientific understanding of the continuum of consciousness. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)","Hawkins II, Raymond C.;Boyd, Ryan L.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2017","","US","27","2","102","121","","","*Consciousness States;  *Dreaming;  *Five Factor Personality Model;  *Narratives;  *Personality Correlates; Computer Applications; Linguistics; Personality Traits; Text Analysis","","2017-21385-001","Hawkins, Raymond C., II: Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Austin, 108 East Dean Keeton A8000, Austin, TX, US, 78712, rhawkins@utexas.edu","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000049"
"Journal Article","“History...Is a nightmare from which I am trying to awake”.","Philosophers of history have posited a class of concepts known as colligatory concepts (CCs) that causally link a series of past events into a meaningful pattern that is evaluated as significant for historical knowledge and that contributes to historical consciousness. We tested the hypothesis that these colligatory concepts occurred frequently in dreams and nightmares relative to waking narratives and that they exhibited properties that plausibly allowed them to mediate historical consciousness. In our content analysis of 100 nightmares, 100 unpleasant control dream narratives, and 50 waking narratives (diary entries), colligatory concepts appeared in 75% of nightmares and 46% of ordinary dreams compared to 2% of diary entries. In 36 out of 75 (48%) nightmares, 13 out of 46 (28.3%) unpleasant dreams, and 0 out of 1 diary entries the causal reference invoked by the CCs referred to group or social collective effects of some kind. In slightly more than half (56%) of the nightmares, 7% of unpleasant dreams, and 0% of diary entries containing CCs, the evaluative emotion was fear or terror. Colligatory concepts occur frequently in nightmares and dreams and most often refer causes of events in dreams to group or collective effects that are experienced as terrifying or disturbing. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved)","McNamara, Patrick;Dietrich-Egensteiner, Luke;Teed, Brian","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2017","","US","27","2","148","160","","","*Concepts;  *Consciousness States;  *History;  *Nightmares; Dream Content; Dreaming; Memory; Narratives","","2017-20952-001","McNamara, Patrick: VA New England Healthcare System, 150 South Huntington Avenue, A9-45, Boston, MA, US, 02130, pmcnamar3@gmail.com","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000050"
"Journal Article","Mutual dreaming.","We seek to open a discussion on the phenomenon of shared or mutual dreams. We provide a descriptive content analysis of a nonrandom sample of reports of mutual dreaming. Bracketing claims that mutual dreams are veridical, we assess the hypothesis that mutual dreams are associated with attempts to enhance emotional attachment relationships. Content analyses of 102 mutual dream narratives are studied. Mutual dream reporters were 24% male, 37% female, and 38% unspecified. Mutual dreamers (person reported to have shared the dream with the primary reporter) were 36% male, 57% female, and 7% unspecified. Ninety-two percent of mutual dreams were between 2 people. Twenty-seven percent of these were between friends, 42% relatives, 27% significant others, and 4% nonfamiliar people. Dreamers did not typically speak together during the dream and 48% had the dream while in different locations. Mean similarity ratings for dream settings, themes, characters, events, and objects were all above 4.0 where 5.0 indicated identical content. Mean intimacy ratings between the 2 dreamers was 3.16 where 6 indicated the highest intimacy. The most frequent themes concerned family and friendship relationships. Mutual dreams tend to occur in close dyadic relationships, be very similar in content, and occur when related dreamers are separated and not feeling very intimate. “Noticing” or constructing mutual dreams may therefore be related to a need for emotional closeness or attachment in relationships. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved)","McNamara, Patrick;Dietrich-Egensteiner, Luke;Teed, Brian","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2017","","US","27","2","87","101","","","*Dream Content;  *Dreaming;  *Lucid Dreaming; Dyads; Narratives; Phenomenology; REM Dreams; REM Sleep; Interpersonal Relationships","","2017-25759-001","McNamara, Patrick: VA New England Healthcare System, 150 South Huntington Avenue, A9-45, Boston, MA, US, 02130, mcnamar@bu.edu","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000048"
"Journal Article","Experiences of nursing students regarding sexual dreams.","The aim of this study was to describe the experiences related to sexual dreams in a sample of nursing degree students from the University of Almería, Spain. The research instrument used was an adapted version of the Sexual Dream Experience Questionnaire. This questionnaire is composed of 32 items, divided into 4 dimensions: Joyfulness, Aversion, Familiarity, and Bizarreness. The main results highlighted differences in relation to sex—men have more sexual dreams than women and place more importance on them. While foreplay is involved in the erotic dreams of both men and women, regular partners rarely appear in them. Male dreams tend to include more sexual partners than female dreams and the percentage of men or women who had dreamed about being raped or abused in their sexual dreams was very low. Ultimately, students showed a strong desire to have sexual dreams. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)","Gutiérrez-Puertas, Lorena;Márquez-Hernández, Verónica V.;Aguilera-Manrique, Gabriel","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2017","","US","27","2","137","147","","","*Dream Content;  *Human Sex Differences;  *Psychosexual Behavior;  *Sexual Fantasy; Dreaming; Eroticism; Nursing Students","","2017-25759-002","Márquez-Hernández, Verónica V.: Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Almería, Carretera Sacramento S/N, La Cañada de San Urbano, Almería, Spain, 04120, vmh380@ual.es","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000053"
"Journal Article","When was your earliest dream? Association of very early dream recall with frequent current nightmares supports a stress-acceleration explanation of nightmares.","The stress-acceleration hypothesis of nightmares (Nielsen, 2017) stipulates that individuals with frequent nightmares have better access to memories—including dreams—originating in the infantile amnesia period than do individuals without nightmares. This was tested on an available sample of 17,014 participants who estimated their current nightmare frequency and dated their earliest remembered dreams. One-way analyses of variance with 10 levels of Dream-Age (1–10 years) as independent variable and log nightmare recall as the dependent measure were computed for all early dreams combined and, separately, for those who remembered only positive or negative early dreams. An earliest dream from the infantile amnesia period was recalled by 4.63% of participants. A main effect for Dream-Age (p < .0000001) confirmed that these participants had more current nightmares. The effect was also seen for both emotionally positive and negative early dreams, suggesting a general change in early memory access. Four themes accounted for most (40.2%) of the earliest dreams recalled—being chased (14.0%), falling (11.4%), flying (9.4%), and encountering an evil force (5.3%)—and were interpretable as consistent with Freud’s claim that such dreams arise from early infantile experiences. Results support the stress-acceleration hypothesis of nightmares, which stipulates that a foreshortening of the infantile amnesia period contributes to nightmares by increasing access to intense primordial feelings and memory fragments that are normally forgotten because of infantile amnesia processes. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Nielsen, Tore","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2017","","US","27","2","122","136","","","*Dream Content;  *Dream Recall;  *Nightmares;  *Stress; Amnesia; Dreaming; Emotional States; Childhood Adversity; Adversity","","2017-20953-001","Nielsen, Tore: Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine, CIUSSS-NÎM—Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, 5400 Gouin Boulevard West, Montréal, PQ, Canada, H4J 1C5, tore.nielsen@umontreal.ca","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000051"
"Journal Article","Dreams, myth, and power.","All cultures have studied dreams. Many theories have been developed on the subject and scholarship continues to uncover more. Three of the most well-worn dream theories are the following: dreams as divine communication, dreams as conduits for the soul’s conveyance, and dreams as quotidian human occurrences. This article examines the first and third of these theories, and links both of these understandings of dreams to myth. A myth is a narrative freighted with cultural understanding, conceived such that a whole society lives a myth’s importance. Put differently, myths are meaning-making processes that describe and explain phenomena. Dreams often work to bring myths into focus; this focus sometimes powers political change. The influence of dreams on Hindu, Hebrew, Christian, Islamic, and scientific myths details this phenomenon. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Hughes, John F.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2017","","US","27","2","161","176","","","*Dream Content;  *Dreaming;  *Myths;  *Phenomenology;  *Religious Beliefs; Christianity; Cross Cultural Differences; Hinduism; Islam; Jews; Soul","","2017-25759-003","Hughes, John F.: School of Communication, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, Canada, V5A 1S6, jfhughes@sfu.ca","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000055"
"Journal Article","Inner ghosts: Encounters with threatening dream characters in lucid dreams.","Lucid dreamers may encounter not only friendly but also threatening dream figures in their lucid dreams. The present study of German-speaking lucid dreamers explored the frequency of threatening dream figures in lucid dreams and how lucid dreamers responded to them. An online questionnaire was completed by 528 respondents, of whom 386 had lucid dream experience. According to their reports, about half of the dream characters encountered in lucid dreams are friendly, but about a fifth of them are threatening. Threatening dream figures are encountered more by women and more frequent nightmare sufferers, but less by more frequent lucid dreamers. When dealing with threatening dream characters, lucid dreamers most often defend themselves by fighting, with flying away and working toward resolution as the next most likely responses. More frequent nightmare sufferers showed more avoidance behavior, whereas more frequent lucid dreamers worked toward resolution of the conflict. The findings lend some support to the idea that encounters with threatening dream characters may represent the interpsychic or psychosocial conflicts of the dreamer. Thus, when encountering a threatening dream figure, lucid dreamers could perhaps be advised not to avoid it, but rather to confront the figure and seek resolution. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved)","Stumbrys, Tadas;Erlacher, Daniel","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2017","","US","27","1","40","48","","","*Lucid Dreaming;  *Threat; Nightmares","","2017-07563-001","Stumbrys, Tadas: Department of General Psychology, Faculty of Philosophy, Vilnius University, Universiteto Street 9/1, Vilnius, Lithuania, 01513, tadas.stumbrys@gmail.com","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000043"
"Journal Article","Dream recall frequency, attitude toward dreams, and the Big Five personality factors.","Dream recall frequency showed high interindividual differences, and research has focused, among other variables, on personality traits for explaining these differences. The present study included 2,492 participants measuring the Big Five personality factors, dream recall frequency, and attitude toward dreams. The findings support the notion of dream recall and especially attitude toward dreaming is part of a bigger lifestyle characterized by openness to experience. Although the relationship between dream recall frequency and neuroticism is explained by nightmare frequency, the question as to why attitude toward dreams is related to neuroticism is still unanswered and warrants further studies. It is also not understood why conscientiousness was related to dream recall and attitude toward dreams. Overall, studying samples with diverse educational backgrounds and large age ranges seems necessary in order to validate the findings obtained from student samples in this field. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved)","Schredl, Michael;Göritz, Anja S.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2017","","US","27","1","49","58","","","*Attitudes;  *Dream Recall;  *Five Factor Personality Model;  *Individual Differences;  *Personality; Neuroticism; Nightmares","","2017-13609-003","Schredl, Michael: Schlaflabor, Zentralinstitut für Seelische Gesundheit, Postfach 12 21 20, Mannheim, Germany, 68072, Michael.Schredl@zi-mannheim.de","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000046"
"Journal Article","Attachment styles and nightmares in adults.","A number of different causes have been discussed with respect to the etiology or treatment of nightmares. Among them, however, relatively little attention has been given to early developing emotional factors, like attachment. Previous results hint to a relationship between nightmare frequency and attachment style. The present study thus served to further substantiate this observation by investigating the relationship between attachment styles and nightmare frequency and nightmare distress. Results reveal that subjects with insecure attachment styles report more nightmares and more nightmare distress than those with a secure attachment style. In particular, among the insecure attachment styles, the fearful attachment style is most prone to higher nightmare frequency and nightmare distress. The results indicate that among personality factors and current stressors, attachment styles may also affect nightmares. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Belfiore, Livia A.;Pietrowsky, Reinhard","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2017","","US","27","1","59","67","","","*Attachment Behavior;  *Distress;  *Nightmares;  *Attachment Style;  *Attachment Security; Personality Traits","","2017-13609-004","Pietrowsky, Reinhard: Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Abt. Klinische Psychologie, Universitätsstr. 1, Düsseldorf, Germany, 40225, r.pietrowsky@hhu.de","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000045"
"Journal Article","Exploring the role of need for cognition, field independence and locus of control on the incidence of lucid dreams during a 12-week induction study.","This article reports an investigation of 2 proposed theories, the predispositional and experiential, regarding the association of personality variables to lucid dreaming incidence during a 12-week lucid dreaming induction program. The study found no differences between those who did and did not report lucid dreams during the program on baseline measures of field independence, locus of control or need for cognition. There was an observed significant change toward a field independent orientation between baseline and posttests for those successful at inducing a lucid dream; with no statistically significant differences for either Locus of Control or Need for Cognition. Results suggest that field independence may not be a predispositional characteristic for the successful induction of lucid dreaming, but an experiential result of having lucid dream experiences. The authors conclude that experiences within a dream state may have appreciable effects on waking cognition. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)","Saunders, David T.;Clegg, Helen;Roe, Chris A.;Smith, Graham D.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2017","","US","27","1","68","86","","","*Internal External Locus of Control;  *Lucid Dreaming;  *Need for Cognition; Personality; Theories","","2017-13609-005","Saunders, David T.: Centre for the Study of Anomalous Psychological Processes, Psychology Division, The University of Northampton, Park Campus, Northampton, England, NN2 7AL, david.saunders@northampton.ac.uk","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000044"
"Journal Article","Dreaming, reflective consciousness, and feelings in the preschool child.","LeDoux (2015) discriminates creature consciousness, in which an organism is awake and alert, processing currently available stimuli, from mental-state consciousness, which is characterized by the possibility of reflection about current or past events and the ability to imagine new situations or scenarios. He establishes criteria for distinguishing the two, and finds no other animal that can experience conscious emotional feelings, nor more generally exhibit mental-state consciousness. A plausible extrapolation of his argument to humans suggests that they share this inability until about age 5. Tulving’s (2005) analysis of the development of episodic memory leads him to characterize the preschooler as anoetic, since the child is unable to encode conscious mental imagery capable of later recollection. Dreaming is another instance of mentalstate consciousness (Nir & Tononi, 2010), and the gold standard of research on dreaming is achieved in the modern sleep laboratory protocol. Longitudinal sleep laboratory studies have shown that dreaming is basically absent at ages 3 and 4, conforming to the general anoetic pattern of waking research on preschoolers, and confirming that dreaming also is a mental-state phenomenon. Resistance to accepting the sleep-laboratory data at face value seems to rest on an assumption that children must be inhibited by the laboratory setting, but this assumption already was refuted by direct home-lab comparisons in the same longitudinal project. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Foulkes, David","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2017","","US","27","1","1","13","","","*Consciousness States;  *Dreaming;  *Emotional Development;  *Episodic Memory; Emotions; Imagery; Preschool Students","","2017-13609-001","Foulkes, David: Independent practice, 90339 Highway 101 North, Florence, OR, US, 97439, nhkerr@hughes.net","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000040"
"Journal Article","The invasion of the concept snatchers: The origins, distortions, and future of the continuity hypothesis.","This article explains the origins and development of the continuity hypothesis in work by cognitively oriented dream researchers. Using blind quantitative analyses of lengthy dream series from several individuals, in conjunction with inferences presented to the individual dreamers to corroborate or reject, these researchers discovered that the same conceptions and personal concerns that animate waking thought are very often enacted in dreams. Other types of studies later supported this finding. The article argues that the cognitive origins and definition of the continuity hypothesis have been distorted by those dream researchers who mistakenly claim that the concept is focused on dreaming as an incorporation of everyday experiences. A review of the literature on experiential and experimental influences on dreams, which includes studies of day residues, the experimental manipulation of presleep events, the incorporation of during-sleep stimuli, laboratory references in laboratory-collected dreams, and the influence of routine daily events, reveals that none of them is very influential and most are trivial. The article concludes that those who study experiential factors should adopt a phrase such as “incorporation hypothesis” to avoid confusion in the literature and make clear that the continuity hypothesis is a central one in an emerging neurocognitive theory of dreams. The intensity of personal concerns and interests, not the events of the day, shape central aspects of dream content. In particular, the frequency of characters or activities reveals the intensity of various concerns, and these concerns can be discovered for individuals through comparisons with normative findings. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Domhoff, G. William","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2017","","US","27","1","14","39","","","*Cognition;  *Dream Content;  *Dreaming; Concepts","","2017-13609-002","Domhoff, G. William: Department of Psychology, University of California–Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA, US, 95064, domhoff@ucsc.edu","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000047"
"Erratum/Correction","'Violence, sex, and dreams: Violent and sexual media content infiltrate our dreams at night': Correction to Van den Bulck et al. (2016).","Reports an error in 'Violence, Sex, and Dreams: Violent and Sexual Media Content Infiltrate Our Dreams at Night' by Jan Van den Bulck, Yakup Çetin, Ömer Terzi and Brad J. Bushman (Dreaming, Advanced Online Publication, Nov 10, 2016, np). In the article, there is a typo in the first column, second row of Table 1. The text should appear as Violent media use. All versions of this article have been corrected. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 2016-54555-001.) Many people today are immersed in media similar to fish in water. Electronic devices provide virtually unlimited access to media. Although people consume media during their waking hours, the media they consume might also affect their dreams during sleeping hours. The media often contain violence and sex. On the basis of cognitive neoassociation theory, we predicted that violent and sexual media content would prime related thoughts in semantic memory. In this study, 1,287 Turkish participants completed a survey about their media consumption and their dreams the previous night. We measured the frequency of their media consumption and the violent and sexual content of the media they consumed on a regular basis and on the day before the survey. We also measured whether they had a dream the night before they completed the survey and dream content if they dreamed (51.5% dreamed). We measured whether participants had dreams with violent and sexual content. Similar results were obtained for regular media consumption and for media consumption on the day before the survey. For both measures, media consumption was positively related to dreaming frequency. Media content also influenced dream content. Specifically, participants who consumed violent media tended to have violent dreams, and participants who consumed sexual media tended to have sexual dreams. These results are consistent with cognitive neoassociation theory and extend the theory by showing that it also applies to sleeping hours as well as waking hours. The results also have practical implications. Media can influence our thoughts, even when we are asleep. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","No authorship indicated","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2016","","US","26","4","292","292","","","*Dreaming;  *Mass Media;  *Sexuality;  *Violence; Semantic Memory","","2016-60837-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000042"
"Journal Article","Nightmare distress as a mediator between nightmare frequency and suicidal ideation.","Previous studies investigating the relationship between nightmares and suicidal ideation have been equivocal. In this study, we investigated the role of nightmare distress in the relationship between nightmare frequency and suicidal ideation. Study participants were 280 undergraduate students (Mage = 21.84, ±2.14 SD, 77.9% women), who answered “yes” to experiencing nightmares in the past year. All participants completed questionnaires on nightmare frequency (Nightmare Frequency Questionnaire), nightmare distress (Nightmare Distress Questionnaire), suicidal ideation (Depressive Symptom Inventory—Suicidality Subscale), and insomnia (Insomnia Severity Index). Mediation analyses determined that nightmare distress fully mediated the relationship between nightmare frequency and suicidal ideation after controlling for insomnia. Although the total effect on the relationship between nightmare frequency and suicidal ideation (B = .21, SE = .08, p = .009), the direct effects of nightmare frequency on suicidal ideation were not significant after accounting for the effects of nightmare distress and insomnia (B = .12, SE = .08, p = .16). Additionally, the indirect effect of nightmare distress on the relationship between nightmare frequency and suicidal ideation was significant bootstrapped 95% confidence interval (CI) [0.0306, 0.1946]. Finally, gender moderated the mediated effect of nightmare distress between nightmare frequency and suicidal ideation. Our results support that both nightmare frequency and nightmare distress should be evaluated in clinical and research settings, especially for women, in the context of suicidal risk assessment. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved)","Lee, Ruda;Suh, Sooyeon","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2016","","US","26","4","308","318","","","*Nightmares;  *Suicidal Ideation; Distress","","2016-60837-003","Suh, Sooyeon: Department of Psychology, Sungshin Women’s University, 911 Sungshin Building, 2 Bomun-ro 34 da-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea, 136-742, alysuh@sungshin.ac.kr","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000039"
"Journal Article","Physical self-concept and the frequency of lucid dreams and nightmares.","This study investigated the association of physical self-concept with dream recall frequency, lucid dream frequency, and nightmare frequency. Previous research reported negative associations between physical self-concept and dreaming behavior among sport students. Using a large sample from the general population (N = 2,904), we found no associations of physical self-concept with dream recall frequency and lucid dream frequency. Associations with nightmare frequency were negative and significant, yet practically irrelevant. We conclude that previously reported negative associations of physical self-concept with dream behavior are confined to athletes and persons with above-average physical exercise behavior but do not generalize to the general population. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved)","Hausberger, Andreas;Pollak, Peter;Tran, Ulrich S.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2016","","US","26","4","293","298","","","*Dream Recall;  *Dreaming;  *Health; Self-Concept","","2016-54556-001","Tran, Ulrich S.: Faculty of Psychology, Department of Basic Psychological Research and Research Methods, University of Vienna, Liebiggasse 5, Vienna, Austria, A-1010, ulrich.tran@univie.ac.at","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000035"
"Journal Article","We dream typical themes every single night.","In light of the previous retrospective and diary-based evidence for the marked prevalence and recurrence of typical dream themes, this study investigated whether typical dream themes would occur across all successive REM epochs of the night. The sample contained 7 subjects, whose sleep was monitored by a high-density electroencephalographic system. REM awakenings were performed in accordance with the progressive-interval protocol. Besides free-recall reports collected via the REM interviews, the subjects were asked next morning to recognize any typical themes occurring in each episode of REM mentation using a provided list of dream themes. Approximately 80% of dream reports retrieved from REM sleep displayed at least 1 typical theme, the greatest number of typical themes in 1 dream being 11. A more conservative estimate of the incidence of typical REM dreams still exceeded 60%. In addition, typical dream themes could be observed across all REM cycles over the night, even in those early, ephemeral REM dreams. These findings suggest that the majority of REM dreams are typical dreams. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Yu, Calvin Kai-Ching","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2016","","US","26","4","319","329","","","*Dream Content;  *Dreaming; Rapid Eye Movement","","2016-56324-001","Yu, Calvin Kai-Ching: Department of Counselling and Psychology, Hong Kong Shue Yan University, 10 Wai Tsui Crescent, Braemar Hill Road, North Point, Hong Kong, calvinkcyu@ymail.com","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000037"
"Journal Article","Violence, sex, and dreams: Violent and sexual media content infiltrate our dreams at night.","[Correction Notice: An Erratum for this article was reported in Vol 26(4) of Dreaming (see record 2016-60837-001). In the article, there is a typo in the first column, second row of Table 1. The text should appear as Violent media use. All versions of this article have been corrected.] Many people today are immersed in media similar to fish in water. Electronic devices provide virtually unlimited access to media. Although people consume media during their waking hours, the media they consume might also affect their dreams during sleeping hours. The media often contain violence and sex. On the basis of cognitive neoassociation theory, we predicted that violent and sexual media content would prime related thoughts in semantic memory. In this study, 1,287 Turkish participants completed a survey about their media consumption and their dreams the previous night. We measured the frequency of their media consumption and the violent and sexual content of the media they consumed on a regular basis and on the day before the survey. We also measured whether they had a dream the night before they completed the survey and dream content if they dreamed (51.5% dreamed). We measured whether participants had dreams with violent and sexual content. Similar results were obtained for regular media consumption and for media consumption on the day before the survey. For both measures, media consumption was positively related to dreaming frequency. Media content also influenced dream content. Specifically, participants who consumed violent media tended to have violent dreams, and participants who consumed sexual media tended to have sexual dreams. These results are consistent with cognitive neoassociation theory and extend the theory by showing that it also applies to sleeping hours as well as waking hours. The results also have practical implications. Media can influence our thoughts, even when we are asleep. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Van den Bulck, Jan;Çetin, Yakup;Terzi, Ömer;Bushman, Brad J.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2016","","US","26","4","271","279","","","*Dreaming;  *Mass Media;  *Sexuality;  *Violence; Semantic Memory","","2016-54555-001","Bushman, Brad J.: School of Communication, The Ohio State University, 3016 Derby Hall, 154 North Oval Mall, Columbus, OH, US, bushman.20@osu.edu","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000036"
"Journal Article","Nightmare prevalence, distress, and anxiety among young children.","This study investigated the relationship between nightmares and anxiety in young children. A sample of 45 parent–child pairs completed a demographic questionnaire, parent- and child-reported nightmare questionnaires, and a parent-reported anxiety scale. Results indicated that children reported significantly more nightmares and a higher level of nightmare distress compared to their parents. A positive relationship was found between parent- and child-reported nightmare frequency but not nightmare distress. Children who reported to have more frequent nightmares were also rated by their parent to have higher anxiety. No gender differences were found. Implications and future research are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Floress, Margaret T.;Kuhn, Brett R.;Bernas, Ronan S.;Dandurand, Megan","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2016","","US","26","4","280","292","","","*Anxiety;  *Distress; Nightmares","","2016-49911-001","Floress, Margaret T.: Department of Psychology, Eastern Illinois University, 600 Lincoln Avenue, Charleston, IL, US, 61920, mfloress@eiu.edu","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000034"
"Journal Article","Continuity: Knowing each other, emotional closeness, and appearing together in dreams.","Continuity between entities in dreams and those in waking life arises from memory. In broad terms, the people a dreamer knows are associated in the dreamer’s memory, and during dreaming people associated in memory tend to occur together in dreams. To obtain details, we gave a dreamer a questionnaire about whether pairs of major people know each other in waking life, and if so, how emotionally close they are. The greater the emotional closeness of a pair, the more likely the pair was to occur in a dream together. The more often a pair co-occurred in a dream, the more likely the pair was to know each other in waking life. In waking life, relationships with kin decay more slowly than relationships with others. A consequence would be that over time, as new friends replace the old, kin tend to become associated with many people. We found that in waking life, those who knew the most others were family members. People who occurred with the most other people in dreams were also family members. As relationships decay over time, memory for the relationships degrades as well. To maintain memories, we propose that associations between people in memory are refreshed when people are dreamed about together. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Han, Hye Joo;Schweickert, Richard","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2016","","US","26","4","299","307","","","*Dreaming;  *Emotions; Interpersonal Relationships","","2016-60837-002","Schweickert, Richard: Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, US, 47907, swike@psych.purdue.edu","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000038"
"Journal Article","Dream contents of early adolescents, adolescents, and young adults: A cluster analysis with T-LAB.","A text analysis of dreams and waking-life narratives let us detect typical dream contents. The sample is composed of 1,000 subjects, from early adolescents to young adults, including males and females. For each subject, we collected a dream and a waking-life episode according to “the most recent dream” (Hartmann, Elkin, & Garg, 1991) and “a recent episode” methodology (Maggiolini, Cagnin, Crippa, Persico, & Rizzi, 2010). Through a word analysis, we were able to identify the typical narratives of dreams and episodes. We identified 5 clusters of dreams: dreams of (a) fear and escape, (b) school, (c) competition and sport, (d) attack, and (e) falling and spatial disorientation. Instead, regarding episodes, T-LAB identified 5 clusters: episodes of (a) fun with friends, (b) competition and success, (c) significant emotions, (d) family relationships, and (e) accidents and diseases. This research shows a way of empirically finding typical dreams, without starting from an arbitrary list. Typical dreams are not only a description of similar contents in different dreams, but those contents that are typical of dreams compared with waking narratives. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)","Maggiolini, Alfio;Morelli, Mara;Falotico, Elisa;Montali, Lorenzo","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2016","","US","26","3","221","237","","","*Dream Analysis;  *Dream Content;  *Narratives;  *Words (Phonetic Units); Cluster Analysis; Computer Software","","2016-40668-001","Maggiolini, Alfio: Via Omboni, 4, Milano, Italy, 20129, alfio.maggiolini@gmail.com","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000027"
"Journal Article","Content analysis of Chinese dreams—Pleasure or pain?","Unlike dream reports around the world, Chinese people’s dreams seem to display more pleasant affect and content. In view of this cultural disparity, the present study examined whether the predominance of unpleasant dream content revealed by Western studies using the Dream Threat Scale and the Hall and Van de Castle (1966) coding system could be replicated in a sample of dreams reported by Chinese people. The sample consisted of 252 most recently recalled dreams and 228 diary dreams collected from 286 Chinese participants over 3 consecutive nights. The employment of the Hall and Van de Castle system in dream coding was supplemented with the Good Fortune Scale and a neuroscientific-based classification of emotions to equalize the numbers of positive and negative coding categories. The analysis confirmed the results of previous similar research in other countries of a negativity bias in dreaming but did not lend support to the theory of threat simulation as a primary function of dreaming. The inherent limitations of content analysis were discussed in light of the present findings and the Chinese personality characteristics. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved)","Hsu, Sharon S.;Yu, Calvin Kai-Ching","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2016","","US","26","3","208","220","","","*Chance (Fortune);  *Content Analysis;  *Dream Content;  *Emotions;  *Threat; Simulation","","2016-43508-001","Yu, Calvin Kai-Ching: Department of Counselling and Psychology, Hong Kong Shue Yan University, 10 Wai Tsui Crescent, Braemar Hill Road, North Point, Hong Kong, calvinkcyu@ymail.com","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000032"
"Journal Article","Posttraumatic nightmares and imagery rehearsal: The possible role of lucid dreaming.","Lucid dreaming (LD) is a distinct behavioral state characterized by an awareness of dreaming while a dream occurs and, at times, an ability to, during dreaming, control dream events and/or purposefully awaken from a dream. LD and its potential role as a mechanism of action of Imagery Rehearsal therapy (IR) were investigated in military veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder and recurrent nightmares. This study reports on the nature of LD constructs in 33 treatment-seeking Iraq and Afghanistan combat veterans participating in a larger clinical trial of 6 sessions of 1 of 2 therapies: components of Cognitive–Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia (cCBT-I) or IR + cCBT-I. Participants completed questionnaires regarding sleep and nightmares, other PTSD symptoms, and LD before and after treatment. Before treatment, veterans demonstrated a LD profile characterized by high dream awareness and low dream content control. After IR + cCBT-I treatment, control of dream content, but not lucid awareness, increased more than after cCBT-I treatment (ES = .68). This increase in dream content control was related to a reduction in nightmare distress. An increase in 1 component of LD, namely control of dream content, appears to contribute to therapeutic change with IR for recurrent posttraumatic nightmares. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved)","Harb, Gerlinde C.;Brownlow, Janeese A.;Ross, Richard J.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2016","","US","26","3","238","249","","","*Imagery;  *Lucid Dreaming;  *Nightmares;  *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder;  *Treatment; Cognitive Behavior Therapy; Military Veterans; Practice; Sleep","","2016-43508-002","Harb, Gerlinde C.: Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Research and Development Service (151), 3900 Woodland Avenue, Philadelphia, PA, US, 19104, gerlinde.harb@va.gov","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000030"
"Journal Article","Qualitative changes in recurrent PTSD nightmares after focusing-oriented dreamwork.","Although there has been considerable quantitative research to support the use of dreamwork methods that use imagery to treat PTSD-related nightmares, there has been limited study into the mechanism of action of these methods. This qualitative study examined the nature of changes in dreams following the reimagining of a new ending to recurrent nightmares, resulting in a theory about why clients might experience symptom relief from the process. This study included the development and use of an abbreviated focusing-oriented dreamwork (FOD) treatment protocol for trauma survivors with repetitive PTSD nightmares and an interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) of the dream changes that resulted from treatment. Participants were 5 clients from the Vancouver Association for the Survivors of Torture (VAST) who experienced clinically significant PTSD symptoms, including repetitive trauma-related nightmares. After FOD treatment, participants’ dreams began to change in specific ways. The identity of the dream aggressor shifted from known to unknown or vice versa, and generally away from replication of the original trauma. Dream ego actions moved forward on a continuum from freeze to flight to fight as dreamers began to find their voices, seek help and/or take action. Temporal and setting changes generally shifted from being frozen in the time and/or place of the trauma to include more elements from current life. The FOD protocol appeared to move dreamers toward more empowered, less fearful responses within dreaming and upon waking, and to have a positive effect on daytime functioning. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)","Ellis, Leslie A.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2016","","US","26","3","185","201","","","*Dream Analysis;  *Nightmares;  *Phenomenology;  *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder;  *Treatment; Survivors; Torture; Focused Attention","","2016-40667-001","Ellis, Leslie A.: 4505 Stonehaven Avenue, North Vancouver, BC, Canada, V7G 1E7, lae2317@gmail.com","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000031"
"Journal Article","Dreams of hearing-impaired, compared with hearing, individuals are more sensory and emotional.","An early report suggested that the sensory content of dreams differed between those who are and are not hearing impaired; more recent studies have indicated there are no differences. We surveyed 86 students attending a special needs school for the deaf regarding sensory content of their dreams, and compared the results with those of 344 hearing students attending an ordinary high school. Participants were given a 25-item questionnaire regarding remembered dreams of the preceding month that measured dream recall frequency, vividness of dreams, and the frequency of experience of 9 sensory modalities and 10 emotions. The results indicated that by controlling for dream recall frequency, the hearing-impaired participants experienced nightmares, lucid dreams, taste, smell, pain, temperature, hope, anger, fear, tense feelings, surprise, and shame more often and hearing less often than the hearing participants. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Okada, Hitoshi;Wakasaya, Kei","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2016","","US","26","3","202","207","","","*Dream Recall;  *Emotions;  *Hearing Disorders;  *Perception; Cutaneous Sense; Emotional States; Kinesthetic Perception; Olfactory Perception; Pain Perception; Taste Perception; Temperature Perception; Visual Perception","","2016-40669-001","Okada, Hitoshi: Department of Human Sciences, Bunkyo University, 3337 Minamiogishinma, Saitama, Koshigaya, Japan, 343-8511, hokada@koshigaya.bunkyo.ac.jp","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000026"
"Journal Article","The Yellow Emperor’s Canon of Internal Medicine and the interpretation of typical dreams two millennia ago.","Dream content is perhaps not as elusive as it appears to be. Contemporary research shows that there are typical dream themes that are shared by people from different cultures, across different time periods. Indeed, Sigmund Freud has already observed and interpreted these dream themes more than a century ago. If typical dream themes cross both cultural and time boundaries such that people in the 21st century dream the same themes as did people in the 20th and 19th centuries, can they be traced even further back in time to ancient China—namely, before Christ? This implies that typical dream themes pass down from generations to generations without being eliminated despite the dramatic evolution of humanity. The Yellow Emperor’s Canon of Internal Medicine (Huang-di Nei-jing; 黃帝內經) was written between the late Warring States period (475–221 BC) and the Han dynasty (206 BC–220 AD) when Chinese philosophy began and many time-honored schools of thought blossomed. Huang-di Nei-jing is the first and also the most important text throughout the history of Chinese medicine; it is still a must-read for Chinese medical practitioners nowadays. This article reviews how the narrative content of dreams is interpreted in ancient China and compares the dream themes illustrated in Huang-di Nei-jing with those typical dream themes enumerated by Freud and contemporary researchers. A 3-tier model of dream expression is put forward in light of the theoretical implications of Huang-di Nei-jing for understanding the formation of dream content. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Yu, Calvin Kai-Ching","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2016","","US","26","3","250","269","","","*Dream Content;  *History;  *Medical Sciences;  *Symbolism; Dreaming; Models; Narratives","","2016-43508-003","Yu, Calvin Kai-Ching: Department of Counselling and Psychology, Hong Kong Shue Yan University, 10 Wai Tsui Crescent, Braemar Hill Road, North Point, Hong Kong, calvinkcyu@ymail.com","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000033"
"Journal Article","The continuity between waking-life musical activities and music dreams.","[Correction Notice: An Erratum for this article was reported in Vol 26(2) of Dreaming (see record 2016-31753-003). In the article, four errors appear in text due to production errors. In the introduction, second paragraph, the third sentence should read: Paul McCartney reported that he woke up with a lovely tune in his head and first he didn’t believe it was his own creation. In the Discussion section, second paragraph, the last phrase of the first sentence should read: but much higher compared with the sample of Schredl et al. (2015). In the Discussion section, the last phrase of the third paragraph should read: were much higher and, thus, detecting a substantial relationship was more likely. In the Discussion section, seventh paragraph, the second to the last sentence should read: This relationship has been shown for athletes.] As expressed in anecdotal reports, dreams have provided inspiration to both classical and popular musicians. According to the continuity hypothesis, engaging in music activities in the daytime should be related to the occurrence of music dreams. One-hundred and 44 participants (mostly psychology students, music students, and choir members) were asked to complete questionnaires about music-related waking-life activities and music in dreams. As expected, the amount of time invested in music activities during the day is directly related to the percentage of music dreams, thereby confirming the continuity hypothesis. Also, composing music in waking-life is related to a higher frequency of dreams with new music. Due to possible recall biases regarding retrospective measures for eliciting the percentage of music dreams, future research should follow up this study by using dream diaries in larger samples. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Vogelsang, Lukas;Anold, Sena;Schormann, Jannik;Wübbelmann, Silja;Schredl, Michael","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2016","","US","26","2","132","141","","","*Dreaming;  *Music; Music Perception; Sleep","","2016-14253-001","Schredl, Michael: Schlaflabor, Zentralinstitut für Seelische Gesundheit, Postfach 12 21 20, Mannheim, Germany, 68072","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000018"
"Journal Article","People’s views on dreaming: Attitudes and subjective dream theories, with regard to age, education, and sex.","The study investigated subjective theories of dream function (why do we dream)—measured as level of agreement with selected prescientific and contemporary views of science (N = 667) and thus explored differences in dream attitude with respect to age, educational level, and sex. A factor analysis revealed 3 factors. One can be described as seeing dreams as meaningful information processing (memory consolidation, sorting inputs, and solving problems), a 2nd included prescientific dream theory (dreams as messages from outside and/or from deceased, or dreams as prophecies). A 3rd factor included viewing dreams as insignificant products of the brain (random chemical signal interpretation and garbage products of the brain). Factor 1 was highly related to dream attitude—the more generally approving of dreams and dreaming, the more participants would regard dreams as meaningful information processing. Factor 2 was related to sex (women being more approving) and negatively related to level of education. Factor 3 was negatively related to the dream attitude scale but positively related to dream recall, which seemed counterintuitive. This could be seen as a way of explaining the often irrational content of dreams that participants were then able to recall. Women had a more supportive attitude toward dreams and dreaming. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Olsen, Michael Rohde;Schredl, Michael;Carlsson, Ingegerd","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2016","","US","26","2","158","168","","","*Dreaming;  *Theories; Age Differences; Educational Attainment Level; Human Sex Differences","","2016-14255-001","Olsen, Michael Rohde: Department of Psychology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden, mail@michaelrohde.dk","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000020"
"Journal Article","Wakefulness and dreaming: Unusual events and their cognitive processing during waking and dreaming.","Subjective reports have supported the assumption that dream sleep and waking manifest differences that correlate with the neurobiological bases of the 2 conscious states. These differences should appear in the quality and quantity of cognition and reasoning. Using the affirmative probe method, we compared quantity, recognition and consequences (logic reasoning) of unusual events (bizarre, unreal, irrational, and not possible in reality) during dreaming and waking. In 2 studies, students created dream and waking reports, and indicated unusual events and their cognitive processing. While dreaming, significantly more unusual events occurred than while waking. During waking, almost all unusual events were recognized as such, whereas while dreaming only 21% of unusual events were identified. Thoughts about the logical (in)consistency of the events were significantly fewer while dreaming than while waking, but, if the situation elicited logical reasoning, consequential behavior was initiated equally often. Our results, therefore, support the notion of qualitatively different states of consciousness during dreaming and waking. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Schwerdtle, Barbara;Häfner, Stefan;Hobson, J. Allan;Kübler, Andrea","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2016","","US","26","2","169","183","","","*Cognitive Processes;  *Dreaming;  *Wakefulness; Consciousness States; Reasoning","","2016-15752-001","Schwerdtle, Barbara: Department of Psychology I, University of Würzburg, Marcusstrasse 9-11, Würzburg, Germany, 97070, barbara.schwerdtle@uni-wuerzburg.de","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000017"
"Journal Article","Psychosocial intervention and dreaming among war-affected Palestinian children.","We examined, first, what kind of dreams can protect children’s mental health from impacts of war trauma, and, second, analyzed whether a psychosocial intervention (Teaching Recovery Techniques [TRT]) is effective in changing dream characteristics (e.g., bizarreness, emotional valence, and the dreamer’s role) to be more beneficial or functional. Dream data of 257 Palestinian children (56.3% girls: 10–13-years) based on 14-night diaries was collected in the aftermath of a major war. Of these children 150 participated in the TRT and 107 were controls. They reported their posttraumatic stress (PTSD), depressive symptoms, and psychosocial well-being at baseline and 6 months follow-up. Principal component analyses revealed 3 dream dimensions: Unpleasant, Fragmented, and Lonely Dreams; Practical, Narrative, and Social Dreams; and Pleasant, Active, and Symbolic Dreams. Practical, Narrative, and Social Dreams could fill a protective function, as war trauma did not negatively impact psychosocial well-being among children who reported these dreams. The TRT was not able to increase more beneficial or reduce dysfunctional dream characteristics. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)","Qouta, Samir R.;Peltonen, Kirsi;Diab, Safwat Y.;Anttila, Suvi;Palosaari, Esa;Punamäki, Raija-Leena","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2016","","US","26","2","95","118","","","*Dreaming;  *Intervention;  *Mental Health;  *Psychosocial Factors;  *Trauma;  *Psychosocial Interventions; Major Depression; Posttraumatic Stress Disorder; Symptoms; War; Well Being","","2016-31753-001","Punamäki, Raija-Leena: School of Social Sciences and Humanities/Psychology, FIM-33014 University of Tampere, Kalevankatu 5, Linna 4krs, Tampere, Finland, Raija-leena.punamaki@uta.fi","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000025"
"Journal Article","Intensified daydreams and nap dreams in frequent nightmare sufferers.","Nightmares (NMs) are characterized by intense negative emotion. Research suggests that frequent NM sufferers also have greater inclinations to fantasy and dream-like daydreams, although it is not known whether they experience intense negative emotion as part of these waking state cognitions. We assessed the daydreams and nap dreams of NM participants to determine whether they have more negative daydream content and more vivid imagery overall. NM and control (CTL) participants completed a daydream procedure followed by a nap targeted to contain 80 min total sleep time and an awakening 10 min into rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. For both daydreams and nap dreams, participants completed a questionnaire regarding 4 factors: negativity, positivity, body sensation, and bizarreness. Results revealed the NM group had elevated positivity, body sensation and bizarreness ratings for daydreams compared with the CTL group, but did not differ from them for negativity ratings. NM participants also had elevated body sensation ratings for nap dreams, but did not differ for negativity, positivity, or bizarreness. Thus, while NMs themselves are characterized by negative affect, NM sufferers nonetheless have higher than normal positivity, body sensation, and bizarreness in their daydreams and specifically more body sensation in their laboratory nap dreams. This may reflect some change in the affective structure of imagery among NM sufferers (e.g., altered experiences of bodily arousal), the differential influence of circadian factors on the 2 groups, or the fact that sleeping in the laboratory tends to suppress NMs. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)","Carr, Michelle;Blanchette-Carrière, Cloé;Solomonova, Elizaveta;Paquette, Tyna;Nielsen, Tore","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2016","","US","26","2","119","131","","","*Daydreaming;  *Emotions;  *Napping;  *Nightmares; REM Sleep","","2016-31753-002","Nielsen, Tore: Dream & Nightmare Laboratory, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, 5400 Gouin Boulevard West, Montreal, PQ, Canada, H4J 1C5, tore.nielsen@umontreal.ca","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000024"
"Erratum/Correction","The continuity between waking-life musical activities and music dreams' : Correction to Vogelsang et al. (2016).","Reports an error in 'The Continuity Between Waking-Life Musical Activities and Music Dreams' by Lukas Vogelsang, Sena Anold, Jannik Schormann, Silja Wübbelmann and Michael Schredl (Dreaming, Advanced Online Publication, Mar 24, 2016, np). In the article, four errors appear in text due to production errors. In the introduction, second paragraph, the third sentence should read: Paul McCartney reported that he woke up with a lovely tune in his head and first he didn’t believe it was his own creation. In the Discussion section, second paragraph, the last phrase of the first sentence should read: but much higher compared with the sample of Schredl et al. (2015). In the Discussion section, the last phrase of the third paragraph should read: were much higher and, thus, detecting a substantial relationship was more likely. In the Discussion section, seventh paragraph, the second to the last sentence should read: This relationship has been shown for athletes. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 2016-14253-001.) As expressed in anecdotal reports, dreams have provided inspiration to both classical and popular musicians. According to the continuity hypothesis, engaging in music activities in the daytime should be related to the occurrence of music dreams. One-hundred and 44 participants (mostly psychology students, music students, and choir members) were asked to complete questionnaires about music-related waking-life activities and music in dreams. As expected, the amount of time invested in music activities during the day is directly related to the percentage of music dreams, thereby confirming the continuity hypothesis. Also, composing music in waking-life is related to a higher frequency of dreams with new music. Due to possible recall biases regarding retrospective measures for eliciting the percentage of music dreams, future research should follow up this study by using dream diaries in larger samples. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","No authorship indicated","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2016","","US","26","2","157","157","","","*Dreaming;  *Music; Music Perception; Sleep","","2016-31753-003","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000029"
"Journal Article","Reflections on the study of dream speech.","Dream speech is an understudied area of dream research worthy of attention for its potential to shed light on the nature of the interactions between the dream-self and dream-others, the patterns of discourse that occur among dream characters, and the structure and content of dream speech itself. The history of the study of dream speech is surveyed. Investigation of the structure and content of dream speech points to interesting similarities and differences in waking, imagined, and dreamed speech. Dream speech data support recent evidence that higher-order cognitive activity is a feature of dreaming no less than of waking thought. The study of dream speech offers a window on understanding dream structure and content more broadly. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Kilroe, Patricia A.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2016","","US","26","2","142","157","","","*Dream Content;  *Dreaming; Oral Communication","","2016-14254-001","Kilroe, Patricia A.: Writing and Literature Program, California College of the Arts, 5212 Broadway, Oakland, CA, US, 94618, pkilroe@cca.edu","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000016"
"Journal Article","Dream recall, nightmare frequency, and spirituality.","Dreaming plays a role in all major world religions, so it was expected that dream recall frequency was positively related to a measure of spirituality (“Transpersonal Trust”). The findings of the online survey (N = 528) indicate that there is a relationship between spirituality and dream recall, possibly mediated by mindfulness skills. Two factors might explain this relationship: First, dreams can provide spiritual inspiration and, second, spiritual practices like meditation can increase dream recall. Interestingly, mindfulness was related to lower nightmare frequencies. It would be very interesting to study dreaming in persons undergoing intense spiritual training with regard to, on the one hand, possible beneficial effects of spiritual dreams and, on the other hand, the effect of the spiritual training on dream content. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Schredl, Michael;Stumbrys, Tadas;Erlacher, Daniel","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2016","","US","26","1","1","9","","","*Dream Recall;  *Nightmares;  *Spirituality;  *Mindfulness; Transpersonal Psychology; Trust (Social Behavior)","","2016-13720-001","Schredl, Michael: Sleep Laboratory, Central Institute of Mental Health, PO Box 12 21 20, Mannheim, Germany, 68072, Michael.Schredl@zimannheim.de","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000015"
"Journal Article","Posttraumatic nightmares of traumatized refugees: Dream work integrating cultural values.","This study examines the mental health function of dreams and dream work in integrative psychotherapy with 2 refugee women. The clients were from West Africa and the Middle East, and both suffered from posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and repetitive nightmares. In a culturally sensitive integrative psychotherapy dreams were interpreted with respect for cultural meanings. The dream work initiated a mutual exploration of the dream images and led to an insightful processing of traumatic experiences. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Schubert, Carla C.;Punamäki, Raija-Leena","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2016","","US","26","1","10","28","","","*Dream Analysis;  *Nightmares;  *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder;  *Psychotherapy;  *Refugees; Cross Cultural Differences; Religious Practices; Trauma; Values","","2016-13720-002","Schubert, Carla C.: School of Social Sciences and Humanities/Psychology, University of Tampere, FIM-33014, Kalevankatu 5, Linna 4krs, Finland, carla@carlaschubert.fi","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000021"
"Journal Article","Nightmare protection, gender, and video game play.","Early work on the nightmare protection hypothesis found that males who play combat-centric video games frequently did not experience nightmares in the same way as their counterparts. Rather, their dreams involved fighting back and feeling empowered. However, this effect did not occur for female high-end gamers in a follow-up study with students. The current study was conducted to explore this sex difference. It was hypothesized that the difference may be a result of in-dream coping responses, stereotype threat or preferred game genres. This study utilized an online survey containing 5 questionnaires to address the different hypotheses, including gathering a recent nightmare and coping response to this nightmare. Results, which are consistent with previous research, indicate that males and females are playing different types of video games. Males were playing more combat-centric games, which may be nightmare inoculating. For females, casual games may not be providing the nightmare protection as they do in males. No support was found for stereotype threat with the current measure. Early support was found for differences in waking and in-dream coping styles. Overall, continued evidence of sex differences in nightmare inoculations was found and some light was shed on what may be causing these differences. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)","Boyes, Arielle;Gackenbach, Jayne","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2016","","US","26","1","29","41","","","*Computer Games;  *Dream Content;  *Human Sex Differences;  *Nightmares; Coping Behavior; Violence","","2016-13720-003","Gackenbach, Jayne: Department of Psychology, MacEwan University, 6-323H, 10700-104 Avenue, Edmonton, AB, Canada, T5J 4S2, gackenbachj@macewan.ca","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000014"
"Journal Article","The behavioral effects of frequent nightmares on objective stress tolerance.","Frequent nightmares have been linked to daily distress using self-report measures. The present study investigated the impact of frequent nightmares on a stressful cognitive test requiring participants to perform additions of 2 previously displayed single digit numbers from a number series, where display latency between digits becomes increasingly short—the Paced Visual Serial Addition Task-Computerized (PVSAT-C). Participants experiencing frequent nightmares (n = 43) and controls (n = 42) were compared on PVSAT-C performance. A significant main effect of nightmare frequency was observed with participants in the frequent nightmare group enduring the task for a shorter duration than controls (a behavioral measure of stress tolerance). Results suggest that individuals experiencing frequent nightmares have a reduced tolerance for stressors, leading to increased daily vulnerability to stressful stimuli. This study confirms previous findings linking nightmares and daily distress and extends the literature by providing objective evidence for the link between nightmares and reduced stress tolerance through behavioral testing. These findings highlight nightmares as a salient target for clinical intervention. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved)","Hochard, Kevin D.;Heym, Nadja;Townsend, Ellen","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2016","","US","26","1","42","49","","","*Nightmares;  *Resilience (Psychological);  *Stress; Self-Report; Sleep","","2016-13720-004","Hochard, Kevin D.: Department of Psychology, University of Chester, Parkgate Road, Chester, United Kingdom, CH14BJ, k.hochard@chester.ac.uk","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000013"
"Journal Article","The development of cognitive and emotional processing as reflected in children’s dreams: Active self in an eventful dream signals better neuropsychological skills.","The development of dreaming and its association with brain maturation and cognitive development are rarely studied in spite of adult studies showing a close relationship between dreaming and cognitive functioning. In order to bridge this gap in the literature we aimed to depict the associations between individual differences in neurocognitive maturation and the formal and content related characteristics of children’s dream reports. We analyzed the dream reports of 40 children between the ages of 4 to 8 years. Specific dream content categories, found to change significantly throughout development, were correlated with cognitive performance. To measure the latter we used neuropsychological tests (a modified version of the Fruit Stroop Test and Emotional Stroop Test for Children, and the Attention Network Test [ANT]) and intelligence tests (subscales of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children [WISC–IV], and the Raven’s Colored Progressive Matrices [CPM]). Results suggest that the dreamer’s presence in their dreams (manifested in activities, interactions, self-effectiveness, willful effort, and cognitive reflections) indicates more effective executive control in waking life. The quality and content of these activities and interactions are correlated with the child’s capacities of emotional processing. Contrary to previous findings dream bizarreness and dream recall frequency were not associated with any cognitive indicators. Although in adult dream research the continuity of waking and dreaming cognition has been well-studied, our work is 1 of the first to explore the connection between children’s cognitive maturation and dreaming. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)","Sándor, Piroska;Szakadát, Sára;Bódizs, Róbert","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2016","","US","26","1","58","78","","","*Childhood Development;  *Cognitive Development;  *Dreaming;  *Executive Function;  *Emotional Processing; Dream Content; Emotional Development","","2016-13720-006","Sándor, Piroska: Institute of Behavioural Sciences, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad tér 4., Budapest, Hungary, 1089, sandorpiros@gmail.com","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000022"
"Journal Article","A protocol for eliciting dream associations oriented to the recognition of episodic dream sources.","The use of associations with dream reports, although diffused and greatly useful in psychotherapy, has so far played a limited role in dream research not directly finalized to therapy. On the other hand, it is difficult to investigate a basic property of dreaming, that of establishing connections, without searching for information beyond the dream report: indeed, the simplest and likely most effective way of obtaining this information consists in asking the dreamer for associations. Well-defined and rigorous methods are however necessary for research approaches which aim to achieve a better understanding of how the dreaming mind operates by processing and combining the dreamer’s memory sources: we propose an experimental protocol (“Associations for Dream Reports Protocol”) aiming to give a contribution in this direction. According to this protocol, the dreamer completes a form which asks him or her to describe a recent dream, to name key words or short phrases that characterize the dream, and, for each word or phrase, to provide associations that allow possible episodic sources, definite in space and time, to be identified. To be more effective, the method takes advantage of the presence of a researcher while the dreamer is completing the form: the terms of the interaction between dreamer and researcher are subjected to marked restrictions and rigorously defined. The protocol was applied to a homogeneous group of participants; the observed link patterns presented interesting statistically significant phenomena. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)","Barcaro, Umberto;Delogu, Anna;Righi, Marco;Virgillito, Alessandra;Carboncini, Maria Chiara","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2016","","US","26","1","79","93","","","*Dream Analysis;  *Dream Content;  *Dreaming; Episodic Memory","","2016-13720-007","Barcaro, Umberto: Istituto di Scienza e Tecnologie dell’Informazione, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Area della Ricerca CNR, via G. Moruzzi 1, Pisa, Italy, 56124, umberto.barcaro@isti.cnr.it","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000019"
"Journal Article","Cthulhu Fhtagn: Dreams and nightmares in the fantasy fiction of H. P. Lovecraft.","This article discusses the central role of dreaming in the life and fiction of the American writer H. P. Lovecraft (1890–1937). Many of Lovecraft’s stories were directly inspired by his own personal dreams and nightmares. Lovecraft was not particularly well known during his lifetime, but his reputation as a master of short horror fiction has cast enormous influence on the fantasy and science fiction genres for many decades. Almost all of his stories create a “dreamy” atmosphere of uncertainty, mystery, and potential danger, and several of them use dreams as key elements in the plot. The article suggests that Lovecraft was a big dreamer who cultivated metacognitive skills for exploring and writing about the mystical and gravitational dimensions of prototypical dreaming. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Bulkeley, Kelly","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2016","","US","26","1","50","57","","","*Dreaming;  *Fantasy;  *Literature; Nightmares","","2016-13720-005","Bulkeley, Kelly: 4636 SW Humphrey Court, Portland, OR, US, 97221, bulkeleyk@gmail.com","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000023"
"Journal Article","Dreaming and nightmares in REM sleep behavior disorder.","Though central to the sometimes injurious behaviors of REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD), the dreams and nightmares experienced by these patients remain largely unstudied. The present work applies the Typical Dreams Questionnaire (TDQ) to assess several aspects of the content and recall of dreams and nightmares among large cohorts of RBD patients and matched controls. Sixty-eight polysomnographically diagnosed RBD patients (49 men; 63.7 ± 10.9 y.o.) and 44 healthy controls (28 men; 62.0 ± 12.2 y.o.) completed the 56-item TDQ and a night of polysomnography. Phasic EMG% in REM sleep and tonic REM sleep% were both assessed. Patients reported remembering nightmares in a typical month almost 5 times more often (3.96) than did controls (0.68) and also recalling more dreams in a month (2.3) than did controls (1.6). More RBD patients reported clinically significant nightmare frequencies than did controls and female RBD patients reported higher dream theme diversity scores than either female controls or male patients. Group main effects for TDQ theme factors pinpointed that RBD patients dreamed more of Disasters, Snakes-Insects, Paralysis-Presence, and Beasts. Patients with the highest levels of tonic EMG% during REM sleep reported remembering fewer dreams (r = −0.377, p < .01), whereas controls with the highest levels of phasic events reported recalling more dreams (r = .491, p < .01). The typical content of patients’ dreams reflects threats posed by a variety of external agents, with some differences for men and women patients. RBD patients’ most frequently reported themes could reflect a lack of perceived control within the dream and could mirror their well-documented day-time passivity and lack of aggressiveness. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)","Godin, Isabelle;Montplaisir, Jacques;Nielsen, Tore","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2015","","US","25","4","257","273","","","*Behavior Disorders;  *Dreaming;  *Nightmares;  *REM Sleep;  *Sleep Wake Disorders;  *REM Sleep Behavior Disorder; Questionnaires; Rapid Eye Movement","","2015-53855-001","Nielsen, Tore: Dream & Nightmare Laboratory, Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine, Hopital du Sacre-Coeur de Montreal, 5400 Gouin Boulevard West, Montreal, PQ, Canada, H4J 1C5, tore.nielsen@umontreal.ca","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000011"
"Journal Article","Nightmares and their consequences in relation to state factors, absorption, and boundaries.","This study aims to investigate whether the experiencing of nightmare distress and nightmare effects is associated with trait factors, specifically with thin boundaries and absorption, and state factors, to be precise with perceived symptoms of depression, anxiety, distress, and somatization in the last 7 days. The participants (N = 344; 217 nightmare sufferers; 127 nonsufferers) filled in an online survey consisting of the Nightmare Severity Index, Nightmare Distress Questionnaire, Nightmare Effect Survey, Four-Dimensional Symptom Questionnaire, Modified Tellegen’s Absorption Scale, and Boundary Questionnaire-18. It was found that the state factors explain a greater amount of variance in all the nightmare-related variables than personality ones. Psychological distress seems to be the most effective factor in predicting nightmare distress and effects. Nightmare sufferers have significantly thinner boundaries than nonsufferers, and women report more nightmare effects than men. The results of this study support the continuity hypothesis and also suggest that trait factors could play a role in predispositions to perceiving worse consequences of nightmares as a reaction to distress, anxiety, somatic problems, or depression experienced daily. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved)","Klůzová Kráčmarová, Lucie;Plháková, Alena","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2015","","US","25","4","312","320","","","*Anxiety;  *Distress;  *Nightmares;  *Personality Traits; Dream Recall; Symptoms; Somatization","","2015-40847-001","Klůzová Kráčmarová, Lucie: Krizzkovskeho 10, Olomouc, Czech Republic, 779 00, Lucie.Kluzova@upol.cz","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0039712"
"Journal Article","The vicissitudes of affective valence across the night: A high-density electroencephalographic study.","Despite the popular belief in the mood-regulatory function of dreaming, the picture of the overnight changes in affective valence is far from complete. Previous studies largely focused on negative emotions and clinical populations and missed out on some rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep periods because either of low REM-mentation retrieval rates or other methodological limitations. This study, therefore, made use of the high-density electroencephalogram and progressive-awakening protocol to maximize dream retrieval and to chart the vicissitudes of both positive and negative affect across all sleep cycles of the night for ordinary people. Twenty young adult subjects slept at the laboratory for electroencephalographic and REM-mentation recordings. Mentation reports were obtained from 96.4% of REM awakenings. Most dreams were characterized by mixed feelings or were positively toned. Positive emotions were stronger than negative emotions across all waking and REM stages. The intensities of both positive and negative emotions reached the peaks in the third and sixth REM episodes, hit the bottom of the overnight trajectory in the fifth REM episode, and as compared with the presleep ratings significantly dropped after sleep. These findings do not support the mood-regulation theory that positive emotions progressively increase across successive REM dreams in lieu of negative emotions. They instead suggest that affect valence, whether it is positive or negative, mounts to the climax in the third REM episode and/or the latter REM episode, depending on the length of sleep and the qualities of presleep mood. Additionally, dreaming appears to be a cathartic process through which the internal gauge for affective experiences reverts to its homeostatic constant by eliminating both the positive and negative emotions preceding sleep. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Yu, Calvin Kai-Ching","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2015","","US","25","4","274","290","","","*Dreaming;  *Emotional Regulation;  *Sleep;  *Wakefulness;  *Affective Valence; Electroencephalography; Emotional States; Rapid Eye Movement","","2015-57594-001","Yu, Calvin Kai-Ching: Department of Counselling and Psychology, Hong Kong Shue Yan University, 10 Wai Tsui Crescent, Braemar Hill Road, North Point, Hong Kong, calvinkcyu@ymail.com","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0039593"
"Journal Article","Lucid dreaming frequency and alarm clock snooze button use.","There have been suggestions that the deliberate alteration of sleep-related behaviors, such as briefly going back to sleep after waking, can be used to induce lucid dreams. The current study extends this work by investigating the association between lucid dream frequency and alarm clock use. Eighty-four participants (44 females, 39 males, 1 not stated, mean age = 33.80 years, SD = 15.00) completed an online retrospective questionnaire that measured lucid dreaming frequency, frequency of alarm clock use, frequency of snooze button use per morning, and average number of awakenings per night. Significant positive relationships were found between lucid dreaming frequency and number of awakenings per night (ρ = .30), number of uses of alarm clock snoozing function per morning (ρ = .22), and dream recall frequency (ρ = .52). In a logistic regression, whether a participant had ever had a lucid dream was predicted only by overall dream recall frequency and frequency of snooze button use (Exp(B) odds ratios = 4.92 and 2.52, respectively). Reasons for the association might be that lucid dreamers and snooze button users share some individual difference characteristic or that the brief awakenings followed by snoozing might elicit brain activation or sleep-onset rapid eye movement periods, hence resulting in a greater likelihood of lucid dreams. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Smith, Bethan Victoria;Blagrove, Mark","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2015","","US","25","4","291","299","","","*Alarm Responses;  *Lucid Dreaming;  *Napping;  *Time Perception; Dreaming; Rapid Eye Movement; Sleep","","2015-53854-001","Blagrove, Mark: Sleep Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, United Kingdom, SA2 8PP, m.t.blagrove@swansea.ac.uk","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000012"
"Journal Article","A dreamland of death: From oneirography to oneirofiction in William S. Burroughs’s My education and The Western lands.","I propose a very descriptive analysis of the Land of the Dead, as it appears in 2 books by William S. Burroughs: the novel The Western Lands (1987) and My Education: A Book of Dreams (1995). Some dream reports already transposed in his diary are rewritten for the 1st volume and then later presented in the 2nd. I do not fully embrace any dream interpretation theory, but I come with various insights following different approaches, such as the ones of Carl Gustav Jung, Francis Crick, or Michel Jouvet. To carry on the comparative approach, in some points of my account I make references to Jack Kerouac, another beatnik who published his dream diary, Book of Dreams (1960). Even though Burroughs could be described as postmodern, hypermodern, or even amodern (Murphy, 1997), all 3 volumes reflect, in diverse, implicit, or explicit ways, a mythical modernist aspect: the recurrent oneiric space of death, which presents several features I will discuss (such as phantom vs. body, public vs. private, breakfast problem), regarding an urbanistic dystopian topography. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Malomfălean, Laurenţiu","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2015","","US","25","4","300","311","","","*Dream Content; Journal Writing","","2015-57594-002","Malomfălean, Laurenţiu: 45 Grigore Alexandrescu Apt 73, Cluj-Napoca, Romania, 400202, laurentiu.malomfalean@ubbcluj.ro","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0039957"
"Journal Article","Dreaming as embodied simulation: A widower’s dreams of his deceased wife.","This article presents argument and evidence in support of the hypothesis that dreaming can be understood as a form of embodied simulation. Building on many past studies of dream content employing the Hall and Van de Castle (1966) coding system, the article claims that most dreams dramatize the complex set of conceptions that are part of the dreamer’s cognitive structure. Dreams embody conceptions primarily through literal enactments, making them somewhat akin to a theatrical play. The plausibility of this hypothesis is demonstrated through a quantitative analysis of emotions, social interactions, misfortunes, and good fortunes in a unique series of 143 dream reports written down over the space of 22 years by a widower because they were about his deceased wife. The inferences drawn from the analysis of the dream reports are consistent with the widower’s written reflections on his marriage and his answer to a question sent to him by e-mail on a potentially embarrassing issue. The article also uses an Unrealistic Elements Scale to search for possible instances of figurative elements within the dream reports; about one third to one half of the unusual elements identified by means of this scale have some plausible connection to the conceptions expressed in the dream reports. The dream reports and information on the dreamer’s life are available to everyone for further analysis on dreambank.net under the pseudonym “Ed.” (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Domhoff, G. William","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2015","","US","25","3","232","256","","","*Dream Content;  *Dreaming;  *Widowers; Simulation","","2015-21610-001","Domhoff, G. William: Department of Psychology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, US, 95064, Domhoff@ucsc.edu","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0039291"
"Journal Article","One hundred typical themes in most recent dreams, diary dreams, and dreams spontaneously recollected from last night.","The aim of this study is twofold: (a) to replicate the previous survey finding that a majority of dreams spontaneously recollected from a randomly designated day following sleep contain at least 1 typical theme listed on the Dream Motif Scale, and (b) to examine typical themes experienced by Chinese people in their most recent dreams and diary dreams. In addition to the replication survey, in which 670 Chinese participants completed the Dream Motif Scale, 252 most recent dreams and 228 diary dreams were collected from 286 Chinese participants. The previous finding was precisely replicated to the effect that 87.5% of participants who were able to recall their dreams in the night before the completion of the Dream Motif Scale identified at least 1 typical theme in their recollected dreams. To obtain more reliable results, all dream reports collected for content analysis were coded by 3 independent judges using 2 lists of typical dream themes: Dream Motif Scale and Typical Content Analysis Grid. Approximately 60% of dream reports showed at least 1 typical theme, irrespective of which coding system and which type of dream reports were used for analysis. The comparison of the incidence rates suggests that the content analytical method might underestimate the prevalence of typical dream themes measured by the questionnaire method. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Yu, Calvin Kai-Ching","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2015","","US","25","3","206","219","","","*Dream Content;  *Dream Recall; Chinese Cultural Groups; Dreaming; Sleep; Journal Writing","","2015-18463-001","Yu, Calvin Kai-Ching: Department of Counselling and Psychology, Hong Kong Shue Yan University, 10 Wai Tsui Crescent, Braemar Hill Road, North Point, Hong Kong, calvinkcyu@ymail.com","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0039225"
"Journal Article","Predictive value of the dreams of Canadian soldiers.","The current study investigates what soldiers dream about (dream content), what they learn about waking life from their dreams (discovery), and the relationships among these variables. Previous research has found soldiers had more dream imagery relating to war and their experiences overseas compared with civilians. As predicted with the continuity hypothesis, specific dream content reflected their waking-day activities. The current study expands on this research, examining the predictive value of their dream content for their waking-day discovery. Twenty-five combat arms soldiers with operational experience in Afghanistan (M = 30.32, SD = 5.12) completed The Storytelling Method worksheet. Dreams were scored using Hall and Van de Castle guidelines for scoring imagery. As expected, soldiers had dream imagery relating to war, which was associated with learning about aggressive behavior, death, comrades, and the enemy in waking day. New to the research is the predictive value of the soldiers’ dreams and their discovery. Specific dream imagery that predicted learning about aggressive behavior, death, and relationships with comrades in soldiers’ discovery is discussed. Limitations and directions for future research with soldiers are also reviewed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Dale, Allyson L.;DeCicco, Teresa L.;Miller, Nicolle J.;Tavakoli, Paniz","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2015","","US","25","3","220","231","","","*Dream Content;  *Military Personnel; Dreaming","","2015-37535-001","Dale, Allyson L.: 160 Chapel St., Apt. 1916, Ottawa, ON, Canada, K1N 8P5, allysondale72@gmail.com","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0039573"
"Journal Article","Subjective qualities of dreams with and without awareness.","This study investigated the subjective qualities of dreams reported as including some awareness of dreaming (DWA) with matched dreams reported as including no awareness of dreaming (Dw/oA). Twenty-eight pairs of DWA and Dw/oA were selected from a large set of dreams (N = 788) reported and rated by 144 college women during a 2-week dream journal study (Kahan & Claudatos, 2015). In that study, participants used the Subjective Experiences Rating Scale (SERS; Kahan, 1994) to rate the prevalence of particular features (sensory, affective, cognitive, structural) of dreams reported on morning awakening. Dependent groups t tests indicated that DWA included a higher prevalence of positive emotion than Dw/oA (p < .001). Correlational analyses revealed a stronger relationship among subjective qualities for DWA than for Dw/oA. The strong positive relationship observed for DWA, but not Dw/oA, between cognition and the prevalence of negative emotion is of particular theoretical interest. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Thomas, Shannon;Pollak, Madeline;Kahan, Tracey L.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2015","","US","25","3","173","189","","","*Awareness;  *Dreaming;  *Subjectivity; Cognition; Dream Content; Emotional States; Lucid Dreaming","","2015-21611-001","Kahan, Tracey L.: Department of Psychology, Santa Clara University, 500 El Camino Real, Santa Clara, US, 95053, tkahan@scu.edu","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0039242"
"Journal Article","Aggression in nightmares and unpleasant dreams and in people reporting recurrent nightmares.","We used unique data sets from Dreamboard and SurveyMonkey to test the hypothesis that aggression levels would vary significantly with content of recurrent nightmares, nonrecurrent nightmares, and unpleasant dreams. Exactly 475 nightmares and 433 unpleasant dreams were collected from Dreamboard users, while 135 nightmares were collected from individuals who reported having recurrent nightmares via a SurveyMonkey survey. Results demonstrated that physical aggression and anxiety levels were significantly higher for nightmares from individuals who reported recurrent nightmares relative to nightmares from people not reporting recurrent nightmares who in turn reported nightmares, which evidenced higher physical aggression levels relative to unpleasant dreams. Use of personal pronouns, verbs, and social terms were significantly reduced in recurrent nightmares relative to regular nightmares and unpleasant dreams. Aggressors were most often supernatural agents in recurrent nightmares; unfamiliar males in regular nightmares and familiar males in unpleasant dreams. Physical aggression against the dreamer was the most common theme in nightmares while interpersonal conflict was the most common theme in unpleasant dreams. Nightmares associated with awakenings evidenced significantly higher levels of aggression relative to nightmares not associated with awakenings. People with recurrent nightmares were 3 times more likely to report a relative on their maternal side with recurrent nightmares. We conclude that levels of physical aggression within the dream and targeted against the dreamer distinguishes recurrent from nonrecurrent nightmares and unpleasant dreams. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","McNamara, Patrick;Minsky, April;Pae, Victoria;Harris, Erica;Pace-Schott, Edward;Auerbach, Sanford","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2015","","US","25","3","190","205","","","*Aggressiveness;  *Dream Content;  *Nightmares; Dreaming; Pronouns","","2015-23496-001","McNamara, Patrick: VA New England Health Care System, Department of Neurology, 150 South Huntington Avenue, A9–45, Boston, MA, US, 02130, mcnamar@bu.edu","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0039273"
"Journal Article","Changes in dream recall frequency, nightmare frequency, and lucid dream frequency over a 3-year period.","Cross-sectional studies indicate that dream recall frequency declines with age; longitudinal studies, however, are scarce. The present data from 2 online dream studies in the same panel carried out independently (N = 1,340 completed both surveys) indicate that there is an overall decline in dream recall frequency, nightmare frequency, and lucid dreaming frequency, even though for the majority of the sample the 3 variables remained quite stable over this time interval. The reasons for this decline are yet poorly understood. Future longitudinal studies should include cognitive measures (visual memory), personality measures (thin boundaries), sleep parameters, stress measures, and attitude toward dreams scales to test whether changes in these measures might explain the changes in the recall measures. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)","Schredl, Michael;Göritz, Anja S.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2015","","US","25","2","81","87","","","*Age Differences;  *Dream Content;  *Dream Recall;  *Lucid Dreaming; Nightmares","","2015-18467-001","Schredl, Michael: Schlaflabor, Zentralinstitut für Seelische Gesundheit, Postfach 12 21 20, Mannheim, Germany, 68072, Michael.Schredl@zi-mannheim.de","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0039165"
"Journal Article","Continuity of reflective awareness across waking and dreaming states.","This study explored (a) the continuity between waking mindfulness and dream mindfulness and (b) the effects of dream mindfulness on subsequent waking thoughts and feelings. Results supported a modified version of the hypothesized cross-state continuity. Presleep mindfulness predicted a specific form of dream reflective awareness (the combination of intradream self-reflection and dual perspectives)—but only in mundane dreams. Also, dream mindfulness (the combination of intradream self-reflection, dual perspectives, and lucid mindfulness) predicted postdream increases in self-reflection—especially after transcendent dreams. Finally, transcendent dreams, which contained intradream self-reflection, were followed by reported spiritual transformation, whereas existential dreams, which also contained intradream self-reflection, were followed by reported self-perceptual depth. In sum, for ordinary dreams, presleep mindfulness is continuous with a modified form of dream reflective awareness; for transcendent dreams, intradream self-reflection may precipitate subsequent spiritual transformation; and, for existential dreams, intradream self-reflection may precipitate subsequent self-perceptual depth. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Lee, Ming-Ni;Kuiken, Don","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2015","","US","25","2","141","159","","","*Awareness;  *Dreaming;  *Self-Perception;  *Mindfulness; Spirituality","","2015-17277-001","Kuiken, Don: Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada, T6G 2E9","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0039147"
"Journal Article","Dream narration in healthy and at-risk pregnancy.","During pregnancy and the transition toward motherhood, a special time for the restructuring of the female identity and representational world, dreaming may play an important function in the psychic life. If we accept that psychological and psycho-social risk factors influence representation during pregnancy, this article explores, from a psychodynamic perspective, how the presence/absence of biological risk is represented into women’s dream narration. Forty dreams of pregnant women (20 healthy pregnancies/20 at risk) were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. We performed a thematic analysis of multiple correspondences to see whether the dreams recounted by the women in the 2 different categories had any specific characteristics. Four thematic clusters resulted, which, after interpretation using factorial mapping, fall into 3 sense vectors: from the unrepresentable to the representable; from dependency to reciprocal relationships; from undifferentiated to different. The work we did enabled us to observe that in healthy pregnancies dreams have a mainly elaborative function, whereas when there are risk factors, it seems to be difficult to construct a psychic representational space. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)","Margherita, Giorgia;Gargiulo, Anna;Martino, Maria Luisa","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2015","","US","25","2","88","102","","","*Dreaming;  *Narratives;  *Pregnancy;  *Risk Factors; Human Females","","2015-13983-001","Gargiulo, Anna: Porta di Massa 1, Naples, Italy, 80133, anna.gargiulo2@unina.it","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038884"
"Journal Article","Death dreams from an implicit perspective: A cross-cultural comparison between Tibetan and Han Chinese dreamers.","The present study is a cross-cultural comparison of death dreams between Tibetan and Han Chinese dreamers from an implicit perspective. Implicit perspective means exploring the elements that cannot be seen directly from the text of the dream, but from a further interview and analysis. Altogether 536 Tibetan and Han Chinese participants were surveyed via questionnaire regarding death dreams. Data collected showed that 66 participants reported that they never had or could not remember a death dream. A total of 470 participants, 150 Tibetan and 320 Han Chinese, respectively, reported that they had such a dream and were further interviewed. Results showed that Tibetan and Han Chinese revealed a significant difference in the dreamland’s color tone in death dreams. The dreamland’s color tone of Tibetan showed a higher frequency on “red,” “white,” “greyish white” and a lower frequency on “gray black” and “black” than Han Chinese. In addition, Tibetan and Han Chinese showed a significant difference of the death image in the dream. Compared with Tibetans, there were more images of “before death scene” and “actual funeral” and less images of “death process” in Han Chinese death dreams. About the waking coping approach, there was also a significant difference between Tibetan and Han Chinese. Tibetans chose “telling others” and “chanting and praying” more often than Han Chinese; meanwhile, Han Chinese more chose “self-regulation,” “trying to understand,” and “ignoring” than Tibetans. What’s more, Tibetan and Han Chinese showed a significant difference about the dream theme in the death dream. Han Chinese reported more “new birth” themes than Tibetan. The significance of these results is analyzed in relation to the living environment, lifestyle, and religious differences. Future research directions are also suggested. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)","Yin, Fang;Li, Qiong;Shen, Heyong","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2015","","US","25","2","103","117","","","*Cross Cultural Differences;  *Death and Dying; Dream Content","","2015-18468-001","Li, Qiong: Department of Psychology, South China Normal University, Room 425, Guangzhou of Guangdong, China, liqiong86@hotmail.com","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0039148"
"Journal Article","Dream Dome: Do dreams shield the psyche in times of continuous stress?","Results of analysis of 531 dreams, collected from 44 women living near the Gaza Strip in Israel under continuous rocket attacks, are presented. The most frequent themes found are ‘Togetherness,’ ‘Being active,’ ‘Stress-related situation,’ ‘Fear and anxiety,’ ‘Helplessness,’ and ‘Masochism.’ The participants were divided into 3 age groups—Young, Intermediate, and Old—and differences between the occurrence of dream themes in each group were examined. Results indicated high incidence of ‘Togetherness’ and ‘Stress-related situation’ themes in the young age group, whereas ‘Symbolic’ and ‘No escape’ themes were found to be significantly low in the same age group. On an unconscious level, the young age group seems to be the most vulnerable to the stress-related situation, the old age group is the least influenced by it, and the intermediate group makes the most psychological efforts at coping with it. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)","Kron, Tamar;Hareven, Or;Goldzweig, Gil","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2015","","US","25","2","160","172","","","*Anxiety;  *Coping Behavior;  *Dream Analysis;  *Stress;  *Trauma; Age Differences; Human Females","","2015-17278-001","Kron, Tamar: 18 Dan Street, Jerusalem, Israel, 9350918","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0039146"
"Journal Article","“Are dreams experiences?”: Insights from dreaming considered as a conscious experience under constraint of delayed report.","Owing to the fact that frontal regions of the brain are severely deactivated during sleep, there is a seeming inconsistency between the prominent Global Neuronal Workspace Theory of consciousness and the received view that dreams are vivid experiences occurring while sleeping. Indeed, based on the canonical criterion of reportability, Global Neuronal Workspace theorists claim that frontal activation of the brain is a necessary condition for conscious experience. Does it mean the received view is scientifically questionable? We argue the opposite way considering dreaming as a conscious experience that strikingly satisfies the current use of the canonical criterion though occurring under constraint of delayed reports. Further, this compelling condition of delayed report depends on a constitutional dissociation between experiencing and the cognitive mechanisms preparing report that proves very insightful. In line with recent findings from research on waking perception, this dissociation hints that Global Neuronal Workspace Theory is biased. Eventually, we discuss a recent claim according to which dreaming could “settle the debate opposing cognitive and noncognitive theories of consciousness.” (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Crespin, Ludwig","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2015","","US","25","2","118","140","","","*Consciousness States;  *Dreaming;  *Insight; Theories","","2015-17276-001","Crespin, Ludwig: Laboratoire Philosophie et Rationalité, Université Clermont Auvergne, 4 rue Ledru, Clermont-Ferrand, France, 63000, ludwig.crespin@orange.fr","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0039157"
"Journal Article","The unidirectional relationship of nightmares on self-harmful thoughts and behaviors.","Understanding the direction of the predictive relationship between nightmares and suicidal behaviors is important to model its underlying mechanisms. We examine the direction of this relationship and the mediating role of negative affect. A fixed interval diary study obtained presleep and postsleep measures of affect, nightmares, and self-harmful thoughts and behaviors (SHTBs) from 72 university students (88.9% female). The results show predictive utility of nightmares on SHTBs—indicating a fourfold increased risk of SHTBs. Additionally, results support the suggestion of a unidirectional predictive influence (of nightmares on likelihood of SHTBs but not vice versa). Moreover, postsleep negative affect partially mediated the relationship between nightmares and postsleep SHTBs. This empirically validates assumptions of directionality for future models. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)","Hochard, Kevin D.;Heym, Nadja;Townsend, Ellen","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2015","","US","25","1","44","58","","","*Cognitions;  *Emotions;  *Nightmares;  *Nonsuicidal Self-Injury; Suicide","","2015-03031-001","Hochard, Kevin D.: Department of Psychology, University of Chester, Chester, United Kingdom, CH14BJ, k.hochard@chester.ac.uk","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038617"
"Journal Article","A high-density electroencephalographic study of synchronous networks during rapid-eye-movement sleep.","This study was geared toward constructing synchronous functional brain networks that characterize various REM periods throughout the night. Data were obtained from 8 subjects using an electroencephalographic system with 256 channels and were processed by both artifact filtering and trend removal before cross-correlation analyses. The resultant networks were primarily made up of positive connections clustered on the zygomatic-mandible, anterio-fronto-central, and occipito-temporo-cerebellar regions and distant negative connections between the anterio-fronto-central and occipito-temporo-cerebellar regions. They were distinguished by their remarkable constancy across sleep cycles and subjects although some sex and individual variations were observed. In addition, most adjacent sensors were directly linked with each other. This network property resonated with the perspective that functional kinship between neural structures can be to a certain extent revealed by their anatomical proximity. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Yu, Calvin Kai-Ching","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2015","","US","25","1","1","17","","","*Electroencephalography;  *Occipital Lobe;  *REM Sleep;  *Temporal Lobe;  *Visual Cortex; Brain; Rapid Eye Movement","","2015-11730-001","Yu, Calvin Kai-Ching: Department of Counselling and Psychology, Hong Kong Shue Yan University, 10 Wai Tsui Crescent, Braemar Hill Road, North Point, Hong Kong, calvinkcyu@ymail.com","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038789"
"Journal Article","Death dreams from a manifest perspective: A cross-cultural comparison between Tibetan and Han Chinese dreamers.","The present study is a cross-cultural comparison of death dreams between Tibetan and Han Chinese dreamers from a manifest perspective. Manifest perspective means that the elements can be seen directly in the text of the dream studied. Altogether, 536 Tibetan and Han Chinese participants were interviewed via questionnaire regarding death dreams. Data collected showed that 66 participants (12.3%) reported that they never had or could not remember a death dream. Four hundred seventy participants, 150 Tibetan and 320 Han Chinese respectively, reported that they had such a dream and were interviewed further. Results showed that there was a significant difference of the death role between Tibetan and Han Chinese in death dreams. Specifically, unknown others appeared more frequently with Tibetan participants, whereas the dreamer appeared more often in the dreams experienced by the Han Chinese participants. There was also a significant difference in the main emotions expressed in death dreams. Tibetan participants were more peaceful than Han Chinese participants. About the described cause of death, Tibetan and Han Chinese participants showed a significant difference. More Tibetan than Han Chinese participants described the cause of death in the dream as unknown. Another finding was that, regardless whether Tibetan or Han Chinese, the role of the helper in death dreams seldom appeared, and the frequency of nonappearance was more than 94%. The importance of these results was analyzed in relation to the living environment, lifestyle, and religious differences. Future research directions were also suggested. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)","Li, Qiong;Yin, Fang;Shen, Heyong","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2015","","US","25","1","32","43","","","*Cross Cultural Differences;  *Death and Dying;  *Dream Content;  *Dreaming; Chinese Cultural Groups","","2015-11730-002","Yin, Fang: Department of Education Science, Dali University, No. 2, Hong Sheng Road, Dali Town, Dali of Yunnan, China, 671003, yinfangbb@hotmail.com","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038832"
"Journal Article","When people remember dreams they never experienced: A study of the malleability of dream recall over time.","The source-monitoring paradigm suggests that dreams could be an important source of naturally occurring false memories. However, the malleability of memories for dreams remains to be investigated. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of suggestions on subsequent dream recall. Immediate dream recall collected in a sleep laboratory was compared with long-term recall 1 to 2 weeks later. Standard recall was also compared with hypnotic recall. Suggested elements were reported by 15% of the 26 participants. The hypnotic condition showed no differential effect. It was also found that between 3% and 7% of the dreams reported in long-term recall were probably naturally occurring false memories of dreams. These findings suggest that situations of misinformation can easily elicit false memories of specific dreams. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Beaulieu-Prévost, Dominic;Zadra, Antonio","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2015","","US","25","1","18","31","","","*Autobiographical Memory;  *Dream Recall;  *False Memory;  *Hypnosis; Source Monitoring","","2015-05644-001","Beaulieu-Prévost, Dominic: Departement de Sexologie, Universite du Quebec a Montreal, C. P. 8888, succ. Centre-ville, Montreal, PQ, Canada, H3C 3P8, beaulieu-prevost.dominic@uqam.ca","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038788"
