"source_id","source_details","source_notes","source_doi"
1,"Galbán-Malagón C, Cabrerizo A, Caballero G, Dachs J (2013) Atmospheric occurrence and deposition of hexachlorobenzene and hexachlorocyclohexanes in the Southern Ocean and Antarctic Peninsula. Atmospheric Environment 80:41-49","Despite the distance of Antarctica and the Southern Ocean to primary source regions of organochlorine pesticides, such as hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), these organic pollutants are found in this remote region due to long range atmospheric transport and deposition. This study reports the gas- and aerosol-phase concentrations of a-HCH, g-HCH, and HCB in the atmosphere from the Weddell, South Scotia and Bellingshausen Seas. The atmospheric samples were obtained in two sampling cruises in 2008 and 2009, and in a third sampling campaign at Livingston Island (2009) in order to quantify the potential secondary sources of HCHs and HCB due to volatilization from Antarctic soils and snow. The gas phase concentrations of HCHs and HCB are low, and in the order of very few pg m/3 a-HCH and g-HCH concentrations were higher when the air mass back trajectory was coming from the Antarctic continent, consistent with net volatilization fluxes of g-HCH measured at Livingston Island being a significant secondary source to the regional atmosphere. In addition, the Southern ocean is an important net sink of HCHs, and to minor extent of HCB, due to high diffusive air-to-water fluxes. These net absorption fluxes for HCHs are presumably due to the role of bacterial degradation, depleting the water column concentrations of HCHs in surface waters and driving an airewater disequilibrium. This is the first field study that has investigated the coupling between the atmospheric occurrence of HCHs and HCB, the simultaneous airewater exchange, soil/snow-air exchange, and long range transport of organic pollutants in Antarctica and the Southern Ocean.","https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.07.061"
2,"Bengtson Nash SM, Wild SJ, Hawker DW, Cropp RA, Hung H, Wania F, Xiao H, Bohlin-Nizzetto P, Bignert A, Broomhall S (2017) Persistent organic pollutants in the East Antarctic atmosphere: Inter-annual observations from 2010 to 2015 using high-flow-through passive sampling. Environmental Science and Technology 51:13929-13937","In the first multiyear sampling effaort for POPs in the eastern Antarctic atmosphere, 32 PCBs and 38 organochlorine pesticides were targeted in air collected with a high-flow-through passive sampler. Agricultural chemicals were found to dominate atmospheric profiles, in particular HCB and endosulfan-I, with average concentrations of 12 600 and 550 fg/m 3 , respectively. HCB showed higher concentrations in the austral summer, indicative of local, temperature-dependent volatilisation, while endosulfan-I appeared to show fresh, late-austral-summer input followed by temporally decreasing levels throughout the year. The current-use herbicide, trifluralin, and the legacy pesticides mirex and toxaphene, were detected in Antarctic air for the first time. Trifluralin was observed at low but increasing levels over the five-year period. Its detection in the Antarctic atmosphere provides evidence of its persistence and long-range environmental transport capability. While a time frame of five years exceeds the duration of most Antarctic air monitoring efforts, it is projected that continuous monitoring at the decadal scale is required to detect an annual 10% change in atmospheric concentrations of key analytes. This finding emphasizes the importance of continuous, long-term monitoring efforts in polar regions, that serve a special role as sentinel environments of hemispheric chemical usage trends.","https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b04224"
3,"Corsolini S, Metzdorff A, Baroni, D., Roscales, J.L., Jiménez, B., Cerro-Gálvez, E., Dachs, J., Galbán-Malagón, C., Audy, O., Kohoutek, J., Přibylova, P., Poblete-Morales, M., Avendaño-Herrera, R., Bergami, E., Pozo, K. (2020) Legacy and novel flame retardants from indoor dust in Antarctica: Sources and human exposure. Environmental Research 196","The air humidity in Antarctica is very low and this peculiar weather parameter make the use of flame retardants in research facilities highly needed for safety reasons, as fires are a major risk. Legacy and novel flame retardants (nFRs) including polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), 1,2-bis(2,4,6- tribromophenoxy) ethane (BTBPE), Dechlorane Plus (DP), and other nFRs were measured in indoor dust samples collected at research Stations in Antarctica: Gabriel de Castilla, Spain (GCS), Julio Escudero, Chile (JES), and onboard the RRS James Clark Ross, United Kingdom (RRS JCR). The GC-HRMS and LC-MS-MS analyses of dust samples revealed Σ 7PBDEs of 41.5 ± 43.8 ng/g in rooms at GCS, 18.7 ± 11.6 ng/g at JES, and 27.2 ± 37.9 ng/g onboard the RRS JCR. PBDE pattern was different between the sites and most abundant congeners were BDE-183 (40%) at GCS, BDE-99 (50%) at JES, and BDE-153 (37%) onboard the RRS JCR. The Σ (4)HBCDs were 257 ± 407 ng/g, 14.9 ± 14.5 ng/g, and 761 ± 1043 ng/g in indoor dust collected in rooms at GCS, JES, and RRS JCR, respectively. The Σ 9nFRs were 224 ± 178 ng/g at GCS, 14.1 ± 13.8 ng/g at JES, and 194 ± 392 ng/g on the RRS JCR. Syn- and anti-DP were detected in most of the samples and both isomers showed the highest concentrations at GCS: 163 ± 93.6 and 48.5 ± 61.1 ng/g, respectively. The laboratory and living room showed the highest concentration of HBCDs, DPs, BTBPE. The wide variations in FR levels in dust from the three research facilities and between differently used rooms reflect the different origin of furnishing, building materials and equipment. The potential health risk associated to a daily exposure via dust ingestion was assessed for selected FRs: BDEs 47, 99, and 153, α-, β-, and γ-HBCD, BTBPE, syn- and anti-DP. Although the estimated exposures are below the available reference doses, caution is needed given the expected increasing use of novel chemicals without a comprehensive toxicological profile.","https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2020.110344"
