D4.1 VERITY Synthesis Report: Mapping the New Ecosystem of Trust in Science in a Changing Research Environment

Deliverable 4.1 seeks to establish VERITY’s approach to trust in science and unravel what drives trust in science, whom the public trust, and how this trust can be cultivated from an ecosystemic perspective by synthesising insights from a broad spectrum of data collected across WP1 to 3. 

VERITY conceptualises trust in science as a nuanced and complex phenomenon based on relationships between trusters (a diverse group of members of the public) and trustees (individual or collective science actors). We recognise that this relationship is challenged by the fact that the Ecosystem of Trust in science is changing, and trust is moving into the hands of the many. In this new state of affairs, trust is co-governed by 'new' stakeholders as Stewards of Trust having a critical role and responsibility in nurturing trust in science through science production, education, communication, policy, funding and advocacy, implementation, oversight and protection as well as science-society facilitation and citizen science. Their roles and responsibilities emanate from either their mandate and mission, or their de facto power and influence. 

Based on thematic analysis and coding of all relevant deliverables, our analysis reveals that trust in science hinges on several factors. At its core, people value the integrity and quality of scientific research. Yet, trust extends beyond just the research itself. Effective communication, transparent practices, and equitable distribution of benefits are equally important. In this regard, trust is not merely about scientific results but how they are presented and engaged with by the public.  

• Regarding whom people trust, the answer lies in recognising the vital roles played by various 'Stewards of Trust.' These include, among many other, scientists and researchers, educational institutions, opinion leaders, and policymakers. Each of these actors is pivotal in shaping the public's perception of both science and scientists. They are responsible for fostering open science practices, ensuring ethical research, and engaging inclusively with the public.  

• Concerning how trust can be built, findings suggest that a multi-faceted approach is necessary to ensure public trust in science. Transparent communication, active citizen engagement, and the use of innovative methods such as gamification and e-learning are identified. These strategies help in making science more accessible and relevant, thereby strengthening public confidence.  

VERITY findings analysis validates the concept of the 'five machines of trust', i.e. research integrity, research ethics, co-creation, technology assessment, and benefit sharing proposed by the project to frame the main institutionalised mechanisms that contribute to trust in science. Additionally, it underlines the importance of science communication and science education, which act as key trust drivers in science. This deliverable also identifies that mistrust often arises from perceived biases in research design, lack of transparency, and insufficient public involvement. As a cross-cutting issue, VERITY emphasise the collaborative nature of science and trust. Thus, we argue for an individual responsibility of scientific actors and shared responsibility of scientific community for nurturing trust in science through building and strengthening inclusive and meaningful relationships within the science ecosystem.