"Journal Article","Assessing autocorrelation in studies using the Hall and Van de Castle coding system to study individual dream series.","This article reports statistical findings concerning the presence of autocorrelation in studies using the Hall and Van de Castle (1966) coding system to quantify various aspects of dream content in samples containing multiple dream reports from 1 person. It employs the Wald and Wolfowitz (1940) runs test, which tests for randomness in time series that are based on the categorical level of measurement, to search for autocorrelation in 10 subsets of dream reports from 4 different dream series—a total of 125 runs tests in all. The results provide no indication of autocorrelation. These findings are discussed in the context of relevant empirical studies in laboratory and nonlaboratory settings, which suggest that any individual dream is likely a random occurrence drawn from the dreamer’s large storehouse of cognitive abilities and semantic memories. Possible practical applications of these findings for studying dream series from atypical individuals are suggested. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Domhoff, G. William;Schneider, Adam","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2015","","US","25","1","70","79","","","*Content Analysis;  *Dream Analysis;  *Dream Content; Dreaming","","2015-11730-003","Domhoff, G. William: 337 Getchell Street, Santa Cruz, CA, US, 95060, domhoff@ucsc.edu","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038791"
"Journal Article","Correcting for multiple comparisons in studies of dream content: A statistical addition to the Hall/Van de Castle coding system.","This article addresses the issue of potential false positives when multiple tests are carried out in comparing 2 samples with the content indicators used in the Hall and Van de Castle (1966) coding system for dream content. Using an algorithm based on the Benjamini–Hochberg (Benjamini & Hochberg, 1995) correction for the False Discovery Rate, it first compares findings for men and women in a large normative sample; all 12 of the statistically significant differences at the .05 level remain, along with 10 of 11 below .01. The article then compares results from an individual’s dream series with the norms for women; 10 of the 12 significant p values at the .05 level remain, along with 4 of 5 below .01. The article concludes that earlier findings with the Hall-Van de Castle system can be viewed as established findings, and recommends that the correction formula be used with large samples. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Domhoff, G. William;Schneider, Adam","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2015","","US","25","1","59","69","","","*Content Analysis;  *Measurement;  *Statistical Analysis;  *Test Norms; Dream Content; Error of Measurement","","2015-05643-001","Domhoff, G. William: 337 Getchell Street, Santa Cruz, CA, US, 95060, domhoff@ucsc.edu","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038790"
"Journal Article","Therapeutic effects of the dreams of nursing home residents in Poland.","The aim of this research was to test Ernest Hartmann’s hypothesis that dreams have quasitherapeutic potential. I have examined 100 elderly people from nursing homes in Poland using both quantitative (Hall/Van de Castle coding system) and qualitative analyses. The results show clearly that their dreams differ from the Hall and Van de Castle norms, especially with respect to a considerably more frequent appearance of familiar and friendly characters (usually close family members) and positive emotions. This fact, contrasting with the feeling of loneliness and failure declared by most residents, suggests that their dreams perform the simplest possible therapeutic function: The dreams do not enable the dreamer to adjust to his or her new life situation, but, by denying the present situation, they “bring” the dreamer back to his or her happy past. A definite majority of the dreams entailed meetings with those close to them (alive or not) and most often described memories of real events. It is interesting that these memories are not nostalgic or unhappy for the dreamers; on the contrary, they make them more comfortable and happier in their present situation. It seems that to successfully accept a situation of exclusion (being put into a nursing home) depends on the effectiveness with which one is able to transfer one’s interest from the present and the future to the past and that dreams can be truly helpful in this. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)","Owczarski, Wojciech","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2014","","US","24","4","270","278","","","*Dream Content;  *Dreaming;  *Nursing Homes;  *Therapeutic Processes; Nursing Home Residents","","2014-36697-001","Owczarski, Wojciech: Department of Philology, Research Unit for Dream, Memory and Imagination Studies, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 55, Gdańsk, Poland, 80-925, wowczarski1@tlen.pl","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0037818"
"Journal Article","The effect of time of night on wake–dream continuity.","Research has demonstrated a number of time-of-night and stage-of-sleep differences in dream content, such as that dreams from later in the night are longer, more emotional, and more bizarre. It was hypothesized that time of night may therefore demonstrate differences in the continuity of waking life into dreams. Participants (N = 16) were systematically awoken 4 times a night for 2 nights and rated their dreams for wake–dream continuity on a number of dimensions. It was found that time of night affects wake–dream continuity overall, particularly showing an increase of bizarreness over time; that there were more references to waking-life media in the early than late night; that there were more references to waking-life activities and objects in the late than early night; and that the ways in which different types of wake–dream continuity correlate (such as continuity with present, past, and future waking life) change from the early to the late night. No stage-of-sleep effects were able to be demonstrated. The results support the hypothesis that time of night affects wake–dream continuity. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Malinowski, Josie E.;Horton, Caroline L.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2014","","US","24","4","253","269","","","*Dream Content;  *Dreaming;  *Time; Memory Consolidation","","2014-38118-001","Malinowski, Josie E.: University of Bedfordshire-Luton Campus, Department of Psychology, University Square, Luton, United Kingdom, LU1 3JU, josie.malinowski@beds.ac.uk","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0037817"
"Journal Article","REM sleep, dreams, and attachment themes across a single night of sleep: A pilot study.","REM has been linked with consolidation of emotional memories and therefore may influence attachment processes. We tested the hypothesis that content of EEG verified REM sleep dreams would change over the course of a single night as a function of attachment orientation, whereas content of NREM dreams would not. After a habituation night in the sleep lab, a convenience sample of 11 healthy volunteers, whose attachment orientations were measured, were awoken once every hour and then reported any dream experienced. Dreams were then analyzed for content. Content analyses revealed progressively greater interactions between dreamer and other characters and greater spatial proximity between dreamer and other characters but not greater emotional intensity across the night in REM but not NREM dreams. Measures of dream length did not differ between REM and NREM dreams. While REM-dependent intimacy content tended to increase for all 3-attachment orientations, the rate of increase was slower for the avoidant group relative to both the secure or the preoccupied groups. Attachment content in dreams becomes more prominent in REM but not NREM dreams over the course of night. Future research should determine whether REM dreams merely reflect current attachment status or play a role in formation and regulation of attachment orientation-specifically comfort with closeness to others. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)","McNamara, Patrick;Ayala, Rafael;Minsky, April","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2014","","US","24","4","290","308","","","*Attachment Behavior;  *NREM Sleep;  *REM Dreams;  *REM Sleep; Electroencephalography","","2014-55916-002","McNamara, Patrick: VA New England Healthcare System, Department of Neurology, 150 South Huntington Avenue, A9-45, Boston, MA, US, 02130, mcnamar@bu.edu","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038234"
"Journal Article","Psychopathological symptoms as a function of trauma, dreams, and inhibitions.","This study investigates the cumulative effects of lifetime traumatization on dream activities and the extent to which potentially traumatic events, dream variables, and inhibitory functions can predict the severities of psychopathological symptoms. The sample consisted of 564 young adults, whose dream experiences, trauma history, ego functions, and symptom manifestations were assessed using the Dream Intensity Scale, Dream Motif Scale, Traumatic Experiences Checklist, and Ko’s Mental Health Questionnaires, respectively. The 2 dream scales profile an individual’s phenomenological experience of dream activities by retrospectively quantifying some typical dream themes—such as being pursued and encountering a person whom is desired—and variables indicative of subjective dream intensity, for example, nightmare frequency, lucid dreaming frequency, and confusion between real and dreamed events. The overall results suggest that psychopathological symptoms can be predicted positively by emotional trauma, accumulated traumatic experiences, thematic dream content, and sexual suppression (resistance against activity, material, or conversation relating to sex) and negatively by repressive defensiveness (denial of negative attributes) and counterdependence (active resistance against relying on other people) with impressive effect sizes. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Yu, Calvin Kai-Ching","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2014","","US","24","4","309","322","","","*Dreaming;  *Emotional Trauma;  *Inhibition (Personality);  *Psychopathology; Symptoms","","2014-55916-003","Yu, Calvin Kai-Ching: Department of Counselling and Psychology, Hong Kong Shue Yan University, 10 Wai Tsui Crescent, Braemar Hill Road, North Point, Hong Kong, calvinkcyu@ymail.com","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038438"
"Journal Article","What does nightmare distress mean? Factorial structure and psychometric properties of the Nightmare Distress Questionnaire (NDQ).","Nightmares are extremely dysphoric dreams. But nightmare distress, and not the mere frequency of nightmares, is associated with well-being and psychopathology. Nightmare distress has been conceptualized in different ways: (a) nightmare intensity, (b) nightmare effects, (c) nightmare related symptoms, and (d) the perception of nightmare distress. The Nightmare Distress Questionnaire (NDQ) is the most often used questionnaire to capture nightmare distress. However, there is insufficient information about its psychometric properties and it remains unclear what exactly it measures. In order to investigate the psychometric quality and factorial structure of this questionnaire, 213 men and women suffering from recurrent nightmares filled in the German version of the NDQ, as well as depression (Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, CES-D) and sleep quality (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Inventory, PSQI) measures. The reliability of the NDQ was good (α = .80). We identified 3 subscales, which explained 52% of the total variance: (a) general nightmare distress, (b) impact on sleep, and (c) impact on daytime reality perception. We found moderate correlations between nightmare distress scores, nightmare frequency, depression, and sleep quality. The psychometric properties of the NDQ are good. The questionnaire captures the general perception whether nightmares are evaluated as distressing, as well as nightmare related symptoms. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Böckermann, Max;Gieselmann, Annika;Pietrowsky, Reinhard","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2014","","US","24","4","279","289","","","*Distress;  *Nightmares;  *Questionnaires;  *Symptoms; Factor Structure; Test Reliability; Test Validity","","2014-35059-001","Böckermann, Max: Heinrich-Heine-University, Department of Clinical Psychology, Universitätsstraße 1, Düsseldorf, Germany, D-40225, Max.Boeckermann@uni-duesseldorf.de","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0037749"
"Journal Article","What can we learn from shamans’ dreaming? A cross-cultural exploration.","Shamanism is a worldwide social phenomenon consisting of a set of practices (e.g., ritualistic drumming, sensory deprivation, the ingestion of entheogens and dream incubation) designed to obtain knowledge from alternative realities for the purpose of benefiting one’s social group. The aim of this paper is to provide a cross-cultural exploration of dreaming in the context of shamanism. We proceed by addressing 2 fundamental questions: What is meant by the terms shaman and shamanic principle, and what is the distinction between monophasic and polyphasic social groups with regards to the veridicality and cultural significance of dreams? It will be demonstrated that the kind of society in which shamanism arises (groups having polyphasic cultures) is quite different compared to modern materialistic/technocratic society (those having monophasic cultures). Subsequently, our cross-cultural investigation of shamanic dreaming focuses on the shamanic call, initiation and healing. Finally, we elucidate the major elements of core shamanism as they appear to influence dreaming, dream interpretation and dream culture, and suggest that in fact dreaming invites shamanism. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Laughlin, Charles D.;Rock, Adam J.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2014","","US","24","4","233","252","","","*Cross Cultural Differences;  *Dreaming;  *Reality; Shamanism","","2014-55916-001","Laughlin, Charles D.: 11250 East State Route 69, Lot 124, Dewey, AZ, US, 86327, cdlaughlin@gmail.com","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038437"
"Journal Article","Are dreams of killing someone related to waking-life aggression?","Aggressive interactions are common in dreams, even aggression resulting in the death of a dream character. In different student samples, approximately 20% to 35% of the participants reported having dreamed of killing someone at least once in their lives. In nightmare sufferers, this type of dream was related to elevated waking-life aggression. The present study confirmed this relationship in an unselected student sample (N = 439). The present results indicate that continuity between waking and dreaming can take different forms, that is, the waking emotion is not reflected in a direct way in the dreams but in an exaggerated way. Further studies should look at the content of killing dreams as to whether it is self-defense, an accident, or cold-blooded murder. One might argue that the third category is most strongly associated with waking-life aggressiveness. From a methodological viewpoint, it would be desirable to back up the present findings with dream diary studies. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Schredl, Michael;Mathes, Jonas","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2014","","US","24","3","176","181","","","*Aggressive Behavior;  *Dream Content;  *Dreaming; Homicide","","2014-33459-001","Schredl, Michael: Sleep Laboratory, Central Institute of Mental Health, PO Box 12 21 20, Mannheim, Germany, 68072","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0037213"
"Journal Article","Dreaming activity in bariatric surgery candidates.","The objective of this article was to contribute to the comprehension of the psychological aspects of severe obesity by analyzing the dream characteristics of bariatric surgery candidates. Given the lack of previous studies comparing control subjects and obese patients, we did not formulate specific hypotheses on possible differences between the 2 groups. We conducted a pilot study, generating hypotheses for future research. The study observed 41 severely obese individuals in presurgical psychiatric evaluation for bariatric surgery and 41 healthy volunteers of similar age. The last recalled dream of each participant was recorded and transcribed (dream report). According to the Jungian approach to dreams as texts, the dream reports were evaluated according to the canons of textual analysis. Structural differences between bariatric surgery candidates and the control group emerged: The bariatric surgery candidates tend not to alternate between tenses, their narration inferior in drive and dynamism. They tend to characterize the dream setting in a descriptive manner and they express less their emotional state in respect to the control group. The mean score of the 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale was significantly higher in the bariatric surgery candidates group. Our results suggest that severe obesity—a complex condition pertaining to both mind and body—correlates with psychological traits. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Zanasi, Marco;Giannoudas, Ioannis;Testoni, Federica;Melis, Marianna;Chiaramonte, Carlo;Siracusano, Alberto","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2014","","US","24","3","217","231","","","*Dream Content;  *Dreaming;  *Medical Patients;  *Obesity; Bariatric Surgery","","2014-24809-001","Zanasi, Marco: Via Giuseppe, Tomassetti 7, Rome, Italy, 00161, marco.zanasi@uniroma2.it","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0036909"
"Journal Article","Normality, pathology, and dreaming.","This study provides an overview of the associations of healthy and pathological traits with dream experiences. The Dream Intensity Scale, Dream Motif Scale, and Ko’s Mental Health Questionnaire were used to assess 575 nonclinical participants’ dream experiences, healthy personality traits, and pathological tendencies. The dream scales were found to be correlated positively with empathy and negatively with counterdependence, with the effect sizes being small. Normality, ego strength, gregariousness, and independence did not show significant associations with any dream scales. By contrast, neuroticism and psychoticism, their subcategories, and all types of deviant personality were positively and characteristically correlated with various dream variables, such as greater incidence of sexual dreams in people with stronger antisocial character. Furthermore, somatoform features were predicted by aggressive symbols in dreams, narcissism being indicated by erotomanic dreams. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Yu, Calvin Kai-Ching","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2014","","US","24","3","203","216","","","*Dream Content;  *Dreaming;  *Personality Traits;  *Psychopathology; Ego; Narcissism; Psychosis; Somatoform Disorders","","2014-33460-001","Yu, Calvin Kai-Ching: Department of Counselling and Psychology, Hong Kong Shue Yan University, 10 Wai Tsui Crescent, Braemar Hill Road, North Point, Hong Kong","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0037306"
"Journal Article","Social media versus gaming associations with typical and recent dreams.","Cirucci (2013a) hypothesized that video game players would display similarities to social media users and that this relationship should be examined. This inquiry compared university students who varied in the degree to which they use social media (SMU) and play video games (VGP) on several dream indices and 1 personality inventory. Dreams have been shown to be continuous with waking mentation (Schredl, 2003) and to regulate negative emotions (Levin & Nielsen, 2009). Thus, they may offer a relatively unobstrusive measure of reactions to media use. Although there were meaningful differences between the 4 groups (high VGP/high SMU; high VGP/low SMU; low VGP/high SMU; low VGP/low SMU), most analysis resulted in no differences in dreams. Differences seemed to support the nightmare protection thesis of video game play such that high-end gamers, no matter the degree of social media use, suffered less from these negative types of dreams. Additionally, the high VGP/high SMU group had the thinnest psychological boundaries and thus were perhaps most susceptible to media effects. While at the same time this group of high-end media users showed the least negative self concepts in their recent dream content. This was reflected in their typical dream reports as well. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved)","Gackenbach, Jayne;Boyes, Arielle","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2014","","US","24","3","182","202","","","*Computer Games;  *Dream Content;  *Dreaming;  *Lucid Dreaming;  *Online Social Networks;  *Social Media Use; Nightmares; Digital Gaming","","2014-34413-001","Gackenbach, Jayne: Department of Psychology, Grant MacEwan University, Room 323H, 10700 –104 Avenue, Edmonton, AB, Canada, T5J 4S2, gackenbachj@macewan.ca","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0037616"
"Journal Article","Experiencing “continuity”: A qualitative investigation of waking life in dreams.","Continuity between waking life and dreaming has typically been studied via the quantitative analysis of dream reports, which has illustrated that dreaming reflects waking-life experiences, thoughts, and emotions. However, there are currently no reliable methods of analyzing dreams for the more subjective aspects of dreams, such as those dreams that are metaphorically related to the dreamer’s waking life, which require dreamer input. We conducted a qualitative study involving in-depth semistructured interviews with 4 participants. The interview schedules were based on Schredl’s (2010) dream group technique. Using thematic analysis we developed 3 themes that describe continuity between waking life and dreams: “experiential continuity” (between waking-life experiences/thoughts and dreams), “emotional continuity” (between waking-life emotions and dreams), and “representative continuity” (metaphorical and generic representations of waking life in dreams). Rather than being dichotomous, participants experienced continuity in gradations. A fourth theme (“attitudes toward continuity”) explored how attitudes toward continuity influenced continuity experiences. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Malinowski, Josie;Fylan, Fiona;Horton, Caroline L.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2014","","US","24","3","161","175","","","*Dream Analysis;  *Dream Content;  *Dreaming;  *Metaphor; Attitudes; Emotions; Experiences (Events)","","2014-38645-001","Malinowski, Josie: Department of Psychology, University of Bedfordshire, Luton Campus, University Square, Luton, England, LU1 3JU","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0037305"
"Journal Article","Assessing the day-residue and dream-lag effects using the identification of multiple correspondences between dream reports and waking life diaries.","Several studies have found a high incorporation of waking life events into dreams that occur during the following night (day-residue effect), then a decrease in incorporation into dreams over the next 2 to 4 nights, followed by a resurgence of incorporation into dreams 5 to 7 days after events (dream-lag effect). These studies involve dream diary and daily diary keeping across a 1 to 2 week period, after which participants or judges give a single rating to the degree of correspondence between each dream report and each diary record. In the current study, participants (3 males, 11 females; mean age = 50.62 years) rated separately the intensity of as many correspondences as they could identify between each dream report and each diary record. From these multiple ratings, summary variables, including total number and total intensity of correspondences, were computed for periods between the daily diary and occurrence of the dream of 1 to 10 days. The dream-lag effect was not found. The day-residue effect was found for a group (n = 7) defined as having identified a below median total number of correspondences across the study. It appears that individuals who identify large numbers of correspondences dilute the day-residue effect. Suggestions are made for personality characteristics of such individuals, who display what may be akin to a Barnum effect in their response to the comparison of dream reports to daily diary records. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Henley-Einion, Josephine A.;Blagrove, Mark T.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2014","","US","24","2","71","88","","","*Dream Content;  *Dreaming; Journal Writing","","2014-25747-001","Blagrove, Mark T.: Sleep Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom, SA2 8PP, m.t.blagrove@swansea.ac.uk","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0036329"
"Journal Article","The outcome of dream sessions: The influence of dream recency, emotional intensity, and salience.","Twenty-five volunteer clients participated in 1 session with an early remembered dream (ERD) and 1 session with the most recent dream (MRD), using the Hill (2004) model of dream work. ERDs were 4 times more likely to be nightmares and 2.6 times more likely to be recurrent dreams than were MRDs, but ERDs and MRDs did not differ in emotional intensity or salience. In terms of outcomes, no differences were found between sessions involving ERDs and MRDs, but salient dreams led to better session outcome. Both therapists and clients preferred working with and clients more often implemented action plans with MRDs than with ERDs. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Gupta, Shudarshana;Hill, Clara E.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2014","","US","24","2","89","103","","","*Dream Analysis;  *Dreaming; Nightmares","","2014-25747-002","Hill, Clara E.: Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, 1247G BioPsychology Building, College Park, MD, US, 20742, cehill@umd.edu","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0036391"
"Journal Article","Client involvement in the exploration stage of the hill cognitive-experiential dream model.","Client involvement was examined in the 4 steps of the exploration stage of the Hill (1996, 2004) cognitive-experiential dream model—description, reexperiencing, association, and waking life triggers. Seventeen cases from Gupta and Hill’s (2014) study were chosen based on best and worst outcome. Involvement in each step was significantly positively related to involvement in all the other steps. Clients were more involved in the description step than in the reexperiencing step. Client involvement in the description step was marginally significant in predicting session outcome, although client involvement in the other 3 steps did not predict session outcome. Implications for the Hill dream model and research are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Kline, Kathryn V.;Hill, Clara E.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2014","","US","24","2","104","111","","","*Clients;  *Dream Analysis; Dreaming","","2014-25747-003","Hill, Clara E.: Department of Psychology, University of Maryland at College Park, 1247G BioPsychology Building, College Park, MD, US, 20742, cehill@umd.edu","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0036392"
"Journal Article","Narrative qualities of bad dreams and nightmares.","This study empirically investigated content differences in bad dream and nightmare narratives collected prospectively utilizing evidenced-based scoring systems for waking narratives. Three-hundred and twelve participants completed a daily dream log where they were asked to record the incidence of disturbed dreaming and provide a written dream narrative for their bad dreams or nightmares. Participants reported a total of 642 disturbed dreaming narratives (504 bad dreams and 138 nightmares). Content analyses of narratives revealed distinct content differences between bad dreams and nightmares. Overall, nightmares contained more unarticulated and primary affect such as fear, more death references, more severe aggression than bad dreams. Taken together, these findings suggest that nightmares reflect increased deficits in emotional regulation as compared to bad dreams. In contrast, bad dreams contained more markers of emotional processing, such as more articulated and modulated expressions of emotion. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Fireman, Gary D.;Levin, Ross;Pope, Alice W.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2014","","US","24","2","112","124","","","*Dream Content;  *Narratives;  *Nightmares; Dreaming","","2014-25747-004","Fireman, Gary D.: Department of Psychology, Suffolk University, 41 Temple Street, Boston, MA, US, 02114, gfireman@suffolk.edu","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035791"
"Journal Article","Pregnancy and postnatal dreams reflect changes inherent to the transition to motherhood.","The purpose of this study is to describe and compare the pattern of dreams of pregnant women and new mothers as an expression of the changes inherent to the transition to motherhood. Ninety-eight antenatal and 68 postnatal dreams were collected from 20 women during the third trimester of pregnancy and at 10–12 weeks’ postpartum, and dream content was coded and analyzed with the Hall and Van de Castle (1966) Coding System for dreams. Perinatal dreams were found to consistently reflect expected changes associated with the transition to motherhood, thus supporting the continuity hypothesis of dreaming. Women’s dreams reflected awareness of the unborn and newborn baby, an enhancement of protective functions to take care of an infant, and a strong focus on family members. χ2 analyses revealed some significant differences between antenatal and postnatal dreams, which suggest the progressive development of infant and maternal-related attitudes and representations and point to characteristics that may be specific to each period. Also, the results support the notion that pregnancy and childbirth are generally considered joyful and positive experiences for healthy, low-risk women. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Coo, Soledad;Milgrom, Jeannette;Trinder, John","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2014","","US","24","2","125","137","","","*Dreaming;  *Postnatal Period;  *Pregnancy; Dream Content; Mothers","","2014-25747-005","Coo, Soledad: Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, 12th Floor Redmond Barry Building, Parkville, VIC, Australia, 3010, sol.coo@gmail.com","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0036204"
"Journal Article","Dream characters and the dream ego: An exploratory online study in lucid dreams.","Two exploratory online experiments were carried out to investigate the interaction between dream characters and the dream ego in lucid dreams. Lucid dreamers were recruited via an Internet page (http://klartraum.de). In Experiment 1, 15 participants (26.5 ± 10.2 years; 4 female, 11 male) provided 27 dream reports in which they asked dream characters 38 times to guess a number of fingers they show with their hands behind their back and then name another number of fingers that was visible to the dream characters. In Experiment 2, 7 lucid dreamers (24.3 ± 10.5 years; 2 female, 5 male) guessed 17 different numbers written down by 12 different dream characters. In Experiment 1, the hidden-type question was answered correctly by 19 out of 29 dream characters (66%). In Experiment 2, the correct number was successfully guessed in 10 out of 14 cases (71.4%). The results indicate that there is some form of connection between the dream ego and dream characters. Although the underlying mechanisms are not clear, the findings of this pilot study show that lucid dream studies are an efficient tool to provide knowledge about the characteristics of dream characters. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Schmidt, Steffen C. E.;Stumbrys, Tadas;Erlacher, Daniel","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2014","","US","24","2","138","151","","","*Dream Analysis;  *Dream Content;  *Lucid Dreaming; Dreaming; Ego","","2014-25747-006","Schmidt, Steffen C. E.: Department of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engler-Bunte-Ring 15, Karlsruhe, Germany, 76131, steffen.schmidt@kit.edu","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0036942"
"Journal Article","Spontaneous lucid dreaming frequency and waking insight.","Spontaneous lucid dreaming is characterized by the realization that the currently perceived reality is in fact a dream. As this ability differs between individuals, specific cognitive abilities have been sought that might explain this variability. Here, “insight,” a key feature of spontaneous lucid dreaming, is investigated. Frequent, occasional, and nonlucid dreamers were compared on their successful performance of a compound remote associate problem-solving task, designed to measure insight. Results show that frequent lucid dreamers solve significantly more insight problems overall than nonlucid dreamers. This suggests that the insight experienced during the dream state may relate to the same underlying cognition needed for insight in the waking state. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Bourke, Patrick;Shaw, Hannah","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2014","","US","24","2","152","159","","","*Lucid Dreaming;  *Problem Solving; Dream Content; Dreaming; Insight","","2014-25747-007","Bourke, Patrick: School of Psychology, University of Lincoln, Bridge House, Lincoln, United Kingdom, LN6 7TS, pbourke@lincoln.ac.uk","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0036908"
"Comment/Reply","Research articles in Dreaming: A review of the first 20 years: A reply to Michael Schredl’s comments.","This is the original author’s response to Michael Schredl’s review of his article (Hoffman, 2013), which appeared in the December issue of Dreaming. While acknowledging statistical errors in the article, the author questions some of Schredl’s critique from the perspective of anthropology as a social science. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Hoffman, Curtiss","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2014","","US","24","1","67","69","","","*Dream Content;  *Dreaming;  *Ethnic Identity;  *Experimentation;  *Methodology; Scientific Communication","","2014-12219-006","Hoffman, Curtiss: Anthropology Department, Bridgewater State University, Bridgewater, MA, US, 02325, c1hoffman@bridgew.edu","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035914"
"Journal Article","Toward 100% dream retrieval by rapid-eye-movement sleep awakening: A high-density electroencephalographic study.","This study aims to demonstrate that dream images can be retrieved from virtually all REM episodes across the night in any neurologically healthy individuals and that high-density electroencephalography is superior to the standard polysomnography in identifying sleep events and localizing wave sources. Seven young adults, who rarely recalled their dream experiences, volunteered to attend a screening interview, keep a nightly log, and sleep at the laboratory for 3 consecutive nights. Awakenings were made on the third night, the first 2 nights serving the purpose of adaptation. By utilizing the electroencephalographic system with 256 channels and the awakening protocol that accommodates the normal lengthening REM periods over the night, a very high retrieval rate of REM mentation was obtained—that is, 94.3%. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Yu, Calvin Kai-Ching","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2014","","US","24","1","1","17","","","*Dream Recall;  *Electroencephalography;  *REM Sleep; Sleep Wake Cycle","","2014-12219-001","Yu, Calvin Kai-Ching: Department of Counseling and Psychology, Hong Kong Shue Yan University, 10 Wai Tsui Crescent, Braemar Hill Road, North Point, Hong Kong, calvinkcyu@ymail.com","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035792"
"Journal Article","Evidence for the preferential incorporation of emotional waking-life experiences into dreams.","The continuity hypothesis of dreaming states that waking life is continuous with dreams, but many of the factors that have been postulated to influence wake–dream continuity have rarely been studied. The present study investigated whether certain factors—emotional and stressfulness intensity, and certain types of experiences—influence the likelihood of a waking-life experience being incorporated into a dream. Participants (N = 32) kept dream diaries and waking-life experience logs for 14 consecutive days, and waking-life experiences were matched to dream reports. Waking-life experiences that were incorporated into dreams were significantly more emotional, but no more stressful, than those that were not incorporated into dreams. Major daily activities were incorporated significantly less than the combination of personally significant experiences, major concerns, and novel experiences. Results are discussed in terms of dream functionality, particularly in relation to a postulated emotional memory assimilation theory of dream function. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Malinowski, Josie;Horton, Caroline L.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2014","","US","24","1","18","31","","","*Dream Content;  *Dreaming;  *Emotional Content;  *Memory; Journal Writing","","2014-12219-002","Horton, Caroline L.: Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Leeds Metropolitan University, Leeds, United Kingdom, LS1 3HE, c.l.horton@leedsmet.ac.uk","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0036017"
"Journal Article","Physiological measures of emotion in sleep mentation: A pilot study in research methods.","Previous research in the field of sleep mentation (dreaming) has focused on the use of subjective reports of experience for measuring emotion in dream content. However, emotions are seldom explicitly mentioned in dream reports, and a more substantial method for empirically assessing the emotionality of sleep mentation imagery to the individual is necessary to assess qualitative differences between REM and NREM mentation. Here a previously established research method has been compared with a physiological measure of emotional arousal in order to determine whether physiological measures might be used as a reliable research tool for characterizing the emotional salience of dream images to the dreamer. Findings suggest that the use of Galvanic Skin Response (GSR) may be a valuable research tool for assessing emotion in sleep mentation. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved)","Murkar, Anthony L. A.;Smith, Carlyle T.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2014","","US","24","1","48","56","","","*Dream Content;  *Dreaming;  *Galvanic Skin Response;  *Physiology;  *Sleep; Physiological Measures","","2014-12219-004","Murkar, Anthony L. A.: University of Ottawa, Vanier Hall Room 2090, 136 Jean-Jacques Lussier, Ottawa, ON, Canada, K1N 6N5, amurk054@uottawa.ca","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035653"
"Journal Article","Frequency of typical dream themes in most recent dreams: An online study.","Typical dreams are defined as dreams with similar contents reported by a high percentage of dreamers. Up to now, the frequencies of typical dream themes have been studied with questionnaires and these have indicated that the rank order of 55 typical dream themes is quite stable over different sample populations. The study presented here is the first to look at the frequencies of typical dream themes in a large sample of most recent dreams (N = 2853). Overall, all typical dream themes were found in the dream sample, even though some themes occurred vary rarely. The rank correlation between the present data and diary data elicited in another study is relatively high but, for some typical dream themes, the ranks differed considerably. Future research should adopt various ways of identifying typical dream themes (qualitative analysis of large dream samples, themes dreamers themselves identify as typical, etc.) and develop a more precise definition for each theme. This would be the prerequisite for studying why some dream themes are typical, that is, how these dreams are related to the waking-life experiences of the dreamer. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Mathes, Jonas;Schredl, Michael;Göritz, Anja S.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2014","","US","24","1","57","66","","","*Dream Content; Journal Writing","","2014-12219-005","Schredl, Michael: Sleep laboratory, Central Institute of Mental Health, PO Box 12 21 20, Mannheim, Germany, 68072, michael.schredl@zi-mannheim.de","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035857"
"Journal Article","Polysemy and its vicissitudes: Oneirocritical hermeneutics in Sura and Vienna.","Dreams have an aura of mystery. To the Talmudist they are oracular. For Freud they represent a dark unknown: the drive dominated cauldron of unconscious desire. Babylonian Sura and Vienna were both Diaspora for the authors of canonical texts on dream interpretation. Remarkably, both Freud and the Talmud brought similar assumptions to this obscure playing field: Dreams hide a “truly real” but deferred meaning, they are polysemic and there are invariant symbols encrypted in their condensed “plastic” imagery. These assumptions allowed ancient interpreters to predict future events and psychoanalysts to uncover past infantile wishes and psychosexual conflict. A “hermeneutics of suspicion” resulted in techniques that empowered an enfranchised interpreter to “cure” and ameliorate the dream’s meanings and portents. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Kutash, Emilie F.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2014","","US","24","1","32","47","","","*Dream Analysis;  *Freud (Sigmund);  *Hermeneutics;  *Judaism; Interpreters","","2014-12219-003","Kutash, Emilie F.: 116 Norfolk Drive, East Hampton, NY, US, 11937, eeekut@optonline.net","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0036016"
"Journal Article","Superego and the repression of affective and dream experiences.","Affect is a key factor for both repressive defensiveness and dream experiences, and repression is only one of the functions of the superego. Most previous studies, however, have not factored both trait and state affect into the effect of repression on dreaming. Nor have they investigated superego functioning as a personality dimension. Therefore, this study tested the structural relations between superego functioning, emotional distress, and dreaming that characterize a person’s mental life, and compared the affective and dream experiences of repressors and nonrepressors. The sample was composed of 601 voluntary young adults, whose dream experiences, superego functions, and emotional profiles were thoroughly assessed. The analyses indicated that repressors experience less intensely various types of emotions and dream activities than do the nonrepressors. In addition, this study provides the first evidence that emotionality plays a critical role in mediating the dynamic interaction between superego functioning and dreaming. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Yu, Calvin Kai-Ching","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2013","","US","23","4","266","276","","","*Defensiveness;  *Dream Content;  *Personality Traits;  *Superego; Emotional States; Structural Equation Modeling","","2013-38195-001","Yu, Calvin Kai-Ching: Department of Counselling and Psychology, Hong Kong Shue Yan University, 10 Wai Tsui Crescent, Braemar Hill Road, North Point, Hong Kong, calvinkcyu@ymail.com","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0034019"
"Journal Article","Sharing dreams: Frequency, motivations, and relationship intimacy.","The study investigated aspects of dream sharing and dream recall in an adult sample (N = 667). It explored with whom dreams are shared and why, as well as the relation between relationship intimacy and dream sharing frequency with the partner. A significant, positive correlation was found between dream sharing frequency in couples and perceived relationship intimacy. Further, the findings supported previous research in that women recalled and shared more dreams than men. It was also found, that dreams primarily were shared with a partner (if in a relationship), and with friends (if single), and that nonsingles shared dreams more often than singles. Dreams were shared primarily with the purpose of entertainment. Interestingly, men more than women believed that sharing dreams can lead to improved relationship intimacy. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Olsen, Michael Rohde;Schredl, Michael;Carlsson, Ingegerd","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2013","","US","23","4","245","255","","","*Dream Recall;  *Intimacy;  *Motivation;  *Sharing (Social Behavior); Dreaming","","2013-32032-001","Olsen, Michael Rohde: Lund University, Department of Psychology, Paradisgatan 5P, Lund, Sweden, 22100, michaelrohde@mail.dk","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0033392"
"Journal Article","Cognitive structure associated with the lucid features of gamers dreams.","In a follow-up from Gackenbach and Kuruvilla (2008a), data analysis was undertaken examining the metacognitive qualities of video game players dreams associated with lucidity. Kahan and LaBerge’s (1994) Metacognitive, Affective, Cognitive Experience Questionnaire (MACE) responses were examined in a principle component factor analysis. Several factors loaded dream type and gaming variables along with items from the MACE. It was concluded that gaming may be associated with dream lucidity because of the enhanced problem-solving quality of gamer’s dreams. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)","Gackenbach, Jayne;Kuruvilla, Beena","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2013","","US","23","4","256","265","","","*Cognition;  *Computer Games;  *Emotions;  *Metacognition;  *Questionnaires; Lucid Dreaming; Problem Solving","","2014-00817-001","Gackenbach, Jayne: Department of Psychology, Grant MacEwan University, Room 6-323H, 10700–104 Avenue, Edmonton, AB, Canada, T5J 4S2, gackenbachj@macewan.ca","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0034817"
"Journal Article","Gender, sex role orientation, and dreaming.","Despite the large number of studies addressing gender differences in dream recall and other dream-related variables, research regarding whether these differences might be affected by sex role orientation is rather scarce. The findings of the present online study clearly indicate that sex role orientation, femininity/expressivity, and masculinity/instrumentality affects dream variables such as dream recall frequency, nightmare frequency, dream tone, and emotional intensity as well as attitude toward dreaming. Expressivity was strongly correlated with the emotional intensity of dreams whereas instrumentality was associated with more positively toned dreams; a finding which supports the continuity hypothesis of dreaming. The analyses provided support for the idea that attitude toward dreams might moderate the effect of sex role orientation (femininity/expressivity) and biological sex on dream recall frequency. As sex role orientation did not completely explain the gender differences, it will be fruitful to study other variables like the processing of emotional information in the brain or gender-specific dream socialization in order to understand the gender differences in dreaming more fully. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Schredl, Michael;Kim, Eugenia;Labudek, Sarah;Schädler, Anna;Göritz, Anja S.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2013","","US","23","4","277","286","","","*Attitudes;  *Dreaming;  *Human Sex Differences;  *Sex Roles; Dream Recall; Gender Identity; Nightmares","","2014-00817-002","Schredl, Michael: Dr., Schlaflabor, Zentralinstitut für Seelische Gesundheit, Postfach 12 21 20, Mannheim, Germany, 68072, Michael.Schredl@zi-mannheim.de","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0034915"
"Erratum/Correction","'Research articles in Dreaming: A review of the first 20 years': Correction to Hoffman (2013).","Reports an error in 'Research articles in Dreaming: A review of the first 20 years' by Curtiss Hoffman (Dreaming, 2013[Sep], Vol 23[3], 216-231). In the article “Research articles in Dreaming: A review of the first 20 years” by Curtiss Hoffman (Dreaming, 2013, Vol. 23, No. 3, pp. 216 –231. doi:10.1037/a0032905), the column in Figure 11 labeled “Confidence Interval” should have read “p Value”. The “Result” column should have been omitted. In addition, the sentence beginning “As shown in Figure 11, . . . ” on page 227 should have read “As shown in Figure 11, in two of the 14 cases, there was a strong correlation with RQ1, and in six additional cases it could not be definitely rejected.” (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 2013-34527-003.) This article reviews the entire range of research articles in Dreaming over the past 20 years to explore how consistently they adhere to scientific standards. Articles are reviewed on the basis of how precise their description of the participant group was in terms of sample size, mean age, gender, and ethnicity; the duration of the study; the level of accuracy accepted; the sampling methodology; the number of quantitative tests; the researchers’ expressed awareness of limitations of the study; and whether their conclusions were presented as being global for all dreamers or more cautiously hedged. The ultimate aim of the study is to point out the strengths and weaknesses of the published articles, and to upgrade the research standards in the International Association for the Study of Dreams’ flagship publication. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Hoffman, Curtiss","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2013","","US","23","4","286","286","","","*Dreaming;  *Experimentation;  *Methodology; Scientific Communication","","2014-00817-003","Hoffman, Curtiss: Department of Anthropology, Bridgewater State University, 95 Burrill Avenue, Bridgewater, MA, US, 02325, c1hoffman@bridgew.edu","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035556"
"Comment/Reply","Criteria for evaluating empirical research articles: A reply to Curtiss Hoffman’s “Research articles in Dreaming: A review of the first 20 years.'","The paper of Curtiss Hoffman (2003) is highly relevant for our field. Although I admire the efforts of Curtiss Hoffman in evaluating the quality of quantitative dream studies, I must admit that some of his assumptions are not based in theories found in the epistemology. The aim of this reply is to point out some of the shortcomings of his paper and to suggest other criteria that might be important for assessing the quality of the papers. I share with Curtiss Hoffman the aspiration to improve the quality of dream research papers so that our field will be increasingly recognized in the field of science and among the general public. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Schredl, Michael","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2013","","US","23","4","287","290","","","*Dreaming;  *Experimentation;  *Methodology; Scientific Communication","","2014-00817-004","Schredl, Michael: Schlaflabor, Zentralinstitut für Seelische Gesundheit, Postfach 12 21 20, Mannheim, Germany, 68072, Michael.Schredl@zi-mannheim.de","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035534"
"Journal Article","Inner speech in dreaming: A dialogic perspective.","Analysis of dream reports containing expressions of mental experience, references to knowledge not revealed by the sensory imagery of the dream, and references to past, future, and speculative conditional states that do not occur in the dream suggests that inner speech has an important function in dream formation and content. It is proposed that a dream is the product of the interplay of inner speech and imagery organized into narrative form. A dialogic perspective of dreaming that incorporates inner speech into the dream formation process suggests that verbal thoughts may be transformed into images—as literal or metaphorical illustrations of those thoughts—or they may be expressed more directly in the form of mental experience or explicit language use such as in conversations within the dream. Images, in turn, may occur during dreaming with or without comment from inner speech. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Kilroe, Patricia","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2013","","US","23","4","233","244","","","*Dream Analysis;  *Dreaming;  *Self-Talk;  *Thinking; Verbal Ability","","2013-38683-001","Kilroe, Patricia: Writing and Literature, California College of the Arts, 5212 Broadway, Oakland, CA, US, 94618, pkilroe@cca.edu","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0033654"
"Journal Article","P-Technique Factor Analysis of an extensive time series of hypnagogic hallucinations.","The present study represents an attempt, in the context of the following questions, to examine the hypnagogic hallucinations experienced by one person over several years: (a) Do the hallucinations occur randomly, or follow some kind of trend or pattern? (b) Can the content of the hypnagogic experiences be categorized in types, and how do these relate to existing literature? (c) How do these types change or develop across the years? To find answers to the questions posed, first, the period of time was measured between consequent diary entries. Second, the actual material recorded by the dreamer was assessed using 14 criteria. These assessments were then subject to a P-Technique Factor Analysis. The Factor Analysis extracted four significant factors, labeled “Unusual Bodily Experiences,” “The Intruder,” “Incubus,” and “Fear.” The extracted Factors are well supported by the results of similar studies dealing with random samples. Theoretical implications and consequences of the practical work will be discussed. The present investigation was inspired by the fact that much of the existing research into the topic is based on cross-sectional studies, which are inherently unable to account for individual temporal development in the hypnagogic phenomena in question. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Anastasiadis, Nikolas","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2013","","US","23","3","202","215","","","*Dream Analysis;  *Factor Analysis;  *Hypnagogic Hallucinations; Journal Writing","","2013-27979-001","Anastasiadis, Nikolas: Gesellschaft fur Psychische Gesundheit, pro mente Tirol, Karl-Schonherr-Strasse 3, Innsbruck, Austria, A-6020","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0032907"
"Journal Article","Positive and negative attitudes towards dreaming: A representative study.","Attitude toward dreams is a variable closely linked to dream recall frequency. Even though research has looked into different aspects of this variable, studies investigating positive and negative attitudes in the general population are still lacking. The present representative survey (N = 2,019) indicates that the general emotional tone of dreams is quite closely related to the attitude toward dreams—a relationship neglected by previous studies. It seems very important to differentiate between positive and negative attitudes toward dreaming, and it also seems very important to differentiate between attitudes toward positively toned and negatively toned dreams. In order to understand the underlying mechanisms of the stable gender difference, for example, it seems promising to study of dream socialization—that is, the process of how children learn about attitudes toward dreaming from other people (family, friends) or media. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Schredl, Michael","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2013","","US","23","3","194","201","","","*Attitudes;  *Dream Recall;  *Dreaming;  *Emotions; Socialization","","2013-20983-001","Schredl, Michael: Schlaflabor, Zentralinstitut für Seelische Gesundheit, Postfach 12 21 20, Mannheim, Germany, 68072, Michael.Schredl@zi-mannheim.de","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0032477"
"Journal Article","Content analysis of Iranian college students’ dreams: Comparison with American data.","This article analyzes gender differences in the dream content of Iranian college students and compares the findings with normative American findings and with findings from studies of Indian and Japanese college students. The study utilized 218 dream reports collected with the Most Recent Dream method from 103 females and 115 males at the University of Tehran in Tehran. In general, the Iranian findings are similar to findings in the American, Indian, and Japanese studies. However, there were differences from the American norms that were sometimes similar to differences also found in Indian and Japanese college students, which may reflect cultural differences between Eastern and Western cultures. Future investigations with larger samples may reveal further the main interests and concerns of Iranian college students and help develop a better understanding of cross-cultural similarities and differences in dream content. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Mazandarani, Amir Ali;Aguilar-Vafaie, Maria E.;Domhoff, G. William","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2013","","US","23","3","163","174","","","*College Students;  *Cross Cultural Differences;  *Dream Content; Human Sex Differences","","2013-34527-001","Aguilar-Vafaie, Maria E.: Department of Psychology, Tarbiat Modares University, Evin, Atisaz 6212, Tehran, Iran, 1997664117, Vafaiesm@modares.ac.ir","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0032352"
"Journal Article","Lust, pornography, and erotic dreams.","This study examines the prevalence of men’s sexual behaviors, erotic dreams, and nocturnal emissions and the continuity between diurnal and nocturnal sexuality. On the strength of the findings generated from a survey of 306 young male adults, several important implications are highlighted. Pornography consumption and masturbation with ejaculation are almost universal habits for young men. The form of sexual acts that sleepers dream about reflects the type and incidence of their pornography use and sexual behaviors during wakefulness. Erotic dreams and nocturnal emissions appear to serve as complements to waking-life sexuality. The choice of sexual objects and interactions in the formation of dream images is neither random nor rational, but is egoistic in nature. The most common sexual object that men dream about is not their girlfriend but is their female classmate or acquaintance; receiving sex pleasure by means of the penis being manually or orally stimulated is more likely to happen than giving the parallel sex pleasure to the object in erotic dreams. Certain typical dreams, the manifest content of which does not present any erotic elements, are physiologically arousing to the extent that they can induce the expulsion of semen. In other words, activities commonly occurring in dreams—especially for those about the urgent need to empty one’s bladder and rummaging around for a toilet—can carry the same sexual connotations for men at the biological level. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Yu, Calvin Kai-Ching","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2013","","US","23","3","175","193","","","*Dream Content;  *Eroticism;  *Human Males;  *Nocturnal Emission;  *Psychosexual Behavior; Incest; Pornography; Sexuality; Sleep; Symbolism","","2013-34527-002","Yu, Calvin Kai-Ching: Department of Counselling and Psychology, Hong Kong Shue Yan University, 10 Wai Tsui Crescent, Braemar Hill Road, North Point, Hong Kong, calvinkcyu@ymail.com","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0032660"
"Journal Article","Research articles in Dreaming: A review of the first 20 years.","[Correction Notice: An Erratum for this article was reported in Vol 23(4) of Dreaming (see record 2014-00817-003). In the article “Research articles in Dreaming: A review of the first 20 years” by Curtiss Hoffman (Dreaming, 2013, Vol. 23, No. 3, pp. 216 –231. doi:10.1037/a0032905), the column in Figure 11 labeled “Confidence Interval” should have read “p Value”. The “Result” column should have been omitted. In addition, the sentence beginning “As shown in Figure 11, . . . ” on page 227 should have read “As shown in Figure 11, in two of the 14 cases, there was a strong correlation with RQ1, and in six additional cases it could not be definitely rejected.”] This article reviews the entire range of research articles in Dreaming over the past 20 years to explore how consistently they adhere to scientific standards. Articles are reviewed on the basis of how precise their description of the participant group was in terms of sample size, mean age, gender, and ethnicity; the duration of the study; the level of accuracy accepted; the sampling methodology; the number of quantitative tests; the researchers’ expressed awareness of limitations of the study; and whether their conclusions were presented as being global for all dreamers or more cautiously hedged. The ultimate aim of the study is to point out the strengths and weaknesses of the published articles, and to upgrade the research standards in the International Association for the Study of Dreams’ flagship publication. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Hoffman, Curtiss","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2013","","US","23","3","216","231","","","*Dreaming;  *Experimentation;  *Methodology; Scientific Communication","","2013-34527-003","Hoffman, Curtiss: Department of Anthropology, Bridgewater State University, 95 Burrill Avenue, Bridgewater, MA, US, 02325, c1hoffman@bridgew.edu","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0032905"
"Journal Article","Dream content of Greek children and adolescents.","This study examines the dream content of Greek children (8 to 12 years old, n = 273) and adolescents (13 to 18 years old, n = 483), collected using the “most recent dream method” and analyzed through the Hall and Van de Castle method (G. W. Domhoff & A. Schneider, 1998, New Rationales and Methods for Quantitative Dream Research Outside the Laboratory, Sleep 21 (4), pp. 398–404). Findings include higher male/female ratio and more aggression in the boys’ dreams, high victimization percents, and increase of the friends’ percent and decrease of the family percent with age. In general, the study confirms the results of previous similar research in other countries. It seems that dream content, analyzed by this method, is continuous with waking thoughts and concerns, although negative thoughts may be more frequent in dreams than in the waking state. The continuity hypothesis, along with theories about a regulating or compensatory function for dreaming, all seem to contribute to the understanding of dream content. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Karagianni, Magdalini;Papadopoulou, Anna;Kallini, Aikaterini;Dadatsi, Aikaterini;Abatzoglou, Grigorios;Zilikis, Nikolaos","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2013","","US","23","2","91","96","","","*Dream Content; Adolescent Development; Childhood Development","","2013-22817-001","Karagianni, Magdalini: 29 Olympiados Street, Thessaloniki, Greece, 54632, lina.karagia2@gmail.com","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0032238"
"Journal Article","Video game play as nightmare protection: A replication and extension.","This inquiry is a replication and extension of a recent study with military gamers examining the thesis that playing video games might act as a type of nightmare protection. This hypothesis is based on the idea of a well-rehearsed defense due to game play, a numbing against violence, and the idea that memories in the 6 hours posttrauma are best interrupted with a visual cognitive task, like video game play. This replication was done using university students who had experienced a trauma in the past and had reported a dream associated with that trauma along with a recent dream. Controls were emotional reactivity and trauma history. We conclude that male high-end gamers seemed to be less troubled by nightmares while female high-end gamers were the most troubled by nightmares. So what differs between these two types of gamers? Three suggestions are considered: game genre, game sociability, and sex-role conflict. It seems that the nightmare protection hypothesis of video game play should be qualified to apply to male high-end gamers who play few casual games, play socially, and do not seem to experience sex-role conflict due to type of game play. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)","Gackenbach, Jayne;Darlington, Mycah;Ferguson, Mary-Lynn;Boyes, Arielle","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2013","","US","23","2","97","111","","","*Computer Games;  *Dream Content;  *Military Personnel;  *Nightmares;  *Trauma; Human Sex Differences","","2013-22817-002","Gackenbach, Jayne: Department of Psychology, Grant MacEwan College, Room 6-323H, 10700-104 Avenue, Edmonton, AB, Canada, T5J 4S2, gackenbachj@macewan.ca","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0032455"
"Journal Article","The structural relations between the superego, instinctual affect, and dreams.","This study aims to establish a structural equation model that explains the relations between instinctual emotions, superego functions, and dream experiences. The personality traits and dream characteristics of 596 Chinese young adults were assessed by the NEO Five-Factor Inventory, Affective Neuroscience Personality Scales, Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale, Dream Intensity Scale, and Dream Motif Scale. The analyses show that each instinctual emotion has a distinct pattern of associations with dream experiences. For instance, feeling the need to nurture or to be needed is associated with dreams featuring erotomania. On the other hand, feeling sadness is more related to dreaming about the crisis of being unable to safeguard the ego ideal. Echoing the neuropsychological perspective, the structural equation modeling analyses suggest that dream experiences are facilitated by both pleasant and unpleasant emotions and suppressed by superego functions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved)","Yu, Calvin Kai-Ching","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2013","","US","23","2","145","155","","","*Brain;  *Dream Content;  *Emotions;  *Personality Measures;  *Superego; Instinctive Behavior; Neurosciences; Personality Traits; Affective Neuroscience","","2013-22817-003","Yu, Calvin Kai-Ching: Department of Counselling and Psychology, Hong Kong Shue Yan University, 10 Wai Tsui Crescent, Braemar Hill Road, North Point, Hong Kong, calvinkcyu@ymail.com","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0032606"
"Journal Article","What dreams may come: Emotional cascades and nightmares in borderline personality disorder.","People diagnosed with borderline personality disorder (BPD) have been found to have a number of sleep problems, including frequent and distressing nightmares. The experience of nightmares is likely to worsen emotion dysregulation and decrease coping abilities the subsequent day, making it an important issue for clinicians to address. One recent theoretical model of BPD psychopathology, the Emotional Cascade Model (ECM), may shed light on this phenomenon by characterizing nightmares as the experience of emotional cascades that occur during sleep. A model is presented in which these cascades may carry over from a stressful day and lead to elevated cognitive activity during sleep, as well as nightmare-like phenomena. To test this model we used experience sampling from 47 participants exhibiting dysregulated behaviors—16 of them diagnosed with BPD. Negative emotion, rumination, and number of nightmares were assessed daily across two consecutive weeks. Analyses indicated that the BPD group experienced more frequent nightmares, that BPD diagnosis interacted with baseline trait rumination to prospectively predict number of nightmares reported during monitoring, and daily experience of emotional cascades predicted subsequent number of nightly nightmares. These findings held after controlling for key covariates, including sleep quality and diagnoses of depression and posttraumatic stress disorder. Important clinical interventions consistent with the ECM conceptualization of nightmares are proposed, including the potential for management of daily rumination and negative emotion, imagery rescripting for recurrent or anxiously anticipated nightmares, and potential prescription of prazosin (an alpha1-adrenergic antagonist) for the reduction of nightmares in this group. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)","Selby, Edward A.;Ribeiro, Jessica D.;Joiner Jr., Thomas E.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2013","","US","23","2","126","144","","","*Borderline Personality Disorder;  *Emotions;  *Nightmares;  *Rumination (Cognitive Process);  *Wakefulness; Models","","2013-08154-001","Selby, Edward A.: Department of Psychology, Rutgers University, 53 Avenue East, Pistcataway, NJ, US, 08845, edward.selby@rutgers.edu","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0032208"
"Journal Article","Handedness and dream-recall frequency.","The ability to recall a dream upon waking up in the morning has been linked to a broad variety of factors such as personality, creativity, sleep behavior, and cognitive function. As dreaming has been associated with the right hemisphere, it has been proposed that left-handed persons would have easier access to their dreams. However, previous empirical data support an association of dream-recall frequency with right-handedness. In the present sample of 1,375 participants, right-handedness and mixed/inconsistent handedness were associated with higher dream-recall frequency than were left-handed persons (especially pronounced in the subgroup of adolescents), partly confirming previous findings. As handedness is related to other factors such as preterm birth, which can affect brain functioning, a broad battery of cognitive tests would be desirable to further characterize samples of left-handers, right-handers and persons with inconsistent handedness. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Schredl, Michael;Beaton, Alan A.;Henley-Einion, Josie;Blagrove, Mark","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2013","","US","23","2","156","162","","","*Dream Recall; Handedness","","2013-15099-001","Schredl, Michael: Sleep Laboratory, Central Institute of Mental Health, P.O. Box 12 21 20, Mannheim, Germany, 68072, Michael.Schredl@zi-mannheim.de","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0032210"
"Journal Article","Dreams and dreaming-related phenomena in Danilo Kiš’s novels.","Descriptions of lucid dreaming, nightmares, sleep paralysis, and other dream-related phenomena were found in the novels “Garden, Ashes,” “The Hourglass,” and short stories written by the well-known European writer Danilo Kiš (1935–1989). Kiš provided a deep psychological insight into lucid dreaming. His literary examples of its use in the suppression of nightmares precede similar claims based on scientific research. Although Kiš could have acquired some knowledge about lucid dreams and nightmares from literature, his personal traumatic experiences were perhaps of even greater importance, as suggested by his biography; in particular, his traumatic childhood in exile, early loss of his father, and experiences of war terror and postwar perturbations. Implications of Kiš’s writings for theories of dreaming are also discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Martinović, Žarko","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2013","","US","23","2","112","125","","","*Literature;  *Lucid Dreaming;  *Nightmares;  *Paralysis;  *Sleep; Writers","","2013-11404-001","Martinović, Žarko: Institute of Mental Health, Palmoticeva 37, Belgrade, Republic of Serbia, 11000, martinovic@sezampro.rs","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0032209"
"Journal Article","Typical dreams of “being chased”: A cross-cultural comparison between Tibetan and Han Chinese dreamers.","The present study is a cross-cultural comparison of typical dreams of “being chased” between Tibetan and Han Chinese dreamers. The research is based on 208 interviews combined with responses to a Dream Questionnaire. In total 569 subjects were involved in the research project: 278 Tibetan and 291 Han undergraduate college students. Results show an overall occurrence of a being-chased dream in 90% of the sample population. Moreover, the results also revealed that when being chased in dreams, there is a significant difference on the chasing agents. In addition, more than 95% of all participants experienced negative feelings while in the dream, especially fearful feelings. Also there were significant differences between Tibetan and Han Chinese on the feelings of anger and other (unspecified feelings). For the first reactions in the dreams, Tibetan and Han Chinese showed a significant difference on running away and seeking help. In addition, even though petrified then waking up is the most common final outcome in both groups, there were significant differences on not being caught and petrified then waking up between the two groups. Tibetan and Han Chinese take significantly different approaches, especially on the way of telling others, chanting and praying, self-interpretation, and ignoring and forgetting. The significance of these differences is analyzed in relation to the living environment and cultural and religious differences between Tibetan and Han Chinese. Future research directions are also suggested. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)","Yin, Fang;Shen, Heyong;He, Yu;Wei, Ying;Cao, Wei","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2013","","US","23","1","64","77","","","*Cross Cultural Differences;  *Dream Analysis;  *Dream Content;  *Dreaming; Chinese Cultural Groups","","2013-01790-001","Yin, Fang: Psychology Department, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China, yinfangbb@hotmail.com","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0031004"
"Journal Article","Obsessive-compulsive distress and its dynamic associations with schizotypy, borderline personality, and dreaming.","This study explores the relationships among obsessive-compulsive disturbance, dream experiences, affect valence, magical ideation, splitting defense, and superego functions. The Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory–Revised, Dream Intensity Scale, Dream Motif Scale, NEO Five-Factor Inventory, Beck Depression Inventory-II, Beck Anxiety Inventory, State-Trait Anger Expression Iventory-2, Magical Ideation Scale, Splitting Scale, and Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale were administered to 594 participants. The results indicate that the severity of obsessive-compulsive symptoms vary most robustly with the intensities of trait anxiety, trait anger, anger suppression, splitting defense, dream themes involving superego-ego ideal functioning, and the diffusion of dream-reality memories. Although dream experiences can serve as significant indicators of detecting people with high obsessive-compulsive tendencies, their predictive power is weaker than that of emotional factors. Obsessional neurosis shares similar psychodynamics with schizotypal and borderline personality disorders; yet, as reflected by their differential patterns of associations with dream variables, they are three distinctive conditions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Yu, Calvin Kai-Ching","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2013","","US","23","1","46","63","","","*Anger;  *Dreaming;  *Obsessive Compulsive Disorder;  *Personality Disorders; Borderline Personality Disorder; Ideation; Schizotypal Personality Disorder; Superego","","2012-31241-001","Yu, Calvin Kai-Ching: Department of Counselling and Psychology, Hong Kong Shue Yan University, 10 Wai Tsui Crescent, Braemar Hill Road, North Point, Hong Kong, calvinkcyu@ymail.com","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0030791"
"Journal Article;Retracted Article;","The dreamscape of psychodynamic psychotherapy: Dreams, dreamers, dream work, consequences, and case studies.","[Retraction notice: A retraction for this article was reported in Vol 33(2) of Dreaming (see record 2023-80461-001). This retraction is at the request of coauthors Hill and Gelso after the results of an investigation by the University of Maryland Institutional Review Board (IRB). The IRB found that the study included data from between one and four therapy clients of the Maryland Psychotherapy Clinic and Research Laboratory (MPCRL) who either had not been asked to pro vide consent or had withdrawn consent for their data to be included in the research. Coauthors Gerstenblith, Chui, Pudasaini, Burgard, Baumann, and Huang were not responsible for obtaining and verifying participant consent but agreed to the retraction of this article.] Of 46 cases of psychodynamic psychotherapy, 23 clients presented at least 1 dream, with discussions averaging about 13 minutes in length; only 5 clients discussed dreams in 3 or more sessions (case studies are provided). The clients who discussed dreams, as compared with those who did not, had more positive attitudes toward dreams and lower attachment anxiety. Encouragement to discuss dreams did not have an effect on the amount of dream work. Therapists primarily listened and asked for description of images when working with dreams. Greater use of exploration activities during dream work was associated with higher client and therapist ratings of session process/outcome. Clients who talked about dreams indicated that they did so because they wanted insight or had troubling dreams; ultimately, they found the dream work to be helpful. Clients who did not talk about dreams tended not to remember dreams and thought other issues were more important to discuss in therapy. Evidence for the effects of dream work was mixed. Implications of results for practice and research are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Hill, Clara E.;Gelso, Charles J.;Gerstenblith, Judith;Chui, Harold;Pudasaini, Sakar;Burgard, Jessica;Baumann, Ellen;Huang, Teresa","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2013","","US","23","1","1","45","","","*Dream Analysis;  *Dream Content;  *Dreaming;  *Psychodynamic Psychotherapy; Attachment Behavior; Attitudes; Clients; Psychodynamics; Consequence","","2013-09854-001","Hill, Clara E.: Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, US, 20742, cehill@umd.edu","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0032207"
"Journal Article","A Lacanian approach to dream interpretation.","In the century-old history of psychoanalysis, Jacques Lacan was one of its most controversial practitioners. Though found opaque and convoluted by many, Lacan's ideas have transcended the confines of psychoanalytic practice and have since the 1960s been applied to the study of cultural, social, and political processes and phenomena. In this article, the author presents the main aspects of a Lacanian approach to the interpretation of dreams. He examines Lacan's reinterpretation of a crucial dream from Freud's classic work Interpretation of Dreams: Freud's own dream of Irma's injection. He shows the importance of Lacan's conceptualization of the psyche as the structure containing the registers of the Imaginary, the Symbolic, and the Real for the interpretation of this dream. Furthermore, he demonstrates the applicability of a Lacanian approach by interpreting several other dreams: Descartes' 3 dreams, which have determined the development of modern science, and his own dream. The article is intended for all audiences and its aim is to expand the number of theoretical approaches available in the field of dream interpretation. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Kovacevic, Filip","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2013","","US","23","1","78","89","","","*Dream Analysis;  *Dreaming;  *Psychoanalytic Interpretation;  *Psychoanalytic Theory;  *Jacques Lacan; Death and Dying; Freud (Sigmund); Desire","","2013-09854-002","Kovacevic, Filip: University of Montenegro, Podgorica, Montenegro, 81000, filip@ac.me","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0032206"
"Journal Article","Pornography consumption and sexual behaviors as correlates of erotic dreams and nocturnal emissions.","This study examined the degree to which erotic and wet dreams are modulated by sexual behaviors and the use of pornography in waking life. The sample contained 52 young male adults that were invited to complete a questionnaire concerning their frequencies of sexual fantasy, sexual behaviors, pornography consumption, erotic dreams, and nocturnal emissions. The results suggest that the more often men watch pornography, the more frequently they masturbate to ejaculate and the less likely they are to experience nocturnal emissions. Moreover, people who are sexually active during wakefulness do not seem to dream more about sex. However, the type of pornography use seems to have a significant effect on the erotic content that people dream. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Yu, Calvin Kai-Ching","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2012","","US","22","4","230","239","","","*Nocturnal Emission;  *Pornography;  *Psychosexual Behavior;  *Sexual Fantasy; Eroticism; Male Orgasm; Sexuality","","2012-28969-001","Yu, Calvin Kai-Ching: Department of Counseling and Psychology, Hong Kong Shue Yan University, 10 Wai Tsui Crescent, Braemar Hill Road, North Point, Hong Kong, calvinkcyu@ymail.com","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0030254"
"Journal Article","Testing the factorial structure of the Dream Intensity Scale.","The Dream Intensity Scale (DIS) is a questionnaire developed for assessing the subjective magnitude of dream experiences. The factorial structure of the DIS measurement model, which was built upon exploratory factor analyses, has not been tested using confirmatory statistics. Therefore, this study was conducted to examine the overall quality of the structural relations among the parameters that constitute the DIS measurement model. Two samples were recruited separately in two consecutive years, and contained a total of 1,186 voluntary participants. The confirmatory statistics indicate that the model hypothesizing four higher-order and eight lower-order factors provides an excellent fit to the data, and is distinguished by its invariance across samples and genders. In addition, the convergent and discriminant concurrent validity of the DIS is substantiated by the differential sensitivity of its scales and subscales to the big-five personality dimensions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved)","Yu, Calvin Kai-Ching","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2012","","US","22","4","284","309","","","*Dreaming;  *Five Factor Personality Model;  *Personality;  *Rating Scales;  *Sleep; Confirmatory Factor Analysis; Factor Analysis","","2011-28148-001","Yu, Calvin Kai-Ching: Department of Counselling and Psychology, Hong Kong Shue Yan University, 10 Wai Tsui Crescent, Braemar Hill Road, North Point, Hong Kong, calvinkcyu@ymail.com","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026475"
"Journal Article","Frequency of a romantic partner in a dream series.","The continuity hypothesis of dreaming states that dreams reflect waking life experiences. As the romantic partner plays an important role in the waking life of the dreamer, it seems plausible that s/he is also often present in his or her dreams. In accordance with previous findings, the romantic partner was found in about 20% of the dreams during relationship periods in a long dream series lasting 11 years. In order to study factors that might affect the continuity between waking and dreaming, it would be interesting to correlate the frequency of partner dreams with day-time measures like intimacy or quarrelling. In addition, investigating the slope of the decline of partner dreams after separation also provided clues about factors affecting continuity between waking and dreaming. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Schredl, Michael;Reinhard, Iris","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2012","","US","22","4","223","229","","","*Couples;  *Dream Content;  *Dreaming;  *Sexual Partners;  *Interpersonal Relationships; Dream Analysis; Intimacy","","2012-30416-001","Schredl, Michael: Dr., Schlaflabor, Zentralinstitut für Seelische Gesundheit, Postfach 12 21 20, Mannheim, Germany, 68072, Michael.Schredl@zi-mannheim.de","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0030252"
"Journal Article","Dreaming in adolescence: A “blind” word search of a teenage girl's dream series.","Previous studies of dreaming in adolescence have found that (a) shifts in dream content parallel shifts in cognitive and social development, and (b) adolescent girls seem more prone than adolescent boys to disturbing dreams and recurrent nightmares. This article confirms and extends those findings by using a novel method, blind word searches, to provide results that are more precise, detailed, and objective than those offered by previous studies. The method is used to analyze a series of 223 dreams recorded in a private diary by an American girl, “Bea” (not her real name) from the ages of 14 to 21. Accurate predictions about continuities between Bea's dream content and waking life concerns included important aspects of her emotional welfare, daily activities, personal relationships, and cultural life. The results of this analysis illuminate the multiple ways in which dream content accurately reflects the interests, concerns, and emotional difficulties of an adolescent girl. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Bulkeley, Kelly","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2012","","US","22","4","240","252","","","*Adolescent Development;  *Dream Content;  *Dreaming;  *Nightmares; Psychosocial Development","","2012-28742-001","Bulkeley, Kelly: Graduate Theological Union, 4636 SW Humphrey Court, Portland, OR, US, 97221, bulkeleyk@gmail.com","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0030253"
"Journal Article","The origin of REM sleep: A hypothesis.","This article presents a new theory about the origin of REM sleep. REM is an integral part of the human sleep cycle and the neurological substrate most consistently associated with dreams and dream recall. According to this thesis, REM sleep evolved out of a primordial defensive reflex: tonic immobility. This reflex, sometimes also called death-feigning or animal hypnosis, is usually the last line of defense against an attacking predator. Tonic immobility, common in both vertebrates and invertebrates, has a number of neuroanatomical and behavioral attributes that overlap with those of REM sleep. This overlap is suggestive of an evolutionary kinship. The article presents conceptual arguments and empirical facts in support of this relationship. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Tsoukalas, Ioannis","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2012","","US","22","4","253","283","","","*REM Sleep;  *Theories; Amnesia; Dream Recall; Dreaming; Narcolepsy; REM Dreams; Thermoregulation (Body); Tonic Immobility","","2012-35064-001","Tsoukalas, Ioannis: Department of Social Anthropology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden, 106 91, ioannis@socant.su.se","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0030790"
"Journal Article","The effect of sleep position on dream experiences.","This study explored whether dream experiences are modulated by body posture during sleep with consideration of Big Five personality dimensions and repressive defensiveness. The Dream Intensity Scale, Dream Motif Scale, NEO Five-Factor Inventory, and Marlowe–Crowne Social Desirability Scale were administered to 670 participants. The results indicate that sleeping in the prone position may promote dreaming of sexual, erotomaniac, and persecutory material, such as themes involving “having a sexual relationship with a big wheel or celebrity,” “being smothered, unable to breathe,” “being locked up,” and “being tied, unable to move.” This effect cannot be fully explained by personality factors, which are merely weakly associated with sleep position. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Yu, Calvin Kai-Ching","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2012","","US","22","3","212","221","","","*Dream Content;  *Posture;  *Sleep; Sex; Sleep Apnea","","2012-19542-001","Yu, Calvin Kai-Ching: Department of Counselling and Psychology, Hong Kong Shue Yan University, 10 Wai Tsui Crescent, Braemar Hill Road, North Point, Hong Kong, calvinkcyu@ymail.com","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029255"
"Journal Article","Dreams are narrative simulations of autobiographical episodes, not stories or scripts: A review.","This review addresses two questions. What accounts for the narrative character of dreams? Are dreams structured like canonical stories? These questions are included in the broader issue of the commonalities and differences between dreaming and waking cognition. The topic of the narrative aspects of dreams is clouded by important variations in the definition of the terms narrative and story. In this review, these two terms are clearly distinguished. A narrative, in the broad sense, is any report of a sequence of events involving some unexpected content and characters who act and react. The term story is restricted to reports of events obeying an overall planning which introduces links between the successive episodes and a dramatic progression from beginning to end. The end describes a steady final state which terminates the tension. Four studies are summarized and commented, each using a different method of analyzing the narrative structure of dream reports. The findings permit us to specify some underlying features responsible for the narrative-like nature of dreams. The review concludes that dreams are not structured like canonical stories. They are incomplete and short stories or a succession of fragments of stories. A deficit of certain cognitive functions explains these limitations and enables the creativity of dreaming. The narrative organization of dreams should be compared with that of informal waking reports, which have very similar microstructural features. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Montangero, Jacques","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2012","","US","22","3","157","172","","","*Cognition;  *Dream Content;  *Dreaming;  *Narratives; Dream Analysis; Grammar","","2012-25910-001","Montangero, Jacques: 76, chemin de la Miche, Esery, France, F-74930, jacques.montangero@orange.fr","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028978"
"Journal Article","The synchronous electrophysiology of conscious states.","This study reviews the synchronous electrophysiological characteristics associated with wake and sleep associated conscious states. Each of these states has associated quantitative changes in background EEG frequencies with each state sharing cognitive and psychophysiological attributes with states with similar electrophysiology (e.g., the beta/gamma EEG frequency is associated with focused and default wake, as well as with focused meditation and the sleep associated state of lucid dreaming, suggesting an electrophysiological and behavioral correlation between these states). Viewed from an electrophysiological perspective, dreaming—the aspect of sleep meeting criteria for consciousness—may be our conscious awareness of this electrophysiological system functioning in our CNS. This state associated synchronous electrophysiology can be considered to denote the baseline “form” of each state. Medication-associated effects on these synchronous EEG systems potentially describe the mode of activity for psychopharmacologic agents in treating a variety of psychiatric and neurological illness. This approach is particularly important based on our growing understanding of the potential functions of this electrophysiological system as well as the psychopharmacologic and diagnostic correlates. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Pagel, J. F.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2012","","US","22","3","173","191","","","*Consciousness States;  *Dreaming;  *Electroencephalography;  *Electrophysiology;  *Wakefulness; Lucid Dreaming; Meditation; Sleep","","2012-25910-002","Pagel, J. F.: Rocky Mt. Sleep, 1619 North Greenwood Street, Suite 107, Pueblo, CO, US, 81003, pueo34@earthlink.net","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029659"
"Journal Article","Spirit conception: Dreams in Aboriginal Australia.","Dreams play an important role in Australia Aboriginal cosmology and society. This article focuses on the concepts, interpretation, and function of the dreams of the indigenous people of Australia from an interdisciplinary perspective. It is based on pertinent literature on the indigenous people of Australia. The author wants to demonstrate the facilitating function dreams appear to have around important events in the lifecycle and in particular the start of new life, in the conception and birth of a child. In this respect, the object relations theory proves very useful in understanding and explaining the various processes such as dream interpretation. This relational theory serves as the basis for a transitional approach to the study of dreams because it explains the dynamic interaction between individual and culture. Ultimately, this theory gave rise to the development of the notion of rêves de passage, “dreams of passage.” By using cultural meanings from the social and religious context, dreams help the dreamers to cope with new and/or difficult situations and to make the transition back to ordinary life. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","den Boer, Elizabeth","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2012","","US","22","3","192","211","","","*Dream Content;  *Dreaming;  *Indigenous Populations; Culture (Anthropological); Life Changes; Object Relations; Rites of Passage","","2012-25910-003","den Boer, Elizabeth: Leiden Institute for Religious Studies, University of Leiden, Matthias de Vrieshof 1, PO Box 9515, Leiden, Netherlands, 2300 RA, e.p.den.boer@religion.leidenuniv.nl","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028402"
"Journal Article","Dreaming in Haitian Vodou: Vouchsafe, guide, and source of liturgical novelty.","Dreams are vital sources of liturgical novelty in Haitian Vodou—and this novelty is, itself, an underdescribed and understudied quality that the religion possesses. Classic scholarly descriptions have tended to portray Vodou as a living artifact, tradition-bound and slave to formality. On the contrary, Vodou is constantly responding to unique lived scenarios with novelty—a generative capacity reminiscent of Hannah Arendt's natality. Dreaming plays a key role as provocateur and shaper of this natality. Additionally, it serves as a vouchsafe for belief; as a transformative force; as a form of divination; and as a source for theological and liturgical information. This article focuses, in particular, on why dreaming in Vodou has received so little scholarly attention. Additionally, it examines how Vodou priests and priestesses utilize dreaming in their work with clients, as well as the role that dreaming plays in the enactment of spiritual marriages, and in recent responses to the 2010 earthquake. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","McGee, Adam M.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2012","","US","22","2","83","100","","","*Dreaming;  *Religion; History","","2012-04005-001","McGee, Adam M.: Department of African and African American Studies, Harvard University, Barker Center, 2nd Floor, 12 Quincy Street, Cambridge, MA, US, 02138, amcgee@fas.harvard.edu","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026691"
"Journal Article","Dream content changes in women after mastectomy: An initial study of body imagery after body-disfiguring surgery.","The changes in body perception after invasive surgery and their internalization in dreams have been mostly neglected in the literature on dreams. We evaluated consecutive newly diagnosed patients with breast cancer about their dream content, sleep quality and quantity, and their mood both before and after the surgical intervention (T0 and T1), to determine whether the loss of a body part with specific sexual features (such as the breast) could change body schema and actuate a sexual sphere restructuring. Dream content was coded according to the Hall and Van de Castle (1966) method. Results were analyzed to compare T0, T1, and normative data (DreamSat). In our sample, we found significant differences in the dreams between T0 and T1 in some anatomical elements (torso anatomy self-concept). We also found differences between patients (T0 and T1) and the normative data, with an increased presence of male and family characters, the proportion of dead people, striving elements with failure, and a decreased presence of friends, aggressiveness, and familiar settings in the patients' dreams. Our results demonstrate that dream content in patients who have undergone cancer treatment for breast cancer is different from that of normal subjects and that there is an adjustment of dream content in patients after surgery. These results support Domhoff's hypothesis about continuity between dreams and waking life, in the sense that “the concerns people express in their dreams are the concerns they have in waking life (Domhoff, 2003). (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Giordano, Alessandra;Francese, Valentina;Peila, Elena;Tribolo, Antonella;Airoldi, Mario;Torta, Riccardo;Mutani, Roberto;Cicolin, Alessandro","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2012","","US","22","2","115","123","","","*Body Image;  *Breast Neoplasms;  *Dream Content;  *Mastectomy;  *Sleep; Human Females; Surgery","","2012-16790-002","Giordano, Alessandra: Sleep Disorder Center, Department of Neurosciences, University of Torino, Via Cherasco 15, Torino, Italy, 10126, alessandro.cicolin@unito.it","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026692"
"Journal Article","Relationship between dream structure, boundary structure and the Big Five personality dimensions.","The present study aimed at investigating the relationship between dream structure, the concept of boundary structure, and the Big Five personality dimensions. Dream structure was assessed with the recently developed Düsseldorf Dream Inventory, which is based on a factorial assessment of dream structure. Dream structure was correlated with boundary structure (Boundary Questionnaire) and personality dimensions (Big Five Inventory) in 1,958 participants in an online study. The results show that boundary structure, openness to experience and neuroticism were associated with dream structure. Participants with thin boundaries had a higher dream recall frequency (DRF), considered their dreams to be personally more significant, exhibited more bizarre and aversive dreams, and more incorporation of elements from waking life. Openness to experience was positively correlated with DRF and personal significance of dreams. Neuroticism was correlated positively with aversive dreams, more incorporation from waking life, and personal significance of dreams. The present results confirm previous correlations between dream structure and personality and identify dream structures that are relevant for these associations. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved)","Aumann, Carolin;Lahl, Olaf;Pietrowsky, Reinhard","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2012","","US","22","2","124","135","","","*Dream Recall;  *Five Factor Personality Model; Personality Traits","","2012-16790-003","Pietrowsky, Reinhard: University of Dusseldorf, Klinische Psychologie, Universitatsstr. 1, Dusseldorf, Germany, 40225, R.Pietrowsky@uni-duesseldorf.de","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028977"
"Journal Article","Survey and content analysis of dreams in different human constitutional types (prakrti).","Ayurveda, the indigenous medicine in India, contends that dream reflects a person's constitutional type viz. prakrti. Prakrti is expressed as predominance of one or two of the three dosa viz. vāta, pitta and kapha. Study was conducted in a sample of healthy adults of general population of Kerala, India between the age group 20–50 years with the objective of examining whether various aspects of 'prakrti' are reflected in dreams. Content analysis of 398 dreams of 38 individuals using select variables from the Hall-Van de Castle empirical scales and comparison with Prakrti aspects described in classical Ayurvedic texts had shown that prakrti is reflected in dreams with respect to dreaming activity, visual images, characters and setting. Findings must be considered tentative because of the methodological and statistical shortcomings that would have to be answered with studies of larger samples. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)","Sivasankaran, Sreelatha;Kesavan, Sundaran;Krishnapillai, Kumar A.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2012","","US","22","2","136","149","","","*Alternative Medicine;  *Dream Content;  *Dreaming;  *Medical Sciences; Personality","","2012-16790-004","Sivasankaran, Sreelatha: Government Ayurveda Research Institute for Mental Diseases, Kottakkal, Edarikode P. O., Malappuram, Kerala, India, sreejagath@gmail.com","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026634"
"Journal Article","The nightmare and the narrative.","This paper proposes that dreams can be analyzed from a narrative perspective and that this approach produces a new appreciation of dreams. When we ask the dreamer narrative-like questions such as “How would you change the story of the dream?” or “If they were making a movie of this dream, who would play you?” we take the dream work in a different direction than when we ask questions of the form “Does this dream remind you of something in your waking life?” Consideration of the formal narrative components of the dream report allows us to address issues and remedies that are not readily apparent in other approaches. In the case of the nightmare, imagining the dream as a story can prepare the dreamer to master the nightmare's climax. Within the logic of the nightmare, it enables the dreamer to identify or create sources of support and to see herself as someone who can solve the nightmare problem. It provides the dreamer with the means to eliminate the nightmare. A dream report is rarely a complete story, and narrative can be used when we can conceptualize the dream as a fragment implying a narrative whole. The nightmare can be seen as a fragment which consistently halts at what would be the climax of a plot. Correspondingly, there is a quasi-nightmare embedded in the plot of many novels and films; Stephen King's horror story Carrie is taken as an example. Many of the analyses and techniques used in both nightmare studies and in nightmare interventions already imply a narrative perspective. In particular, narrative offers an explanation for the success of the Imagery Rehearsal Technique (IRT) method of working with nightmares. Narrative analysis can benefit dream work in three ways. First, narrative suggests a framework in which current approaches to nightmares can be understood; second, it offers a different way to consider dream reports; and third, the extensive body of narrative theory as well as practical applications, such as screenwriting techniques, can be applied to dream work. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Jenkins, David","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2012","","US","22","2","101","114","","","*Dream Analysis;  *Dream Content;  *Imagery;  *Narratives; Nightmares","","2012-16790-001","Jenkins, David: 609 Bancroft Way, Berkeley, CA, US, 94703, davidj@dreamreplay.com","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028426"
"Review-Book","Review of The nature and functions of dreaming.","Reviews the book, The Nature and Functions of Dreaming by Ernest Hartmann (2011). In his book, Hartmann proposes a contemporary theory of dreaming based on his research and on clinical as well as personal experiences with dreams. Hartmann’s Contemporary Theory of Dreaming—as briefly reviewed in the introduction—consists of six claims: (1) Dreaming is a form of mental functioning which can be seen at the one end of a continuum from focused waking thought to dreaming. (2) Dreaming is hyper-connective and creative, not a simple replay of daytime experiences. (3) The connections are guided by the emotions and/or the emotional concerns of the dreamer. (4) The “language” of the dream is mainly picture-metaphor; (5) The function of dreaming—whether remembered or not—is to weave new material into existing memory systems. (6) The whole continuum from focused waking thought to daydreaming and dreaming has an adaptive function because sometimes it is useful to think serially to solve a problem and sometimes a loose association mode of thinking can help generate new ideas. Hartmann’ book outlining some basic principles of dreaming is a good starting point for building up a contemporary theory of dreaming. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Schredl, Michael","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2012","","US","22","2","150","155","","","*Dream Content;  *Dreaming; Theories","","2012-16790-005","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","0199751773; 978-0199751778","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026274"
"Comment/Reply","Response to comments on “dream logic—The inferential reasoning paradigm”.","In our reply to the thoughtful comments of Hartmann and Montagero, we address specific comments made by them as well as offer some specific comments of our own on different states of consciousness. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Kahn, David","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2012","","US","22","1","78","81","","","*Consciousness States;  *Dreaming;  *Inference;  *Logical Thinking;  *Reasoning; Brain; Chemistry; Daydreaming","","2012-07261-004","Kahn, David: Psychiatry Department, Harvard Medical School, 401 Park Drive, Boston, MA, US, 02215, david_kahn@hms.harvard.edu","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026142"
"Journal Article","Dream Motif Scale.","The primary purpose of this study was to develop a comprehensive assessment tool for measuring the incidence of dream motifs by revising some original items of the Dream Themes Inventory and incorporating new themes, such as those concerning one's relation to surrounding objects. The original scales for assessing the predispositions that are thought to modulate the narrative content of dreams were revised with consideration of both classical reliability and latent trait statistics. The new instrument, Dream Motif Scale, is distinguished by its good psychometric properties and proficiency in capturing the motifs experienced by over 90% of participants with dream recall in the night prior to taking part in this study. In addition, the dream prevalence, frequency, and recurrence profiles replicated in this study provide further substance to the universality, recurrence, and constancy of typical dream themes, and have important implications for the sleep-protection and adaptation functions of dreaming. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved)","Yu, Calvin Kai-Ching","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2012","","US","22","1","18","52","","","*Dream Analysis;  *Dream Content;  *Dreaming;  *Object Relations;  *Test Construction; Confirmatory Factor Analysis; Factor Analysis; Inventories; Test Reliability; Test Validity","","2011-26977-001","Yu, Calvin Kai-Ching: Department of Counselling and Psychology, Hong Kong Shue Yan University, 10 Wai Tsui Crescent, Braemar Hill Road, North Point, Hong Kong, calvinkcyu@ymail.com","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026171"
"Journal Article","Thematic, literal and associative dream imagery following a high-impact event.","The present study investigated the effect of a high-impact waking stimulus on adults' dreams. Sixty-seven participants recorded dreams following viewing of a traumatic digital video disc (DVD; September 11 media coverage) and an education DVD (a Psychology 1 lecture). There was significantly more intense central imagery (Hartmann, 1998, 2011) and negative emotion in the dreams following viewing of the stressful DVD. Scales were developed to assess imagery related to the content of the DVDs. A set of scales loosely based on Garfield's (2001) common dream themes measured thematic content. Significantly higher ratings were obtained for six out of the nine themes identified as relevant (e.g., chased, attacked, or threatened) in dreams following viewing the September 11 DVD, as compared with those following the education DVD. As predicted there was significantly more September 11-related literal, closely, and distantly associated imagery following viewing of the September 11 DVD. The results provide experimental support for connectionist processes in dream production as postulated in Hartmann's (1998, 2011) theory, and other theories predicting metaphoric dream imagery related to waking concerns. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Davidson, John;Lynch, Shayne","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2012","","US","22","1","58","69","","","*Dream Analysis;  *Dream Content;  *Imagery;  *Metaphor; Emotions","","2011-26978-001","Lynch, Shayne: School of Psychology, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 30, Hobart, TAS, Australia, 7001, slynch@postoffice.utas.edu.au","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026273"