4,"Wild, S., Eulaers, I., Covaci, A., Bossi, R., Hawker, D., Cropp, R., Southwell, C., Emmerson, L., Lepoint, G., Eisenmann, P., Nash, S.B.(2022) South polar skua (Catharacta maccormicki) as biovectors for long-range transport of persistent organic pollutants to Antarctica. Environmental Pollution 292","Migratory bird species may serve as vectors of contaminants to Antarctica through the local deposition of guano,egg abandonment, or mortality. To further investigate this chemical input pathway, we examined the contaminantburdens and profiles of the migratory South polar skua (Catharacta maccormicki) and compared them to theendemic Ad´elie penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae). A range of persistent organic pollutants were targeted in muscle andguano to facilitate differentiation of likely exposure pathways. A total of 56 of 65 targeted analytes were detectedin both species, but there were clear profile and magnitude differences between the species. The South polar skuaand Ad´elie penguin muscle tissue burdens were dominated by p,p′ -dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (mean 5600 ng g􀀀 1 lw and 330 ng g􀀀 1 lw respectively) and hexachlorobenzene (mean 2500 ng g􀀀 1 lw and 570 ng g􀀀 1 lwrespectively), a chemical profile characteristic of the Antarctic and Southern Ocean region. Species profile differences, indicative of exposure at different latitudes, were observed for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), withlower chlorinated congeners and deca-chlorinated PCB-209 detected in South polar Skua, but not in Ad´elie penguins. Notably, the more recently used perfluoroalkyl substances and the brominated flame retardants, hexabromocyclododecane and tetrabromobisphenol A, were detected in both species. This finding suggests local exposure, given the predicted slow and limited long-range environmental transport capacity of these compounds to the eastern Antarctic sector.","https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118358"
5,"Morales, P., Roscales, J.L., Muñoz-Arnanz, J., Barbosa, A., Jiménez, B. (2022) Evaluation of PCDD/Fs, PCBs and PBDEs in two penguin species from Antarctica. Chemosphere 286","Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) are a global threat, but impacts of these chemicals upon remote areas such as Antarctica remain unclear. Penguins can be useful species to assess the occurrence of POPs in Antarctic food webs. This work’s aim was the evaluation of polychlorodibenzo-p-dioxins and furans (PCDD/Fs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in eggs of two penguin species, chinstrap (Pygoscelis antarticus) and gentoo penguins (Pygoscelis papua), breeding in the South Shetland Islands. Results showed a common pattern in POP levels regardless of the species, characterized by a major abundance of PCBs (98 %), followed by PBDEs (1–2%) and PCDD/Fs (<1 %). Concentrations of POPs in chinstrap and gentoo penguin eggs were 482 and 3250 pg/g l.w., respectively. PCBs, PBDEs and PCDD/Fs were found at higher concentrations in chinstrap penguin eggs, being these differences significant for PBDEs. Interspecies differences in POP levels agree well with potential trophic position differences among species due to changes in prey composition and foraging areas. POP profiles were dominated by congeners with a low degree of halogenation. Our results therefore suggest similar sources of POPs in the food webs exploited by both species and in both cases attributable to the long-range transportation rather than to the presence of local sources of POPs. TEQs were found between 1.38 and 7.33 pg/g l.w. and followed the pattern non-ortho dl- PCBs > PCDFs > PCDDs > mono-ortho dl-PCBs. TEQ values were lower than the threshold level for harmful effects in birds of 210 pg/g WHO-TEQ/g l.w.","https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131871"
6,"Ríos, J.M., Mammana, S.B., Moreira, E., Poma, G., Malarvannan, G., Barrera-Oro, E., Covaci, A., Ciocco, N.F., Altamirano, J.C (2021)Accumulation of PBDEs and MeO-PBDEs in notothenioid fish from the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica: An interspecies comparative study. Marine Pollution Bulletin 168","Concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and methoxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers
(MeO-PBDEs); are reported in specimens of fish notothenioids Chaenocephalus aceratus (SSI), Trematomus bernacchii
(ERN), and Nototheniops nudifrons (NOD) from the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. Significant differences
in the accumulation of 2′ -MeO-BDE-68 and 6-MeO-BDE-47 were detected among the analysed species.
MeO-BDEs were significantly higher in SSI (11.7, 8.6, and 14.1 ng g􀀀 1 lw) than in NOD (1.63, 1.63, and 3.0 ng
g􀀀 1 lw) in muscle, liver, and gill, respectively. Feeding ecology traits explain the accumulation patterns of MeOPBDEs.
SSI has a higher feeding activity with a broader diet, followed by ERN, whereas NOD is a benthic/
sedentary fish with a narrower diet. The accumulation of PBDEs was neither species-, nor tissue-specific. The
current study expands the knowledge concerning the accumulation of PBDEs and MeO-PBDEs in Antarctic
marine fish and supports the importance of species-specificity in the accumulation of MeO-PBDEs.","https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112453"
7,"Bengtson Nash, S.M., Wild, S., Broomhall, S., Bohlin-Nizzetto, P.(2021) Brominated flame retardants in antarctic air in the vicinity of two all-year research stations. Atmosphere 12","Continuous atmospheric sampling was conducted between 2010–2015 at Casey station in
Wilkes Land, Antarctica, and throughout 2013 at Troll Station in Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica.
