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            "description": "July 30 - August 4, 2023 \u2022 Belfast, United Kingdom \u2022\nEditors: Brian Falzon and Conor McCarthy",
            "page": "<h1><strong>Conference</strong></h1>\n<p><strong>Conference date:</strong> July 30 - August 4, 2023<br><strong>Conference location:</strong> Belfast, United Kingdom<br><strong>Editors:</strong> Brian Falzon and Conor McCarthy<br><strong>Publisher (original physical proceedings):</strong> Queen's University Belfast<br><strong>Publisher (online version):</strong> International Committee for Composite Materials (ICCM)<br><strong>ISSN:</strong> 3107-3166</p>\n\n<h1><strong>Copyright</strong></h1>\n<p>The copyright of the original physical proceedings is owned by Queen's University Belfast. ICCM is authorised to post the proceedings for this conference in Zenodo.</p>\n\n<h1><strong>About ICCM</strong></h1>\n<p>The International Conference on Composite Materials (ICCM) is the premier and oldest conference series focused on composite materials. It started in 1975 and is organised by the International Committee on Composite Materials, a learned society operating on a non-profit basis (UIA ID: XJ1433). For more information, visit <a href=\"https://iccm-central.org\">iccm-central.org</a>.</p>\n<p><strong>ISSN:</strong> 3107-3166<br><strong>Open Access:</strong> All proceedings are published under Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0).<br><strong>Peer Review:</strong> All submissions undergo anonymous peer review by independent experts.</p>\n\n<h1><strong>Conference organisation</strong></h1>\n<p><strong>Conference Co-Chairs:</strong> Brian Falzon, Conor McCarthy</p>\n<p><strong>ICCM Executive Council</strong></p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Woo-II Lee, Korea &ndash; President<br>Pascal Hubert, Canada &ndash; Senior Vice President<br>Ole Thomsen, UK &ndash; Vice President, Region 1<br>Jinsong Leng, China &ndash; Vice President, Region 2<br>Sayata Ghose, USA &ndash; Vice President, Region 3<br>Leif Asp, Sweden &ndash; Immediate Past President</td>\n<td>Christian Berggreen, Denmark &ndash; Member<br>Chiara Bisagni, The Netherlands &ndash; Member<br>Laifei Cheng, China &ndash; Member<br>Carlos Cimini, Brazil &ndash; Member<br>Martine Dube, Canada &ndash; Member<br>Stephanie Feih, Singapore &ndash; Member<br>Sayata Ghose, USA &ndash; Member<br>Suong Hoa, Canada &ndash; Member<br>Masaki Hojo, Japan &ndash; Member<br>Hyonny Kim, USA &ndash; Member<br>Stephan Lomov, Belgium &ndash; Member<br>Silvestre Pinho, UK &ndash; Member<br>Paul Smith, UK &ndash; Member<br>Ole Thomsen, UK &ndash; Member<br>Anoush Poursartip, Canada &ndash; Member<br>Murray Scott, Australia &ndash; Member<br>Michael Wisnom, UK &ndash; Member<br>Stephen Tsai, USA &ndash; Member</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><strong>International Organizing Committee</strong></p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Suresh Advani, University of Delaware, United States<br>Cengiz Altan, University of Oklahoma, United States<br>Leif Asp, Chalmers University, Sweden<br>Emmanuel Ayorinde, Wayne State University, United States<br>Mark Battley, University of Auckland, New Zealand<br>Debes Bhattacharyya, University of Auckland, New Zealand<br>Simon Bickerton, University of Auckland, New Zealand<br>Christopher Binetruy, Ecole Centrale in Nantes , France<br>Alexander Bismark, University of Vienna, Austria<br>Maria Blanco-Varela, Airbus, Spain<br>Pedro Camanho, University of Porto / INEGI, Portugal<br>Jian Cao, Northwestern University, United States<br>Erasmo Carrera, Politecnico di Torino, Italy<br>Bruno Castanie, INSA, France<br>Fu-Kuo Chang, Stanford University, United States<br>Xiangbao Chen, Beijing Institute of Aeronautical Materials, China<br>Terry Creasy, University of Texas, College Station, United States<br>Raj Das, RMIT University, Australia<br>Henri de Vries, NLR, Netherlands<br>Martin Dub&eacute;, &Eacute;cole de Technologie Sup&eacute;rieure, Canada<br>Paolo Ermanni, ETHZ, Switzerland<br>Kazem Fayazbakhsh, Ryerson University, Canada<br>Stefanie Feih, Griffith University, Singapore<br>Bodo Fielder, TUHH, Germany<br>Bronwyn Fox, CSIRO, Australia<br>Shaoyun Fu , Chongqing University, China<br>Ugo Galvanetto, University of Padova, Italy<br>Sayata Ghose, The Boeing Company, United States<br>Jack Gillespie, University of Delaware, United States<br>Larissa Gorbatikh, KU Leuven, Belgium<br>Nikil Gupta, New York University, United States<br>P.J. Guruprasad, IIT Bombay, India<br>Dineshkumar Harursamp, Indian Institute of Science, India<br>Yang He, Harbin Institute of Technology, China<br>Michael Heitzmann, University of Queensland, Australia<br>Lars