"Journal Article","The creation of a topographical world and its contents in the dreams of the congenitally blind.","The two constants in a dream are the presence of the dreamer, either as dream participant or observer, and the topographical world. The visual is the dominant perceptual mode, in the real world as in dreams. We wished to note if the same imperative of engagement with the topographical world still held in the dreams of the congenitally blind. Thus, in a cohort of totally congenitally blind subjects, we looked in quantitative fashion at dream settings, the population of such settings by people and objects, and the interaction between the dreamer, his or her characters, and the outside world. In all, 22 dreams were recorded. Auditory was the dominant perceptual mode (80%), followed by somaesthetic (32%), and taste (8%), with smell, pain, and temperature all rating 4%. There were physical settings in all except one dream. Statistical analysis demonstrated a significant excess of geographical content in the dreams of the blind (p < .0001), but no difference in those other aspects (characters, objects, activities) studied. These findings support the view that simply engaging with the world is a compelling feature of dreaming, independent of the psychological content of such engagement. This may be of ontogenetic significance. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)","Staunton, Hugh;O'Rourke, Killian","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2012","","US","22","1","53","57","","","*Blindness;  *Congenital Disorders; Dreaming","","2012-07261-001","Staunton, Hugh: Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland, 2, hugh@iol.ie","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026690"
"Journal Article","Racial bias in dream content.","Students from 2 colleges, one predominantly White college and one predominantly Black college, completed a survey in which they reported aspects of their dream content as well as their degree of experience with various races and TV viewing preferences. The self-reported racial content of their dreams was then compared to their racial experiences in life. The proportions of races in participants' dreams reflected their own race as well as their interpersonal exposure to individuals of various races. There were some observed differences in racial dream content associated with preferences for particular TV genres and overall amount of TV viewing. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved)","Hoekstra, Steven J.;Stos, April N.;Swendson, Jessica R.;Hoekstra, Anne E. H.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2012","","US","22","1","10","17","","","*Dream Content;  *Dreaming;  *Prejudice;  *Racial and Ethnic Differences;  *Stereotyped Attitudes; Life Experiences; Self-Report; Television Viewing; Racial Bias; Black People; White People","","2011-27702-001","Hoekstra, Steven J.: Kansas Wesleyan University, 100 East Claflin, Pioneer Hall 465, Salina, KS, US, 67401, hoekstr@kwu.edu","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026474"
"Journal Article","Dream recall and political ideology: Results of a demographic survey.","This report presents findings from a survey of 2992 demographically diverse American adults who answered questions about dream recall and questions about their political views. Participants who described themselves as “liberal” or “progressive” (n = 802) were compared to people who described themselves as “conservative” or “very conservative” (n = 1335). Previous studies have suggested that political liberals tend to have higher dream recall than political conservatives. The results of the present survey provide new evidence in support of this hypothesis. On all 11 questions asked about different types of dream recall, people on the left reported higher frequencies than people on the right. The same pattern was found when the two groups were divided by gender: Liberal males reported consistently higher dream recall than conservative males, as did liberal females compared to conservative females. These findings indicate that political ideology is at least one of the cultural factors influencing dream recall frequencies among American adults. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Bulkeley, Kelly","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2012","","US","22","1","1","9","","","*Dream Content;  *Dream Recall;  *Nightmares; Political Attitudes; Surveys; Ideology","","2011-28147-001","Bulkeley, Kelly: 4636 Southwest Humphrey Court, Portland, OR, US, 97221, kellybulkeley@earthlink.net","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026170"
"Comment/Reply","Dream thought should be compared with waking world simulations: A comment on Hobson and colleagues' paper on dream logic.","Hobson and colleagues' study is based on the assumption that in the waking we constantly think in a logical, purposeful and empirically relevant way, which is not the case. There are various degrees of thought control in the waking and consequently different degrees of rationality in the mind's productions. The conclusions of the Hobson and colleagues' study might have been very different if the authors had compared dream reports with similar products of the waking mind. For instance, spontaneous remembrances and anticipations share several features with dream reports and informal oral descriptions of an autobiographical episode have a similar sequential organization. Daydreaming includes bizarre elements, abrupt changes of topic, and sometimes a loss of reality testing. Dreaming is producing world simulations, in other words imagining. Like the products of waking imagination it is not devoid of unrealistic aspects and discontinuities. In order to understand why a dreamer imagined a certain event, we must take into account that the human mind is prone to use metaphors. Dreaming has to use metaphors because it cannot literally represent abstract ideas and long and intricate plots. It has to replace them by concrete and rather simple, short, and homogeneous events. Although I disagree with Hobson and colleagues' method, I am happy to see that the gap between their conception of dreaming and the views of cognitive psychologists is narrowing, now that they admit dreaming is not totally or essentially irrational. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Montangero, Jacques","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2012","","US","22","1","70","73","","","*Consciousness States;  *Dreaming;  *Logical Thinking;  *Narratives; Metaphor; Rationality","","2012-07261-002","Montangero, Jacques: 76, chemin de la Miche, F-74930, ESERY, France, jacques.montangero@orange.fr","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026140"
"Comment/Reply","The dream is not a series of perceptions to which we respond logically (or not). The dream is an imaginative creation: A comment on Hobson et al. Dream logic—The inferential reasoning paradigm.","A dream is always a creation—a work of imagination similar to a work of art—or at least the beginning of a work of art. And a dream is in many ways similar to a fantasy, reverie, or daydream: it lies on a continuum of mental functioning (and cerebral cortical functioning) running from focused waking thought at one end to dreaming at the other end. A dream is not a series of perceptions to which we respond logically or non-logically. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Hartmann, Ernest","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2012","","US","22","1","74","77","","","*Cognitive Ability;  *Dreaming;  *Imagination;  *Logical Thinking;  *Reasoning; Inference","","2012-07261-003","Hartmann, Ernest: Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, 274 Tremont Street, Boston, MA, US, 02111, ehdream@aol.com","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026141"
"Review-Book","Review of Dream life: An experimental memoir.","Reviews the book, Dream Life: An Experimental Memoir by J. Allan Hobson (2011). This book is not an autobiography written in a typical way; it is a mixture of private stories, facts about the author’s professional life, and theories that Allan developed over the years. This review focuses mostly on Allan’s scientific career and the implications of his theories in neurophysiology. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Schredl, Michael","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2011","","US","21","4","277","279","","","*Autobiography;  *Neurophysiology;  *Professional Recognition;  *Theories; Sciences","","2011-29007-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0024973"
"Journal Article","Content and discovery in the dreams of Canadian male university students: A pilot study.","This study extended previous research by exploring Canadian male university students because only the dreams of females had been previously assessed. Dream content and discovery passages were scored using the Hall and Van de Castle (1966) content analysis guidelines. Discovery was assessed via The Storytelling Method of dream interpretation. Thirty-nine male students provided one dream each. Content categories, discovery categories, and content and discovery categories together were analyzed for significant relationships. Regression analyses predicting discovery categories from dream content were also conducted. Findings were representative of the sample of male students, with a mean age of 23.67 (SD = 5.36), support the continuity hypothesis, and were consistent with previous research on the dreams of males and students with some notable exceptions. The predictive value of dreams is evident from the results of the regression analyses, which show significant relations between specific content categories and discovery categories. Significant correlations were found among content and discovery categories and the predictions. For examples, anger in dream content significantly predicts learning something about anger in waking day. Limitations and directions for future research are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Dale, Allyson;DeCicco, Teresa L.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2011","","US","21","4","257","276","","","*Dream Analysis;  *Dream Content;  *Human Males;  *Mutual Storytelling Technique; Prediction","","2011-17131-001","Dale, Allyson: Trent University, Thornton Campus, 55 Thornton Road South, Oshawa, ON, Canada, L1J 5Y1, allysondale72@gmail.com","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0024859"
"Journal Article","Applying the problem solving paradigm to dream content analysis: A case study of 130 succeeding dream reports in a psychotherapy.","Over time, the problem solving paradigm has been widely used in different disciplines, as logic, methodology, economics, and psychology. Most of its applications referred to one's ability in dealing with an external situation. In dreams, the whole representation is generally used to trace inner emotional and relational meanings. Besides, the dream content develops into a narrative plot, in which the dreamer faces all kind of events. Applying the problem solving theory to the analysis of the dream content means to read it as a “drama” in order to assess how a central issue is brought to a solution. A specific grid has been used to study “Oneiric Problem Solving” in all dreams reported by a patient during three years of psychotherapy. Results are presented. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)","Ruggeri, Giuseppe;Mosca, Lorenzo;Zei, Umberto","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2011","","US","21","4","246","256","","","*Dream Analysis;  *Dream Content;  *Problem Solving;  *Psychotherapeutic Processes;  *Psychotherapy; Content Analysis; Narratives; Narrative Analysis; Thematic Analysis","","2011-21067-001","Mosca, Lorenzo: Via Giovanni Bettolo, 36, Rome, Italy, I-00195, lorenzo.mosca@gmail.com","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0024858"
"Journal Article","Video game play as nightmare protection: A preliminary inquiry with military gamers.","Soldiers who play video games to varying degrees were solicited to fill out a survey on dreams and gaming. A prescreening filtered out those who were not soldiers, who did not game, and who were suffering from various psychological problems in the last six months. The remaining soldiers filled out these inventories: general and military demographics, history of video game play, Emotional Reactivity and Numbing Scale (ERNS), and a Trauma Inventory. They were then asked to provide two dreams, one recent and one that was impactful from their military service. Following the military dream they filled out Impactful Dreams Questionnaire (IDQ) about that dream only. Dream content analysis was conducted using threat simulation, war content, and lucid/control/gaming content. High- and low-end frequency gamer groups were identified and compared on these dream content scales. Because the nightmare literature shows that affect load and distress are predictors of nightmare suffering, ERNS and Trauma history were covariates in the ANCOVA's on gamer group × dream type. It was found that the high-end gaming group exhibited less threat and war content in their military dreams than the low-end group. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)","Gackenbach, Jayne;Ellerman, Evelyn;Hall, Christie","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2011","","US","21","4","221","245","","","*Computer Games;  *Defense Mechanisms;  *Dream Content;  *Military Personnel;  *Nightmares; Threat; Trauma; War","","2011-18170-001","Gackenbach, Jayne: Department of Psychology, Grant MacEwan University, 6-323H, 10700 - 104 Street, Edmonton, AB, Canada, T5J 4S2, gackenbachj@macewan.ca","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0024972"
"Journal Article","Life span differences in color dreaming.","We examined evidence for developmental and generational differences in dreaming in color from childhood to old age. To separate these effects, we surveyed the frequency of color experience in dreams twice, with a 16-year interval between surveys. In the 1993 survey, 2,077 (male: 1,194; female: 883; ages: 10 to 85 years) and, in 2009, 1,328 (male: 596; female: 732; ages: 11 to 89 years) participants completed a dream recall questionnaire that included a question about the presence of color in their dreams. In both surveys, approximately 80% of subjects younger than 30 years of age experienced color in their dreams, but the percentage decreased with age and fell to approximately 20% by the age of 60. The frequency of dreaming in color increased from 1993 to 2009 only for respondents in their 20s, 30s, and 40s. We speculate that color TV may play a role in the generational difference observed. However, it is true that generation affects the incidence of color in dreams, as suggested by Schwitzgebel, Huang, and Zhou (2006) and Murzyn (2008), although this effect is very small compared with that of aging. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Okada, Hitoshi;Matsuoka, Kazuo;Hatakeyama, Takao","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2011","","US","21","3","213","220","","","*Age Differences;  *Aging;  *Color;  *Dreaming;  *Generational Differences; Life Span","","2011-10976-001","Okada, Hitoshi: Department of Human Sciences, Bunkyo University, 3337 Minamiogishinma, Koshigaya, Japan, 343-8511, hokada@koshigaya.bunkyo.ac.jp","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0024084"
"Journal Article","Big dreams: An analysis using central image intensity, content analysis, and word searches.","The authors provide empirical data to help answer the question of what distinguishes “big dreams” (Jung, 1974) from ordinary dreams. Reported here are the results of a multifaceted quantitative analysis of 162 most recent dreams and 162 most memorable dreams gathered from the same group of individuals. This matched collection of recent and memorable dream reports was analyzed by a novel combination of three quantitative methods: Hartmann's (1998, 2008) research on central images, Hall and Van de Castle's (1966) content analysis, and Bulkeley's (2009b) word search approach. Using these different methods of analysis on the same two sets of dreams provided an unusually detailed portrait of the basic patterns of big dreams. The results suggest that big dreams are distinguished by a tendency toward “primal” qualities of form and content: more intense imagery, more nature references, more physical aggression, more family characters, more fantastic/imaginary beings, and more magical happenings, along with less high-order cognition and less connection to ordinary daily surroundings. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Bulkeley, Kelly;Hartmann, Ernest","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2011","","US","21","3","157","167","","","*Content Analysis;  *Dream Content;  *Dreaming; Psychoanalytic Theory","","2011-15037-001","Bulkeley, Kelly: 226 Amherst Avenue, Kensington, CA, US, 94708, kellybulkeley@earthlink.net","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0024087"
"Journal Article","Rehearsal of dreams and waking events similarly improves the quality but not the quantity of autobiographical recall.","Salient dreams are often discussed and ruminated upon over time, especially when they feature in dream work or therapy. The present study investigated the effects of rehearsal over time on dream memories, as compared to memories for waking experiences. Participants were instructed to complete a dream and waking episodic event diary over two weeks. A rehearsal group (n = 27) were instructed to read through their reports after recording them. A control group (n = 28) were instructed not to look at their reports. A surprise recall task demonstrated that rehearsal reduced significantly the detail of dream, but not waking event, reports. It maintained episodic richness for dreams. Furthermore, rehearsed dream and event reports corresponded significantly more closely with original reports than controls. These data indicate that while rehearsal may not increase dream recall over time, it may influence the phenomenology of memories that are subsequently recalled, such that a rehearsed memory is subsequently recalled, rather than the original experience. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Horton, Caroline L.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2011","","US","21","3","181","196","","","*Autobiographical Memory;  *Dream Recall;  *Dreaming; Practice","","2011-16181-001","Horton, Caroline L.: Faculty of Health, Leeds Metropolitan University, Civic Quarter, Calverley Street, Leeds, England, LS1 3HE, c.l.horton@leedsmet.ac.uk","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0024860"
"Journal Article","Sex dreams, wet dreams, and nocturnal emissions.","This study provides an overview of the frequencies and narrative features of sex and wet dreams and investigates the incestuous behavior in the manifest content of dreams. A questionnaire specially designed for capturing both quantitative and qualitative aspects of sex and wet dreams was administered to 58 male participants. More than 80% of participants had dreamed about having vaginal intercourse with a woman. Dreaming of sexual interactions other than vaginal intercourse—such as oral sex—was also common. Consistent with the hypothesis that latent sexual motives or some variation of sexuality that people may not be aware of during the daytime would emerge at night through dreaming, both homosexual and incestuous behaviors were observed in dreams. In addition, the finding indicates that sexual thoughts and motives can be represented by symbols in dreams, and dream impressions involving no erotic scenes are capable of eliciting nocturnal emissions. It seems that sex dreams, wet dreams, and nocturnal emissions without erotic imagery or dreaming can be distinguished from each other. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Yu, Calvin Kai-Ching;Fu, Wai","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2011","","US","21","3","197","212","","","*Dream Content;  *Dreaming;  *Male Orgasm;  *Nocturnal Emission; Incest; Oedipal Complex; Symbolism","","2011-20609-001","Yu, Calvin Kai-Ching: Department of Counselling and Psychology, Hong Kong Shue Yan University, 10 Wai Tsui Crescent, Braemar Hill Road, North Point, Hong Kong, calvinkcyu@ymail.com","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0024085"
"Journal Article","Dream narratives of Muslims' martyrdom: Constant and changing roles past and present.","Dreams of martyrdom experienced by alleged Muslim martyrs, their families, and friends are considered highly significant within Muslim societies. They are frequently understood as God-given veridical dreams that can show the true status of the martyr and predict the future. The author examined the narratives of these dreams in both early Islamic and contemporary sources and explored the roles that they have played, whether ongoing and constant or changing in response to new conditions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Sirriyeh, Elizabeth","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2011","","US","21","3","168","180","","","*Dreaming;  *Muslims;  *Narratives; Islam; Religious Beliefs","","2011-14545-001","Sirriyeh, Elizabeth: Department of Theology and Religious Studies, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom, LS2 9JT, e.m.sirriyeh@leeds.ac.uk","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0024086"
"Journal Article","Pain in the mind: Neuroticism, defense mechanisms, and dreaming as indicators of hysterical conversion and dissociation.","This study examined the extent to which the intrinsic predispositions that modulate dream content serve as indicators of the hysterical tendency to conversion and dissociation. The Dream Themes Inventory, Dream Intensity Scale, Limbic System Checklist-33, Dissociative Experiences Scale, Eysenck Personality Questionnaire Revised-Short Form, Boundary Questionnaire-18, and scales for evaluating defense mechanisms were administered to 585 Chinese participants. The findings indicate that the intensity of dream experiences and the narrative content of dreams are useful for identifying individuals with clinically significant hysterical symptoms. Hysterical dissociation is better predicted by the Ego Ideal, Appetite-Instinctual, and Sexual scales of the Dream Themes Inventory, whereas hysterical conversion is better indicated by the Persecution scale. This finding is discussed in relation to the neuropsychological mechanisms of dreaming and delusions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)","Yu, Calvin Kai-Ching","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2011","","US","21","2","105","123","","","*Defense Mechanisms;  *Dissociation;  *Dreaming;  *Hysteria;  *Neuroticism; Conversion Disorder; Delusions; Dream Content; Persecution","","2011-07682-001","Yu, Calvin Kai-Ching: Department of Counselling and Psychology, Hong Kong Shue Yan University, 10 Wai Tsui Crescent, Braemar Hill Road, North Point, Hong Kong, calvinkcyu@ymail.com","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023057"
"Journal Article","Dream and blog content analysis of a long term diary of a video game player with obsessive compulsive disorder.","A case study of a young man who is an avid video game player and designer is the focus of this paper. His online Website offers over 800 dreams, of which over half were content analyzed using the Hall and Van de Castle system. Also available were daily blogs. Thus, several research questions could be addressed. Did the diary evidence consistency across time? Did the dreams evidence incorporation of activities discussed in the daily blogs from the day before the dream? Did this one individual's dream diary echo former research into the dreams of video game players? A final question was addressed because of the diagnosis of the diarist as having Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD). Did the dreams of this young man echo previous research into dreams of OCD sufferers? The findings were that the diary was consistent across time and there was incorporation of some elements of the daily blog into subsequent dreams. Some aspects of his dreams echoed previous video game players' dream findings, like more dead and imaginary characters. Finally, the OCD analysis only partly replicated the previous research into the dreams of those with OCD. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)","Gackenbach, Jayne;Sample, Tyler;Mandel, Gabriel;Tomashewsky, Misty","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2011","","US","21","2","124","147","","","*Computer Games;  *Content Analysis;  *Dream Analysis;  *Obsessive Compulsive Disorder;  *Journal Writing; Computer Applications; Blog","","2011-09090-001","Gackenbach, Jayne: Department of Psychology, Grant MacEwan College, 10700-104 Avenue, Room 6-323H, Edmonton, AB, Canada, T5J 4S2, gackenbachj@macewan.ca","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023058"
"Journal Article","Role of severe psychopathology in sleep-related experiences: A pilot study.","The construct General Sleep-related Experiences (GSEs, such as elevated dream recall, vivid or bizarre dreams, flying dreams, hypnagogic hallucinations, nightmares, and recurrent dreams) has been previously linked to various forms of psychopathology in nonclinical populations. The aim of this pilot study was to explore this relationship in the context of severe psychopathology. Nineteen outpatients of a mental health clinic were compared to 26 controls on sleep experiences, psychopathology, sleep quality, life stress, and transliminality. Outpatients also reported illness intrusiveness levels. As expected, the outpatient group had elevated GSEs. Within the outpatient group, illness intrusiveness, stress, and transliminality were correlated with GSEs. These findings elucidate the association between GSEs and distress in the context of severe psychopathology. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Soffer-Dudek, Nirit;Shalev, Hadar;Shiber, Asher;Shahar, Golan","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2011","","US","21","2","148","156","","","*Dream Content;  *Psychopathology;  *Sleep;  *Stress;  *Intrusive Thoughts; Illness Behavior","","2011-07681-001","Soffer-Dudek, Nirit: The Risk/Resilience Lab, Department of Behavioral Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel, 84105, soffern@bgu.ac.il","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022865"
"Journal Article","Correspondences in visual imaging and spatial orientation in dreaming and film viewing.","New directions in film and media theory have begun to focus on precognitive, embodied aspects of film viewing. Drawing on these recent theoretical approaches, this article examines correspondences between the brain–mind state of the dreamer and the film viewer and formal similarities between the cinematic image and dream images. First, the study asks whether cinema's evolution toward the production of images that are more easily processed by the brain has also made film images easily accessible during dream-sleep. Then it shows how the cinematic image and the visual imaging of dreams depend on a similar construction of navigable space. The analysis suggests that the bodily systems for simulating movement and establishing spatial orientation function in a similar manner during dreaming and film viewing. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Cook, Roger F.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2011","","US","21","2","89","104","","","*Dreaming;  *Films;  *Imagery;  *Spatial Orientation (Perception); Consciousness States; Drawing","","2011-09091-001","Cook, Roger F.: Department of German and Russian Studies, University of Missouri, 451 Strickland, Columbia, MO, US, 65211, cookrf@missouri.edu","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022866"
"Journal Article","Dream logic—The inferential reasoning paradigm.","Dream thought is both impoverished and non-logical. While some inferential reasoning is present in dreaming, many illogicalities that would demand cognitive attention during waking go unnoticed during sleep. The physiological basis of this illogicality may include frontal lobe inactivation and amionergic demodulation. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Hobson, J. Allan;Sangsanguan, Suchada;Arantes, Henry;Kahn, David","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2011","","US","21","1","1","15","","","*Cognition;  *Dreaming;  *Thinking; Inference; Logical Thinking; Reasoning","","2011-04831-001","Hobson, J. Allan: 138 High Street, Brookline, MA, US, 02445, allan_hobson@hms.harvard.edu","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022860"
"Journal Article","Dreaming correlates of alexithymia among sleep-disordered patients.","Increasing evidence supports the clinical view that alexithymia is associated with disturbed dreaming. However, a consistent, replicable pattern of relationships between alexithymia and different dreaming components has not yet been identified. Groups of sleep-disordered outpatients (N = 580; 46.0 ± 13.2 years) and nonclinical controls (N = 145; 22.9 ± 4.2 years) were administered the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20) and a 14-item Dreaming Questionnaire. Sleep diagnoses were assessed from polysomnography and clinical histories following the American Academy of Sleep Medicine classification system. The Dreaming Questionnaire was reduced by principal-components analysis to a 3-factor solution that distinguishes nightmare distress, dream recall, and dream meaning items. Factor coefficients were correlated with TAS total score and TAS subscales while age was controlled as a covariate. TAS total score was found to correlate positively with nightmare distress and negatively with dream recall for both clinical and nonclinical groups and for both men and women considered separately. TAS total score also correlated negatively with dream meaning for nonclinical participants. TAS subscales were differentially correlated with the 3 dream factors: difficulty identifying feelings (DIF) with increased nightmare distress, difficulty describing feelings (DDF) with decreased dream recall and externally oriented thinking (EOT) with decreased dream meaning. With some exceptions, these patterns were obtained independently for clinical and nonclinical groups and for men and women within these groups. Findings suggest a consistent and replicable pattern of relationships between alexithymia and dreaming components that implicates processes regulating emotion during both wakefulness and dreaming, for example, affect distress, expressive anxiety, and openness to experience. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)","Nielsen, Tore;Levrier, Katia;Montplaisir, Jacques","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2011","","US","21","1","16","31","","","*Alexithymia;  *Dreaming;  *Sleep Wake Disorders; Emotions; Nightmares; Openness to Experience; Personality","","2011-04831-002","Nielsen, Tore: Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine, Hopital du Sacre-Coeur de Montreal, Montreal, PQ, Canada, H4J 1C5, tore.nielsen@umontreal.ca","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022861"
"Journal Article","Dream incorporation of video-game play as a function of interactivity and fidelity.","Video-game play offers the opportunity to investigate the continuity hypothesis. Using interactive video games rather than passive films as a controlled manipulation allows for an engaging presleep experience. Several researchers have successfully used video games to investigate dream incorporation. In this study, interactivity and fidelity were the independent measures that manipulated immersion in a commercially available video game. Interactivity was either passive or active, whereas fidelity was high-screen resolution and stereophonic headset audio versus low. The highest dream incorporation in the high-fidelity–high-interactivity condition was expected. Incorporation was assessed by participant self-report and judges' evaluations. The independent variable of fidelity was especially strong in both the manipulation and the subsequent dream incorporation for self-report. Interactivity became the dominant variable when viewed from the judges' perspectives. The effects of demand characteristics and emotionality were also considered. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Gackenbach, Jayne;Rosie, Matthew;Bown, Johnathan;Sample, Tyler","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2011","","US","21","1","32","50","","","*Computer Games;  *Dream Content; Dreaming","","2011-04831-003","Gackenbach, Jayne: Department of Psychology, Grant MacEwan College, Room 6-323H, 10700 - 104 Avenue, Edmonton, AB, Canada, T5J 4S2, gackenbachj@macewan.ca","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022868"
"Journal Article","The mechanisms of defense and dreaming.","This study examined the degree to which the phenomenological experience of dream intensity and its components are correlated with repression, splitting, and other defense mechanisms. The Dream Intensity Scale, Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale, Splitting Scale, Defense Style Questionnaire-40, and other related measures were administered to 583 subjects. It is demonstrated that repression as a personality trait is inversely and moderately related to the quantitative aspect of dream intensity (i.e., frequencies of dream awareness, nightmares, and multiple dreams in a single night) but does not influence qualitative sensory experiences in dreams (e.g., hearing sounds in dreams). Moreover, the present findings indicate that the more repressed people are, the less likely they are to report splitting and immature defenses, and the less frequently they experience dreams, with the effect of repression on defenses being greater than that on dream intensity. Accordingly, if both dreams and defense mechanisms are the critical materials to work through in a treatment, then starting with the former may be conducive to the therapeutic progress by provoking less resistance from the client. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Yu, Calvin Kai-Ching","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2011","","US","21","1","51","69","","","*Defense Mechanisms;  *Dream Content;  *Dreaming; Dissociation; Repression (Defense Mechanism)","","2011-04831-004","Yu, Calvin Kai-Ching: Department of Counselling and Psychology, Hong Kong Shue Yan University, 10 Wai Tsui Crescent, Braemar Hill Road, North Point, Hong Kong, calvinkcyu@ymail.com","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022867"
"Journal Article","A comparison of lifelong and posttrauma nightmares in a civilian trauma sample: Nightmare characteristics, psychopathology, and treatment outcome.","Nightmares and sleep disturbances are thought to play a key role in the development of posttrauma problems. Research efforts have increased in an attempt to understand this association. The present study examined differences in nightmare characteristics, related psychopathology, treatment outcome, and trauma history among trauma-exposed individuals whose nightmares began before a traumatic event and those whose nightmares began after a traumatic event, while controlling for posttraumatic stress disorder status. Individuals whose nightmares began following a trauma experienced more depression and posttraumatic stress symptoms and poorer sleep quality, reported a higher number of traumatic events, and were more likely to report nightmares replicative of or similar to the trauma than those whose nightmares began before the trauma. No other between-groups differences were found for nightmare characteristics or response to treatment. This study is an important step in understanding the nature of nightmares and their relationship to traumatic events and consequences, but additional research is warranted. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved)","Davis, Joanne L.;Pruiksma, Kristi E.;Rhudy, Jamie L.;Byrd, Patricia","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2011","","US","21","1","70","80","","","*Emotional Trauma;  *Nightmares;  *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder;  *Psychopathology;  *Treatment Outcomes; Cognitive Behavior Therapy; Exposure Therapy; Relaxation Therapy; Civilians","","2011-04831-005","Davis, Joanne L.: Department of Psychology, University of Tulsa, 800 South Tucker Drive, 308G Lorton Hall, Tulsa, OK, US, 74104","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022862"
"Comment/Reply","Content analysis does not belong in any theoretical category: A comment on Hartmann's 'meteorite–gemstone' continuum.","This brief comment provides a detailed critique of the inclusion of the widely used Hall and Van de Castle (1966) coding system for the study of dream content in the “meteorite” category in a recent article by Ernest Hartmann (2010), a category for theorists who presumably believe that dreams come from “somewhere else.” The critique notes that content analysis is a methodology, not a theory, and that it has been used to study newspaper articles, speeches, and many other mundane texts. In the case of dream studies, it has produced results that have led many dream researchers to conclude that dreams belonged in Hartmann's “gemstone” category, a category for cognitively oriented theorists who see dreaming as 1 point on a continuum that includes daydreaming, reveries, and more rigorous focused thought. Several other problems with Hartmann's discussion of content analysis are also discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Domhoff, G. William","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2011","","US","21","1","81","84","","","*Dream Analysis;  *Dream Content;  *Dreaming; Cerebral Cortex; Cognitive Ability; Experimentation; Belonging","","2011-04831-006","Domhoff, G. William: Department of Psychology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, US, 95064, domhoff@ucsc.edu","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022863"
"Comment/Reply","Response to William Domhoff's comments on 'Meteorite or gemstone?…'.","My paper, “Meteorite or Gemstone…” is not trying to divide dream theories into two categories as Dr. Domhoff appears to believe. Rather, it is an effort to nudge dream theory and dream work into new directions. I review many reasons why we often consider dreams “totally different” from daydreams, fantasies, etc. (the meteorite position). For each reason, I show that there is actually considerable overlap, and that the forms of mental functioning are best considered as a continuum. I point out that many dream researchers, from different perspectives, are taking the “totally different” (meteorite position) even though they may not explicitly endorse it. For instance those who insist that dreams are meaningless are taking the meteorite position since they obviously do not consider daydreams and fantasies meaningless. Very different researchers, including Dr. Domhoff's group, spend thousands of hours doing detailed analyses of dreams, counting number of words, number of characters, number of interactions, etc. I consider them too to be taking the meteorite position since they almost never analyze daydreams, fantasies, etc. in this way. I compare their efforts to spectroanalysis, which is worthwhile when studying a meteorite (but not a gemstone), since it may yield secrets about the world the meteorite came from. I am not criticizing these researchers, who have made some important discoveries, but rather trying to nudge them toward noticing the continuum, and perhaps broadening their studies to include daydreams, fantasies, and other forms of mental functioning. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Hartmann, Ernest","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2011","","US","21","1","85","88","","","*Dream Analysis;  *Dream Content;  *Dreaming; Cerebral Cortex; Cognitive Ability; Experimentation; Fantasy","","2011-04831-007","Hartmann, Ernest: 27 Clark Street, Newton, MA, US, 02459","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022864"
"Journal Article","Recurrence of typical dreams and the instinctual and delusional predispositions of dreams.","The present study investigated the recurrence of typical dreams and refined Yu's measures for assessing the delusional inclination during dreaming. The Dream Themes Inventory, which consists of typical, delusional, appetitive-instinctual dream themes, was administered to 608 participants. The results indicate that some dream motifs are not only shared by a majority of people but also regularly recur within a person. Moreover, this study demonstrates that virtually all types of delusions and paranoid suspiciousness—including grandiose, persecutory, religious, somatic, jealous, and erotomanic delusions—can be observed in dreams. In addition to fine-tuning Yu's previous Ego Ideal, Grandiosity, and Persecution scales, Erotomania, Appetite-instinct, and Sensorimotor Excitement scales were developed to supplement the assessment of the intrinsic predispositions that modulate dream content. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Yu, Calvin Kai-Ching","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2010","","US","20","4","254","279","","","*Delusions;  *Dreaming;  *Neural Pathways; Dream Content; Erotomania; Instinctive Behavior; Jealousy","","2010-23497-001","Yu, Calvin Kai-Ching: Department of Counselling and Psychology, Hong Kong Shue Yan University, 10 Wai Tsui Crescent, Braemar Hill Road, North Point, Hong Kong, calvinkcyu@ymail.com","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020879"
"Journal Article","Bilateral Eye Movements, Attentional Flexibility and Metaphor Comprehension: The Substrate of REM Dreaming?","Explanations for the effects of the rapid eye movements induced during Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing (EMDR; Shapiro, 2001) have drawn upon an analogy with the eye movements of REM sleep (Kuiken, Bears, Miall, and Smith, 2002). An extension of that analogy posits two orienting systems, one involving threat-fear related mnemonic contextualization and another involving loss-pain related monitoring of conflicting response alternatives. In a study involving individuals who had recently experienced significant loss or trauma, we found that experimentally induced saccadic eye movements decreased reaction times to unexpected stimuli among those reporting traumatic distress (characterized by hyperarousal and intrusive thoughts) and increased reaction times among those reporting separation distress (characterized by vivid reminiscences and the sense of a foreshortened future). Also, we found that saccadic eye movements increased the perceived strikingness of metaphoric sentence endings among those reporting amnesia for events related to either loss or trauma. The eye movements of both EMDR and REM sleep may differently affect the attentional and cognitive reorienting activity of those living with the consequences of loss or trauma. These differences may be evident in their waking reflections and in their dreams. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Kuiken, Don;Chudleigh, Michelle;Racher, Devon","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2010","","US","20","4","227","247","","","*Comprehension;  *Eye Movement Desensitization Therapy;  *Rapid Eye Movement;  *REM Sleep;  *Attentional Capture; Bereavement; Distress; Metaphor; Separation Reactions; Trauma","","2010-26425-002","Kuiken, Don: Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, P-217 Biological Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB, Canada, T6G 2E9, dkuiken@ualberta.ca","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020841"
"Journal Article","Reading books about dream interpretation: Gender differences.","The vast variety of books on dreamwork and dream interpretation suggests that a considerable percentage of the general population is interested in reading these books. Empirical research in this area is relatively scarce. The present representative survey (N = 2,019) indicated that about 8% of the general population have read about dream interpretation in order to learn more about their dreams, with women reading about dream interpretation more often than men. This gender difference was not explained by differences in dream recall frequency. In addition, single people as well as people with high nightmare frequencies read about dreams more often. Future research should focus on the possible benefits of reading about dream interpretation. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Schredl, Michael","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2010","","US","20","4","248","253","","","*Dream Analysis;  *Dream Recall;  *Human Sex Differences; Reading","","2010-26425-003","Schredl, Michael: Schlaflabor, Zentralinstitut fur Seelische Gesundheit, Postfach 12 21 20, Manheim, Germany, 68072, Michael.Schredl@zi-mannheim.de","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020901"
"Journal Article","Association of lucid dreaming frequency with Stroop task performance.","Lucid dreaming involves the attentional skill of having metacognition about the dreamer's state of consciousness at the same time as being engaged in the dream scenario. A combination of two levels of cognition also occurs in the incongruent condition of the Stroop task, where there is interference between the attentional demands of a relatively difficult (color naming) and an easy (reading) task. It was thus hypothesized that frequent lucid dreamers would perform better on the Stroop task than would nonlucid dreamers. Individuals who reported having lucid dreams more than once per month (n = 15) were found to be significantly faster on the incongruent condition of the Stroop task than were occasional lucid dreamers (n = 15) or nonlucid dreamers (n = 15). The groups did not differ on the standard colored nonword control condition. Continuity in attentional ability between waking and dreaming cognition was thus found. This continuity may counteract the psychophysiologically dominant and possibly evolutionarily selected lack of self-awareness in dreams. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Blagrove, Mark;Bell, Emma;Wilkinson, Amy","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2010","","US","20","4","280","287","","","*Dreaming;  *Lucid Dreaming;  *Self-Perception; Stroop Effect","","2010-26425-004","Blagrove, Mark: Department of Psychology, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom, SA2 8PP, m.t.blagrove@swansea.ac.uk","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020881"
"Journal Article","Forgotten fantasies? Modernity, reenchantment, and dream consciousness.","Why are dreams easily forgotten or difficult to remember? Dream memory is usually attributed to stored fantasies and imaginations in sleep that have distant or no relevance to waking consciousness. Lack of dream recall suggests the modern emphasis on the significance of waking realities at the expense of oneiric experiences. Yet, in the ancient West and many contemporary non-Western societies, dreaming constitutes an unbroken chain of memory to the organization of everyday life. However, reenchantment in the modern context has given new importance to dream consciousness as vital to the development of the creative self. Emphasis on dream practices or dreamwork as leading to various forms of dream control suggests a quest for mastery of inner space. In this regard, training and motivation in dream recall provide an essential tool for advancing the self's well-being. Dreams are not treated as forgotten fantasies but dynamic pathways to new meanings of the self. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Lee, Raymond L. M.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2010","","US","20","4","288","304","","","*Dream Analysis;  *Dreaming;  *Lucid Dreaming; Dream Recall; Fantasy","","2010-26425-005","Lee, Raymond L. M.: rlmlee@tm.net.my","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020842"
"Journal Article","Reflections on the meanings of dreams prompted by reading Stekel.","What does it mean to interpret a dream? While reading Stekel, an underappreciated but fascinating author, I was struck both by his keen insights as well as his interpretive limitations. This led to broader questions concerning the polyvocal concept of “meaning” in the interpretation of dreams. This article suggests the meaning of dreams can include wish fulfillments, univocal translations, clarifying the life context, morphological equivalences, associations, and personal history. Stepping back, even the question of “interpretation” versus “appreciation” reminds us that the need, if any, for interpretation will vary depending on who is asking the question. Indeed, reflections on the “who” or ego in the dream leads beyond dreaming to ultimate questions concerning the reality of ego and meditative reflections on what it means to truly be awake and aware of life as it is. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Halliday, G.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2010","","US","20","4","219","226","","","*Dream Analysis;  *Ego;  *Psychoanalytic Interpretation; Psychologists","","2010-26425-001","Halliday, G.: Mohican Juvenile Correctional Facility, Perrysville,, ghallidayphd@embarqmail.com","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020880"
"Erratum/Correction","'Contemporary Chinese sex symbols in dreams: Correction to Yu': Correction to Yu (2010).","Reports an error in 'Contemporary Chinese sex symbols in dreams: Correction to Yu' by Calvin Kai-Ching Yu (Dreaming, 2010[Mar], Vol 20[1], 25-41). The publishing year of the article in the correction notice was listed incorrectly as 2009. The correct publication year for the original article is 2010. The word were was also misspelled in the body of the correction as where. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 2010-05656-003.) [Correction Notice: An erratum for this article was reported in Vol 20(2) of Dreaming (see record 2010-12874-005). Three Chinese characters where printed incorrectly in the article. The correct symbols are shown along with the location of each in the original article. An error is also located on page 26, 3rd paragraph from the top, second symbol in the third sentence from the bottom of the paragraph. On page 28, 1st paragraph, the 1st symbol in line 7 of the paragraph is incorrect. The last error is on page 28, in which the 1st paragraph, 1st symbol in the last line of the paragraph is incorrect.] The present study aimed to determine how often Chinese people dream of sexual metaphors and to examine the association between the dreaming of sexual experiences and contemporary Chinese sex symbols. A list of sex symbols was derived from a thorough review of the sexual analogies that Chinese people most often use in slang language. This list, together with the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale and the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire Revised–Short Form, was administrated to a sample of 608 upper-secondary school graduates from Hong Kong. It was found that the participants rarely dreamed about food analogies for sex, such as “eating litchis” and “bananas or banana-like objects.” By contrast, sex symbols involving weapons and aggressive behavior, such as “knives, swords, or daggers” and “shooting,” occurred in dreams with moderate prevalence rates. Moreover, gender, the frequency of dreaming sexual experiences, and social desirability significantly predicted the frequency scores on the scale formed by these aggressive symbols for sex. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved)","Yu, Calvin Kai-Ching","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2010","","US","20","3","183","183","","","*Chinese Cultural Groups;  *Dreaming;  *Metaphor;  *Psychosexual Behavior; Slang; Social Desirability; Symbolism","","2010-17362-003","Yu, Calvin Kai-Ching: Department of Counselling and Psychology, Hong Kong Shue Yan University, 10 Wai Tsui Crescent, Braemar Hill Road, North Point, Hong Kong, calvinkcyu@ymail.com","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020789"
"Journal Article","Dream intensity profile as an indicator of the hysterical tendencies to dissociation and conversion.","The present study explored the clinical utility of the Dream Intensity Scale (DIS) by evaluating the degree to which the components of dream intensity can serve as indicators of the tendencies to hysterical dissociation and conversion, taking neuroticism and psychological boundaries into consideration. The discriminant models constituted by the DIS scales alone differentiated participants who manifested clinically significant dissociative or conversion symptoms from the remaining sample, with the accuracy rate ranging between 67.2% and 71.5%. The discriminative power of the DIS was so impressive that the inclusion in the models of neuroticism, psychological boundaries, and dissociative or conversion levels—the key factors associated with hysteria—raised the correct classification rate by less than 9%. The relationships between neuroticism, boundary thinness, dissociative features, epileptic-like symptoms, and subjective dream intensity were discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Yu, Calvin Kai-Ching","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2010","","US","20","3","184","198","","","*Boundaries (Psychological);  *Dissociation;  *Dreaming; Hysteria","","2010-17362-004","Yu, Calvin Kai-Ching: Department of Counselling and Psychology, Hong Kong Shue Yan University, 10 Wai Tsui Crescent, Braemar Hill Road, North Point, Hong Kong, calvinkcyu@ymail.com","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020421"
"Erratum/Correction","“Gender, sex role orientation and dream recall frequency”: Correction.","Reports an error in 'Gender, sex role orientation, and dream recall frequency' by Michael Schredl and Olaf Lahl (Dreaming, 2010[Mar], Vol 20[1], 19-24). In the article, a third author was not listed in the byline and some acknowledgment information was also missing: Third Co-Author: Anja S. Göritz, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany. The name appears in this record. Additional Acknowledgment: We thank the operators of the sites www.panopia.de, www.yougov.de, and www.studivz.net for providing participants. This work was in part supported by DFG grant GO 1107/4-1 to Göritz. The online version of the article has been corrected. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 2010-05656-002.) Recently, a large meta-analysis showed that women tend to recall their dreams more often than men. Despite this robust finding, studies focused on explaining the gender difference in dream recall frequency are scarce. The present findings of an online survey indicate that sex role orientation—expressivity/femininity—was related to dream recall frequency but did not fully explain the gender difference in dream recall frequency. Future studies should investigate other variables—in addition to sex role orientation—like verbal memory, recall of emotional experiences, and/or frequency of talking about emotional matters that might play a role in explaining the gender difference in dream recall. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Schredl, Michael;Lahl, Olaf;Göritz, Anja S.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2010","","US","20","3","210","210","","","*Dream Recall;  *Human Sex Differences;  *Sex Role Attitudes; Sex Roles","","2010-17362-006","Schredl, Michael: Zentralinstitut für Seelische Gesundheit, Postfach 12 21 20, Mannheim, Germany, 68072, Michael.Schredl@zi-mannheim.de","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020506"
"Journal Article","Dream content and memory processing: Dream lag effects within a single night and across several nights: A pilot study.","Dream content may reflect elements of memory processing occurring within a single night and across several days or weeks. One 19-year-old healthy female college student kept a daily diary, a sleep diary, and recorded her dreams for 2 months. A preset alarm clock allowed her to sample dreams from both early NREM-rich and late REM-rich sleep. Dreams were examined for memory elements that were similar to diary entries. There were 55 scorable dreams obtained during 25 nights. Matches between dream elements and daytime events occurred quite frequently depending on dream element. Dream characters, actions, themes, and settings more often matched daytime memories than dream objects, emotions, or events. Matches were also time dependent. Emotions appeared in dreams after the subject experienced them sooner than all other elements (1.5 days), while objects took the longest to appear in dreams (3.5 days). With respect to within night cognitive processing, 42% of scorable nights contained the same memory elements in the first and last dreams and 8% of scorable nights contained the same emotion within the same context between an early and late dream. Selected dream elements appear to reflect memory processing occurring throughout the night and over the course of several days. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Kookoolis, Anna;Pace-Schott, Edward F.;McNamara, Patrick","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2010","","US","20","3","211","217","","","*Dream Content;  *Memory;  *REM Dreams; REM Sleep","","2010-17362-007","McNamara, Patrick: Boston University School of Medicine and VA New England Health Care System, Department of Neurology, 72 East Concord St., B528, Boston, MA, US, 02118, mcnamar@bu.edu","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020640"
"Journal Article","Meteorite or gemstone? Dreaming as one end of a continuum of functioning: Implications for research and for the use of dreams in therapy and self-knowledge.","Is a dream a meteorite—a bit of material arriving from a distant place that needs to be carefully analyzed to give us knowledge about that place (outside or inside us)? Is it a strange text which has come to us in a foreign language, that needs to be translated into our own? This “meteorite view” is held by some religious and spiritual persons, by many orthodox psychoanalysts and other therapists, and implicitly by many researchers. They all see the dream as something alien, something totally different from our ordinary mental functioning. This paper presents a great deal of research favoring an alternate view—that the dream is an earth-stone, not an alien stone. It may be impressive and beautiful (gemstone), but it's still an earth-stone. The dream is part of our mental functioning. It is one end of a continuum, running from focused waking thought, through looser thought, fantasy, daydreaming, reverie and dreaming. We review reasons why dreams are often considered “totally different”: they're perceptual, not conceptual; they're bizarre; they are “so real”; they're so easily forgotten; they're involuntary; they occur in REM sleep—a totally different state. We demonstrate that none of these reasons are persuasive. In each sense, there is overlap between dreams and other forms of functioning. The continuum view leads to different kinds of research and a different style of dreamwork. It also helps answer questions the field has long struggled with including: Should we study “a dream” or “dreaming”? Are dreams meaningful or meaningless? (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Hartmann, Ernest","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2010","","US","20","3","149","168","","","*Dream Analysis;  *Dreaming;  *Self-Knowledge; Cerebral Cortex; Cognitive Ability; Experimentation","","2010-17362-001","Hartmann, Ernest: 27 Clark Street, Newton, MA, US, 02459, ehdream@aol.com","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020575"
"Journal Article","How to use Q-methodology in dream research: Assumptions, procedures and benefits.","Current quantitative methods of approaching dream research, which dominate published material about dreams, have led to descriptions of dreams as homogenous events. Q-methodology is an approach that may identify heterogeneity in dream report studies and subsequent dream types based upon the subjectivity of the dream experience. Q-methodology is described as a “Qualiquantological” approach to dream analysis which maximizes the use of statistics in a qualitative way (Stenner & Stainton-Rogers, 2004). “Q” is distinguished from other methods because the dreamer sorts the subjectivity of the dream they are reporting and provides a written description of the dream; these are used together to identify shared patterns of subjectivity within a large data set. The advantages of using Q-methodology are outlined and the resources necessary to conduct a study are shared. The aim of this paper is to present a preliminary explanation prior to presenting the first study to use Q-methodology in dream research. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Parker, Jennifer;Alford, Chris","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2010","","US","20","3","169","183","","","*Dream Content;  *Dreaming; Quantitative Methods","","2010-17362-002","Parker, Jennifer: The Dream Research Group, Department of Psychology, University of the West of England, Bristol, United Kingdom, Jennie.parker@uwe.ac.uk","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020422"
"Journal Article","Gender differences in dreams: Applications to dream work with male clients.","Differences between the dreams of men and women have been a topic of interest and research in the field of dream science. This article focuses on three such gender differences in dreaming, namely, dream recall frequency, sex of dream character and dream aggression. For each gender difference, a review of literature is presented, along with a discussion of possible causes for the difference between genders. In addition, suggestions are made for applications to clinical practice with a focus on gender-specific dream work strategies for work with male clients. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Blume-Marcovici, Amy","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2010","","US","20","3","199","210","","","*Dream Content;  *Dreaming; Human Sex Differences","","2010-17362-005","Blume-Marcovici, Amy: Alliant International University, 10455 Pomerado Road, San Diego, CA, US, 92131, ablume@alliant.edu","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020423"
"Journal Article","Detecting meaning in dream reports: An extension of a word search approach.","Building on previous investigations of waking–dreaming continuities using word search technology (Bulkeley 2009a, 2009b; Domhoff & Schneider, 2008), we demonstrate that a blind analysis of a dream series using only word search methods can accurately predict many important aspects of the individual's waking life, including personality attributes, relationships, activities, and cultural preferences. Results from a study of the “Van” dream series (N = 192) show that blind inferences drawn from a word search analysis were almost entirely accurate according to the dreamer. After presenting these findings we discuss several remaining shortcomings and suggest ways of improving the method for use by other researchers involved in the search for a more systematic understanding of meaning in dreams. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Bulkeley, Kelly;Domhoff, G. William","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2010","","US","20","2","77","95","","","*Dream Analysis;  *Dream Content;  *Word Meaning; Dreaming; Technology","","2010-12874-001","Bulkeley, Kelly: 226 Amherst Avenue, Kensington, CA, US, 94708, kellybulkeley@earthlink.net","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0019773"
"Journal Article","Explaining the gender difference in dream recall frequency.","A recent meta-analysis showed a substantial and robust gender difference in dream recall frequency of medium effect size, that is, women tend to recall their dreams more often than men. The question arises as to what factors might explain this difference. Two previous studies indicate that interest in dreams plays an important role. The present study found a significant effect of frequency of nocturnal awakenings and interest in dreams on the gender difference in dream recall frequency. In addition, neuroticism and depressive mood were associated with the gender difference on the aspects of a dream recall scale and interest in dreams. Longitudinal studies are necessary to validate the present findings, especially regarding their causality. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Schredl, Michael","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2010","","US","20","2","96","106","","","*Dream Recall;  *Human Sex Differences; Neuroticism; Sleep Wake Cycle","","2010-12874-002","Schredl, Michael: Sleep Laboratory, Central Institute of Mental Health, PO Box 12 21 20, Mannheim, Germany, 68072, Michael.Schredl@zi-mannheim.de","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0019392"
"Journal Article","Dream intensity scale: Factors in the phenomenological analysis of dreams.","The present study aimed to develop a comprehensive assessment tool for measuring subjective dream intensity by revising the original probes and response scales of the Dream Intensity Inventory and incorporating new variables. The factor analyses suggested that 18 items of the new instrument, Dream Intensity Scale, could form four scales and six subscales. The revision of the probes and response scales did not have major effects on the clustering of the indicator variables, which was highly consistent with the original three-factor measurement model. The alpha coefficients, interitem correlations, and item-scale correlations indicated a good internal consistency for the Dream Intensity Scale. Moreover, the convergent and discriminant concurrent validity of the Dream Intensity Scale and the clinical utility of its scale and subscale scores were substantiated by their selective correlations with neuroticism and extraversion. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Yu, Calvin Kai-Ching","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2010","","US","20","2","107","129","","","*Dream Analysis;  *Inventories;  *Rating Scales;  *Test Construction; Amnesia; Factor Analysis; Test Validity","","2010-12874-003","Yu, Calvin Kai-Ching: Department of Counselling and Psychology, Hong Kong Shue Yan University, 10 Wai Tsui Crescent, Braemar Hill Road, North Point, Hong Kong, calvinkcyu@ymail.com","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0019240"
"Journal Article","Lucid dreaming frequency and change blindness performance.","There are reports of lucid dreaming being cued by the recognition that a dream event is bizarre from the point of view of waking life. However, for dreams in general, there is a lack of ability to notice or question bizarre occurrences. A waking-life analog of this inability is here proposed to be change blindness. In change blindness tasks, a prominent alteration to a photograph occurs repeatedly, but it is rare for these changes to be spotted immediately. It was hypothesized that lucid dreamers would perform better on change blindness tasks than would nonlucid dreamers. Contrary to the hypothesis, individuals who reported having lucid dreams more than once per month (n = 13), occasional lucid dreamers (n = 13), and nonlucid dreamers (n = 12) were found not to differ significantly on performance on 6 change blindness tasks. How the usually proficient unconscious detection of errors during waking life is disabled during dreams remains to be determined, but it does not seem from the results here to have a simple relationship with the waking-life phenomenon of change blindness. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Blagrove, Mark;Wilkinson, Amy","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2010","","US","20","2","130","135","","","*Lucid Dreaming;  *Wakefulness; Dream Content","","2010-12874-004","Blagrove, Mark: Department of Psychology, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, Wales, SA2 8PP, m.t.blagrove@swansea.ac.uk","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0019248"
"Erratum/Correction","'Contemporary Chinese sex symbols in dreams': Correction to Yu (2009).","Reports an error in 'Contemporary Chinese sex symbols in dreams' by Calvin Kai-Ching Yu (Dreaming, 2010[Mar], Vol 20[1], 25-41). Three Chinese characters where printed incorrectly in the article. The correct symbols are shown along with the location of each in the original article. On page 26, 3rd paragraph from the top, the second symbol in the third sentence from the bottom of the paragraph is incorrect. On page 28, 1st paragraph, the 1st symbol in line 7 of the paragraph is also incorrect. The last error on page 28, in which the 1st paragraph, 1st symbol in the last line of the paragraph is incorrect. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 2010-05656-003.) The present study aimed to determine how often Chinese people dream of sexual metaphors and to examine the association between the dreaming of sexual experiences and contemporary Chinese sex symbols. A list of sex symbols was derived from a thorough review of the sexual analogies that Chinese people most often use in slang language. This list, together with the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale and the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire Revised–Short Form, was administrated to a sample of 608 upper-secondary school graduates from Hong Kong. It was found that the participants rarely dreamed about food analogies for sex, such as “eating litchis” and “bananas or banana-like objects.” By contrast, sex symbols involving weapons and aggressive behavior, such as “knives, swords, or daggers” and “shooting,” occurred in dreams with moderate prevalence rates. Moreover, gender, the frequency of dreaming sexual experiences, and social desirability significantly predicted the frequency scores on the scale formed by these aggressive symbols for sex. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved)","Yu, Calvin Kai-Ching","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2010","","US","20","2","135","135","","","*Chinese Cultural Groups;  *Dreaming;  *Metaphor;  *Psychosexual Behavior; Slang; Social Desirability; Symbolism","","2010-12874-005","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020269"
"Journal Article","Preliminary description of a self-similarity phenomenon in the connection patterns of dreams.","The objective of the research was to recognize and describe a phenomenon of self-similarity in dreams, specifically in the connection patterns of dreams: These patterns were obtained by means of a linguistic analysis of data including dream reports and associations provided by the dreamer. Dreams of four patients in therapy, three for each patient, were considered. It was found that a well-defined pattern (Basic Pattern) existed at three levels: links among dream sources of a dream, connections among source clusters of a dream, and connections among different dreams of a same patient. This self-similarity pattern was meaningfully interpretable at all the three levels. Considering the small number of patients, the description and interpretation of the results should be viewed as only preliminary. However, a minimum value for the occurrence frequency of the observed phenomenon can be given with good statistical significance. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Barcaro, Umberto;Rizzi, Pietro","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2010","","US","20","2","136","148","","","*Contextual Associations;  *Dream Content;  *Linguistics;  *Stimulus Similarity; Dreaming","","2010-12874-006","Barcaro, Umberto: Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie dell’Informazione, Area della Ricerca, Via Moruzzi 1, Pisa, Italy, I-56124, umberto.barcaro@isti.cnr.it","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0019241"
"Journal Article","Gender, sex role orientation, and dream recall frequency.","[Correction Notice: An erratum for this article was reported in Vol 20(3) of Dreaming (see record 2010-17362-006). In the article, a third author was not listed in the byline and some acknowledgment information was also missing: Third Co-Author: Anja S. Göritz, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany Additional Acknowledgment: We thank the operators of the sites www.panopia.de, www.yougov.de, and www.studivz.net for providing participants. This work was in part supported by DFG grant GO 1107/4-1 to Göritz. The online version of the article has been corrected.] Recently, a large meta-analysis showed that women tend to recall their dreams more often than men. Despite this robust finding, studies focused on explaining the gender difference in dream recall frequency are scarce. The present findings of an online survey indicate that sex role orientation—expressivity/femininity—was related to dream recall frequency but did not fully explain the gender difference in dream recall frequency. Future studies should investigate other variables—in addition to sex role orientation—like verbal memory, recall of emotional experiences, and/or frequency of talking about emotional matters that might play a role in explaining the gender difference in dream recall. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Schredl, Michael;Lahl, Olaf","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2010","","US","20","1","19","24","","","*Dream Recall;  *Human Sex Differences;  *Sex Role Attitudes; Sex Roles","","2010-05656-002","Schredl, Michael: Schlaflabor, Zentralinstitut für Seelische Gesundheit, Postfach 12 21 20, Mannheim, Germany, 68072, Michael.Schredl@zi-mannheim.de","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018578"
"Journal Article","Contemporary chinese sex symbols in dreams.","[Correction Notice: An erratum for this article was reported in Vol 20(3) of Dreaming (see record 2010-17362-003). The publishing year of the article in the correction notice was listed incorrectly as 2009. The correct publication year for the original article is 2010. The word were was also misspelled in the body of the correction as where.] [Correction Notice: An erratum for this article was reported in Vol 20(2) of Dreaming (see record 2010-12874-005). Three Chinese characters where printed incorrectly in the article. The correct symbols are shown along with the location of each in the original article. An error is also located on page 26, 3rd paragraph from the top, second symbol in the third sentence from the bottom of the paragraph. On page 28, 1st paragraph, the 1st symbol in line 7 of the paragraph is incorrect. The last error is on page 28, in which the 1st paragraph, 1st symbol in the last line of the paragraph is incorrect.] The present study aimed to determine how often Chinese people dream of sexual metaphors and to examine the association between the dreaming of sexual experiences and contemporary Chinese sex symbols. A list of sex symbols was derived from a thorough review of the sexual analogies that Chinese people most often use in slang language. This list, together with the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale and the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire Revised–Short Form, was administrated to a sample of 608 upper-secondary school graduates from Hong Kong. It was found that the participants rarely dreamed about food analogies for sex, such as “eating litchis” and “bananas or banana-like objects.” By contrast, sex symbols involving weapons and aggressive behavior, such as “knives, swords, or daggers” and “shooting,” occurred in dreams with moderate prevalence rates. Moreover, gender, the frequency of dreaming sexual experiences, and social desirability significantly predicted the frequency scores on the scale formed by these aggressive symbols for sex. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved)","Yu, Calvin Kai-Ching","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2010","","US","20","1","25","41","","","*Chinese Cultural Groups;  *Dreaming;  *Metaphor;  *Psychosexual Behavior; Slang; Social Desirability; Symbolism","","2010-05656-003","Yu, Calvin Kai-Ching: Department of Counselling and Psychology, Hong Kong Shue Yan University, 10 Wai Tsui Crescent, Braemar Hill Road, North Point, Hong Kong, calvinkcyu@ymail.com","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018577"
"Journal Article","Problems and action ideas discussed by first- and second-generation female east asian students during dream sessions.","Using Consensual Qualitative Research-Cases (CQR-C), we investigated differences in types of problems and action ideas of 7 first- and 7 second-generation female students of Asian origin as expressed in relation to working with dreams. Interpersonal issues and academic/postgraduation/career issues were typical for both groups, but first-generation Asian women more often disclosed concerns related to immigration/cultural/adjustment and distress related to physical/health issues than did second-generation Asian-American women. In terms of action ideas, both groups typically proposed interpersonal behavioral changes, but first-generation Asian women proposed changes in their thoughts and feelings more often than did second-generation Asian women. Implications for practice and research are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Sim, Wonjin;Hill, Clara E.;Chowdhury, Shaima;Huang, Teresa;Zaman, Namika;Talavera, Patricia","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2010","","US","20","1","42","59","","","*Dream Analysis;  *Dreaming;  *Human Females;  *South Asian Cultural Groups; College Students","","2010-05656-004","Sim, Wonjin: Counseling Psychology Program, Chatham University, Box 17, Woodland Road, Pittsburgh, PA, US, 15232, wsim0930@gmail.com","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018993"
"Journal Article","Content analysis of dreams and waking narratives.","This study investigated the specificity of dream content and its continuity with waking life. For each subject (125 men and 125 women, between the ages of 19 and 29 years), a dream and a waking episode were collected according to “the most recent dream” method (Hartmann, Elkin, & Garg, 1991), which was also applied to “a recent life episode.” Both kinds of narratives were analyzed through the application of the Hall–Van de Castle System (1966) and a typical content analysis (a compendium of the most important typical dream taxonomies). In dreams, typical situations involved the dreamer trying to perform some physical action, most frequently with difficulties in mastering the task. Affective relationships and hostile interactions with an enemy were shared by both narratives, but cognitive activities were uncommon in both cases. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Maggiolini, Alfio;Cagnin, Chiara;Crippa, Franca;Persico, Anna;Rizzi, Pietro","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2010","","US","20","1","60","76","","","*Content Analysis;  *Dream Analysis;  *Dream Content;  *Narratives; Wakefulness","","2010-05656-005","Maggiolini, Alfio: Via Omboni 4, Milano, Italy, 20129, alfiomaggiolini@tin.it","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018824"
"Journal Article","The logical structure of dreams and their relation to reality.","The contradictions and non sequiturs often found in dreams (or, equivalently, dream-narratives) are not in fact logical errors, but express and work with a type of logic that characterizes the deepest dimensions of our waking reality. These are the dimensions in which we deal with ourselves as a whole, our lives as a whole, or with the sense of reality as a whole. We do so, for example, in situations of deep personal transformation, or of recognition of deep difference of outlook. The paper argues that the logic of these situations is validly one of contradiction and non sequitur, that dreams sometimes express and work with these kinds of situations, and that these kinds of dreams therefore validly involve the same kind of logic. These kinds of dreams consequently also express insight into the sense that our lives or existence as a whole has for us. In achieving that insight, they actively orient, situate, or resituate us in our relation to our lives or existence as a whole. In this respect they are in themselves a practice of philosophy. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Barris, Jeremy","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2010","","US","20","1","1","18","","","*Dreaming;  *Logic (Philosophy);  *Reality; Narratives; Philosophies; Wakefulness","","2010-05656-001","Barris, Jeremy: Philosophy Department, Marshall University, One Marshall Drive, Huntington, WV, US, 25755, barris@marshall.edu","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018823"
"Journal Article","Dream relevance and the continuity hypothesis: Believe it or not?","The dream-related beliefs of two university samples were surveyed and analyzed: (a) the belief that dreams contain important information; and (b) the belief that dreams reflect aspects of waking life. In addition, this study investigated the relationships between dream-related beliefs and both dream content and waking life measures of health, mood, and self-construal. The majority of participants maintained the belief that dreams contain important information, and participants were most likely to believe that dreams reflect relationships and decisions being made. Those believing that dreams reflect their spirituality scored higher on metapersonal self-construal and reported fewer deaths in their dreams. In contrast, those maintaining the belief that dreams reflect physical health scored lower on physical functioning and reported more body parts in their dreams. Within this demographic, findings suggest a common belief in dream relevance and waking-dreaming continuity. Further research is needed in order to fully account for possible sources of these beliefs. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","King, David B.;DeCicco, Teresa L.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2009","","US","19","4","207","217","","","*Attitudes;  *Dream Content; Emotional States; Health","","2009-24024-001","King, David B.: Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, 2136 West Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z4, dbking11@psych.ubc.ca","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0017612"
"Journal Article","Video game play and dream bizarreness.","In a series of studies, J. Gackenbach has been mapping the effects of heavy video game play on consciousness, including dreaming. The reason that gamers are being investigated is that they represent a group of people who are engaging in the most immersive media experience widely available today. With its audio and visual interactive nature as well as the long hours often required to master a game, they are an opportune group to study media effects upon consciousness. In this study, the focus was on dream bizarreness. Dream bizarreness has been variously thought to be the differentiator between waking and dreaming thought, an indication of creativity, and most recently, as a model for solving the binding problem in consciousness. Using A. Revonsuo’s and C. Salmivalli’s scale for dream content analysis, it was found that high-end gamers evidenced more bizarre dreams than did low-end gamers in two of three types of bizarreness categories. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Gackenbach, Jayne;Kuruvilla, Beena;Dopko, Raelyne","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2009","","US","19","4","218","231","","","*Computer Games;  *Dream Content; Audiovisual Communications Media; Consciousness States","","2009-24024-002","Gackenbach, Jayne: Department of Psychology, Grant MacEwan University, 6-323H, 10700-104 Avenue, Edmonton, AB, Canada, AB T5J 4S2, gackenbachj@macewan.ca","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018145"
"Journal Article","Sleep- and non-sleep-related hallucinations—Relationship to ghost tales and their classifications.","To categorize four types of sleep- and non-sleep-related hallucinations experienced by normal people and classify ghost or ghost-like stories by these categories. A total of 183 reliable tales of ghosts [41 from “Tohno Monogatari” (Tohno Folktales) and 142 from “Nihon Kaidan Shu” (Ghosts Tales of Japan)] are classified into hallucinations that are sleep-related hallucinations [hypnagogic hallucination-like (HyH) and REM sleep behavior disorder or somnambulism-like (RBDS) tales] and sleep-unrelated [vivid hallucination-like (VH) and highway hypnosis-like (HHy) tales] according to the criteria. Sixty to 70% of these tales can be classified into these four types of hallucinations. Further, sleep-related hallucinations increased from 17.0% to 36.6% in about 40 years. Our criteria will be useful to classify hallucinations experienced by normal people and to elucidate the mechanisms of these kinds of hallucinations experienced in neurodegenerative or psychological disorders. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved)","Furuya, Hirokazu;Ikezoe, Koji;Shigeto, Hiroshi;Ohyagi, Yasumasa;Arahata, Hajime;Araki, Ei-ichi;Fujii, Naoki","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2009","","US","19","4","232","238","","","*Folklore;  *Hallucinations;  *Parapsychological Phenomena;  *Sleep;  *Spirituality; Hypnosis; REM Sleep; Sleepwalking; Sleep Wake Disorders","","2009-24024-003","Furuya, Hirokazu: Department of Neurology, Neuro-Muscular Center, National Omuta Hospital, Tachibana 1044-1, Omuta, Fukuoka, Japan, 837-0911, furuya@neuro.med.kyushu-u.ac.jp","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0017611"
"Journal Article","Paranoia in dreams and the classification of typical dreams.","The present study was geared toward expanding the previous evidence for the thematic similarities between dreaming and psychosis. Themes derived from delusions that characterize psychotic and schizophrenia-spectrum disorders, together with the modified Typical Dream Questionnaire, were administered to 280 Chinese participants from Hong Kong. These delusional themes served as some continuous variables for evaluating the degree to which the narrative contents of dreaming can be compared with those of psychotic and schizophrenia-spectrum disorders. It was found that delusions of various types, with various levels of bizarreness, could be observed in dreams. This was particularly true for themes involving paranoid suspiciousness, such as blaming others for making troubles and feeling that others are not giving proper credit for one’s achievements, which were dreamed by a majority of the participants. The current findings generated by the exploratory factor analyses precisely replicated Yu’s (2009) previous delusional model that classified dream themes into the Ego Ideal, Grandiosity, and Persecution categories. Moreover, the present study expanded the Ego Ideal category, developed measures for assessing the delusional inclination during dreaming, and discussed the reciprocal, triadic dynamics between the three major categories of dream themes. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)","Yu, Calvin Kai-Ching","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2009","","US","19","4","255","272","","","*Delusions;  *Dreaming;  *Paranoid Psychosis; Ego Identity; Paranoid Personality Disorder; Superego","","2009-24024-005","Yu, Calvin Kai-Ching: Department of Counselling and Psychology, Hong Kong Shue Yan University, 10 Wai Tsui Crescent, Braemar Hill Road, North Point, Hong Kong, calvinkcyu@ymail.com","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0017583"
"Journal Article","Cerebral specialization during lucid dreaming: A right hemisphere hypothesis.","Research has shown that certain individuals are able to carry out prearranged tasks while lucid dreaming, and that these tasks produce physiological effects on the body similar to what is observed during waking. It was hypothesized that the difficulty of performing cerebrally lateralized tasks during a lucid dream would vary with the dominant hemisphere for that task, with less difficulty for right hemisphere tasks. Twenty-seven participants rated the difficulty of performing three matched pairs of left hemisphere and right hemisphere tasks, first in a lucid dream, and later in their waking imagination. Results indicated right hemisphere dominance during lucid dreaming, especially among right-handed participants. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Piller, Robert","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2009","","US","19","4","273","286","","","*Lateral Dominance;  *Lucid Dreaming; Left Hemisphere; Right Hemisphere","","2009-24024-006","Piller, Robert: 1055 Hartford Drive, Boulder, CO, US, 80305, rmp02004@mymail.pomona.edu","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0017994"
"Journal Article","Using dreams in cognitive behavioral psychotherapy: Theory, method, and examples.","Dream analysis can be a fruitful complementary technique in cognitive–behavioral therapy, providing it is based on a theoretical conception of dreaming and an interpretation method that are both compatible with the principles and methodology of CBT. The present paper first presents some aspects of a cognitive conception of dreaming explaining the occurrence and specificities of dream representations by their production processes. The next section describes an interpretation method that gives the patients the opportunity to find some sources and meanings of their dreams. Finally examples are given of the different ways in which the result of a dream interpretation contributed to therapy. Thanks to their condensed and often exaggerated treatment of a theme, dreams often facilitate becoming aware of cognitive distortions and schemas and help to proceed to cognitive restructuring. They also give to the therapists an opportunity to underline the patient’s resources. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Montangero, Jacques","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2009","","US","19","4","239","254","","","*Cognitive Behavior Therapy;  *Dream Analysis; Dreaming","","2009-24024-004","Montangero, Jacques: 76 Chemin de la Miche, Esery, France, FR-74930, jacques.montangero@orange.fr","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0017613"
"Journal Article","Making sense of dream experiences: A multidimensional approach to beliefs about dreams.","There exists little research on dream-related beliefs and their role in peoples’ lives. Our aim was to develop a questionnaire (the Inventory of Dream Experiences & Attitudes [IDEA]) to assess dream-related beliefs and investigate their relations to waking-state variables. Seven hundred twenty-five participants completed the IDEA, and 357 participants also completed questionnaires on dreams, personality, and well-being and recorded their dreams for 2 or more consecutive weeks. A factor analysis of the IDEA revealed 7 dimensions: significance, positivity, recall, apprehension, entertainment, continuity, and guidance. Using these dimensions, individuals were classified into three distinct profiles that showed differential relations to measures of personality and well-being. The findings indicate that the IDEA is a useful instrument for researchers and that dream-related beliefs can play important psychological roles. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Beaulieu-Prévost, Dominic;Charneau Simard, Catherine;Zadra, Antonio","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2009","","US","19","3","119","134","","","*Dreaming;  *Nightmares;  *Personality;  *Test Construction;  *Well Being; Attitudes; Questionnaires","","2009-16522-001","Zadra, Antonio: Department of Psychology, Universite de Montreal, C. P. 6128, succ. Centre-ville, Montreal, PQ, Canada, H3C 3J7, antonio.zadra@umontreal.ca","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0017279"
"Journal Article","Attachment styles and emotional content, stress, and conflict in dreams of romantic partners.","Expanding on previous research investigating the link between dreams and attachment, participants in committed dating relationships were recruited to fill out dream diaries for 1 week. It was hypothesized that when dreaming about romantic partners (attachment figures), dream content would vary by attachment style, such that insecurely attached individuals would experience a different quality of dream, emotionally and cognitively. At Time 1, participants completed a self-report measure of attachment style, and then completed a dream diary at home each morning for 7 days. Dreams that contained romantic partners were coded by double-blind research assistants for emotional content, with a focus on attachment-related emotions and stressful expressions. Anxious-attached and avoidant-attached participants experienced significantly more stress and conflict, and scored significantly higher on specific emotions such as anxiety and jealousy in such dreams. Secure scores did not correlate with any specific or general emotion. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved)","Selterman, Dylan;Drigotas, Stephen","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2009","","US","19","3","135","151","","","*Attachment Behavior;  *Dream Content;  *Dreaming;  *Emotional Content;  *Interpersonal Relationships; Conflict; Romance; Stress; Partners","","2009-16522-002","Selterman, Dylan: Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, B-363, Stony Brook, NY, US, 11794-2500, dylan.selterman@sunysb.edu","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0017087"
"Journal Article","A contemporary view of college-aged students' dreams.","Eighty semester dream diaries were content analyzed and compared to the Hall and Van de Castle (1966) norms. The structural differences between recognizable and anonymous images were defined and described. Gender undifferentiated scripts including potential mate, food sharing, and competition were identified and described. Gender differentiated scripts including wedding, shopping, pregnancy, male bonding, multiple self-representation, religion/philosophy, and animal were identified and described. The results are interpreted in biosociological and evolutionary perspectives. Genders appear closer to one another than in the past with respect to sex and companionship. Power and familial issues are the largest contributors to current gender differences. Biosociological variables are the biggest unifying force. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Rainville, Raymond E.;Rush, Lorenda L.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2009","","US","19","3","152","171","","","*Dream Analysis;  *Dream Content;  *Human Sex Differences;  *Imagery;  *Parental Investment; College Students; Feminism; Social Influences","","2009-16522-003","Rainville, Raymond E.: Department of Psychology, State University of New York, College at Oneonta, 127A Fitzelle Hall, Oneonta, NY, US, 13820, rainvire@oneonta.edu","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0017086"
"Journal Article","Associations among boundary structure, gender, and beliefs about control of dreams.","Previous research (Woolley & Boerger, 2002) indicated that many young adults, especially women, believe in the possibility of controlling dreams. This lay perspective contrasts with philosophical descriptions of dreams as passive, undirected mental activity (e.g., Flanagan, 2000; Hobson, 2002). The present study sought to replicate Woolley and Boerger’s (2002) findings and to explore relations among gender, dream experiences, dream beliefs, and boundary structure. One hundred sixty-five undergraduates (68 women) completed Woolley and Boerger’s Control of Dreams Questionnaire and Dream Experiences Interview; Hartmann’s (1991) Boundary Questionnaire (BQ), and 17 items from the Transliminality Scale (Lange, Thalbourne & Houran, & Storm, 2000). Ninety-four percent reported attempting to control their own dreams; 70% claimed at least 1 success, and 80% claimed that others could control dreams in some circumstances. Women reported a higher success rate than men and made more claims that others could control dreams. BQ scores predicted participants’ own attempts at control, whereas both Transliminality scores and gender predicted the number of claims made that others could control dreams. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)","Boerger, Elizabeth A.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2009","","US","19","3","172","186","","","*Boundaries (Psychological);  *Dream Content;  *Dreaming;  *Human Sex Differences; Theory of Mind","","2009-16522-004","Boerger, Elizabeth A.: Department of Psychology, University of Mississippi, 207 Peabody Hall, University, MS, US, 38677, boerger@olemiss.edu","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0017156"
"Journal Article","Exploratory factor analysis of Hartmann’s Scale for Central Imagery and its relationship to dreamer emotion.","Hartmann’s theory regarding central imagery (CI) in dreams (Hartmann, 1996), the CI scale itself, and how this relates to emotion was investigated. Ninety-nine participants provided a total of 230 dreams for analysis. Each dream was rated for emotional intensity by participants. Two independent judges rated each dream for CI and on each of the 7 descriptor words that make up the CI definition based on a 5-point scale we devised. A Generalized Least Squares factor analysis with an Oblimin rotation was used and results produced 3 factors that were related to the impact, visual, and attention aspects of the imagery. We found that emotion was significantly correlated with CI, as well as the impact and attention factors but not the visual one. However, although a single factor solution was slightly more highly correlated with CI, a 3-factor solution was best in the analysis. Our methodology appears to have captured a good portion of the CI construct. Further study looking at factors and how they relate to trauma is suggested. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved)","Bilsborrow, Glenn;Davidson, John;Scott, Jennifer","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2009","","US","19","3","187","205","","","*Dream Content;  *Dreaming;  *Emotions;  *Factor Analysis;  *Imagery; Psychoanalytic Theory; Exploratory Factor Analysis","","2009-16522-005","Bilsborrow, Glenn: School of Psychology, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 30, Hobart, Australia, 7001, glenb@postoffice.utas.edu.au","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0017266"
"Journal Article","Differences in the relationship between nightmares and coping with stress for Asians and Caucasians: A brief report.","In contrast to posttraumatic nightmares, some nightmares can also be idiopathic. Previous research indicates that nightmares may serve a beneficial function as there is a positive relationship between nightmares and “waking” coping strategies. As a result, nightmares may fit into a continuity of coping throughout the sleep/wake cycle. In the present analysis, the relationship between nightmares and one measure of coping was only significant for those who identified themselves as Asian when compared those who identified themselves as Caucasian. These results represent one of the first differences in nightmares between ethnic groups. Such research is important for understanding the role of idiopathic nightmares in coping and understanding the importance of ethnicity when presented with patients complaining of nightmares. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved)","Picchioni, Dante;Hicks, Robert A.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2009","","US","19","2","108","112","","","*Coping Behavior;  *Dreaming;  *Nightmares;  *Racial and Ethnic Differences;  *Stress; Asians; Dream Content; White People","","2009-09190-001","Picchioni, Dante: Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Division of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Department of Behavioral Biology, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Room 2w96, Silver Spring, MD, US, 20910, dante.picchioni@amedd.army.mil","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016483"
"Journal Article","The role of mood congruency memory effects in dream recall: A pilot study.","A methodological issue in research relating daytime mood to dream content is the question of whether mood congruency effects—that is, recalling more negative events if the current mood is more negative—also play a role in the dream recall process. This study adopted an indirect approach by testing the hypothesis that interindividual differences in mood congruency effects in a memory task carried out in the daytime correlate with mood congruency effects in dream recall (recalling more negative dream emotions, as one would predict on the basis of the current stress level or overall mood state). The findings, however, did not support the hypothesis of mood congruency effects and, thus, rule out that the findings regarding the continuity hypothesis of dreaming are biased by selective recall. Studies with different methodological approaches are necessary to validate this study’s findings. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Schredl, Michael;Hebel, Manuela E.;Klütsch, Rosemarie C.;Liehe, Lena J.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2009","","US","19","2","113","118","","","*Dream Content;  *Dream Recall;  *Emotional States; Memory","","2009-09190-002","Schredl, Michael: Sleep Laboratory, Central Institute of Mental Health, P.O. Box 12 21 20, Mannheim, Germany, 68072, Michael.Schredl@zi-mannheim.de","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016295"
"Journal Article","Trait–state interactions in the etiology of nightmares.","Various personality and psychopathology traits are associated with nightmare frequency. This study investigated whether trait variables might also account for individual differences in the longitudinal relationship between daily mood and nightmare incidence each night. Forty-two participants (35 women, 7 men; mean age = 40.10 years) reported having nightmares at least once per month and completed a 14-day dream and mood (anxiety and depression) log. Within-subject correlations between state anxiety and nightmare incidence or absence the following night and between state depression and nightmare incidence or absence were computed. None of the trait measures had significant correlations with these within-subject correlations. However, when only participants scoring above the group median on Hartman’s thin boundariness were analyzed, thin boundariness, Symptom Checklist—Global Severity, adverse life events, and childhood adversity were associated with the incidence of nightmares as a function of state anxiety or depression on a night-by-night basis, with correlation coefficients between .43 and .52. This supports the hypothesis of trait predispositions for a nightmare reaction to daily state anxiety or depression. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Blagrove, Mark;Fisher, Sam","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2009","","US","19","2","65","74","","","*Anxiety;  *Dream Content;  *Nightmares;  *Psychopathology; Etiology; Individual Differences","","2009-09190-003","Blagrove, Mark: Department of Psychology, Swansea University, SA2 8PP, United Kingdom, m.t.blagrove@swansea.ac.uk","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016294"
"Journal Article","Recurrent dreams and psychosocial adjustment in preteenaged children.","Research indicates that recurrent dreams in adults are associated with impoverished psychological well-being. Whether similar associations exist in children remains unknown. The authors hypothesized that children reporting recurrent dreams would show poorer psychosocial adjustment than children without recurrent dreams. One hundred sixty-eight 11-year-old children self-reported on their recurrent dreams and on measures of psychosocial adjustment. Although 35% of children reported having experienced a recurrent dream during the past year, our hypothesis was only partially supported. Multivariate analyses revealed a marginally significant interaction between gender and recurrent dream presence and a significant main effect of gender. Univariate analyses revealed that boys reporting recurrent dreams reported significantly higher scores on reactive aggression than those who did not (d = 0.58). This suggests that by age 11 years, the presence of recurrent dreams may already reflect underlying emotional difficulties in boys but not necessarily in girls. Challenges in addressing this developmental question are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Gauchat, Aline;Zadra, Antonio;Tremblay, Richard E.;Zelazo, Philip David;Séguin, Jean R.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2009","","US","19","2","75","84","","","*Adjustment;  *Childhood Development;  *Dream Content;  *Dreaming; Psychosocial Factors","24976740","2009-09190-004","Séguin, Jean R.: Universite de Montreal, Ste-Justine Hospital Research Center, 3175 chemin Cote Ste- Catherine, Montreal, PQ, Canada, H3T 1C5, jean.seguin@umontreal.ca","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016549"
"Journal Article","Dream work with children: Perceptions and practices of school mental health professionals.","In this study, 49 public school mental health practitioners (school counselors, school psychologists, and school social workers) completed a survey about working with students’ dreams. The majority of these practitioners reported having at least one student bring up dreams during counseling, more frequently with troubling dreams and nightmares or when coping with grief. Results showed that practitioners were less likely to talk about dreams with students who had been identified with an adjustment disorder, psychosis, or eating disorder; those who were oppositional or ill; and those who struggled with substance abuse problems. Although most practitioners did not feel competent working with children’s dreams and reported minimal training in dream work, they were interested in learning more about children’s dreams and potential uses of dream work in supportive counseling. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Huermann, Rosalia;Crook Lyon, Rachel E.;Heath, Melissa Allen;Fischer, Lane;Potkar, Kirti","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2009","","US","19","2","85","96","","","*Dream Analysis;  *Health Personnel Attitudes;  *Mental Health Personnel;  *School Counselors; Dream Content","","2009-09190-005","Crook Lyon, Rachel E.: Department of Counseling Psychology and Special Education, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, US, 84602-5093, rachel_crooklyon@byu.edu","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016522"
"Journal Article","Confirming the factor structure of the dream intensity inventory.","This study’s primary purpose was to examine the overall quality of the factorial structure of the Dream Intensity Inventory (DII). It was hypothesized that dream intensity was a multifaceted construct that could be accounted for by 3 latent factors, namely Dream Quantity, Dream Vividness, and Altered Dream Episodes. The 1st-order oblique, 1st-order orthogonal, and 2nd-order models, which represented 3 possible versions of the structural relations among the 3 latent factors, were subjected to the confirmatory statistical procedures. The goodness-of-fit indices indicated that the 2nd-order model and the 1st-order model hypothesizing 3 oblique factors were superior to that hypothesizing 3 orthogonal factors. The factorial characteristics of the two well-fitting DII models were shown to be equivalent across 2 samples. These results suggest that the theoretical construct of dream intensity can be pertinently described by the 3-factor measurement model. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved)","Yu, Calvin Kai-Ching","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2009","","US","19","2","97","107","","","*Confirmatory Factor Analysis;  *Dream Analysis;  *Dreaming; Factor Analysis","","2009-09190-006","Yu, Calvin Kai-Ching: Department of Counselling and Psychology, Hong Kong Shue Yan University, 10 Wai Tsui Crescent, Braemar Hill Road, North Point, Hong Kong, calvinkcyu@ymail.com","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016296"
"Journal Article","Electronic media and lucid-control dreams: Morning after reports.","Lucid dreams, as well as control dreams, have recently been reported as associated with video game play (Gackenbach, 2006). In this study, dreams were collected from the morning after a night of rested sleep as well as electronic media use from the day before the dream. In a factor analysis, lucid and control dreams were associated with all electronic media use but most strongly with video game play. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Gackenbach, Jayne","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2009","","US","19","1","1","6","","","*Communications Media;  *Computer Games;  *Lucid Dreaming; Games; Sleep","","2009-03331-001","Gackenbach, Jayne: Department of Psychology, Grant MacEwan College, Room 6-394, 10700-104 Avenue, Edmonton, AB, Canada, T5J 4S2, gackenbachj@macewan.ca","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0013781"