Sample extracts were analyzed for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and the naturally
converted brominated compound, 2,4,6-Tribromoanisole, to explore regional profiles. This represents
the first report of seasonal resolution of PBDEs in the Antarctic atmosphere, and we describe conspicuous
differences in the ambient atmospheric concentrations of brominated compounds observed
between the two stations. Notably, levels of BDE-47 detected at Troll station were higher than those
previously detected in the Antarctic or Southern Ocean region, with a maximum concentration of
7800 fg/m3. Elevated levels of penta-formulation PBDE congeners at Troll coincided with local
building activities and subsided in the months following completion of activities. The latter provides
important information for managers of National Antarctic Programs for preventing the release of
persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic substances in Antarctica.","https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12060668"
8,"Souza, J.S., Pacyna-Kuchta, A.D., Teixeira da Cunha, L.S., Costa, E.S., Niedzielski, P., Machado Torres, J.P. (2021) Interspecific and intraspecific variation in organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls using non-destructive samples from Pygoscelis penguins. Environmental Pollution 275.","As humans are present in Antarctica only for scientific and tourism-related purposes, it is often describedas a pristine region. However, studies have identified measurable levels of Persistent Organic Pollutants(POPs), such as organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), in the Antarcticregion. These are highly toxic anthropogenic compounds with tendency to travel long distances andreach remote environments, where they can bioaccumulate in the biota. Penguins are exposed to POPsmainly through their diet, which they partially eliminate via feathers. Species of the genusPygoscelisoccur around Antarctic continent and its surrounding regions, and can act as indicators of contaminantsthat reach the continent. Here, we report OCP and PCB levels in feathers of male and female penguins ofP. adeliae, P. antarcticusandP. papuafrom King George Island, South Shetland Islands, Antarctica.Interspecific, sex- and body-size-related differences were investigated in the contamination profiles ofPCBs and OCPs. Feather samples were collected from adult penguins (n¼41). Quantification of com-pounds was performed by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The threePygoscelisspeciespresented similar contamination profiles, with higher concentrations of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane(PDDT; 1.56e3.82 ng g_x0002_1dw), lighter PCB congeners (PPCB: 11.81e18.65 ng g_x0002_1dw) and HCB (hexa-chlorobenzene: 1.65e4.06 ng g_x0002_1dw). Amongst the three penguin species,P. antarcticushad lower andP. papuahigher concentrations of most of the compounds identified. We found interspecific differencesin POPs accumulation as well as sex differences in POP concentrations. Our data indicate a small butsignificant positive correlation between body size and the concentrations of some compounds. Despitethe overall low concentrations found, this study increases knowledge of the occurrence of POPs inAntarctic penguins, thereby reinforcing concerns that Antarctica, although remote and perceived to beprotected, is not free from the impact of anthropogenic pollutants.","https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116590"
9,"Sun, H., Li, Y., Hao, Y., Zhu, Y., Yang, R., Wang, P., Zhang, Q., Jiang, G.(2020) Bioaccumulation and Trophic Transfer of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers and Their Hydroxylated and Methoxylated Analogues in Polar Marine Food Webs. Environmental Science and Technology 54:15086-15096","Arctic and Antarctic marine ecosystems, which are
important components of global biodiversity, have been severely
threatened by environmental pollutants in recent decades. In this
study, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and their
hydroxylated and methoxylated analogues (OH-PBDEs and
MeO-PBDEs) were analyzed in seawater, sediment, and marine
organisms (algae, invertebrates, and fishes) collected surrounding
the Arctic Yellow River Station (n = 83) and the Antarctic Great
Wall Station (n = 72). PBDEs and the analogues were detectable in
all polar marine matrices, except MeO-PBDEs in seawater. The
concentrations of ∑PBDEs, ∑MeO-PBDEs, and ∑OH-PBDEs in
the marine organisms were in the range of 0.33−16 ng/g lipid
weight (lw), n.d.−2.6 ng/g lw, and 0.12−2.3 ng/g lw in the Arctic
and 0.06−31 ng/g lw, n.d.−5.8 ng/g lw, and 0.17−35 ng/g lw in Antarctica, respectively. Biota-sediment bioaccumulation factor
(BSAF, g TOC/g lipid) values of MeO-PBDEs (0.002−0.14) and OH-PBDEs (0.004−0.18) were lower than the BSAF values of
PBDEs (0.85−12). Trophic magnification was found for ∑MeO-PBDEs, whereas trophic dilution was observed for ∑OH-PBDEs
in both regions. This is one of very few investigations on trophic transfer of PBDE metabolites in the Antarctic and Arctic regions
and will further strengthen concerns about the ecological risk of PBDE metabolites in remote areas.","https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c05427"
10,"Deng, Z., Li, X., Chen, C., Zhang, N., Zhou, H., Wang, H., Han, X., Zhang, C. (2020) Distribution characteristics and environmental fate of PCBs in marine sediments at different latitudinal regions: Insights from congener profiles. Marine Pollution Bulletin 161.","Sediments were sampled from Hangzhou Bay (HB), the South China Sea (SCS), and Antarctica (AZ) to better 
understand the distribution characteristics and environmental fate of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) at dif_x0002_ferent latitudes. Numerous PCB congeners (68) were detected among the sampling sites, supporting the ubiquity 
of PCB congeners. High and low chlorinated congeners dominated the PCB profiles of AZ and SCS, respectively, 
whereas the PCB homologues were evenly distributed in the HB. As a fraction of low chlorinated PCBs originates 
from an exogenous input, the low mean ratios of ∑Tetra-CBs to ∑PCBs and ∑Tetra-CBs to the sum of ∑Tri- and 
∑Di-CBs suggest that microbial transformation of PCBs is weak in marine surface sediments, if any occurs at all. 