Herbeck, Voith Composites/Berlin, Germany<br>Masaki Hojo, Kyoto University, Japan</td>\n<td>Soon Hyung Hong, Korea Advanced Institute of Science an, Korean<br>Ning Hu , Hebei University of Technology, China<br>Heng Hu , Wuhan University, China<br>T. Ishikawa, Nagoya University, Japan<br>Matthew Jevons, MT Aerospace AG, Germany<br>Kyriaki Kalaitzidou, Georgia Tech University, United States<br>Everson Kandare, RMIT University, Australia<br>Akbar Khatibi, RMIT University, Australia<br>Hyonny Kim, University of California at San Deigo, United States<br>Louis Laberge Lebel, Ecole Polytechnique de Montreal, Canada<br>Raj Ladani, RMIT University, Australia<br>George Lampeas, Patras University, Greece<br>Benoit Landry, Universite de Moncton, Canada<br>Woo Il Lee, Seoul National University, Korean<br>Joong Hee Lee, Chonbuk National University,, Korean<br>Asp Leif, Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden<br>Peter Linde, Airbus, Germany<br>Liwu Liu , Harbin Institute of Technology, China<br>Stephan Lomov, KU Leuven, Belgium<br>Stephan Mahdi, IRT Saint Exup&eacute;ry, France<br>Yiu-Wing Mai, University of Sydney, Australia<br>Pier Marzocca, RMIT University, Australia<br>Gareth McKnley, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, United States<br>Pierre Mertiny, University of Alberta, Canada<br>Matthias Meyer, Marand Precision Engineering, Australia<br>Abbas S. Milani, University of British Columbia, Canada<br>Yasushi Miyano, Kanazawa Institute of Technology , Japan<br>John Montesano, University of Waterloo, Canada<br>Judith Moosburger-Will, UNA, Germany<br>Yoshihiro Narita , Hokkaido University, Japan , Japan<br>Qingqing Ni , Shinshu University, Japan<br>Steven Nutt, University of Southern California, United States<br>Gregory Odegard, Michigan Technological University, United States<br>Robin Olsson, RISE, Sweden<br>Adrian Orifici, RMIT University, Australia<br>Srikant Padhee, IIT Ropar, India<br>Genevieve Palardy, Louisiana State University, United States<br>Kim Pickering, University of Waikato, New Zealand<br>Byron Pipes, Purdue University, United States</td>\n<td>Anoush Poursartip, University of British Columbia, Canada<br>Ganga Prusty, University of NSW, Australia<br>Vijaya Rangari, Tuskegee University, United States<br>Chris Rudd, James Cook University, Singapore<br>Peter Shubel, University of Southern Queensland, Australia<br>Mukul Shukla, Motilal Nehru NIT, Kanpur, India<br>Doug Smith, Baylor University, United States<br>Jungil Song , Changwon National University, Korean<br>Nancy Sottos, University of Illinois - Urbana Champaigh, United States<br>Rani Sullivan , Mississippi State University, United States<br>Nobuo Takeda, The University of Tokyo, Japan<br>Ramesh Talreja, University of Texas, College Station, United States<br>Tong-Earn Tay, National University of Singapore, Singapore<br>Daniel Therriault, Ecole Polytechnique de Montreal, Canada<br>Rodney Thomson, Advanced Composite Structures Austra, Australia<br>Erik Thotenson, University of Delaware, United States<br>Liyong Tong, University of Sydney, Australia<br>Nathalie Toso, DLR, Germany<br>Charles Tucker , University of Illinois- Urbana Champaigh, United States<br>Albert Turon, University of Girona, Spain<br>Russell Varley, Deakin University, Australia<br>Reza Vaziri, University of British Columbia, Canada<br>Martin Veidt, University of Queensland, Australia<br>Bas Veldman, GKN/Fokker, Netherlands<br>Riccardo Vescovini, Politecnico di Milano, Italy<br>Tony Vizzini, Wichita State University, United States<br>Tony Waas, University of Washington, United States<br>Daniel Wagner, Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel<br>Chun Wang, University of NSW, Australia<br>John Wang, Defence Science &amp; Technology, Australia<br>Hao Wang, University of Southern Queensland, Australia<br>Jihui Wang, Wuhan Polytechnic University, China<br>Brian Wardle, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, United States<br>Xinran Xiao, Michigan State University, United States<br>Zhongmin Xue, Sinoma Science &amp; Technology Co., Ltd, China<br>Mostafa Yourdkhani, Colorado State University, United States<br>Jianyong Yu , Donghua University, China</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><strong>Local Organizing Committee</strong></p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Philip Cardiff, Univeristy College Dublin<br>Maurice Collins, Univeristy of Limerick<br>Anthony Comer, Univeristy of Limerick<br>Declan Devine, Athlone IT<br>Denis Dowling, Univeristy College Dublin<br>Jamie Goggins, NUI Galway<br>Mark Hardiman, Univeristy of Limerick<br>Noel Harrison, NUI Galway<br>Alojz Ivankovic, Univeristy College Dublin<br>Sean Leen, NUI Galway<br>Ian