"Journal Article","Nightmares, life stress, and anxiety: An examination of tension reduction.","Do nightmares increase or decrease anxiety? Theoretical views of nightmares suggest that nightmares play out stressful events, decathecting their energy. A more pragmatic view suggests that nightmares that result in waking distress add to the burden of anxiety. The current study investigates whether negative life events are associated with an increase or decrease in anxiety attributable to nightmares in 624 adolescents aged between 12 and 19. The results indicate no support for a tension reduction hypothesis. There seems no relief from anxiety if a person reports nightmares, and the stronger the distress of waking (from nightmares), the more likely a person is to report anxiety, controlling for life events and the distress associated with life events. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Roberts, Jan;Lennings, C. J.;Heard, R.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2009","","US","19","1","17","29","","","*Anxiety;  *Life Experiences;  *Nightmares; Stress","","2009-03331-002","Lennings, C. J.: Faculty of Health Science, University of Sydney, PO Box 714, Lidcombe, NSW, Australia, 2141, c.lennings@usyd.edu.au","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0014787"
"Journal Article","Mystical dreaming: Patterns in form, content, and meaning.","This article enriches the psychological understanding of religious mysticism by exploring patterns of form, content, and meaning in self-described mystical dreams, drawing on extensive sleep and dream interviews conducted with 100 contemporary Americans. Four major hypotheses regarding mystical experience are tested: mysticism as psychopathological, as culturally constructed, as a mode of pure consciousness, and as characterized by four Jamesian “marks” (ineffability, noesis, transience, passivity). The data from this study indicate that mystical dreams are experienced by around half the population and by women more than men, and their prototypical form involves good fortunes, friendly interactions, and unusual or nonhuman characters. These findings provide only limited validation for the psychopathology and pure consciousness hypotheses and somewhat more support for the Jamesian and cultural construction approaches. Taken together, the results suggest that psychological efforts to understand religious mysticism will remain incomplete without systematic reference to contemporary dream research. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Bulkeley, Kelly","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2009","","US","19","1","30","41","","","*Dream Analysis;  *Dream Content;  *Dreaming; Mysticism","","2009-03331-003","Bulkeley, Kelly: Graduate Theological Union, 226 Amherst Avenue, Kensington, CA, US, 94708, kellybulkeley@earthlink.net","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0014788"
"Journal Article","Delusions and the factor structure of typical dreams.","The present study was geared toward generating a parsimonious factor model of typical dreams. Moreover, the hypothesis that themes typically manifest in psychotic delusions also prevail in normal people's dreams was examined. The modified Typical Dreams Questionnaire was administered to a sample of 348 university students from Hong Kong. The factor solutions generated by the current analyses indicate that typical dreams can be classified into three primary categories or six subcategories according to the two-tier model. Consistent with the homology between dreaming and psychosis, the first two categories of the upper tier are, in essence, characterized by the two classic psychotic themes—the grandiose and persecutory delusions. The third category of dream themes consists in the distinctive affective experience that can be, one way or another, attributed to the function of the ego ideal. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Yu, Calvin Kai-Ching","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2009","","US","19","1","42","54","","","*Delusions;  *Dream Analysis;  *Dreaming;  *Ego; Psychosis","","2009-03331-004","Yu, Calvin Kai-Ching: Department of Counselling and Psychology, Hong Kong Shue Yan University, 10 Wai Tsui Crescent, Braemar Hill Road, North Point, Hong Kong, calyu2000@hotmail.com","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0014789"
"Journal Article","Dreams in medieval Saints' lives: Saint Francis of Assisi.","Reading the earliest biographies of St. Francis of Assisi, one notices the significant part dreams play in his life. They appear during crucial stages of his life. This fact encourages us to pay special interest to Francis' dreams, but not in the strict sense of the word: Several situations in which Francis gains clarity of his life and grows spiritually through images (dreams, visions, parables) are to be included. Francis and his biographers were men of images, and it is necessary to understand the language of these images. In this way, by analyzing the dreams of this saint, the authors come to understand the medieval interpretation of dreams, revelations, and visions in general. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Pansters, Krijn","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2009","","US","19","1","55","63","","","*Dream Analysis;  *Dreaming; Christianity; Spirituality","","2009-03331-005","Pansters, Krijn: University of Tilburg, Franciscan Study Centre, Heidelberglaan 2, Utrecht, Netherlands, 3584 CS, k.pansters@uvt.nl","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015265"
"Journal Article","Jerome before the judge: The dialogic nature of reports of dreams.","Dream reports do not just retell a dream; they give it form and significance, and they do so dialogically. Drawing on the concept of dialogic utterance formulated by Mikhail M. Bakhtin, this paper examines the dream in which St Jerome (340?-420) believed himself condemned and punished by God for preferring Cicero to scripture. (The punishment comes in the dream, when Jerome is whipped by servants of the tribunal before which he appears.) After considering the reasons for believing the dream to be authentic, and noting the way in which it is, as it happens, rhetorically structured as a dialog, the paper argues that it should be read as dialogic in a Bakhtian sense: Jerome's sense of guilt for being a Ciceronian was not something that he brought to the dream (it was not, that is to say, the burden of an already guilty conscience), but a discovery made as he tested various “speculative explanations” for the punishment he had received against ideas that were in the air in his day. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Stott, Graham St John","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2009","","US","19","1","7","16","","","*Dream Content; Dreaming","","2009-03331-006","Stott, Graham St John: Modern Languages Department, Arab American University, PO Box 240, Jenin, Palestine","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0014085"
"Journal Article","Cognitive differences in dream content between Argentine males and females using quantitative content analysis.","This study asked the question, 'Are there significant content differences between male and female dream reports obtained in seminars conducted in Argentina?' Each of the 100 female and 100 male participants contributed one recent dream report during dream seminars held in Argentina between 1990 and 1998. Dream reports were scored using Hall and Van de Castle's System of Content Analysis. Major findings revealed that Argentine males reported significantly more aggressions per character and a higher percentage of dreamers as the aggressor than reported by females. They also reported more dreams with at least one success than reported by females. In contrast, females scored significantly higher on both the Self-Negativity index and the Negative Emotions index compared to males. Although some findings were similar to past studies using American participants, others were unique to this study and may be attributable to the particular sample used, or may suggest actual underlying cultural patterns of contemporary Argentine men and women. Results are discussed in terms of Hall's continuity hypothesis and Domhoff's cognitive model of dreaming. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Tartz, Robert S.;Krippner, Stanley","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2008","","US","18","4","217","235","","","*Dream Content;  *Dreaming;  *Human Sex Differences; Cognitive Processes","","2008-19013-001","Tartz, Robert S.: 640 Weatherstone Way, San Marcos, CA, US, 92078, rtartz@cox.net","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0013780"
"Journal Article","The relationship between video game play and threat simulation dreams.","Revonsuo proposes an evolutionary theory of dreaming in which dreams allow an individual to prepare for real world threats in the safety of the virtual setting of the dream world. Based upon previous work examining the dreams of video game players, it was hypothesized that high-end gamers would experience fewer threat simulation dreams because of frequent threat resolution rehearsal during game play. Subjects were asked to report a night before dream and fill out surveys regarding their gaming history, media use, and dream experiences. Using a factor analysis, support for the main hypothesis was found. Individuals with a history of game play experienced fewer threat severity variables in their dreams. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Gackenbach, Jayne;Kuruvilla, Beena","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2008","","US","18","4","236","256","","","*Computer Games;  *Dream Content;  *Dreaming;  *Simulation; Threat","","2008-19013-002","Gackenbach, Jayne: Grant MacEwan College, Department of Psychology, 10700 - 104 Avenue, Room 6-394, Edmonton, AB, Canada, gackenbachj@macewan.ca","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0013782"
"Journal Article","Dreams and revelations: A critical look at Kelsey.","After a seven-century lull in Christian scholarship about dreams, the mid-Twentieth Century saw the beginning of a growing effort to convince Christians dreams are a significant means of communication with God. This essay summarizes and criticizes Morton Kelsey's central argument concerning the Christian significance of dreams in his God, dreams, and revelation (1991). Kelsey's is a thoughtful version of the argument common to his colleagues. As such, it displays both the strengths and the weaknesses of the general position. It correctly reminds Christians of dreams' significance in their past. But if Kelsey means to offer a fully supported logical argument, that argument is not clear and even the most sympathetic restatement of it leaves it unsound. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Dreisbach, Christopher","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2008","","US","18","4","257","266","","","*Christians;  *Dreaming;  *Religious Beliefs; Communication; God Concepts","","2008-19013-003","Dreisbach, Christopher: Dept. of Applied Ethics and Humanities, Division of Public Safety Leadership, School of Education, Johns Hopkins University, 6740 Alexander Bell Drive, Suite 200, Columbia, MD, US, 21046, cdreisbach@jhu.edu","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0013141"
"Journal Article","It started with a dream: Paul's dream (Acts 16,9?10) and Aeneas as a biblical example of dreams as intercultural legitimation strategy.","Dreams are often used to promote religion, or to propagate an interpretation of religion, or to bring political ideas to the fore. A dream can be used as an indication of divine help and thus it is a perfect tool for promoting ideas. Dreams figure in religious propaganda in Christian, Jewish, and Muslim traditions (e.g., in Osama bin Laden's tapes). In classical literature, we find many kings, emperors, or generals who had visions or dreams, especially in association with their accession to power. It is the thesis of this article that in the encounter between Jewish (-Christian) cultures and the Hellenistic world dreams were shared as possible means of divine communication. An important example is the dream in Acts 16,9?10, the most Hellenistic dream of the New Testament. This dream is part of a larger unit, Paul's new move from Asia to Europe. I will try to show that the author of Acts combines here the story of Aeneas (e.g., as told by Virgil) and the story of Jesus, an interesting merging of two cultures. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Koet, Bart J.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2008","","US","18","4","267","279","","","*Bible;  *Dreaming;  *Religion; Religious Beliefs","","2008-19013-004","Koet, Bart J.: Department of Biblical Studies, University of Tilburg, Munnickenhof 24, Heiloo, Netherlands, 1851BZ, b.j.koet@uvt.nl","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0014084"
"Review-Book","Review of The dream experience: A systematic exploration..","Reviews the book, The dream experience: A systematic exploration by Milton Kramer (see record 2007-01084-000). This book was written by an exceptional scientist and clinician and is based on 46 years of productive work in the field of dream research and sleep medicine. Milton Kramer presents some preliminary data about two patterns that describe changes in dream content over one night: the progressive-sequential dream pattern and the repetitive-traumatic dream pattern, each illustrated with an example. The first pattern reflects some kind of progression reflecting a successful coping with the problem of the first dream. The second pattern repeats one topic but without introducing successful coping strategies. Milton Kramer's book is a comprehensive overview of dream research over the last 50 years and I recommend it to anyone who is interested in pursuing this field of research. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Schredl, Michael","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2008","","US","18","4","280","286","","","*Dream Content; Dreaming","","2008-19013-005","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0013485"
"Journal Article","Ancient Chinese sex symbols in dreams.","This study aimed to determine how often Chinese people dream ancestral sex symbols and to examine the association between dreaming sexual experiences and the Chinese sex symbols. The modified Typical Dreams Questionnaire with 10 additional items about the Chinese sex symbols was administered to a sample of 107 male and 241 female university students in Hong Kong. Both the prevalence and frequency rates indicated that most ancestral Chinese sex symbols do not constitute prominent dream themes in contemporary Chinese people's dreams. The Chinese genital symbols, caves and towers, were found to be relatively prominent in dreams. However, both symbols were neither positively nor negatively associated with the dream theme sexual experiences and the classical psychoanalytic sex symbols, such as snakes. In contrast, the Chinese symbols of sexual activity, such as birds eating fish, had mild, negative correlations with the dream theme sexual experiences. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)","Yu, Calvin Kai-Ching","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2008","","US","18","3","158","166","","","*Chinese Cultural Groups;  *Dream Content;  *Psychoanalytic Theory;  *Psychosexual Behavior;  *Symbolism; Sociocultural Factors","","2008-13165-002","Yu, Calvin Kai-Ching: Department of Counselling and Psychology, Hong Kong Shue Yan University, 10 Wai Tsui Crescent, Braemar Hill Road, North Point, Hong Kong, calyu2000@hotmail.com","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0012626"
"Journal Article","Do we think dreams are in black and white due to memory problems?","The present study was designed to investigate whether memory processes play a role in why some persons say their dreams are black and white. The findings indicate that the percentages of black and white dreams are related negatively to color memory and dream recall frequency. When colors were recorded immediately after the dream was recorded, the percentage of black and white dream elements dropped to 2.7%. When participants were presented the option that dream colors might not be remembered, the percentage of explicit black and white dreams became very small, and the findings are thus in line with the continuity hypothesis of dreaming. Future studies might use extensive training of color memory and dream recall in order to investigate whether highly trained persons still have some dreams or dream elements that are in black and white. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)","Schredl, Michael;Fuchedzhieva, Aylin;Hämig, Heike;Schindele, Verena","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2008","","US","18","3","175","180","","","*Color;  *Dream Content;  *Dream Recall; Memory","","2008-13165-004","Schredl, Michael: Sleep Laboratory, Central Institute of Mental Health, PO Box 12 21 20, Mannheim, Germany, 68072, Schredl@zi-mannheim.de","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/1053-0797.18.3.175"
"Journal Article","Dream reports of animal rights activists.","This study examined the nighttime dream experiences of animal rights activists. The sample consisted of 284 activists who attended the Animal Rights 2004 conference. Participants completed the C. S. Hall and R. Van de Castle (1966) Most Recent Dream Survey (as cited in Domhoff, 1996). The data on dreams were compared with statistical norms on dream content developed by C. S. Hall and R. Van de Castle (as cited in Domhoff, 1996). Results indicated that activists reported animal dream characters at a much higher rate than the general population. Activists also overwhelmingly had more friendly animal dreams than did the general public. Examples of dream reports, as well as the variety of animal species, are also discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)","Lewis, Jacquie E.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2008","","US","18","3","181","200","","","*Activism;  *Dream Content;  *Dream Recall;  *Social Norms; Animal Rights","","2008-13165-005","Lewis, Jacquie E.: 5012 South Washtenaw, Chicago, IL, US, 60632, lotusdream@comcast.net","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0013393"
"Journal Article","Dream content of 10- to 11-year-old preadolescent boys and girls.","This study examines the content of dreams of 10 to 11-year-old boys (n = 80) and girls (n = 102) gathered using the Most Recent Dream Method (Hartmann, Elkin, & Garg, 1991) and analyzed through the Hall and Van de Castle Method (1966; Domhoff, 1996). The study compares the dreams of the Italian sample with those of a normative adult sample and other research on the dreams of preadolescents of various countries (United States, Spain, and Switzerland). In the main it confirms the results of such preadolescent dream analysis research (Avila-White, Schneider, & Domhoff, 1999; Oberst, Charles, & Chamarro, 2005; Saline, 1999; Strauch & Lederbogen, 1999), highlighting in particular the importance of aggressive physical interaction in the participants under study. The data that emerge from dream analysis may be compared with the results of research into problems of aggression and transgression in boys and girls at this age (Achenbach & Rescorla, 2007). Dream analysis may represent a significant contribution to the study of preadolescence, allowing the characteristics and prevailing themes of preadolescents to be compared with those of participants from other age ranges. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Crugnola, Cristina Riva;Maggiolini, Alfio;Caprin, Claudia;Martini, Cinzia De;Giudici, Federica","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2008","","US","18","3","201","216","","","*Aggressive Behavior;  *Childhood Development;  *Dream Analysis;  *Dream Content; Human Sex Differences","","2008-13165-006","Crugnola, Cristina Riva: Via Fontana 15, Milan, Italy, 20112, cristina.riva-crugnola@unimib.it","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0013379"
"Journal Article","Usefulness of the analysis of links among dream sources in therapy.","A study of the links among the memory sources of dreams can be carried out by means of an automatic analysis of text files including dream reports and associations. Heuristic criteria can provide plausible explanations for the existence of these links, which generally present a logical and at the same time emotional significance. The aim of this paper is to support the idea that the study of the link patterns among dream sources, in addition to being interesting from the cognitive viewpoint can be also useful for the therapeutic process. An interaction schema is described including four operators: the dreamer (patient), the therapist, the detector of possible links, and the proposer of plausible explanations. Two examples are given of application of this schema. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Barcaro, Umberto;Rizzi, Pietro","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2008","","US","18","3","139","157","","","*Dream Analysis;  *Dream Content;  *Psychotherapy; Text Analysis","","2008-13165-001","Barcaro, Umberto: I.S.T.I., C.N.R., Area della Ricerca, Via Moruzzi 1, Pisa, Italy, I-56124, umberto.barcaro@isti.cnr.it","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0012899"
"Journal Article","The dream world in Dominica.","To the natives of the Caribbean island of Dominica, the dream is proclaimed la konpanyi la nuit (the companion of the night). Belief in dreams is grounded in diverse cultural influences, including those of the French, West African, British, and the doctrines of the Roman Catholic Church. In this richly imaginative dream world, myths and truths are finely interwoven to create an unwritten glossary of dream symbol interpretation. Although these interpretations have not enjoyed scientific validation, practical, historical, and psychological data are found to resonate with these traditional Dominican interpretations. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","George-Joseph, Gizelle;Smith, Edward W. L.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2008","","US","18","3","167","174","","","*Dream Analysis;  *Dream Content;  *Sociocultural Factors; Symbolism","","2008-13165-003","George-Joseph, Gizelle: Goldman, Sachs & Co., 85 Broad Street, 25th Floor, New York, NY, US, 10004, gizelle.george-joseph@gs.com","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/a0013384"
"Journal Article","TV viewing, computer game playing and nightmares in school children.","Often the question arises whether TV viewing or playing computer games, especially those of violent and aggressive content, has negative effects on children's sleep patterns and dreaming. Empirical data on this topic, however, are scarce. Two hundred fifty-two schoolchildren (range: 9 to 13 years) completed a questionnaire about media use and nightmares. The findings indicates that interindividual differences in nightmare frequency were not explained by interindividual differences in TV viewing or computer game playing habits. In addition, no effect of the TV films the evening before completing the questionnaire on the dreams the subsequent night could be demonstrated. Since the approach could not rule out an effect of media use habits on nightmares, the next step will be a longitudinal study eliciting the media use habits and the occurrence of nightmares by applying self-rated scales as well as information obtained by parents. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Schredl, Michael;Anders, Anne;Hellriegel, Sarah;Rehm, Anna","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2008","","US","18","2","69","76","","","*Childhood Development;  *Computer Games;  *Nightmares; Television Viewing","","2008-07366-001","Schredl, Michael: Sleep Laboratory, Central Institute of Mental Health, P.O. Box 122120, Mannheim, Germany, 68072, Michael.Schredl@zi-mannheim.de","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/1053-0797.18.2.69"
"Journal Article","Expressive writing about dreams that follow trauma and loss.","In a study of expressive writing about impactful dreams, the effects of writing instructions (factual writing, emotional writing, experiential writing) were examined among individuals who had recently experienced either significant trauma or significant loss. Among those who had recently experienced trauma, both emotional writing and experiential writing about their impactful dreams accentuated traumatic distress. However, experiential writing distinctively facilitated the affirmation (or rehearsal) of a trauma narrative that emphasized unintentional responsibility rather than direct self-blame. In contrast, among those who had recently experienced loss, absorption in the revisualized dream predicted significant (but unspecified) shifts in self-perception, especially in the experiential writing condition. While the trauma-specific effects of expressive writing are consistent with prior research suggesting that expressive writing benefits those who have recently experienced trauma but not those who have recently experienced loss, the present results suggest the importance of examining population-specific outcomes in studies of the psychological benefits of expressive writing about dreams. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved)","Kuiken, Don;Dunn, Shelagh;LoVerso, Tatiana","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2008","","US","18","2","77","93","","","*Dream Content;  *Grief;  *Trauma;  *Written Communication;  *Self-Expression; Responsibility; Self-Perception","","2008-07366-002","Kuiken, Don: Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, P-217 Biological Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB, Canada, T6G 2E9, dkuiken@ualberta.ca","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/1053-0797.18.2.77"
"Journal Article","Dream Intensity Inventory and Chinese people's dream experience frequencies.","The present study aimed to devise a parsimonious instrument for evaluating both the quantitative and qualitative aspects of dream experiences and to quantify Chinese people's dream experiences in ways that facilitated cross-cultural comparisons. The Dream Intensity Inventory was developed and administered to 348 Chinese university students. Individual differences in dream recall frequency were observed, with some participants recalling dreams almost every morning whereas others recalled dreams less than once a month. By contrast, the Chinese participants exhibited less diverse dream awareness frequencies. Multiple dreams in a single night and nightmares were found to be prevalent among the Chinese participants. On the other hand, fewer than half of the participants experienced regularly voluntary control over dream activities and consciousness. The factor analyses of the items in the Dream Intensity Inventory resulted in three readily interpreted factors, which were labeled as the 'dream quantity,' 'altered dream episodes,' and 'dream vividness' subscales, respectively. When compared with men, women participants had higher frequencies of regular dream experiences including dream awareness, nightmares, and multiple dreams, as measured by the dream quantity subscale. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Yu, Calvin Kai-Ching","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2008","","US","18","2","94","111","","","*Dream Content;  *Dreaming;  *Inventories;  *Lucid Dreaming;  *Nightmares; Cross Cultural Differences; Dream Analysis; Test Construction","","2008-07366-003","Yu, Calvin Kai-Ching: Department of Counselling and Psychology, Hong Kong Shue Yan University, 10 Wai Tsui Crescent, Braemar Hill Road, North Point, Hong Kong, calyu2000@hotmail.com","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/1053-0797.18.2.94"
"Journal Article","Cardiovascular responses to dreamed physical exercise during REM lucid dreaming.","Previous studies have demonstrated intriguing psychophysiological correspondences when lucid dreamers carried out specific tasks during lucid dreams (e.g., eye movements and EMG activities). But only a few studies have investigated cardiovascular changes during dreamed physical activities. This study tests the hypothesis that physical activity (performing squats) carried out in a lucid dream increases cardiovascular parameters in the sleeping body. Therefore, 5 proficient lucid dreamers experienced with the eye-signaling method during lucidity spent 2 to 4 nonconsecutive nights in a sleep laboratory. Instructed to carry out specific tasks (counting and performing squats) while lucid dreaming, the participants reported becoming lucid and signaling in 11 REM periods recorded. Fourteen complete lucid dream tasks were verified by eye signaling. The results showed a statistically significant increase of heart rate between the preexercise and exercise periods and the postexercise period. The results for respiration rate were less clear. Even though respiration rate during the exercise period was higher than during the pre- and postexercise period, statistical significance was only found for the second comparison. Overall, the results support the hypothesis that lucidly dreamed motor action causes increases at the level of peripheral effectors. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Erlacher, Daniel;Schredl, Michael","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2008","","US","18","2","112","121","","","*Cardiovascular Reactivity;  *Heart Rate;  *Lucid Dreaming;  *Physical Activity;  *Psychophysiology; Respiration","","2008-07366-004","Erlacher, Daniel: Institute for Sport and Sports Science, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 700, Heidelberg, Germany, 69120, Daniel.Erlacher@issw.uni-heidelberg.de","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/1053-0797.18.2.112"
"Journal Article","Dream Lab: An experiential pedagogic approach to dream theories and characteristics.","Dream Lab is an experiential pedagogic activity designed to enhance student learning with respect to the topic of dreaming. The present study focused on determining the efficacy of Dream Lab as a method for teaching dream theories and characteristics to undergraduate students. Results indicated that students who participated in the Dream Lab exercise demonstrated better retention of knowledge on dream theories and characteristics 2 to 4 weeks after completion of the activities. Dream Lab is recommended as an effective method for teaching dream theories and characteristics to undergraduate students. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Bryson, W. Jeff;Mastin, David F.;Pilgreen, Kenneth L.;Bryson, Temple L.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2008","","US","18","2","122","126","","","*Dreaming;  *Education;  *Educational Laboratories;  *Experiential Learning;  *Teaching; Theories","","2008-07366-005","Bryson, W. Jeff: 213 South 5th Street, Gadsden, AL, US, 35901, jbryson@jsu.edu","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/1053-0797.18.2.122"
"Journal Article","The attainment of insight in the insight stage of the Hill dream model: The influence of client reactance and therapist interventions.","Ten sessions with high client insight gains in the insight stage and high client reactance, 10 with low insight gains and low reactance, 10 with high insight gains and low reactance, and 10 with low insight gains and high reactance were selected from 157 single sessions of dream-work. Judges coded therapist response modes and rated client insight in each speaking turn in the insight stage. Therapists used more interpretive and 'other' responses but fewer probes for insight with clients who gained more insight in the insight stage. In speaking turns immediately following therapist interventions, clients were judged as having the most insight after interpretive responses and probes for insight, less after paraphrases, and even less after 'other' responses. Results are discussed in terms of limitations and implications for practice and research. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Baumann, Ellen;Hill, Clara E.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2008","","US","18","2","127","137","","","*Dream Analysis;  *Dreaming;  *Insight;  *Psychological Reactance;  *Psychotherapeutic Processes; Intervention; Models; Therapists","","2008-07366-006","Hill, Clara E.: Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, US, 20742, hill@psyc.umd.edu","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/1053-0797.18.2.127"
"Journal Article","Typical dreams experienced by Chinese people.","The present study investigated the prevalence profile and frequencies of typical dream themes experienced by Chinese people. The Typical Dreams Questionnaire was administered to 348 university students in Hong Kong. The results demonstrated that the prevalence profile of the typical dream themes for the Chinese participants resembled those profiles previously reported by Western studies. In addition, the present study found large positive correlations between the rank-ordered prevalence and frequency scores of the typical dream themes. This implied that the most prevalent themes were also more likely to be the most recurrent themes and vice versa. Therefore, typical dream themes not only are shared by many people but also tend to be repeatedly experienced within a person. This result supports the postulation that typical dreams are distinguished by both their universality and recurrence. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)","Yu, Calvin Kai-Ching","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2008","","US","18","1","1","10","","","*Chinese Cultural Groups;  *Dream Content; Dreaming","","2008-02854-001","Yu, Calvin Kai-Ching: Department of Counseling and Psychology, Hong Kong Shue Yan University, 10 Wai Tsui Crescent, Braemar Hill Road, North Point, Hong Kong, calyu2000@hotmail.com","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/1053-0797.18.1.1"
"Journal Article","Interest in dream interpretation: A gender difference.","Although several studies reported a significant effect with regard to the gender difference in an interest in dreams, the generalizability of these studies is limited because mainly students were recruited as participants. In this study, gender differences with regard to interest in dream interpretation as an indicator of interest in dreams in general have been demonstrated in a representative sample. There was, however, a significant age-gender interaction, indicating that interest in dreams might not be a potent variable for explaining gender differences in dream recall. In future studies, the course of interest in dreams over the life span and any associated gender differences should be investigated using carefully designed scales. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)","Schredl, Michael;Piel, Edgar","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2008","","US","18","1","11","15","","","*Dream Analysis;  *Dream Recall;  *Dreaming; Human Sex Differences","","2008-02854-002","Schredl, Michael: Sleep Laboratory, Central Institute of Mental Health, P.O. Box 12 21 20, Mannheim, Germany, 68072, Michael.Schredl@zi-mannheim.de","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/1053-0797.18.1.11"
"Journal Article","A structural and functional analysis of dream narratives.","This article demonstrates that elicited dream narratives use a differing narrative structural and functional framework, as proposed by Labov and Waletzky's (1967) narrative framework on elicited personal narratives. A quantitative structural and functional analysis of five male and female collected samples showed that dream narratives follow a homogenous structure of (1) Topic introduction, (2) Orientation, (3) Complication, (4) Evaluation, and (5) Coda, consequently reflecting the omission of Labov and Waletzky's (1967) proposed resolution unit, which confirms Labov's (1997) suggestion of the difficulty to distinguish between resolution and coda. Moreover, this article devotes attention to specific structural particularities, proposing that analepses and prolepses might indicate, firstly, the simultaneous processing of new spatial information and new protagonists, and secondly, reflecting indirectly the experience of dream bizarreness. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Cariola, Laura Annamaria","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2008","","US","18","1","16","26","","","*Dream Content;  *Dreaming; Narratives","","2008-02854-003","Cariola, Laura Annamaria: Goldsmiths College, Department of English and Comparative Literature, University of London, New Cross, London, United Kingdom, SE14 6NW, lauracariola@yahoo.co.uk","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/1053-0797.18.1.16"
"Journal Article","Perceived change in the affect associated with dreams: The fading affect bias and its moderators.","Eighty-two undergraduate participants kept dream diaries for a month. Five dreams were randomly selected from each diary and were returned to participants. They rated the affect produced by the dream at its occurrence and at its recall, as well as a number of other characteristics of the dream and characteristics of the context in which the dream occurred. Results revealed that, like memories for real autobiographical events, the negative affect associated with dreams generally faded faster than the positive affect associated with dreams (a Fading Affect Bias, or FAB). The data also showed that the FAB did not occur for: (a) dreams that were remembered to contain information that dreamers believed came true at a later date, (b) dreamers who had reportedly taken recreational drugs prior to their dream, (c) dreams remembered as lacking sound, and (d) dreams remembered as very quiet. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)","Ritchie, Timothy D.;Skowronski, John J.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2008","","US","18","1","27","43","","","*Dream Content;  *Dreaming;  *Emotional States; Autobiographical Memory","","2008-02854-004","Ritchie, Timothy D.: Centre for Research on Self and Identity, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom, S017 1BJ, t.ritchie@soton.ac.uk","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/1053-0797.18.1.27"
"Journal Article","The central image makes 'big' dreams big: The central image as the emotional heart of the dream.","'Big dreams' are hard to define. This paper considers 'big' dreams under several more easily definable subcategories: memorable dreams; important dreams (labeled by dreamer); significant dreams; and impactful dreams. Past studies are reviewed, and five new preliminary studies are presented showing that a powerful Central Image (CI) distinguishes 'big' dreams in all subcategories. 1) Dreams labeled 'important' by the dreamer have higher CI intensity than dreams labeled 'unimportant.' 2) Dreams labeled 'especially significant' have especially high CI intensity. 3) Impactful dreams (leading to a new discovery) have a very high CI intensity. 4) The dreams of people who score very 'thin' on the Boundary Questionnaire (BQ)--sometimes called 'dream-people'--have higher CI intensity than the dreams of people who score 'thick.' 5) In a separate, larger group, there is a significant positive correlation between CI intensity and 'thinness.' It appears that CI intensity is an important measure of the 'bigness' of dreams. The present results are consistent with the Contemporary Theory of Dreaming which states that dreams involve making connections guided by emotion, that the Ci of the dream pictures the emotion, and that CI intensity measures the power of the underlying emotion. 'Big' dreams are dreams with great emotional power and have powerful Central Images. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)","Hartmann, Ernest","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2008","","US","18","1","44","57","","","*Conceptual Imagery;  *Dream Content; Dreaming","","2008-02854-005","Hartmann, Ernest: Department of Psychiatry, Tufts University School of Medicine, 27 Clark Street, Newton, MA, US, 02459, ehdream@aol.com","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/1053-0797.18.1.44"
"Journal Article","Children's grief dreams and the theory of spiritual intelligence.","Throughout history, people have reported dreams that have impacted upon their spiritual lives, some of which are related to death. Dreams related to death are not uncommon in childhood, and research shows that some children make meaning from them. Often this interpretation of a dream reflects a search for meaning about issues of life and death, as well as acting as a coping mechanism. This article explores how children make meaning from this type of dream by synthesizing the theory of spiritual intelligence with theoretical approaches to dreaming. Specifically, it explores the intersection between theoretical approaches to dreams related to death, children's responses to these dreams, and a key function of spiritual intelligence to solve problems of meaning and value in life. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)","Adams, Kate;Hyde, Brendan","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2008","","US","18","1","58","67","","","*Dream Content;  *Dreaming;  *Grief;  *Meaning;  *Spirituality; Childhood Development","","2008-02854-006","Adams, Kate: Department of Education Studies, Bishop Grosseteste University College Lincoln, United Kingdom, LN1 3DY, kate.adams@bishopg.ac.uk","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/1053-0797.18.1.58"
"Journal Article","Characteristics of chronic nightmares in a trauma-exposed treatment-seeking sample.","Chronic nightmares pose a significant problem for many individuals affected by trauma. The present study attempts to extend current knowledge on the nature, characteristics, and associated sequelae of chronic nightmares. Data were collected from 94 trauma-exposed, treatment-seeking participants (74 women and 20 men). These data suggest that most participants reported their nightmares to be similar or dissimilar to their traumatic experience rather than exact replications (replicative). Not surprisingly, though, nightmare-related distress was positively related to the degree of similarity between their nightmare and their trauma, with replicative nightmares eliciting the greatest distress. Persons with a current diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) were more likely to report problems related to nightmares and sleep disturbance than persons without current PTSD. Nonetheless, even after controlling for PTSD-related symptomatology, frequency and severity of nightmares significantly predicted some distress outcomes (e.g., poor sleep quality), suggesting that nightmares contribute to psychological distress above and beyond PTSD symptoms. Implications for future research, and for the treatment of nightmares and PTSD, are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved)","Davis, Joanne L.;Byrd, Patricia;Rhudy, Jamie L.;Wright, David C.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2007","","US","17","4","187","198","","","*Nightmares;  *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder;  *Trauma; Chronicity (Disorders); Distress; Health Care Seeking Behavior","","2007-19418-001","Davis, Joanne L.: University of Tulsa, 600 South College Avenue, Tulsa, OK, US, 74104, Joanne-davis@utulsa.edu","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/1053-0797.17.4.187"
"Journal Article","The dreams of women with and without severe emotional behavioral premenstrual symptoms.","Women with severe premenstrual symptoms, who tend to have more mood changes during the late luteal phase of their cycle than do women with few or no symptoms, often complain of having unpleasant dreams. This study examined whether these women experienced more intense negative dream emotions during the late luteal phase of their cycle compared with women with minimal symptoms. It also examined whether there was a relationship between presleep mood and dream affect. Seventeen women participated in the study (9 with severe symptoms, 8 with minimal symptoms). Analyses of variance revealed an increase in negative dream affect and misfortunes during the late luteal phase (p < .05) for both groups. Aggressive interactions occurred only in the dreams of that phase, suggesting an impact of hormonal fluctuations on dreams. The severity of premenstrual symptoms, however, did not have a specific impact on dreams. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)","Wiebe, S. T.;Lamarche, L. J.;Sabourin, C.;Lortie-Lussier, M.;De Koninck, Joseph","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2007","","US","17","4","199","207","","","*Dreaming;  *Emotional Responses;  *Emotional States;  *Menstrual Cycle; Premenstrual Syndrome","","2007-19418-002","De Koninck, Joseph: School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Sleep and Dream Laboratory, 125 University, Ottawa, ON, Canada, K1N 6N5, jdekonin@uottawa.ca","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/1053-0797.17.4.199"
"Journal Article","Predictors of outcome of dream work for East Asian volunteer clients: Dream factors, attachment anxiety, Asian values, and therapist input.","Eighty-eight East Asian volunteers were paired with 6 East Asian therapists who provided low or high input in single-dream sessions. Volunteer clients with poor initial functioning on the target problem associated with their dreams and high self-efficacy for working with dreams profited more from dream sessions than did their counterparts. Although no main effects were found for therapist input, volunteer clients who scored higher on attachment anxiety had better outcome in the low-input condition, whereas clients who scored lower on attachment anxiety had better outcome in the high-input condition. Volunteer clients with lower Asian values evaluated low-input sessions more positively, whereas volunteer clients with higher Asian values evaluated high-input sessions more positively. Implications for dream work and future research are suggested. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Hill, Clara E.;Tien, Hsiu-Lan S.;Sheu, Hung-Bin;Sim, Wonjin;Ma, Yueh-er;Choi, Keum-Hyeong;Tashiro, Ty","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2007","","US","17","4","208","226","","","*Asians;  *Attachment Behavior;  *Dream Analysis;  *Ethnic Values;  *Treatment Outcomes; Anxiety; Psychotherapeutic Processes","","2007-19418-003","Hill, Clara E.: Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, US, 20742, hill@psyc.umd.edu","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/1053-0797.17.4.208"
"Journal Article","What is the story telling? Examining discovery with the storytelling method (TSM) and testing with a control group.","This research tested the storytelling method of dream interpretation (TSM), which expands on previously established methods of interpretation by adding an additional step that involves creating a story after word association is completed. Two studies tested the method, the efficacy of the method, and assessed dreamer discovery. Study 1 revealed a significant relationship between word association and discovery and between the story that was created and discovery. Furthermore, word association significantly predicted discovery in Block 1, but the story added to the prediction of discovery, above word association alone, in Block 2. When testing with a control group, there was a significant difference between the group who interpreted a dream with TSM and those who used the method with association alone. Results reveal a significant difference between the groups, indicating that discovery, insight, and bridging to waking-day circumstances was more likely with TSM when participants used their own dream rather than a dream that was not their own. These findings extend previous research and show that TSM is a brief, effective dream technique that shows therapeutic promise. Limitations and future research are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","DeCicco, Teresa L.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2007","","US","17","4","227","238","","","*Dream Analysis;  *Insight;  *Storytelling; Treatment Effectiveness Evaluation; Word Associations","","2007-19418-004","DeCicco, Teresa L.: Department of Psychology, Trent University, Simcoe 1000, Oshawa, ON, Canada, K9J 7B8, teresadecicco@trentu.ca","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/1053-0797.17.4.227"
"Journal Article","The relationships between dream content and physical health, mood, and self-construal.","Research is presented that examines the relationship among dream content, physical health, mood, and self-construal. Participants were 27 undergraduate students who completed the Medical Outcomes SF-36 Health Survey (SF-36), the Profile of Mood States Scale (POMS-SF), and the Self-Construal Scale (SCS). Each participant handed in four dream reports, which were analyzed according to the Hall and Van de Castle (1966) system of content analysis. Multiple significant correlations were observed between dream content and the SF-36, the POMS-SF, and the SCS. Most notable were the findings between physical health and dream content. Participants displaying poor physical health reported more bodily misfortunes, injuries and illnesses, medical themes, and body parts in their dreams. Findings support continuity between dreams and waking life physical and mental functioning. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","King, David B.;DeCicco, Teresa L.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2007","","US","17","3","127","139","","","*Dream Content;  *Emotional States; Health","","2007-14486-001","King, David B.: 2000 Simcoe Street, Gordon Wiley C304, Oshawa, ON, Canada, L1H 7L7, davidking2@trentu.ca","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/1053-0797.17.3.127"
"Journal Article","Dreaming and insomnia: Polysomnographic correlates of reported dream recall frequency.","This study assesses which polysomnographic variables are associated with changes in reported dream recall frequency in patients meeting diagnostic criteria for primary insomnia. Data analyzed included sleep latency, total sleep time, sleep efficiency, time in REM, time in sleep stages (1&2 vs. 3&4), and periodic limb movement. For the grouping meeting ICD-10 diagnostic criteria for primary insomnia, a significant decrease in dream recall was found compared to the noninsomniac group. A decline in polysomnographic sleep quality was associated with a decline in reported dream or nightmare recall frequency. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Pagel, J. F.;Shocknesse, Shannon","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2007","","US","17","3","140","151","","","*Dream Recall;  *Insomnia;  *Polysomnography;  *Sleep; Nightmares; Rapid Eye Movement","","2007-14486-002","Pagel, J. F.: Rocky Mountain Sleep, 1619 North Greenwood, Pueblo, CO, US, 81003, pueo34@aculink.com","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/1053-0797.17.3.140"
"Journal Article","Students' views on the role of dreams in human life.","The present study was an attempt to investigate the subjectively perceived role of dreams. It examined the private concepts of dreams and dreaming, attitude toward dreams, and the influence of dreams on behavior, which can manifest in sharing dreams with other people, trying to interpret one's own dreams, believing they have special meaning, or behaving according to the clues given by the dream. The sample consisted of 47 participants, students ages 19-20. A structured interview, individually administered, was used. The results indicate interesting relationships between analyzed variables and gender; they also show individual differences in both common notions about dreams and the way dreams can influence other kinds of behavior. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Szmigielska, Barbara;Holda, Malgorzata","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2007","","US","17","3","152","158","","","*Dream Analysis;  *Dreaming;  *Student Attitudes; Behavior","","2007-14486-003","Szmigielska, Barbara: Jagiellonian University, Institute of Psychology, AL Mickiewicza 3, Krakow, Poland, 31-120, upszmigi@if.uj.edu.pl","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/1053-0797.17.3.152"
"Journal Article","Exploring dream work at end of life.","Dream work with the terminally ill is an effective intervention modality. Despite this, it remains an understudied phenomenon. This article will review the literature on the subject in an attempt to make recommendations regarding future research into this methodology. The author explores dream work with patients at end-of-life and contrasts it with dream work with trauma survivors. Complementary and alternative medicine interventions used to support the terminally ill are also surveyed. Hypnotic guided imagery at end of life in particular are examined and compared with dream work methodologies. Benefits from these therapies are outlined, as well as potential problems that practitioners may encounter with their utilization. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Goelitz, Ann","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2007","","US","17","3","159","171","","","*Death and Dying;  *Dream Analysis;  *Emotional Trauma;  *Guided Imagery;  *Terminally Ill Patients; Alternative Medicine; Hypnosis","","2007-14486-004","Goelitz, Ann: 89 Florida Hill Road, Ridgefield, CT, US, 06877, agoelitz@yahoo.com","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/1053-0797.17.3.159"
"Journal Article","Dream emotions, waking emotions, personality characteristics and well-being--A positive psychology approach.","The study aimed to discover whether personality characteristics and waking emotions relate to dreaming emotions. There were 123 participants, ranging in age from 17 to 82 years. It was hypothesized that participants with significant positive emotional trait and state ratings in waking life would experience more positive dreams. Data collection utilized diaries and questionnaires, including Hartmann's Boundary Questionnaire, IPIP Emotional Stability Scale, Staats' Hope Scale, Adult Dispositional Hope Scale, and the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule to assess personality and attitudinal characteristics. Participants recorded and rated their waking and dream emotions over a 3-week period. Median correlations between corresponding waking and dream emotions were .58 for positive emotions and .47 for negative emotions. There were also low, but significant correlations between some personality characteristics and participants' tendency to experience positive or negative emotions in dreams. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved)","Gilchrist, Sue;Davidson, John;Shakespeare-Finch, Jane","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2007","","US","17","3","172","185","","","*Dream Content;  *Dreaming;  *Emotions;  *Personality; Well Being","","2007-14486-005","Gilchrist, Sue: School of Psychology, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 30, Hobart, TAS, Australia, 7001, sag@postoffice.utas.edu.au","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/1053-0797.17.3.172"
"Journal Article","Emotions before, during, and after dreaming sleep.","The aim of this study was to provide a preliminary overview of the emotions before, during, and after dreaming sleep in Chinese people. One hundred Chinese participants were included in the study. Cheerful emotions, including interest, exhilaration, and enjoyment, were pervasive in the collected dreams, although anxiety was also a common type of emotion. Positive correlations were found between the intensities of dream, presleep, and postsleep emotions. Significant reductions in intensity were noted in the analyses of emotions preceding dreaming sleep versus emotions following dreaming sleep. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Yu, Calvin Kai-Ching","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2007","","US","17","2","73","86","","","*Dreaming;  *Emotional Regulation; Emotions","","2007-09283-002","Yu, Calvin Kai-Ching: Department of Counseling and Psychology, Hong Kong Shue Yan University, 10 Wai Tsui Crescent, Braemar Hill Road, North Point, Hong Kong, calyu2000@hotmail.com","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/1053-0797.17.2.73"
"Journal Article","Gravity content in dreams.","Flying and falling dreams are often listed among the most common of dreams. Aside from the pure form, in which the dreamer actually falls or flies, it is frequent to find situations in which the dreamer deals with actions or objects implying gravity functions, that is, climbing, floating through air or water, and going up or down on a ladder or in an elevator. By means of the analysis of 685 dreams of male and female subjects, aged between 10 and 32, we registered various gravity contents (falling, flying, water, climbing, descending, staircase, and elevator) and their interrelations. Results show the presence of these elements in 38.1% of the sampled dreams. The authors focused on the link between gravity contents and other typical elements appearing in the same dream (attack, loss, sexual relationships, the body, performance/exams, and nursing). Results tend to confirm a link between gravity content and sexuality. The results of our research are essentially consistent with the findings of an analysis in DreamBank (http://www.dreambank.net/) of the frequency of words related to gravity in a dreams sample (N=14,193). (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Maggiolini, Alfio;Persico, Anna;Crippa, Franca","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2007","","US","17","2","87","97","","","*Dream Content;  *Dreaming; Meaning","","2007-09283-003","Maggiolini, Alfio: Via Omboni 4, Milano, Italy, 20129, alfio.maggiolini@tin.it","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/1053-0797.17.2.87"
"Journal Article","Dreams of female university students: Content analysis and the relationship to discovery via the Ullman method.","This study extended the research on the dreams of students by examining the actual content of female students' dreams and to what extent the content related to discovery via the Ullman method. Further analyses were conducted to examine what content categories significantly predicted discovery. Participants were 56 female undergraduate students who provided a dream and participated in the Ullman method of group interpretation. Dream content was analyzed via the Hall and Van de Castle method of content analysis. Many significant correlations were observed among dream content categories, discovery categories, and dream content and discovery categories together. Findings were representative of the sample being examined and provided evidence of the continuity hypothesis. Results both support and extend previous research on the dreams of students. Furthermore, specific categories of dream content were found to significantly predict discovery categories. Limitations and future directions are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","DeCicco, Teresa L.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2007","","US","17","2","98","112","","","*Content Analysis;  *Dream Analysis;  *Dream Content;  *Dreaming; College Students; Human Females","","2007-09283-004","DeCicco, Teresa L.: Department of Psychology, Trent University, OC 139, Peterborough, ON, Canada, teresadecicco@trentu.ca","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/1053-0797.17.2.98"
"Journal Article","Representation of the self in REM and NREM dreams.","The authors hypothesized that representations of the Self (or the dreamer) in dreams would change systematically, from a prereflective form of Self to more complex forms, as a function of both age and sleep state (REM vs. non-REM). These hypotheses were partially confirmed. While the authors found that all the self-concept-related dream content indexes derived from the Hall/Van de Castle dream content scoring system did not differ significantly between the dreams of children and adults, adult Selves were more likely to engage in 'successful' social interactions. The Self never acted as aggressor in NREM dream states and was almost always the befriender in friendly interactions in NREM dreams. Conversely, the REM-related dream Self preferred aggressive encounters. Our results suggests that while prereflective forms of Self are the norm in children's dreams, two highly complex forms of Self emerge in REM and NREM dreams. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","McNamara, Patrick;McLaren, Deirdre;Durso, Kate","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2007","","US","17","2","113","126","","","*Age Differences;  *Dream Content;  *Dreaming;  *NREM Sleep;  *REM Dreams; Ego Identity; Self-Concept","19169371","2007-09283-005","McNamara, Patrick: Department of Neurology (127), VA Boston Healthcare System, 150 South Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, US, 02130, mcnamar@bu.edu","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/1053-0797.17.2.113"
"Journal Article","Bicultural dreaming as an intersubjective communicative process.","Research in the human sciences has undergone a radical shift in perspective from considering the world as a collection of objects (objectivity) or subjects (subjectivity) to understanding the world as a set of dialogical processes and psychodynamic relationships (intersubjectivity). Likewise, the ethnography of dreaming has changed from a simple gathering, arrangement, interpretation, and statistical comparison of dreams into an intersubjective dialogical communicative and interpretive process. Today, a number of fieldworkers collecting information on dreaming share their own dreams, associations, and interpretations with their subjects, and because of these sociolinguistic practices, they are becoming bicultural. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Tedlock, Barbara","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2007","","US","17","2","57","72","","","*Cross Cultural Communication;  *Dreaming; Ethnography","","2007-09283-001","Tedlock, Barbara: 209 Double Arrow Road, Santa Fe, NM, US, 87505, tedlockb@buffalo.edu","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/1053-0797.17.2.57"
"Journal Article","Interpersonal content of dreams in relation to the process and outcome of single sessions using the Hill Dream Model.","The authors coded 67 dreams into 5 categories for interpersonal content (7 positive, 20 negative, 9 agency, 16 nightmares, and 15 noninterpersonal); an additional 90 dreams were excluded because they had multiple or ambiguous interpersonal themes. The authors then compared the process (client involvement and therapist competence) and outcome (insight gains, action gains, session evaluation, and change in target problems) of dream sessions in which therapists used the Hill model for the 5 different types of dreams. Process and outcome were better for clients who presented positive, agency, and noninterpersonal dreams than for clients who presented negative dreams and nightmares. Implications for practice and research are presented. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved)","Hill, Clara E.;Spangler, Patricia;Sim, Wonjin;Baumann, Ellen","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2007","","US","17","1","1","19","","","*Dream Analysis;  *Dream Content;  *Dreaming; Therapeutic Processes","","2007-04668-001","Hill, Clara E.: Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, US, 20742, hill@psyc.umd.edu","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/1053-0797.17.1.1"
"Journal Article","Dreaming and unilateral brain lesions: A multiple lesion case analysis.","Lesions causing cessation of dreaming are thought to be more frequently left hemispheric than right hemispheric. However, reports of this phenomenon have not excluded epileptic cases and have not reported handedness, etiology of the lesion, lesion location, comorbidity, gender, age, and so forth, on a case-by-case basis. Some authors were also concerned about aphasia being a cause of dream loss and its lateralization, but they never measured its impact statistically. The present investigation reviews cases of post lesion dream cessation that answered to strict criteria for testing hemispheric lateralization and the effect of aphasia on it. In the 31 subjects, left hemisphere lesions were significantly more frequent than right, as predicted, but the left hemisphere lesions were very often associated with aphasia. Nonaphasic cases of total dream loss had lesions equally often in the right and in the left hemisphere. It is proposed that aphasia deprives patients of a second dream-encoding system, which is important enough to induce amnesia of dream occurrence. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Dumont, Mathieu;Braun, Claude M. J.;Guimond, Anik","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2007","","US","17","1","20","34","","","*Aphasia;  *Dreaming; Lateral Dominance","","2007-04668-002","Braun, Claude M. J.: Centre de Neurosciences Cognitives, Universite du Quebec a Montreal, Casier Postal 8888, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montreal, PQ, Canada, H3C 3P8, braun.claude@uqam.ca","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/1053-0797.17.1.20"
"Journal Article","Tone induction of ocular activity and dream imagery from stage 2 sleep.","Currently, there is debate as to whether ponto-geniculo-occipital (PGO) waves or the resulting cortical arousal associated with such neural activity constitute the biological substrate of dreaming. The present study aimed to induce PGO activity in humans using an external stimulation technique. Participants (N = 15) were presented with tones (1,000 Hz) of increasing intensity during Stage II and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. A peizosensor fixed to the eyelid captured ocular activity (OA) as an indicator of PGO activity in response to the tone. Compared to the stimulation, the Stage II control condition with no Stage II tone-induced ocular activity (OA) condition showed: a) more imagery reports that were rated as more vivid, and b) more electroencephalogram (EEG) arousal time. EEG arousal was correlated with the average Stage II imagery across participants. None of these findings were observed from REM sleep. It was concluded that investigation of PGO analogues, or even PGO activity itself, and dreaming might be inherently flawed due to the confounding presence of EEG arousal, as the two may be intimately linked. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved)","Fedyszyn, Isabella E.;Conduit, Russell","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2007","","US","17","1","35","47","","","*Dreaming;  *Imagery;  *Rapid Eye Movement; REM Sleep","","2007-04668-003","Conduit, Russell: School of Psychology, Psychiatry and Psychological Medicine, Monash University, Caulfied Campus, 900 Dandenong Road, Caulfield East, Melbourne, VIC, Australia, 3145, russell.conduit@med.monash.edu.au","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/1053-0797.17.1.35"
"Journal Article","Color and communication in the dreams of hearing and deaf persons.","Research suggests that the experiences recollected from the dreams of persons who are deaf or who have hearing loss reflect their personal background and circumstances. However, this literature also indicated that few studies have surveyed the occurrence of color and communication styles. Individual differences in the perception of color and affect were especially noted. These differences appeared dependent upon whether the impairment was congenital or acquired. In this study, 24 deaf persons and a person with hearing loss who use American Sign Language (ASL) were compared to a sample of hearing persons regarding colors and communication occurring in their dreams. Both groups were found to communicate in dreams as they do in life, deaf persons and person with hearing loss by signing, and hearing persons by speech. The deaf persons and a person with hearing loss experienced more color and more vividness, and the time of onset for a hearing impairment showed differences among persons with hearing loss. The findings also suggest that utilizing dreams as therapeutic material when treating persons with hearing loss and nonimpaired persons may have clinical utility. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)","Gilliland, Jeffrey;Stone, Mark","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2007","","US","17","1","48","56","","","*Color Perception;  *Communication;  *Deafness;  *Dreaming;  *Individual Differences; Sign Language","","2007-04668-004","Stone, Mark: Adler School of Professional Psychology, 65 East Wackler Place, Suite 2100, Chicago, IL, US, 60601, markhstone2@sbcglobal.net","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/1053-0797.17.1.48"
"Journal Article","Dream content: Reflections of the emotional and psychological states of earthquake survivors.","This study investigated dream narratives as reflections of the emotional and psychological states of earthquake survivors. Dreams and dreams imagery have reportedly been affected by the emotional and psychological trauma that the dreamer goes through. Dream narratives and dream content ratings used in earlier studies were utilized in this study. Narratives and content ratings were obtained from a sample of 27 volunteer survivors of the October 8, 2005 earthquake in Pakistan (Azad Kashmir area) and 27 volunteer controls from similar demographics. Three independent raters judged the dream narratives and dream content ratings. The judges rating were highly congruent (86.05). Findings revealed that the survivor group had more vivid, unpleasant, horrifying, and hostile dreams compared with the control group. However, there were no significant gender differences. The data suggest that a closer study of dreams can be used to understand the underlying trauma for effective interventions. In addition, interesting emergence of recurrent dreams was seen, which will be independently studied in future. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Najam, Najma;Mansoor, Abeer;Kanwal, Rabia Hussain;Naz, Sajida","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2006","","US","16","4","237","245","","","*Dream Content;  *Dreaming;  *Emotional Trauma;  *Natural Disasters;  *Survivors; Narratives","","2006-23055-001","Najam, Najma: Fatima Jinnah Women University, The Mall, Rawalpindi, Pakistan, fjwu@isb.comsats.net.pk","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/1053-0797.16.4.237"
"Journal Article","Dream interpretation sessions for college students in Taiwan: Who benefits and what volunteer clients view as most and least helpful.","The purpose of the study was to assess the reliability and validity of the Chinese version of the Attitudes Toward Dream measure (ATD) and examine the outcome of dream interpretation for college students in Taiwan. In a sample of 574 college students, factor analysis revealed a single factor for the ATD-Chinese. In the second stage, 60 volunteer clients were assigned randomly to an experimental or control condition. Significant differences were found between experimental and control conditions for postsession ATD-Chinese scores. Initial attitudes toward dreams did not influence perceived gains from dream sessions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Tien, Hsiu-Lan Shelley;Lin, Chia-Huei;Chen, Shu-Chi","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2006","","US","16","4","246","257","","","*Dream Analysis;  *Dreaming;  *Test Reliability;  *Test Validity; College Students; Student Attitudes","","2006-23055-002","Tien, Hsiu-Lan Shelley: Department of Educational Psychology and Counseling, National Taiwan Normal University, 162 Hoping E. Road Sec. 1, Taipei, Taiwan, 10610, lantien@ntnu.edu.tw","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/1053-0797.16.4.246"
"Journal Article","The influence of impactful dreams on self-perceptual depth and spiritual transformation.","Two studies contrasted the short-term effects of nightmares, existential dreams, and transcendent dreams (Busink & Kuiken, 1996; Kuiken & Sikora, 1993). Results from Study 1 indicated that existential dreams were more likely than mundane dreams, transcendent dreams, or nightmares to be followed by reported self-perceptual depth; also, transcendent dreams were more likely than mundane dreams, existential dreams, or nightmares to be followed by reported spiritual transformation. Results from Study 2 replicated these findings for existential dreams, indicating also that the type of spiritual transformation associated with transcendent dreams involved an ecstatic sense of release from everyday entanglements. Both existential dreams and transcendent dreams moved the dreamer toward an unbounded sense of life in all things, as did lucid forms of all three dream types. Such unbounded enlivenment suggests an aesthetic substrate to the changes induced by each of these dream types. The contrasting short-term effects of impactful dream types may require integration into a comprehensive model of long-term dream function. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Kuiken, Don;Lee, Ming-Ni;Eng, Tracy;Singh, Terry","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2006","","US","16","4","258","279","","","*Dream Analysis;  *Dream Content;  *Nightmares;  *Self-Perception;  *Spirituality; Existentialism","","2006-23055-003","Kuiken, Don: Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, P-217 Biological Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB, Canada, T6G 2E9, dkuiken@ualberta.ca","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/1053-0797.16.4.258"
"Journal Article","Efficacy of imagery rehearsal treatment related to specialized populations: A case study and brief report.","This brief report examines the impact of imagery rehearsal treatment (IRT) on a 10-year-old boy with mild mental retardation and psychiatric illness. There is relatively little published information on the use of IRT to treat nightmares in children. The results in this case are consistent with reports of positive results from IRT in other studies with different populations. The findings in this study suggest that the limitations of IRT may not yet be known, and controlled studies with various populations are needed. This article also examines other factors present in this particular case that did not seem to impact the outcome, hence providing IRT with a robust appearance. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Peirce, John T.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2006","","US","16","4","280","285","","","*Imagery;  *Nightmares;  *Practice;  *Treatment Outcomes; Mental Disorders; Intellectual Development Disorder","","2006-23055-004","Peirce, John T.: Southwood Psychiatric Hospital, 311 Station Street, Bridgeville, PA, US, 15017-1843, john.peirce@yfcs.com","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/1053-0797.16.4.280"
"Journal Article","Nightmare frequency as a function of age, gender, and September 11, 2001: Findings from an Internet questionnaire.","Retrospective estimates of nightmare frequency for a sample of 23,990 respondents to an Internet questionnaire (female: N = 19,367, mean age = 24.9 ± 10.14 years; male: N = 4,623; mean age = 25.5 ± 10.81) were evaluated as a function of age, gender, and pre- versus post-September 11, 2001. Female respondents reported more frequent monthly nightmares (4.44 ± 6.71) than did male respondents (3.39 ± 6.07), and this result was seen for all age strata younger than 60. Also, for female respondents, nightmare frequency increased from ages 10-19 to 20-39 then decreased monotonically to ages 50-59. For male respondents, nightmare frequency was stable from ages 10-19 to 30-39 then decreased to ages 50-59. An increase in nightmare frequency was observed post-September 11 only for male respondents-particularly for 10- to 29-year-olds. This increase was sustained 2 years later. These effects were maintained when dream recall was held constant. Results replicate, in a single sample, previously published gender and age effects and provide new evidence that the nightmares of males may be differentially sensitive to traumatic events for which victims and/or perpetrators are primarily male. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)","Nielsen, Tore A.;Stenstrom, Philippe;Levin, Ross","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2006","","US","16","3","145","158","","","*Age Differences;  *Human Sex Differences;  *Insomnia;  *Nightmares; Terrorism","","2006-11853-001","Nielsen, Tore A.: Dream & Nightmare Laboratory, Hopital du Sacre-Coeur de Montreal, 5400 Gouin Boulevard West, Montreal, PQ, Canada, H4J 1C5, tore.nielsen@umontreal.ca","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/1053-0797.16.3.145"
"Journal Article","Prediction of session process and outcome in the Hill dream model: Contributions of client characteristics and the process of the three stages.","Forty-two therapists trained in the C. E. Hill dream model (1996, 2004a) conducted single dream sessions with 157 volunteer clients. Clients who profited most from dream sessions had poor initial functioning on the problem reflected in the dream, positive attitudes toward dreams, salient dreams, low initial insight into the dream, and poor initial action ideas related to the dream. When initial stages of the session were evaluated positively, later stages were also evaluated positively. Process (therapist competence/adherence and client involvement) was positively related to session outcome. Perspective also influenced the findings, such that clients', therapists', and judges' perceptions of process related to their own, but not others', evaluations of process and session outcome. Implications of findings for dream work and research are presented. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Hill, Clara E.;Crook-Lyon, Rachel E.;Hess, Shirley A.;Goates-Jones, Melissa;Roffman, Melissa;Stahl, Jessica;Sim, Wonjin;Johnson, Mark","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2006","","US","16","3","159","185","","","*Client Characteristics;  *Dream Analysis;  *Dream Content; Models","","2006-11853-002","Hill, Clara E.: Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, US, 20742, hill@psyc.umd.edu","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/1053-0797.16.3.159"
"Journal Article","Facilitating dream recall in Chinese people.","The aim of this study was to examine the frequency of dream recall in Chinese people and to develop nonintrusive procedures to facilitate dream recall. Guidelines for remembering dreams (dream recall instructions) were established based on a review of the existing literature on dream recall and its associated factors. The efficacy of the dream recall experience was explored using this procedure in neurologically healthy individuals. One hundred seventy Chinese participants were included in the study: 100 received the dream recall instructions, and 70 did not. The recall instructions were shown to be effective in triggering dream recall in the participants. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Yu, Calvin Kai-Ching","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2006","","US","16","3","186","195","","","*Cued Recall; Dream Recall","","2006-11853-003","Yu, Calvin Kai-Ching: Department of Counselling and Psychology, Hong Kong Shue Yan College, 10 Wai Tsui Crescent, Braemar Hill Road, North Point, Hong Kong, calyu2000@hotmail.com","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/1053-0797.16.3.186"
"Journal Article","Self-awareness in dreaming.","The process by which self-awareness or subjective experience (consciousness) is maintained has been conceptually and phenomenologically associated primarily with the waking state. In the present study the authors investigate, through introspective reports, the existence and variety of self-awareness in dreaming and whether this phenomenon could, under certain conditions, be distinguished into primary and reflective consciousness. For consistency with theory and dreaming research, instead of reflective consciousness we used the term 'reflective awareness.' Findings indicate that self-awareness in dreaming can be found in its both primary and reflective modes. Phenomenologically, primary consciousness exists in four basic modalities: perceptual, experiential, cognitive, and memory-based recognition. Expressions of these primary consciousness modalities are accessible through introspective interviews during waking. Based on participants' statements, reflective consciousness (awareness) in dreaming was initiated by noticing positive and negative feelings and by personally defined oddities. These findings point to a possible oscillation between primary and reflective consciousness in dreaming. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Kozmová, Miloslava;Wolman, Richard N.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2006","","US","16","3","196","214","","","*Awareness;  *Consciousness States;  *Dreaming; Self-Perception","","2006-11853-004","Kozmová, Miloslava: 72 Westland Avenue, Apartment 101, Boston, MA, US, 02115, kozmova@post.harvard.edu","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/1053-0797.16.3.196"
"Journal Article","Significant dreams: Repositioning the self narrative.","In this article the authors argue that the study of the ongoing significance of significant dreams necessarily goes beyond quantitative methods for analyzing dream content to a qualitative study of how the dream experience influences the dreamer's meaning-making processes. A set of concepts from narrative psychology is introduced as being potentially valuable in this regard. A case study is presented to illustrate how the significant dream may serve as a catalyst for repositioning the dreamer's self narrative relative to a cultural master narrative. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Knudson, Roger M.;Adame, Alexandra L.;Finocan, Gillian M.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2006","","US","16","3","215","222","","","*Archetypes;  *Dream Analysis;  *Dream Content;  *Meaning;  *Narratives; Memory","","2006-11853-005","Knudson, Roger M.: Department of Psychology, Miami University, Oxford, OH, US, 45056, knudsorm@muohio.edu","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/1053-0797.16.3.215"
"Journal Article","Sleep and dream patterns of political liberals and conservatives.","In this study the author examined the dreams of American liberals and conservatives to highlight patterns that might correlate with their opposing political views. A total of 234 participants (134 self-described liberals and 100 self-described conservatives) completed a lengthy sleep and dream survey, and their answers revealed several notable patterns. People of both political persuasions shared a common substrate of basic human sleep and dream experience. Conservatives slept somewhat more soundly, with fewer remembered dreams. Liberals were more restless in their sleep and had a more active and varied dream life. In contrast to a previous study, liberals reported a somewhat greater proportion of bad dreams and nightmares. Consistent with earlier research, the dreams of conservatives were more mundane, whereas the dreams of liberals were more bizarre. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Bulkeley, Kelly","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2006","","US","16","3","223","235","","","*Dream Content;  *Political Conservatism;  *Political Liberalism;  *Politics;  *Sleep; Nightmares","","2006-11853-006","Bulkeley, Kelly: The Graduate Theological Union, and Program in Dream Studies, John F. Kennedy University, 226 Amherst Avenue, Kensington, CA, US, 94708, kellybulkeley@earthlink.net","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/1053-0797.16.3.223"
"Journal Article","The effect of trauma on dream content--A field study of Palestinian children.","In the present study, we compared the frequency and intensity of threatening events in the dreams of traumatized and nontraumatized Palestinian children. The aim of the study was to test some of the predictions and hypotheses derived from the Threat Simulation Theory proposing an evolutionary function for dreaming. Most, but not all, of our hypotheses were supported by the findings. We discuss the results in the light of the Threat Simulation Theory, and we also consider whether alternative theories of dream function are able to account for them. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)","Valli, Katja;Revonsuo, Antti;Pälkäs, Outi;Punamäki, Raija-Leena","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2006","","US","16","2","63","87","","","*Dream Content;  *Dreaming;  *Emotional Trauma;  *Threat; Evolutionary Psychology; Nightmares; Theory of Evolution; War","","2006-09527-001","Valli, Katja: Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Turku, FI-20014, Turku, Finland, katja.valli@utu.fi","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/1053-0797.16.2.63"
"Journal Article","Psychophysiological correlates of lucid dreaming.","The main goal of the present study was to explore electrophysiological differences between lucid and nonlucid dreams in REM sleep. Seven men and four women experienced in lucid dreaming underwent polysomnographic recordings in the sleep laboratory on two consecutive nights. EEG signals were subjected to spectral analysis to obtain five different frequency bands between 1 and 20 Hz. Lucidity was determined by both subjective dream reports and eye-movement signals made by the subjects in response to light stimuli indicating a REM period. The main discrimination factor between lucid and nonlucid dreaming was found in the beta-1 frequency band (13-19 Hz), which in lucid dreaming was increased in both parietal regions. The ratio of frontal to parietal beta-1 activity was 1 to 1.16 in nonlucid and 1 to 1.77 in lucid dreaming. A tendency towards the greatest increase was observed in the left parietal lobe (P3), an area of the brain considered to be related to semantic understanding and self-awareness. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Holzinger, Brigitte;LaBerge, Stephen;Levitan, Lynne","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2006","","US","16","2","88","95","","","*Electrical Activity;  *Electroencephalography;  *Lucid Dreaming;  *Psychophysiology; Evoked Potentials; REM Sleep","","2006-09527-002","Holzinger, Brigitte: Canongasse 13/1, Vienna, Austria, A-1180, brigitte.holzinger@chello.at","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/1053-0797.16.2.88"
"Journal Article","Video game play and lucid dreams: Implications for the development of consciousness.","The improvement of various cognitive skills associated with video game play has been well documented; however, the development of consciousness implications have not been considered. In the present study several potential indicators of consciousness development, including and especially lucid dreaming frequency, were examined as a function of video game play. In the first study, high video game players were more likely to report lucid dreams, observer dreams, and dream control when dream recall frequency and motion disorientation during play were controlled. There were no similar differences in other consciousness development indices. In the second study, a slightly different pattern of results occurred because of respondents all being frequent players. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Gackenbach, Jayne","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2006","","US","16","2","96","110","","","*Computer Games;  *Consciousness States; Lucid Dreaming","","2006-09527-003","Gackenbach, Jayne: Department of Psychology, Grant MacEwan College, 6-394, 10700-104 Avenue, Edmonton, AB, Canada, T5J 4S2, gackenbachj@macewan.ca","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/1053-0797.16.2.96"
"Journal Article","Cognitive differences in dream content and boundary structure between Asian and Pacific Islander Americans and European Americans using quantitative content analysis.","Cognitive differences in boundary thickness and dream content were investigated in Asian and Pacific Islander American and European American undergraduates (N=30). Participants completed Hartmann's Boundary Questionnaire and kept dream journals for 4 weeks. Eleven dream reports per participant (330 total dream reports) were scored using Hall-Van de Castle's System of Content Analysis and the Bizarreness Scoring System. The Asian and Pacific Islander Americans scored thicker than the European Americans on the Boundary Questionnaire. They also showed trends toward shorter dream reports that were more dense (i.e., increased dream elements per dream length), with less fragility. Differences in dream bizarreness and verbs were nonsignificant, but did yield medium effect sizes. These results are discussed in terms of underlying cultural and cognitive differences. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Tartz, Robert S.;Baker, Richard C.;Krippner, Stanley","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2006","","US","16","2","111","128","","","*Boundaries (Psychological);  *Consciousness States;  *Cross Cultural Differences;  *Dream Content;  *Racial and Ethnic Differences; Asians; Dreaming; Pacific Islanders","","2006-09527-004","Tartz, Robert S.: 2062 Gabrielle Glen, Escondido, CA, US, 92029, RTartz@cox.net","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/1053-0797.16.2.111"
"Journal Article","Greek and Egyptian dreams in two Ptolemaic archives: Individual and cultural layers of meaning.","A cultural comparison is made of dreams in the archives of an Egyptian (Hor) and a Greek (Ptolemaios) in second-century BCE Egypt. The content of the dreams is discussed with reference to actual events in the lives of the dreamers as known from their archives and to ancient Greek and Egyptian dream books. The possible social phenomena which might account for differences and similarities between the dreams are discussed. It is found that the dreams in Hor's archive generally reveal a stronger cultural layer with a deep immersion in a specifically Egyptian environment. In contrast, those in Ptolemaios' archive generally have a stronger individual layer and are more concerned with personal struggles reflecting social and economic factors. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Shushan, Gregory","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2006","","US","16","2","129","142","","","*Cross Cultural Differences;  *Dream Content;  *Dreaming;  *Meaning;  *Sociocultural Factors; History; Social Influences","","2006-09527-005","Shushan, Gregory: Department of Theology and Religious Studies, University of Wales, Lampeter, College Street, Lampeter Ceredigion, Wales, SA48 7ED, g.shushan@lamp.ac.uk","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/1053-0797.16.2.129"
"Journal Article","The impact of insomnia and sleep disturbances on depression and suicidality.","Previous research has demonstrated an association between suicidality and sleep, suggesting that sleep disturbances may exacerbate mood dysregulation in participants suffering from mood disorders. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of sleep disturbances and insomnia on depression and suicidality in a nontreatment seeking sample of college students. Results indicated that insomnia and nightmares were significant predictors of symptoms of depression, while only nightmares significantly predicted suicidal ideation. Further analysis indicated that participants with elevated scores on insomnia, nightmares, or both experienced differing levels of depression and suicidal ideation. Future directions and treatment implications are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved)","Cukrowicz, Kelly C.;Otamendi, Ainhoa;Pinto, Jennifer V.;Bernert, Rebecca A.;Krakow, Barry;Joiner Jr., Thomas E.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2006","","US","16","1","1","10","","","*Insomnia;  *Major Depression;  *Nightmares;  *Suicidal Ideation;  *Sleep Wake Disorders; Dreaming; Sleep; Suicidality","","2006-04243-001","Cukrowicz, Kelly C.: Duke University Medical Center, 114 Civitan Building, 2213 Elba Street, Durham, NC, US, 27710, kelly.cukrowicz@duke.edu","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/1053-0797.16.1.1"
"Journal Article","Revision of the good fortune scale: A new tool for the study of 'big dreams.'","This article proposes a revision of the good fortune (GF) scale of the Hall and Van de Castle (HVDC; 1966) content analysis scoring system. In place of the original one-point GF scale, this proposed revision offers a 6-point scale that conceptually matches the HVDC system's 6 types of misfortune. The GF scale is then applied to the 1000 HVDC norm dreams to generate a new estimation of the average frequency of the 6 types of good fortune. These findings are discussed in relation to the study of highly memorable and impactful dreams, what C. G. Jung (1948/1979) called 'big dreams.' The new GF scale strengthens the ability of the HVDC system to contribute to the interdisciplinary study of those rare but unusually significant types of dreams. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Bulkeley, Kelly","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2006","","US","16","1","11","21","","","*Content Analysis;  *Dream Analysis;  *Dream Content;  *Dreaming;  *Rating Scales; Psychoanalytic Theory","","2006-04243-002","Bulkeley, Kelly: 226 Amherst Ave., Kensington, CA, US, 94708, kellybulkeley@earthlink.net","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/1053-0797.16.1.11"
"Journal Article","The effects of a two-week reflection-intention training program on lucid dream recall.","Previous research in the field of lucid dreams has produced several techniques which are claimed to be a means of inducing lucid dreams, but there have been only a small number of reported studies which have evaluated their effectiveness. The present study investigated the effects of one of the most promising of these, the reflection-intention technique, which is specifically designed to increase the frequency of dream and lucid dream recall. The sample here consisted of 20 participants whose frequencies of normal dream recall and lucid dream recall were recorded before, during and after a two week training program by using a dream questionnaire and a dream journal: A one-way repeated measures analysis of variance showed a significant increase in both dream recall frequency (F2,38 = 22.09, p2,38 = 5.96, p<.05). Because there are some reservations concerning the small sample size and a possible subject bias, the findings here concerning the efficiency of the lucid dream induction program are regarded as only suggestive. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Paulsson, Timo;Parker, Adrian","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2006","","US","16","1","22","35","","","*Awareness;  *Dream Content;  *Dream Recall;  *Dreaming; Lucid Dreaming","","2006-04243-003","Parker, Adrian: Department of Psychology, University of Goteborg, Box 500, Goteborg, Sweden, SE 405 30, adrian.parker@psy.gu.se","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/1053-0797.16.1.22"
"Journal Article","Do we dream in color? Cultural variations and skepticism.","In the United States, the rise and fall of the opinion that we dream in black and white coincided with the rise and fall of black and white film media over the course of the 20th century, suggesting that our opinions about the coloration of our dreams are subject to cultural influences. This study generalizes that conclusion cross-culturally. Three groups of Chinese respondents, similar in age but differing in history of colored media exposure, were given questionnaires replicating those of Middleton (1942) and Schwitzgebel (2003). As expected, the groups with longer histories of colored media exposure reported more colored dreaming. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Schwitzgebel, Eric;Huang, Changbing;Zhou, Yifeng","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2006","","US","16","1","36","42","","","*Color;  *Cross Cultural Differences;  *Dream Content;  *Dreaming;  *Sociocultural Factors; Mass Media; Skepticism","","2006-04243-004","Schwitzgebel, Eric: Department of Philosophy, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, CA, US, 92521, eschwitz@ucr.edu","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/1053-0797.16.1.36"
"Journal Article","Anorexia dreaming: A case study.","A case study is presented focusing on a dream of a severely anorectic woman. The dream occurred at a point when the disorder had become life threatening. The dream is discussed in terms of its significance in the dreamer's experience, its implications for the use of dreams in psychotherapy, and its relevance for the broader literature on psychopathology and dreams. Archetypal psychology's aesthetic, and phenomenological approach to dreams is presented as a framework for understanding the ongoing significance of significant dreams such as the one presented here. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Knudson, Roger M.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2006","","US","16","1","43","52","","","*Anorexia Nervosa;  *Dream Analysis;  *Dream Content;  *Dreaming; Archetypes; Jungian Psychology; Psychopathology","","2006-04243-005","Knudson, Roger M.: Department of Psychology, Miami University, Oxford, OH, US, 45056, knudsorm@muohio.edu","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/1053-0797.16.1.43"
"Journal Article","A relationship between nightmare content and somatic stimuli in a sleep-disordered population: A preliminary study.","This study aimed to examine the influence of specific sleep disorders on dream content. The authors hypothesized that: (a) waking somatic concerns influence dream content and (b) somatic stimulation associated with specific sleep disorders influence dream content items. The subjects (N = 124) were included if they demonstrated obstructive sleep apnea, narcolepsy, an EEG arousal disorder during sleep, or periodic leg movements during sleep (PLMS), based on standard polysomnography. The 42-item Wahler Physical Symptom Inventory was used to quantify somatic concerns. Dream content and frequency was assessed with a 37-item Dream Questionnaire. Ten symptom-dream pairs were selected as mutually relevant and subjected to chi-square analysis. 84.6% of all subjects reported having bad dreams (N = 105). A significant proportion of patients who complain of excessive perspiration dream about perspiring, and significant proportions of those who report difficulty breathing while awake dream about feelings of choking and suffocation. Recurring dreams and dreams of paralysis are significantly more prominent in patients with narcolepsy. Patients with sleep apnea do not dream of choking/feelings of suffocation with greater frequency than nonapneics. These findings suggest that somatic stimulation associated with specific sleep disorders appears to have an inconsistent influence on certain dream content items. Furthermore, dream mentation appears to feature waking concerns, rather that being related to events associated with during sleep disorders. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)","MacFarlane, J. G.;Wilson, T. L.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2006","","US","16","1","53","59","","","*Dream Content;  *Nightmares;  *Sleep;  *Somatization;  *Sleep Wake Disorders; Dreaming; Symptoms","","2006-04243-006","MacFarlane, J. G.: The Centre for Sleep and Chronobiology, 340 College Street, Suite 580, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5T3A9, j.macfarlane@utoronto.ca","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/1053-0797.16.1.53"
"Journal Article","Gender role conflict and the process and outcome of dream work with men.","The current study evaluated how men with variable levels of gender role conflict responded to single-session, therapist-facilitated dream work using the C. E. Hill (1996, 2004) model of dream work. Overall, men reported positive benefits from participating in the dream session, similar to data in other studies. Men who reported higher gender role conflict on the Gender Role Conflict Scale discussed related gender role conflict themes during dream work, although gender role conflict was not related to session outcome. Reasons for these results are explored, and ideas for future research are suggested. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Rochlen, Aaron B.;Hill, Clara E.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2005","","US","15","4","227","239","","","*Dream Analysis;  *Human Males;  *Models;  *Role Conflicts;  *Sex Roles; Psychotherapeutic Processes","","2006-01348-001","Rochlen, Aaron B.: Department of Educational Psychology, University of Texas, 1 University Station, Austin, TX, US, 78712, aaron.rochlen@mail.utexas.edu","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/1053-0797.15.4.227"
"Journal Article","Reliability and stability of dream recall frequency.","Although a large number of studies investigating factors affecting dream recall frequency (DRF) have been carried out, research investigating the reliability and stability of DRF is scarce. Dream diaries of 196 participants kept over at least 28 days were analyzed. The results of the present study indicate that a time period of 2 weeks was sufficient to obtain reliable measurements of interindividual differences in DRF. Despite the high day-to-day fluctuations of dream recall, the stability of this variable was very high. Studies that investigate the stability of DRF by means of other methodological approaches (e.g., questionnaire scales, laboratory awakenings) and over longer time periods (e.g., 1 year) should be carried out to complement the present findings. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Schredl, Michael;Fulda, Stephany","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2005","","US","15","4","240","244","","","*Dream Recall;  *Methodology;  *Statistical Reliability; Written Communication","","2006-01348-002","Schredl, Michael: Sleep Laboratory, Central Institute of Mental Health, PO Box 12 21 20, Mannheim, Germany, 68072, schredl@as200.zi-mannheim.de","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/1053-0797.15.4.240"
"Journal Article","Sleep paralysis-associated sensed presence as a possible manifestation of social anxiety.","Sensed presence (PRES), the illusory, often fearful impression of someone being present, is the most frequent type of imagery accompanying isolated sleep paralysis (ISP). Because of numerous similarities between PRES and social anxiety, the authors hypothesized that individuals who reported having had PRES during ISP would have higher levels of social anxiety than would either subjects who reported ISP without PRES or controls with neither experience. Forty-five university students (16 ISP + PRES, 10 ISP, 19 controls) were administered validated questionnaires measuring social anxiety, depression, and specific phobias. A one-way analysis of variance revealed that ISP + PRES subjects had higher social anxiety than ISP subjects ( p = .013). The effect size for this analysis was large (.598). However, an analysis of covariance controlling for depression and specific phobias revealed a smaller intergroup difference (effect size = .464), a finding apparently due to elevated depression scores among ISP + PRES subjects (p < .001) rather than to differences in severity of phobias (ns). (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved)","Simard, Valérie;Nielsen, Tore A.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2005","","US","15","4","245","260","","","*Hallucinations;  *Sleep;  *Social Anxiety;  *Social Phobia; Sleep Wake Disorders","","2006-01348-003","Nielsen, Tore A.: Dream and Nightmare Laboratory, Hopital du Sacre-Coeur de Montreal, 5400 Boulevard Gouin Ouest, Montreal, PQ, Canada, H4J 1C5, tore.nielsen@umontreal.ca","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/1053-0797.15.4.245"
"Journal Article","A method for recognizing and describing the links among dream sources.","A method is described for the identification of possible links among dream sources and the study of their possible significance. The analysis is based on the automatic recognition of word root recurrences in text files, including dream reports and associations. Two tools are then applied: graph representation and grammar analysis. Graph representation of the detected links provides a quantitative description of some of their basic features. Grammar changes for recurrent word roots can imply remarkable context changes. A plausible explanation of the identified context changes can evidence interesting phenomena connected to the significance of links among dream sources. Two examples of application of the method are given, 1 taken from the literature and the other from sleep lab data. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Barcaro, Umberto;Cavallero, Corrado;Navona, Carlo","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2005","","US","15","4","271","287","","","*Associative Processes;  *Dream Analysis;  *Dream Content;  *Dreaming;  *Methodology; Grammar; Graphical Displays","","2006-01348-005","Barcaro, Umberto: Istituto di Scienza e Tecnologie dell'Informazione, C.N.R., Area della Ricerca, Via Moruzzi 1, Pisa, Italy, I-56124, umberto.barcaro@isti.cnr.it","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/1053-0797.15.4.271"
"Journal Article","The weaning of perpetua: Female embodiment and spiritual growth metaphor in the dream of an early christian martyr.","The early Christian martyr Perpetua was a nursing mother who weaned her child while she was in prison awaiting execution. Scholars consider her dreams both authentic and historically significant. Perpetua prophesied her martyrdom on awakening from a dream that ended with an anomalous image of a shepherd providing her cheese from a sheep that he was milking. It is proposed that the transposition of solid food where milk was expected reflects both Perpetua's embodied experience and the child-weaning metaphor in Christian scriptures. Perpetua's contemporaries Hippolytus of Rome, Bishop and Martyr and Clement of Alexandria referred to cheese as the solid food of milk, and Origen linked solid food to martyrdom. Thus, Perpetua prophesied her martyrdom because she was given not milk but cheese, that is, solid food. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Davis, Patricia M.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2005","","US","15","4","261","270","","","*Christianity;  *Dream Analysis;  *Metaphor;  *Psychohistory;  *Spirituality; Death and Dying; Dream Content; Human Females; Mothers; Weaning","","2006-01348-004","Davis, Patricia M.: 500 Grizzly Peak Boulevard, Berkeley, CA, US, 94708, pmdavis500@aol.com","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/1053-0797.15.4.261"
"Journal Article","REM dreaming in the transition from late childhood to adolescence: A longitudinal study.","In this longitudinal developmental study, 12 boys and 12 girls provided REM dreams at 3 age levels: 9-11, 11-13, and 13-15 years. A total of 551 dreams were coded by 2 independent raters using C. Hall and R. Van de Castle's (1966) content categories. In addition, ratings of dream realism, the dreamer's self-involvement, and the frequency of speech acts were carried out. There was little change in the basic content categories of REM dreams. However, the frequency of unrealistic dream elements declined, whereas the ability to inventively put together separate contents of the memory system to produce meaningful scenes increased. Self-representation changed from passive experience to interactive involvement, along with an increasing number of speech acts by the dreamer. The similarity of the findings with Hall and Van de Castle categories to findings with home dreams from the same 24 participants is discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Strauch, Inge","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2005","","US","15","3","155","169","","","*Age Differences;  *Dream Content; REM Dreams","","2005-10695-002","Strauch, Inge: Berghaldenstrasse 62, Zurich, Switzerland, CH 8053","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","1-59147-363-2","https://doi.org/10.1037/1053-0797.15.3.155"
"Journal Article","Influence of gender and age in aggressive dream content of Spanish children and adolescents.","This study investigated the aggressive components of the dream content of 120 Spanish children and adolescents of 4 different age groups. The C. S. Hall and R. L. Van de Castle (1966) coding system was used to rate the number of dream characters and aggressions, and the content findings were analyzed via the indicators presented by G. W. Domhoff (1993, 1996, 2003). Results confirm the findings of previous studies of gender and age differences in dream content: Boys tend to have more aggressive dream content, which tends to decrease with age until reaching a pattern similar to the normative group; younger children, especially boys, tend to be victims of aggression more frequently than do older children. In addition, a data analysis procedure involving cumulative scoring of the aggression scale as well as nonparametric statistics yielded significant differences between boys and girls of the youngest group for severity of aggression. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Oberst, Ursula;Charles, Cristian;Chamarro, Ander","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2005","","US","15","3","170","177","","","*Age Differences;  *Aggressiveness;  *Dream Content;  *Dreaming; Human Sex Differences","","2005-10695-003","Oberst, Ursula: Department of Psychology, Ramon Llull University, c/Cister, 34, Barcelona, Spain, 08022, ursulao@blanquerna.url.es","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","1-59147-363-2","https://doi.org/10.1037/1053-0797.15.3.170"