Furthermore, PCB contamination levels in marine sediments may be primarily influenced by latitude rather than 
pollution sources. Thus, the findings of this study suggest that Antarctica is becoming a prospective hotspot for 
PCBs","https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111710"
11,"Wu, X., Chen, A., Yuan, Z., Kang, H., Xie, Z. (2020) Atmospheric organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the Antarctic marginal seas: Distribution, sources and transportation. Chemosphere 258","From November 2013 to March 2014, air samples were collected in the Antarctic marginal seas during the
30th Chinese Antarctic research expedition. Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated bi_x0002_phenyls (PCBs) were analyzed in these samples. The mean concentrations were observed for hexa_x0002_chlorobenzene (HCB) >SPCBs >Shexachlorocyclohexanes(HCHs) >Sdichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane
(DDTs)>Schlordanes. High levels of HCB were found near east Antarctica and in the Ross Sea, reflecting
the re-emission of HCB from environmental reservoirs of these regions. Parent DDTs (p,p’- and o,p’-DDT)
were rarely detected, suggesting that atmospheric DDT was predominantly influencedby weathered DDT
from some secondarysources. However, fresh inputs of DDTs could not be excluded because there were
still some samples with high proportions of parent DDTs. HCHs only were detected in the South Indian
Ocean (near Australia), andthis result might be related to the intense emissions of HCHs from southern
Australia. Ratios of trans-chlordane/cis-chlordanein most samples were lower than that in technical
chlordane, reflecting the main influence of weathered chlordane. High levels of SPCBs were found in the
Ross Sea, suggesting an intense re-emission of PCBs. Furthermore, atmospheric PCBs near the Antarctic
Peninsula were also relatively high, this finding might be attributed to the emissions of PCBs from nearby
Antarctic research stations. Comparing with the Arctic, transport of OCPs and PCBs towards Antarctica is
more difficult. The Antarctic marginal seas would act as both barriers and “buffer zones”during the
transportation processes","https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127359"
12,"Lewis, P.J., McGrath, T.J., Emmerson, L., Allinson, G., Shimeta, J. (2020) Adélie penguin colonies as indicators of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in East Antarctica. Chemosphere 250.","While persistent organic pollutant (POP) contamination within Antarctica is largely caused by long-range
atmospheric transport (LRAT), Antarctic research bases have been shown to be local sources of POPs such
as brominated flame retardants (BFRs). This study compared concentrations of seven polybrominated
diphenyl ethers (PBDE) congeners and five novel flame retardants (NBFRs) found in Ad_x0001_elie penguin
(Pygoscelis adeliae) colony soils near the Australian research stations, Mawson and Davis, to assess the
stations as local sources of these contaminants and provide a much needed baseline for contamination of
BFRs in East Antarctica. Soil samples (n ¼ 46) were collected from Ad_x0001_elie colonies at close proximity to
the research stations as well as further afield during the 2016-17 austral summer. Samples were analysed
using selective pressurised liquid extraction (S-PLE) and gas chromatography coupled to tandem mass
spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). PBDEs (BDE-28, -47, -99, -100, -153, -154 and -183) were detected in 45/46
samples with P7PBDE concentrations ranging from <0.01 to 1.63 ng/g dry weight (dw) and NBFRs
(2,3,4,5,6-pentabromotoluene (PBT), 2,3,4,5,6-pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB), hexabromobenzene
(HBB), 2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (EH-TBB) and bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy) ethane
(BTBPE)) detected in 20/46 samples, with a range of P5NBFR from not detected (ND) to 0.16 ng/g dw.
Soils taken from around the Davis and Mawson research stations were more highly contaminated
(n ¼ 10) than penguin colonies (n ¼ 27) and control areas not affiliated with breeding seabirds (n ¼ 8).
The most common congener detected was BDE-99, reflecting inputs from LRAT. However, the congener
profiles of station soils supported the hypothesis that research stations are a local source of PBDEs to the
Antarctic environment. In addition, the NBFR pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB) was quantified for the
first time in Antarctic soils, providing essential information for baseline contamination within the region and highlighting the need for ongoing monitoring as global regulations for the use of BFRs continuously change.","https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126320"
13,"Bhardwaj, L.K., Jindal, T. (2020) Persistent Organic Pollutants in Lakes of Grovnes Peninsula at Larsemann Hill Area, East Antarctica. Earth Systems and Environment 4.","Due to various scientifc expeditions and tourism, there has been an increase in anthropogenic activities during the past 2–3 
decades in Antarctica. Moreover, global contamination due to several freshly introduced chemicals like pesticides is on use 
since the previous century and even several issues contribute to pollution in Antarctica. Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) 
are persistent in nature and include some pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and dioxins. Due to volatile nature, 
these pollutants are transported across the earth by the “grasshopper efect”. During a 34th Indian Scientifc Expedition to 
Antarctica in the austral summer of December 2014 to February 2015, a total of forty-fve water samples from ffteen diferent 
lakes was collected from Grovnes peninsula, Larsemann Hill, East Antarctica. In these samples, twenty-seven compounds of 
POPs were estimated. POP’
s level was found in the water samples from 10.00 to 75.00 pg/mL in diferent lakes. Occurrence 
of p,p′-DDT was identifed in all lakes, but maximum concentration was found in L1E NG lake. This research confrms that 
Grovnes peninsula has a trace level of POPs and it is the initial state and needs to investigate further to preserve the pristine 
Antarctica. This manuscript provides an overview of the available sample preparation methods, analytical techniques and 
the concentration of POPs in the lakes of the Grovnes peninsula in a Larsemann Hill area, East Antarctica.","https://doi.org/10.1007/s41748-020-00154-w"
14,"Krasnobaev, A., Ten Dam, G., Boerrigter-Eenling, R., Peng, F., Van Leeuwen, S.P.J., Morley, S.A., Peck, L.S., Van Den Brink, N.W. (2020) Legacy and Emerging Persistent Organic Pollutants in Antarctic Benthic Invertebrates near Rothera Point, Western Antarctic Peninsula. Environmental Science and Technology 54.","Pollutant levels in polar regions are gaining progressively more
attention from the scientific community. This is especially so for pollutants that
persist in the environment and can reach polar latitudes via a wide range of routes,
such as some persistent organic pollutants (POPs). In this study, samples of
Antarctic marine benthic organisms were analyzed for legacy and emerging POPs
(polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs),
and organochlorine pesticides) to comprehensively assess their current POP
concentrations and infer the potential sources of the pollutants. Specimens of five
benthic invertebrate species were collected at two distinct locations near Rothera
research station on the Antarctic Peninsula (67°35′8 ̋S and 68°7′59 ̋W). Any
impact of the nearby Rothera station as a local source of pollution appeared to be
negligible. The most abundant chemicals detected were hexachlorobenzene