Major, Athlone IT<br>Giovanni Zucco, Univeristy of Limerick<br>Vincenzo Oliveri, Univeristy of Limerick<br>Neal Murphy, Univeristy College Dublin<br>Ronan O'Higgins , University of Limerick<br>Walter Stanley, Univeristy of Limerick<br>Ted Vaughan, NUI Galway<br>Paul Weaver, Univeristy of Limerick<br>Ronan William, NUI Galway<br>Trevor Young, Univeristy of Limerick<br>Gasser Abdelal, Queen's University Belfast<br>Ali Aravand, Queen's University Belfast<br>Edward Archer, University of Ulster</td>\n<td>Janice Barton, University of Bristol<br>Bamber Blackman, Imperial College London<br>Ian Bond, University of Bristol<br>Giuseppe Catalanotti, Queen's University Belfast<br>Maria Charalambides, Imperial College London<br>Biqiong Chen, Queen's University Belfast<br>John Dear, Imperial College London<br>Stephen Eichhorn, University of Bristol<br>Emile Greenhlagh, Imperial College London<br>Igor Guz, University of Aberdeen<br>Stephen Hallett, University of Bristol<br>Lee Harper, University of Nottingham<br>Stephen Hawkins, Queen's University Belfast<br>Oana Istrate, Queen's University Belfast<br>Dmitry Ivanov, University of Bristol<br>Maria Kashtalyan, University of Aberdeen<br>Zafer Kazanci, Queen's University Belfast<br>Krzysztof Koziol, Cranfield University<br>Koon-Yang Lee, Imperial College London<br>Nan Li, Imperial College London<br>Andrew Long, University of Nottingham<br>Alistair McIlhagger, University of Ulster<br>Conchur O'Bradaigh, University of Edinburgh</td>\n<td>Ton Peijs, University of Wawrick<br>Nic Petrinic, University of Oxford<br>Silvestre Pinho, Imperial College London<br>Alberto Pirrera, University of Bristol<br>Prasad Potluri, University of Manchester<br>Paul Robinson, Imperial College London<br>Tommaso Scalici, Enna University<br>Fabrizio Scarpa, University of Bristol<br>Milo Shaffer, Imperial College<br>Costas Soutis, University of Manchester<br>John Summerscales, University of Plymouth<br>Dan Sun, Queen's University Belfast<br>Michael Sutcliffe, University of Cambridge<br>Wei Tan, Queen Mary University of<br>Ambrose Taylor, Imperial College London<br>James Thomason, University of Strathclyde<br>Ole Thomsen, University of Bristol<br>Valeska Ting, University of Bristol<br>Zahur Ullah, Queen's University Belfast<br>Nick Warrior, University of Nottingham<br>Michael Wisnom, University of Bristol<br>Enrique Garcia, NCC<br>Humberto Almedia, Queen's University Belfast<br>Peter Martin, Queen's University Belfast</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><strong>Sponsors</strong></p>\n<p><strong>Principal Parnert</strong><br>Queen&rsquo;s Univeristy Belfast<br>National Composites Centre / Bristol Composites Institute</p>\n<p><strong>Executive Partner</strong><br>Carbon Fly<br>Confirm</p>\n<p><strong>Supporting Partner</strong><br>Airtech Advanced Materials UK<br>Bruker AXS GMBH<br>Dia-Stron LTD<br>Netzsch Thermal Instruments UK<br>Step Engineering S.R.L.<br>Visit Belfast<br>Instron<br>Somac</p>\n<p><strong>Educational Partner</strong><br>Elsevier</p>\n<p><strong>Exhibition</strong><br>ICCM24 University of Delaware CCM<br>Surface Measurement Systems<br>The Royal Society</p>\n<h1>Introduction</h1>\n<p>WELCOME TO ICCM23</p>\n<p>When the city of Belfast was honoured by being selected to host the 23rd International Conference on Composite Materials (ICCM23), during ICCM21 in Xi&rsquo;an, China, in 2017, no one could have foreseen the global disruption and stasis that we would all face as a consequence of a global pandemic, which necessitated postponing this conference by two years. The decision we took in February 2021 to delay the event, having already devoted significant time and resources to its planning, was a difficult one to make. Yet, we faced it with resilience and a steadfast commitment to the safety and well-being of our global community.</p>\n<p>I am consequently doubly proud to be able to finally deliver this important conference which is the premier conference in the science and engineering of composite materials and structures. The ICCM was established in 1975 and has since been held biennially in different cities around the world. The mission of ICCM is to act as a focal point where the global community of researchers and industry practitioners can come together to exchange knowledge and information on the latest developments in the field. It is also a forum where early career researchers have the opportunity to hear from, and engage with, leading academic and industrypersonnel in the field.