"Journal Article","Trauma, dreaming, and psychological distress among Kurdish children.","The authors examined (a) how traumatic events are associated with children's dream structure and content and (b) which dream characteristics might moderate the negative impact of traumatic events on mental health. Participants were 122 Kurdish children (9-17 years old, M = 13.02, SD = 1.66). Their dreams were collected during 1 week using a semistructured dream diary and scored according to the dream atmosphere, the role of the dreamer, bizarreness, narrative quality, fragmentation and resolution, and content such as themes of death, persecution and rejection, hostility, and anxiety. The results substantiated the hypothesis that children exposed to a high level of traumatic events would report dreams characterized by unpleasant atmosphere, fragmented flow, and low levels of bizarre narrative quality. Pleasant dreams containing complete narratives and happy endings moderated the negative impact of traumatic events on children's mental health. The authors argue that dreaming allows cognitive-emotional processing of traumatic events and may thus enhance child well-being in war conditions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Punamäki, Raija-Leena;Ali, Karzan Jelal;Ismahil, Kamaran Hassan;Nuutinen, Johanna","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2005","","US","15","3","178","194","","","*Dreaming;  *Emotional Trauma;  *Psychological Stress; Mental Health; Posttraumatic Stress Disorder","","2005-10695-004","Punamäki, Raija-Leena: Department of Psychology, University of Tampere, 33014, Tampere, Finland, raija-leena.punamaki@uta.fi","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","1-59147-363-2","https://doi.org/10.1037/1053-0797.15.3.178"
"Journal Article","Voices in my dream: Children's interpretation of auditory messages in divine dreams.","Dream interpretation focuses primarily on the decoding of symbols to uncover a dream's meaning, but dreamers can also find literal meaning in words that they hear in dreams. Such dreams have been recorded throughout history, often in the context of an epiphany-a message delivered by the gods (K. Patton, 2002). This study explores how children experience and understand auditory messages in dreams that they believe have a divine connection. The dreams are taken from interviews with Christian, secular, and Muslim children aged 9-12 years (N = 94). The themes of the children's interpretations are compared with those in scriptural narratives. Results of this study indicate that this type of dream can have meaning for children, and implications for researchers and educators are considered. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Adams, Kate","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2005","","US","15","3","195","204","","","*Dream Analysis;  *Dream Content;  *Dreaming;  *Messages; Spirituality","","2005-10695-005","Adams, Kate: Department of Education Studies, Bishop Grosseteste College, Newport, Lincoln, United Kingdom, LN1 3DY, kateamera@yahoo.com","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","1-59147-363-2","https://doi.org/10.1037/1053-0797.15.3.195"
"Journal Article","Earliest remembered dreams.","Eighty-five earliest remembered dreams (ERDs) were gathered in personal interviews with adults living in a rural area of northeast America. The dreams were analyzed for content patterns and narrative themes, and the results were compared with the theories of S. Freud (1900/1965), C. G. Jung (1974), D. Foulkes (1999), G. W. Domhoff (1996), and A. Revonsuo (2000). ERDs tended to be nightmares, with a mix of realistic and fantasy elements. The findings largely agreed with Foulkes's and Domhoff's studies of children's dreams. Revonsuo's threat simulation theory received strong support, as did Jung's notion of early childhood as a time of 'big dreaming.' Freud's wish-fulfillment theory received less support, though some ERDs did include a manifestly wish-fulfilling dimension. Implications for therapy, education, parenting, and theories of human consciousness are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Bulkeley, Kelly;Broughton, Bitsy;Sanchez, Anita;Stiller, Joanne","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2005","","US","15","3","205","222","","","*Dreaming;  *Fantasy;  *First Experiences; Nightmares","","2005-10695-006","Bulkeley, Kelly: 226 Amherst Avenue, Kensington, CA, US, 94706, kellybulkeley@earthlink.net","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","1-59147-363-2","https://doi.org/10.1037/1053-0797.15.3.205"
"Journal Article","Children's dreams and nightmares: Emerging trends in research.","New manifest content analysis research on children's dreams and nightmares provides insights into how dreaming reveals developmental changes over time. Five culturally diverse research studies were conducted with varied methods for dream collection that included laboratory-collected dreams, as well as written journals, audiotaped dreams, and retrospectively recalled dreams. As children grow older, they are more able to recall dreams, dream narratives increase in length, and dreams are characterized by decreasing levels of passive victimization and have more elaborate character interactions. Age and gender differences in recall, interactions, and gender of dream characters indicate that dream research is a fertile area for studying child development and the changing function of dreams over time. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Siegel, Alan B.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2005","","US","15","3","147","154","","","*Dream Analysis;  *Dream Content;  *Nightmares; Trends","","2005-10695-001","Siegel, Alan B.: 2607 Alcatraz Avenue, Berkeley, CA, US, 94705, dreamsdr@aol.com","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","1-59147-363-2","https://doi.org/10.1037/1053-0797.15.3.147"
"Journal Article","Affective and Personality Characteristics in Function of Nightmare Prevalence, Nightmare Distress, and Interference Due to Nightmares.","This study analyzes the relationships among nightmare frequency, nightmare distress, and interference due to nightmares, sleep quality, psychopathology (anxiety and depression), and personality (neuroticism, psychoticism, and boundaries). The nightmare parameters were evaluated with the Nightmare Frequency Questionnaire (B. Krakow et al., 2000; see also record 2000-16731-002), the Nightmare Distress Questionnaire (K. Belicki, 1992b; see also record 1993-08389-001), and the Nightmare Effects Survey (Krakow et al., 2000). The sample was composed of 147 healthy students. The results demonstrated that the 2 measurements of distress (subjective distress associated with nightmares and, especially, deterioration of psychosocial functioning) were the dimensions that best related to the variables studied, although the relationships were modulated by nightmare frequency. The parameter of nightmare frequency was found to be useful as an indicator of certain personality characteristics rather than psychological perturbation. Having nightmares on a weekly basis was strongly associated with depressed mood. The knowledge about these relations is relevant not only theoretically but also as a practical guide. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved)","Miró, E.;Martínez, M. P.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2005","","US","15","2","89","105","","","*Emotions;  *Nightmares;  *Personality;  *Psychopathology; Anxiety; Boundaries (Psychological); Depression (Emotion); Distress; Neuroticism; Psychoticism; Sleep","","2005-07010-002","Miró, E.: Facultad de Psicologia, Universidad de Granada, Campus Universitario de la Cartuja s/n, Granada, Spain, CP 18071, emiro@platon.ugr.es","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/1053-0797.15.2.89"
"Journal Article","Individual Differences in the Range of Sensory Modalities Experienced in Dreams.","The present study investigated the relationship between the recalled frequency of sensory modalities experienced in dreams and waking imagery abilities. Five hundred thirty-one undergraduate students completed 4 imagery ability tests and a dream recall questionnaire containing a question on the frequency of experience of the sensory modalities in dreams. A k-means cluster analysis of the Dream Sense Modality Scale indicated that the participants fell into 3 groups: the major modalities group, whose dreams were entirely visual, auditory, and kinesthetic; the all modalities group, who experienced all sense modalities in dreams; and the no modalities group, whose dreams were without sensory content. The participants' scores on the imagery tests in the 3 groups showed significant intergroup differences. The all modalities group showed the highest levels of ability in evoking vivid imagery and controlling visual imagery and the most frequent use of visual imagery compared with the other two groups. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Okada, Hitoshi;Matsuoka, Kazuo;Hatakeyama, Takao","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2005","","US","15","2","106","115","","","*Dream Recall;  *Dreaming;  *Imagery;  *Perception; Dream Content; Individual Differences","","2005-07010-003","Okada, Hitoshi: Department of Human Sciences, Bunkyo University, 3337 Minamiogishinma, Koshigaya, Japan, 343-8511, hokada@koshigaya.bunkyo.ac.jp","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/1053-0797.15.2.106"
"Journal Article","Emotions in the Diary and REM Dreams of Young and Late Adulthood Women and Their Relation to Life Satisfaction.","Expanding on studies of the incidence and valence of emotions in dreams and their relationship with waking life satisfaction, home and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep dreams were collected from 30 late adulthood and 28 young women who had filled out a life satisfaction scale. Four positive and 4 negative dream emotions were self-rated. Both groups reported more emotions, with greater intensity, in home dreams than in REM dreams, particularly the older group. Regardless of age, intensity of negative emotions was lower in laboratory dreams than in home dreams, but there was no difference for positive emotions. The older women's home dreams had fewer negative emotions, with lower intensity, than did the young women's. Life satisfaction did not differ between age groups and was not significantly related to dream emotions. These results reinforce the distinction between home and laboratory dreams and question the relation between dream emotions and life satisfaction. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)","St-Onge, Mélanie;Lortie-Lussier, Monique;Mercier, Pierre;Grenier, Jean;De Koninck, Joseph","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2005","","US","15","2","116","128","","","*Dream Content;  *Emotional States;  *Human Females;  *Life Satisfaction;  *REM Dreams; Age Differences; Dreaming","","2005-07010-004","De Koninck, Joseph: School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, 145 Jean-Jacques-Lussier, Ottawa, ON, Canada, K1N 6N5, jdekonin@uottawa.ca","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/1053-0797.15.2.116"
"Journal Article","Predictors of Intention to Act and Implementation of Action in Dream Sessions: Therapist Skills, Level of Difficulty of Action Plan, and Client Involvement.","The authors examined predictors of intention to act and implementation of action in the C. E. Hill (1996, 2004; see also records 1996-98128-000and 2003-07019-000) 3-stage (exploration, insight, action) dream model. Thirty adult volunteer clients participated in two 90-min dream sessions. On average, clients said at the end of sessions that they intended to carry out their action plans and then actually did implement their action plans after the sessions. Intention to carry out the action plan was predicted by the client's perceptions of therapist action skills, client involvement, and the level of difficulty of the action plan. Implementation of action was predicted by the level of difficulty of the action plan and the client's intention to carry out the plan. Implications for the Hill dream model and for research are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Wonnell, Teresa L.;Hill, Clara E.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2005","","US","15","2","129","141","","","*Behavior Change;  *Dream Analysis;  *Intention;  *Psychotherapy; Client Attitudes; Involvement; Models; Therapist Characteristics","","2005-07010-005","Hill, Clara E.: Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, US, 20742, hill@psyc.umd.edu","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/1053-0797.15.2.129"
"Journal Article","Dreams and Visions in the Anglo-Saxon Conversion to Christianity.","Dreams and visions were reported to be powerful agents of change in the 7th-century conversion of Anglo-Saxon England to Christianity. They were presented as instrumental in the introduction and integration of this new religious/cultural paradigm. These dreams and visions combine Anglo-Saxon and Christian themes and metaphors. This article presents reports of dreams and visions extracted from historical sources and grouped into 8 categories: conception, vocation, dream songs/poems, temptations and consolation, otherworld journeys, prophecies of death and destruction, gloriosus obitus (saints at death), and saints' relics. These categories were created to reflect the human life cycle and to facilitate use by other dream researchers. The distinction between dreams and visions made by the hagiographers of the time is significantly different than the contemporary distinction between dreams and visions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Davis, Patricia M.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2005","","US","15","2","75","88","","","*Christianity;  *Dreaming;  *History;  *Religion;  *Vision; Visual Hallucinations","","2005-07010-001","Davis, Patricia M.: 500 Grizzly Peak Boulevard, Berkeley, CA, US, 94708, pmdavis500@aol.com","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/1053-0797.15.2.75"
"Journal Article","Dream Imagery and Emotion.","The relationship between prominent visual imagery and emotion within dreams was investigated in relation to E. Hartmann's (1996) contextualizing image (CI) theory and M. Seligman and A. Yellen's (1987) dual imagery theory. Fifty-nine students recorded dreams over a 2-week period and submitted 115 dreams for analysis. Participants recorded ratings of emotion type and emotion intensity in each scene. Prominent visual images were identified and scored for intensity and detail by independent judges. As hypothesized from Hartmann's theory, there was a significant positive relationship between CI intensity and emotion intensity in the CI scene, emotion intensity generally peaked in the CI scene, and dreams containing a CI had higher overall ratings of emotion intensity than non-CI dreams. The result for the correlation of detail of prominent imagery with emotion was inconclusive, with a low positive correlation across CI scenes. This raises the possibility that the CI is not a unitary construct. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Davidson, John;Lee-Archer, Sarah;Sanders, Gretchen","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2005","","US","15","1","33","47","","","*Dream Content;  *Dreaming;  *Emotional Responses;  *Emotional States;  *Imagery; Theories","","2005-02950-004","Davidson, John: School of Psychology, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 30, Hobart, TAS, Australia, 7001, john.davidson@utas.edu.au","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/1053-0797.15.1.33"
"Journal Article","Theory of Mind in Dreaming: Awareness of Feelings and Thoughts of Others in Dreams.","If the awareness of what others are thinking and the ability to attribute feelings to others characterizes both waking and dreaming consciousness, it suggests that a social species like man has a state-independent need for a theory of mind; that is, an ability to know that others have feelings. The authors performed 2 studies, the first of which consisted of 35 participants who submitted 320 dream reports containing more than 1,200 dream characters and the second consisted of 24 participants who submitted 151 dream reports with 543 dream events. Participants reported that as subjects in their own dreams they were aware that their dream characters had feelings and thoughts about them. This finding shows that awareness of what others are feeling is a robust aspect of consciousness that is maintained despite the changed chemistry and changed activation patterns of the brain's neuronal connections during dreaming. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Kahn, David;Hobson, Allan","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2005","","US","15","1","48","57","","","*Dream Content;  *Dreaming;  *Emotions;  *Social Perception;  *Theory of Mind; Awareness; Consciousness States; Thinking","","2005-02950-005","Kahn, David: Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, The Landmark Center, 401 Park Drive, 2nd Floor East, Boston, MA, US, 02215, david_kahn@hms.harvard.edu","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/1053-0797.15.1.48"
"Journal Article","Refocusing the Neurocognitive Approach to Dreams: A Critique of the Hobson Versus Solms Debate.","This article examines the ongoing debate between activation-synthesis theorist J. Allan Hobson and psychoanalytic theorist Mark Solms about the nature of dreaming and dream content. After discussing their neurophysiological disagreements, it argues that they are more similar than different in some important ways, especially in talking about dreams in the same breath as psychosis and in drawing conclusions about dream content on the basis of their neurophysiological assumptions, without any reference to the systematic findings on the issue. Evidence from inside and outside the sleep laboratory on the coherent nature of most dreams is presented to demonstrate that neither theorist is on solid ground in his main assertions. Dreaming is usually a far more realistic and understandable enactment of interests and concerns than the 2 researchers assume. In addition, several of Hobson's and Solms's claims concerning the neural basis of dreaming are challenged on the basis of neurophysiological evidence. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Domhoff, G. William","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2005","","US","15","1","3","20","","","*Cognitive Processes;  *Dream Content;  *Dreaming;  *Neurophysiology; Debates; Psychosis","","2005-02950-001","Domhoff, G. William: Department of Psychology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, US, 95064, domhoff@ucsc.edu","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/1053-0797.15.1.3"
"Comment/Reply","A reply to Hobson (2005).","J. A. Hobson's (2005) commentary merely repeats his past theoretical assertions (see record 2005-02950-002). It asks questions that rest on the refuted hypothesis that real dreaming occurs only in REM sleep and that are already answered in the author's critique. Despite many studies, there is still no evidence that neurophysiological changes during REM are responsible for any unique formal features in dreams. As for the psychological consequences of the neuromodulatory environment during REM, there are no studies. Most important, Hobson overlooks a key point in regard to a new neurocognitive approach to dreams: The many parallels between dreaming and waking cognition raise the intriguing possibility that relatively small changes from waking to sleeping can account for the unique features of dreams, rendering his REM-based speculations irrelevant. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Domhoff, G. William","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2005","","US","15","1","30","32","","","*Cognitive Processes;  *Dream Content;  *Dreaming;  *Neurophysiology;  *REM Sleep; Debates; Individual Differences; Neurobiology","","2005-02950-003","Domhoff, G. William: Department of Psychology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, US, 95064, domhoff@ucsc.edu","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/1053-0797.15.1.30"
"Review-Book","Review of Cognitive Therapy and Dreams.","In this article I review the book, 'Cognitive Therapy and Dreams' (see record 2004-00029-000). I came across this book as I was recently searching psychological abstracts for dreams and cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and for hypnosis and CBT. Of the 9 references I found on dreams and CBT, all were in one issue of the Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy: An International Quarterly (Vol. 16, No. 1). I read a good number of the hypnosis-CBT articles and books, and all were written to integrate CBT into the field of hypnosis. Conversely, the dream articles integrating dream work and CBT were written by a range of people, some with a primary interest in dreams, but some with a more central interest in cognitive therapy. Apparently, a few cognitive-behavioral therapists and researchers have taken some interest in dream work, whereas the hypnosis interest in CBT continues mostly outside the domain of CBT. The collection of the nine articles published in the journal was an impressive enough accomplishment that eight articles of this collection plus four additional articles are now published in this book. The fact that these articles are now in a book may encourage researchers to perform the necessary therapy outcome research to validate the integration of dream work and CBT. The book adds significantly to the journal by drawing a distinction between objectivist approaches (Part II) and constructivist approaches (Part III), a distinction that unifies the articles in this book. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Brink, Nicholas E.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2005","","US","15","1","58","62","","","*Cognitive Behavior Therapy;  *Cognitive Therapy;  *Dream Content;  *Dreaming;  *Hypnosis; Constructivism; Dream Analysis","","2005-02950-006","Brink, Nicholas E.: P.O. Box 94, Coburn, PA, US, 16832","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/1053-0797.15.1.58"
"Comment/Reply","In Bed With Mark Solms? What a Nightmare! A Reply to Domhoff (2005).","Bill Domhoff (2005) has challenged the activation synthesis model of dreaming on the basis of a misreading of the neurobiological literature and an individualistic view of dream psychology (see record 2005-02950-001). The author begins his reply by clarifying and emphasizing the formal approach to dream cognitions. Instead of focusing on the individual aspects of dreaming that interest Domhoff, activation synthesis strives to identify and measure the generic differences that characterize all dreams and that are likely to correlate with the neurobiological findings. He then goes on to point out that such formal features as the visuomotor imagery, the emotional intensification, and the defective cognition of dreams do correlate with the cellular and molecular neurobiological data from animal studies and with the brain imaging and lesion data from human studies. Individual differences may also exist but these are not relevant to the main task of sleep psychophysiology. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Hobson, J. Allan","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2005","","US","15","1","21","29","","","*Cognitive Processes;  *Dream Content;  *Dreaming;  *Neurobiology;  *Neurophysiology; Debates; Individual Differences","","2005-02950-002","Hobson, J. Allan: Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, Harvard University, 74 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA, US, 02115, allan_hobson@hms.harvard.edu","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/1053-0797.15.1.21"
"Review-Book","Review of The Mind at Night: The New Science of How and Why We Dream.","In this article I review 'The Mind at Night: The New Science of How and Why We Dream,' written by Andrea Rock. To begin with this book is an exciting journey through modern dream research. Scientific facts, which are skillfully explained, are complemented by personal accounts of well-known researchers in the field obtained through interviews. The diversity of the themes addressed in the book (e.g., sleep and memory, animal research, imaging studies, dream content analysis, consciousness research, creativity, and lucid dreaming) clearly shows the extensive 'detective work' the author has accomplished. The major problem I had--as a researcher in this field--was the structure, or the lack of structure, within the book. Because of the way the book is organized, I decided to structure this review along the following themes: REM sleep, REM sleep and dreaming, biology of dreaming, dream content findings, and the integration of dream research into cognitive neuroscience in general. Despite the lack of structure of the book, Andrea Rock has written a wonderful book about modern dream research that is stimulating for researchers as well as for interested lay persons. I recommend it to everyone who is interested in dream research, the old question of the mind-body relationship, or understanding consciousness in general. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Schredl, Michael","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2005","","US","15","1","63","67","","","*Cognitive Processes;  *Dream Content;  *Dreaming;  *Neurosciences;  *REM Sleep; Consciousness States; Dream Analysis; Imagery; Memory; Animal Research","","2005-02950-007","Schredl, Michael: Sleep Laboratory, Central Institute of Mental Health J5, Mannheim, Germany, 68159","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/1053-0797.15.1.63"
"Journal Article","Increased Mastery Elements Associated With Imagery Rehearsal Treatment for Nightmares in Sexual Assault Survivors With PTSD.","Exposure, abreaction, and mastery have been proposed as the therapeutic processes of nightmare (NM) reduction. Imagery rehearsal therapy (IRT) effectively reduces NMs but involves minimal exposure and abreaction. The authors investigated the use of mastery in the scripting of new dreams (NDs) elaborated during IRT. NM and ND reports were collected from 44 female sexual assault survivors with chronic NMs during their initial application of IRT. Mastery was assessed with a standardized dream coding system and a multidimensional mastery scale. NDs contained significantly fewer negative elements and more occurrences of positive elements and mastery than did NMs. NDs were not devoid of negative dream elements. An increase in mastery over negative dream elements is a core process involved in NM reduction. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Germain, Anne;Krakow, Barry;Faucher, Brigitte;Zadra, Antonio;Nielsen, Tore;Hollifield, Michael;Warner, Teddy D.;Koss, Mary","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2004","","US","14","4","195","206","","","*Guided Imagery;  *Nightmares;  *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder;  *Sex Offenses; Survivors","","2004-22335-001","Germain, Anne: Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3811 O'Hara Street, E-l124, Pittsburgh, PA, US, 15213, germaina@upmc.edu","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/1053-0797.14.4.195"
"Journal Article","Client Reactions to Working With Dreams in Psychotherapy.","A questionnaire about working with dreams was given to 95 clients in ongoing psychotherapy. Results indicated that clients who discussed dreams in therapy (68%) had more positive attitudes toward dreams, higher dream recall, and more therapist encouragement for talking about dreams than clients who did not. Clients reported that therapists used more exploratory than insight or action dream-related activities. The outcome of the dream session was positively related to the therapists' encouragement of dream work and dream-related activities used. Clients who had not discussed dreams in therapy indicated that they had not because there was not enough time in sessions to work on dreams or it had never occurred to them to talk about their dreams in therapy. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Crook Lyon, Rachel E.;Hill, Clara E.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2004","","US","14","4","207","219","","","*Client Attitudes;  *Dream Analysis;  *Dreaming;  *Psychotherapeutic Processes;  *Psychotherapy; Dream Recall; Psychotherapeutic Techniques","","2004-22335-002","Crook Lyon, Rachel E.: Counseling Psychology Department, Brigham Young University, 340 McKay Building, Provo, UT, US, 84602-9053, rachel_crook@byu.edu","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/1053-0797.14.4.207"
"Journal Article","Incidence of Threat in Dreams: A Response to Revonsuo's Threat Simulation Theory.","A. Revonsuo (2000b) proposed an evolutionary theory of dreaming, stating it is a threat simulation mechanism that allowed early humans to rehearse threat perception and avoidance without biological cost. The present study aimed to establish the proportion of dreams containing physical threats to the dreamer, whether these represent realistic life-threatening events, and whether the dreamer successfully and realistically escapes. It also examined incidence of threatening events in real life. A sample of most recent dreams was collected (N = 401). Only 8.48% of dreamers reported realistic life-threatening events in dreams and a realistic escape subsequently occurred in only one third of these reports. Actual severe life-threatening events were experienced by 44.58% of the sample. These findings contradict key aspects of Revonsuo's theory. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Malcolm-Smith, Susan;Solms, Mark","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2004","","US","14","4","220","229","","","*Dreaming;  *Simulation;  *Theories;  *Theory Verification;  *Threat; Evolutionary Psychology; Theory of Evolution","","2004-22335-003","Malcolm-Smith, Susan: Department of Psychology and Department of Neurology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa, 7701, smfrancois@new.co.za","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/1053-0797.14.4.220"
"Journal Article","Lucid Dreaming and Personality: A Replication.","This article reports an investigation of personality variables that may be associated with the reporting of lucid dreaming. The present study confirmed that lucid dreamers, both frequent and occasional (n = 26), were more internal on J. Rotter's (1966) locus of control measure and scored higher on J. Cacioppo and R. Petty's (1982) need for cognition measure than did nonlucid dreamers (n = 24). Frequent but not occasional lucid dreamers were more field independent on H. A. Witkin et al.'s (1971) Group Embedded Figures Test than the nonlucid dreamers. Need for cognition, internality on locus of control, and field independence all correlated with each other. The results can be argued to show a continuity between styles of waking and dreaming personality. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)","Patrick, A.;Durndell, A.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2004","","US","14","4","234","239","","","*Lucid Dreaming;  *Personality Traits; Field Dependence; Internal External Locus of Control; Need for Cognition; Personality Correlates","","2004-22335-005","Durndell, A.: Department of Psychology, Glasgow Caledonian University, Cowcaddens Road, Glasgow, Scotland, G4 OBA, adu@gcal.ac.uk","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/1053-0797.14.4.234"
"Comment/Reply","Do the Blind Literally 'See' in Their Dreams? A Critique of a Recent Claim That They Do.","This article provides a critique of a recent inaccurate claim by Bértolo et al (see record 2003-04658-011) that the congenitally blind literally 'see' in their dreams, which flies in the face of findings that were established in 3 careful previous studies. It first shows how this claim arose through a blurring of the distinction between actual seeing through the visual system and imagery that preserves spatial and metric properties without specific reliance on the visual system. It then discusses the 3 mistaken reasons for this blurring. This correction is important beyond the specific issue of seeing in dreams because the original findings lend important support for a cognitive theory of dreaming by showing that the imagery necessary for dreaming develops between ages 4 and 7. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Kerr, Nancy H.;Domhoff, G. William","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2004","","US","14","4","230","233","","","*Blindness;  *Dream Content;  *Dreaming;  *Imagery;  *Visual Perception; Cognitive Development; Theories","","2004-22335-004","Domhoff, G. William: College Eight Faculty Services, Department of Psychology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, US, 95064, domhoff@cats.ucsc.edu","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/1053-0797.14.4.230"
"Journal Article","Dumuzi's Dream: Dream Analysis in Ancient Mesopotamia.","Mesopotamian civilization was the first to develop writing and the first from which literary texts remain, dating back to the late 3rd millennium B.C. Some of these texts contain accounts of dreams, especially of royal figures. The earliest of these texts, evidently the earliest recorded dream in history, is the dream of Dumuzi of Uruk. This dream is embedded within the framework of the larger epic of the Descent of Inanna, and not only is the dream text itself included but also its interpretation, by Dumuzi's sister Geshtin-anna. She appears to have played the role of a professional dream interpretress. There are also several cylinder seals that appear to depict the motifs of Dumuzi's dream. This article examines this dream and its interpretation within the Mesopotamian cultural context. It also compares the dream with several other well-known dream texts from Mesopotamia. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Hoffman, Curtiss","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2004","","US","14","4","240","251","","","*Culture (Anthropological);  *Dream Analysis;  *Dream Content;  *History;  *Myths; Dreaming; Sociocultural Factors","","2004-22335-006","Hoffman, Curtiss: Department of Anthropology, Bridgewater State College, Bridgewater, MA, US, 02325, curtiss.hoffman@bridgew.edu","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/1053-0797.14.4.240"
"Journal Article","Introduction: Dreaming as an object of anthropological analysis.","This article introduces a special issue on anthropological approaches to dreaming. A running history of dreams in the field of anthropology serves as a device for contextualizing the articles. The narrative identifies perennial areas of interest such as the question of why some societies value dreams while others do not. Anthropological approaches have varied from Victorian evolutionism to contemporary psychoanalysis and reflexivity. Each new theoretical paradigm has pushed the study of dreams in different directions, led to the study of new aspects of dreaming, and, sometimes, guided the exploration of new dimensions of social life. The presentation of ethnographic case studies of dreaming in specific cultural contexts constitutes one of anthropology 's strongest contributions to the study of dreaming. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Stewart, Charles","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2004","","US","14","2-3","75","82","","","*Anthropology;  *Culture (Anthropological);  *Dream Analysis;  *Dreaming;  *Ethnography; History","","2004-14891-001","Stewart, Charles: Department of Anthropology, University College London, London, United Kingdom, WC1E 6BT, c.stewart@ucl.ac.uk","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","1-59147-190-7","https://doi.org/10.1037/1053-0797.14.2-3.75"
"Journal Article","Dream sharing as social practice.","Among the small communities of hunter-gatherers, dream sharing is widespread. The entities within their world (animals, plants, etc.) were regarded as sentient, responsive beings, with whom discourse could be established via dreams, visions, and trances, together with song, dance, and ritual. Their temporal orientation was mythic/ paradigmatic (kairotic) rather than chronologic, so that creation could continually be recurring. In critical contrast, high Western intellectual thought--post-Reformation and post-Enlightenment--has been increasingly disenchanted, materialistic, reductionist, and routinized (Max Weber) and has approached dreams as the product of 'the brain' of an individuated actor. In opposition to such formalized intellectualistic approaches, oppositional groups have revived the reverence for dreams and the practice of dream sharing. The evanescent character of dreams, and their creative aesthetic qualities, reveal their origin in the psyche of social beings and their tension with the self-system. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Wax, Murray L.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2004","","US","14","2-3","83","93","","","*Communities;  *Dream Content;  *Dreaming;  *Sharing (Social Behavior); Culture (Anthropological)","","2004-14891-002","Wax, Murray L.: 572 Stratford Avenue, University City, MO, US, 63130-4117, mlwax@artsci.wustl.edu","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","1-59147-190-7","https://doi.org/10.1037/1053-0797.14.2-3.83"
"Journal Article","From elsewhere: Prophetic visions and dreams among the People of the Earth.","Anthropological ethnographies sometimes postulate that new religious ideas may originate in individual dreams, visions, or madness. An illustration is given of the foundation of the Earth People of Trinidad, for whom dreams may still contain prophetic insight or knowledge. Their oneiric understandings have to be placed against their cultural baseline of village dream theory and the dreamlike visions of the Shouter Baptists. It is argued that the physical conditions of the community's daily life are perhaps conducive to visionary perceptions in a half-waking, half-sleeping state. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Littlewood, Roland","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2004","","US","14","2-3","94","106","","","*Culture (Anthropological);  *Dreaming;  *Ethnography;  *Religious Beliefs;  *Visual Hallucinations; Psychosis","","2004-14891-003","Littlewood, Roland: Departments of Anthropology and Psychiatry, University College London, Gower Street, London, United Kingdom, WC1E 6BT, r.littlewood@ucl.ac.uk","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","1-59147-190-7","https://doi.org/10.1037/1053-0797.14.2-3.94"
"Journal Article","That which I dream is true: Dream narratives in an Amazonian community.","In an Ese Eja community in the Peruvian Amazon, people dream the names of their children. Apart from a neo-Freudian perspective, naming dreams reflect, more importantly, multiple overlapping realities of time and space. As such, notions of agency, multiplicity, and transformation need to be examined for a proper analysis of dreaming. Drawing on multinatural perspectivism, the author examines eshawa, an Ese Eja concept of personhood that connects the self not only with the body but also with all species and an expansive spirit world. The author suggests that naming dreams are reminders of the still possible transformation between multiple worlds. Such an interpretation of dreams, as sources of knowledge and channels to cross realities, emphasizes the overlay between subjective dream worlds and public objective waking worlds rather than their 'opposition.' (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Peluso, Daniela M.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2004","","US","14","2-3","107","119","","","*Dream Content;  *Dreaming;  *Naming;  *Narratives;  *Spirituality; Communities","","2004-14891-004","Peluso, Daniela M.: Department of Anthropology, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, United Kingdom, CT2 7NS, d.peluso@kent.ac.uk","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","1-59147-190-7","https://doi.org/10.1037/1053-0797.14.2-3.107"
"Journal Article","Dressing in the stuff of dreams: Sacred dress and religious authority in southwestern Nigeria.","Founders of the Cherubim & Seraphim Church, an independent African church in southwestern Nigeria, frequently recounted dreams or visions of angels or other heavenly beings, evidence to themselves and others of their special spiritual status. At times, these beings appeared in garments, images of which were later transformed by tailors into clothing worn by Cherubim & Seraphim church leaders. Whereas church members as a group wore prayer gowns of plain white cloth referring to depictions of angels in the Bible, church leaders materially emphasized their individual otherworldly connections and spiritual gifts through their distinctive garments inspired by dreams and visions. Some robes also came to be associated with the special healing powers of particular prophets who wore them. The author examines how the making and wearing of garments originating in dreams and visions have contributed to a creative process whereby religious authority has been constituted in southwestern Nigeria. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Renne, Elisha P.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2004","","US","14","2-3","120","135","","","*Authority;  *Clothing;  *Dream Content;  *Religious Personnel;  *Spirituality; Religious Buildings","","2004-14891-005","Renne, Elisha P.: Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan, 101 West Hall, 550 South University, Ann Arbor, MI, US, 48109-1092, erenne@umich.edu","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","1-59147-190-7","https://doi.org/10.1037/1053-0797.14.2-3.120"
"Journal Article","Forest smells and spider webs: Ritualized dream interpretation among Andaman Islanders.","This article examines the significant role of dreams among the Andamanese and the changes in sleep and dreaming that have taken place as modern settlements replace traditional campsites. As Andamanese hunters and gatherers go to sleep at a campsite, they discuss what they did throughout the day and especially what they have seen in dreams. In the morning, it is proscribed to wake a person up so that dreaming is not disturbed. A shared consensus on the group's dreams guides the members' waking actions. The sleeping arrangements in modern Andamanese settlements have changed: Andamanese believe that these afford less dream recall or understanding and attribute their declining hunting success to this diminished dreaming. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Pandya, Vishvajit","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2004","","US","14","2-3","136","150","","","*Culture (Anthropological);  *Dream Content;  *Dream Recall;  *Dreaming; Sleep","","2004-14891-006","Pandya, Vishvajit: Dhirubhai Ambani Institute of Information and Communication Technology, Post Bag No. 4, Near Indroda Circle, Gandhinagar, India, 382009, Vishvajit_pandya@da-iict.or","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","1-59147-190-7","https://doi.org/10.1037/1053-0797.14.2-3.136"
"Journal Article","Toward a holographic theory of dreaming.","Contemporary psychologists hold that dreams sort memories. These memories can be seen as shared memories symbolizing key contradictions in culture. These contradictions originate in psychologically unresolved historical problems that rupture shared meaning systems. Dreams evoke these contradictions holograpically by deploying images circulating in the public sphere that constitute meaning fragments. Dream images are often dramatically fragmentary, which compels dreamers to elaborate them. These elaborations constitute cultural work: Through a figurative mode of thought, dreamers connect a fragmentary image to personal emotions and to other significances in a culture's symbolic-psychological world, thereby making new meanings. Dreams and interpretative work on them, therefore, are usefully understood as instrumental to cultural change and as instances of cultural practice rather than solely as private and individual. The article develops this holographic theory of dreams through the analysis of 2 Samoan dreams from the 1980s and 1 American dream from the 1960s. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Mageo, Jeannette Marie","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2004","","US","14","2-3","151","169","","","*Dream Analysis;  *Dream Content;  *Dreaming;  *Meaning;  *Psychoanalytic Theory; Culture (Anthropological); Theories","","2004-14891-007","Mageo, Jeannette Marie: Department of Anthropology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, US, 99164-4910, jmageo@mail.wsu.edu","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","1-59147-190-7","https://doi.org/10.1037/1053-0797.14.2-3.151"
"Journal Article","The anthropology of dreaming: Selfscape dreams.","The author discusses the concept of 'selfscape' dreams, dreams that are emotionally and perceptually vivid and that reflect back to the dreamer how his or her current organization of self relates various parts of itself to itself, its body, and other people and objects in the world. The author provides examples of selfscape dreams from Indonesia, New Guinea, and the United States and demonstrates how the mapping of the self in selfscape dreams goes inward to the body as well as outward to people and objects in the world. Throughout, he emphasizes how the manifest contents of dreams can help reveal aspects of self-organization rather than disguise them. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Hollan, Douglas","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2004","","US","14","2-3","170","182","","","*Anthropology;  *Dream Content;  *Dreaming; Self-Concept","","2004-14891-008","Hollan, Douglas: Department of Anthropology, University of California, Box 951553, Los Angeles, CA, US, 90095-1553, dhollan@anthro.ucla.edu","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","1-59147-190-7","https://doi.org/10.1037/1053-0797.14.2-3.170"
"Journal Article","The poetics and spirituality of dreaming: A Native American enactive theory.","In Native North American cultures, dreams provide a valuable source of information about, and a compassionate understanding of, spiritual phenomena. Dreams that begin as personal entities shift during dream telling or performing to provide a cosmic doorway into another dimension of reality. Such power dreams in Native American cultures resemble Tibetan Buddhist Dream Yoga much more than they do Euro-American forms of lucid dreaming. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Tedlock, Barbara","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2004","","US","14","2-3","183","189","","","*American Indians;  *Lucid Dreaming; Spirituality","","2004-14891-009","Tedlock, Barbara: Department of Anthropology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, US, 14261, tedlockb@buffalo.edu","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","1-59147-190-7","https://doi.org/10.1037/1053-0797.14.2-3.183"
"Comment/Reply","Why Did Empirical Dream Researchers Reject Freud? A Critique of Historical Claims by Mark Solms.","Neuropsychologist and psychoanalyst Mark Solms (1997) made a major contribution to dream research through his clinico-anatomical studies, which reveal the outlines of the neural network that underlies dreaming. However, in more recent work (see record 2002-17656-000) he misunderstands the history of the rapid eye movement (REM)/non-REM (NREM) controversy in a Freudian-serving way and ignores the considerable systematic empirical evidence that contradicts the key claims of the Freudian dream theory he is trying to revive. After summarizing Solms's claims about the history of laboratory dream research, this article suggests a different version of that history and summarizes the empirical findings that explain why Freudian theory is not considered viable by most dream researchers. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Domhoff, G. William","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2004","","US","14","1","3","17","","","*Brain;  *Mind;  *Physiological Correlates;  *Psychoanalytic Theory; Conscious (Personality Factor); Consciousness Disturbances; Dreaming; Emotional States","","2004-11640-001","Domhoff, G. William: Department of Psychology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, US, 95064, domhoff@.ucsc.edu","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/1053-0797.14.1.3"
"Comment/Reply","Reply to Domhoff (2004): Dream Research in the Court of Public Opinion.","The author responds to Domhoff's critique (see record 2004-11640-001). He argues that the REM = dreaming equation was widely accepted at the time of his research. Misgivings about this equation by specialists in the dream research community were not shared by the wider public. The impression that the REM = dreaming equation disproves Freudian dream theory was actively propagated to this wider public between the 1970s and 1990s. The author's aim in the nonspecialist book criticized by Domhoff was to correct that specific misimpression, not to review the world literature. The author concludes with a brief statement of his views on Freudian dream theory. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Solms, Mark","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2004","","US","14","1","18","20","","","*Brain;  *Mind;  *Physiological Correlates;  *Psychoanalytic Theory; Conscious (Personality Factor); Consciousness Disturbances; Dream Analysis; Dreaming; Emotional States","","2004-11640-002","Solms, Mark: Departments of Psychology and Neurology, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch 7701, Cape Town, South Africa, mark.solms@neuro-psa.org","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/1053-0797.14.1.18"
"Journal Article","The Dream Will Tell: Militant Muslim Dreaming in the Context of Traditional and Contemporary Islamic Dream Theory and Practice.","Al-Qaeda and Taliban leadership and membership appear to have been motivated, inspired, and guided by certain dreams. Their understanding of dreams seems to draw at least partly on traditional and contemporary Islamic dream theories. If this hypothesis is correct, then there is a need for the urgent study of Islamic Jihadist political/religious conversion and guidance dreams across the Middle East. The dream-as experienced, reported, and interpreted-is now a significant aspect of the global conflict between Al-Qaeda and its associates versus the core value system of Western civilization. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Edgar, Iain R.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2004","","US","14","1","21","29","","","*Dream Analysis;  *Dreaming;  *Islam;  *Muslims;  *Theories; Political Radicalism; Terrorism","","2004-11640-003","Edgar, Iain R.: Department of Anthropology, University of Durham, 43, Old Elvet, Durham, United Kingdom, DH1 3HN, I.R.Edgar@durham.ac.uk","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/1053-0797.14.1.21"
"Journal Article","Dreamwork and Nightmares With Incarcerated Juvenile Felons.","Do juvenile felons suffer nightmares? Can dreamwork be useful with this population? After a review of the generally older and limited literature on these issues, 2 new surveys and several case examples give positive answers to these questions. In Study 1, 50 of 100 adolescent male felons reported dreams and 12 reported nightmares. In Study 2, with the addition of a follow-up prompt, 73 of 100 adolescent male felons reported dreams within the prior month and 13 reported nightmares. Seven case examples illustrate verbal interventions for nightmares, and 5 case examples illustrate benefits youths could derive from dreamwork. Suggestions for further research are given. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)","Halliday, Gordon","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2004","","US","14","1","30","42","","","*Dream Analysis;  *Dream Content;  *Male Delinquency;  *Nightmares;  *Male Criminal Offenders; Dreaming; Incarcerated","","2004-11640-004","Halliday, Gordon: Mohican Juvenile Correctional Facility, 1012 ODNR Mohican 51, Perrysville, OH, US, 44864","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/1053-0797.14.1.30"
"Journal Article","Media Use and Dreaming: The Relationship Among Television Viewing, Computer Game Play, and Nightmares or Pleasant Dreams.","Children (N=2,546) in a random sample of 15 secondary schools in Flanders, Belgium, completed a questionnaire about volume of television viewing, computer game playing, and nightmares and pleasant dreams related to these activities. TV content showed up frequently in nightmares for 33% of the children, and computer games were associated with nightmares in about 10% of boys and 5% of girls. About 60% of 13-year-olds and 50% of 16-year-olds reported having pleasant dreams related to TV. Computer games also appeared in pleasant dreams for a majority of 13-year-olds and a minority of 16-year-olds. Media influence on dream content was not limited to excessive media users. Concerns about the implications for the impact of media on dreams and general psychological well-being are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Van den Bulck, Jan","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2004","","US","14","1","43","49","","","*Computer Games;  *Dream Content;  *Nightmares;  *Television Viewing; Well Being","","2004-11640-005","Van den Bulck, Jan: Department of Communication, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Van Evenstraat 2A, Leuven, Belgium, 3000, jan.vandenbulck@soc.kuleuven.ac.be","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/1053-0797.14.1.43"
"Journal Article","A Research Note on the Male/Female Percentage in the Dreams of Japanese Women; A Failed Attempt at Replication.","Three different samples of dream reports from Japanese women were analyzed to determine their male/female percentage. A study in the early 1980s found far fewer males in the dreams of Japanese women than is the case for women in other societies. The previous finding was not replicated, and both studies are discussed in terms of the role of women in Japanese society then and now. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Domhoff, G. William;Nishikawa, Natsuko;Brubaker, Lowell","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2004","","US","14","1","50","53","","","*Cross Cultural Differences;  *Dream Content;  *Dreaming;  *Human Females;  *Japanese Cultural Groups; Human Sex Differences; Society","","2004-11640-006","Domhoff, G. William: Department of Psychology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, US, 95064, domhoff@ucsc.edu","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/1053-0797.14.1.50"
"Journal Article","Mental Processes and the Brain During Dreams.","This article examines the different theoretical approaches to dreaming and compares them with recent data from brain-mapping studies. Two lines of investigation were considered: a neurobiological and a cognitive approach. Both lines of investigation can be usefully integrated into recent research using the techniques of brain mapping. Two aspects of particular interest are discussed: (a) The pattern of limbic and paralimbic activation in rapid eye movement (REM) and non-REM could explain some differences of oneiric hallucination during different stages of sleep, and (b) the deactivation of the heteromodal cortex could explain the loss of reality testing and the absence of self-consciousness during dreams. The complex nature of the dreaming phenomenon makes it necessary to distinguish clearly between mental representation and the underlying neurobiological changes. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Occhionero, Miranda","","","Journal","Dreaming","Educational Publishing Foundation","2004","","US","14","1","54","64","","","*Cognitive Processes;  *Dreaming;  *Neurobiology;  *REM Sleep;  *Stereotaxic Atlas; Rapid Eye Movement; Reality Testing; Theories","","2004-11640-007","Occhionero, Miranda: Department of Psychology, University of Bologna,, Viale Berti Pichat, 5, Bologna, Italy, 40127, occhione@psibo.unibo.it","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/1053-0797.14.1.54"
"Journal Article","Personal Problem-Solving Using Dream Incubation: Dreaming, Relaxation, or Waking Cognition?","In Experiment 1, 96 frequent dreamers were randomly assigned to Control or Experimental conditions. All participants rated waking and dream moods over ten days and recorded their most vivid dream for each night. On the first and tenth day they rated the levels of distress and solvability of up to eight specific personal problems. After ten days they also rated degree of improvement and problem-solving effort for each nominated problem. All Experimental participants also cognitively reviewed one particular focal problem each day. Experimental participants were also randomly assigned to use either a dream incubation technique (Delaney, 1996)for this focal problem either just before sleep or just after morning wakening, or to use a simple relaxation technique either just before sleep or just after wakening. Night dream incubation participants were particularly likely to report reduced problem distress, greater problem solvability, and improvement in their focal problem. Daytime anxious and depressed moods of the night dream incubation participants decreased over ten days relative to Controls. In Experiment 2 participants predicted how they would have been affected by either night or morning incubation instructions used in Experiment 1. Results did not support an expectancy ... (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","White, Gregory L.;Taytroe, Laurel","","","Journal","Dreaming","Kluwer Academic/Human Sciences Press","2003","","Netherlands","13","4","193","209","","","*Dreaming;  *Problem Solving;  *Relaxation;  *Sleep;  *Wakefulness; Dream Analysis","","2003-10113-001","White, Gregory L.: Department of Psychology, National University, Redding Academic Center, 2195 Larkspur Lane, Redding, CA, US, 96002","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1023/B:DREM.0000003143.00133.1c"
"Journal Article","The Typical Dreams of Canadian University Students.","To investigate the dimensional structure of dreams, the Typical Dreams Questionnaire (TDQ) was administered to 1181 first-year University students in three Canadian cities. A profile of themes was found that varied little by age, gender or region; however, differences that were identified could be Interpreted as due to developmental milestones, personality attributes or sociocultural factors. Factor analysis produced a solution consisting of 16 coherent factors that were differentially associated with demographic variables and that accounted for 51% of the variance. Women loaded primarily on negative factors (failure, loss of control, snakes-insects), men primarily on positive factors (magic-myth, alien life). Results support the concept of typical dream themes as consistent over time, region and gender and as reflecting the influence of fundamental dream dimensions that may be influenced by sociocultural, personality, cognitive or physiological factors. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Nielsen, Tore A.;Zadra, Antonio L.;Simard, Valérie;Saucier, Sébastien;Stenstrom, Philippe;Smith, Carlyle;Kuiken, Don","","","Journal","Dreaming","Kluwer Academic/Human Sciences Press","2003","","Netherlands","13","4","211","235","","","*Dream Analysis;  *Dream Content;  *Dreaming;  *Human Sex Differences; Personality Traits; Sociocultural Factors","","2003-10113-002","Nielsen, Tore A.: Dream & Nightmare Laboratory, Hopital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, 5400 boul. Gouin Quest, Montréal, PQ, Canada, tore.nielsen@umontreal.ca","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1023/B:DREM.0000003144.40929.0b"
"Journal Article","Content Analysis of German Students' Dreams: Comparison to American Findings.","Studies have demonstrated that general dream characteristics, such as gender ratio and familiarity of dream characters, frequency and type of social interactions and settings, and gender differences (e.g., heightened physical aggression in men's dreams), are very stable over time and across different populations. The present study included 537 dreams of 106 women and 39 men (German students). The results confirmed earlier findings regarding the stability of general dream characteristics and gender differences. Only the gender difference regarding the gender ratio of dream characters has not been replicated; this finding might be explained by the relationship status (single vs. stable partnership) of the dreamers. The comparison of large dream samples may shed light on the similarities and differences between the inner worlds of people of different countries and cultures. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Schredl, Michael;Ciric, Petra;Bishop, Angelika;Gölitz, Eva;Buschtöns, Daniele","","","Journal","Dreaming","Kluwer Academic/Human Sciences Press","2003","","Netherlands","13","4","237","243","","","*Content Analysis;  *Cross Cultural Differences;  *Dream Content;  *Human Sex Differences; Social Interaction","","2003-10113-003","Schredl, Michael: Sleep laboratory, Central Institute of Mental Health, P.O. Box 12 21 20, Mannheim, Germany, 68072, schredl@as200.zi-mannheim.de","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1023/B:DREM.0000003145.26849.37"
"Journal Article","Personal Boundaries and Nightmare Consequences in Frequent Nightmare Sufferers.","According to the boundary concept of Hartmann (1991), the occurence of nightmares was repeatedly shown to be correlated to thin personal boundaries. The present study investigated the relationship between boundary thinness and emotional, cognitive, and behavioral consequences of nightmares infrequent nightmare sufferers. Occurence of nightmares and their respective consequences were recorded daily during a 4-week period by diaries and questionnaires. Confirming previous results, frequent nightmare sufferers had significantly thinner personal boundaries than occasional nightmare sufferers, and nightmare frequency was positively correlated to boundary thinness. Infrequent nightmare sufferers, the emotional and cognitive consequences of a nightmare as well as its possible explanations were correlated to boundary thinness; mainly the personal total score and the Boundary Questionnaire scales 'sleep/wake/dreams,' 'thoughts/feelings/mood' and 'sensitivity.' The results indicate that although nightmare frequency is positively correlated to thin personal boundaries, only particular aspects of the concept of personal boundaries are correlated to emotional and cognitive consequences of the nightmares. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Pietrowsky, Reinhard;Köthe, Martina","","","Journal","Dreaming","Kluwer Academic/Human Sciences Press","2003","","Netherlands","13","4","245","254","","","*Behavior;  *Cognition;  *Dream Content;  *Emotions;  *Nightmares; Consequence","","2003-10113-004","Pietrowsky, Reinhard: Universitat Dusseldorf, Klinische Psychologie, Universitatsstr. 1, Dusseldorf, Germany, 40225, R.Pietrowsky@uni-duesseldorf.de","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1023/B:DREM.0000003146.11946.4c"
"Review-Book","Review of The scientific study of dreams.","Reviews the book, The Scientific Study of Dreams by G. William Domhoff (see record 2002-06753-000). This book presents what Domhoff calls a neurocognitive model of dreaming. The first aspect of Domhoff's review is the extent of the neuronal network and the mechanisms of its activation in sleep. The second aspect is Domhoff's emphasis on the development of dreaming in humans. The third aspect is Domhoff's approach to the quantitative description of dream content. The book will appeal to those who share Domhoff's views about what a science of dreaming should accomplish. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Hobson, J. Allan","","","Journal","Dreaming","Kluwer Academic/Human Sciences Press","2003","","Netherlands","13","3","187","191","","","*Dream Analysis;  *Dreaming;  *Models;  *Neurocognition; Development; Dream Content; Neural Networks; Sleep","","2012-15866-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1025377513630"
"Journal Article","The significant dream as emblem of uniqueness: The fertilizer does not explain the flower.","Recent, renewed attention to 'big' or significant dreams calls into question many widely held assumptions about dreams. This essay focuses on the assumption that dreams can be accounted for in terms of the dominant emotions and concerns of the dreamer at the time of the dream. That assumption is found to be inadequate to account for at least some significant dream experiences. Archetypal psychology's aesthetic, phenomenological approach to dreams is presented as providing an instructive, illuminating alternative for understanding the on-going significance of significant dreams. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Knudson, Roger M.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Kluwer Academic/Human Sciences Press","2003","","Netherlands","13","3","121","134","","","*Dream Content;  *Dreaming;  *Emotions; Archetypes; Dream Analysis","","2003-07499-001","Knudson, Roger M.: Department of Psychology, Miami University, Oxford, OH, US, 45056, knudsorm@muohio.edu","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1025394110904"
"Journal Article","Psychological problems and dream content of nightmare sufferers in Pakistan.","In an urbanized setting in Pakistan, 14 nightmare sufferers (NS) were compared with 14 control dreamers (CD) on the standard scales of the MMPI (Urdu) as well as on self-reported ratings of dream content and sleep problems. These subjects were selected on a volunteer basis. Although the average MMPI profile of both groups was within the normal range (between T scores of 40 and 60), the nightmare sufferers obtained significantly higher scores on 7 of 10 clinical scales; the largest differences were on the psychasthenia, paranoia, and schizophrenia scales. Results are interpreted in light of the Pakistani cultural context. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)","Najam, Najma;Malik, Imrana","","","Journal","Dreaming","Kluwer Academic/Human Sciences Press","2003","","Netherlands","13","3","135","143","","","*Dream Content;  *Nightmares;  *Psychopathology;  *Sleep; Sleep Wake Disorders","","2003-07499-002","Najam, Najma: Fatima Jinnah Women University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan, fjwu@meganet.com.pk","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1025317327743"
"Journal Article","Dream recall frequency, attitude towards dreams and openness to experience.","The question whether personality dimensions explain the interindividual differences in dream recall frequency has often been investigated by dream researchers. The present findings confirm previous research which has shown that traits such as openness-to-experience and thin boundaries correlate substantially with dream recall frequency. However, correlation coefficients are small and are much larger if attitude towards dreams or a scale measuring different aspects of dream recall are considered. Thus, future studies should consider the differentiation between items measuring dream recall and related aspects and items measuring attitudes towards dreams. Schonbar's life-style hypothesis should be revised slightly: not dream recall frequency but attitude towards dreams and the way to deal with dreams are part of a broader life style. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Schredl, Michael;Ciric, Petra;Götz, Simon;Wittmann, Lutz","","","Journal","Dreaming","Kluwer Academic/Human Sciences Press","2003","","Netherlands","13","3","145","153","","","*Attitudes;  *Dream Recall;  *Dreaming;  *Openness to Experience; Personality Traits","","2003-07499-003","Schredl, Michael: Sleep Laboratory, Central Institute of Mental Health, PO Box 12 21 20, Mannheim, Germany, 68072, schredl@as200.zi-mannheim.de","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1025369311813"
"Journal Article","Personality and dream recall frequency: Still further negative findings.","In order to investigate the relationship between dream recall frequency and personality, 116 college undergraduates kept a dream log for 21 consecutive nights and completed self-report measures assessing fantasy-proneness, psychological absorption, and imaginative involvement. Consistent with most previous literature in this area, with one exception, there were no significant associations found between dream recall and the personality measures. The one exception to this pattern was for fantasy proneness and this correlation was of a small magnitude and only obtained for women. We conclude that dream recall frequency is largely independent from stable personality traits and can better be understood in terms of expectancy and attitudinal factors. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Levin, Ross;Fireman, Gary;Rackley, Chris","","","Journal","Dreaming","Kluwer Academic/Human Sciences Press","2003","","Netherlands","13","3","155","162","","","*Dream Recall;  *Personality Traits; Dreaming","","2003-07499-004","Levin, Ross: Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine Campus, 106 Rousso Bid., 1165 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY, US, 10461, rlevin@ymail.yu.edu","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1025321428651"
"Journal Article","Sleep paralysis and the structure of waking-nightmare hallucinations.","Sleep paralysis (SP) entails a period of paralysis upon waking or falling asleep and is often accompanied by terrifying hallucinations. These hallucinations constitute a waking nightmare (w-nightmare) REM experience and are the original referents of the term 'nightmare.' W-nightmare hallucinations are described by a three-factor structure involving experiences consistent with 1) threatening intruders, 2) physical assaults, and 3) vestibular-motor (V-M) bodily sensations. The present study assesses the reliability of this structure and some of the underlying measurement assumptions using several large samples of w-nightmare experients. Causal modeling further elucidated the potential causal relations among the three types of hallucinations. The first two factors appear to be strongly thematically and sequentially linked by an underlying theme of threat and assault. The third factor is relatively autonomous but appears to be sometimes recruited into the threat and assault themes. A theoretical model is proposed that combines REM mechanisms, a threat activated vigilance system (TAVS), and a bodily-self neuromatrix (BSN), as generators and organizers of w-nightmare hallucinatory experiences. More generally, it is argued that these mechanisms underwrite two fundamental domains... (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Cheyne, J. A.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Kluwer Academic/Human Sciences Press","2003","","Netherlands","13","3","163","179","","","*Hallucinations;  *Nightmares;  *Paralysis;  *REM Dreams;  *Sleep; Dream Content","","2003-07499-005","Cheyne, J. A.: Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue, Waterloo, ON, Canada, N2L 3G1, acheyne@watarts.uwaterloo.ca","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1025373412722"
"Journal Article","Lucid dreaming treatment for nightmares: A series of cases.","Goal of this series of cases was to investigate lucid dreaming treatment for nightmares. Hypotheses were that lucid dreaming treatment would decrease nightmare frequency and state/trait anxiety, and improve the quality of sleep. Eight participants received a one-hour individual session, which consisted of lucid dreaming exercises and discussing possible constructive solutions for the nightmare. Nightmare frequency and sleep quality were measured by a sleep questionnaire, anxiety was measured by the Spielberger State and Trait Anxiety Inventory. At the follow-up two months later the nightmare frequency had decreased, while the sleep quality had increased slighty. There were no changes on state and trait anxiety. Lucid dreaming treatment seems to be effective in reducing nightmare frequency, although the effective factor remains unclear. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Spoormaker, Victor I.;van den Bout, Jan;Meijer, Eli J. G.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Kluwer Academic/Human Sciences Press","2003","","Netherlands","13","3","181","186","","","*Anxiety;  *Lucid Dreaming;  *Nightmares;  *Psychotherapeutic Techniques;  *Sleep; Treatment","","2003-07499-006","Spoormaker, Victor I.: Department of Clinical Psychology, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80.140, Utrecht, Netherlands, 3508 TC, v.i.spoormaker@fss.uu.nl","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1025325529560"
"Erratum/Correction","'Counterfactual cognitive operations in dreams': Erratum.","Reports an error in 'Counterfactual cognitive operations in dreams' by Patrick McNamara, Jensine Andresen, Joshua Arrowood and Glen Messer (Dreaming, 2002[Sep], Vol 12[3], 121-133). In the first paragraph of Results, the chi square for differences in frequency of counterfactuals for pain reports, pleasant memories, and dreams was reported incorrectly. The correct value should read: (chi square = 6.0, df = 2, p = .0497). (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 2002-04365-001.) Hypothesized that counterfactual (CF) thought occurs in dreams and that cognitive operations in dreams function to identify a norm violation or novel outcome (recorded in episodic memory) and then to integrate this new content into memory by generating CFs to the violation. Study 1 compared CF content in 50 dream reports, 50 pain memory reports and 50 pleasant memory reports and found a significantly greater number of CFs in dream and in pain memory reports relative to pleasant memory reports. Study 2 used a more liberal method for scoring CF content and analyzed 34 dream reports from volunteers (mean age 63.5 yrs) engaged in an ongoing study of neuropsychologic, health and religiosity variables. Norm violations along with CF-like attempts to correct the violations occurred in 97% of reports. In 47% of these cases, attempts to undo the violation obeyed at least one constraint on mutability typically observed in laboratory studies of CF processing. Cognitive operations associated with attempts to undo the norm violation were significantly correlated with measures of right frontal function. Dreaming may involve a process of learning from novel outcomes (particularly negative outcomes) by simulating alternative ways of handling these outcomes through CF cognitive processes. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","McNamara, Patrick;Andresen, Jensine;Arrowood, Joshua;Messer, Glen","","","Journal","Dreaming","Kluwer Academic/Human Sciences Press","2003","","Netherlands","13","2","119","119","","","*Cognitive Processes;  *Dream Content;  *Episodic Memory; Counterfactual Thinking","","2012-16197-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1023306310012"
"Journal Article","Dream imagery becomes more intense after 9/11/01.","We examined a series of twenty dreams--the last ten dreams recorded before 9/11/01 and the first ten dreams recorded after 9/11/01--from each of sixteen individuals in the United States who regularly record all their dreams. Blind scoring using established scales demonstrated that dreams after 9/11/01 were characterized by more intense imagery, but were not longer nor more 'dreamlike,' compared to data before 9/11/01. The dreams after 9/11/01 did not contain significantly more content related to the attacks. The results show that traumatic events such as the attacks of 9/11/01 have a detectable effect on dreams--specifically an increase in dream image intensity--in a population of dream recorders. Whether this finding can be generalized to the entire population is not clear from this preliminary study. The results of this study are consistent with previous findings that dream image intensity is related to emotional arousal. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Hartmann, Ernest;Basile, Robert","","","Journal","Dreaming","Kluwer Academic/Human Sciences Press","2003","","Netherlands","13","2","61","66","","","*Dream Content;  *Dreaming;  *Imagery;  *Terrorism; Emotional Trauma; Nightmares","","2003-06386-001","Hartmann, Ernest: 27 Clark Street, Newton, MA, US, 02459, ehdream@aol.com","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1023398924124"
"Journal Article","Can dreams during pregnancy predict postpartum depression?","Postpartum depression (henceforth PPD) is an emotional disturbance which occurs in as much as 20% of the childbearing population. This study attempted to ascertain whether dreams, offering unconscious expression of internal emotional processes, could help to identify early signs of PPD. It was hypothesized that differences would be found in the 'emotional dream work' of pregnant women who either later developed or did not develop PPD. 166 women participated in the two stages of the study. During stage I, the women were interviewed in the last trimester of their first pregnancies. The interview included a demographic questionnaire and an account of a dream. During stage II, the women were interviewed 6-10 weeks after giving birth. The second interview included only the EPDS scale for affirming or denying the occurrence of PPD. The findings of the study confirm the hypothesis that dreams of pregnant women can differentiate among women who are or are not at-risk for PPD. It was found that more unpleasant dreams and dreams expressing apprehension were found among women who did not later develop PPD, than among women who did develop PPD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Kron, Tamar;Brosh, Adi","","","Journal","Dreaming","Kluwer Academic/Human Sciences Press","2003","","Netherlands","13","2","67","81","","","*Dreaming;  *Postpartum Depression;  *Prediction;  *Pregnancy; Human Females","","2003-06386-002","Kron, Tamar: Dept of Psychology, Hebrew U, Jerusalem, Israel, msblue@mscc.huji.ac.il","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1023397908194"
"Journal Article","Working with dreams in psychotherapy: The therapists' perspective.","129 therapists completed a 70-item questionnaire about working with dreams in psychotherapy. Almost all therapists (92%) worked with dreams in psychotherapy at least occasionally. Therapists reported that 15% of clients had brought dreams into therapy during the past year. Therapists engaged more in exploratory than insight- or action-oriented activities when working with dreams. They were more likely to work on dreams with clients who had troubling dreams or who were interested in working on dreams, but were unlikely to work on dreams with schizophrenic or psychotic clients. Those clinicians who were more likely to work with dreams had more training, higher estimated dream recall, more positive attitudes toward dreams, and did more personal dream work than clinicians who were not likely to work with dreams. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Crook, Rachel E.;Hill, Clara E.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Kluwer Academic/Human Sciences Press","2003","","Netherlands","13","2","83","93","","","*Dream Analysis;  *Psychotherapy;  *Therapist Attitudes; Therapists","","2003-06386-003","Crook, Rachel E.: Counseling Psychology Dept, 340 MCKB, Brigham Young U, Provo, UT, US, 84602-9053, rachel.crook@byu.edu","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1023350025033"
"Journal Article","The use of the Strauch Scale to study dream reports from sacred sites in England and Wales.","Thirty-five volunteers spent between one and five nights in one of four unfamiliar outdoor 'sacred sites' in England and Wales where they were awakened following rapid eye movement periods and asked for dream recall. They also monitored their dreams in familiar home surroundings, keeping dream diaries. Equal numbers of site dreams and home dream reports were obtained for each volunteer. Two judges, working blind and independently, evaluated each of the resulting 206 dream reports, using the Strauch Scale which contains criteria for identifying 'bizarre,' 'magical,' and 'paranormal' elements. Of the 103 site dream reports, 46 fell into one of these categories, versus 31 of the home dream reports. A number of explanations exist for this difference, including expectancy, suggestion, the effect of unfamiliar surroundings, the nature of the volunteers' awakenings, and possible anomalous properties of the sacred sites. The latter possibility, however, is unlikely due to the fact the 22 volunteers reported site dreams containing Strauch Scale items, while 20 reported home dreams containing these content items, a minimal difference. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Krippner, Stanley;Devereux, Paul;Fish, Adam","","","Journal","Dreaming","Kluwer Academic/Human Sciences Press","2003","","Netherlands","13","2","95","105","","","*Dream Content;  *Dream Recall;  *Environment;  *Rapid Eye Movement; Religious Buildings; Religious Experiences","","2003-06386-004","Krippner, Stanley: Saybrook Graduate School & Research Ctr, 450 Pacific, 3rd Floor, San Francisco, CA, US, 94133-4640, skrippner@saybrook.edu","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1023302209103"
"Journal Article","The words of adolescents' dreams: A quantitative analysis.","This research detects the most common words recurring in 326 adolescents' dream language. The analyzed dreams have been previously recorded and then transcribed. Grouping words, we obtained the frequency of the main parts of speech (nouns, verbs, adjectives and pronouns). Among the nouns, far more frequently represented are terms that refer to important objects of an affective relation. Other significant nouns relate to objects linked to both familial and extra-familial environments. Words related to family relations declined in frequency as age increased and were substituted by terms that refer to relations among friends and to the external world and its objects. Some of these results can be usefully compared with the conclusions derived from the application of other methods of content analysis. This method using dream language analysis could be applied to research concerning dream content, also through specific dictionaries (groups of words defined and classified in relation to a certain theme). (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Maggiolini, Alfio;Azzone, Paolo;Provantini, Katia;Viganò, Daniele;Freni, Salvatore","","","Journal","Dreaming","Kluwer Academic/Human Sciences Press","2003","","Netherlands","13","2","107","117","","","*Dream Analysis;  *Dream Content;  *Language; Words (Phonetic Units)","","2003-06386-005","Maggiolini, Alfio: Corso Porta Ticinese 4, Milano, Italy, 20123, alfio.maggiolini@tin.it","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1023354225941"
"Journal Article","Dream poetry as dream work.","This paper explores the relationship between dream poetry and dream work by presenting a representative dream poem, along with the text of the dream that inspired it; examining some of its poetic qualities and showing how these figured in the writing of the poem; and comparing the dream writing process to dream interpretation and to Jungian active imagination work. The formal demands of poetry introduce a unique type of critical thought into the creative process that develops the dream material in ways different from other forms of dream work. Writing dream poetry differs from both dream interpretation and active imagination in important ways, but can be viewed as a form of non-interpretative dream work. These observations are probably generalizable to all forms of dream writing and dream art. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)","Russo, Richard A.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Kluwer Academic/Human Sciences Press","2003","","Netherlands","13","1","13","27","","","*Dream Analysis;  *Imagination; Poetry","","2003-04489-002","Russo, Richard A.: 835 Peralta Avenue, Berkeley, CA, US, 94707, rr@well.com","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022134200865"
"Journal Article","Dreaming and the cinema of David Lynch.","This essay explores the influence of dreams and dreaming on the filmmaking of David Lynch. Focusing particular attention on Mulholland Drive (2001), Lost Highway (1997), Blue Velvet (1986), and the television series Twin Peaks (1990-91), the essay will discuss the multiple dream elements in Lynch's work and how they have contributed to the broad cultural influence of his films. Lynch's filmmaking offers an excellent case study of the powerful connection between dreaming and movies in contemporary American society. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)","Bulkeley, Kelly","","","Journal","Dreaming","Kluwer Academic/Human Sciences Press","2003","","Netherlands","13","1","49","60","","","*Dream Content;  *Dreaming;  *Films;  *Sociocultural Factors; Television","","2003-04489-005","Bulkeley, Kelly: 226 Amherst Avenue, Kensington, CA, US, 94708, kellybulkeley@earthlink.net","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022190318612"
"Journal Article","Dreams, art and virtual worldmaking.","This paper examines the possible role of dreams and other forms of virtual worldmaking (chiefly fictions) in forming and maintaining our adaptive systems. I posit no exclusive function for the dream. Rather, I treat it as an extension of fiction's preoccupation with our daily concerns, desires and fears. I suggest that narratives help us to enlarge and revise our perceptual and response systems, not by offering us moral or ethical propositions to live by but by increasing certain skills in our mental organization. Departing from John Paulos' idea that fictions and mathematics (narratives and numbers) work in similar ways, I further examine the role that probability ratios might play in dreams, despite the seeming bizarreness of many dreams. The overall idea is that narratives of all sorts are one cognitive means, among many, by which we accumulate 'sums' of knowledge and expectation, and maintain and revise our notions of what goes with what in human experience. I also look briefly at fictional archetypes (Oedipus, Orestes/Hamlet, etc.) and universal dreams (falling, being lost or attacked, etc.) as master plots in our probability systems. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","States, Bert O.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Kluwer Academic/Human Sciences Press","2003","","Netherlands","13","1","3","12","","","*Art;  *Dream Content;  *Literature;  *Narratives; Probability","","2003-04489-001","States, Bert O.: 5514 Camino Contigo, Santa Barbara, CA, US, 93111, bnstates@cox.net","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022182116795"
"Journal Article","Lucid Art and hyperspace lucidity.","This article explores nonrepresentational, multidimensional lucid dreaming and its parallel imagery in modern art paintings. Developed from a series of successive qualitative experiments on art and lucid dreaming, the study brings together phenomenological and narrative approaches to reveal a relationship between imagery in a particular lucid dream experience (hyperspace lucidity) and a particular type of modern art painting (Lucid Art). This article attempts to open new dialogues for investigation of the interconnection between the dreaming mind and art. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)","Bogzaran, Fariba","","","Journal","Dreaming","Kluwer Academic/Human Sciences Press","2003","","Netherlands","13","1","29","42","","","*Imagery;  *Lucid Dreaming; Painting (Art)","","2003-04489-003","Bogzaran, Fariba: John F. Kennedy U, Graduate School for Holistic Studies, 12 Altarinda Road, Orinda, CA, US, 94563, bogzaran@jfku.edu","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022186217703"
"Journal Article","Filmed dreams: Cinematographic and story line characteristics of the cinematic dreamscapes of John Sayles.","The authors characterize the filmed dreamscapes of John Sayles though a structured interview with the screenwriter/director and an analysis of cinematographic and story line techniques utilized in creating dreamscapes in two of his films. The filmmaker uses complex techniques to produce believable dreams in otherwise naturalistic films by isolating the dream sequence and altering sound, color, cinematography, story, time, visual perspective and physical properties of the perceived external reality of the dream. This perceptual and orienting framework required to produce a believable dream on film may reflect innate characteristics of the dream state. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Pagel, James F.;Crow, Dennis;Sayles, John","","","Journal","Dreaming","Kluwer Academic/Human Sciences Press","2003","","Netherlands","13","1","43","48","","","*Dreaming; Films","","2003-04489-004","Pagel, James F.: Sleep Disorders Ctr of Southern Colorado, 1619 North Greenwood, Pueblo, CO, US, 81003, Pueo34@juno.com","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022138301774"
"Editorial","Introduction.","I am pleased and honored to have the opportunity to edit this special issue on 'Dreaming and the Arts'—an area that has been underrepresented in the field of dream studies. My hope is that the articles presented here will inspire readers to experience and explore the fascinating work being done by artists and writers and filmmakers who incorporate dreams in their creative work; to consider how the concepts and issues raised by the dream arts intersect with their own areas of study; perhaps even to try creating some dream art of their own. I hope readers will find these articles as interesting and provocative as I did, and be left with the sense that we've only glimpsed the tip of the iceberg, that there's a vast field still waiting to be explored. I began by stating that 'dreaming and the arts' is an underrepresented area of dream studies. Part of the problem, I think, is that much of the existing work has been done within specialized disciplines. Dream researchers who look at the arts may not know much about the technical aspects of poetry writing, painting or filmmaking; writers, artists and filmmakers who work with dreams may not know much about psychology or dream research. This is an area that requires an interdisciplinary approach. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Russo, Richard A.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Kluwer Academic/Human Sciences Press","2003","","Netherlands","13","1","1","2","","","*Art;  *Creativity;  *Dream Analysis; Dreaming","","2012-15865-001","Russo, Richard A.: 835 Peralta Avenue, Berkeley, CA, US, 94707, rr@well.com","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022116332724"
"Journal Article","Stress and coping in the waking and dreaming states during an examination period.","Dream diaries were kept by 35 female undergraduates (aged 19-21 yrs) for two ten-day periods, one of preparation for midterm or final examinations, and an exam-free one. Research questions were whether the stress and negative emotions induced by preparing for exams were reflected in dreams and what types of coping were used both in the waking and dreaming states. There was no consistent impact of the stressful situation on dreams, in terms of incorporation and negative emotions. However, 22 dreamers had incorporation dreams. They reported significantly less active problem-solving strategies in waking than the ones who had no such dreams. While a significant negative correlation was found between harm/threat emotions in waking and negative emotions in dream imagery, a positive correlation was found between positive reappraisal in waking and active problem-solving in dreams. Findings are discussed from the perspective of Lazarus and Folkman's theory of adaptation to stress in waking life. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Delorme, Marie-Annick;Lortie-Lussier, Monique;De Koninck, Joseph","","","Journal","Dreaming","Kluwer Academic/Human Sciences Press","2002","","Netherlands","12","4","171","183","","","*Coping Behavior;  *Dreaming;  *Emotional Adjustment;  *Stress; Dream Content","","2002-11094-001","Lortie-Lussier, Monique: U Ottawa School of Psychology, PO Box 450, Station A, Ottawa, ON, Canada, K1N 6N5, mllortie@uottawa.ca","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021128326940"
"Journal Article","Ordinary and recurrent dream recall of active, past and non-recurrent dreamers during and after academic stress.","Investigated the role of stress in the onset and frequency of recurrent dreams by comparing dream recall of students undergoing naturalistic stress conditions. Thirty nine students (aged 18-50 yrs) in active, past and non-recurrent dream groups (n = 13) recorded frequency of nights per week involving overall and recurrent dream recall in the week prior to mid-term examinations and in a neutral study week in second semester. Self-report measures of everyday hassles and uplifts, anxiety and positive and negative affect experienced during these conditions were also collected. Anxiety and negative affect were reported as significantly higher in the pre-examination week. Overall the groups reported dreams on significantly more nights in the pre-examination week than the post examination week. Recurrent dream nights increased during the stress week for the active recurrent dream group but there was no change in recurrent dream recall for the other groups. These findings are consistent with theories that the experience of emotional stress is a critical factor in the onset and persistence of recurrent dreams. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)","Duke, Theresa;Davidson, John","","","Journal","Dreaming","Kluwer Academic/Human Sciences Press","2002","","Netherlands","12","4","185","197","","","*Anxiety;  *Dream Recall;  *Dreaming;  *Emotional States;  *Psychological Stress; Dream Content; Academic Stress","","2002-11094-002","Davidson, John: U Tasmania, School of Psychology, GPO Box 252-30, Hobart, TAS, Australia, 7001, john.davidson@utas.edu.au","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021152411010"
"Journal Article","Dreams and dreamless sleep.","Dreamless sleep, as subjective experience, is considered in some Eastern traditions. The author discusses how the concept of dreamless sleep might be relevant to dream studies today. In the Upanishads, dreamless sleep is presented for the most part as objectless consciousness. Tibetan Buddhists speak of dreamless sleep in terms of a progression of visual experiences consisting of darkness and light. Contemporary discussions of dreaming, unless concerned with Eastern religion or philosophy, do not tend to mention dreamless sleep. For some writers today, dreaming includes all subjective experience during sleep, leaving no room for an experience of dreamless sleep. Some writers describe dreaming as a simulation of waking life. Since not all experience during sleep is simulation, this concept allows for experiences during sleep that may be understood to be other than dreaming. The writer finds it useful to consider simulation as the determining characteristic of dreaming and finds certain other sleep experiences then that are best considered to be 'dreamless.' (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Gillespie, George","","","Journal","Dreaming","Kluwer Academic/Human Sciences Press","2002","","Netherlands","12","4","199","207","","","*Dreaming;  *Sleep; Buddhists; Hindus","","2002-11094-003","Gillespie, George: 20 West Third St, Moorestown, NJ, US, 08057-2412, geochar58@aol.com","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021104527848"
"Journal Article","Stereotypical gender-based emotions are not detectable in dream reports.","This study reports on the number of feelings evoked in men and women by their dream characters as well as on the relative frequency of different kinds of feelings. Thirty-five adults recorded 320 dreams over a two-week period, submitted dream reports and a dream log of all characters that appeared in their dreams as well as any feelings involving the characters. The authors found that feelings were pervasive in dreams and that they were evoked by over 80% of a subject's dream characters. Further, negative and positive emotions were balanced for both men and women. No significant differences were found in the number or in the profile of feelings in men and women's dreams. The reasons for this are discussed in terms of a continuity hypothesis across dream and wake states or, on the contrary, that feelings expressed in dreams may be independent of learned gender differences. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Kahn, David;Hobson, J. Allan","","","Journal","Dreaming","Kluwer Academic/Human Sciences Press","2002","","Netherlands","12","4","209","222","","","*Dream Analysis;  *Dream Content;  *Emotional States; Human Sex Differences","","2002-11094-004","Kahn, David: Harvard U Medical School, Dept of Psychiatry, Lab of Neurophysiology, Boston, MA, US, 02115, david-kahn@hms.harvard.edu","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021156511919"
"Journal Article","Counterfactual cognitive operations in dreams.","[Correction Notice: An Erratum for this article was reported in Vol 13(2) of Dreaming (see record 2012-16197-001). In the first paragraph of Results, the chi square for differences in frequency of counterfactuals for pain reports, pleasant memories, and dreams was reported incorrectly. The correct value should read: (chi square = 6.0, df = 2, p = .0497).] Hypothesized that counterfactual (CF) thought occurs in dreams and that cognitive operations in dreams function to identify a norm violation or novel outcome (recorded in episodic memory) and then to integrate this new content into memory by generating CFs to the violation. Study 1 compared CF content in 50 dream reports, 50 pain memory reports and 50 pleasant memory reports and found a significantly greater number of CFs in dream and in pain memory reports relative to pleasant memory reports. Study 2 used a more liberal method for scoring CF content and analyzed 34 dream reports from volunteers (mean age 63.5 yrs) engaged in an ongoing study of neuropsychologic, health and religiosity variables. Norm violations along with CF-like attempts to correct the violations occurred in 97% of reports. In 47% of these cases, attempts to undo the violation obeyed at least one constraint on mutability typically observed in laboratory studies of CF processing. Cognitive operations associated with attempts to undo the norm violation were significantly correlated with measures of right frontal function. Dreaming may involve a process of learning from novel outcomes (particularly negative outcomes) by simulating alternative ways of handling these outcomes through CF cognitive processes. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","McNamara, Patrick;Andresen, Jensine;Arrowood, Joshua;Messer, Glen","","","Journal","Dreaming","Kluwer Academic/Human Sciences Press","2002","","Netherlands","12","3","121","133","","","*Cognitive Processes;  *Dream Content;  *Episodic Memory; Counterfactual Thinking","","2002-04365-001","McNamara, Patrick: VA New England Health Care System, Dept of Neurology (127), 150 South Huntington Ave, Boston, MA, US, 02130, mcnamar@bu.edu","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020181607842"
"Journal Article","Arousability and dreaming.","Explored the relationships between certain self-reported parameters of dreaming and high and low levels of arousability, as measured by the Arousal Predisposition Scale. This study found that dream valence and the frequency with which several types of dreams were experienced are related to arousability. Specifically, compared to 214 university students who were classified as low in arousability, 182 university students who were high in arousability reported more frequent dreams for all seven types of dreams as measured by the Dream Types Survey. This relationship between arousability and dreaming was especially salient for the three types of nightmares, (i.e., Fantastic Nightmares, Posttraumatic Nightmares, and Night Terrors) that were measured. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Hicks, Robert A.;Fortin, Eileen;Brassington, Glenn S.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Kluwer Academic/Human Sciences Press","2002","","Netherlands","12","3","135","139","","","*Dream Content;  *Dreaming;  *Nightmares; Physiological Arousal","","2002-04365-002","Hicks, Robert A.: San Jose State U, Dept of Psychology, San Jose, CA, US, 95192-0120","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020114224680"
"Journal Article","The sanctification of dreams: Prevalence and implications.","Many scientists and practitioners have debated about the function of dreams. Though some researchers have described dreams as purposeless random neuronal firings, others have suggested that dreams serve an adaptive function with certain dream characteristics having positive implications. Drawing on other studies of sanctification, this study examines whether imbuing a dream with qualities of the sacred relates to beneficial outcomes. An examination of a college student sample of 168 found that the more sacred the dream was perceived, the more beneficial the outcome reported from a stressful life event which related to the dream. These outcomes include less negative affect and more positive affect, psychological and spiritual growth. Sanctification of dreams predicted these outcome variables over and above other religious measures as well as dream measures. The implications of these findings are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Phillips III, Russell E.;Pargament, Kenneth I.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Kluwer Academic/Human Sciences Press","2002","","Netherlands","12","3","141","153","","","*Dream Content;  *Dreaming;  *Psychological Stress;  *Religion; Spirituality","","2002-04365-003","Phillips, Russell E., III: Bowling Green State U, Psychology Dept, Bowling Green, OH, US, 43403, phillie@bgnet.bgsu.edu","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020166208750"
"Journal Article","Nightmares as a coping mechanism for stress.","The cause of nightmares remains unclear. However, previous research suggests that stress may play a key role and that nightmares may actually serve a beneficial function. Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine the overall relationship between these two variables and assess the hypothesis that nightmares serve as a coping mechanism for stress. To accomplish these goals, a group of 412 psychology students were separated into low, medium, and high nightmare frequency groups as well as low, medium, and high nightmare intensity groups. Comparisons were then conducted for daily stressors, life stressors, social support, and coping. Most notably, this study demonstrated a positive association between nightmares and coping with stress. The overall pattern seen in the analyses reflect the significant relationship between nightmares and stress, while the finding that nightmares were positively associated with coping bolsters the supposition that nightmares may help to alleviate stress. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Picchioni, Dante;Goeltzenleucher, Brandy;Green, Del N.;Convento, Mary J.;Crittenden, Rebecca;Hallgren, Michelle;Hicks, Robert A.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Kluwer Academic/Human Sciences Press","2002","","Netherlands","12","3","155","169","","","*Coping Behavior;  *Experiences (Events);  *Nightmares;  *Psychological Stress; Social Support","","2002-04365-004","Picchioni, Dante: U Southern Mississippi, Dept of Psychology, Hattiesburg, MS, US, 39406-5025, dantepicchioni@hotmail.com","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020118425588"
"Journal Article","Dream content and political ideology.","This pilot study focuses on the relationship of dream content and political ideology in a contemporary US context. The study involved 56 people (mean age 20.9 yrs), 28 who identified themselves as members of the political right and 28 who identified themselves as members of the political left. 'Most recent dream' reports from these subjects were analyzed using Hall and Van de Castle content analysis categories. Following that quantitative analysis, each dream was analyzed in terms of its narrative qualities (themes, images, emotional patterns, etc.). Although the small size of the study makes it impossible to offer definitive interpretations, the findings are suggestive: people on the political right had more nightmares, more dreams in which they lacked personal power, and a greater frequency of 'lifelike' dreams; people on the political left had fewer nightmares, more dreams in which they had personal power, and a greater frequency of good fortunes and bizarre elements in their dreams. These findings have plausible correlations to certain features of the political ideologies of people on the left and the right, and merit future investigation in larger-scale studies. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Bulkeley, Kelly","","","Journal","Dreaming","Kluwer Academic/Human Sciences Press","2002","","Netherlands","12","2","61","77","","","*Dream Content;  *Political Attitudes;  *Ideology; Political Conservatism; Political Liberalism","","2002-15965-001","Bulkeley, Kelly: 226 Amherst Avenue, Kensington, CA, US, 94708, kellybulkeley@earthlink.net","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015398822122"
"Journal Article","Invisible elites? Authority and the dream.","This paper seeks to develop a perspective on the dynamic interplay between dreaming, culture and identity. A spectrum of examples show that dream imagery has had and still has tremendous cultural significance across a whole array of historical, religious and contemporary political and personal contexts. The visionary dream is shown to have underpinned the charter myths of both Israel and Serbia/Kosovo as well as having been the generative source of a core body of hierarchically organized spiritual knowledge in Islamic societies, possibly including the Taliban. Annunciation and calling dreams are commonplace in shamanic and some other societies and individuals can have dreams that prefigure aspects of their developing personal myths. The power and politics of dreaming is further exemplified in the author's example from his dreamwork group that suggests people can dream within the cultural and oppressive stereotypes of a gendered and racist time. The experience of reality is presented as being dynamically co-created out of both the normative events of everyday life as well as from the human experience of the dream in its powerful and politically evocative forms. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Edgar, Iain R.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Kluwer Academic/Human Sciences Press","2002","","Netherlands","12","2","79","92","","","*Authority;  *Culture (Anthropological);  *Dreaming;  *Politics;  *Interpersonal Control; Myths","","2002-15965-002","Edgar, Iain R.: U Durham, Dept of Anthropology, 43, Old Elvet, Durham, United Kingdom, DH1 3HN, I.R.Edgar@Durham.ac.uk","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015311606192"
"Journal Article","Significance of automatically detected word recurrences in dream associations.","Verbal data files including dream reports and associations with the report items were subjected to automatic analysis aiming at the recognition of word recurrences. The total number of text files was 44 (11 subjects, 4 sleep conditions). The research was based on the following assumptions: the associations can provide information about the dream sources; the recognition of word recurrences in text files can be a useful tool for the study of dreaming; the identification of links between different dream sources can provide an interesting insight into the phenomenon of dreaming. The principal result obtained was that word recurrences often evidence possible significant links between dream sources. A number of the possible links evidenced by the automatic analysis not only escaped the subject's notice, but might also be unexpected for an analyzer not assisted by a computer. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved)","Barcaro, Umberto;Calabrese, Rosa;Cavallero, Corrado;Diciotti, Roberta;Navona, Carlo","","","Journal","Dreaming","Kluwer Academic/Human Sciences Press","2002","","Netherlands","12","2","93","107","","","*Content Analysis;  *Dream Content;  *Dreaming;  *Word Associations;  *Words (Phonetic Units); Text Analysis","","2002-15965-003","Barcaro, Umberto: Istituto di Elaborazione della Informazione, Area della Ricerca, Via Moruzzi 1, Pisa, Italy, I-56124","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015363623030"
"Journal Article","Phenomenal qualities of nightmare experience in a prospective study of college students.","Investigated the relationship between both state and global measures of phenomenal qualities of nightmare experience and nightmare prevalence as measured prospectively by dream logs. 63 frequent nightmare individuals (mean age 20.2 yrs) and 53 controls (mean age 19.5 yrs) completed a retrospective measure of their sleep and dreaming processes and kept a dreaming and nightmare log for 21 consecutive nights. Nightmare prevalence was unrelated to all 3 state-based rating dimensions including a concurrent rating of how distressing the actual nightmare was but was significantly associated with a global measure of nightmare distress. Similarly, global ratings of dream and nightmare saliency showed greater predictive validity than ratings of the same dimensions rated concurrently. The results suggest that whether a person reports having a nightmare on any given night is more associated with how they view their global dreaming processes than with the phenomenal qualities of the actual nightmare itself. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Levin, Ross;Fireman, Gary","","","Journal","Dreaming","Kluwer Academic/Human Sciences Press","2002","","Netherlands","12","2","109","120","","","*Distress;  *Nightmares; Epidemiology","","2002-15965-004","Levin, Ross: Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology, Albert Einstein Coll of Medicine Campus, 106 Rousso Bld., 1165 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY, US, 10461, rlevin@ymail.yu.edu","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015315707100"