(HCB) and BDE-209. The highest concentrations detected were in limpets and
sea urchins, followed by sea stars, ascidians, and sea cucumbers. The relative congener patterns of PCBs and PBDEs were similar in
all of the species. Some chemicals (e.g., heptachlor, oxychlordane, and mirex) were detected in the Antarctic invertebrates for the
first time. Statistical analyses revealed that the distribution of the POPs was not only driven by the feeding traits of the species but
also by the physicochemical properties of the specific compounds.","https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b06622"
15,"Taniguchi, S., Colabuono, F.I., Dalla Rosa, L., Secchi, E.R., da Silva, J., Maia, D.A., Montone, R.C. (2019) Persistent organic pollutants in blubber of fin whales (Balaenoptera physalus) from the Southern Ocean. Marine Pollution Bulletin 145.","Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) were analyzed in eighteen blubber samples biopsied from fin whales
(Balaenoptera physalus) during the feeding season near the Antarctic Peninsula in the summer of 2013. POP
content (in ng g−1 lipid weight) ranged from 46.4 to 708 for polychlorinated biphenyls (ΣPCBs), 6.77 to 123 for
hexachlorobenzene (HCB), 10.1 to 489 for dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and derivatives (ΣDDTs), 5.38 to
52.8 for hexachlorocyclohexanes (ΣHCH) and<0.40 to 2.54 for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (ΣPBDEs). The
presence of those compounds in Southern Ocean fin whales is related to long-range transport and their diet based
mainly on euphausiids (krill). Their contents were much lower compared to the same species in other locations,
especially in the Northern Hemisphere, presumably due to differences in trophic position and the proximity of
POP sources and contamination of prey items.","https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.05.045"
16,"Aznar-Alemany, Ò., Yang, X., Alonso, M.B., Costa, E.S., Torres, J.P.M., Malm, O., Barceló, D., Eljarrat, E. (2019) Preliminary study of long-range transport of halogenated flame retardants using Antarctic marine mammals. Science of the Total Environment 650: 1889-1897.","Eight PBDE congeners, three emerging brominated flame retardants, five dechloranes and eight MeO-PBDEs
were monitored in tissues (muscular, adipose, brain) and fur of southern elephant seal and Antarctic fur seal of
the South Shetland Islands, Antarctic Peninsula. Total PBDEs and total dechloranes concentrations ranged
between n.d.–6 ng/g lw. While PBDEs were not detected in brain tissue, Dec 602 was found in brain tissue of
both seal species indicating that dechloranes —with potential neurological toxicity— could cross the bloodbrain
barrier. Emerging brominated flame retardants were not detected in any sample and only two MeOPBDEs,
which are of natural origin, were found. The presence of the detected compounds in biota from the
Antarctic evidences their long-range transportation, being of special interest the detection of emerging
compounds such as dechloranes. This is the first time that these contaminants have been detected in marine
mammals from the Antarctic. BDE-47 concentrations were lower than previously reported for the same species,
suggesting a successful effect of the existing regulation and bans on PBDEs.
Capsule abstract: Halogenated flame retardants were in tissues of Antarctic seals proving long-range transport.
Dechloranes showed similar behaviour to PBDEs, additionally they crossed the BBB.","https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.287"
17,"Gao, X., Huang, C., Rao, K., Xu, Y., Huang, Q., Wang, F., Ma, M., Wang, Z. (2018) Occurrences, sources, and transport of hydrophobic organic contaminants in the waters of Fildes Peninsula, Antarctica. Environmental Pollution 24: 950-958.","Occurrences, sources, and transport of hydrophobic organic
contaminants in the waters of Fildes Peninsula, Antarctica","https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.06.025"
18,"Markham, E., Brault, E.K., Khairy, M., Robuck, A.R., Goebel, M.E., Cantwell, M.G., Dickhut, R.M., Lohmann, R. (2018) Time Trends of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) in Antarctic Biota. ACS Omega 3: 6595-6604.","Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are “emerged”
contaminants that were produced and used as flame retardants in numerous
consumer and industrial applications for decades until banned. They remain
ubiquitously present in the environment today. Here, a unique set of >200
biotic samples from the Antarctic was analyzed for PBDEs, including
phytoplankton, krill, fish, and fur seal milk, spanning several sampling seasons
over 14 years. PBDE-47 and -99 were the dominant congeners determined in
all samples, constituting >60% of total PBDEs. A temporal trend was
observed for ∑7PBDE concentrations in fur seal milk, where concentrations
significantly increased (R2 = 0.57, p < 0.05) over time (2000−2014). Results
for krill and phytoplankton also suggested increasing PBDE concentrations
over time. Trends of PBDEs in fur seal milk of individual seals sampled 1 or
more years apart showed no clear temporal trends. Overall, there was no
indication of PBDEs decreasing in Antarctic biota yet, whereas numerous
studies have reported decreasing trends in the northern hemisphere. Similar PBDE concentrations in perinatal versus
nonperinatal milk implied the importance of local PBDE sources for bioaccumulation. These results indicate the need for
continued assessment of contaminant trends, such as PBDEs, and their replacements, in Antarctica","https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.8b00440"
19,"Ko, F.-C., Pan, W.-L., Cheng, J.-O., Chen, T.-H., Kuo, F.-W., Kao, S.-J., Chang, C.-W., Ho, H.-C., Wang, W.-H., Fang, L.-S. (2018) Persistent organic pollutants in Antarctic notothenioid fish and invertebrates associated with trophic levels. PLoS ONE 13: 1-11.","Notothenioid fish and invertebrate samples from Antarctica were collected in the austral
summer of 2009, and analyzed for persistent organic pollutants (POPs), including polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), and polybrominated
diphenylethers (PBDEs), as well as δ13C and δ15N stable isotopes for trophic level determi_x0002_nation. In this study, the POP levels in the Antarctic biota samples were found to be ranked
in the following order: OCPs > PAHs >> PBDEs. The POP levels in notothenioid fish and
krill correlate to trophic levels; however, the POP concentrations in intertidal benthic inverte_x0002_brates are higher than in notothenioid fish implying that specific biogeochemical factors may
affect bioaccumulation in the Antarctica ecosystem. Biomagnification of POPs may have a
smaller role than bioconcentration in Antarctica environment. In addition to the source,
transport, exposure, and absorption for each group of POPs in the short food chain in Ant_x0002_arctica, the biological variation among species, interaction habitats, diet and metabolism are
also factors for future studies on contaminant bioaccumulation.","https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0194147"
20,"Strobel, A., Schmid, P., Burkhardt-Holm, P., Segner, H., Zennegg, M. (2018) Persistent organic pollutants in red- and white-blooded High-Antarctic notothenioid fish from the remote Weddell Sea. Chemosphere 193: 213-222.","It has been suggested that High-Antarctic waters, despite their remoteness from human activities, are
impacted by anthropogenic pollution, and that the local biota are accumulating the contaminants. At
present, no data exist on persistent organic pollutant (POP) body burdens for notothenioid fish inhabiting
the High-Antarctic Weddell Sea.