</p>\n<p>This is the first time that the ICCM has been held on the island of Ireland and it is appropriate that Belfast, with its rich pioneering and engineering heritage, should be chosen to host ICCM23. The birthplace of Lord Kelvin and home to John Boyd Dunlop, Belfast was a global powerhouse of the late Industrial Revolution, becoming Ireland&rsquo;s pre-eminent industrial city, where the RMS Titanic was built in what was then the world&rsquo;s largest shipyard. Belfast is home to the oldest production aircraft manufacturer in the world, Short Brothers, which was founded in 1908, purchased by Bombardier in 1989, and acquired by Spirit AeroSystems in 2020. The pioneering technology for the design and manufacture of the highly-integrated resin-infused composite wing, used on the Airbus A220, was developed here. Throughout this conference, and for those fortunate enough to have reserved a place on one of our technical tours, you will have ample opportunity to learn more about the world-leading composite technologies and innovations that are being developed in this part of the world. Today, Belfast is a vibrant, modern and increasingly multicultural city with a solid high-valuemanufacturing base and an entrepreneurial spirit. I trust that you have booked some extra time to explore this unique city and its surroundings.</p>\n<p>Advanced (man-made) composite materials have been around for several decades and increasingly utilised in various industries, notably aerospace, elite motorsports, luxury automobiles, wind energy, marine, and in sporting equipment. While there has been astounding headway in the scientific and engineering facets of these composites, notable challenges persist. One of the most pressing concerns involves striking a balance between continued advancements and environmental stewardship. There are ample opportunities yet to be tapped, and breakthroughs to be made, in harnessing composites to tackle the mounting need for energy. As energy generation stands as the main contributor to climate change, the potential to address this issue through further exploitation of composites offers a promising avenue towards sustainable progress.</p>\n<p>Consequently, the theme of ICCM23 is Composites at the Heart of Sustainable Energy Solutions. Energy sustainability has become a global priority. The development of renewable energy is a major contributor to the sustainable energy hierarchy, and composites already play an important role in the development of associated technologies and products based on solar, wind, geothermal, tidal or hydropower. At the top of this energy hierarchy is energy saving and energy efficiency. Here composites will continue to play an increasingly important role. New composite materials, defined in their broadest sense, will play a pivotal role in the development of highly energy efficient technologies, products and services and further research into the material&rsquo;s own sustainability and recyclability suggests that the community still has a number of substantial intellectual challenges ahead.</p>\n<p>We have over 1100 delegates registered for this conference; from academia, research institutes and industry, and presenters and authors from over 50 countries across the three ICCM world regions. This should make for an exciting and vibrant meeting of minds!</p>\n<p>The full ICCM23 program is printed in this book and is also available on the ICCM23 app and the ICCM23 website. Here you will find information on the conference venue and the location of session rooms, exhibition area, lunch and coffee breaks, and information on our conference sponsors. The ICCM23 conference proceedings contain the full abstract, full paper or PowerPoint presentation, and are accessible through the app or website.</p>\n<p>Throughout the conference, updates pertaining to events and practical matters will be communicated digitally through notifications on both our website and the dedicated Conference app. Please also make a habit of checking the digital notice boards located outside each session room to stay informed about any unexpected adjustments to the schedule. Should you require any support during the conference, don't hesitate to reach out to the ICCM23 team. There will be assistants readily available in every session room to provide assistance.</p>\n<p>Finally, bringing a conference of this size and scope together, would not be possible without the support of a dedicated team. I would like to give a heartfelt thanks to my Technical Chair, Conor McCarthy, our conference partner, CPI, and the organisation support teams from Queen&rsquo;s University Belfast and University of Limerick. Thanks also to the UK/Ireland Local Organising Committee, the International Scientific Committee, reviewers, and student volunteers.</p>\n<p>Conference Chair</p>\n<p>Brian G. Falzon</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>",
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