"Journal Article","Dream interpretation with heterosexual dating couples.","Examined the effectiveness of the Hill cognitive-experiential model of dream interpretation for working with male and female partners in heterosexual dating couples. 20 couples were randomly assigned to treatment and 20 couples were randomly assigned to a wait-list condition. Ss were aged 18-28 yrs. The authors examined the outcome of dream interpretation and whether the effects differed by gender. Results showed that female partners who received dream interpretation had greater improvements in relationship well-being, insight, and gains from dream interpretation than female partners in the wait-list control group. However, male partners who received dream interpretation did not make significant improvements as compared to male partners who did not receive dream interpretation. Hence, couples dream interpretation may be more helpful for women than men. Greater effort may be needed to involve men in couples dream sessions in hopes that they will show more gains in relationship well-being and insight. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Kolchakian, Misty R.;Hill, Clara E.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Kluwer Academic/Human Sciences Press","2002","","Netherlands","12","1","1","16","","","*Couples;  *Dream Analysis;  *Human Sex Differences;  *Social Dating; Models","","2002-13033-001","Kolchakian, Misty R.: U Maryland, Dept of Psychology, College Park, MD, US, 20742","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1013884804836"
"Journal Article","Questionnaires and diaries as research instruments in dream research: Methodological issues.","Investigated the intercorrelation between dream questionnaire and diary measures. 285 participants (mean age 24.8 yrs) completed a dream questionnaire and kept a dream diary over a 2-wk period. Results indicate that keeping a dream diary increased dream recall in low and medium dream recallers but decreased dream recall in high dream recallers. The correlation coefficients between questionnaire items measuring aspects of dream content and diary data were large, except for a more complex scale (realism/bizarreness). In the low recall group, however, considerably lower coefficients were found indicating that recall and sampling processes affect the response to global items measuring dream content. Using the example of testing gender differences, the findings of the present study clearly indicate that the measurement technique affects the results. Whereas sufficient internal consistency and retest reliability have been demonstrated for various dream questionnaires, future research should focus on the aspects of validity by comparing questionnaire data to dream content analysis of at least 20 dreams per person. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Schredl, Michael","","","Journal","Dreaming","Kluwer Academic/Human Sciences Press","2002","","Netherlands","12","1","17","26","","","*Dream Recall;  *Methodology;  *Questionnaires;  *Written Communication; Journal Writing","","2002-13033-002","Schredl, Michael: Central Inst of Mental Health, Sleep Lab, PO Box 12 21 20, Mannheim, Germany, 68072, Schredl@as200.zi-mannheim.de","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1013890421674"
"Journal Article","Dream recall frequency and dream detail as mediated by personality, behavior, and attitude.","This study compared 173 undergraduates' (mean age 21.55 yrs) self-reported dream recall frequency, and dream detail, with behaviors, attitude toward dreaming, and scores on scales of Extraversion/Introversion and Type A/B. Dream recall frequency and dream detail manifested different patterns of association in relation to behaviors, attitude and personality. Dream recall frequency was associated with the frequency of experiencing emotionally disturbing dreams and trying to interpret dreams, while detail of dreams was associated with positive attitude toward dreaming and Type B personality. Although males and females both held positive attitudes toward dreaming, females experienced more emotionally disturbing dreams and felt unable to control their dreams. Interactions between personality and gender emerged for behaviors associated with dreaming. Researchers are encouraged to differentiate between dream recall frequency and dream detail. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Wolcott, Sommer;Strapp, Chehalis M.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Kluwer Academic/Human Sciences Press","2002","","Netherlands","12","1","27","44","","","*Adult Attitudes;  *Behavior;  *Dream Content;  *Dream Recall;  *Personality; Extraversion; Introversion","","2002-13033-003","Strapp, Chehalis M.: Western Oregon U, Dept of Psychology, Monmouth, OR, US, 97361, strappc@wou.edu","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1013842505744"
"Journal Article","Comparing the content of sleep paralysis and dream reports.","Used C. Hall and R. Van de Castle's method of content analysis, which has been extensively applied to dream content, to analyze sleep paralysis (SP) reports. 64 males and 52 females (aged 13-78 yrs) each contributed 1 SP report. These were content analyzed and compared with dream norms, revealing the similarities between dreams and SP. Findings indicate that, emotionally, SP is a more uniform state than dreaming, and that interactions between characters are more aggressive, with the 'dreamer' being the victim of the attacks. SP reports contained more cognitive and auditory experiences, and 4 times as many references to parts of the body. Only 1 difference was found between males' and females' SP reports; that females reported more sexual activity. A description of a 'typical' SP episode is presented, based upon the content analysis system. It is concluded that while SP and dreams share some subjective similarities, they can be identified as separate sleep states by the content of written reports. Furthermore, Hall and Van de Castle's system may provide the foundations for systematic comparisons of other sleep mentation and fantasy states. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Parker, Jennifer D.;Blackmore, Susan J.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Kluwer Academic/Human Sciences Press","2002","","Netherlands","12","1","45","59","","","*Dream Content;  *Paralysis; Sleep","","2002-13033-004","Parker, Jennifer D.: U West of England, St. Matthias Campus, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Dept of Psychology, Oldbury Court Road, Bristol, United Kingdom, BS16 2JP","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1013894522583"
"Journal Article","Significant dreams: Bizarre or beautiful?","The literature on highly significant dreams is filled with references to the bizarreness of their content. On the other hand, the concept of beauty is rarely if ever mentioned in relation to these dreams. Grounded in archetypal psychology's tenet that psychological life is aesthetic life, this article argues that the enduring, even life-long, influence some dreams have on the dreamer's life may be better approached through the idea of beauty than through the idea of bizarreness. The argument builds on H. T. Hunt's theoretical model of the nature of consciousness and dream multiplicity with its emphasis on cross-modal synesthesia as well as on insights provided by E. Scarry's recent essay on beauty. A detailed account of how one composer's work was profoundly influenced by his most significant dream is presented to illustrate this aesthetic approach to understanding the on-going significance of significant dreams. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)","Knudson, Roger M.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Kluwer Academic/Human Sciences Press","2001","","Netherlands","11","4","167","177","","","*Aesthetics;  *Dream Analysis; Dream Content","","2001-09551-001","Knudson, Roger M.: Miami U, Dept of Psychology, Oxford, OH, US, 45056, knudsorm@muohio.edu","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1012200406752"
"Journal Article","Children's understanding of dreams as mental states.","Children's understanding of dreams as mental states was examined as an instance of their development of a 'theory of mind.' 35 children between the ages of 3 and 7 yrs were interviewed to determine how well they understood the reality, location, privacy, and origin of their own dream, versus that of a fictional character, matched for emotional valence. Theory of mind developments in understanding appearance vs reality and perspective-taking were evaluated as predictors of dream understanding. Results revealed significant age increases in dream understanding that occur in a logical sequence predicted by L. Kohlberg. Theory of mind developments were correlated with children's understanding of the reality and the privacy of dreams. These findings suggest that children as young as 5 yrs, although their own dreams may be rare, are beginning to understand that Western culture deems dreams to be non-real, private, psychological occurrences. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Meyer, Sarah;Shore, Cecilia","","","Journal","Dreaming","Kluwer Academic/Human Sciences Press","2001","","Netherlands","11","4","179","194","","","*Age Differences;  *Dream Analysis;  *Dream Content; Theory of Mind","","2001-09551-002","Shore, Cecilia: Miami U, Dept of Psychology, Oxford, OH, US, 45056, shorec@muohio.edu","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1012288223591"
"Journal Article","Definitions of dream: A paradigm for comparing field descriptive specific studies of dream.","A single definition for dreaming is most likely impossible given the wide spectrum of fields engaged in the study of dreaming, and the diversity in currently applied definitions. Many studies do not specify a definition, yet results are likely to be comparable only when comparable definitions of the topic are used. The alternative is to develop a classification system organizing the multiplicity of definitions for dream. A dream should not be exclusively defined as a non-conscious electrophysiologic state. Dreaming is, at least in part, a mental experience that can be described during waking consciousness. Definitions for dreaming should be utilized in research and discussion which address the various axes which define dreaming: Wake/sleep, Recall, and Content. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)","Pagel, J. F.;Blagrove, M.;Levin, R.;States, B.;Stickgold, B.;White, S.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Kluwer Academic/Human Sciences Press","2001","","Netherlands","11","4","195","202","","","*Dream Analysis;  *Dream Content;  *Dreaming; Taxonomies","","2001-09551-003","Pagel, J. F.: U Colorado Medical School, Rocky Mountain Sleep Disorders Ctr, 1619 N. Greenwood, Pueblo, CO, US, 81003, pueo34@juno.com","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1012240307661"
"Journal Article","Personalized Method for Interpreting Dreams (PMID)--as applied to relationship issues.","The purpose of this study was to develop a dreamwork model that would help individuals deal with relationship issues. 70 dreams, involving 7 major relationships, were selected from a woman participant's dreams. A dream interpretation model, the Personalized Method for Interpreting Dreams (PMID) was developed. Well-founded concepts in the PMID are: 1) dreams reflect emotions; and, 2) pre-dream thoughts, current circumstances, and personal definitions build dream meanings. The newest dreamwork concept of the PMID is the systemic perspective that relationship issues are best understood by discovering how relationship experiences influence our thoughts, emotions and behavior in other relationships. With a dreamwork systemic approach, the individual gathers together and studies series of dreams about major relationships in his or her life, primarily the family. Results of the thesis study show that the participant's use of the model was a factor in reducing stressful relationship issues. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Duesbury, Evelyn","","","Journal","Dreaming","Kluwer Academic/Human Sciences Press","2001","","Netherlands","11","4","203","216","","","*Dream Analysis;  *Interpersonal Interaction;  *Methodology; Models","","2001-09551-004","Duesbury, Evelyn: Board Eligible NCC, 960 Stonebridge Road, NO. 11, Platteville, WI, US, 53818","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1012292324499"
"Journal Article","Verbal aspects of dreaming: A preliminary classification.","Notes that despite the fact that a handful of dream researchers have called attention to a link between language and dreaming, beginning with S. Freud (1900) and E. Kraepelin (1906), and continuing to the present (e.g. F. Heynick 1993), much remains to be understood about the role of language in dreaming. It is argued that certain commonly reported phenomena may be taken as evidence that the linguistic system is active during dreaming. Four categories of dream phenomena are described and illustrated to support the claim that verbal thought is an important component of dream formation and content. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Kilroe, Patricia A.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Kluwer Academic/Human Sciences Press","2001","","Netherlands","11","3","105","113","","","*Dream Content;  *Dreaming;  *Language;  *Thinking;  *Verbal Communication; Freud (Sigmund); Theories","","2001-07853-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1016623726208"
"Journal Article","Contextualizing images in dreams: More intense after abuse and trauma.","Notes that a contextualizing image (CI) is a powerful central image in a dream which can be seen as picturing, or providing a picture-context for, the dominant emotion of the dreamer. Two sets of dream data were studied. One 'most recent dream' was obtained from each of 306 students (aged 18–52 yrs). The CI score measuring presence and intensity of a contextualizing image, scored on a blind basis, was higher among Ss who reported any abuse (physical or sexual, childhood or recent) compared to those who reported no abuse. Second, dreams were collected from 10 Ss who had experienced a variety of acute traumas. In 4 of the 10 cases, the CI score was higher after trauma than before, but the difference was statistically significant in only 1 case. The CI scores in the 10 trauma Ss overall were found to be significantly higher than the CI scores in the overall student group. CI scores in the trauma group were also significantly higher than in an age and gender matched control subgroup of the students. The emotions rated as contextualized by the dream images tended towards more negative than positive emotions. However, this was true in the dreams of students who reported no abuse, as well as those of students who reported abuse and the dreams of the group who had experienced trauma. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Hartmann, Ernest;Zborowski, Michael;Rosen, Rachel;Grace, Nancy","","","Journal","Dreaming","Kluwer Academic/Human Sciences Press","2001","","Netherlands","11","3","115","126","","","*Contextual Associations;  *Dream Content;  *Emotional States;  *Emotional Trauma;  *Imagery; Child Abuse; Early Experience; Physical Abuse; Sexual Abuse","","2001-07853-002","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1016688110279"
"Journal Article","Identifying and utilizing spiritual content in dream reports.","Investigated whether the spiritual content of dreams could be identified. The Casto Spirituality Scoring System (CSSS) was used to identify spiritual elements in 1,666 dream reports obtained from men and women in dream workshops in Argentina, Brazil, Japan, Russia, Ukraine, and the United States. The CSSS considers the adjective 'spiritual' as a hypothetical construct referring to one's focus on, and/or reverence, openness, and connectedness to something of significance believed to be beyond one's full understanding and/or individual existence. The research question was answered affirmatively. All dream reports were scored by 2 judges working independently for spiritual objects, settings, activities, emotions, and experiences, with an overall reliability of no less than .90 per item. The collection of dream reports with the highest percentage of spiritual content came from Brazil. This investigation includes quantitative analyses and examples of dream reports in each of the categories identified. It also discusses the therapeutic use of dreams with spiritual content. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Krippner, Stanley;Jaeger, Christophe;Faith, Laura","","","Journal","Dreaming","Kluwer Academic/Human Sciences Press","2001","","Netherlands","11","3","127","147","","","*Cross Cultural Differences;  *Dream Content;  *Measurement; Spirituality","","2001-07853-003","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1016640227117"
"Journal Article","Object representations in dreams of Chicanos and Anglos.","Investigated the relationship between the cultures to which persons belong and their internalized object representations as revealed by manifest dream content. It was hypothesized that because Chicanos are from a more nurturing culture than Anglos, they would represent persons in their dreams as more differentiated, articulated, and integrated, with more benevolent interactions. 50 Chicano and 50 Anglo university students (25 of each gender in each culture) reported a total of 555 dreams that were scored according to the Concept of the Object Scale, which in this case applied developmental principles concerning the 3 dimensions of differentiation, articulation, and integration to the manifest content of the Ss' reported dreams. The cross-cultural hypothesis was disconfirmed; however, there were strong findings concerning gender. Gender differences across culture were statistically significant in each developmental dimension, ranging from females representing more humans, who are better articulated and more benevolently interactive to females reporting more intentional, congruent actions and more interactions. Within the sample of acculturated Chicano Ss, genders were polarized to a much greater extent than in the Anglo sample. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Kern, Candace;Roll, Samuel","","","Journal","Dreaming","Kluwer Academic/Human Sciences Press","2001","","Netherlands","11","3","149","166","","","*Cross Cultural Differences;  *Dream Content;  *Interpersonal Interaction;  *Object Relations; Anglos; Internalization; Mexican Americans","","2001-07853-004","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1016692211187"
"Journal Article","Predictors of outcome of dream interpretation sessions: Volunteer client characteristics, dream characteristics, and type of interpretation.","105 volunteer clients (aged 18–26 yrs) completed single sessions of dream interpretation using the C. E. Hill (1996) model, with half randomly assigned to waking life interpretation and the other half to parts of self interpretation in the insight stage of the Hill model. 12 therapists (aged 22–50 yrs) also participated. No differences were found between waking life and parts of self interpretations, suggesting that therapists can use either type of dream interpretation. Volunteer clients who had positive attitudes toward dreams and presented pleasant dreams had better session outcome; in addition, volunteer clients who had pleasant dreams gained more insight into their dreams. Results suggest that therapists doing single sessions of dream interpretation need to be cautious about working with dreams when volunteer clients have negative attitudes toward dreams and present unpleasant dreams. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)","Hill, Clara E.;Kelley, Frances A.;Davis, Timothy L.;Crook, Rachel E.;Maldonado, Leslie E.;Turkson, Maria A.;Wonnell, Teresa L.;Suthakaran, V.;Zack, Jason S.;Rochlen, Aaron B.;Kolchakian, Misty R.;Codrington, Jamila N.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Kluwer Academic/Human Sciences Press","2001","","Netherlands","11","2","53","72","","","*Client Characteristics;  *Dream Analysis;  *Dream Content; Therapists","","2001-17789-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009420619940"
"Journal Article","Exotic dreams: A cross-cultural study.","The purpose of this study was to identify 'exotic' (i.e., puzzling, unusual, extraordinary, anomalous) dreams in a sample of 1,666 dream reports from 6 countries, and to make gender comparisons as well. Research participants were citizens of Argentina, Brazil, Japan, Russia, Ukraine, and the United States. Only 1 dream report per participant was utilized. Scoring criteria were determined in advance for creative, lucid, healing, dreams within dreams, out-of-body, telepathic, mutual (and shared), clairvoyant, precognitive, past-life, initiation, and visitation dreams. When a dream fell into 2 categories, it received a score of 0.5 for each of the categories, rather than a score of 1.0, awarded when a dream represented a single category. In the sample of 1,666 dreams, there were 135 exotic dreams. Female dreamers reported 77 exotic dreams, while male dreamers reported 58, and the difference was not statistically significant. The country with the highest percentage of exotic dream reports was Russia, followed by Brazil, Argentina, Japan, Ukraine, and the United States. When chi square statistics were applied, it was found that Russian dreamers reported significantly more exotic dreams than dreamers in Ukraine or the United States. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)","Krippner, Stanley;Faith, Laura","","","Journal","Dreaming","Kluwer Academic/Human Sciences Press","2001","","Netherlands","11","2","73","82","","","*Cross Cultural Differences;  *Dream Content; Human Sex Differences","","2001-17789-002","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009480404011"
"Journal Article","Boundary Questionnaire results in the mentally healthy elderly.","Investigated the effects of dream-telling on 5 variables: well-being, sleep quality, sleep duration, dream recall and dream tone using 61 Swiss subjects over 60 years of age. In addition, dream epoch, i.e., the age of life of the dreamer as perceived in the dream, was recorded for those who told dreams. In addition to this study group there were 2 control groups. Those in the first control group were asked about well-being and sleep quality but not about dreams or dreaming, while those in the second control group were additionally asked how many dreams they had retained, how frequently they had occurred and about the dream tone. All study participants were given the Hartmann Boundary Questionnaire at the beginning (pre-test) and again at the end of the 6 month study period (post-test). The retest reliability was high. No significant correlations were found for age, group membership or dream recall. There was, however, a small, significant boundary score difference between women and men for the pre-test, indicating thinner boundaries for women, but this difference was no longer significant in the post-test. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)","Funkhouser, Arthur T.;Würmle, Othmar;Cornu, Claude M.;Bahro, Marcel","","","Journal","Dreaming","Kluwer Academic/Human Sciences Press","2001","","Netherlands","11","2","83","88","","","*Boundaries (Psychological);  *Dream Content;  *Dream Recall;  *Sleep;  *Well Being; Questionnaires","","2001-17789-003","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009432520849"
"Journal Article","Contextualizing images in dreams and daydreams.","A contextualizing image (CI) is a powerful central image of a dream which appears to 'contextualize' (provide a picture-context for) the dreamer's emotion. A scoring system for CIs is examined here and is applied to dreams and daydreams supplied by 40 students (aged 18–25 yrs). Two raters scoring dreams on a blind basis showed good inter-rater reliability. Recent dreams were shown to have more as well as more intense CIs than recent daydreams; likewise, dreams that 'stand out' had more intense CIs than daydreams that 'stand out.' Students with 'thin boundaries' had more and more intense CIs than students with 'thick boundaries' in their recent dreams and nightmares, but not so clearly in dreams and nightmares that 'stand out.' The emotions judged as contextualized by the powerful images tended towards fear/terror and helplessness/vulnerability in dreams (especially in dreams that stand out) whereas emotions contextualized by images in daydreams showed a wide range with no clusters. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)","Hartmann, Ernest;Kunzendorf, Robert;Rosen, Rachel;Grace, Nancy Gazells","","","Journal","Dreaming","Kluwer Academic/Human Sciences Press","2001","","Netherlands","11","2","97","104","","","*Contextual Associations;  *Daydreaming;  *Dream Content;  *Imagery;  *Scoring (Testing); Boundaries (Psychological)","","2001-17789-004","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009488705828"
"Comment/Reply","Comment on Baylor: A note about dreams of scientific problem solving.","Creative problem-solving dreams virtually always occur only after the dreamer has done extensive work on the issue awake. Most typically, a person is stuck at one particular step of a multiple phase process and the dream solves that step. The dream of Dmitri Mendeleev about The Periodic Table of the Elements is no exception. All accounts of this event agree that he’d worked for years on the Table, produced other drafts, but that he attributed the version he was most satisfied with to a dream. It is less clear whether Kedrov is correct in his reconstruction that it was the reversal of columns vs. rows which the dream provided. Accounts of dreams from contemporary scientists and inventors are a richer source for the detail required to generalize about the role of dreams in problem solving. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Barrett, Deirdre","","","Journal","Dreaming","Kluwer Academic/Human Sciences Press","2001","","Netherlands","11","2","93","95","","","*Creativity;  *Dream Analysis;  *Dream Content; Dreaming","","2012-15728-001","Barrett, Deirdre: Behavioral Medicine Program, 26 Central St., Somerville, MA, US, 02134","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009436621758"
"Journal Article","What do we really know about Mendeleev’s dream of the periodic table? A note on dreams of scientific problem solving.","As is well known, some dreams have been instrumental in important scientific discoveries. Kekulé’s dream of the whirling snakes is probably the most famous instance though there was apparently no public written record of it until some 28 years later. Loewi, even in his own autobiographic material, appears never to have provided a written report of the dream that led him to carry out the experiment demonstrating the chemical transmission of nerve impulses to a frog’s heart. Mendeleev’s dream of the periodic table of elements in its completed form is apparently specious, despite repeated citations. Not only is there no dream report but evidence rests on a colleague’s second-hand account. Kedrov’s examination of archival material indicates (1) that Mendeleev had already discovered the periodic table before the alleged dream took place; and (2) that a dream quite plausibly occurred somewhat later that depicted an improved representation of the periodic table. Kedrov’s reconstruction is consistent with other accounts of dreams and the process of scientific discovery. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Baylor, George W.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Kluwer Academic/Human Sciences Press","2001","","Netherlands","11","2","89","92","","","*Dream Analysis;  *Dream Content;  *Dreaming; Creativity","","2012-15727-001","Baylor, George W.: 81 Mountain Road, South Bolton, PQ, Canada, J0E 2H0, baylorg@magellan.umontreal.ca","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009484504919"
"Journal Article","A note on the social referents of dreams.","Social as well as personal referents appear in dreams and, when recognized as such, provide insight into how unresolved social issues seep into the personal domain at an unconscious level. Dream-sharing groups (because of the time available and other factors) offer a particularly, favorable opportunity to observe this interplay, The truth-telling nature of dreaming consciousness not only exposes disconnects from our past arising out of our unique personal developmental history, but also calls attention to the way such disconnects are reinforced by current bias and prejudice. The concern of the dream with connectivity leads to the broader issue of the role dreams play in maintaining the unity of the human species and its survival. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Ullman, Montague","","","Journal","Dreaming","Kluwer Academic/Human Sciences Press","2001","","Netherlands","11","1","1","12","","","*Dream Analysis;  *Dreaming;  *Self-Perception; Social Perception","","2001-00749-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009492832578"
"Journal Article","A new neurocognitive theory of dreams.","Discoveries in three distinct areas of dream research make it possible to suggest the outlines of a new neurocognitive theory of dreaming. The first relevant findings come from assessments of patients with brain injuries, which show that lesions in different areas have differential effects on dreaming and thereby imply the contours of the neural network necessary for dreaming. The second set of results comes from work with children ages 3–15 yrs in the sleep laboratory, which reveals that only 20–30% of REM period awakenings lead to dream reports up to age 9 yrs and that the dreams of children under age 5 yrs are bland and static in content. The third set of findings comes from a rigorous system of content analysis, which demonstrates the repetitive nature of much dream content and that dream content in general is continuous with waking conceptions and emotional preoccupations. Based on these findings, dreaming is best understood as a developmental cognitive achievement that depends upon the maturation and maintenance of a specific network of forebrain structures. The output of this neural network for dreaming is guided by a 'continuity principle' linked to current personal concerns and a 'repetition principle' rooted in past emotional preoccupations on the other. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Domhoff, G. William","","","Journal","Dreaming","Kluwer Academic/Human Sciences Press","2001","","Netherlands","11","1","13","33","","","*Cognitive Development;  *Dreaming;  *Neuroanatomy; Neuropsychology","","2001-00749-002","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009464416649"
"Journal Article","Gender differences in the content analysis of 240 dream reports from Brazilian participants in dream seminars.","This study asked the question, 'Are there significant content differences between male and female dream reports obtained in dream seminars conducted in Brazil?' Each of the 137 female and 103 male research participants (mean age 40 yrs) volunteered recent dream reports (one per person) during dream seminars that he or she attended between 1990 and 1998. Dreams were scored according to C. Hall and R. L. Van de Castle (1966) criteria. Comparative Cohen h-statistics revealed several gender differences. For example, more female dream reports contained friendliness and had successful outcomes than male dream reports. Further study is recommended because the dream reports did not represent Brazil's social-economic diversity, and may not have been characteristic of the totality of participants' dream lives. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Krippner, Stanley;Weinhold, Jan","","","Journal","Dreaming","Kluwer Academic/Human Sciences Press","2001","","Netherlands","11","1","35","42","","","*Dream Content; Human Sex Differences","","2001-00749-003","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009416500719"
"Journal Article","Behavioral effects of nightmares and their correlations to personality patterns.","Factors affecting or inducing nightmares have been investigated repeatedly. However, little research is carried out on the behavioral consequences of nightmares. The present study thus served to investigate behavioral effects of nightmares in correlation to personality variables. 41 non-clinical participants (aged 19–50 yrs), who suffer from about 2 nightmares per month recorded their dreams and nightmares over a 4-wk period. A nightmare was defined as a dream that frightens the dreamer and could be recalled in detail on awakening. Anxiety and mood were monitored every morning. All nightmares and their behavioral consequences were noted on a questionnaire. Personality traits and life events were assessed at the beginning of the investigation. 100 nightmares were reported by the Ss over the 4-wk period (range: 0–8). Following a nightmare, the Ss were significantly more anxious and were of a less stable mental condition compared to nights without nightmares. Additionally, nightmares induced physical complaints. Results suggest that sufferers of nightmares intend to change their lives, especially those with a neurotic-like personality. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Köthe, Martina;Pietrowsky, Reinhard","","","Journal","Dreaming","Kluwer Academic/Human Sciences Press","2001","","Netherlands","11","1","43","52","","","*Behavior Change;  *Nightmares; Personality Correlates","","2001-00749-004","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009468517557"
"Journal Article","Dream bizarreness and inner thought.","Critiques bizarreness studies that compare dreams to real world probability ratios and directed thought processes as a basis for determining the degree of bizarreness in dreams. Two cases from the literature are examined, and the suggestion is made that dreams are better compared to non-directed, or imaginative waking thought processes, specifically Inner Thought and Speech (or 'speech for oneself,' in Vygotsky's definition), in which associative mechanisms operate freely hand in hand with (primarily) visual imagery before logical thought mechanisms come into play. The author suggests that dreams create a world order, or umwelt, with its own distinct cognitive domain in which waking considerations of efficiency, logic, and common sense are only thematically relevant. Dreams follow their own logic and can only be approached as thought-in-progress, or a search for coherence leading up many blind alleys. The relevance to dreams of the Inner Thought principle of predication or abbreviation is examined. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved)","States, Bert O.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Kluwer Academic/Human Sciences Press","2000","","Netherlands","10","4","179","192","","","*Cognitions;  *Dream Analysis;  *Dream Content; Self-Talk","","2000-16367-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009438406510"
"Journal Article","The dream pun: What is a play on words without words?","Reviews punning in dreams as described in a 1974 book by dream psychologist A. Faraday, The Dream Game. The reasons for undertaking this analysis are: (1) to show that dream puns are all based on either homonymy or polysemy and seem to have the purpose of representing abstract thought in concrete form; (2) to point out that dream puns are dependent upon a specifically linguistic relationship, a mapping between the concrete and abstract senses of some linguistic data with no direct word–image relation; and (3) to suggest that our linguistic minds create dream puns while we sleep, continuing the mind chatter of the previous day. The author considers examples of verbal, reversal, and visual puns, puns involving proper names, puns based on body language, and dream cartoons of common slang expressions and colloquial metaphors. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved)","Kilroe, Patricia A.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Kluwer Academic/Human Sciences Press","2000","","Netherlands","10","4","193","209","","","*Dream Analysis;  *Dream Content;  *Figurative Language;  *Verbal Meaning; Jokes; Metaphor","","2000-16367-002","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009428923348"
"Journal Article","Masochistic dreams: A gender-related diathesis for depression revisited.","Examined whether women reported more masochistic dreams than men, and whether prevalence differences are a function of depressogenic personality traits or fluctuating mood symptoms. 30 men (mean age 24.5 yrs) and 30 women (mean age 23.5 yrs) without histories of major depression slept 2 consecutive nights in a sleep laboratory and reported their dreams from each REM period on the 2nd night. Dream content from this sample was compared to that of 60 depressed Ss who were studied previously under the same protocol. Analyses did not support a heightened prevalence of masochistic dreams among women or depressed individuals. The masochistic dreams of the non-depressed sample were equally distributed across the night, whereas depressed individuals tended to report masochistic dreams closer to morning. This pattern suggests that masochistic dreams may be pathognomic of depression in that their occurrence near the end of the night affects morning mood with negative dream residue. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved)","Bears, Michael;Cartwright, Rosalind;Mercer, Patricia","","","Journal","Dreaming","Kluwer Academic/Human Sciences Press","2000","","Netherlands","10","4","211","219","","","*Dream Content;  *Human Sex Differences;  *Major Depression;  *Masochism; REM Sleep","","2000-16367-003","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009480907418"
"Journal Article","Dream clairvoyance study II using dynamic video-clips: Investigation of consensus voting judging procedures and target emotionality.","Investigated whether individual vs small group consensus target judging procedures, and/or the emotionality of dynamic target video clips, would affect the frequency of correct identification of the target in a free-response dream clairvoyance study. Two people located in Edinburgh (Scotland) and a 3rd person located in Derby (England) acted both as Es and as Ss and slept at their respective homes. On each of the 28 trial nights, a randomly-selected video clip was shown repeatedly between 3 and 4:30 AM. The following morning the Ss viewed 4 video clips (3 decoys plus the target) and then judged the correspondences between the clips and records of their dream mentation. The Edinburgh Ss obtained a greater number of direct hits using consensus vs individual judgements. A discussion consensus procedure was marginally more successful than a more objective consensus procedure. Ss, both as a group and as individuals, obtained a greater proportion of direct hits when the target was emotionally negative than when it was either positive or neutral. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)","Sherwood, Simon J.;Dalton, Kathy;Steinkamp, Fiona;Watt, Caroline","","","Journal","Dreaming","Kluwer Academic/Human Sciences Press","2000","","Netherlands","10","4","221","236","","","*Clairvoyance;  *Dream Content;  *Emotional Content;  *Judgment;  *Parapsychology; Group Decision Making; Methodology; Videotapes","","2000-16367-004","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009433024257"
"Journal Article","Counterfactual thought in dreams.","Hypothesizes that counterfactual thought is characteristic of dreams and that cognitive operations in dreams function to identify a norm violation recorded in autobiographical memory and then to reinstate normality in memory by generating counterfactuals to the violation. Dream counterfactuals therefore are seen to obey the same constraints on mutability as waking counterfactuals. Both dreaming and counterfactuals typically focus on the self, involve negative affect and narrative form, promote problem solving and learning by running mental simulations and variations on a given problem theme, employ memory fragments in these various mental scenarios, plausibly rely on neural networks in right limbic and orbitofrontal cortices, and are largely automatic and pre-conscious operations. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","McNamara, Patrick","","","Journal","Dreaming","Kluwer Academic/Human Sciences Press","2000","","Netherlands","10","4","237","246","","","*Cognitions;  *Dream Content; Counterfactual Thinking","","2000-16367-005","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009485008327"
"Review-Book","Review of Dreams and nightmare: The new theory on the origin and meaning of dreams.","Reviews the book, Dreams and Nightmare: The New Theory on the Origin and Meaning of Dreams by Ernest Hartmann (1998). In this book, Hartmann addresses a broad spectrum of topics ranging from basic assumptions about dreaming to clinical work with dreams. It is remarkable how Hartmann covers such a broad range of topics (from the biology of dreaming to practical dreamwork) in one book. Despite the fact that several themes are necessarily dealt with very briefly, Hartmann succeeds in emphasizing the basic aspects of dream theory in a clear manner, e.g., by using metaphors such as 'waking is a hunt, dreaming is an exploration.' (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Schredl, Michael","","","Journal","Dreaming","Kluwer Academic/Human Sciences Press","2000","","Netherlands","10","4","247","250","","","*Dream Content;  *Dreaming;  *Nightmares; Dream Analysis; Meaning; Theories","","2012-15576-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009437125165"
"Journal Article","The dream as text, the dream as narrative.","The concepts of 'text' and 'narrative' are reviewed in terms of their appropriate application to the study of dreams. It is proposed that, once experienced, all dreams are texts, but that not all of these texts are narratives. Blending Jung's proposal for the form of the average dream with basic terms from narratology, dream data are employed in order to examine the narrativity of dreams, and by way of inquiring into cognitive aspects of narrative structure. Questions about the relation between language and narrative structure on the one hand, and between dreaming and language on the other are also briefly taken up. Whether dreams are generated by linguistic processes or by nonlinguistic cognitive processes, the study of the form of dreams helps to show that narrative structure is not an artful invention but rather a natural process of the mind. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Kilroe, Patricia A.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Kluwer Academic/Human Sciences Press","2000","","Netherlands","10","3","125","137","","","*Cognitive Processes;  *Dream Content;  *Linguistics;  *Narratives;  *Text Structure; Dream Analysis","","2000-00364-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009456906277"
"Journal Article","Personality and dream recall frequency: Further negative findings.","On the basis of previous findings of dream recall frequency (DRF) being associated with thin boundariness and sensitivity this article assessed the association between DRF and variables that appear related to these two measures. Data from 93 participants (mean age 21.3 yrs) show that DRF correlates marginally with neuroticism and interrogative suggestibility, the latter result indicating that DRF obtained by questionnaire may be subject to demand bias. DRF had very low correlations with various other personality variables (need for cognition, personal locus of control, hypochondriasis, morningness-eveningness), and with narrative memory, confabulation of narrative memory, and habitual sleep length. The frequent findings of small or nonsignificant correlations between DRF and personality are discussed in terms of similar low correlations in personality psychology, but it is concluded that DRF is usually sampled adequately, and that the results of no simple relationship with personality (except boundariness, creativity, and positive attitude towards dreams) are therefore robust and may indicate that dream recall is mainly determined physiologically. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)","Blagrove, Mark;Akehurst, Lucy","","","Journal","Dreaming","Kluwer Academic/Human Sciences Press","2000","","Netherlands","10","3","139","148","","","*Dream Recall;  *Human Sex Differences; Personality Correlates","","2000-00364-002","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009482223115"
"Journal Article","John Woolman's light in the night: An analysis.","Analyzes a religious experience in the night recorded in the journal of John Woolman, a colonial Quaker. As a basis for analysis, the author tries to clarify the data of Woolman's experience without presuppositions about causes, states of consciousness, three-dimensional space, or meaning. The author then studies the phenomena in the light of what is known about perception, dreaming, hallucinatory geometric forms, light, and other people's comparable experiences. Because different modalities of Woolman's experience appear to be in different states at the same time, each part of his experience is examined separately. There is discussion of the relationship of dreams to visions and hallucinations, the concept of discrete states of consciousness, and the distinction between simulation and authentic experience while dreaming. The article is both an analysis of a religious experience recorded in 1757 and a discussion of methods of analysis. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)","Gillespie, George","","","Journal","Dreaming","Kluwer Academic/Human Sciences Press","2000","","Netherlands","10","3","149","160","","","*Consciousness States;  *Dreaming;  *Hallucinations;  *Religious Experiences; Phenomenology; Physiological Arousal; Sleep","","2000-00364-003","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009434307185"
"Journal Article","Does dream interpretation have any limits? An evaluation of interpretations of the dream of 'Irma's Injection.'","Dream interpretative efforts appear unconstrained by methodological standards. An examination of the re-interpretations of Freud's dream of 'Irma's Injection,' the dream specimen of psychoanalysis, illustrates the undisciplined nature of dream interpretation. 'The Irma Dream' has been extensively re-interpreted, and these re-interpretive efforts provide an excellent opportunity to study the limits of dream interpretation. Alternative interpretive approaches, and the hermeneutic principles that they endorse (or ignore), become clearer through detailed consideration of their interpretations of the same dream. Reading 'in' from presumed day residues or infantile experiences rather than 'out' from the dream report per se lies at the heart of the problem. The failure to spell out inferences, to link inferences to the dream text, to explain and maintain the relationships in the dream report, and to offer a substitute text for the entire dream text all contribute to the inadequacies of dream interpretation. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)","Kramer, Milton","","","Journal","Dreaming","Kluwer Academic/Human Sciences Press","2000","","Netherlands","10","3","161","178","","","*Dream Analysis;  *Dream Content;  *Freud (Sigmund);  *Psychoanalysis; Psychoanalytic Interpretation","","2000-00364-004","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009486324024"
"Journal Article","The consistency and continuity hypotheses revisited through the dreams of women at two periods of their lives.","The purpose of the present longitudinal study was to determine the extent of consistency in dream content at 2 periods of adulthood as well as continuity with the psychosocial development of the dreamers. 21 women (aged 17–55 yrs) kept a dream diary for a few weeks at intervals of 10, 15 or 17 yrs. ANOVAs for repeated measures were performed on the mean frequencies per dreamer of different dream elements or ratios of these elements. No significant changes were found. Pearson moment correlations yielded high and significant internal consistency for friendly and aggressive interactions. None of the others were significant. Ratios and indices calculated on subclasses of characters, settings, interactions and emotions revealed significant deviations from female norms, at one or the other of the phases. These different findings are discussed within the theoretical perspective of continuity with developmental stages in women's lives. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)","Lortie-Lussier, Monique;Côté, Lucie;Vachon, Julie","","","Journal","Dreaming","Kluwer Academic/Human Sciences Press","2000","","Netherlands","10","2","67","76","","","*Dream Content;  *Dreaming; Psychosocial Development","","2000-08261-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009407920851"
"Journal Article","Daily events and dream content: Unsuccessful matching attempts.","Event descriptions (ED) from 6 different days and 6 corresponding morning dream reports (DR) were obtained from 13 participants. In a within-participant matching task, 14 untrained undergraduate student judges attempted to pair 6 EDs to 6 corresponding DRs for each of the 6 Ss. In a between-participant matching task, the same judges attempted to match 6 EDs from different Ss to their respective DRs. For the within-participant task, a significance test for a single mean indicated that judges were unable to match dreams to their corresponding daily events at better than chance levels. For the between-participant matching task, however, it appears that judges were able to make pairs at significant levels but were still making on average less than 2 of the possible 6 pairs per item. In a ranking task, 2 different judges read 1 ED and 6 DRs and then ranked the dreams from 1–6, 1 being most likely to be related to the ED and 6 being the least likely. Statistical tests reveal that dreams did not obtain better ranks (closer to 1) when they were the correct match than when they were not. These data appear to demonstrate that independent observers are unable to detect a clear resemblance between Ss' daily events and manifest dream content. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Roussy, Francine;Brunette, Manon;Mercier, Pierre;Gonthier, Isabelle;Grenier, Jean;Sirois-Berliss, Michelle;Lortie-Lussier, Monique;Koninck, Joseph De","","","Journal","Dreaming","Kluwer Academic/Human Sciences Press","2000","","Netherlands","10","2","77","83","","","*Daily Activities;  *Dream Content;  *Experiences (Events); Sleep Onset","","2000-08261-002","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009496604922"
"Journal Article","Oneirobiography and Oneirocommunity in saint worship in Israel: A two-tier model for dream-inspired religious revivals.","Explores the role of visitational dreams in the revival of folk-veneration of saints (tsaddiqim; sing. tsaddiq) in Israel, and particularly in the establishment of local shrines for Jewish saints from Morocco. The author proposes an analysis which highlights visitational dreams as a cardinal psychocultural mechanism through which the collective representation or public symbol of the tsaddiq becomes a mental representation or a personal symbol articulating inchoate experiences, constructing social reality, and instigating action. The author views the tsaddiq in the dream as a vivid example of swing concepts, which are cultural elements with have both intense personal resonance and rich social significance, and thus infuse social issues with deep personal emotions. The notion of the saint idiom as a swing concept is brought to the fore when oneirobiography and oneirocommunity are juxtaposed. The author concludes that as a meeting ground with supernatural entities and transcendental forces, visitational dreams constitute a powerful vehicle for personal transformation. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Bilu, Yoram","","","Journal","Dreaming","Kluwer Academic/Human Sciences Press","2000","","Netherlands","10","2","85","101","","","*Dream Content;  *Dreaming;  *Judaism;  *Religious Beliefs;  *Sociocultural Factors; Meaning","","2000-08261-003","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009448721760"
"Journal Article","We do not dream of the 3 R's: Implications for the nature of dreaming mentation.","Examined the extent to which dream recall involves the '3 R's' (reading, writing, and arithmetic). Two separate studies were done. In the 1st study, 2 scorers rated, on a blind basis, a total of 456 written dream reports, available from 5 previous studies. They agreed that there were no instances of reading, no instances of writing, and 1 instance of probable calculating in the 456 dreams. The 2nd study was a questionnaire survey. Complete responses were obtained from 240 frequent dreamers. The study examined in 2 ways the frequency of the 3 R's in their recalled dreams. First, roughly 90% of the respondents reported that they 'never' or 'hardly ever' dreamt about each of 4 activities: reading, writing, typing, and calculating. 'Walking,' 'talking with friends,' and 'sexual activity' were each rated almost as prominent in dreaming as in waking whereas the 2nd group consisting of 'writing,' 'reading,' and 'typing' were rated as far more prominent in waking than in dreaming. Thus, the 3 R's appear to occur very infrequently in dreams. The author suggests that dreaming may be characterized by relatively broad or loose connection making in which the nets function more in an autoassociative mode. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)","Hartmann, Ernest","","","Journal","Dreaming","Kluwer Academic/Human Sciences Press","2000","","Netherlands","10","2","103","110","","","*Dream Content;  *Dream Recall;  *Mathematics (Concepts);  *Reading;  *Written Language; Dreaming","","2000-08261-004","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009400805830"
"Journal Article","Dream sharing as social interaction.","A survey was administered to 241 individuals (aged 17–25 yrs) whose questionnaire responses were analyzed to determine if they told their dreams to others, to whom they told their dreams, for what purpose, and in what social contexts dreams were shared. Respondents were also asked whether there were types of dreams they would not tell and individuals with whom they would not share dreams. This explanatory study suggests that dream sharing is part of an everyday social interaction, with the primary purpose of entertainment. There were gender differences with regard to dream sharing, and this sharing involved the utilization of social practices whereby individuals may protect themselves and others through deciding whether or not to share a dream. The study describes dream sharing as a social act that is negotiated based on the social rules regarding what topics friends and other intimates share in public or private. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Vann, Barbara;Alperstein, Neil","","","Journal","Dreaming","Kluwer Academic/Human Sciences Press","2000","","Netherlands","10","2","111","119","","","*Dream Analysis;  *Dream Content;  *Human Sex Differences;  *Sharing (Social Behavior);  *Social Interaction; Dream Recall; Dreaming","","2000-08261-005","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009452822669"
"Review-Book","Review of The unconscious and its narratives.","Reviews the book, The Unconscious and Its Narratives by Zvi Giora (see record 1991-98281-000). In The Unconscious and its Narratives, Zvi Giora converses with Freud, not the 'Freudian' Freud with whom we are familiar through the theoretical work of Jones and Rapaport and not the 'post-modem' Freud whom we encounter through Lacan and Derrida, but Freud as he is manifest in his own self-interpreted career. Giora concretely reveals Freud's hesitations and ambivalences within three domains: dreaming, therapy, and literature. And, in a series of essays, he presents his own perspective. Dreaming (the first essay) is his primary focus, although his conception of therapy (the second essay) and literature (the third essay) cannot be understood independently of his discussion of dreaming. In this respect, Giora honours Freud, who also gave dreaming theoretical primacy. But Giora is as critical of Freud as he is appreciative. He begins his volume by challenging the evidence that dreams are narratives whose interpretation reveals the primary process form and the autobiographical content of unconscious thought. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Kuiken, Don","","","Journal","Dreaming","Kluwer Academic/Human Sciences Press","2000","","Netherlands","10","2","121","123","","","*Dreaming;  *Freud (Sigmund);  *Narratives;  *Psychoanalysis;  *Unconscious (Personality Factor); Literature","","2012-15575-001","Kuiken, Don: Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, P-220 Biological Sciences Bldg., Edmonton, AB, Canada, T6G 2E9","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009404906739"
"Journal Article","Dreams in the history of philosophy.","For 2,500 years western philosophers showed great interest in dreams—as subjects, examples, analogies, and contexts. Since 1960 this interest has declined, while scholars in other disciplines continue to study dreams, often addressing philosophical issues. The history and the current dialogue invite philosophers to reinvigorate their study of dreams. This essay develops these observations about the philosophy of dreams by focusing on its history, briefly noting its recent decline, and closing with comments about its future. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Dreisbach, Christopher","","","Journal","Dreaming","Kluwer Academic/Human Sciences Press","2000","","Netherlands","10","1","31","41","","","*Dreaming;  *History;  *Philosophies; Philosophers","","2012-15574-001","Dreisbach, Christopher: St. Mary's Seminary and University, Baltimore, MD, US, cdreisbach@stmarys.edu","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009451707067"
"Journal Article","Introduction to the special issue on historical studies of dreaming.","We are pleased to present the five articles in this special issue of Dreaming as powerful evidence of the strong contemporary value of historical studies of dreaming. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Bulkeley, Kelly;Vande Kemp, Hendrika","","","Journal","Dreaming","Kluwer Academic/Human Sciences Press","2000","","Netherlands","10","1","1","6","","","*Dreaming; History","","2012-15571-001","Bulkeley, Kelly: 226 Amherst Avenue, Kensington, CA, US, 94708, kelleybulkeley@earthlink.net","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009440822088"
"Journal Article","The phenomenology of true dreams in Maimonides.","Maimonides' conception of true dreams posits an important role for the faculty of imagination within the growth of the intellectual self. However, unlike many modern theories of the dream, Maimonides requires one to subject the imagination to intellectual processes, in order to be able to harness the imagination for the practical knowledge. The imagination found in the dream images consists of objective graded levels based on the purity of the imagination from desire and the use of the intellect. The content of the dream is a new piece of knowledge, a solution, a political agenda, or a vision for the future that needs to be contextualized within one's own life. Maimonides emphasizes the image as an intellectual object, specifically a single object and not the event. For Maimonides dreams do not give supernatural content nor are true dreams a universal part of daily life. They are extraordinary and do not have presentational immediacy. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Brill, Alan","","","Journal","Dreaming","Kluwer Academic/Human Sciences Press","2000","","Netherlands","10","1","43","54","","","*Dream Content;  *Dreaming;  *Phenomenology; Imagination; Intellectual Development","","2000-05345-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009403823905"
"Journal Article","A historical loop of one hundred years: Similarities between 19th century and contemporary dream research.","Contemporary cognitive and neuropsychological approaches to dreaming show striking methodological and conceptual similarities with the scientific dream literature of the last century. The use of introspective dream reports and the emphasis on dream phenomenology are characteristic of both periods but were bannished during the 1st half of this century, the former by behaviorism, the latter by psychoanalysis. Three main common axioms of 19th century and contemporary dream research are described: (1) dream experience results from cognitive syntheses realized in the absence of external constraints; (2) dream narrative or dream coherency involves mental associative mechanisms; (3) dream bizarreness emerges from a cerebral state characterized by functional dissociation. According to these 3 axioms, the observation of dream phenomena reveals that distinct cognitive processes might function in a partly autonomous, automatic, and dissociated way, making dreaming a unique model of these cognitive processes. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Schwartz, Sophie","","","Journal","Dreaming","Kluwer Academic/Human Sciences Press","2000","","Netherlands","10","1","55","66","","","*Associative Processes;  *Cognitive Processes;  *Dreaming;  *Epistemology;  *Neuropsychology; Experimentation","","2000-05345-002","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009455807975"
"Journal Article","Genesis dreams: Using a private, psychological event as a cultural, political declaration.","The article examines the role of the 13 dreams in the book of Genesis. The dreams are first shortly described (following Gnuse, 1984, and Oppenheim, 1956) in their historical context: the Near-East of over 3000 years ago. The structure of some of the dreams is then discussed and compared to dreams from another historical period, that of modern Jewish Moroccan pilgrims (Bilu & Abramovitch, 1985), whose faith is based largely on the Bible. Following this discussion of the structure, the message of the dreams, regarding both the near future, and the remote, national future, is described. The article discusses the argument that all these dreams serve the purpose of establishing a common national identity, which has been historically the basis of Jewish faith. Possible reasons for using dreams in conveying the message are then discussed. The article ends with a discussion on the declining importance of the dream in the post-Genesis Bible. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Knafo, Ariel;Glick, Tziporit","","","Journal","Dreaming","Kluwer Academic/Human Sciences Press","2000","","Netherlands","10","1","19","30","","","*Bible;  *Dreaming;  *History;  *Judaism; Sociocultural Factors","","2012-15573-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009499622997"
"Journal Article","Dream interpretation in ancient civilizations.","Dream interpretation was regarded by ancient peoples in Mesopotamia, Egypt, Greece, and Rome as an art requiring intelligence and, sometimes, divine inspiration. It became a motif in literature. It was treated as a science by philosophers and physicians. Dreams were thought to come either as clear messages, or as symbols requiring interpretation. In a method called incubation, the dreamer could sleep in a sacred place in expectation of a dream that would elucidate a problem for which the dreamer desired guidance. Dream-books listing images and their meanings were popular. Historians reported leaders’ famous dreams that affected the course of events. Very few ancient writers were skeptical of dreams; Cicero was one. Dream interpretation was an honored profession with exponents such as Artemidorus of Daldis. Ancient dream traditions and beliefs can provide perspective for consideration of more recent theories of dream interpretation. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Hughes, J. Donald","","","Journal","Dreaming","Kluwer Academic/Human Sciences Press","2000","","Netherlands","10","1","7","18","","","*Dream Analysis; History","","2012-15572-001","Hughes, J. Donald: Department of History, University of Denver, Denver, CO, US, 80208","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009447606158"
"Journal Article","The relationship of dream content and changes in daytime mood in traumatized vs. non-traumatized children.","Examined how mood changes from night to morning, and how dysphoric dream contents associate with this change among children who live in traumatic environment and their controls from peaceful area. The sample consisted of 413 Palestinian boys and girls (aged 6–15 yrs). Ss filled in a 7-day dream diary in which they recorded their recalled dreams every morning. First, the results, confirmed that mood change from evening to morning is a general dream function. The mood chance was rather associated with what and whom the children dreamt about. Second, the hypothesis of the trauma group showing less change in dysphoric dream content and in the intensity of negative morning mood across a period of time of 7 days was not confirmed. Third, it was hypothesized that there is a stronger association between presleep negative mood and dysphoric dreams, as well as between the dysphoric dreams and negative morning mood among children living in traumatic environment than among children from peaceful area. Contrary to the hypothesis, results for the trauma group revealed a reverse association between evening mood and dream contents. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Punamäki, Raija-Leena","","","Journal","Dreaming","Kluwer Academic/Human Sciences Press","1999","","Netherlands","9","4","213","233","","","*Dream Content;  *Emotional States;  *Emotional Trauma; Racial and Ethnic Groups","","1999-15896-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021379918556"
"Journal Article","The on-going significance of significant dreams: The case of the bodiless head.","In the growing literature on significant dreams, relatively little attention has been given to the enduring, even life-long, influence some dreams have on dreamers' lives. This article describes an ongoing research project on significant dreams by way of an illustrative case of 26-yr-old woman whose 20-yr-old dream still resonates in her psychic life. It is suggested that such dreams might be better understood in terms of the aesthetics of 'image' rather than the interpretation of dreams as 'text.' (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Knudson, Roger M.;Minier, Samuel","","","Journal","Dreaming","Kluwer Academic/Human Sciences Press","1999","","Netherlands","9","4","235","245","","","*Dream Content; Emotions","","1999-15896-002","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021332002626"
"Journal Article","Dream use in film making.","108 filmmakers attending the Sundance Film Institute Screenwriter and Director Labs from 1995–1997 were asked to complete a previously validated questionnaire regarding dream recall and incorporation into a spectrum of awake behaviors. Compared to a previous general population study, all responses to questions assessing reported dream effects on awake behaviors and recall were significantly higher for the filmmakers. An in-group study of film makers found that reported dream recall and effects on waking behavior for the Creative group (Directors, Screen writers, Actors) were significantly higher than for the Working group (Crew). Responses from the Professional Group (Producers, Editors and Cinematographers) were intermediate. Within the Creative Group, reported specific dream effects on behavior varied significantly with creative role. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Pagel, J. F.;Kwiatkowski, C.;Broyles, K. E.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Kluwer Academic/Human Sciences Press","1999","","Netherlands","9","4","247","256","","","*Dreaming;  *Films; Artists","","1999-15896-003","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021384019464"
"Journal Article","Dream content and personality: Thick vs. Thin boundaries.","Using dream diary procedures and statistically controlling for age and gender, the present study investigated the relationship between E. Hartmann's (1991) boundary concept and various aspects of dreaming. Results with a sample 104 Ss (aged 14–55 yrs) confirmed earlier findings that persons with thin boundaries recall dreams (including nightmares) more often, report dreams that are more negative and emotionally intense, regard their dreams more favorably (i.e., as more meaningful and creative), and dream more frequently of verbal interaction with others. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Schredl, Michael;Schäfer, Gerard;Hofmann, Friedrich;Jacob, Sarah","","","Journal","Dreaming","Kluwer Academic/Human Sciences Press","1999","","Netherlands","9","4","257","263","","","*Boundaries (Psychological); Dream Content","","1999-15896-004","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021336103535"
"Journal Article","Handedness and the vividness of dreams.","Provided a constructive replication of a recently published paper by measuring the relationship between handedness and recall of vivid dreams. To do this the authors asked groups of 174 right-, 16 mixed-, and 13 left-handed university students to respond to a dream scale. Data were consistent with those of the recent study in question in that they demonstrated that left-handers were significantly more likely to recall types of dreams that classified as a vivid. These data seem consistent with the profile of right hemispheric talent that is thought to characterize left-handers. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Hicks, Robert A.;Bautista, Jose;Hicks, Gregory J.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Kluwer Academic/Human Sciences Press","1999","","Netherlands","9","4","265","269","","","*Dream Content;  *Dream Recall; Handedness","","1999-15896-005","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021388220373"
"Review-Book","Review of An introduction to the psychology of dreaming.","Reviews the book, An Introduction to the Psychology of Dreaming by Kelly Bulkeley (see record 1997-36633-000). The book written by Kelly Bulkeley presents a huge variety of different approaches to the phenomenon of dreaming. It is admirable that despite the immense literature he managed to give a comprehensive and easy readable survey on that topic. His idea to look at each theory or group of theories in view of three basic questions (formation, function, interpretation) has been conducive to achieve a clearly arranged review. To summarize, the book of Kelly Bulkeley lives up to the readers' expectations. The author has condensed his profound knowledge about dreaming in an easy readable introduction. His hope is that persons interested in dreams and dream research 'study the historical predecessors to the dream theories of modern psychologists' in order to continue the exploration of the phenomenological world of dream experience and scientific study of dreaming. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Schredl, Michael","","","Journal","Dreaming","Kluwer Academic/Human Sciences Press","1999","","Netherlands","9","4","271","273","","","*Dreaming;  *Phenomenology;  *Psychology; Theories","","2012-15570-001","Schredl, Michael: Sleep laboratory, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany, 68159","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021340304443"
"Journal Article","New directions in the study of dream content using the Hall and Van de Castle coding system.","Explains methods and statistics used in studies of dream content. Both methodological and statistical innovations add to the usefulness of the C. Hall and R. Van de Castle (1966) for the content analysis of dream reports. In addition, there are weaknesses in most rating scales for the study of dream content, and numerous methodological and statistical problems call into question past studies of dream content. These possibilities and problems are discussed and then demonstrated through a critique of the literature on gender and dream content. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Domhoff, G. William","","","Journal","Dreaming","Kluwer Academic/Human Sciences Press","1999","","Netherlands","9","2-3","115","137","","","*Content Analysis;  *Dream Content;  *Dreaming;  *Experimental Methods;  *Statistical Analysis; Human Sex Differences","","1999-11074-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021325331276"
"Journal Article","Much ado about very little: The small effect sizes when home and laboratory collected dreams are compared.","Conducted a reanalysis of the original codings of dream reports collected at home and in the sleep laboratory from the same 8 adult men studied by C. Hall and R. Van de Castle in 1964. Cohen's h statistic was used for effect sizes to argue that, even when statistically significant, most differences between the 2 samples were small to medium in magnitude. Thus, past arguments over the relative usefulness of the 2 types of samples might not have occurred if the magnitude of effect sizes had been taken into account. The exception concerns aggressions of various kinds, which also show the greatest variability with age, gender, and culture. Useful dream samples for studies using the Hall and Van de Castle coding system can be collected in the laboratory or from normal recall at home, and effect sizes should be calculated in all dream content studies. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Domhoff, G. William;Schneider, Adam","","","Journal","Dreaming","Kluwer Academic/Human Sciences Press","1999","","Netherlands","9","2-3","139","151","","","*Content Analysis;  *Dream Content;  *Dreaming;  *Experimental Laboratories; Home Environment","","1999-11074-002","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021389615347"
"Journal Article","The home dreams and waking fantasies of boys and girls between ages 9 and 15: A longitudinal study.","12 boys and 12 girls provided home dreams and waking fantasies (WFs) at 3 age levels: 9–11, 11–13, and 13–15 yrs. A total of 299 dreams and 286 WFs were coded by 2 independent raters using C. S. Hall and R. Van de Castle (1966) content categories. There were few changes in dreams or WFs of either boys or girls, but dream reports were longer at ages 13–15 yrs, aggression/friendliness percent increased over time, joint-sex peer groups became more frequent, and girls showed a decline in animal percent. The tendency for men to dream mostly about other men and for women to dream equally of women and men was found in both dreams and WFs. Dreams and WFs differed markedly, with dreams containing more outdoor and unfamiliar settings and more bizarreness. In dreams, Ss tended to portray themselves as victims of aggression and recipients of friendliness, but in WFs they took a more active role as aggressors and befrienders. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Strauch, Inge;Lederbogen, Sibylle","","","Journal","Dreaming","Kluwer Academic/Human Sciences Press","1999","","Netherlands","9","2-3","153","161","","","*Age Differences;  *Dream Content;  *Dreaming;  *Fantasy;  *Human Sex Differences; Content Analysis; Daydreaming; Fantasy (Defense Mechanism)","","1999-11074-003","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021341732185"
"Journal Article","The most recent dreams of 12–13 year-old boys and girls: A methodological contribution to the study of dream content in teenagers.","Demonstrated that the Most Recent Dream (MRD) Method, developed for the efficient and economical collection of dream reports from adults, could be extended to suburban mostly White 12–13 yr old boys and girls. A content analysis of 162 MRDs from girls and 110 MRDs from boys using the C. S. Hall and R. Van de Castle (1996) coding system revealed the same general pattern of gender similarities and differences found in the dream content of young adults. A comparison of the present results with those from participants between the ages of 11–13 yrs and with a similar social background in 2 longitudinal studies (D. Foulkes, 1982; I. Strauch and S. Lederbogen, 1999) showed similarities in dream content. The MRD Method may provide a reasonably representative sample of dream reports from teenagers if at least 100–125 MRDs are collected for each age group. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Avila-White, Deborah;Schneider, Adam;Domhoff, G. William","","","Journal","Dreaming","Kluwer Academic/Human Sciences Press","1999","","Netherlands","9","2-3","163","171","","","*Content Analysis;  *Data Collection;  *Dream Content; Dreaming","","1999-11074-004","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021393716255"
"Journal Article","The most recent dreams of children ages 8–11.","Explored the feasibility of the Most Recent Dream (MRD) Method for dream collection from children as young as 8 yrs old. A quantitative analysis of 30 MRDs from 8–11 yr old girls and 32 MRDs from 8–11 yr old boys reveals that the method seems feasible as indicated by Ss' ability to respond. The basic findings for recency, length, types of characters, and other content categories show the same overall pattern of gender similarities and differences by age 10–11 yrs as found with 12–13 yr olds and young adults. Girls' dream reports, especially, begin to resemble those of older girls and young women by age 10–11 yrs. Results suggest that reasonably representative samples of the dreams of girls from age 10 onward can be collected using the MRD method. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Saline, Sharon","","","Journal","Dreaming","Kluwer Academic/Human Sciences Press","1999","","Netherlands","9","2-3","173","181","","","*Data Collection;  *Dream Content;  *Dreaming; Human Sex Differences","","1999-11074-005","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021345800325"
"Journal Article","The dreams of blind men and women: A replication and extension of previous findings.","Drawing on a sample of 372 dreams from 15 congenitally and adventitiously blind adults (aged 24–73 yrs), the authors present 2 separate analyses that replicate and extend findings from previous studies (see D. Kirtley, 1975). The 1st analysis employed DreamSearch, a software program designed for use with dream narratives, to examine appearance of the 5 sensory modalities. It revealed that Ss blind since birth or very early childhood had (1) no visual imagery and (2) a very high percentage of gustatory, olfactory, and tactual sensory references. The 2nd analysis found that both males and females differed from their sighted counterparts in the same ways on several C. Hall and R. Van de Castle (1966) coding categories, including a high percentage of locomotion/transportation dreams that contained at least 1 dreamer-involved misfortune. Findings are interpreted as evidence for the continuity between dream content and waking cognition. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)","Hurovitz, Craig S.;Dunn, Sarah;Domhoff, G. William;Fiss, Harry","","","Journal","Dreaming","Kluwer Academic/Human Sciences Press","1999","","Netherlands","9","2-3","183","193","","","*Adventitious Disorders;  *Blindness;  *Congenital Disorders;  *Dream Content;  *Severity (Disorders); Dreaming; Vision Disorders","","1999-11074-006","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021397817164"
"Journal Article","Medication and dreams: Changes in dream content after drug treatment.","This case study examines the effects of sertraline on the dream content of a woman with generalized anxiety disorder and panic attacks. The S entered outpatient psychological treatment at age 18 yrs and began sertraline treatment at age 20 yrs. The major categories of C. S. Hall and R. Van de Castle's (1966) system of content analysis were used to compare dream reports before and after drug treatment. Prior to diagnosis and treatment, the S had high levels of aggression and low levels of friendliness in her dreams. Postmedication dreams more closely approximated the female norms. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Kirschner, Nili T.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Kluwer Academic/Human Sciences Press","1999","","Netherlands","9","2-3","195","200","","","*Anxiety Disorders;  *Dream Content;  *Drug Therapy;  *Sertraline;  *Side Effects (Drug); Dreaming","","1999-11074-007","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021349901234"
"Journal Article","Drawing theoretical implications from descriptive empirical findings on dream content.","Described the theoretical implications of 4 firmly established descriptive empirical findings concerning dream content. The 4 findings are (1) the undeveloped nature of dream content in very young children, (2) the similarities between dreaming and waking cognition, (3) the continuity of dream content with waking emotional concerns, and (4) the consistency of dream content over years and even decades in adults. It is concluded that these descriptive empirical findings contradict aspects of the Freudian, Jungian, and activation-synthesis theories, but that all of them are compatible with the cognitive theory of dreams formulated by C. Hall (1953) and D. Foulkes (1985, 1999). (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Domhoff, G. William","","","Journal","Dreaming","Kluwer Academic/Human Sciences Press","1999","","Netherlands","9","2-3","201","210","","","*Cognitions;  *Dream Content;  *Dreaming;  *Human Development; Theories","","1999-11074-008","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021302118072"
"Journal Article","Dream practices in medieval Tibet.","Presents a variety of medieval Tibetan Buddhist dream practices culled from many different sources, such as medical texts, biographies, religious texts, and folklore. The dreaming techniques presented in these texts bring out religious and philosophical connections between body and consciousness. The range and diversity of the original sources required a broad interdisciplinary approach using literary studies, religious studies, philosophy, linguistics, and other disciplines. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)","Young, Serinity","","","Journal","Dreaming","Kluwer Academic/Human Sciences Press","1999","","Netherlands","9","1","23","42","","","*Buddhism;  *Dreaming;  *History;  *Religious Practices; Philosophies; Religious Beliefs","","1999-10495-002","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021364909895"
"Editorial","Editor’s note on this special issue.","Presents a brief statement regarding the articles selected for inclusion in the present special issue of Dreaming. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Kuiken, Don","","","Journal","Dreaming","Kluwer Academic/Human Sciences Press","1999","","Netherlands","9","1","1","1","","","*Dreaming;  *Interdisciplinary Research;  *Print Media; Scientific Communication","","2012-15493-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021308824916"
"Journal Article","Dreamwork as etymology.","Proposes that etymology, the study of word roots, presents analogies with dreamwork, although parallels between them must be carefully framed. Quoting Freud and the 7th century encyclopedist Isidore of Seville, weaknesses in their use of etymological arguments are identified. Theories forged from word origins should not blur distinctions between word and thing or force linguistic process into support of a preconceived theoretical project. To explore Freud's notion of contraries in words and dreams, examples are offered of single Indo-European word roots capable of engendering divergent or contradictory modern meanings, including examples of divergent or contradictory modern meanings for words that have 2 or more derivations (e.g., the English word 'dream' and French rêve). Tracing a place-name in an actual dream demonstrates that etymology and dreamwork are both reconstructive processes that should avoid determinism, accept uncertainty, and respect complexity. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)","White, Sarah","","","Journal","Dreaming","Kluwer Academic/Human Sciences Press","1999","","Netherlands","9","1","11","21","","","*Dream Analysis;  *Dreaming;  *Etymology;  *Word Meaning; Dream Recall","","1999-10495-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021312925825"
"Journal Article","Stretched dream science: The essential contribution of long-term naturalistic studies.","Discusses methodological conditions necessary for extended naturalistic observation in dream study. In the field of dream study, practitioners of naturalistic and experimental disciplines coexist, with limited mutual respect. Long-term naturalistic observation, though, has unique sensitivities that make it the most effective or the only possible method for many important studies. While there are challenges to integrating naturalistic and experimental disciplines, there are possibilities, and there is a scientific imperative. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)","Schmidt, Dennis","","","Journal","Dreaming","Kluwer Academic/Human Sciences Press","1999","","Netherlands","9","1","43","69","","","*Dream Analysis;  *Dreaming;  *Methodology;  *Observation Methods; Dream Recall","","1999-10495-003","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021317026733"
"Journal Article","Dreaming and the impossible art of translation.","Identifies translation both as a historically core metaphor in Euro-American dream theory and as a contemporary ally for dream teaching and research. It also traces the mutuality of translators' reliance on Freud, Jung, and other dream theorists in their metaphorical expression of the art and craft of translation. The sustained interaction of oneiric and linguistic metaphor-making stems from the fact that virtually all knowledge about dreams has been mediated through language and that all dream reporting is itself an act of intersenuotic translation. In an attempt to stimulate further comparative inquiry, the overlapping concerns and uncanny affinities between language/translation studies and dream/interpretation studies are presented. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)","Rupprecht, Carol Schreier","","","Journal","Dreaming","Kluwer Academic/Human Sciences Press","1999","","Netherlands","9","1","71","99","","","*Dream Analysis;  *Dreaming;  *Foreign Language Translation;  *History; Psycholinguistics","","1999-10495-004","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021369110803"
"Journal Article","Touring the dream factory: The dream-film connection in The Wizard of Oz and A Nightmare on Elm Street.","Explores the complex interplay of dreams and film, using an analysis of The Wizard of Oz (1939) and A Nightmare on Elm Street (1984) to illustrate how an interdisciplinary approach can provide fruitful insights into how dreams influence films, and films influence dreams. The essay suggests that reflecting on the dreams—film connection can deepen our understanding of the cultural dimensions of human development, particularly in the context of modern American culture. By using the methodological resources of psychology, sociology, history, film criticism, and theology, the essay argues more generally that the interdisciplinary analysis of films offers significant new possibilities for the development of dream studies. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Bulkeley, Kelly","","","Journal","Dreaming","Kluwer Academic/Human Sciences Press","1999","","Netherlands","9","1","101","109","","","*Content Analysis;  *Dream Analysis;  *Dreaming;  *Films; Culture (Anthropological); Human Development","","1999-10495-005","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021321227642"
"Editorial","On interdisciplinarity: An essay for the special issue.","When the word in question is the polysyllabic, contested term 'interdisciplinarity,' not only the word but also its theorists and practitioners have to work over-time, and they certainly earn, although they may rarely receive, extra remuneration for their effort. The co-editors of this Special Issue on Interdisciplinarity met the challenge of their subject by turning their dialogue into a colloquy in which all the other contributors as well as the outside readers were invited to participate. The following essay blends these voices as they raise and respond to several questions: What is 'interdisciplinarity' and where have the term and the phenomenon come from? To whom do dreams belong? Why should one do interdisciplinary work in dreaming? Where can dreaming and interdisciplinarity go together in the future? (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Rupprecht, Carol Schreier;Schmidt, Dennis","","","Journal","Dreaming","Kluwer Academic/Human Sciences Press","1999","","Netherlands","9","1","3","9","","","*Dream Analysis;  *Dreaming; Interdisciplinary Research","","2012-15494-001","Rupprecht, Carol Schreier: Department of Comparative Literature, Hamilton College, Clinton, NY, US, 13323","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021360808986"
"Comment/Reply","Dreaming as delirium: A response to Allan Hobson.","Responds to J. A. Hobson's reply (see record 1999-00332-001) on a comment by B. O. States (see record 1998-12333-001) concerning Hobson's theoretical perspective on dreaming as psychosis. States argues that the coherence of any dream cannot be determined by the recall of the dream events alone. Second, in response to Hobson's claim that a purely associative thought process neglects the role of dissociation, States argues that metaphor, in all its forms, consists of a tension between resemblance and dissociation and that the function of a metaphor is to free us from the gravity of received understanding. States suggests ways in which this process operates in all speculation, including art and science, and discusses the nature of dream orientation in connection with the specimen dream that Hobson provided. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","States, Bert O.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1998","","","8","4","223","228","","","*Dreaming;  *Psychosis; Theories","","1999-00332-004","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1023/B:DREM.0000005904.21106.a0"
"Comment/Reply","Dreaming as delirium: A reply to Bert States.","Replies to B. O. States' comments (see record 1998-12333-001) on J. A. Hobson's 'Dreaming as Delirium' paradigm (e.g., 1994). Hobson states that REM sleep dreaming evinces all 4 of the cardinal defining features of delirium: visual hallucinosis, disorientation, memory loss, and confabulation. This new formulation is supported by neurobiological findings at the level of neurones and neuromodulators. Convinced that all the symptoms and signs of delirium could be the natural manifestations of hyperassociation, B. States challenges both the validity and heuristic value of this paradigm. Arguing that no natural process like dreaming can be dysfunctional, and wishing to advance the thesis that all naturally determined mental content obeys the law of associativity, States commits himself to a paradigm of interpretability which is linked to a metaphorical-analogical function of memory. He does not accept the claim that discontinuity and incongruity are in a dialectical and oppositional struggle with associativity. The 1st author urges States to recognize that both associativity and dissociation are hard at work in REM sleep dreaming and other autocreative states of mind. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Hobson, J. Allan","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1998","","","8","4","211","222","","","*Dreaming;  *Psychosis; Theories","","1999-00332-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1023/B:DREM.0000005903.13139.53"
"Journal Article","Penelope as dreamer: A reading of book 19 of The Odyssey.","This essay re-examines the encounter between Odysseus and Penelope in Book 19 of Homer's epic poem The Odyssey, focusing particular attention on the dream of the 20 geese Penelope describes during that encounter. Odysseus, disguised as a beggar, says the dream is a favorable omen which indicates the real Odysseus will return soon to rid his palace of the hated suitors who have occupied it in his long absence. Although generations of scholars have agreed with the hero's interpretation, the present essay offers a different understanding. Penelope, having recognized who this 'beggar' really is, has fabricated her dream of the 20 geese to test her husband and determine whether he is more interested in renewing their marriage or satisfying his vengeance against the suitors. The essay offers an appreciation of Penelope as one of our earliest and wisest dreamers, who understood how easily people's wishes and desires could lead them to misinterpret their own dreams and the dreams of others. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Bulkeley, Kelly","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1998","","","8","4","229","242","","","*Dream Analysis; Literature","","1999-00332-002","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1023/B:DREM.0000005905.58743.c7"
"Journal Article","Conditioned salivation and associated dreams from REM sleep.","Although research has investigated the feasibility of establishing classically conditioned physiological responses during sleep, few experimental studies have considered whether classically conditioned cognitive associations are possible. Since dreams have previously been described as a state of 'hyper-association,' an experiment involving classical conditioning of the human salivary response and associated dream content was conducted with 10 college students (21–30 yrs old). During wakefulness, repeated pairings of a conditioned stimulus (CS; a red light) with an unconditioned stimulus/stimuli (UCS) (citrus juice) yielded a conditioned autonomic response (CR; salivation) on presentation of the CS alone. After exposure to the CS during REM sleep, salivary excretion rates measured upon awakening were significantly higher than measures taken from baseline REM awakenings. However, no CR-related dreams were reported. This result could be interpreted as evidence that the Ss did not experience higher-order memory associations to the external stimuli presented during REM. Alternatively, the lack of CR-related dreams could be explained by previous findings that the autonomic nervous system often works independently of higher-order cognitive activity. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Conduit, Russell;Coleman, Grahame","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1998","","","8","4","243","262","","","*Classical Conditioning;  *Cognitive Processes;  *Conditioned Responses; Dreaming","","1999-00332-003","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1023/B:DREM.0000005906.02975.0a"
"Obituary","In memoriam: Kay Stockholder, July 19, 1928-June 18, 1998.","This article was written in memory of Kay Stockholder, July 19, 1928-June 18, 1998. Kay provided both intellectual and emotional influences on many peoples lives. From her colleagues in the English Department at the University of Chana when she was a full-time faculty member to colleagues from other Departments, as well as students and collaborating teachers from the Arts One program, which combines readings in literature, history, and philosophy. Her intellectual boldness is indeed manifest in her many publications, especially in her book, Dream Works (University of Toronto Press, 1987), in which she developed her original 'theory of the relation between dreaming and literature that permits one to assume that the protagonist of a literary work is analogous to the figures that we identify as ourselves when we awaken from dreaming.' Kay will be remembered for her 'thoughtful and tireless advocate of free expression and civil liberties.' (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Epstein, Norman","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1998","","","8","4","263","264","","","*College Teachers;  *Death and Dying;  *Scientific Communication;  *Writers; Dreaming; Theories","","2012-15492-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094310"
"Journal Article","Dreaming as psychosis: Re-reading Allan Hobson.","This article is a response to J. A. Hobson's (1994) theory that dreaming is a form of psychosis and functional delirium. Without denying the resemblances between the two mind-states, or the validity of Hobson's general argument that dreaming arises from a chemical 'balancing act,' I attempt to view this theory from a more functional point of view. Thus, I see the central 'psychotic' characteristics of dreaming—disorientation, attention deficit, spotty recent memory, confabulation, deficit in intellectual functions, and decline of language usage—as aspects of the dream's metaphorical/analogical function of memory consolidation and of the thought process at large. I explore waking variations of the same process. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","States, Bert O.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1998","","","8","3","137","148","","","*Dreaming;  *Psychosis; Theories","","1998-12333-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094485"
"Journal Article","The presentation of dreaming and dreams in introductory psychology textbooks: A critical examination with suggestions for textbook authors and course instructors.","The treatment of dreaming and dreams in 42 introductory psychology textbooks is examined in terms of (1) the context within which the discussion appears; (2) the frequency with which various topics are addressed; and (3) the adequacy of the treatment given to each topic, with 'adequacy' indexed by (a) the accuracy with which sources are used; (b) the range of the literature included; and (c) the degree to which critiques within the literature are acknowledged. It is concluded that most textbooks have inadequate presentations of dreaming and dreams because they either (1) equate REM sleep and dreaming; (2) are uncritical of the activation-synthesis and problem-solving theories of dreaming; (3) exaggerate the possibilities of 'lucidity' and 'control' in dreams; (4) do not give a full and accurate account of systematic work on dream content; or (5) ignore work showing that dreaming is a cognitive process that develops gradually during childhood. Suggestions are made to improve future discussions of dreaming by course instructors and textbook authors. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)","Squier, Leslie H.;Domhoff, G. William","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1998","","","8","3","149","168","","","*Dreaming;  *Psychology Education; Textbooks","","1998-12333-002","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094486"
"Journal Article","Predicting outcome of dream interpretation sessions by dream valence, dream arousal, attitudes toward dreams, and waking life stress.","Thirty-eight undergraduate psychology students served as volunteer clients in single dream interpretation sessions using C. E. Hill's (1996) cognitive-experiential model for working with dreams. Client-rated dream valence, dream arousal, waking life stress, and attitudes toward dreams were used as predictors of client-rated outcome of the session. Dream valence (client-rated pleasantness or unpleasantness of the dream) predicted session outcome, with moderately unpleasant dreams and extremely pleasant dreams yielding better outcomes than neutral, moderately pleasant, or extremely unpleasant dreams. Attitudes toward dreams were also related to session outcome, with moderate attitudes toward dream interpretation resulting in better outcomes than positive or negative attitudes. Dream arousal and client waking life stress were not related to session outcome. Limitations and implications for dream interpretation are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)","Zack, Jason S.;Hill, Clara E.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1998","","","8","3","169","185","","","*Adult Attitudes;  *Dream Analysis;  *Dream Content;  *Dreaming;  *Stress; College Students; Therapists","","1998-12333-003","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094487"
"Journal Article","Freud's Dream of the Botanical Monograph and cocaine the wonder drug.","Freud gave great prominence to his own Dream of the Botanical Monograph, which he interpreted as a bit of unconscious self-justification for his indulgent book purchases. However, his own published associations suggest much deeper shame and guilt, and historical inquiry can document an explanation. Freud's youthful enthusiasm for cocaine had led not just to his publication of a controversial botanical monograph, 'On Coca' (1884), but also to his use of this wonder drug to treat his admired but wounded friend Fleischel. That treatment had been a disaster for Fleischel, who had developed a cocaine psychosis. At the time of Freud's dream (March 1898), he was also struggling with a much bigger project, writing The Interpretation of Dreams. He wondered whether he would ever finish this monograph and whether his new enthusiasm would have lasting value. In his Dream of the Botanical Monograph, he combined anxiety about this enterprise with his shame and guilt about Fleischel. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Cole, John R.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1998","","","8","3","187","204","","","*Cocaine;  *Dream Analysis;  *Freud (Sigmund);  *Psychohistory; Theoretical Interpretation","","1998-12333-004","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094488"
"Review-Book","Review of The multicultural imagination: “Race,” color, and the unconscious.","Reviews the book The multicultural imagination: “Race,” color, and the unconscious by Michael Vannoy Adams (see record 1997-97515-000).This is a powerful, well written, and meticulously researched book. From the beginning the author makes it clear that the thrust of the text turns on three interlocking dimensions: history, theory, and clinical practice. When dealing with race, color, and the fluid dynamics of the unconscious, this information on the 'eye' of the narrator adds immensely to our intuitive understanding. This book emerges as a significant and lucid investigation of the place of race and color in the fluid dynamics of the unconscious. It belongs on the bookshelf of the student of dreams who wants to go beyond the usual timidity of clinicians on matters of race and color and enter the deeper waters of the vast unconscious. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Bynum, Edward Bruce","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1998","","","8","3","205","207","","","*Dreaming;  *Race (Anthropological);  *Unconscious (Personality Factor); Clinical Practice; Color; History; Imagination; Theories; Multiculturalism","","2012-15359-001","Bynum, Edward Bruce: University of Massachusetts Health Services, Amherst, MA, US, 01003","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094489"
"Journal Article","Publication patterns in dream research: Trends in the medical and psychological literatures.","Annual publication rates were calculated for the field of dream research using both medical (e.g., MEDLINE) and psychological (e.g., PsycINFO) reference databases. A composite profile from the medical database spanning 111 yrs reveal very similar changes in publishing levels following the release of Freud's (1958/1900) The Interpretation of Dreams and the publication in Science of E. Aserinsky and N. Kleitman's (1953) article on dreaming and 'rapid, jerky eye movements.' In both cases, the peak year occurred about 15 yrs after release of the work, and the peak was followed by a precipitous 3-yr drop and then a slow and yet variable decline. From 1980–1996, MEDLINE shows a near-zero growth rate in published research. The psychological database confirms many features of the medical database profile, but is advanced by 1 yr and shows an increased, sporadic growth from 1980–1996. This divergence between the 2 publishing profiles may reflect the field's shift from psychophysiological to cognitive and dream analytic approaches since the early 1980s. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Nielsen, Tore A.;Germain, Anne","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1998","","","8","2","47","58","","","*Dreaming;  *Experimentation;  *Medical Sciences;  *Psychology; Scientific Communication","","1998-04534-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1023/B:DREM.0000005895.38139.a2"
"Journal Article","The prevalence of sleep paralysis among Canadian and Japanese college students.","Examined discrepancies in the reported prevalence of sleep paralysis among students from Japan and Canada. The authors administered a questionnaire, with equivalent Japanese and English forms, to 86 Canadian and 149 Japanese university students. The prevalence of sleep paralysis was almost the same for the 2 samples (Canada: 41.9%; Japan: 38.9%), but the characterization of the phenomenon differed greatly between the 2 samples. Over 55% of the Canadian and only 15% of the Japanese students regarded the experience as 'a kind of dream.' This difference may be one of the reasons for the varying prevalence noted in previous studies (e.g., G. B. Goode, 1962; H. C. Everett, 1963). Results also suggest that regardless of culturally determined explanatory traditions, the supine position is closely connected with the occurrence of sleep paralysis. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved)","Fukuda, Kazuhiko;Ogilvie, Robert D.;Chilcott, Lisa;Vendittelli, Ann-Marie;Takeuchi, Tomoka","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1998","","","8","2","59","66","","","*Cross Cultural Differences;  *Paralysis; Sleep Wake Disorders","","1998-04534-002","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1023/B:DREM.0000005896.68083.ae"
"Journal Article","Topographical EEG mapping in a case of recurrent sleep terrors.","An EEG mapping study was undertaken with a 32-yr-old female who experienced 3 sleep terror episodes in the laboratory. A 1-min section of EEG was sampled immediately prior to the onset of each sleep terror episode. Similar EEG sections were taken from 10 healthy sex- and age-matched controls. The sleep terror and control data were then compared topographically with z-scores (z-mapping). The z-maps indicate that all 3 sleep terrors contained more total and delta power in central and frontal areas than the control EEG sections. Moreover, relative delta power in these areas for the 3 sleep terrors was proportional to the subjective intensity of the episode. Although this pre-arousal EEG pattern may be related to ongoing slow-wave sleep mentation that may sometimes trigger sleep terror episodes, its functional significance remains an open question. Results demonstrate the utility of EEG mapping for the quantification of brain activation during sleep terror attacks and suggest that discrete activity profiles are identifiable for different types of dreaming-related arousal. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved)","Zadra, Antonio L.;Nielsen, Tore A.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1998","","","8","2","67","74","","","*Electroencephalography; Sleep Wake Disorders","","1998-04534-003","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1023/B:DREM.0000005897.62698.1b"
"Journal Article","A laboratory study of sleep and dreaming in a case of Asperger's Syndrome.","Recorded the sleep of a 25-yr-old male patient with Asperger's Syndrome for 2 nights using a full EEG montage and compared the 2nd night to that of 8 normal Ss (mean age 19.8 yrs). The authors found low levels of slow wave sleep, high levels of stage 1, and a large number of awakenings. The organization of REM sleep was unremarkable, including normal REM density. Analyses of phasic EEG events revealed a very low incidence of sleep spindles and a normal number of K-complexes over bilateral frontal and central EEG leads. In order to collect dream reports, the patient was awakened 3 times over 2 nights following at least 15 min of REM sleep. On each occasion the patient was not aware of any mental activity happening just prior to awakening. These observations are discussed with regards to the connections that may exist between EEG sleep spindle activity, selective attention, and the capacity to generate a dream report. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)","Godbout, Roger;Bergeron, Cybèle;Stip, Emmanuel;Mottron, Laurent","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1998","","","8","2","75","88","","","*Autism Spectrum Disorders;  *Dream Recall; Sleep","","1998-04534-004","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1023/B:DREM.0000005898.95212.58"