We determined the pollutant load in white muscle tissue of red- and white-blooded notothenoids
from the Weddell Sea (Trematomus loennbergii and Chionodraco hamatus, respectively), and compared
them to our previous measurements of POPs in Low-Antarctic notothenioids.
Analytes included various organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polychlorinated biphenyls (indicator (i)
PCBs, dioxine-like (dl) PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). The analytical concentrations
were converted into 2,3,7,8-TCDD toxic equivalents (TEQs).
Compared to T. loennbergii, C. hamatus had lower levels of b-HCH (0.45 vs. 4.5 ng g_x0003_1 lipid weight), and
S iPCBs (30 vs. 39 ng g_x0003_1 lipid weight), as well as lower levels of S PBDEs (131 vs. 261 ng g_x0003_1 fresh
weight). POP body burdens and TEQs were mostly similar to those of Low-Antarctic notothenioids
analysed previously, and not related to the trophic positions of the species.
The variations in POP levels between and within High- and Low-Antarctic notothenioids only
marginally corresponded to sampling site, ecological differences or trophic levels of the species, and
might rather be related to metabolism or age effects. The present findings suggest that fishes of High_x0002_Antarctic waters, although this area is more remote and less influenced by local human activities, do
not show lower POP body burdens than fishes from Low-Antarctic waters.","https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.11.020"
21,"Jara, S., Celis, J.E., Araneda, A., González, M., Espejo, W., Barra, R. (2018) Assessment of persistent organic pollutants and their relationship with immunoglobulins in blood of penguin colonies from Antarctica. Austral Journal of Veterinary Sciences 50: 43-49.","Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) may affect the immune system of seabirds, and some field studies have examined 
this effect. There are evidences that POPs cause negative effects on the immune system, but in Antarctic penguins data are scarce. In 
order to assess the risks that POPs may have on wild animals, some immunological studies constitute a good alternative. Determining the 
levels of immunoglobulins can deliver relevant information about the potential impact of POPs in seabirds from different environments. 
However, there are very few records in penguins so far. The aim of the present work was to quantify the concentrations of polychlorinated 
biphenyls (PCBs), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (∑DDT), endosulfans, and immunoglobulin IgY in 
blood samples of colonies of chinstrap penguins (Pygoscelis antarctica) that inhabit in the Antarctic Peninsula area. Analysis of 
POPs in blood samples was carried out through extraction with QuEChERS method, followed by gas chromatography. Detection 
of IgY concentrations was achieved by ELISA test, using anti-chicken antibodies. There was some significant correlation between 
immunoglobulin and the presence of PCBs and endosulfans. Even though the levels of these pollutants are low to cause any biological 
effect on the birds, the results are indicating some influence on the IgY concentrations in penguin blood.","https://doi.org/10.4067/s0719-81322018000100108"
22,"Cipro, C.V.Z., Taniguchi, S., Montone, R.C. (2017) Organic Pollutants in Snow and Seasonal Melting Water from King George Island, Antarctica. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 228:149.","Despite its isolation and scarce occupation,
Antarctica is not exempt from the input of contaminants
related to present and past human activities. Several
deleterious compounds, such as the persistent organic
pollutants (POPs) may reach Antarctic ecosystems,
mostly via atmospheric long-range transport and further
deposition. In this context, snow and its seasonal melting
water represent a sink to these pollutants and also the
last compartment before they reach marine primary
producers. In order to assess the concentration of a
selection of organic contaminants, a PDMS headspace
extraction method was chosen due to its improvement in
fieldwork sampling. Samples were collected in King
George Island, during the austral summers from 2007
to 2010. PBDEs and PAHs remained under the method
detection limits in all of the cases, restricting data interpretation
to organochlorine compounds: average ΣHCHs
ranged from 1.46 to 4.17, HCBs from 1.36 to 3.77,
ΣDrins from <0.35 to 4.29, ΣChlordanes from 5.72 to
13.3, ΣDDTs from 4.32 to 24.4, and PCBs from 132 to
156 (always in pg kg−1). Results were, in general, in
agreement with previous literature. Nevertheless, due to
the fact that samples were collected progressively later
into the austral summer, one trend can be noticed: the
sum of the concentrations in both matrixes seems to
decrease, with a proportional increase in snow. Some
exceptions can be remarked, hypothetically linked to the
passage of South American frontal systems. Finally,
results for these two compartments are compatible with
the exposure expected for lower trophic-level organisms
from such ecosystem.","https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-017-3325-5"
23,"Wang, P., Li, Y., Zhang, Q., Yang, Q., Zhang, L., Liu, F., Fu, J., Meng, W., Wang, D., Sun, H., Zheng, S., Hao, Y., Liang, Y., Jiang, G. (2017) Three-year monitoring of atmospheric PCBs and PBDEs at the Chinese Great Wall Station, West Antarctica: Levels, chiral signature, environmental behaviors and source implication. Atmospheric Environment 150: 407-416.","A three-year monitoring campaign (Jan 2011e2014) of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCBs) and poly_x0002_brominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) was conducted using a high-volume air sampler at the Chinese
Great Wall Station in King George Island, West Antarctica. The results showed that the S20PCB and
S27PBDE concentrations (gas þ particle) were 5.87e72.7 pg m_x0003_3 and 0.60e16.1 pg m_x0003_3
, respectively. The
lighter congeners especially PCB-11 (a non-Aroclor congener) dominated S20PCBs, while BDE-209 made
a significant contribution to S27PBDEs apart from the lighter congeners (e.g., BDE-28 and -17). The chiral
signature indicated nonracemic residues of chiral PCBs in the samples, suggesting potential influence of
the secondary source, i.e. air-seawater exchange, on the atropisomer composition of chiral PCBs in air.
