Table 2. Synopsis of the most useful characters and information for diagnosis of subfamilies and genera

Character	Marseniopsinae	Hainotinae	Velutininae	Lamellariinae	Calyptoconcha	Variolipallium	Pacifica	Djiboutia	Coriocella	Lamellaria	Marsenia	Marseniella
External morphology
Shape	Flat or dome	Dome shaped;	Flat or	Flat or dome	Flat or dome	Flat or dome	Flat or	Flat or	Dome	Flat or	Flat or	Flat; outline
	shaped; outline	outline	dome	shaped; out-	shaped; out-	shaped; out-	dome	dome	shaped;	dome shaped;	dome	rounded
	rounded or pol-	rounded or	shaped;	line rounded	line rounded	line rounded	shaped;	shaped;	outline	outline	shaped;
	ygonal	polygonal	outline	or polygonal		or polygonal	outline	outline	rounded,	rounded	outline
			rounded				rounded	rounded	two to six		rounded
									warts
Size (cm)	0.5–11.5	0.5–5.0	0.5–11.0	0.5–10.0	1–4	0.5–3.0	0.5–1.0	0.5-3.3	1.5–8.5	0.3–1.1	0.3–10	2.2
Mantle	Fused or	Fused	Fused or	Fused or	Fused	Fused or	Fused	Fused	Fused	Fused	Fused or	Fused
	dorsal fissure		not fused	dorsal fissure		dorsal fissure					dorsal fis-
											sure
Shell
Shape	Ear shaped	Ear shaped	Ear, shield	Ear shaped	Ear shaped	Ear shaped	Ear	Ear shaped	Ear shaped	Ear shaped	Ear shaped	Ear shaped,
			or cap				shaped					last whorl
			shaped									detached
												from spire
Spire	High	High	Low or	Low or high	High	High	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low or	Low
			high								high
Thickness	Very thin	Thin or very	Moderately	Thin or very	Very thin	Very thin	Very thin	Thin or very	Thin	Thin	Thin	Thin
		thin	thin or	thin				thin
			thin
Texture	Weak to mem-	Weak	Strong to	Strong to	Weak to mem-	Weak to mem-	Weak	Weak	Strong to	Weak	Weak	Membran-
	branaceous		weak	membranaceus	branaceous	branaceous			moderate			aceous
Periostracum	Thin to not vis-	Thin to mod-	Moderately	Thin to not vis-	Not visible	Not visible	Not visible	Not visible	Thin	Not visible	Not visible	?
	ible	erately	or well	ible
		developed,	developed,
		hairy	occasion-
			ally hairy
Nucleous	With or without	?	With or	Subsutural	Smooth	Subsutural	Subsutural	Subsutural	Subsutural	Subsutural	Subsutural	?
	granular sculp-		without	axial folds		axial folds	axial folds	axial folds	axial folds	axial folds	axial folds
	ture		granular
			sculpture
Radula
Formula	2:1:1:1:2	2:1:1:1:2	2:1:1:1:2	0:1:1:1:0	0:1:1:1:0	0:1:1:1:0	0:1:1:1:0	0:1:1:1:0	0:1:1:1:0	0:1:1:1:0	0:1:1:1:0	0:1:1:1:0
Rachidian	Elongated.Base	Elongated.	Squared.	Elongated.	Elong-	Elongated.	Elongated.	Elongated.	Elongated.	Elongated.	Elongated.	Elongated.
	rectangular.	Base rect-	Base	Base with	ated.Base	Base bifur-	Base bi-	Base bifur-	Base bi-	Base bifur-	Base bi-	Base bi-
	Cusp, three to	angular.	broad.	or without	squared.	cated.Cusp,	furcated.	cated.Cusp	furcated.	cated.Cusp,	furcated.	furcated.
	four small to	Cusp, two	Cusp with	bifurcation.	Cusp, several	few to several	Cusp,	smooth,	Cusp, sev-	few to sev-	Cusp, sev-	Cusp, sev-
	pronounced	denticles	or without	Cusp with or	small dent-	very small to	three or	slim	eral small	eral small	eral dent-	eral dent-
	denticles, each	each side	one to	without sev-	icles	pronounced	four long		denticles	denticles,	icles	icles
	side		six pro-	eral denticles		denticles	denticles			right side
			nounced				each side
			denticles
			each side
Lateral	Elongated.Cusp	Elongated.	Squared or	Elongated.Cusp	Elongated.	Elongated.	Elongated.	Elongated.	Elongated.	Elongated.	Elongated.	Elongated.
	triangular,	Cusp ex-	elongated.	external, with	Cusp tri-	Cusp tri-	Cusp tri-	Cusp bold,	Cusp	Cusp bold,	Cusp tri-	Cusp tri-
	external.Dent-	ternal.Dent-	Cusp tri-	or without	angular	angular	angular	smooth,	bold, ex-	external,	angular,	angular,
	icles: two or	icles: one	angular,	bold, with	external.	external.	external.	external.	ternal, tri-	smooth.	external.	external.
	three small to	internal; two	internal or	or without	Denticles:	Denticles: few	Denticles:	Truncated	angular.	Truncated	Denticles:	Denticles:
	pronounced,	external.	external.	internal trun-	several small,	to several,	four to	projection	Denticles:	projection	several,	several,
	internal; one		Denticles:	cated projec-	both sides	very small to	seven,	internal,	small,	internal, sev-	both sides	both sides
	or two small to		one to six,	tion.Denticles:		pronounced,	long, both	smooth	external.	eral small
	large, external		both sides	with or		both sides or	sides		Truncated	denticles,
				without both		internal side			projection,	distal side
				or internal					internal,
				side					small
									denticles,
									distal side
Marginal	Narrow,	Narrow, one	Narrow,	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
	smooth	small den-	with or
		ticle, internal	without
		side	one small
			denticle,
			internal
			side
Jaws
Shape	Elongated	Elongated.	Short to	Short to	Short.Small,	Short to	Short.Ex-	Short	Elongated	Short to	Short to	Short
		Denticles	elongated.	elongated	vertical, cen-	elongated	ternal,			elongated	elongated
			Denticles		tral protru-		upper
					sion		side pro-
							trusion