"Journal Article","Sleeping dreams, waking hallucinations, and the central nervous system.","Critically evaluates the similarities and differences between dreams and hallucinations, with particular reference to the role of the CNS in each and with consideration of their pathophysiological implications. On the assumption that the brain is active across all states of being (wakefulness, REM sleep, and nonrapid eye movement (NREM) sleep), this article proposes that dreaming and hallucinations represent variations on the same theme. Under usual circumstances during wakefulness, the brain ignores internally generated activity and attends to environmental sensory stimulation. During sleep, dreaming occurs because the brain attends to endogenously generated activity. In unusual settings, such as sleep-deprivation, sensory deprivation, or medication or drug ingestion, the brain attends to exogenous and endogenous activities simultaneously, resulting in hallucinations, or wakeful dreaming. This concept is supported by numerous neurologic conditions and syndromes that are associated with hallucinations. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Mahowald, Mark W.;Woods, Sharon R.;Schenck, Carlos H.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1998","","","8","2","89","102","","","*Central Nervous System;  *Dreaming; Hallucinations","","1998-04534-005","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1023/B:DREM.0000005899.59224.17"
"Journal Article","Dream content in patients with narcolepsy: Preliminary findings.","Investigated dream recall and examined dream content in 23 19–59-yr-old patients with narcolepsy. Patients responded to a questionnaire regarding their sleep patterns, sleep quality, and dream recall during the preceding 2 wks. In addition, patients underwent polysomnographic recordings and were subsequently asked to write down their dream experience (if recalled) and rate their dream emotions. Compared to healthy controls, patients with narcolepsy reported higher dream recall frequency and more negatively toned and bizarre dreams. Patients' dreams also included more characters than did the healthy controls, which may reflect the distinctive interpersonal difficulties of these patients in their waking-lives. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Schredl, Michael","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1998","","","8","2","103","107","","","*Dream Content;  *Dream Recall; Narcolepsy","","1998-04534-006","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1023/B:DREM.0000005900.63728.a7"
"Journal Article","EEG correlates of dream recall in depressed outpatients and healthy controls.","Explored EEG correlates of dream recall in 17 symptomatic, unmedicated depressed outpatients (aged 18–42 yrs) and 19 healthy adults (aged 20–40 yrs). EEG segments from the last 30 min of sleep, from the 5 min following morning awakening, and the absolute difference between sleep and waking EEG were contrasted for the 2 groups of Ss during successful dream recall and during no recall. Period amplitude analysis was used to quantify EEG frequencies. Increased high-frequency beta incidence in the right hemisphere and amplitude in both hemispheres during sleep were associated with dream recall in both groups. Depressed patients showed higher delta amplitude in both hemispheres during sleep associated with recall, but this effect did not reach significance. Post-awakening EEG did not relate to success or failure of dream recall in either group. The change in EEG from sleep to wakefulness did differentiate recall from no recall conditions, and differed between depressed patients and controls. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Rochlen, Aaron;Hoffmann, Robert;Armitage, Roseanne","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1998","","","8","2","109","123","","","*Dream Recall;  *Electrophysiology;  *Major Depression; Sleep","","1998-04534-007","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1023/B:DREM.0000005901.68193.1f"
"Journal Article","Effects of somatosensory stimulation on dream content in gymnasts and control participants: Evidence of vestibulomotor adaptation in REM sleep.","Studied the effects of somatosensory stimulation on the dream content of 6 female gymnasts and 6 female control Ss aged 9–16 yrs within the framework of the vestibulomotor adaptation model. Somatosensory stimulation was applied by a blood pressure cuff above either knee in slow, pulsatile increments during REM periods. Results provided some support for the expectations that (1) imposed somatosensory information is processed by the CNS in REM sleep, (2) unilateral stimulation induces an upset in virtual orientation, (3) gymnasts are more resistant to these disruptive effects of stimulation than are controls, and (4) because of long-term adaptation, the dream content of gymnasts does not differ markedly from that of controls. Though preliminary and in need of replication, the findings are compatible with the notion that the developed vestibular skills of gymnasts protects them to some extent from the effects of a disruptive somatosensory stimulus during sleep. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Sauvageau, Anny;Nielsen, Tore A.;Montplaisir, Jacques","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1998","","","8","2","125","134","","","*Adaptation;  *Athletes;  *Dream Content;  *REM Sleep; Somesthetic Stimulation","","1998-04534-008","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1023/B:DREM.0000005902.04938.fe"
"Review-Book","Review of The neuropsychology of dreams.","Reviews the book, The Neuropsychology of Dreams by Mark Solms (see record 1997-08314-000). This book by Solms presents an original model of dreaming based on new scientific data that may result in greater consensus about the process of dreaming. This book should have wide appeal among researchers with an interest in how the brain produces dreaming, clinicians concerned with the changes in dreaming that result from brain pathology, and anyone wishing a better understanding of the process of dreaming. This is an excellent book that will be frequently referred to in the future for its data, its model of dreaming, and the classification of disorders of dreaming. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Moorcroft, William H.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1998","","","8","1","41","43","","","*Dreaming; Neuropsychology","","2012-15082-001","Moorcroft, William H.: Sleep and Dreams Laboratory, Luther College, Decorah, IA, US, 52101-1045","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1023/B:DREM.0000006248.37294.50"
"Journal Article","The effects of description, association, or combined description/association in exploring dream images.","During single 20–40 min sessions, 51 undergraduates were given instructions to either describe their dream images in rich detail, to provide associations to the dream images, or to combine these descriptive and associative activities. Volunteer clients in the association condition reported significantly more exploration/insight gains (e.g., becoming involved while working on the dream, making previously unobserved connections between the dream and waking life) than did volunteer clients in the description condition. No differences were found among conditions on clients' ratings of session depth (e.g., valuable, powerful), judges' ratings of the cognitive complexity of client's dialogue during the session (e.g., clear, elaborative), judges' ratings of how insightful clients were in their written dream interpretations, and judges' ratings of the quality of clients' written action plans. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Hill, Clara E.;Nakayama, Emilie Y.;Wonnell, Teresa L.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1998","","","8","1","1","13","","","*Dream Analysis;  *Dream Content; Free Association","","1998-02021-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1023/B:DREM.0000005910.62383.0b"
"Journal Article","Handedness and dream content.","Tested the hypothesis that dream content would vary as a function of handedness. 79 self-reported right-handed undergraduates and 30 self-reported left-handers provided written descriptions of a recent dream. There were no significant differences between handedness groups in mean word length per dream or in mean theme/word ratios. However, compared to dreams reported by right-handers, the dreams of left-handers were characterized by a significantly greater number of high imagery words and words describing affective states. In addition, left-handers were more likely to report that their dreams did not accurately reflect their everyday life-experience. It is concluded that handedness may be an important indicator of dream characteristics. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","McNamara, Patrick;Clark, Jill;Hartmann, Ernest","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1998","","","8","1","15","22","","","*Dream Content; Handedness","","1998-02021-002","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1023/B:DREM.0000005911.80309.70"
"Journal Article","Austrian dream behavior: Results of a representative population survey.","This study was based on a survey of a representative sample of 1,000 Austrians (aged 14–69 yrs) who were questioned about their sleep and dream behavior. About two-thirds of the respondents reported that they generally recalled at least 1 dream per month. Dream recall frequency decreased with advancing age, but did not differ between men and women. 55% of the respondents characterized the affective content of their dreams: 29% reported neutral, 20% positive, and 6% negative dreams. Four percent reported suffering from nightmares. These respondents more frequently reported snoring, interrupted sleep, daytime somnolence, anxiety and nervousness, depression, high dream recall, recurrent dreams, and dreaming in color. 26% of the total sample reported that sometimes they realized during their dreams that they were dreaming These Ss more frequently reported family problems, high dream recall, positive dream content, recurrent dreams, dreaming in color, and nightmares. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Stepansky, R.;Holzinger, B.;Schmeiser-Rieder, A.;Saletu, B.;Kunze, M.;Zeitlhofer, J.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1998","","","8","1","23","30","","","*Dream Content; Dream Recall","","1998-02021-003","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1023/B:DREM.0000005912.77493.d6"
"Journal Article","Personality and dreaming: Boundary structure and dream content.","Prior studies indicate that a personality dimension reflecting thin vs thick boundaries is related to global ratings of dream vividness, amount of emotion, and amount of interaction. In the present study, these relationships were examined by relating scores from the Boundary Questionnaire to dream content among 80 patients (aged 19–70 yrs) seen at a sleep disorders center. Thinness of boundaries was significantly correlated with dream length, vividness, amount of detail, and amount of emotion, and showed a trend towards correlation with aggressive interaction and nightmare-likeness. A principal components analysis was used to identify 3 factors in the dream content data. The 1st factor involved dream length, vividness, detail, and emotion; the 2nd involved love/tender interaction and sexual interaction; and the 3rd involved aggressive interaction. Thinness of boundaries showed a significant correlation with only the 1st factor. We suggest that the trait continuum ranging from thick to thin boundaries is similar to the state continuum running from focused waking thought to dreaming, and that both continual refer to the same aspects of cortical activity. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Hartmann, Ernest;Rosen, Rachel;Rand, William","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1998","","","8","1","31","39","","","*Boundaries (Psychological);  *Dream Content; Personality Traits","","1998-02021-004","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1023/B:DREM.0000005913.21794.1f"
"Journal Article","Determinants and mental health effects of dream recall among children living in traumatic conditions.","Examined whether the repression, mood congruent memory, and salience models would explain the frequency of diary recorded dream recall in 2 groups: a trauma group of 268 Palestinian 6–15-yr-olds living in a politically violent area in Gaza, and a comparison group of 144 6–15-yr-olds living in a peaceful area in Galilee. In general, the more Ss were exposed to trauma, the more frequently they recalled their dreams: the trauma group reported more dreams than the comparison group, and, within the trauma group, Ss who were repeatedly exposed to traumatic events recalled more dreams than Ss exposed to fewer traumatic events. Of the 3 models of dream recall, 2 were supported. First, salient (bizarre, emotional, narratively coherent) dreams were more frequently recalled, and, second, those in which the dream mood (atmosphere and feeling) was congruent with waking mood were more frequently recalled. However, contrary to expectations, repressive coping strategies (paralysis, denial, numbing) were associated with more frequent dream recall. Although dream recall was correlated with problems in psychological adjustment, the relationship was symptom specific: frequent dream recall shielded children from somatic and anxiety symptoms but made them more susceptible to depressive symptoms. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)","Punamäki, Raija-Leena","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1997","","","7","4","235","263","","","*Dream Recall;  *Emotional States;  *Emotional Trauma; Models","","1997-38968-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094481"
"Journal Article","Bizarreness of the dreams and daydreams reported by individuals with thin and thick boundaries.","After completing a short form of the Boundary Questionnaire, 17 students with high scores indicative of thin boundaries and 13 students with low scores indicative of thick boundaries participated in a testing session in which they reported their most recent dream, their most recent daydream, an outstanding dream, and an outstanding daydream. Dreams and daydreams were rated on 3 8-point scales (bizarreness, dreamlikeness, emotionality) by 2 independent raters who were blind to Boundary Questionnaire scores. The dream reports were rated significantly more bizarre, more dreamlike, and more emotional than the daydream reports. In addition, the thin boundaried Ss' reports were significantly more bizarre than the thick boundaried Ss' reports. Indeed, the recent daydreams of Ss with thin boundaries were as bizarre as the recent dreams of those with thick boundaries. Test-retest reliability for the Boundary Questionnaire using data from 90 students in general psychology classes was satisfactory. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)","Kunzendorf, Robert G.;Hartmann, Ernest;Cohen, Rachel;Cutler, Jennifer","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1997","","","7","4","265","271","","","*Boundaries (Psychological);  *Daydreaming;  *Dream Content; Dreaming","","1997-38968-002","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094482"
"Review-Book","Review of  In search of dreams: Results of experimental dream research.","Reviews the book, In Search of Dreams: Results of Experimental Dream Research by Inge Strauch and Barbara Meier (see record 1997-08465-000). Strauch and Meier have attempted to describe the nature of the dream experience. In their attempt to answer fundamental questions about the nature of dreams, the authors provide phenomenological description, emphasizing that their investigation is not concerned with dream interpretation. The central theme of the book is the authors' attempt to capture what they call 'The Language of Dreams.' By this they mean the 'what' of dream experience: the sensations, thoughts, emotions, and presentational mode (e.g., bizarreness) of the dream. They find that sensations, i.e., visual, auditory, and bodily phenomena, are ever present in dreams, and that dream characters' thoughts consistently influence dream actions. In contrast, emotions and bizarreness are only more-or-Iess likely, rather than inevitable, both occurring in about 3/4 of the reported dreams. The authors imply that an explanation of dreaming per se should address sensations and thought in dreams, rather than emotions or bizarreness. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Kramer, Milton","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1997","","","7","4","273","277","","","*Dream Analysis;  *Dreaming; Experimentation","","2012-14838-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094483"
"Review-Book","Review of Finding meaning in dreams: A quantitative approach.","Reviews the book, Finding Meaning in Dreams: A Quantitative Approach by William Domhoff (see record 1996-98122-000). Domhoff's book will be highly welcomed by empirical dream researchers, not only because it reproduces Hall and Van de Castle's classic content analytic system, which has been out of print for many years, but also because the current state and rich harvest of this coding scheme is presented in detail. Domhoff is not simply offering a new edition of a classic content analytic system; he goes far beyond that objective. First of all, he introduces new possibilities for the analysis of the original dream codes. This book is written in a clear style, and it is didactically well composed. Domhoff skillfully guides the reader through his ideas and proposals, and the chapters are well rounded with conclusions that integrate the most important results and relationships. Calvin Hall would have been delighted reading this book, which has convincingly continued and developed his ingenious work. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Strauch, Inge;Meier, Barbara","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1997","","","7","4","279","280","","","*Dream Analysis;  *Dreaming;  *Quantitative Methods; Experimental Design","","2012-14839-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094484"
"Journal Article","Hypnopompic imagery and visual dream experience.","Scannable hypnopompic lattice imagery sometimes reaches as far as the eyes can turn. Although these lattice patterns superficially appear to curve around the viewpoint, closer examination reveals that the visual image is flat over the entire scannable area. Moreover the lattice imagery and subjective experience of the head are found to form a spatial whole. Certain events during lucid dreaming demonstrate that visual dream experience, like the hypnopompic lattice imagery, appears within a visual field that is mobile within a larger scannable area. From ordinary dreaming to lucid dreaming to lying awake, there is a continuity of seeing, of scanning, and of the 'I' who sees. The concepts of dream seeing, a dream body with eyes, and of an 'I' who sees in dreams are examined. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Gillespie, George","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1997","","","7","3","187","194","","","*Imagery;  *Lucid Dreaming; Wakefulness","","1997-41252-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094473"
"Obituary","In memoriam: Alan Moffitt, Ph.D., 1939–1997.","Alan Moffitt, a Canadian sleep and dream researcher, died at his farm in Ontario, Canada, on June 2, 1997. He was a Professor in the Department of Psychology and Co-Director of the Sleep Lab at Carleton University in Ottawa, Ontario. He was also Past President of the Association for the Study of Dreams, co-editor of The Functions of Dreaming, and a contributor to many scientific journals on quantitative EEG, sleep, and dreaming. His formidable presence, brilliant ideas, warmth, humor, and friendship will be missed by all of us. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Armitage, Roseanne","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1997","","","7","3","231","231","","","*Psychologists; Dreaming; Sleep","","2012-15085-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094480"
"Journal Article","Current concerns and REM-dreams: A laboratory study of dream incubation.","Investigated the prevalence of people's waking concerns in their REM-dreams and the effects of reflecting on a particular concern prior to sleep. Eight male Ss (mean age 23.4 yrs) spent 3 consecutive nights in the laboratory, with awakenings during the 1st and each subsequent REM period. At the beginning of the 2nd night, current concerns were assessed using the Motivational Structure Questionnaire. Prior to sleep on incubation nights, Ss formulated and reflected on a question related to their most significant current concerns. Prior to sleep on relaxation nights, Ss were guided through a standard technique. 105 dream reports were collected from 118 REM awakenings. Dream reports were scored for incorporation using a matching procedure and a content analysis of concern categories. The presleep incubation of a specific concern increased the frequency of dream references to that concern category, although this effect was not reliable when dream length was controlled. Incubation also increased the range of different concern categories that were represented each night. Reference to at least 1 concern category, usually direct (70.7% of references) but often transformed (26.3% of references), occurred in 98.1% of dream reports, with an average of 2.4 categories per report. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Saredi, Roberto;Baylor, George W.;Meier, Barbara;Strauch, Inge","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1997","","","7","3","195","208","","","*Dream Content; Rapid Eye Movement","","1997-41252-002","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094474"
"Journal Article","Dreams following Hurricane Andrew.","Examined dream descriptions of Ss exposed to Hurricane Andrew, and assessed whether disturbing dreams, either those that did or those that did not represent the trauma, were associated with %PTSD%. 59 Ss (mean age 40.3 yrs) who were free of a psychiatric disorder in the 6 mo prior to the hurricane were recruited from the area most heavily damaged. Structured evaluations of psychiatric morbidity and self-report questionnaires regarding sleep quality and dream content were completed 6–12 mo following the hurricane. 32 Ss recalled a dream and described its content. Only 5 of the dream reports were threatening or disturbing and featured content related to the hurricane, and all of these were reported by Ss with PTSD. Of the 27 Ss who did not describe dreams, 10 had full or subsyndromal PTSD. Frequencies of other dream categories did not differ significantly between Ss with and without PTSD. Thus, while event-related nightmares following Hurricane Andrew were not reported very frequently, they appeared to be specific to PTSD. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)","David, Daniella;Mellman, Thomas A.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1997","","","7","3","209","214","","","*Dream Content;  *Emotional Trauma;  *Natural Disasters; Posttraumatic Stress Disorder","","1997-41252-003","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094475"
"Journal Article","The effects of music on dream content: An empirical analysis.","Examined whether listening to music before sleep influenced dream content. 20 free-lance musicians and music students (aged 19–56 yrs) were Ss. Ss completed 10-day experimental protocol in which, just before sleep, they listened to no music (baseline days), exciting music (3 successive days), or calming music (3 successive days). A total of 60 dreams were analyzed for anxiety, hostility, referential activity, primary process, and boundary disturbance. There was a significant difference between the 3 musical conditions on the primary process variable, with primary process imagery being more common in dreams on nights following either exciting or calming music than on baseline nights. No differences were observed for hostility, anxiety, referential activity, or boundary disturbance. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Sand, Shara;Levin, Ross","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1997","","","7","3","215","220","","","*Dream Content;  *Music; Musicians","","1997-41252-004","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094476"
"Review-Book","Review of Dreams and professional personhood: The contexts of dream telling and dream interpretation among American psychotherapists.","Reviews the book, Dreams and Professional Personhood: The Contexts of Dream Telling and Dream Interpretation Among American Psychotherapists by Mary-Therese B. Dombeck (see record 1991-97925-000). This book comes from the field study that Mary-Therese Dombeck conducted in two New England community mental health centers. Her objective was twofold: (1) to uncover the pattern of beliefs held by psychotherapists and staff about dream telling and about the personal capacities required to interpret dreams; and (2) to relate those beliefs to their perceptions of the preparation necessary to interpret dreams and the status of dream interpretation in the institutional hierarchy. The book is important, and apart from the fact that it is a scholarly contribution to the field of urban ethnography, it should appeal to different groups of readers. Its findings will have personal connotations for psychotherapists, clinicians, and researchers who study dreams and use them professionally. They will be guided toward better understanding of the social ambiguities with which their activities are surrounded in North America. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Lortie-Lussier, Monique","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1997","","","7","3","225","227","","","*Dream Analysis;  *Dreaming; Psychotherapists","","2012-15084-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094478"
"Review-Book","Review of Among all these dreamers: Essays on dreaming and modern society.","Reviews the book, Among All These Dreamers: Essays on Dreaming and Modern Society by Kelly Bulkeley (see record 1996-98045-000). In his introduction, Kelly Bulkeley, the book's editor, states that dreamers have taught researchers about 'the structure and development of the human mind' and that dreams 'have proven to be valuable therapeutic aids in promoting the psychological healing and growth of individuals' (p. xiii). I would substitute 'brain' for 'mind' in Bulkeley's first proposition and propose that the jury is still out on the second. Nevertheless, I welcome the question that follows: 'Can dreams provide any insights into the deeper causes of the ills that afflict our society, and offer any possible cures for those ills?' (p. xiii). The chapters that address this question range from discussions of dream courses in inner cities and prisons, and for Native Americans and African Americans, to dreamwork as fostering international understanding, the preservation of the natural environment, and facilitating release from trauma, as well as the investigation of pre-death spiritual experiences, Eastern philosophy, and U.S. presidential elections. The chapters vary in the extent of their substantial content, but several significantly expand the domain of dreamwork, making this book a harbinger of models of dreaming that take a broader and deeper perspective. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Krippner, Stanley","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1997","","","7","3","229","230","","","*Dream Analysis;  *Dream Content;  *Dreaming;  *Social Issues; Society","","2012-15086-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094479"
"Review-Book","Review of The dream and the text: Essays on literature and language.","Reviews the book, The Dream and the Text: Essays on Literature and Language edited by Carol Schreier Rupprecht (1993). The Dream and the Text, edited by Carol Schreier Rupprecht, belongs in every college and university library, as well as on numerous private bookshelves. A volume in the SUNY Series in Dream Studies, it is aimed primarily at literary scholars and others interested in literary dreaming. However, the book's appeal transcends the customary limitations of its genre. Research and clinical workers as well as those interested in particular writers, writings, or theoretical approaches (including Freud, Jung, Kohut, Lacan, and others) will find much to intrigue them here. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Luther, Susan","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1997","","","7","3","221","224","","","*Dreaming;  *Language; Literature","","2012-15083-001","Luther, Susan: 2115 Buckingham Drive, S. W., Huntsville, AL, US, 35803-2017","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094477"
"Journal Article","The projected poet: Coleridge's use of dream in dramatic reception.","According to Samuel Taylor Coleridge's poetics, the absence of a stable self, the disruption of cause and effect, and the misalignment of space and time provide both dreams and poetry with the quality of internally staged dramas. The experience of poetry, both in its composition and in its reading, becomes a wakened dream in which the self surrenders will and belief entirely. The poet becomes a dramatist, able to induce a projected version of his own mind into the reader. By conceiving poetry and the poet in this way, Coleridge not only increased the range of his own poetic power, but redefined poetry itself in the image of dreams. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Allen, Bobbie Jo","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1997","","","7","2","141","155","","","*Dreaming;  *Poetry;  *Projective Identification; Writers","","1997-06553-004","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094470"
"Journal Article","The importance of dreams in Coleridge's 'theanthropology.'","This study explores the relationship between Samuel Taylor Coleridge's dream investigations and his search for a unified 'theanthropology.' It examines the implications of his conclusions for the nature of perception and identity, for personality and moral freedom. Drawing on some of the sources from the wide range of his reading, it draws attention to the complex levels of his inquiry, and to his analysis of the tension between natural causes and supernatural mystery in relation to the dream state. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Perkins, Mary Anne","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1997","","","7","2","171","183","","","*Dreaming;  *Theories; Writers","","1997-06553-006","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094472"
"Journal Article","Dreams and the egotistical sublime: Coleridge and Wordsworth.","Explores the significance of dreaming in Samuel Taylor Coleridge's aesthetic, in the context of his need to differentiate his work from that of William Wordsworth. It is argued that Coleridge sought to vindicate his own writing, as well as to make generally valid statements, when he compared poetry and dreaming on the basis that the imaginary objects of each are symbolic of a subjective self that is not explicitly present. In opposition to Wordsworth's 'sublime egotism,' Coleridge's aesthetic emphasized the loss, rather than the (re)discovery of self and allowed for fragmentation and repetition rather than growth. It formed an alternative Romantic ideology—one capable of challenging the claims of that with which we are more familiar—an 'aesthetics of inachievement.' The texts examined in the article are 'The Pains of Sleep,' 'Kubla Khan,' and 'Christabel,' as well as numerous notebook entries, published and unpublished. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Fulford, Tim","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1997","","","7","2","85","98","","","*Dreaming;  *Literature;  *Poetry; Writers","","1997-06553-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094467"
"Journal Article","Coleridge, wordplay, and dream.","Wordplay is creative sign-making: it deploys patterns of identity or resemblance among signifiers, allowing linguistic form to create fresh, unique meanings. In broad agreement with a definition that includes but also exceeds punning, wordplay occupies a central position in Freudian dream theory, participating in the dream-work as a form of condensation. Samuel Taylor Coleridge, interested like Freud in both dreams and wordplay, directs his interest toward poetry and poetics. Analysis of 2 canonical poems of 1797–8, 'Kubla Khan' and 'Frost at Midnight,' shows that in both wordplay flourishes within a context of reverie and dream. The evidence suggests that Coleridge, aware like Freud of the hermeneutic tradition that linked wordplay and dream, made use of the connection to produce highly-condensed works that satisfy his own poetic ideal of 'untranslatableness.' For Coleridge, dream-states legitimate wordplay because, for him as for Freud, wordplay is the language of dream. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Kennard, L. R.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1997","","","7","2","99","117","","","*Dreaming;  *Poetry;  *Words (Phonetic Units); Writers","","1997-06553-002","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094468"
"Journal Article","Coleridge, Mary Robinson, and the prosody of dreams.","Samuel Taylor Coleridge and Mary Robinson are 2 poets of the Romantic period whose poetry is ostensibly concerned with the experience of dreaming and the representation of dreams in verse. The metrical experiments of both poets in their dream poems are conscious acts of representing in verse the experience of dreaming. This is accomplished not merely through figurative poetic language but also through what can be called the prosody of dreams—the theory and principles of versification as they pertain to dream poetry. The prosody of dreams, then, refers specifically to the way these 2 poets use metrical effects to represent a dream world, suggesting that, for them at least, dreams can be understood through the self-conscious approximation of the dream experience in verse. Robinson and Coleridge use poetic form and metrical experimentation to explore the unfathomed depths of the unconscious mind and the creative potentialities of dreaming. Their poetry suggests that each had an intimate familiarity with the work of the other, but their strikingly similar approaches to the prosody of dreams remains a compelling intersection that has yet to be discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Robinson, Daniel","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1997","","","7","2","119","140","","","*Dreaming;  *Poetry; Writers","","1997-06553-003","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094469"
"Journal Article","Coleridge and Andrew Baxter on dreaming.","Andrew Baxter's Enquiry into the Nature of the Human Soul (1733) included an attempt to prove its immateriality by studying the nature of dreams. Since he took the body to consist entirely of inert matter, it followed that any dream must be caused by some 'living, intelligent cause' that was external to it. Samuel Taylor Coleridge's statement in 1827 asserting the importance of Baxter's work points back to his first acquaintance with it in the mid-1790s and indicates a subsequent influence on his thinking that was still at work. Some effects can be found, it is suggested, in Coleridge's tolerance of the idea of external spirits; still more fruitful was Baxter's discussion of the interworking of active and passive powers in the imagination, including its implications for Coleridge's thinking about the nature of the subjective and the objective and his continuing puzzlement concerning the relationship between the powers of conscience and those of the unconscious creative imagination. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Beer, John","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1997","","","7","2","157","169","","","*Consciousness States;  *Dreaming;  *Poetry; Writers","","1997-06553-005","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094471"
"Journal Article","'Surprised by sleep': Coleridgean dejection and self-analysis.","This paper situates poet S.T. Coleridge's 'Dejection: An Ode' in the context of his theory of nightmare. Hovering between waking and sleeping, the nightmare falls like a shadow upon the dreamer's later waking state. As a waking nightmare, 'Dejection' is antithetically paired with Coleridge's 'The Picture.' A Lacanian reading discloses this poem as a playful daydream that serves as a foil to 'Dejection,' which depicts Freudian melancholia haunted by nightmare. This reading of 'Dejection' as Coleridgean self-analysis counters readings of the ode as a therapeutic progress toward consolation. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)","Wilson, Douglas B.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1997","","","7","1","67","81","","","*Dream Analysis;  *Nightmares; Poetry","","1997-07913-005","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094466"
"Journal Article","Coleridge and dreams: An introduction.","Explores the dream inquiries of 19th century poet S.T. Coleridge, especially as revealed in his poem 'The Pains of Sleep.' Coleridge wrote 'Pains' in the midst of a long walk alone across Scotland in 1803, during which he was probably suffering the withdrawal symptoms of opium addiction. Also explored are Coleridge's metaphysics, his relationship to Freudian thought (he is not considered to be a forerunner of Freud in dream interpretation,) and his disinclination to interpret dreams' autobiographical purpose. Coleridge's interest in dreaming and nightmares informs his writing as a poet and his speculations on a range of issues in psychology and metaphysics. It also affords clues to his own troubled inner world. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Miall, David S.;Kuiken, Don","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1997","","","7","1","1","11","","","*Dream Content;  *Nightmares;  *Poetry; Biography","","1997-07913-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094462"
"Journal Article","Why Coleridge was not a Freudian.","The history of oneirology may be divided into explanations of the causes of dreaming and interpretations of the content of dreams. The distinction between these opposing schools of thought can be used to falsify K. Coburn's claim that the poet S.T. Coleridge was a forerunner of Freud. Although both sought to bring the unconscious under the control of the conscious, rational mind, their oneirological approaches differed fundamentally. Freud did not reject the etiological explanation of dreams, but his emphasis on unconscious rather than somatic and other external causes placed him at odds with earlier psychologists and imposed on him a hermeneutic burden of proof consisting in establishing that dreams are wish-fulfillments. Coleridge found the traditional causal explanations of dreams inadequate, but habitually resorted to them anyway because he could not bring himself to interpret dream imagery, perhaps out of fear of self-discovery. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)","Halmi, Nicholas","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1997","","","7","1","13","28","","","*Dream Analysis;  *Dreaming;  *Freud (Sigmund); Poetry","","1997-07913-002","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094463"
"Journal Article","The wedding guest's nightmare: An oneiric reading of Coleridge's 'The Rime of the Ancient Mariner.'","This analysis of S.T. Coleridge's 'The Rime of the Ancient Mariner' is based on the heuristic device of reading the poem as the dream of one of its voices. The rationale for this assumption is that the poet draws on that part of the mind that constructs dreams in the process of carrying out his conscious artistic intentions. By approaching a literary work in this way, it is possible to retrace the paths of the creative imagination, and relate the formal characteristics that distinguish art from dream, acknowledging the shared psychic currents of creative art and dream. The reader can see an emotional tension between the dreamer's desire to enter into familial affection and sexuality, and fear that doing so will unleash the emotions of vulnerability, rage, and disgust. The dreamer attempts to end his oscillation between a retreat into emotional numbness and desire for a fuller life, but fails. As an compromise, he finds some consolation in an otherwordly Christian charitas but his emotional dissatisfaction with this resolution impels him obsessively to retell his story. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)","Stockholder, Kay","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1997","","","7","1","29","46","","","*Dreaming;  *Imagination; Poetry","","1997-07913-003","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094464"
"Journal Article","Coleridge, creative (day)dreaming, and 'The Picture.'","Meant less as traditional argument than as a scholarly meditation, the essay adopts quasi-fictional strategies to read S.T. Coleridge's 'The Picture, or the Lover's Resolution' through Freud's 'Creative Writers and Day-dreaming' and other, relevant scholarship. It adopts the localized point of view of the practicing poet to reflect upon 'The Picture' and interpretation itself considered as forms of (day)dreaming, giving particular attention to what 'The Picture' suggests about the dynamics and consequences of creative wish-fulfillment when the dream of art is dreamt under the sign of Eros. Questions are put as to the whether the poet's muse become a figment and whether the (day)dream of creative romance is false. Disclosing to reader and interpreter prospects revealed within 'The Picture's' interior landscape, the author seeks to preserve the element of (self-)discovery characteristic of dreaming. The essay concludes with a question: when are dreams of interpretation themselves truths or idle fancies? (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)","Luther, Susan","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1997","","","7","1","47","65","","","*Daydreaming;  *Freud (Sigmund); Poetry","","1997-07913-004","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094465"
"Editorial","A note from the editor.","Although Dreaming is described as a 'multidisciplinary journal,' a variety of historical influences work against that objective: the consolidation of university departments as the vehicles for educating scholars, the unique ascent of psychological science in this century, etc. Also, conceptual obstacles run very deep: disagreements about the adequacy of various methods of dream study, controversies about fundamental theoretical assumptions, etc. These are powerful obstacles to fulfilling the journal's mandate. The selection of topics for the special issues indicates that Dreaming is not only receptive to multidisciplinary contributions, but that it is actively seeking contributions that cross disciplinary boundaries. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Kuiken, Don","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1996","","","6","4","233","234","","","*Dreaming; Scientific Communication","","2012-14992-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094458"
"Journal Article","Cognition and metacognition in dreaming and waking: Comparisons of first and third–person ratings.","Compared 2 approaches to measuring dreaming and waking cognition. 43 undergraduates (aged 18–37 yrs) wrote detailed descriptions of a dreaming and a waking experience and also used a questionnaire to evaluate the presence of particular types of cognition and metacognition in the target experience. Then, independent judges rated Ss' narrative reports for the incidence of the same types of cognition and metacognition. A lower incidence of some types of cognition was observed when assessment was based on judges' ratings of the narrative reports than when Ss themselves assessed the incidence of these events. However, the basic relationship between dreaming and waking cognition was consistent for both measurement approaches. The value of using converging measures to compare dreaming and waking cognition is discussed, as well as whether dreaming cognition is best conceptualized as continuous or discontinuous with waking cognition. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Kahan, Tracey L.;LaBerge, Stephen","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1996","","","6","4","235","249","","","*Awareness;  *Cognition;  *Dreaming;  *Metacognition;  *Wakefulness; Measurement; Narratives","","1997-30059-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094459"
"Journal Article","Individual differences in orienting activity mediate feeling realization in dreams: II. Evidence from concurrent reports of movement inhibition.","Kuiken and Nielsen (1996) found that individual differences in retrospecitvely reported movement inhibition during the waking orienting response predicted dream ineffectuality and dream-induced self-perceptual depth. This study replicates those findings using concurrently reported changes in bodily feeling during waking orienting activity. Study 1 indicated that the accentuation of feelings or sensations in stimulated emotion-related body areas and the inhibition of feelings or sensations in stimulated emotion-unrelated areas predicted from whom dreams deepened self-perception. Study 2 indicated that simultaneously accentuated feeling in a stimulated emotion-related area and suppressed feeling in an emotion-unrelated body area predicted for whom dreams deepened self-perception. Thus, individual differences in the activation and inhibition components of orienting activity during dreaming may mediate increased self-perceptual depth. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Kuiken, Don;Busink, Ria;Dukewich, T. L.;Gendlin, E. T.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1996","","","6","4","251","264","","","*Body Awareness;  *Dreaming;  *Individual Differences;  *Orienting Responses;  *Self-Perception; Emotions; Wakefulness","","1997-30059-002","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094460"
"Journal Article","Anxiety dreams in school–aged children.","A sample of 624 children (aged 10–16 yrs) reported their most recent anxiety ('bad') dream, rated how often they experience anxiety dreams, and indicated the most threatening theme occurring in these dreams, using a measure of trait anxiety. Three hypotheses were tested and confirmed. First, anxiety dreams occurred more frequently among Ss with high levels of general anxiety. Second, there was some evidence that anxiety dreams involving school examinations were associated with high levels of examination anxiety. Third, high levels of general anxiety were associated with anxiety dreams involving realistic dream aggressors (e.g., humans) rather than unrealistic ones (e.g., monsters). (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Schredl, Michael;Pallmer, Ruth;Montasser, Alyaa","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1996","","","6","4","265","270","","","*Anxiety;  *Dream Content;  *Nightmares; Test Anxiety","","1997-30059-003","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094461"
"Journal Article","Bergson's theory of dreaming.","Provides an outline of H. Bergsons's philosophy of memory and account of dreaming as a selectionist process. Bergson's theory of dreaming and how it accounts for some of the phenomenological properties of the dream is described as well as a summary of the implications of Bergson's theory for an understanding of the significance of dreams. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","McNamara, Patrick","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1996","","","6","3","173","186","","","*Cognitive Processes;  *Dreaming;  *Memory;  *Philosophies; Theories","","1997-07686-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094453"
"Review-Book","Review of Dream reader.","Reviews the book, Dream Reader by Anthony Shafton (1995). This book is a unique and interesting contribution to the recent literature on the interpretation of dreams. The subtitle of the book, 'Contemporary Approaches to the Understanding of Dreams,' gives a sense of its scope. Dream Reader summarizes and makes available in one place most of the significant literature on dreams from Freud to the present time. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Moffitt, Alan","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1996","","","6","3","225","229","","","*Dream Analysis;  *Dreaming; Freud (Sigmund)","","2012-15081-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094457"
"Journal Article","Continuity and change: The dreams of women throughout adulthood.","Examined whether changes take place in the manifest content of adult female' dreams as a function of age and the psychosocial changes (in family and work roles) that mark their waking lives. 47 females from 3 age groups (26–35, 36–45 and 46–56 yr olds) kept a dream diary and their dreams were content analyzed. Character, settings, aggression, friendly interaction, activities, emotions, participation of the dreamer in her dreams, autonomy, achievement striving, themes and outcomes were the dream variables of interest, as they were expected to be significant indicators of increasing adaptive competence, productive energy, and masculinity orientation with advancing age. Results provide support for the productive energy hypothesis and mixed support for the adaptive competence hypothesis. The expected shift toward more male-typed imagery was not observed. Findings are discussed within the theoretical framework of women's development throughout adulthood. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Côté, Lucie;Lortie-Lussier, Monique;Roy, Marie-Josée;De Koninck, Joseph","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1996","","","6","3","187","199","","","*Adult Development;  *Age Differences;  *Dream Content;  *Human Females;  *Psychosocial Factors; Family; Sex Roles; Social Norms","","1997-07686-002","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094454"
"Journal Article","Individual differences in orienting activity mediate feeling realization in dreams: I. Evidence from retrospective reports of movement inhibition.","Examined whether individual differences in movement inhibition during the orienting response (either while awake or dreaming) would predict the enactment of dreams during awakening, a lingering sense of the reality of dreams events, and dream-induced self-perceptual depth. Ss were college students and adult volunteers (mean age 26 yrs). Three studies using retrospective questionnaires and 1 using dream diaries provided consistent evidence of these relationships. Results show that dream-induced self-perceptual depth is more closely associated with the occurrence of existential dreams, than with either anxiety dreams (nightmares) or transcendent (archetypal) dreams. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Kuiken, Don;Nielsen, Tore","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1996","","","6","3","201","217","","","*Dreaming;  *Individual Differences;  *Orienting Responses; College Students; Motor Processes","","1997-07686-003","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094455"
"Journal Article","Dreaming and personality: Thick vs. thin boundaries.","Investigated the relationship between dreaming and thick vs thin boundaries, a personality dimension that has been identified in clinical and research work with adult nightmare sufferers. A study by E. Hartmann et al (see record 1992-24033-001) was replicated, but with methodological alterations (using a dream diary and controlling for dream recall frequency). In a dream diary study, 17–68 yr old (32 females and 18 males) with thin boundaries, as indicated by a boundary questionnaire, reported more frequent dream recall and more intense dreams than did Ss with thick boundaries. Also, thin boundary Ss were more likely to report that they had had nightmares, especially recurrent nightmares, during childhood. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Schredl, Michael;Kleinferchner, Peter;Gell, Thorsten","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1996","","","6","3","219","223","","","*Boundaries (Psychological);  *Dream Content;  *Dream Recall;  *Personality Traits; Experimental Replication","","1997-07686-004","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094456"
"Editorial","Thank you.","In this article, the editor of Dreaming gives thanks to his associates and readers for their work relating to dreaming and support of the Journal. He introduces the new editor of Dreaming, Don Kuiken, and expresses his joy of working with the Journal over the past six years. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Hartmann, Ernest","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1996","","","6","2","69","69","","","*Dreaming; Scientific Communication","","2012-14991-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094447"
"Journal Article","A 10-facet model of dreaming applied to dream practices of sixteen Native American cultural groups.","Using archival research methodology, 16 traditional Native American systems of dreamworking were compared with such modern systems as those developed by Freud, Jung, and M. Ullman (1960). Within the structure of a model proposed by M. Ullman and N. Zimmerman (1979), each of these Native American systems was found to address the major topics subsumed in contemporary psychodynamic Western dream systems. Many approaches to working with dreams were used by Native Americans, and some of them resembled Western dreamworking methods. All 16 societies investigated placed a key value on dreams. In most of the Native American models, there was no distinct separation between the dreamed world and the lived world. The dream often represented the dreamer's merging with the 'unknown' visionary realm which can enlighten and empower the dreamer. In contrast, Western models of dreaming sharply demarcate dreaming from waking consciousness. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Krippner, Stanley;Thompson, April","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1996","","","6","2","71","96","","","*American Indians;  *Dream Analysis; Sociocultural Factors","","1997-38867-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094448"
"Journal Article","Does early-night REM dream content reliably reflect presleep state of mind?","In a small-scale study, R. Rados and R. D. Cartwright (1982) found that presleep thought samples, but not postsleep-elicited significant concerns, could be matched with a night's REM dream content on a cross-participant basis. The authors, in an attempt to replicate and expand on the findings of Rados and Cartwright, collected either presleep thought samples or significant concerns for later blind judge matching with 8 female undergraduate students' mentation reports from the night's first REM period over 8 nonconsecutive nights each. Although some Ss' first-REM dreams were successfully identified by judges from presleep ideation, both vs presleep ideation from the same person on other nights and vs presleep ideation from other persons on the same night, there was no overall group pattern suggesting continuity of dream content with presleep ideation. The authors also did not replicate the claimed superiority of thought samples vis á vis significant concerns. Reliable content analysis showed a different proportional distribution of life experiences in waking and dream ideation. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Roussy, Francine;Camirand, Claude;Foulkes, David;De Koninck, Joseph;Loftis, Maleah;Kerr, Nancy H.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1996","","","6","2","121","130","","","*Dream Content;  *Emotional States;  *REM Dreams;  *Wakefulness; Experimental Replication","","1997-38867-003","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094450"
"Journal Article","Remembering and communicating the dream experience: What does a complementary morning report add to the night report?","Presents the data obtained when night dream reports, collected by waking Ss during REM sleep, are completed by a complementary morning interview. The authors data collection technique aims at facilitating the storage of the dream experience in long-term memory, at assisting in the recall of this experience the next morning, and at obtaining a maximum level of information which communicates the contents of the dream as completely as possible. The night and complementary morning reports of 15 23–56-yr-olds (1 dream per Ss) were analyzed by 2 judges. Each S added an important amount of information in the morning interview: on the whole 622 new pieces of information, which contributed to eliminate ambiguities and substantially changed the way in which the experimenters visualized and understood the dream experience were added. The additional information did not make the contents of the dream more coherent, and most of it (78%) could not have been deduced from the elements mentioned in the night report. Specific features of dream mentation also appeared in the additional morning information. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Montangero, Jacques;Pasche, Pascale;Willequet, Pierre","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1996","","","6","2","131","145","","","*Data Collection;  *Dream Content; Interviews","","1997-38867-004","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094451"
"Journal Article","Outline for a theory on the nature and functions of dreaming.","Based on dreams after trauma and other recent research, a view of the nature and functions of dreaming was developed. Dreaming makes connections more broadly than waking in the nets of the mind. Dreaming avoids the 'central' rapid input-to-output portions of the net and the feed-forward mode of functioning; it makes connections in the further out regions (further from input/output) and in an auto-associative mode. The connections are not made in a random fashion but are guided by the dreamer's emotion. Dreaming contextualizes a dominant emotion or emotional concern. This is demonstrated most clearly in dreams after trauma as the trauma resolves but can likewise be seen in dreams after situations where the dominant emotional concern is known. The form that these connections and contextualizations take is explanatory metaphor. The dream explains metaphorically the emotional state of the dreamer. This entire process is probably functional. The dream functions to spread out excitation and does this by cross-connecting and 'weaving-in.' This has an immediate function in 'calming a storm' or reducing a disturbance, and a longer term function relating to memory, not so much consolidating memory but rather cross-connecting, weaving in something new, increasing the connections. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Hartmann, Ernest","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1996","","","6","2","147","170","","","*Dreaming; Theory Formulation","","1997-38867-005","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094452"
"Journal Article","Identifying types of impactful dreams: A replication.","In an attempt to replicate a classificatory study reported by D. Kuiken and S. Sikora (1993), 36 volunteers (aged 18–45 yrs) reported a dream that was as impactful as their most impactful dream during the preceding month and then the 1st dream that they recalled at least 4 days later. Cluster analysis revealed 5 classes of dreams, each with a characteristic profile of emotions, goals, concerns, movement styles, sensory phenomena, self-reflectiveness, and dream endings. Four of these classes substantially correspond to the dream types identified in the original study: existential dreams (distressing dreams concerned with separation and personal integrity), anxiety dreams (frightening dreams concerned with threats to physical well-being), transcendent dreams (ecstatic dreams concerned with magical accomplishments), and mundane (unimpactful) dreams. A 5th class of moderately impactful dreams, new to this study and referred to as alienation dreams, expressed emotional agitation and concerns about interpersonal efficacy. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Busink, Ria;Kuiken, Don","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1996","","","6","2","97","119","","","*Dream Content; Experimental Replication","","1997-38867-002","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094449"
"Journal Article","Vestibular dreams: The effect of rocking on dream mentation.","Investigated the proposed link between vestibular activation and dream lucidity in 8 university students who spent 2 consecutive nights sleeping in a hammock in the sleep laboratory. For each night, during the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th REM sleep periods, the hammock was either stationary (control condition), or rocked at a constant frequency (experimental condition) stimulating the S's vestibular system. Ss were awakened after 10 min of REM sleep and asked to provide a mentation report that was later analyzed on a number of scales and physiological measures. Results indicate that there was a pronounced increase in both peak self-reflectiveness and lucidity mentation continuum scores associated with rocking in the early morning. Also, rocking can be incorporated into dream imagery, leading to a higher incidence of vestibular imagery and dream bizarreness. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Leslie, Kenneth;Ogilvie, Robert","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1996","","","6","1","1","16","","","*Body Rocking;  *Lucid Dreaming; Somesthetic Perception","","1996-04002-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094442"
"Journal Article","Age changes in dream recall in adulthood.","Extends the work of L. M. Giambra (1974, 1977–1980, and 1979–1980) by examining intraindividual changes in dream frequency over a 6–8 yr interval and cross-sectional age differences with an increased sample size at all ages. Dream recall was measured retrospectively using the Night Dreaming Scale of the Imaginal Processes Inventory. A cross-sectional sample of 1,065 men and 1,263 women (aged 17–92 yrs) found fewer dreams recalled with increasing age. Women recalled more dreams and showed a less rapid decrease in frequency than men. In the longitudinal sample of 217 men, aged 24–77 yrs, and 116 women, aged 24–71 yrs, changes over 6 to 8 yrs were not wholly consistent with cross-sectional age differences. Many fewer dreams were recalled in senescence, although the reduction in recalled dreams began well before senescence. Men showed neither general nor age contingent intraindividual change over 6–8 yrs. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)","Giambra, Leonard M.;Jung, Rex E.;Grodsky, Alicia","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1996","","","6","1","17","31","","","*Age Differences;  *Dream Recall; Human Sex Differences","","1996-04002-002","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094443"
"Journal Article","Raters' abilities to identify individuals reporting sexual abuse from nightmare content.","51 female and 42 male university students (aged 19–43 yrs) were given 28 nightmare reports from women: 14 reporting a history of sexual abuse and 14 reporting no abuse. Ss were randomly assigned to 3 instruction conditions: 1 group received no information about the characteristics of sexual abuse reports and 2 groups received either brief or expanded descriptions. Ss were asked to make a judgment about whether or not each dreamer had been sexually abused, and to complete a questionnaire concerning demographic information and their own experiences with sexual, physical and/or emotional abuse. Raters were able to sort the nightmare reports at a level well above chance. Furthermore, instruction condition and characteristics of the raters were unrelated to accuracy. However, most raters underestimated the number of abuse reports, with men showing greater underestimation than women. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","DeDonato, Angela;Belicki, Kathryn;Cuddy, Marion","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1996","","","6","1","33","41","","","*Human Sex Differences;  *Judgment;  *Nightmares; Sexual Abuse","","1996-04002-003","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094444"
"Journal Article","A psycholinguistic method for analyzing two modalities of thought in dream reports.","Proposed a cognitive psycholinguistic model that attempts to describe how 2 thinking modalities named Y (holistic processing) and X (analytic processing) may contribute to the production of a dream report. 68 dream reports were provided by 34 Ss in a sleep-laboratory. Each S provided 2 reports in 1 night; sleep onset and REM reports, which were then scored using a double-blind procedure. Measures show that in the sleep onset reports, compared to REM reports, there was a prevalence of representations pertaining to the holistic processes which characterize the modality Y. The lack of differences between sleep onset and REM reports in the global index X suggests that reporting a dream, regardless of the state, requires the same processes pertaining to the modality X to organize information in complex semantic fields. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Casagrande, Maria;Violani, Cristiano;Bertini, Mario","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1996","","","6","1","43","55","","","*Cognitive Processes;  *Models;  *Psycholinguistics;  *REM Dreams; Sleep Onset","","1996-04002-004","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094445"
"Journal Article","An empirical investigation into the day-residue and dream-lag effects.","Explored the effect of the presence of sleep during the dream-recording interval on the number of reported residues. Detailed information, including dream reports and questionnaires on the dreams, was collected from 28 undergraduates (aged 19–31 yrs). Results directly support the existence of a day-residue effect, while only indirectly supporting a dream-lag effect. The subdivisions of the day-residue temporal category implied that instantaneous incorporations of physical stimuli do occur and that a period of 2 hrs before bed yields a high hourly rate of incorporation. No correlation between the dream experience-dream recording interval and the number of residues reported was found. Implications for mnemonic dream sources are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)","Marquardt, Clinton J. G.;Bonato, Richard A.;Hoffmann, Robert F.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1996","","","6","1","57","65","","","*Dream Content; Dreaming","","1996-04002-005","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094446"
"Journal Article","Making connections in a safe place: Is dreaming psychotherapy?","Many similarities are noted between the process of dreaming and the process of psychotherapy as usually practiced in the many dynamic psychotherapies deriving from Freud's work. Dreaming and psychotherapy both involve freeing of associations, prevention of acting out, and making psychological connections in many different senses, all occurring in a safe environment. In REM sleep, safety is provided by the bed and by muscular paralysis; in therapy, by the relationship with the therapist (alliance), the setting, and the rules of conduct. The similarity can be seen particularly clearly in the period following an acute trauma. Dreaming and therapy each give the patient a safe place in which to make connections between the trauma and other relevant memories, themes, and issues so that the trauma and its associated disturbing affect are eventually integrated into the patient's life. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)","Hartmann, Ernest","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1995","","","5","4","213","228","","","*Dreaming; Psychotherapy","","1996-36301-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094437"
"Journal Article","Dreams and current concerns: A narrative co-constitutive approach.","Used a collaborative research design to ask dreamers to reflect on the meaning of their own dreams in relationship to self-selected current concerns. 14 graduate students gave a description of their current concerns in 2 different modes, i.e., an abstract description (abstract mode) and a concrete event (story-mode); during the following week, they were asked to note dreams that relate to the concerns (spontaneous mode of expression). An open-ended interview served as a collaborative mean to explore the relationship between the abstract and narrative modes of expression and the dream. A narrative approach was used to highlight particular structures of experience in each mode of expression using a case-example. The analysis suggests the possibility that in dream understanding, the focus on life concern is more easily accessible in a story-like manner. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)","Deslauriers, Daniel;Cordts, John","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1995","","","5","4","247","265","","","*Abstraction;  *Dream Content; Storytelling","","1996-36300-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094439"
"Journal Article","How might we explain the parallels between Freud's 1895 Irma dream and his 1923 cancer?","Freud's 1895 'Irma' dream seems to have contained both images of his 1923 cancer as well as a reasonable theory as to its etiology. In this paper, 4 possible explanations are discussed. There is reason to think that some dreams reflect biological states and that dreams may eventually be used to help in early diagnosis of physical illnesses. The 'Irma' dream is seen, in part, as a warning sent by Freud's body. This helps explain Freud's fascination with the dream. From this angle (and there are many other angles), Freud's theorizing about dreams represented his attempt to become conscious of that which would eventually kill him. The discussion focuses on how connections between dreams and disease states have been, and might further be, studied. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)","Hersh, Thomas R.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1995","","","5","4","267","287","","","*Dream Content;  *Freud (Sigmund); Neoplasms","","1996-36302-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094440"
"Review-Book","Review of The wilderness of dreams: Exploring the religious meanings of dreams in modern Western culture.","Reviews the book, The Wilderness of Dreams: Exploring the Religious Meanings of Dreams in Modern Western Culture by Kelly Bulkeley (see record 1994-97296-000). This slender book includes a text of 220pp., two appendices, discursive notes numbering 52pp., and a bibliography of 272 sources. The author, a self-described 'dream fanatic,' presents a comprehensive, interdisciplinary approach to a new theory of dreams and dream interpretation. This book contains few explicitly clinical applications because the author as a humanist, philosopher, textual critic, and 'religionist' is primarily committed to an interdisciplinary approach to theory. The author intends no less than to 'initiate a critical, sophisticated, interdisciplinary study of dreams.' His target audiences include students of religion and spirituality concerned with the revitalization of religion, psychotherapists, neuroscientists, cognitive psychologists, anthropologists, cognitive psychologists, theologians, and literary critics. He also addresses the general reader, professional or otherwise, who is emotionally prepared to deal with a religious studies methodology. Readers tolerant of an unrestrained enthusiasm, can be stimulated (and bothered) by the author's urgent style. In any case, many will find their control of the literature usefully updated. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Katz, Robert L.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1995","","","5","4","289","291","","","*Dream Analysis;  *Dream Content;  *Dreaming;  *Meaning;  *Religion; Culture (Anthropological); Sociocultural Factors; Theories","","2012-14636-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094441"
"Journal Article","Dreaming 'accidentally' of Harold Pinter: The interplay of metaphor and metonymy in dreams.","Examines a personal dream that offers a coalescence of dream, waking, and fictional experience. The dream is used as an occasion for discussing the role of metaphor and metonymy in the production of orderly dream narratives, or meaningful dreams. It is proposed that metaphor can only occur, in and out of dreams, by virtue of subjacent metonymic chains, or networks, that are composed of partly resemblant contents, and that secondary day residue, in some cases, may get into dreams on the coattails of metonymic association with a primary image. It is suggested that dreams may create meaning rather than arising from meanings that are already in place as part of the dream thought, and that any meanings dreams may have are dependent on the prevailing emotion or attitude of the dreamer during the dream itself. The relation of the dream process to surrealistic imagery is examined. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)","States, Bert O.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1995","","","5","4","229","245","","","*Dream Content;  *Dreaming; Metaphor","","1996-36305-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094438"
"Journal Article","Dream recall and major depression: A preliminary report.","Evaluated dream recall (DRR) and content (DRC) in 82 moderately to severely depressed outpatients at baseline and following treatment with 2 antidepressants (fluoxetine and nefazodone). DRR rates were extremely low in depressed patients. Of the 82 Ss, only 21 patients recalled dreams at any phase of study. All subsequent analyses were based on this sample. Compared to baseline, antidepressant treatment was associated with a significantly lower DRR rate. Four Ss showed an increase in DRR, all treated with fluoxetine. Overall, dreams recalled on treatment were less vivid and detailed than those at baseline. Data suggest that both DRR and DRC are significantly altered by antidepressant medication. Moreover, gender differences are evident in DRC but not along dimensions of failure and negative events. It is possible that the lack of change in the emotional tone of dreams in treatment responders may reflect a continuing vulnerability to depression. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Armitage, Roseanne;Rochlen, Aaron;Fitch, Thomas;Trivedi, Madhukar;Rush, A. John","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1995","","","5","3","189","198","","","*Antidepressant Drugs;  *Dream Content;  *Dream Recall;  *Fluoxetine;  *Major Depression; Drug Therapy","","1996-08166-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094434"
"Journal Article","Validity established of DreamLight cues for eliciting lucid dreaming.","Examined the effectiveness of DreamLight (DL), a biofeedback device designed to deliver light cues during REM sleep, for inducing lucid dreams. 14 adults used DLs in their home on 4 to 24 nights. They were unaware that the DLs were specially programmed to deliver cues only on alternate nights. 11 Ss reported 32 lucid dreams, 22 from nights with light cues and 10 from nights without cues. All lucid dreams scored (by judges blind to DL condition) as being cued by the DL's stimuli, occurred on nights when the DL was actually delivering cues. Ss reported seeing in their dreams what they believed to be DL cues significantly more often on light cue nights (73 total) compared to nights without light cues (9). It is concluded that cuing with sensory stimuli by the DL appears to increase a S's probability of having lucid dreams, and that most of the resulting lucid dreams are due to the specific effect of light cues rather than general placebo factors. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)","LaBerge, Stephen;Levitan, Lynne","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1995","","","5","3","159","168","","","*Biofeedback;  *Lucid Dreaming;  *REM Sleep; Cues; Experimental Methods","","1996-07240-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094432"
"Journal Article","Nightmares and sleep disturbance in sexually assaulted women.","Hypothesized that victims of rape would report more nightmares and more disturbed sleep. A retrospective study was conducted on the charts of 598 women presenting to a rape crisis center. The review assessed nightmare frequency and the association between nightmares and disturbed sleep. Of the 598 women, 488 were rape victims and 110 women were victims of non-rape sexual assault or abuse (NRSAA). Raped women reported more nightmares than those with NRSAA. 26% of Ss in the rape group reported 'a lot' of nightmares compared to 21% in the NRSAA group. 53% of Ss in the rape group reported some nightmares compared to 45% in the NRSAA group. Nightmares and changes in sleep habits showed a strong direct relationship, but were unrelated to rape or NRSAA types of assault. The relationship between nightmares, disturbed sleep, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved)","Krakow, Barry;Tandberg, Dan;Barey, Marya;Scriggins, Lee","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1995","","","5","3","199","206","","","*Nightmares;  *Rape;  *Sexual Abuse;  *Sleep Wake Disorders; Crime Victims; Human Females; Victimization","","1996-08472-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094435"
"Journal Article","Dreams and feeling realization.","Among 3 different types of impactful dreams (transcendent, anxiety, and existential), existential dreams most frequently prompt reports of deepened self-perception. To understand this effect, the authors considered 3 separate aspects of dream experience, each mediated by a different component of dream psychobiology. First, in impactful dreams generally, narrative discontinuities mark mnemonic transformations that present progressively nonprototypic personal meanings. Second, in impactful dreams generally, a heightened sense of reality emerges from accentuation of the dreamer's felt engagement in vividly present dream situations. Third, in existential dreams particularly, the disruption of smooth engagement in dream actions initiates the realization of feelings that are tinged with sadness and that uproot superficiality. The interplay of these aspects of dream experience is required to understand how existential dreams deepen self-perception. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)","Kuiken, Don","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1995","","","5","3","129","157","","","*Dream Content;  *Existentialism;  *Meaning; Self-Perception","","1996-07239-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094431"
"Journal Article","A content analysis of bizarre elements in dreams.","Investigated the extent to which different kinds of dream elements are affected by different types of dream bizarreness (BZ). All expressions describing 1 of 14 contents (self, place, time, persons, animals, body parts, plants, objects, events, actions, language, cognition, emotions, sensory experiences) in 32 female college students' home-based dream diaries were scored. Each element was categorized as non-bizarre or bizarre (incongruous, vague, discontinuous). Results show that BZ is not randomly distributed across different dream contents and that distinct types of BZ show a dissimilar pattern of distribution. Language and cognition are the most and self is the least incongruous content. Place is high on both discontinuity and vagueness. It is suggested that an adequate baseline for what is bizarre in dreams is the S's personal waking reality, and for the proportion of bizarreness, the amount of comparable non-bizarre dream elements. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Revonsuo, Antti;Salmivalli, Christina","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1995","","","5","3","169","187","","","*Dream Content; Dreaming","","1996-07245-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094433"
"Review-Book","Review of To catch a dream: Explorations of dreaming.","Reviews the book, To Catch a Dream: Explorations of Dreaming by David Koulack (see record 1991-97170-000). This book is one of a number of recently published dream volumes by SUNY Press under the editorial guidance of Robert Van de Castle. It begins with a vignette that beautifully illustrates the dream's singular ability to express both the frailty of the human condition, as well as its seemingly unlimited potential to heal even the deepest of psychical wounds. This example, in conjunction with the attendant background information provided by the author, also serves to demonstrate the myriad of theoretical, conceptual and clinical approaches to dream interpretation and investigation that can inform and bring meaning to the way we view the function of dreams in our everyday lives. So rich is this opening vignette that, in many ways, the remainder of the book merely serves as fine print. And yet, it is in this very embellishment that Koulack has achieved his greatest success. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Levin, Ross","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1995","","","5","3","207","209","","","*Dream Analysis;  *Dream Content;  *Dreaming; Dream Recall; Sleep","","2012-14714-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094436"
"Journal Article","Speaking of dreams: A social constructionist account of dream sharing.","Examines possible social functions of dream sharing from a social constructionist perspective. The use of everyday language in the conceptualization of dreams is examined, including linguistic resources signaling distinctions between reality and fantasy and between agency and passivity. Variability in the use of linguistic resources allows for a flexibility in constructing dream accounts that enables individuals to accomplish a variety of social goals when sharing dreams. Two social functions of dream sharing are presented: (1) saving face and positioning and (2) warranting and justifying. Implications for the social interaction between therapist and client are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved)","Stefanakis, Harilaos","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1995","","","5","2","95","104","","","*Dream Content;  *Sharing (Social Behavior); Sociolinguistics","","1996-91688-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094427"
"Journal Article","Describing and modeling hypnagogic imagery using a systematic self-observation procedure.","Examines a systematic self-observation procedure for studying hypnagogic images occurring during daytime spontaneous drowsy periods. During each recording session, Ss fix an observational intent and pay attention to internal events; images are observed, transcribed, and then assessed for their likely memory sources. Exp 1 evaluated fully-formed images (FFIs) and their neuromuscular correlates. Exp 2 examined fleeting images (FIs) and sleep onset feelings. Exp 3 examined physiological correlates of FIs; images were recorded in the laboratory with accompanying EEG, EMG, and electrooculogram (EOG) measures. In Exp 4, FFIs were observed in more naturalistic contexts to explore the effects of external stimuli and preceding thoughts and memories on imagery. Distinctions among imagery types are suggested, e.g., FIs vs FFIs and images with vs without self-movement. Four types of memory, immediate and short-, medium- and long-term, appear to contribute to imagery formation. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved)","Nielsen, Tore A.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1995","","","5","2","75","94","","","*Dreaming;  *Imagery;  *Observation Methods;  *Self-Report; Sleep Onset","","1996-91687-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094426"
"Journal Article","The use of the Hartmann Boundary Questionnaire with an adolescent population.","Examines the use of the Boundary Questionnaire ([BQ] E. Hartmann; see PA, Vol 79:23456), which correlates ego boundary thickness with measures of dream recall and the tendency to experience nightmares, with a sample adolescents. The psychometric validity of the BQ was investigated, as well as whether the scale could differentiate between adolescents in a manner consistent with adult findings. 180 14–19 yr olds completed the BQ and the Sleep and Dreaming Questionnaire. Internal consistency of the overall BQ, as well as World and Personal Total subscores, was demonstrated. Similar to results obtained for adults, Ss with thinner boundaries on the BQ tended to be female and to report greater levels of dream recall, nightmare frequency, and nightmare disturbance when compared to a group of thicker boundary adolescents. Results are discussed in the context of ego boundary development. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved)","Cowen, Dave;Levin, Ross","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1995","","","5","2","105","114","","","*Dream Recall;  *Ego Development;  *Nightmares;  *Psychometrics;  *Questionnaires; Test Reliability; Test Validity","","1996-91689-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094428"
"Review-Book","Review of The functions of dreaming.","Reviews the book, The Functions of Dreaming by Alan Moffitt, Milton Kramer, and Robert Hoffman (see record 1993-97291-000). In a field characterized by strong disagreement, it is a credit to the editors that this volume sets out diverse arguments and observations without judgment and without attempting conciliation. The reader is presented not with a single point of view but with a rich set of differences, within the volume itself and between its authors and those who have not contributed. Most of the contributors regard dreaming as a latently orderly process emerging from REM sleep, although many do not limit dreaming's occurrence to REM sleep. Most take dreaming as nature gives it to us-fantastic but credible, uncontrolled, kaleidoscopic. Others push it to feats of reflection, orientation, and control. Despite such conceptual divisions, which the editors acknowledge in their substantial introduction, common functional themes emerge. Dreaming, it is variously argued, may regulate mood; may solve problems or at least signal them; may consolidate memory. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Porte, Helene Sophrin","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1995","","","5","2","115","120","","","*Dream Analysis; Dreaming","","2012-14712-001","Porte, Helene Sophrin: Department of Psychology, Cornell University, Uris Hall, Ithaca, NY, US, 14853-7601","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094429"
"Journal Article","The collection of home and laboratory dreams by means of an instrumental response technique.","Compared the frequency and character of home and laboratory dreams as self-reported from REM and non-REM sleep by means of an automatic dream recorder (ADR). The devise allows Ss to signal the presence of a dream by depressing a hand held signal, at which time they are awakened by an alarm to record an oral report of the dream's visual imagery content. The effect of training on Ss' response rates and accuracy was also examined. 40 adult Ss were divided into 4 groups varying by (1) participation in a practice vs a training night and (2) by location of measurement, home vs laboratory. Although trained Ss averaged more than twice as many accurate signals than did untrained Ss, use of the ADR with either training or instruction-only resulted in high dream recall from both REM and non-REM sleep stages. Recording in the home vs in the laboratory had no effect on dream content. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved)","Lloyd, Stephen R.;Cartwright, Rosalind D.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1995","","","5","2","63","73","","","*Apparatus;  *Dream Content;  *Experimental Laboratories;  *Home Environment; NREM Sleep; REM Sleep","","1996-91686-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094425"
"Review-Book","Review of Conquering bad dreams and nightmares.","Reviews the book, Conquering Bad Dreams and Nightmares by B. Krakow and J. Neidhardt (1992). For those who are either fascinated and/or disturbed by their nightmares, this book is informative and easy to read. As the title indicates, the book provides advice and treatment for those troubled by their nightmares. Although not written for an academic audience, academics may well find some insights here. However, the book's strength primarily lies in its accessible language and style of presentation which make it a valuable self-help resource. Anyone who wants to learn more about nightmares and a technique for reducing/eliminating them, will find this book both insightful and helpful. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Belicki, Kathryn;Bernstein, Daniel M.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1995","","","5","2","121","125","","","*Dreaming;  *Nightmares; Sleep","","2012-14713-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094430"
"Review-Book","Review of Crisis dreaming.","Reviews the book, Crisis Dreaming by Rosalind Cartwright and Lynne Lamberg (1992). This book is the outcome of a very fortunate combination of Dr. Cartwright's clinical experience, and her extensive knowledge of the range of dream research. It was written in conjunction with the journalist, Lynne Lamberg who, judging from her preface, has a natural affinity for dreams. The result is an excellent introduction to dreams and how to understand them. Written in a graceful, flowing style and set in a personal tone, there results a sense of intimacy between author and reader. This book is authoritative, informative, respectful of the dreamer and the dream, and it offers a structure within which dream work can be pursued. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Ullman, Montague","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1995","","","5","1","57","60","","","*Dream Analysis;  *Dreaming; Clinical Practice; Crises","","2012-14600-001","Ullman, Montague: 55 Orlando Avenue, Ardsley, NY, US, 10502","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094424"
"Journal Article","Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR): A new kind of dreamwork?","Describes a psychotherapy procedure called EMDR. EMDR features focusing on a traumatic memory while moving the eyes rapidly from side to side. This appears to lead to rapid integration of the memory, and elimination of associated symptomatology. EMDR's apparent similarity to dreaming and to therapeutic dreamwork is suggested as a possible key to understanding its underlying mechanism. An illustrative case example of a woman in her late 40s is presented. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Greenwald, Ricky","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1995","","","5","1","51","55","","","*Emotional Trauma;  *Eye Movements;  *Memory;  *Psychotherapeutic Techniques; Dream Analysis","","1995-30408-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094423"
"Journal Article","The effectiveness of dream interpretation groups for women undergoing a divorce transition.","Compared 22 separated and divorcing women (aged 22–57 yrs) in 4 8-wk dream interpretation groups to 12 women in a wait-list control condition in terms of changes in anxiety, depression, coping, self-esteem, and insight into their dreams. Results indicate that Ss who participated in dream interpretation groups differed from Ss in the wait-list control group in self-esteem and insight. Dream interpretation groups appeared to be promising for helping women adjust to divorce transitions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Falk, Dana R.;Hill, Clara E.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1995","","","5","1","29","42","","","*Divorce;  *Dream Analysis;  *Group Psychotherapy;  *Marital Separation; Anxiety; Coping Behavior; Depression (Emotion); Human Females; Insight; Self-Esteem","","1995-30220-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094421"
"Journal Article","Lucid dreaming, waking personality and cognitive development.","Compared waking personality traits characteristic of male frequent lucid dreamers (FLDs), 91 male infrequent lucid dreamers (ILDs), 113 female FLDs, and 110 female ILDs, using the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF). Discriminant analyses produced significant findings and similar profiles, for both males and females. Findings suggest a link between lucid awareness and volition within dreams and the management of waking cognition and emotion. Support is provided for previously established relationships between lucid dream occurrence and field independence. Findings of differences between FLDs and ILDs are postulated to involve variations in the functioning of specific cognitive/developmental processes related to the regulation and discrimination of internally arising subjective aspects of perception. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)","Gruber, Russell E.;Steffen, John J.;Vonderhaar, Steven P.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1995","","","5","1","1","12","","","*Cognitive Development;  *Lucid Dreaming;  *Personality Traits; Field Dependence; Human Sex Differences","","1995-28043-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094419"
"Journal Article","Assessing dreams through self-report questionnaires: Relations with past research and personality.","Developed and compared a questionnaire approach to studying dream content with personality ratings. The themes and overall character of self-reported dreams were examined to determine whether they differed markedly from the dream norms obtained by C. S. Hall and R. L. Van De Castle (1966). Findings from 78 undergraduates were consistent with past norms obtained from dream diary reports and lab reports. Some significant correlates between personality and dream content were found (e.g., 'agreeable' Ss reported more dream characters, while Ss who were 'open to experience' reported more unfamiliar dream characters). Findings support the use of retrospective, self-report questionnaires as measures of dream content. The dream content questionnaire is appended. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Bernstein, Daniel M.;Roberts, Brent","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1995","","","5","1","13","27","","","*Dream Content;  *Personality;  *Questionnaires;  *Self-Report; Test Construction","","1995-27572-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094420"
"Journal Article","Reported association of stress and dreaming: Community background levels and changes with disaster (Hurricane Iniki).","Assessed the reported association of stress and dreaming in 265 respondents (mean age 37.9 yrs) from a family practice clinic. 40% of Ss reported their dreaming to be associated with stress some of the time. Stress associated dreaming decreased with advancing age. Women reported dreaming to be associated with stress to a greater extent than men. No significant racial/ethnic variation was found. In the 2 mo following a generalized disaster (Hurricane Iniki) which affected the study population, the questionnaire was again distributed to 22 respondents (mean age 36.3 yrs). Ss reported dreams to be associated with stress, and dreams related to stressful experience, to a significantly greater extent than the original sample. Results indicate that stressful life events may affect dreaming, especially among younger individuals and women. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Pagel, J. F.;Vann, B. H.;Altomare, C. A.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1995","","","5","1","43","50","","","*Dreaming;  *Natural Disasters;  *Stress; Age Differences; Human Sex Differences; Racial and Ethnic Differences","","1995-31373-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094422"
"Journal Article","The experiential dream group: Its application in the training of therapists.","Discusses the way that the clinical use of dreams is taught in training centers for psychotherapy and psychoanalysis and offers a more experiential approach that provides the structure needed to help a dreamer uncover the connections between imagery and waking life experience. The experiential dream group approach is a pedagogical tool stressing the importance of and the nature of the dialog that has to ensue between the dreamer and the helping agency. No formal therapeutic techniques are used. The safety factor and the discovery factor are used to meet the basic needs of the dreamer. The importance of the art of listening and the art of questioning the dreamer to help elicit relevant information is described. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Ullman, Montague","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1994","","","4","4","223","229","","","*Dream Analysis;  *Psychoanalytic Training; Psychotherapy Training","","1995-19136-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094415"
"Journal Article","Authorship in dreams and fictions.","In an extension of the article in which R. Llinás and D. Paré (1991) describe wakefulness as a dreamlike state modulated by sensory inputs, B. O. States proposes that storytelling springs from the same skill that allows one to dream, that waking storytelling is modulated by different constraints on the imagination, and that while creating the story the storyteller is really dreaming under different circumstances. The intrinsic capacity to invent stories and images and the extrinsic structures (e.g., scripts) borrowed from the waking world to make dream narratives are described. States suggests that the creative process, in both dreams and waking fiction, is a form of remembering or a remembrance of things learned and stored in associational memory. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","States, Bert O.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1994","","","4","4","237","253","","","*Associative Processes;  *Dreaming;  *Retention; Storytelling","","1995-16227-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094417"
"Journal Article","Experiential dream group work from a lay perspective.","Dr. Ullman’s experiential dream group technique provides a structure that can guide people toward a better understanding of their dreams. The technique is quite teachable and can be implemented within the community by professionals or lay people. The paper will present a case study of the first session of a dream group. Even groups newly oriented to the process can be extremely successful in helping the dreamer grasp the meaning of the dream, as long as the basic tenets are respected. The system of co-leadership is also discussed. Co-leadership is excellent for new leaders as it enhances leadership skills through peer supervision and modeling. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Hall, Linda J.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1994","","","4","4","231","236","","","*Dream Analysis;  *Group Psychotherapy;  *Leadership; Training","","2012-14507-001","Hall, Linda J.: 161 W. 54th Street, Suite #604, New York, NY, US, 10019","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094416"
"Journal Article","Random cognitive activation in dreaming does not require a Cartesian Theater.","Argues that there is no place in the cortex where the random patterns of activation (inputs) are woven into a coherent story and that there is no Cartesian Theater (a central location where information comes together) in the dreaming brain. D. C. Dennett (1991) has demonstrated that for the case of waking consciousness, the notion of the Cartesian Theater is fundamentally misguided. Dennett's alternative to the Cartesion Theater is a connectionist-style multiple drafts model (MDM) that can be used for dream narratives. A key benefit of the MDM for dream content is that there is no need for a narrating and interpreting homunculus. The MDM suggests that elements of the mnemonic network receive activation during sleep and that the course of the narrative corresponds to the sequence of activations built up over time. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Hubbard, Timothy L.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1994","","","4","4","255","266","","","*Cognitive Processes;  *Dreaming; Cerebral Cortex","","1995-16224-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094418"
"Journal Article","Community applications of an experiential group approach to teaching dreamwork.","Discusses M. Ullman's (e.g., 1961, 1986) holistic approach to dreaming and summarizes material presented at panel discussions about how the experiential dream process was used with a variety of community groups, thus expanding the horizons of dream work. Panel members described experiences with an experiential dream group for professionals, discussed the dream group's instructional value for graduate students in clinical psychology, and recounted the experiences of leading an experiential dream group in a rural setting. Many community-based dream groups cut across socioeconomic, racial, gender, and age boundaries. The community programs represent aspects of the emerging 'grassroots dreamwork movement' in the US and elsewhere. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Krippner, Stanley;Gabel, Stewart;Green, Jenny;Rubien, Roberta","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1994","","","4","4","215","222","","","*Communities;  *Dream Analysis; Organizations","","1995-16225-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094414"
"Journal Article","Dreams in dissociative disorders.","Surveyed 16 therapists in 7 states about dream characteristics of 48 patients with dissociative disorders. For most patients, recovery of repressed memories was the most frequent distinctive dream event. Other dream phenomena included a hysterical conversion symptom resolving in a dream and a trauma-related hallucination beginning after a dream of related content. Both of these phenomena occurred in patients with diagnoses of dissociative disorders-not otherwise specified. For patients with multiple personality disorder, many other phenomena occurred, including alters appearing as dream characters, alters who could orchestrate dream content, and even, rarely, integration occurring within a dream. The strong potential of these dream characteristics to facilitate the therapy of dissociative disorders is discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)","Barrett, Deirdre","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1994","","","4","3","165","175","","","*Dissociative Identity Disorder;  *Dream Content;  *Psychotherapy; Dissociative Disorders","","1995-02602-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094410"
"Journal Article","Dreams in sleep apnea patients.","Investigated the influence of apneas on REM-elicited dream reports and the influence of clinically successful treatment of the apneas on dreaming. 33 34–75 yr olds suffering from sleep apnea syndrome slept during 2 nights in the sleep laboratory. 16 Ss were treated with nasal continuous positive air pressure during the 1st night and 17 Ss during the 2nd night. There was a total of 150 awakenings: 78 from REM sleep without apneas, and 72 from REM sleep with apneas. After apneas, dream recall tended to be higher and dream reports were longer than after healthy sleep. No systematic incorporation of the apnea stimulus into the dream reports could be demonstrated. Dreams after apneas were found to be more negative than dreams after healthy sleep. This suggests that REM-elicited dreams are resistant to powerful internal stimulation. The stress caused by the apneas exerted only a very global emotional influence on manifest dreaming. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)","Gross, M.;Lavie, P.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1994","","","4","3","195","204","","","*Dream Recall;  *REM Sleep; Sleep Apnea","","1995-02317-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094412"
"Journal Article","The role of dreams in the rehabilitation of the adventitiously blind.","Argues that dreams have a special place in the psychology of the adventitiously blind. The fact that in many adventitiously blinded persons' dreams visual imagery plays an active role provides the individual with an opportunity to integrate his/her previously sighted life with the ongoing blind experience. Three examples of such beneficial dreams are provided: undoing dreams through which the individual gains some distance from the trauma of the onset of blindness; consolidating dreams through which the individual can integrate in visual terms experiences acquired since the onset of blindness; and reminiscent dreams through which the memory of having been sighted is actualized. It is suggested that there is no other parallel experience in the experience of the adventitiously blinded that has as great an integrating effect. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)","Rainville, Raymond E.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1994","","","4","3","155","164","","","*Blindness;  *Dream Content; Psychotherapy","","1995-02549-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094409"
"Journal Article","Measuring dream self-reflectiveness: A comparison of two approaches.","Compared the evidence of dream reflective awareness obtained (1) from the objective scoring of the narrative dream report and (2) from 30 undergraduates' ratings of the phenomenal qualities of their dreams. In Phase 1 of the study, Ss made dream journal entries 5 days a week for 3 wks. During Phase 2, packets of 8 dreams and a rating scale were distributed. The 8 dreams evaluated by each S with the scale were also scored for self-reflectiveness (SR) by 2 independent raters who used an SR scale. The distribution of dream SR scores obtained via 3rd person ratings was consistent with previous research by M. Darling et al (see record 1993-36279-001). However, Ss' self-ratings indicated a higher incidence of metacognitive activities during dreaming than was suggested by SR scores. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)","Kahan, Tracey L.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1994","","","4","3","177","193","","","*Dream Recall; Lucid Dreaming","","1995-00460-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094411"
"Journal Article","“Al the revers seyn of this sentence”: The enigma of dream interpretation in Chaucer’s “Nun’s Priest’s Tale”.","Chaucer’s “The Nun’s Priest’s Tale” (NPT) is a cautionary tale about dream interpretation. After a particularly disturbing dream, one that strikes the reader as prophetic, the dreamer, a rooster named Chauntecleer debates its meaning with his paramour. The debate serves as a kind of review of the literature on the subject. Chauntecleer argues, in accordance with the writing of Macrobius, that dreams are prophetic “warnyge[s] of thynges that men after seen” (3125). He defies the dream and yet escapes the harm he was warned of. This reversal, combined with the tale’s numerous inaccurate homilies, raises serious questions about the validity of dream interpretation, leaving the reader with a sense that dreams mean whatever we want them to. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Paley, Karen Surman","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1994","","","4","3","205","212","","","*Dream Analysis;  *Literature; Dreaming","","2012-14086-001","Paley, Karen Surman: 60 Central Street, Topsfield, MA, US, 01983","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094413"
"Journal Article","The nightmare: Biological and psychological origins.","Research on the psychological origins and personality correlates of frequent nightmares suggests that there are 3 primary categories of nightmares with 3 distinct etiologies: chronic, lifelong nightmares that are phenomena of personality; traumatic nightmares related to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD); and drug-induced nightmares. All 3, however, appear to be related to a hyperreactivity of the nervous system which may have the effect of increasing REM-pressure. This article evaluates nightmare prevalance in the general population, personality characteristics of frequent nightmare sufferers, the relationship between PTSD and REM-sleep disturbance, and the biochemistry of the nightmare. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)","Bearden, Carrie","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1994","","","4","2","139","152","","","*Nightmares; Biology; Posttraumatic Stress Disorder","","1994-43939-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094408"
"Journal Article","Dreaming in a totalitarian society: A reading of Charlotte Beradt's The Third Reich of Dreams..","Offers a reading of The Third Reich of Dreams, which presents the hundreds of dreams Charlotte Beradt gathered from people living in Nazi Germany from 1933 to 1939. The book is analyzed using D. W. Winnicott's theory of transitional phenomena as a guide. This theory states that dreams, dreaming, and the remembering and sharing of dreams are all members of a developmental line beginning with the earliest transitional objects and culminating in cultural activities. Dreams are one of the ways that humans, from childhood to adulthood, develop the relationship between their inner psychic reality and external social reality. Beradt suggests that dream studies can be a potent means of studying troubled societies, and of helping those societies overcome their problems. Troubled societies are those in which traditional forms of cultural activity and expression are severely disrupted, if not entirely destroyed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Bulkeley, Kelly","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1994","","","4","2","115","125","","","*Dream Content;  *Fascism; Theories","","1994-43941-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094406"