Lighter PCBs (excluding PCB-11) showed significant temperature dependence in 2011 and 2012,
reflecting the influence of revolatilization emission from the local surface. However, the shallow slopes of
the regression lines for gaseous concentrations of POPs against reciprocal temperature (1/T) suggested
long-range atmospheric transport (LRAT) as an important pathway for both PCBs and PBDEs into the
Antarctic environment. Furthermore, correlations and ratios between different signature congeners deriving from the technical formulations indicated a local source of Deca-BDE and photodegradation of
higher brominated BDEs. The gas/particle partitioning of POPs was also evaluated and the newly
developed steady-state-based model generally showed a better performance than the equilibrium-state_x0002_based model. However, the former still underestimated the partitioning of most PCBs (log KOA <11) in
particle phase, implying that further optimization is necessary when using it for those compounds with
lower log KOA.","https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.11.036"
24,"Corsolini, S., Ademollo, N., Martellini, T., Randazzo, D., Vacchi, M., Cincinelli, A. (2017) Legacy persistent organic pollutants including PBDEs in the trophic web of the Ross Sea (Antarctica). Chemosphere 185: 699-708.","The ecological features of the Ross Sea trophic web are peculiar and different from other polar food webs,
with respect to the use of habitat and species interactions; due to its ecosystem integrity, it is the world's
largest Marine Protected Area, established in 2016.
Polar organisms are reported to bioaccumulate lipophilic contaminant, viz persistent organic pollut_x0002_ants (POPs). Legacy POPs and flame retardants (polybrominated diphenyl ethers, PBDEs) were studied in
key species of the Ross Sea (Euphausia superba, Pleuragramma antarctica) and their predators (Dis_x0002_sostichus mawsoni, Pygoscelis adeliae, Aptenodytes forsteri, Catharacta maccormicki, Leptonychotes wed_x0002_dellii). Gaschromatography revealed the presence of PCBs, HCB, DDTs, PBDEs in most of the samples;
HCHs, dieldrin, Eldrin, non-ortho PCBs, PCDDs, PCDFs were detected only in some species. The average
PPBDEs was 0.19e1.35 pg/g wet wt in the key-species and one-two order of magnitude higher in the
predators. Penguins and skuas from an area where a long-term field camp is located showed higher BDE
concentrations. The SDDTs was higher in the Antarctic toothfish (20 ± 6.73 ng/g wet wt) and in the South
Polar skua (5.911 ± 3.425 ng/g wet wt). The TEQs were evaluated and the highest concentration was
found in the Weddell seal, due to PCB169, 1,2,3,4,7,8-HxCDF, and 2,3,4,6,7,8-HxCDF. There was no sig_x0002_nificant relationship between the trophic level and the POP concentrations.","https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.07.054"
25,"Pozo, K., Martellini, T., Corsolini, S., Harner, T., Estellano, V., Kukučka, P., Mulder, M.D., Lammel, G., Cincinelli, A. (2017) Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the atmosphere of coastal areas of the Ross Sea, Antarctica: Indications for long-term downward trends. Chemosphere 178: 458-465.","Passive air samplers were used to evaluate long-term trends and spatial distribution of trace organic
compounds in Antarctica. Duplicate PUF disk samplers were deployed at six automatic weather stations
in the coastal area of the Ross sea (East Antarctica), between December 2010 and January 2011, during
the XXVI Italian Scientific Research Expedition.
Among the investigated persistent organic compounds, Hexachlorobenzene was the most abundant,
with air concentrations ranging from 0.8 to 50 pg m_x0003_3
. In general, the following decreasing concentration
order was found for the air samples analyzed: HCB > PeCB > PCBs > DDTs > HCHs. While HCB con_x0002_centrations were in the same range as those reported in the atmosphere of other Antarctic sampling
areas and did not show a decline, HCHs and DDTs levels were lower or similar to those determined one or
two decades ago. In general, the very low concentrations reflected the pristine state of the East Antarctica
air. Backward trajectories indicated the prevalence of air masses coming from the Antarctic continent.
Local contamination and volatilization from ice were suggested as potential sources for the presence of
persistent organic pollutants in the atmosphere.","https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.02.118"
26,"Pizzini, S., Sbicego, C., Corami, F., Grotti, M., Magi, E., Bonato, T., Cozzi, G., Barbante, C., Piazza, R. (2017) 3,3″-dichlorobiphenyl (non-Aroclor PCB-11) as a marker of non-legacy PCB contamination in marine species: comparison between Antarctic and Mediterranean bivalves. Chemosphere 175: 28-35.","In this study the accumulation of the 3,30
-dichlorobiphenyl (PCB-11) in monitoring organisms from the
Antarctic and Mediterranean coastal environments has been investigated. This lesser-known PCB
congener, unrelated to the industrial use of commercial mixtures, continues to be generated and released
into the environment mainly as an unintentional by-product of pigment manufacturing. Specimens of
the filter-feeders Adamussium colbecki from Terra Nova Bay and of Mytilus galloprovincialis and Ruditapes
philippinarum from the north-western Adriatic coasts were collected and analyzed for PCB-11 by Gas
Chromatography coupled both to Low-Resolution and High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry (LRMS,
HRMS). In order to assess the influence of PCB-11 with respect to the legacy contamination, 126 PCB
congeners related to the Aroclor commercial mixtures were simultaneously analyzed.