"Journal Article","Sleep and dreaming characteristics of frequent nightmare subjects in a university population.","Collected self-reports of nightmare frequency from 1,509 male and 1,924 female college students. Sleep and dreaming characteristics of frequent nightmare Ss and low-nightmare controls were compared in 3 smaller subsamples. The samples consisted of 58 (all female), 169 (65 male and 104 female), and 79 (37 male, 42 female) Ss, respectively. Reporting rates of nightmare occurrence were stable with females reporting more nightmare attacks than males. Analysis of sleep and dreaming parameters reliably differentiated nightmare reporters from low-nightmare controls on a number of measures. Nightmare Ss rated their sleep quality as poorer, had greater dream recall, were more affected by their dreams and nightmares, and reported more aggression in their dreams than did controls. Thus, nightmare sufferers appear to be more internally directed and more sensitive to their generalized dreaming states. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Levin, Ross","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1994","","","4","2","127","137","","","*Dreaming;  *Human Sex Differences;  *Nightmares; Sleep","","1994-43943-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094407"
"Journal Article","Dreaming about my patient: A case illustration of a therapist's initial dream.","Therapists traditionally conceptualize dreaming about patients as indicative of a neurotic countertransference. In this article, an additional paradigm is proposed in which the therapist's dream may act as an analogue to the patient's initial dream, first described by Jung, that the therapist's dream about the patient may have special diagnostic and prognostic significance for the therapy. A case illustration is given of such a 'syntonic' paradigm. The difficulty for the therapist lies in sorting out neurotic from relevant aspects of the dream. In this case, the initial dream helped the therapist clarify the agenda for therapy: the need to provide basic emotional 'feeding' to allow the patient to move forward in her life. The dream also reflected on the therapist's own performance anxiety. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Abramovitch, Henry;Lange, Tsila","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1994","","","4","2","105","113","","","*Countertransference;  *Dream Analysis; Psychotherapists","","1994-46062-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094405"
"Journal Article","The junction point model: A field model of waking, sleeping, and dreaming, relating dream witnessing, the waking/sleeping transition, and Transcendental Meditation in terms of a common psychophysiologic state.","A field model of waking, sleeping, and dreaming, called the junction point model, portrays waking, nonrapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, and REM dreaming as expressions of a single, undifferentiated state. EEG data from 7 right-handed men are presented that support this model. In the transitions between waking, NREM sleep, and REM dreaming, bursts of similar frequency EEG were seen that did not seem generated by known sleep mechanisms, suggesting a common experience available at these transitions. EEG spectra during Transcendental Meditation practice, designed to lead to the experience of the underlying field, an experience called transcendental consciousness (TC), were similiar to those reported during the waking/sleeping transition. During the coexistence of TC and sleep, called witnessing sleep, the characteristic alpha activity of TC was seen along with the delta activity of deep sleep. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Travis, Frederick","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1994","","","4","2","91","104","","","*Electroencephalography;  *Meditation;  *NREM Sleep;  *REM Dreams;  *Wakefulness; Models","","1994-44323-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094404"
"Comment/Reply","Comments on Freud’s The interpretation of dreams.","Sigmund Freud's The interpretation of dreams is far more than a book. Published at the turn of the century, it is one of the pillars which supports the entire edifice of twentieth century Western thought. The technique of free association, used and illustrated constantly in the book, is invaluable to therapists whether they call themselves pure Freudians or not. Freud's discussion of dreamwork is masterful. I believe his discussion of the mechanisms of the dream work—especially condensation—is the beginning of a cognitive psychology of dreaming that must be taken seriously by any cognitive psychologist. This and much else in the book is seminal. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Hartmann, Ernest","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1994","","","4","1","76","79","","","*Dream Analysis;  *Dreaming;  *Freud (Sigmund);  *Freudian Psychoanalytic School;  *Psychoanalysis; Cognitive Psychology; Free Association","","2012-14413-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094400"
"Journal Article","Introduction.","We begin the Book Review Section for Dreaming with a series of reviews which are a re-examination of Freud's The Interpretation of Dreams (T.l.O.D.). In order to place the current reviews in perspective, we have re-examined the original reviews (Kiell, 1988) of the first German edition of T.l.O.D .. From this re-examination, we selected the translation of a review by an academic psychiatrist, Professor Wilhelm Weygandt, which may be seen as representative of the response of the academic and professional community to the work. Weygandt felt that Freud would have employed his talents better had he searched for connections between the phenomena of normal psychology and associative and dissociative processes, but that the riches of his observations as well as the great number of astute insights would insure his book an appreciative readership. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Kramer, Milton","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1994","","","4","1","43","46","","","*Dream Analysis;  *Dreaming; Freud (Sigmund)","","2012-14400-001","Kramer, Milton: Bethesda Oak Hospital, 619 Oak Street, Cincinnati, OH, US, 45206","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094389"
"Journal Article","Review of Freud’s The interpretation of dreams.","Although the impact of Freud's thinking on theories of personality and on the practice of psychotherapy has been well acknowledged, sleep and dream researchers may have been less aware of Freud's conceptions of the nature of dreams and would do well to reacquaint themselves with this work as they pursue the persisting questions about their meaning and function. The major accomplishment of this book is that it gives dreaming a central place in the understanding of the human psyche. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Cartwright, Rosalind","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1994","","","4","1","74","76","","","*Dream Analysis;  *Freud (Sigmund);  *Mind; Psychoanalysis; Sleep","","2012-14412-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094399"
"Comment/Reply","Freud in Lhasa: The interpretation of dreams on “the roof of the world”.","Comments on the book The interpretation of dreams by Sigmund Freud (1909). In this article the author describes his personal experience 'finding' Freud on the 'Roof of the World.' He describes how Freud's book The interpretation of dreams is still a powerful influence in the twentieth century and used in different cultures around the world. Among the Han Chinese and Tibetans Freud = Sexual Freedom; 'free love' and was interpreted in many ways among different cultures. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Rupprecht, Carol Schreier","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1994","","","4","1","71","74","","","*Cross Cultural Differences;  *Dream Analysis; Freud (Sigmund)","","2012-14409-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094398"
"Journal Article","Disassociation and reassociation of subliminally induced stimulus material in drawings of dreams and drawings of waking free imagery.","Investigated the effects of a triangular stimulus in the center vs peripheral halves of the visual field on free imagery drawings and dream drawings. 62 adults created free imagery and dream drawings either after arousal from REM sleep or in the morning following sleep. Results suggest that the processing of subliminal visual stimuli in the waking state and in dreams could be described by a dissociation–reassociation hypothesis. Perceived stimulus pictures were dissociated into single objects and their subfeatures immediately after stimulation; depending on waking state and kind of recall, they emerged in a reassociated form. The effects of visual field lateralization seemed temporary and were specific for a single item. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)","Leuschner, W.;Hau, S.;Brech, E.;Volk, S.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1994","","","4","1","1","27","","","*Dissociative Disorders;  *Drawing;  *Dream Content;  *Subliminal Stimulation;  *Visual Stimulation; Imagery; Peripheral Vision; Visual Field","","1994-36098-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094387"
"Journal Article","Contexts of dream interpretation among American therapists and pastoral counselors.","Dream interpreters in 3 different contexts were asked to give their opinions about the same dream. The 1st context was described in a study by B. Kilborne (1978, 1981) in Morocco, the 2nd was based on part of a study (M-T. B. Dombeck, 1991) done in 2 community mental health centers, and the 3rd context was a pastoral counseling agency in the US. The interpreters in these studies were 9 Moroccans, 18 American psychotherapists, and 9 American counselors with a religious orientation, respectively. The interpretations were all of the same dream and were compared with those of Freud (1900). Most of the therapists knew how to interpret the dream. Their interpretations were remarkably similar to each other's and were like Freud's, yet each believed their interpretations were discovered by themselves. Freudian interpretation and terminology were accepted as obvious, yet many of the interpreters asserted that they were not influenced by anyone. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Dombeck, Mary-Therese B.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1994","","","4","1","29","42","","","*Cross Cultural Differences;  *Dream Analysis;  *Freud (Sigmund); Pastoral Counseling","","1994-38230-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094388"
"Journal Article","Sigmund Freud’s The Interpretation of Dreams: The initial response (1899-1908).","The focus of this report is on the initial response (1899-1908) in published reviews to the first edition of The Interpretation of Dreams (Kiell, 1988). I read and independently rated the English language translation of the 17 reviews of the first edition of The Interpretation of Dreams in Kiell (1988). It is my assessment that 11 were positive, four were negative and two were mixed. In my judgment, however, of the five reviews done by professionals in professional journals, three were negative, one was positive, and one mixed. The present evaluation supports the view that 'Freud's perceptions of the reviews were generally accurate. He wanted recognition from his (scientific) peers and it was not to be had (Kiell, 1988, p. 15).' (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)","Kramer, Milton","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1994","","","4","1","47","52","","","*Criticism;  *Dream Analysis; Freud (Sigmund)","","2012-14401-001","Kramer, Milton: Bethesda Oak Hospital, 619 Oak Street, Cincinnati, OH, US, 45206","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094390"
"Journal Article","A brief appraisal of Freud’s dream theory.","In this article the author addresses Freud's 1920 and 1933 revisions of his original dream theory in in Beyond the Pleasure  Principle . Before 1920, Freud's theory of dreams asserted two universal major theses of wish-fulfillment, which he encapsulated in the following conjunction: The manifest dream 'content was the fulfillment of a wish [first thesis], and its motive was a wish' [second thesis] (S.E. 1900, 4: 119; italics in original). In his earlier 1920 revision he had even retracted this thesis of wish-motivation in favor of the notion that the so-called 'compulsion to repeat,' rather than a wish, was the motive of dreams that re-enact traumatic experiences. War-ravaged soldiers and their dreams which re-enacted the horrors of combat prompted Freud in 1933 to acknowledge an exception to his 1900 thesis that manifest dream contents universally feature wish-fulfilling scenarios in more or less disguised forms. This acknowledgment was the residue from his 1920 Revision, which is otherwise superseded by the final 1933 Revision. In his 'Revision of the Theory of Dreams,' Freud explicitly retracts the first claim that the manifest dream-content universally displays the fulfillment of a wish in some more or less defensively disguised form. However, he continued to uphold his second thesis that the dream-motive is always a wish, rather than, say, a fear. In conclusion, the author states that Freud's 1920 and 1933 revisions of his dream theory no more bear scrutiny than his celebrated 1900 original. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Grünbaum, Adolf","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1994","","","4","1","80","82","","","*Dreaming;  *Freud (Sigmund);  *Theories; Dream Analysis; Dream Content","","2012-14411-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094401"
"Comment/Reply","The Interpretation of Dreams revisited.","The Interpretation of Dreams, felicitously published just at the beginning of the twentieth century, is, in the present author's opinion, one of its truly seminal works. Freud developed his hypotheses from nineteenth century science and Weltanschauug. His synthesis and perception of the meaning of the most up-to-date scientific discoveries of his era set the stage for many investigations and discoveries of the whole of the 20th century. It is an important book for a variety of reasons other than its superb literary style. It is significant for understanding both psychoanalysis and dreaming, indeed, for an understanding of the mind. At the time of its publication it was dearly the most comprehensive treatise on psychoanalytic theory. For later readers, it is the most useful work to understand the data and thinking which underlies Freud's psychoanalytic theory. The present author believes that The Interpretation of Dreams is one of the great creative accomplishments of mankind. It will long, if not forever, remain of historical importance. Much of it is still topical though its ideas should be subject to continuing revision as new data is acquired. Finally, let us remember that Freud was, as are all of us, a man of his time and though he advanced knowledge and ideas, it could only be to a limited extent and in the context of his era. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Hawkins, David R.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1994","","","4","1","64","67","","","*Dream Analysis;  *Freud (Sigmund);  *Freudian Psychoanalytic School; History of Psychology","","2012-14406-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094395"
"Comment/Reply","Interpretation in The interpretation of dreams.","Comments on the book The interpretation of dreams by Sigmund Freud (1909). This present article is a guide for the prospective re-reader of this book. The author recommends that this fe-reading occur in a manner that ignores Freud's theory of dreaming and, instead, reconsiders his theory of dream interpretation. This recommendation may seem odd since it is customary to 'seriously' entertain Freud's theory of dream formation and to condemn his theory of dream interpretation (usually with faint praise) as a therapeutic 'art'. Implicit in this custom, which prevails even among practitioners of the art, is a positivistic refusal to regard some forms of dream interpretation as 'serious' scholarly attempts to discern aspects of the meanings that dreams express. To articulate possibilities for dream studies beyond positivistic constraints requires reconsideration of theories of dream interpretation, including Freud's. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Kuiken, Don","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1994","","","4","1","85","88","","","*Dream Analysis;  *Freud (Sigmund); Dreaming; Theories","","2012-14410-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094403"
"Comment/Reply","Freud’s The interpretation of dreams: A comment.","The author makes a short statement, not about the validity or reliability of Freud's Interpretation of Dreams, but rather about its significance in the history of human psychology. In the 1890s Freud mainly treated patients with classical psychoneuroses: hysteria, obsessive-compulsive neurosis and anxiety neurosis. He developed a model of mind to explain the symptoms found in these patients. Psychoneurotics had a repressed region of the mind—the unconscious—whose disguised derivatives intruded into consciousness to produce psychoneurotic symptoms. In Freud's original formulation only psychoneurotics with symptoms had an unconscious mind with unacceptable impulses because the two-region mind, one of which was unconscious, produced psychoneurosis. Ultimately, however, the interpretation of dreams led Freud to make a universal model of mind from what had originally been a restricted model of the psychoneurotic mind. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Vogel, Gerald","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1994","","","4","1","70","70","","","*Dream Analysis;  *Freud (Sigmund);  *Freudian Psychoanalytic School; History of Psychology; Theory Formulation","","2012-14408-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094397"
"Comment/Reply","Retrospective review: Sigmund Freud’s The interpretation of dreams.","Comments on the book, The Interpretation of Dreams by Sigmund Freud (1900). This review places Freud's The Interpretation of Dreams in the historical context of attitudes about the causes, meanings and interpretation of dreams. It indicates the remarkable watershed in these attitudes created by this publication. From the attempt to bridge the extensive physiological findings and dream content (Hobson & McCarley, 1977), through the complexity of extended research (Ellman and Antrobus, 1991), to the persistence of the psychoanalytic position (Greenberg, et al 1992), we continue to pursue the lead to Freud's search for the intrapsychic meaning of the dream. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Webb, Wilse B.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1994","","","4","1","54","58","","","*Dream Analysis;  *Freud (Sigmund); Dreaming; Freudian Psychoanalytic School; History of Psychology","","2012-14403-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094392"
"Comment/Reply","Review of Freud’s The interpretation of dreams.","Freud considered The Interpretation of Dreams to be his most important work. In it he details the empirical psychological observations that brought his major discoveries to light and describes the seminal ideas derived from them. After a thorough review of 'The Scientific Literature Dealing With The Problems of Dreams' (Chapter I), the book describes his method of interpreting dreams (Chapter II). Chapters III, IV, and V report empirical observations on many dreams (his own and those of patients and some acquaintances) studied by his method of free association to manifest elements, mainly images. Throughout these accounts Freud shares with the reader his clinical perspective on the psychological background life situations in which the dreams occurred, and the reasoning involved in the 'data close' inferences he made from the observations. In Chapter VI, again liberally illustrated with examples, he develops his concept of the 'Dream Work' describing: the mental mechanisms (condensation and displacement), considerations of representability, representations by symbols, affects in dreams, and finally 'Secondary Revision'. Chapter VII develops the psychologically based hypothetical model of the 'mental apparatus' that Freud proposes as a model derived from, and explanatory of, the psychology of dream process as he observed it. The Interpretation of Dreams is still an important book—a good and exciting 'read'. Beyond this, it provides the special pleasure of being in intimate contact with the mind of one of the world's most original scientific observers and thinkers. It is highly significant for anyone interested in the human mind, required study for those who wish to practice psychodynamic psychotherapy and/or psychoanalysis. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Reiser, Morton F.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1994","","","4","1","67","70","","","*Dream Analysis;  *Freud (Sigmund);  *Freudian Psychoanalytic School; History of Psychology","","2012-14407-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094396"
"Journal Article","The current book reviews.","We sent out requests to colleagues of different disciplines who had written about dreams to provide us with their current assessment of The Interpretation of Dreams (T.LO.D.), in a succinct scholarly review. As one reads the twelve reviews one is immediately struck by the extraordinary regard almost all of the reviewers have for T.I.O.D. The central thesis of T.I.O.D. is that all dreams are wish fulfillments. The reviewers who touch on this issue either reject it out of hand or feel some greater or lesser modification of this formula is essential. Many of our reviewers felt that Freud's theory of dreaming and his theory of dream interpretation had not and could not be supported. Some were more hopeful and felt that some updating, taking into account the newer findings from the neurosciences, including a more specific role for problem solving, would maintain the credibility of the theories. Nevertheless, even the critics see the theories as the best we've got, underline the need for caution in their application, and remain fascinated by their continued appeal. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Kramer, Milton","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1994","","","4","1","53","54","","","*Dream Analysis;  *Freud (Sigmund); Neurosciences","","2012-14402-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094391"
"Comment/Reply","Review of Freud’s The interpretation of dreams.","Comments on the book, The Interpretation of Dreams by Sigmund Freud (1900). The Interpretation of Dreams (TIOD) makes the absolutely compelling case that dreaming and perhaps all thought is driven by motives, or 'wishes,' of which the dreamer may be unaware. Although portions of his thesis had previously been expressed by Plato, and by contemporary students and philosophers such as Shiller, Schemer and Maury, it was Freud who put it together in a detailed, systematic, persuasive argument. In doing so, he moved against the powerful academic positions of rationalism and logical positivism that insisted that motives were vitalistic and teleological and therefore had no place in the science of psychology. And so for this reviewer, although TlOD is a brilliant creative hypothetical view of the dreaming process, it should, after so many years of failing to find empirical support, be taken simply as a fascinating piece of our early history. It is the best attempt we have, but it falls far short of the mark. Until we have an acceptable theory, let us hope that those who interpret dreams, particularly the dreams of people more vulnerable than themselves, will make allowance for the possibility that their interpretation may be based on their own and Freud's personal associations to the dream, and dream associations, of their client and may have nothing whatever to do with how that dream was produced. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Antrobus, John S.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1994","","","4","1","58","60","","","*Dream Analysis;  *Freud (Sigmund); Motivation","","2012-14404-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094393"
"Journal Article","The Interpretation of dreams and the scientific study of dreaming.","The launching of experimental psychology in late nineteenth-century Germany saw an ideological struggle between content and act, between structure and function, and, on these grounds, between Wundt and Brentano. Although Wundt seemingly won the early battles, it now is clear that the war belonged to Brentano. The most successful human psychology of the twentieth century, cognitive psychology, is, like Brentano, process- or function-oriented, rather than devoted to the analysis or derivation of particular contents of consciousness. From this perspective, one would have to classify the bulk of Freud's dream psychology, and certainly the elaboration of that psychology by the movement that became known as psychoanalysis, as being more Wundtian than Brentanian. The focus is on the psychology of the particular dream, rather than on the generalized psychology of dreaming. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Foulkes, David","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1994","","","4","1","82","85","","","*Dream Analysis;  *Dreaming;  *Experimental Psychology; Cognitive Psychology; Freud (Sigmund); Psychoanalysis; Ideology","","2012-14414-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094402"
"Comment/Reply","Review of Sigmund Freud’s The interpretation of dreams.","Comments on the book The Interpretation of dreams by Sigmund Freud (1900). The present text focuses on three fundamental themes of the book which Freud elucidates through his study of dreams, notably in Chapter Seven: (1) the economics of desire, of 'instinctual wish.' (2) the economics of that desire which is counter-desire, i.e., the 'defenses' against instinctual wishes, and the resulting conflicts and compromises. (3) the flow of desire over time, the gratifications and deferrals of desire, in accordance with the 'primary process' and the 'secondary process' respectively. The present retrieve takes place in relation to neural network theory. Freud (1895/1966) had a neuronal theory which undergirds his theory of dreams. (See also Pribram and Gill [1976].) That the spirit of Freud's The Interpretation of Dreams can be retrieved within the context of contemporary neural network theory, over ninety years later, is testimony to the enduring richness and significance of this great and seminal work. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Globus, Gordon","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1994","","","4","1","60","64","","","*Dream Analysis;  *Freud (Sigmund);  *Neural Networks;  *Theories; Desire","","2012-14405-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094394"
"Journal Article","Are the effects of dream interpretation on session quality, insight, and emotions due to the dream itself, to projection, or to the interpretation process?","Tested whether interpreting one's own dream was more effective in terms of subject-rated session quality (Depth), insight, and positive and negative emotionality than either interpreting another person's dream as if it were one's own or interpreting a recent event of one's own. 60 undergraduate volunteers participated, 20 in each of the three conditions. Results indicate that interpreting one's own dream led to greater depth and insight than interpreting another person's dream or interpreting one's own event. Thus, the effects of dream interpretation cannot be attributed solely to projection or to the interpretation process. Rather, dreams seem to provide a stimulus that helps subjects gain self-understanding. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)","Hill, Clara E.;Diemer, Roberta;Hess, Shirley;Hillyer, Ann;Seeman, Robyn","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1993","","","3","4","269","280","","","*Dream Analysis; Emotional States","","1994-16348-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094385"
"Journal Article","Preconscious mental activity and scientific problem-solving: A critique of the Kekulé dream controversy.","A. Kekule's dreams are often cited as the paradigm of how scientific discoveries take shape in dreams. However, the chemist's dream accounts of 1890 have been seriously questioned by recent authors arguing that he did not have the dreams at all, that they arose out of egoistic needs and that dreams were not the primary cause of his scientific achievements. This paper tries to relate the story of the Kekulé dream controversy in the recent chemical literature, and to present a detailed refutation of 2 positivistically-biased anti-Kekulists. The author strongly argues for the view that creative achievements are instigated by dreams or forms of dreaming as the regular case. Spontaneous forms of consciousness try out in a groping manner possible solutions and present them to waking consciousness in sudden Eurekas. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)","Strunz, Franz","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1993","","","3","4","281","294","","","*Consciousness States;  *Dream Content;  *Positivism;  *Problem Solving; Scientists","","1994-16354-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094386"
"Journal Article","Prevalence of nightmares among patients with asthma and chronic obstructive airways disease.","48 patients (aged 20–85 yrs) with obstructive airways disease (OAD), including 21 with and 27 without asthma, were compared with 149 sex- and age-matched controls without respiratory disease. OAD Ss with asthma reported approximately 3 times as many nightmares as controls or OAD Ss without asthma. OAD Ss, whether with or without asthma, were nearly 3 times more likely than controls to report that their nightmares were a 'problem.' It is concluded that nightmares are more frequent among asthmatics than among either normal individuals of the same age and gender or OAD patients without asthma. Subsidiary findings indicated that OAD patients may exhibit elevated levels of psychological distress and anxiety, and that nightmare frequency declines with age. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)","Wood, James M.;Bootzin, Richard R.;Quan, Stuart F.;Klink, Mary E.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1993","","","3","4","231","241","","","*Asthma;  *Nightmares; Respiratory Tract Disorders","","1994-18130-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094382"
"Journal Article","Mood regulation, dreaming and nightmares: Evaluation of a desensitization function for REM sleep.","Evaluates the hypothesis that REM sleep and dreaming serve a mood regulatory function, in particular, that they desensitize affect. There is presently experimental evidence that daytime mood influences REM sleep and dreaming and that the latter, in turn, influence daytime mood. It is suggested that these interrelationships may be better understood using a modified behavioral perspective on dreaming. Specifically, it is proposed that anxious dream imagery may be desensitized during REM sleep by a process that is analogous to systematic desensitization therapy. This analogy attributes functional roles to both psychological (dreaming) and physiological (atonia) aspects of REM sleep. Abnormal REM sleep phenomena such as narcolepsy, REM sleep behavior disorder, and nightmares are evaluated from the behavioral–desensitization point of view. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)","Perlis, Michael L.;Nielsen, Tore A.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1993","","","3","4","243","257","","","*Emotional States;  *REM Sleep; Theories","","1994-16669-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094383"
"Journal Article","The function of dreams in adaptation to stress over time.","The function of dreams in adaptation to stress over time was investigated. 93 male undergraduates were randomly administered either an easy or difficult version of a sham intellectual aptitude test as a differential stress manipulation. Ss' reports of presleep and morning mood, dream pleasantness, and dream content were then examined over a 6-day period following administration of the stressor. It is hypothesized that the pattern of changes observed in mood and dream experience would correspond with the oscillation between mastery and avoidance dreams predicted by the disruption-avoidance-adaptation model of dream function. Results indicate that exposure to the high stress situation was associated with an apparent oscillation in dream pleasantness and concomitant affect over time. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Stewart, Donald W.;Koulack, David","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1993","","","3","4","259","268","","","*Dream Content;  *Dreaming;  *Emotional States;  *Stress; Theory Verification","","1994-16353-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094384"
"Journal Article","The drama of history and prophecy: Shakespeare's use of dream in 2 Henry VI..","Dreams are more prominent in Shakespeare's history plays than anywhere else in his work. One of the earliest and least known of these plays, 2 Henry VI, shows the necessity of using the historical source texts and 16th century treatises on dreams for any analysis of Shakespearean oneirics. This approach reveals the important transitional role of Shakespeare in the history of dream theory and the literary representation of dreams and also raises questions about appropriate methods for the retrospective application of 20th century psychological theories to texts of earlier times. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Rupprecht, Carol Schreier","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1993","","","3","3","211","227","","","*Drama; Dreaming","","1994-08880-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094381"
"Journal Article","The relationship between dream bizarreness and imagination: Artifact or essence?","Results of 3 exploratory studies involving a total of 78 undergraduate Ss offer a conceptual and methodological critique of recent approaches that interpret dream bizarreness as an artifact of dream report length and so regard previous correlations of bizarreness with measures of waking imagination as an artifact of report length and verbal intelligence. Study 1 demonstrates that describing a bizarre pictorial stimulus will entail the use of more words than a mundane stimulus. Study 2 develops a more appropriate way of distinguishing words describing bizarreness from words describing mundane parts of the dream. Study 3 shows that measures of nonverbal imaginativeness (imaginative absorption, physiognomic cue test) are much stronger in predicting bizarreness, and both report length measures, than a measure of verbal ability. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Hunt, H.;Ruzycki-Hunt, K.;Pariak, D.;Belicki, K.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1993","","","3","3","179","199","","","*Dream Content; Imagination","","1994-08425-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094379"
"Journal Article","Seven dreams in a case of childhood sexual abuse and adult homophobia.","Presents a series of dreams that assisted an adult male psychotherapy client to resolve emotional and interpersonal difficulties stemming from childhood sexual abuse. The dreams uncovered previously hidden memories and feelings, addressed the client's homophobic fears, encouraged the client to disclose the abuse to his parents, and helped the client understand the impact of the childhood assault on his self-esteem and intimate relationships. The capacity of dreams to catalyze positive therapeutic change is affirmed and demonstrated. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved)","Bogart, Gregory Charles","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1993","","","3","3","201","210","","","*Child Abuse;  *Dream Content;  *Early Experience;  *Psychotherapy;  *Sexual Abuse;  *Child Sexual Abuse; Dream Analysis","","1994-10451-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094380"
"Journal Article","Self-organization theory of dreaming.","Hypothesized that the brain self-organizes neuronal signals whose cognitive correlates produce discontinuities and incongruities in an on-going narrative. This could go on in any sleep-wake state but, according to the theory presented, it is qualitatively distinctive in REM sleep/dreaming. Bifurcation parameters were chosen to be the relative amounts of cholinergic and aminergic neurotransmitters, the burst frequency of pontogeniculoocipital waves (producing noise-induced transitions), and an electrical activation parameter. A class of mathematical models universally applicable to self-organizing systems near the system's bifurcation points was found to model the neurophysiology in a formal manner isomorphic to distinctive and global cognitive features of dreaming. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Kahn, David;Hobson, J. Allan","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1993","","","3","3","151","178","","","*Cognitive Processes;  *Dreaming;  *Mathematical Modeling; Neurophysiology","","1994-08426-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094378"
"Journal Article","The 'subject' of dreams.","Traces the genealogy of the 'subject' in Western thought from its 'birth' in Cartesian philosophy to its 'death' in post-modern thought. Particular focus is placed on the role of language in the creation of a self-reflexive subject, a re-examination of Jung's notion of the imago in terms of the post-modern problematic of text, and a new look at dream interpretation in light of these issues. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)","Kugler, Paul","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1993","","","3","2","123","136","","","*Dream Content;  *History; Dream Analysis","","1993-44185-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094376"
"Journal Article","The thawing of symbols in myth and dream.","Discusses the complexity of dream interpretation and proposes that dreams are contextualized by both the dreamer and the interpreter. A hermeneutic phenomenological approach was used to interpret a 9-yr-old girl's dream of a flooded house. In this approach, a dialog is established between the dream, the myth, and the interpreter. The dream is approached as a text, and the symbols are allowed to 'thaw' and move into the interpreter's personal experience. Thus, the understanding of the dream, the myth, and of the interpreter are expanded and deepened. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)","Dombeck, Mary Therese B.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1993","","","3","2","137","147","","","*Dream Analysis;  *Myths; Symbolism","","1993-46198-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094377"
"Journal Article","How metaphor structures dreams: The theory of conceptual metaphor applied to dream analysis.","Discusses the application of conceptual metaphors, ways of understanding abstract concepts in concrete, everyday terms, to dream interpretation. This unconscious metaphor system, since it structures ordinary thought, also structures dreams, connecting the hidden meaning of dreams to their overt meanings and images in a systematic way that makes use of what is important in the everyday life, conscious or unconscious, of the dreamer. Most dream symbolism makes use of this everyday metaphor system, and familiarity with the system and with the life of the dreamer greatly facilitates dream interpretation. Several dream scenarios, their underlying metaphors, and their interpretations are provided as examples. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)","Lakoff, George","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1993","","","3","2","77","98","","","*Dream Analysis; Metaphor","","1993-46210-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094373"
"Journal Article","The 'committee of sleep': A study of dream incubation for problem solving.","Studied the relationship between dreaming and problem solving. 76 college students (aged 19–24 yrs) were asked to incubate dreams addressing problems of personal relevance nightly for 1 wk, or until they had a dream which they felt solved the problem, using the dream incubation instructions of W. Dement (1974). Approximately half the Ss recalled a dream which they judged to be related to their problem; a majority of these believed their dream contained a solution. Problems of a personal nature were much more likely to be viewed as solved than ones of an academic or general objective nature. Results suggest that dream-interested persons incubating problems can often dream what they feel to be solutions of which they are not consciously aware and that such dreams provide considerable personal satisfaction. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)","Barrett, Deirdre","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1993","","","3","2","115","122","","","*Dreaming; Problem Solving","","1993-44179-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094375"
"Journal Article","Changes in the kinesthetic content of dreams following somatosensory stimulation of leg muscles during REM sleep.","Studied the incorporation of somatosensory stimulation into dream content. Four volunteers (aged 25–45 yrs) were administered pressure stimulation to either the left or right leg during REM sleep and awakened to report their dreams. Stimulated dreams more frequently contained leg sensations and references to the pressure stimulus than did non-stimulated dreams. Incorporation of the stimulus was typically simple, direct kinesthetic sensation of pressure or squeezing, but increased bodily bizarreness (change in kinesthetic quality of movement, instability of posture and environment, and visual-kinesthetic synthesias) was also noted. The results suggest that somatosensory stimulation influences 'kinesthetic fantasy,' a dimension of dreaming associated with both central and peripheral sources of kinesthetic activity. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)","Nielsen, Tore A.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1993","","","3","2","99","113","","","*Dream Content;  *Kinesthetic Perception;  *Pressure Sensation;  *REM Sleep; Leg (Anatomy); Muscles","","1993-44187-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094374"
"Journal Article","Why study dreams? A religious studies perspective.","Discusses reasons that dream researchers should examine religious studies (RSs). RSs are said to enlarge the historical knowledge of dreams and to disprove a simplistic evolutionary model about dreams. RSs are also said to provide the vocabularies, methods, and models needed for understanding spiritual dimensions of dreams. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)","Doniger, Wendy;Bulkley, Kelly","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1993","","","3","1","69","73","","","*Dream Content;  *Experimentation; Religion","","1993-36280-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094372"
"Journal Article","The pattern of self-reflectiveness in dream reports.","Examined the development of self-reflectiveness (SLFR) within a single dream report. Ss were 95 undergraduates. Dream reports, collected in the context of an experimental manipulation to increase dream SLFR, were broken down into textual information units (IUs). Each IU was assigned an SLFR score, and the resulting sequences of scores were analyzed. Maximum levels of SLFR reached while dreaming seemed to be influenced by waking manipulations. Specifically, the lucidity training increased the number of dreams and IUs that reached lucidity. Women reported lucid IUs more frequently than did men. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Darling, Mary;Hoffmann, Robert;Moffitt, Alan;Purcell, Sheila","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1993","","","3","1","9","19","","","*Dreaming;  *Self-Perception; Attention; Dream Recall; Human Sex Differences","","1993-36279-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094368"
"Journal Article","The dream as a tool for historical research: Reexamining life in eighteenth-century Virginia through the dreams of a gentleman: William Byrd, II, 1674–1744.","Uses the recent findings of science-based dream research to show how the dreams recorded in the diary of William Byrd II parallel the tensions that pervaded his life in colonial Virginia. While there is no established meaning of dreams, it is known that traumatic dreams of death, separation, and mutilation increase with stress and that they are directly associated with personal distress. The nightmarish dreams of Byrd's diaries directly parallel the everyday events that produced anxiety in his life. By focusing on the presence of traumatic dreams rather than on their analytical interpretation this paper suggests that such dreams may be a viable historical tool for exploring the vast reservoir of dream material found in many 17th- and 18th-century diaries. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)","Sleeper-Smith, Susan","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1993","","","3","1","49","68","","","*Dream Content;  *History;  *Stress;  *Written Communication; Methodology","","1993-35771-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094371"
"Journal Article","Personality correlates of dream recall: Who remembers?","Compared the self-rated recall frequency of 87 undergraduates (aged 17–45 yrs) with scores on adjustment, anxiety, attitude toward dreams, ego strength, introspectiveness, social introversion, fantasy-proneness, metaphorical scope, repression, and suggestibility, using 7 personality measures, including the MMPI and Self-Consciousness Scales. Results suggest that these personality variables do not predict dream recall frequency. Rather, recall was significantly related to positive attitude toward dreams. Fantasy-proneness (fantasy behavior in childhood and frequency of adult fantasy) was also significantly correlated with the criterion. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Tonay, Veronica K.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1993","","","3","1","1","8","","","*Dream Recall; Personality Correlates","","1993-36291-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094367"
"Journal Article","Delayed onset of post-traumatic nightmares: Case report and implications.","Describes a case of a 38-yr-old man whose post-traumatic nightmares first arose 12 yrs after the trauma. The authors hypothesize that, in this case, predisposing childhood trauma generated repetitive attempts at reparative experiences with further humiliation and attendant narcissistic rage that amplified the conflict, thus exposing the patient to external dangers. The nightmare was instigated by an upsurge of shame and rage generated by the same conflict in the dream day. The recurrent nightmare screened that conflict by externalizing sexual desire and rage. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)","Lansky, Melvin R.;Bley, Carol R.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1993","","","3","1","21","31","","","*Early Experience;  *Emotional Trauma;  *Nightmares;  *Onset (Disorders); Anger; Case Report; Guilt","","1993-37886-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094369"
"Journal Article","A classification system for longitudinal analysis of dream patterns.","Describes a system for classifying dream patterns over time. The method includes selecting, recording, and classifying dream symbols for a given dreamer. Key symbols are identified and indexed. These symbols are then broken down into clusters that identify significant patterns, such as general themes, meta symbols, companion symbols, and time clusters. Symbols can fall into patterns based on time spans, frequency, concurrence, and appearance/disappearance. These patterns are different from the patterns that might emerge from individual dream study only. The author discusses her analysis of her dreams using the system. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Brush, Linnea C.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1993","","","3","1","33","48","","","*Dream Analysis;  *Taxonomies; Longitudinal Studies; Symbolism","","1993-36278-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094370"
"Journal Article","Coleridge and dream sharing.","S. T. Coleridge's published prose and poetry can be seen to contain cautions about assigning a purpose to dreams and warnings against dream sharing. His private notebooks reveal the care he took with subjective observation and the ways in which his ideas differ from Romantic views and reflect instead an interest in formal analysis. The notebooks show Coleridge's appreciation of the complexity of the problem of dreaming as well as his personally conflicted response to issues raised by his dreams: issues concerning religion, morality, drug addiction, and sexuality. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Zilliax, Carlotta Dyer","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1992","","","2","4","263","278","","","*Dream Content;  *Dreaming;  *Poetry;  *Prose; Theoretical Interpretation","","1993-16900-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094366"
"Journal Article","The meaning of dreams.","Presents a literary and phenomenological approach to the possible meaningfulness of dreams and fictions that includes both the 'unifying concepts' of G. Globus (see record 1992-18681-001) and the unspecifiable emotional meanings carried by experience itself. The author examines the difficulty of pinning down the term meaning in metaphorical constructions. An attempt is made to apply H. G. Gadamer's (1985) concept of the unity of experience and E. Gendlin's (1962) notion of 'felt meanings' to both fiction (Hamlet) and dreams. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","States, Bert O.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1992","","","2","4","249","262","","","*Dream Content;  *Literature;  *Meaning;  *Phenomenology; Theoretical Interpretation","","1993-16391-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094365"
"Journal Article","The effects of dreaming on awake behavior.","Reports of the incorporation of dream mentation into a spectrum of awake behaviors were obtained from a heterogeneous awake population group by using self-report questionnaires. 192 women and 72 men served as Ss. Results were analyzed to determine associations between age, gender, race, and the dream use variables. Significantly higher dream use was found in females for a majority of behaviors, and a negative correlation was found between increasing age and all dream questions studied. No significant racial/ethnic variation was found in the responses of the sample. Findings suggest that such a sociological approach to the study of the effects of dream mentation on awake behavior can provide insight into the sleep/dream states. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Pagel, J. F.;Vann, B. H.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1992","","","2","4","229","237","","","*Age Differences;  *Behavior;  *Dream Content;  *Dream Recall;  *Human Sex Differences; Racial and Ethnic Differences; Wakefulness","","1993-16388-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094363"
"Journal Article","Just how lucid are lucid dreams?","Examined the lucid dreams of 50 Ss as to whether they are also fully lucid for the following corollaries: people in the dreams are dream characters, dream objects are not real, (i.e., actions will not carry over concretely upon awakening), the dreamer does not need to obey waking-life physics to achieve a goal, and memory of the waking world is intact rather than amnestic or fictitious. Many lucid dreams were too brief to evaluate on all corollaries. Only about half of the lengthier accounts were lucid for any particular corollary and less than a quarter were lucid on all 4. A related and reciprocal category of dreams that are lucid in terms of some of these 4 corollaries but miss the realization that 'I'm dreaming' were also examined. The correlations among the corollaries, between correlations and length of lucid dreams, and between awareness and degree of experience with lucidity imply that they are on a cohesive continuum. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Barrett, Deirdre","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1992","","","2","4","221","228","","","*Awareness;  *Dream Content;  *Dreaming; Reality","","1993-16381-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094362"
"Journal Article","Examining the effects of brief individual dream interpretation.","67 adult volunteers were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 conditions: 6 wks of dream interpretation and monitoring in an individual counseling setting, 6 wks of dream monitoring, and wait list control. Although clients and therapists were all satisfied and clients indicated gaining greater self-understanding in the dream interpretation condition at 3-mo follow-up, dream interpretation was not found to be significantly better than the other 2 conditions in promoting changes in self-esteem or symptomatology. Psychological mindedness and the verbalizer-visualizer dimension did not predict postsession scores on symptomatology and self-esteem for the dream interpretation condition. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Cogar, Mary C.;Hill, Clara E.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1992","","","2","4","239","248","","","*Brief Psychotherapy;  *Dream Analysis;  *Self-Esteem;  *Self-Perception; Symptoms","","1993-18683-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094364"
"Journal Article","Dreams as the reflection of our waking concerns and abilities: A critique of the problem-solving paradigm in dream research.","Notes that much of dream psychology is based on the assumption that dreams can solve waking problems, often through the use of metaphors. This paradigm partly relies on doubtful theories of creative incubation and of REM sleep function. In the paradigm dreams that depict the waking problems of the dreamer are unjustifiably interpreted as also working toward solutions of those problems. Distinctions are needed between 1st, apparently adaptive dreams; 2nd, dreams that solve problems within their own world, but with no relevance to the waking world; and 3rd, dreams that translate already known solutions into the dream-language. It is proposed that waking concerns, but not waking cognitive abilities, are translated into the dream-rebus, which is hence meaningful but not adaptive. Frequent reports of correlations between dream variables and postsleep variables are more parsimoniously shown to be the result of a 3rd variable, the presleep state. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Blagrove, Mark","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1992","","","2","4","205","220","","","*Dream Content;  *Dreaming; Problem Solving","","1993-16382-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094361"
"Journal Article","Moments of truth: Dreams in Russian literature.","Examines the use of dreams as a literary device in the works of such Russian writers as Tolstoy, Pushkin, and Pasternak. Types of dreams identified include nostalgic, which looks back to a part the dreamer has forgotten or wishes to recapture; the forward-looking or prophetic; and the romantic. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Visson, Lynn","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1992","","","2","3","181","189","","","*Dream Content; Literature","","1993-09014-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094359"
"Journal Article","Light in lucid dreams: A review.","Reviews contemporary discussions about phenomena of light associated with lucid dreaming. Because light plays an important role in Tibetan Buddhist teachings about lucid dreaming, the Tibetan literature is first discussed. Contemporary writers who describe their own experiences of light are reviewed, including G. S. Sparrow (1976), P. Garfield (1979), K. Kelzer (1987), and G. Gillespie (e.g., 1985, 1986). Other prominent writers about lucid dreams such as J. Gackenbach (1989), and H. Hunt (1989) bring experiences of light into their discussions. The present writer suggests that theories of mental imagery will play an important role in any understanding of the phenomena of light in lucid dreams. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Gillespie, George","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1992","","","2","3","167","179","","","*Dream Content;  *Illumination; Literature","","1993-08394-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094358"
"Journal Article","A dream is a poem: A metaphorical analysis.","This is a metaphorical analysis of a dream as a poem. From this perspective the dimensionalization or categorization of dreams, either to better understand dreams or to serve as independent variables, seems a dubious enterprise. It is also clear that dreams, like poems, may serve a wide range of functions and express a wide range of meanings. They are unlikely to reflect single psychodynamic functions and they may express meanings ranging from trivial to profound. A poem or even a series of poems can seldom tell about the poet. Dreams contain similar problems in telling about the dreamer. Dreams, freed from actuarial and psychodynamic shackles, should be viewed as artistic creations. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Webb, Wilse B.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1992","","","2","3","191","202","","","*Dream Content;  *Metaphor; Poetry","","1993-08405-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094360"
"Journal Article","Gender differences and the effect of stress on dream recall: A 30-day diary report.","10 female and 5 male undergraduates enrolled in a sleep and dreams course completed dream diaries and sleep habit questionnaires daily for 1 mo prior to final examination. Five other male Ss also participated in the study. Ss were asked to rate daily stress levels and identify any notable or contributory events that transpired during the day, and to record each dream recalled. Females provided 132 dream reports in the 30-day interval and males provided 149 dreams. ANOVA revealed that males showed a decline in dream recall from low to high stress days (57.9 to 12.5%). Females showed the opposite effect, with recall rates increasing from 38.1% on low stress days to 60% recall on high stress days. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Armitage, Roseanne","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1992","","","2","3","137","141","","","*Dream Recall;  *Human Sex Differences; Stress","","1993-08387-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094354"
"Journal Article","The relationship of nightmare frequency to nightmare suffering with implications for treatment and research.","Four groups of undergraduate students, for a total sample of 540 (358 women, 165 men, 17 undeclared), estimated their nightmare frequency in the prior year and completed a questionnaire assessing the amount of waking distress associated with their nightmares (nightmare distress). This questionnaire included an item on which they indicated their interest in therapy for nightmares. While nightmare frequency was significantly correlated with nightmare distress and interest in therapy, the correlations were sufficiently modest to suggest that these 2 variables should be differentiated both in theoretical/empirical studies of nightmares and in approaches to treatment with nightmares. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Belicki, Kathryn","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1992","","","2","3","143","148","","","*Distress;  *Nightmares; Psychotherapy","","1993-08389-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094355"
"Journal Article","Partially automated dream analysis: An application and extension of Foulkes' scoring system for latent structure.","A computer program with tutorial was written that permitted users to code their dream reports into a propositional format derived from Foulkes' Scoring System for Latent Structure (SSLS). From the coded reports, the system constructed a 'problem space' comprising variables for describing dream states and operators. To test the system, one female student in her early 20s coded 4 morning dream reports. Statistical analyses of contingency tables among variables of the problem space were then carried out in order to extract sequential and simultaneous dependencies from the data. Where significance obtained, the more frequent dependencies appeared to reveal regularities in the S's dream generation process. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Dufresne, Aude;Baylor, George W.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1992","","","2","3","149","159","","","*Computer Applications; Dream Content","","1993-08393-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094356"
"Journal Article","Reflection during REM dreaming.","Lucidity is one form of reflective self-consciousness during dreaming. Two studies involving 13 young adults were conducted in which Ss described the spontaneous incidence of any form of reflective awareness during REM dreaming and also judged whether, in wakefulness, dream situations would provoke reflection. In both studies, intra-REM reflection was reported, but it was more often absent than present in situations judged likely to provoke reflection in wakefulness. Qualitatively, intra-REM reflection seemed much like (imagined) waking reflection, with their continuity including the fact that neither relies on episodic memory. Intermittent lucidity was found to be associated with both reflection and phasic activation. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Bradley, Laura;Hollifield, Michael;Foulkes, David","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1992","","","2","3","161","166","","","*Awareness; REM Dreams","","1993-08390-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094357"
"Journal Article","The day-residue and dream-lag effects: A literature review and limited replication of two temporal effects in dream formation.","Several studies point to the existence of 2 types of effects which describe the temporal relationship between daytime experiences and nighttime dreams: the day-residue effect (i.e., the incorporation into dreams of material from the immediately preceding day) and the dream-lag effect (i.e., the incorporation of material into dreams of material from 6–8 days prior). In an attempt to replicate previous demonstrations of these effects, 84 undergraduates were asked to keep home records of their dreams and important daily events for 14 days. Dreams were then judged for the extent to which they incorporated these daily events. Results clearly support the day-residue effect, but gave inconclusive results for the dream-lag effect. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)","Nielsen, Tore A.;Powell, Russell A.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1992","","","2","2","67","77","","","*Dreaming;  *Experiences (Events);  *Time; Experimental Replication","","1992-41847-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094348"
"Journal Article","The sense of inevitability following nightmares.","In a sample of 63 nightmare sufferers among consecutive admissions to an inpatient psychiatric unit, 10 Ss (16%) identified these nightmares as prophetic. The sense of inevitability attached to the manifest content concerned unconscious aggression, unconscious guilt, reversal of narcissistic injury, or struggles with withdrawal from drugs or alcohol. Of the 10 Ss, 8 Ss gave clearcut and 2 Ss gave likely histories of childhood abuse. This sense of inevitability was related to unconscious wishes for the event in the dream scenario, a wish for structure and justice in the world, and an uncanny sense which foreshadowed the imminent emergence of unconscious contents. Case illustrations for 5 patients (aged 27–44 yrs) are presented. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)","Lansky, Melvin R.;Bley, Carol R.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1992","","","2","2","99","109","","","*Cognitions;  *Dream Content;  *Nightmares; Psychiatric Patients","","1992-43145-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094351"
"Journal Article","Efficacy of lucid dream induction for lucid and non-lucid dreamers.","Evaluated the efficacy of a lucid dream induction (LDI) technique with 17 male and 30 female university students (aged 19–26 yrs) who were introduced to P. Tholey's (1983) combined technique for LDI. One group of Ss had experienced lucid dreams while the other group reported never having experienced lucid dreams. Another group of nonlucid dreamers served as a nontreatment control group. Among previously nonlucid dreamers, a significantly greater proportion of Ss who presented with the LDI technique reported a lucid dream. This group also reported more lucid dreams in total than the nontreatment control group. Among prior lucid dreamers, the technique was found to increase the number, relative to baseline levels, of lucid dreams reported. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)","Zadra, Antonio L.;Donderi, D. C.;Pihl, Robert O.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1992","","","2","2","85","97","","","*Awareness;  *Dreaming; Dream Recall","","1992-41850-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094350"
"Journal Article","'Masochism' in dreaming and its relation to depression.","A. Beck's scale for dream masochism (DM) was scored for the content reports from 4 REM periods of 70 volunteer Ss all going through marital separation with the expectation that they would be divorced. 40 Ss met Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC) for depression and a Beck Depression Inventory score at or above 14, and 30 did not. 61 Ss returned 1 yr later for repeat sleep and dream recording. Women, whether depressed or not, had higher DM scores at both testing points than men. Dreaming of being subjected to negative events and/or negative self-definitions appears to be a continuing trait more characteristic of women than men. This tendency becomes exacerbated during a depressive episode. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Cartwright, Rosalind D.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1992","","","2","2","79","84","","","*Dream Content;  *Major Depression;  *Masochism; Followup Studies; Marital Separation","","1992-43183-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094349"
"Journal Article","Perestroika of the self: Dreaming in the U.S.S.R.","Dreams both reflect and transcend culture. A culture’s approach to dreams reflects its understanding of personhood, which is constructed in a socio-cultural, political and historical context. A comparison of Soviet and American treatment of dreams illumines how totalitarian collectivism and secular individualism can affect a culture’s understandings of dreams and imaginal experience. Certain qualities of dreams can be used to help the practice of a more interdependent construction of the self: dreams’ opening of reality to a multiplicity of characters’ perspectives, their free and autonomous arising outside of the heroic ego’s conscious, rational control, their spontaneous moments of sympathetic identification with others which release one from local identities and social roles, their openness to the world and nature. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Watkins, Mary","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1992","","","2","2","111","122","","","*Cross Cultural Differences;  *Dreaming;  *Self-Concept; History; Politics; Sociocultural Factors","","2012-14084-001","Watkins, Mary: 124 Spectacle Pond Road, Littleton, MA, US, 01460","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094352"
"Journal Article","Russia. Dreaming. Liberation.","This essay is the narrative of an AIDS patient who attended the “Dreaming in Russia” conference in August of 1991. Arriving in Moscow on the day of the coup, the international group was gripped by fear. Though he had been engulfed by a certain darkness over the summer, the author discovered that his own personal cataclysm melted into the greater socio-historical cataclysm providing a great release as well as a genuine concern for issues more global. Fresh dreams are recorded throughout making clearer the events of the days. The account of the funeral procession for the three Russians killed by the tanks and the visit to the monastery of Zagorsk (seat of the Russian Orthodox patriarchy) eventually lead to a description of a very successful group dreamwork on the theme of “facing death.” Dreams and dreamwork are regarded as ways of coping with our own existential dramas. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Dupré, Michael","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1992","","","2","2","123","134","","","*AIDS;  *Dreaming; History; Narratives; Sociocultural Factors","","2012-14085-001","Dupré, Michael: 237 West 109th Street, C, New York, NY, US, 10025","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094353"
"Journal Article","Effect of encouragement on dream recall.","45 adult outpatients at a community mental health center, when asked as part of their regular intake interview, denied recall of dreams for the prior month. Half of these were given strong encouragement to recall their dreams; half were simply questioned about the presence or absence of dream recall. Both groups reported increased dream recall at the next therapy appointment with 32% of the Ss who were simply asked about dreams and 68% of the Ss who received strong encouragement recalling dreams. The difference between the 2 groups on dream recall was significant. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)","Halliday, G.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1992","","","2","1","39","44","","","*Dream Recall;  *Encouragement; Mental Disorders","","1992-31334-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094346"
"Journal Article","The interpretation of apocalyptic dreams.","Many of the dreams of patients with disorders of affect regulation exhibit alternating episodes clearly recognizable as representing death and rebirth. This alternation plus other occasional elements such as revelation resemble the characteristic components of classical apocalypse. The phenomenon, observed in the course of psychotherapy, informs the therapist of the patients' struggle to control their affects. Clinical examples of apocalyptic thinking in patients with depression, cyclothymia, and schizophrenia are presented. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)","Ostow, Mortimer","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1992","","","2","1","1","14","","","*Affective Disorders;  *Death and Dying;  *Dream Analysis; Dream Content","","1992-31415-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094343"
"Journal Article","Nightmare frequency and related sleep disturbance as indicators of a history of sexual abuse.","Examined the relationship of sexual abuse to nightmare frequency and related sleep disturbance in 539 female university students. Ss completed a nightmare sleep history questionnaire, the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and a questionnaire that inquired into histories of sexual and physical abuse. 124 Ss reported a history of some form of sexual abuse, 71 reported physical abuse, and 344 reported no abuse. After controlling for depression, the 2 abuse groups had higher nightmare and night terror frequency and had greater difficulty returning to sleep after awakening from a nightmare. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)","Cuddy, Marion A.;Belicki, Kathryn","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1992","","","2","1","15","22","","","*Nightmares;  *Sexual Abuse;  *Sleep Wake Disorders; Victimization","","1992-31538-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094344"
"Journal Article","Scripts and the structuralist analysis of dreams.","Describes G. Baylor and D. Deslauriers' (see record 1988-09431-001) application of script theory to dreams which views dreams in waking-life terms of having characters with knowledge, plans, goals, and reasons. Problems with the notion of imaginary characters having their own goals are examined. A comparison is made between this phenomenological theory and semiological structuralist analysis. A dream previously analyzed in terms of a script is reanalyzed along structuralist lines to illustrate how a dream can be a rebus-like derivative of another world (the waking world) rather than be itself a world in which dream characters temporarily live. A translation model of dream production is proposed, which emphasizes the causal connections from waking to dream structures and indicates a lack of ability to break out of such structures or scripts while asleep. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)","Blagrove, Mark","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1992","","","2","1","23","37","","","*Dream Analysis;  *Schema;  *Semiotics;  *Structuralism; Theories","","1992-31222-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094345"
"Journal Article","The devil’s gateway: An eros of difference in the dreams of perpetua.","Vibia Perpetua was a young Carthaginian Christian who was arrested in 203 CE. by Roman authorities because she refused to recant her faith. While in prison, she kept a diary in which she recorded four dreams. This essay offers a reading of those dreams from a feminist, postmodern perspective, which enables an exploration of the dreams as texts that work against paternal definitions of woman. When read as expressions of female desire, the dream-diary shows Perpetua to have been caught in a paradoxical situation: in her “outer” life, she was preparing to die for a theology that devalued her female being, while in her “inner” life the images of her dreams were subverting the univocal presuppositions upon which patriarchal devaluations of women depended. Using the idea of “camivalesque discourse,” this essay argues that Perpetua’s dream-diary can be read as a powerful articulation of the value of difference in the context of a religious system that suppresses it. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Cox Miller, Patricia","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1992","","","2","1","45","63","","","*Dreaming;  *Feminism;  *Religion; Theology","","2012-12763-001","Cox Miller, Patricia: Department of Religion, Syracuse University, 501 Hall of Languages, Syracuse, NY, US, 13244-1170","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094347"
"Journal Article","The effects of menstrual cycle hormones on dreams.","Evaluated changes in contents and language style of dream reports during the menstrual cycle in 7 women (aged 28–45 yrs) with premenstrual syndrome (PMS). Dream diaries were scored for referential activity (RA), and mean scores for overall RA and for the 4 individual RA scales (specificity, concreteness, imagery, and clarity) showed peaks in the early luteal phase (ELF), i.e., at the time of high gonadal hormone concentration. The dominant contents of dreams in the ELF reflected emotions directed toward other people, in contrast to the early follicular and late luteal phase themes of passivity and self-care. Results support the interaction of physiological, emotional, and cognitive events as postulated by the multiple code theory, and they are consistent with the study of S. K. Severino et al (1989). Several questions were considered concerning the precise impact of hormonal fluctuation on emotional information processing as reflected in dreams. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)","Bucci, Wilma;Creelman, Monica L.;Severino, Sally K.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1991","","","1","4","263","276","","","*Dream Content;  *Dreaming;  *Hormones;  *Menstrual Cycle;  *Premenstrual Syndrome; Language","","1992-24014-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094338"
"Journal Article","The nightmare: A failure in dream function.","The mood regulatory function of dreaming postulates that the emotional surge that accompanies REM sleep is contained by the psychological experience of dreaming. The nightmare occurs when the integrative capacity of the dreamer is exceeded: not because of the content of the dream, but because of the altered emotional state of the dreamer and the associated hyperresponsiveness of the dreamer in this altered state. Theories of dreaming need to address dreams that go on automatically outside of awareness and those that enter awareness and have the capacity for an effect on the dreamer. The experience of the recalled dream, such as the nightmare, would permit the possibility of dreaming contributing to a psychological transformation in the dreamer. Examples of sequential and repetitive dream patterns are described. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)","Kramer, Milton","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1991","","","1","4","277","285","","","*Dreaming;  *Emotional Responses;  *Emotions; Nightmares","","1992-22398-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094339"
"Journal Article","Personality and dreaming: The dreams of people with very thick or very thin boundaries.","Explored the relationship of the personality measure of thin and thick boundaries to dream recall frequency and to dream content among 757 graduates and undergraduates and patients with sleep problems (aged 18–60 yrs). There was a highly significant positive correlation between thinness of boundaries, measured on the Boundary Questionnaire by R. Harrison et al (unpublished manuscript), and frequency of dream recall. A subsample of 64 frequent dreamers (7 or more dreams per week) scored significantly thinner than a group of 69 nondreamers on the Boundary Questionnaire and on each 1 of the 12 content categories of the questionnaire. Dream content was examined in smaller samples of Ss who scored either very thick or very thin. Dreams of 'thin' Ss were rated significantly more vivid, more emotional, and with more interaction between characters, compared with dreams of 'thick' Ss. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)","Hartmann, Ernest;Elkin, Rachel;Garg, Mithlesh","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1991","","","1","4","311","324","","","*Dream Content;  *Dream Recall;  *Personality Traits; Sleep Wake Disorders","","1992-24033-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094342"
"Journal Article","The effects of dream length on the relationship between primary process in dreams and creativity.","Investigated the effects of dream length (DL) on the relationship between primary process in dreams and an unconfounded measure of creativity in 93 graduate students (aged 22–65 yrs). Measures included the Scale of Primary Process Thought by F. Auld et al (1968) and a modified Wallach-Kogan creativity battery (M. Wallach and N. Kogan, 1965). Total and mean primary process were found to correlate significantly with creativity. Both significant relationships disappeared, however, once the effects of DL were partialled out, replicating the contention by J. Wood et al (see record 1990-09076-001) that this relationship may be artifactual. DL as an individual difference in and of itself may thus be a more fruitful variable to examine in future research investigating the relationship between creativity and dreams. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)","Livingston, Glenn;Levin, Ross","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1991","","","1","4","301","309","","","*Cognitive Processes;  *Creativity;  *Dreaming; Time","","1992-22400-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094341"
"Journal Article","Contingency analysis and dream content: The night metaphors of a pre-Freudian anal character.","Describes some of the 80 dreams collected by a young male Bostonian around 1900 and examines them by the contingency analysis technique. This involves tabulating manifest dream content elements in many different unrelated classes and examining the number of times elements in 2 or more classes occur together. In this man, dream content was examined for 14 classes of elements judged to relate to anal themes; dream elements in these classes co-occurred far more than expected by chance. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)","Hall, Calvin S.;Domhoff, G. William","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1991","","","1","4","255","262","","","*Dream Analysis; Psychoanalytic Theory","","1992-24436-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094337"
"Journal Article","Emotions in dream and waking event reports.","20 participants (aged 23–40 yrs) hand-wrote reports of their dreams and reports of waking life events (LEs) and used an extensive lexicon of emotion words and types to rate the emotions experienced in each scene of each report. The incidence and intensity of 22 different emotion categories specified by a cognitive model of emotions was assessed. Emotions were present in virtually all scenes of all dream reports (DMRs), and only 1 of the 22 emotion types was never used in the ratings. The incidence of most of the emotion types was similar to that of reports of important LEs. There was also evidence that the incidence of positive emotions was lower in DMRs, while the incidence of fear was higher. The mean number of positive emotions per scene was lower and the proportion of fear was higher in DMRs. Results are consistent with the notion that emotion is as much a part of dream experience as it is of important waking life experience. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)","Nielsen, Tore A.;Deslauriers, Daniel;Baylor, George W.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1991","","","1","4","287","300","","","*Dreaming;  *Emotional Content;  *Emotional States;  *Experiences (Events); Self-Report","","1992-22402-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094340"
"Journal Article","Why study dreaming: One researcher's perspective.","Challenges the perception that dreaming is scientifically irrelevant by showing that it lies at the center of issues that are critical to determining the very possibility, and the probable form, of any sort of systematic study of persons and minds. Three issues are discussed: reductionism, empirical-analytic vs hermeneutic psychology, and the person. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)","Foulkes, David","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1991","","","1","3","245","248","","","*Cognitive Psychology;  *Dreaming; Experimentation","","1992-18678-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094335"
"Journal Article","Dreams as literature/science of dreams: An essay.","Addresses the issue of the meaningfulness or randomness of dream content by considering the ways in which most dream experience actually falls short of genuine metaphor and literary narrative as defined by P. Ricoeur (1984–1985). These 'failings' allow the scientist to address the possibility of a developmental tendency or 'striving' in at least some dreams. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Hunt, Harry T.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1991","","","1","3","235","242","","","*Dream Content;  *Imagination; Metaphor","","1992-18686-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094333"
"Journal Article","Why study the dream.","Suggests that dreams may be studied to help understand the figurative-representational function of the mind. Studied as narratives, dreams help provide a new mode of interpretation. Dreams can also aid in the study of the problem solving contribution to adaptation of nongoal-directed thinking. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)","Kramer, Milton","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1991","","","1","3","249","251","","","*Cognitive Processes; Dream Analysis","","1992-18689-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094336"
"Journal Article","Dreaming in reading disabled children: Formal features.","Further examined the relationship between cognitive capability and the sophistication of nocturnal mentation (D. Foulkes, 1982) by comparing formal and representation characteristics of REM mentation of 10 boys with a specific reading disability (RD) with those of gender and age-matched normal Ss. All Ss were aged 8–10 yrs and were given a cognitive test battery including measures of intelligence, sequential and simultaneous processing, and language development. Only 3 of the 14 variables examined significantly differentiated between groups. Relative to reports from the RD Ss, those from the normal group contained significantly more temporal units, were described with significantly more words, and showed a lower proportion of temporal units where a self-character was scored. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)","Butler, S.;Pivik, R. T.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1991","","","1","3","193","209","","","*Cognitive Ability;  *Dream Content;  *Language Development;  *Reading Disabilities; REM Dreams","","1992-20307-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094330"
"Journal Article","Interdisciplinary dreaming: Hobson's successes and failures.","In The Dreaming Brain (1988), J. A. Hobson's principal accomplishment is to assert the necessity of a neuroscientific basis for dream study. However, Hobson's claims about how to interpret dreams—by simply reading the 'transparent' meaning that is plainly on the dream's 'surface'—are unjustified and mark a setback for interdisciplinary studies. Yet at the same time, Hobson's research into the 'synthetic' process of dream formation can give new insight into the legitimately religious meaning of dreams—how dreams may give a sense of fundamental orientation in the midst of existential confusion and suffering. The Dreaming Brain thus provides, perhaps unbeknownst to Hobson, important resources for integrating scientific and religious approaches to dreams. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)","Bulkley, Kelly","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1991","","","1","3","225","234","","","*Dream Analysis;  *Dreaming; Neurosciences; Theories","","1992-18674-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094332"
"Journal Article","Dreams, divination, and Yolmo ways of knowing.","Looks at divinatory dreams among Yolmo Sherpa of Helambu, Nepal, to examine how dream images form part of a local system of knowledge that aids in the assessment and communication of personal distress and social conflict. The author explores Yolmo philosophies of dreaming, and how these philosophies are put into practice, to show that dream reports span an extensive, intersubjective field of experience. They are a vehicle for social understanding, for they communicate to others experiences of personal distress not readily articulated in everyday life, and are an education into self-experience, for they reveal events deemed 'unknowable' through ordinary, secular means. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)","Desjarlais, Robert R.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1991","","","1","3","211","224","","","*Culture (Anthropological);  *Distress;  *Dream Analysis;  *Dream Content;  *Social Processes; Communication","","1992-19631-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094331"
"Journal Article","The dreams of professional mothers and female students: An exploration of social roles and age impact.","Analysis of selected dream components for 19 wage-earning mothers (aged 27–39 yrs) and 18 undergraduates yielded different characteristics for the 2 groups. Husbands, children, unpleasant emotions, achievement strivings, autonomy, and physical aggression characterized the mothers' dreams, while those of the students were characterized by familiar characters, friendly interactions with males, and overt hostility. More male-typed imagery was found in the mothers' dreams than in the students', and, in contrast, the latter's had more female-typed imagery. Findings suggest, as hypothesized, that age and combination of worker and mother roles have an impact on dreams and challenge the notion that biological sex determines the content of dreams. Results are also discussed within a theoretical perspective concerning the adult development of women. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)","Rinfret, Natalie;Lortie-Lussier, Monique;De Koninck, Joseph","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1991","","","1","3","179","191","","","*Age Differences;  *Dream Content;  *Human Females;  *Mothers;  *Roles; Working Women","","1992-18694-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094329"
"Editorial","Why study the dream: Editor’s note.","In this editorial, the author reveals his fascination with unusual dreams and introduces the current issue of Dreaming. He has even been intrigued by his own dreams and by dreaming since he was about six years old. However, he believes that dreaming is serious subject of study for anyone interested in how a human being is put together. He considers dreaming and waking as the two major modes in which our minds function. How can anyone claim to understand the human mind without understanding these two modes and the differences between them? Over the next year or two Dreaming proposes to ask the question 'why study the dream?' or 'why is dreaming important?' and to elicit responses from a number of people in various disciplines who clearly have taken dreams seriously. This issue includes brief essays by David Foulkes and Milton Kramer in answer to the question 'why study the dream?'. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Hartmann, Ernest","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1991","","","1","3","243","243","","","*Dream Analysis;  *Dreaming; Comprehension; Dream Content; Meaning; Mind","","2012-12762-001","Hartmann, Ernest: Lemuel Shattuck Hospital, 170 Morton Street, Boston, MA, US, 02130","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094334"
"Journal Article","Dream translation: A nonassociative method for understanding the dream.","Presents an approach to dream understanding called dream translation. The systematic examination of the dream text provides information about the dreamer. Such an approach substitutes the controlled associations of the reader (therapist) for those of the patient (dreamer). It presumes an organization latent in the dream that is reflective of the emotional state of the dreamer. An illustration of the methodology is provided in the translation of a 27-yr-old woman's dream. Dream translation illuminates the dreamer to the therapist but is not a substitute for the collaborative work necessary for dream interpretation. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)","Kramer, Milton","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1991","","","1","2","147","159","","","*Dream Content; Psychotherapy","","1992-20621-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094327"
"Journal Article","The new anthropology of dreaming.","Discusses a shift in cultural anthropological methodology away from interviewing non-Western dreamers to gather dream reports which might then be subjected to a statistical content analysis. Instead, anthropologists (APLs) are relying more on participant observation, in which they interact within natural communicative contexts of dream sharing, representation, and interpretation. In such contexts the introduction of an APL's own recent dreams is quite natural, even expected. APLs have become more skilled at uncovering their own unconscious reactions to the peoples they describe. In time, perhaps, cultural APLs may become more like psychoanalysts in the skill with which they listen to emotional dream communications of others and examine their own responses. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)","Tedlock, Barbara","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1991","","","1","2","161","178","","","*Anthropology;  *Dream Analysis;  *Dreaming;  *Methodology; Communication","","1992-18697-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094328"
"Journal Article","Frameworks for understanding lucid dreaming: A review.","Reviews psychological and psychophysiological frameworks for understanding the experience of lucid dreaming (knowing you are dreaming while the dream is ongoing). Several of the psychological approaches take an information processing view of lucid dreaming. One approach sees lucidity in sleep as a cognitive tool whereas others put more emphasis on a model of self awareness. Psychophysiological perspectives show that lucidity is a significantly more aroused REM sleep experience than nonlucid REM sleep. The EEG and lucidity work is based on the association of lucidity to meditation. This sleep experience is also viewed from the framework of spatial skills especially as implicated in vestibular system functioning. The connectionist view of neural nets is another explanatory vehicle. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Gackenbach, Jayne","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1991","","","1","2","109","128","","","*Dreaming;  *Literature Review; Awareness; Psychophysiology","","1992-18679-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094324"
"Journal Article","Flying dreams and lucidity: An empirical study of their relationship.","Studied the association between lucidity and flying dreams in 1,910 dreams from 191 Ss. Flying dreams were likelier to be reported by Ss reporting lucid dreams or any of 3 related categories: prelucid dreams, dreams of sleep, or false awakenings. When flying and lucidity occurred in the same dream, lucidity preceded flight rather than being triggered by it. Possible bases for this relationship of lucid and flying dreams are discussed in terms of their psychological and physiological commonalities. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)","Barrett, Deirdre","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1991","","","1","2","129","134","","","*Dream Content;  *Dreaming; Awareness","","1992-18672-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094325"
"Journal Article","Impactful dreams and metaphor generation.","Examined whether impactful dreaming increases the ease with which novel and apt metaphors are generated immediately after awakening. For about 2 wks, 42 Ss (aged 17–31 yrs) rated the impact of their spontaneously recalled dreams on thoughts and feelings during subsequent wakefulness. For a metaphor task, Ss either generated metaphors using actions, persons, and places from their dream imagery or generated metaphors using actions, persons, and places from (guided) fantasies that they created immediately after dreaming. Ss' ratings of their own metaphors indicated that (1) metaphors generated from actions in dream imagery were more novel than metaphors generated from actions in fantasy imagery, and (2) when using dream imagery, metaphors created after impactful dreams were more easily generated and more apt than metaphors created after ordinary dreams. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Kuiken, Don;Smith, Laurie","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1991","","","1","2","135","145","","","*Cognitive Processes;  *Dreaming; Metaphor","","1992-18691-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094326"
"Journal Article","The two provinces of dreams.","Discusses the status of dreams in the cognitive and diagnostic provinces of psychology. The cognitive establishment has largely ignored the importance of dreams. In the diagnostic province, since Freud the manifest dream has been recognized as a source of information about the dreamer. It is argued that dreams can be a valuable tool for psychologists because they express, directly and explicitly, what is on the dreamer's mind, his or her preoccupations, conflicts, anxieties, wishes, and conceptions of him or herself and the world. (0 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Hall, Calvin S.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1991","","","1","1","91","93","","","*Cognitive Psychology;  *Dream Content; Personality","","1992-18682-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094320"
"Comment/Reply","Hall! Like Gaul, dreams are divided into three provinces: Commentary on Hall's paper.","Comments on C. S. Hall's article (see record 1992-18682-001) on dream provinces. To Hall's 2 provinces, cognitive and diagnostic, the author adds a 3rd: dream function. It is suggested that dreaming subserves a selective mood regulatory function. (0 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Kramer, Milton","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1991","","","1","1","103","105","","","*Cognitive Psychology;  *Dream Content; Personality","","1992-18690-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094323"
"Comment/Reply","A brief perspective on Calvin Hall: Commentary on Hall's paper.","Comments on C. S. Hall's essay (see record 1992-18682-001) on the cognitive and diagnostic provinces of dreams. The author notes that Hall's knowledge of dreams came from studying and categorizing the content of reported dreams from thousands of 'normal' individuals. To Hall, dreaming is a cognitive process, and dreams illuminate the basic conflicts and predicaments conceptualized by the dreamer. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Van de Castle, Robert L.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1991","","","1","1","99","102","","","*Cognitive Psychology;  *Dream Content; Personality","","1992-18698-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094322"
"Comment/Reply","An introduction to 'The two provinces of dreams': Commentary on Hall's paper.","Comments on C. S. Hall's article (see record 1992-18682-001). Hall's great empirical contribution to the study of dreams was to establish the regularities in dreams from all over the world. He also contributed to dream theory by outlining a cognitive theory of dreams and dream symbols in the early 1950s. (0 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Domhoff, G. William","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1991","","","1","1","95","98","","","*Cognitive Psychology;  *Dream Content; Personality","","1992-18677-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094321"
"Journal Article","Dream content: Random or meaningful?","Critiques the new science of dreams, according to which dream content is a function of memories selected by a random biological process. This process is most striking when there are the abrupt thematic changes that are so characteristic of dreams. For the received view from Freud, in contrast, selection of all memories is meaningful. The new science's critique of Freud is considered in detail and found to lack force. The author focuses on the works of F. Crick and G. Mitchison (see PA, Vols 71:6034 and 75:3408), J. A. Hobson and R. W. McCarley (see PA, Vol 60:8813 and 4616), and D. Foulkes (1985). Examination of an exemplary dream shows unifying concepts that bridge across radical thematic discontinuities. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)","Globus, Gordon G.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1991","","","1","1","27","40","","","*Dream Content; Meaningfulness","","1992-18681-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094315"
"Comment/Reply","Dreams that work or dreams that poison? What does dreaming do? An editorial essay.","Comments on articles by R. D. Cartwright (see record 1992-20035-001) and P. Lavie and H. Kaminer (see record 1992-18692-001). It is argued that dreaming may play different roles in adaptation to stress, depending on personality and overall style. Dreaming can be helpful in making connections and in integrating stressful events. Dreaming is not helpful to someone dealing with stress by walling it off or keeping it out of awareness. At the most basic level dreaming makes connections; it brings together material that is kept apart in waking. (0 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Hartmann, Ernest","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1991","","","1","1","23","25","","","*Dreaming;  *Emotional Adjustment; Stress","","1992-18683-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094314"
"Journal Article","The protagonist as dreamer: The dead father in The Merchant of Venice..","Discusses The Merchant of Venice from a psychoanalytic perspective. By focusing on Portia's dead father, the author lifts into prominence the emotional ramifications of the conflicting conceptions of marriage as based on romantic love and marriage as a means of ensuring the transmission of wealth. Portia's father in the casket motif translates incestuous longings into magical control, and represents in Shylock and Antonio his conflicting sense of himself as possessive of both his daughter and his wealth on the one hand, and, on the other hand, indifferent to wealth and unpossessive in love. The deadly hatred between Shylock and Antonio expresses the self-loathing that is also represented in his death. The relations between figures and plot structures in this play and those in later plays suggest that Shakespeare's dramatic trajectory was shaped by his effort to resolve these persistent, but generative, conflicts. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)","Stockholder, Kay","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1991","","","1","1","75","90","","","*Dreaming;  *Literature;  *Psychoanalytic Interpretation; Drama","","1992-19203-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094319"
"Journal Article","Dreams that poison sleep: Dreaming in Holocaust survivors.","Studied dream recall of 23 Holocaust survivors: 12 well-adjusted and 11 less-adjusted, and 10 age-matched normal controls. Ss were awakened on the 1st, 3rd, and 4th nights from REM sleep for dream recall. Well-adjusted survivors had significantly lower recall rate than less-adjusted and controls. Dreams of the well-adjusted were significantly less complex and less salient than those of the controls; they also had significantly higher scores for denial of emotions toward their dreams after the awakening. Dreams of the less-adjusted had significantly higher scores for general anxiety, guilt anxiety, diffused anxiety, general aggression, inwardly directed aggression, and interpersonal conflicts than those of controls. The less-adjusted also dreamed significantly more than the other 2 groups about their childhood. Half of their dreams were judged to be anxiety dreams. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)","Lavie, Peretz;Kaminer, Hanna","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1991","","","1","1","11","21","","","*Dream Content;  *Dream Recall;  *Emotional Adjustment; Holocaust Survivors","","1992-18692-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094313"
"Journal Article","Nightmares, boundaries, and creativity.","Examined whether individuals who report frequent nightmares evidence greater levels of creativity and heightened access to, and adaptive usage of, primary process than low-nightmare controls. The Unusual Uses Brick Test, Remote Associates Test, the Hartmann Boundary Questionnaire (1989), and the Rorschach were administered to 40 nightmare Ss and 39 matched controls, all introductory psychology students at a large university. Results were mixed, with nightmare Ss demonstrating more primary process but less adaptation of this material than controls, and no differences between groups on the 2 measures of creativity. However, subsequent analyses with extreme contrasted groups suggest that the relationship between frequent nightmares and creativity may be valid for the most frequent nightmare group. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Levin, Ross;Galin, Jodi;Zywiak, Bill","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1991","","","1","1","63","74","","","*Creativity;  *Ego; Nightmares","","1992-19859-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094318"
"Journal Article","Bizarreness in dreams and nightmares.","43 university students were asked to record 1 home-recalled dream and 2 home-recalled nightmares (1 'typical' nightmare and 1 'worst' nightmare). Two bizarreness scales were used to analyze the 129 sleep mentation reports for bizarreness. There was no support for the hypothesis that 'worst' nightmares would possess the most bizarreness. When the length of dreams and nightmares was held constant no differences were found in bizarreness or realism. The finding that bizarreness is not a feature common to all dream reports is not consistent with the activation-synthesis hypothesis. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Bonato, Richard A.;Moffitt, Alan R.;Hoffmann, Robert F.;Cuddy, Marion A.;Wimmer, Frank L.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1991","","","1","1","53","61","","","*Dream Content; Nightmares","","1992-18673-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094317"
"Journal Article","Waking self-understanding, REM-dream self representation, and cognitive ability variables at ages 5–8.","Studied 4 aspects of self-understanding cross-sectionally among 20 children aged 5–8 yrs: (1) self-as-object and (2) self-as-subject, as assessed by conventional interviews; (3) knowledge of distinctive physical appearance; and (4) portrayal of an active self character in REM dream reports. The waking self measures were not highly intercorrelated. None correlated with REM dream self-representation, which was not generally reported until age 8 yrs. At that age, dream self-representation had visuospatial correlates similar to those predictive of dream reporting on REM awakenings and similar to those of more 'mature' performances on waking self measures (subjective sense of self, recognition of self's enduring physical characteristics, and psychological characterization). The authors suggest that a common link may be mediation by conscious simulation. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Foulkes, David;Hollifield, Michael;Bradley, Laura;Terry, Rebecca;Sullivan, Brenda","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1991","","","1","1","41","51","","","*Cognitive Ability;  *REM Dreams;  *Self-Perception; Wakefulness","","1992-19339-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094316"
"Journal Article","Dreams that work: The relation of dream incorporation to adaptation to stressful events.","Conducted sleep studies of 49 Ss going through divorce, 23 women and 26 men, at the time of the initial break-up and 1 yr later. 31 of these were diagnosed as depressed on a combined criterion of meeting the Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC) and a Beck Depression score above 14, and 18 met neither criterion. The depressed and nondepressed Ss did not differ in Dream-like Fantasy, but did in Affect Strength and type. Depressed Ss who incorporated the ex-spouse into their dreams at the time of the break-up were significantly less depressed and significantly better adjusted to their new life at the follow-up point than Ss who did not. These dreams were rated as having stronger affect. Persons who are depressed during a stressful time in their lives, who dream with strong feelings, and who incorporate the stressor directly into their dreams appear to 'work through' their depression more successfully than those who do not. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Cartwright, Rosalind D.","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1991","","","1","1","3","9","","","*Divorce;  *Dream Content;  *Emotional Adjustment;  *Emotions;  *Major Depression; Followup Studies; Imagination; Spouses","","1992-20035-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094312"
"Editorial","Introductory statement.","To the best of my knowledge, there has never in the history of the world been a professional journal devoted to dreaming--certainly not one publishing scholarly, multidisciplinary work. Dreaming fills this gap, and what we hope is this need. Dreaming is here to provide a single forum for all serious work related to dreaming. Like its sponsoring organization, the Association for the Study of Dreams, Dreaming has a multidisciplinary focus, welcoming inquiries into dreams from a number of disciplines and methodological approaches: quantitative and qualitative, analytic and descriptive, scientific and humanistic. This issue of Dreaming contains sleep-laboratory work on dream recall and dream content in people going through a divorce, and in Holocaust survivors; research work on children's dreams and their sense of self (surprisingly the child is typically a passive observer, not an active participant in the dream, before age 8); a quantitative study on the bizarreness of dreams; and one on creativity and nightmares. There is a discussion of what dreaming accomplishes at the most basic level, and an article on the meaningfulness of dreams. There is a paper on considering a playas the dream of its protagonist, and there is a previously unpublished paper by the late Calvin Hall, one of the giants of twentieth-century dream research. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)","Hartmann, Ernest","","","Journal","Dreaming","Human Sciences Press, Inc.","1991","","","1","1","1","2","","","*Dreaming;  *Experimentation; Scientific Communication","","2012-11681-001","","1573-3351(Electronic);1053-0797(Print)","","https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094311"