PCB-11 was detected in all the samples, regardless of the species and of the geographical area, rep_x0002_resenting on average 17.6% and 15.6% of the total PCBs (n ¼ 127) in Antarctic and Mediterranean samples,
respectively. In the Adriatic area the highest concentrations were related to the influence of industrial
activities or ship traffic, while the highest value found in Antarctic specimens, namely those collected in
the austral summer 1997e1998, was ascribed to a local anthropogenic source. The occurrence of PCB-11
in the other samples from Terra Nova Bay may be related to Long-Range Atmospheric Transport (LRAT),
facilitated by the higher volatility of the analyte compared to the heavier PCB congeners. Nevertheless, more in-depth studies are needed in order to evaluate the relative contribution of local and distant sources.","https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.02.023"
27,"Jara-Carrasco, S., Barra, R., Espejo, W., Celis, J.E., González-Acunã, D., Chiang, G., Sánchez-Hernández, J. (2017) Persistent organic pollutants and porphyrin levels in excreta of penguin colonies from the Antarctic Peninsula area. Polar Record 53: 79-87.","Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and their effects on Antarctic seabirds by using excreta as a
non-destructive biomonitoring tool have received little consideration. Here we determine the levels of polychlorinated
biphenyls (PCBs) and some organochlorine pesticides such as dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs),
hexachlorobencene (HCB), heptachlor, and endrin aldehyde in penguin excreta. Animal exposure to these environmental
contaminants was determined through porphyrins in penguin droppings. Stool samples of Adélie penguin (Pygoscelis
adeliae), chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) and gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) were collected on two
locations of the Antarctic Peninsula area: Base OH´ iggins (Antarctic Peninsula) and Ardley Island (King George
Island). Despite POPs have been banned more than three decades ago, the levels (ng g−1 ww) of PCBs (1.45-2.35),
DDTs (1.33-1.76),HCB (0.51-1.70), endrin (0.48-0.71) and heptachlor (0.97-2.40) showed that these pollutants are still
present in Antarctica. Porphyrin levels in excreta (4.6-6.7 nmol g−1 dw)were significantly correlated to POPs, indicating
certain chemical exposure on penguin colonies that inhabit the Antarctic Peninsula area. The levels of heptachlor found
in penguin guano may be affecting some biota in terrestrial sites next to nesting places. Further studies and better
understanding of POPs impact on animal performance in Antarctic biota are recommended.","https://doi.org/10.1017/S0032247416000607"
28,"Rudolph, I., Chiang, G., Galbán-Malagón, C., Mendoza, R., Martinez, M., Gonzalez, C., Becerra, J., Servos, M.R., Munkittrick, K.R., Barra, R. (2016) Persistent organic pollutants and porphyrins biomarkers in penguin faeces from Kopaitic Island and Antarctic Peninsula. Science of the Total Environment 573: 1390-1396.","Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) levels were determined in the faeces of three Antarctic Peninsula penguin species
to assess viability as a non-invasive approach for sampling PCBs in Antarctic biota. These determinations were
complemented with stable isotope and porphyrins assessments, and together this methodology determined
the role of diet and metabolic disruption in penguins. Up to 60% of the collected faecal samples evidenced low
molecular weight PCBs, of which, the more volatile compounds were predominant, in agreement with previous
results. The highest PCB levels were reported in the gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua; 35.3 ng g−1 wet weight
average), followed by the chinstrap (Pygoscelis antarctica; 6.4 ng g−1 wet weight average) and Adélie penguins
(Pygoscelis adeliae; 12.9 ng g−1 wet weight average). Stable isotope analyses (δ15N and δ13C) demonstrated
that gentoo feeding and foraging habits differed from those of Adélie and chinstrap penguins. A strong positive
correlation was found between PCB concentrations and δ15N, indicating the role of diet on the observed pollutant levels. Porphyrins metabolite levels were also directly correlated with PCB concentrations. These results suggest that PCB levels impair the health of Antarctic penguins.","https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.07.091"
29,"Mello, F.V., Roscales, J.L., Guida, Y.S., Menezes, J.F.S., Vicente, A., Costa, E.S., Jiménez, B., Torres, J.P.M. (2016) Relationship between legacy and emerging organic pollutants in Antarctic seabirds and their foraging ecology as shown by δ13C and δ15N. Science of the Total Environment 573: 1380-1389.","Foraging ecology and the marine regions exploited by Antarctic seabirds outside of breeding strongly influence
their exposure to persistent organic pollutants (POPs). However, relationships between them are largely un_x0002_known, an important knowledge gap given that many species are capital breeders and POPs may be deleterious
to seabirds. This study investigates the relationship between Antarctic seabird foraging ecology (measured by
δ13C and δ15N) and POPs accumulated in their eggs prior to breeding. Organochlorinated pesticides,
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and dechlorane plus (DP) were
measured in eggs of chinstrap, Adélie, and gentoo penguins (Pygoscelis antarctica, P. adeliae, P. papua), as well
as south polar skua (Catharacta maccormicki), sampled on King George Island. Total POP levels were as follows:
skua (3210 ± 3330 ng/g lipid weight) N chinstrap (338 ± 128 ng/g) N Adélie (287 ± 43.3 ng/g) N gentoo (252 ±
49.4 ng/g). Trophic position and pre-breeding foraging sites were important in explaining POP accumulation patterns across species. The most recalcitrant compounds were preferentially accumulated in skuas, occupying
one trophic level above penguins. In contrast, their Antarctic endemism, coupled with influence from cold con_x0002_densation of pollutants, likely contributed to penguins exhibiting higher concentrations of more volatile com_x0002_pounds (e.g., hexachlorobenzene, PCB-28 and −52) than skuas. Regional differences in penguin pre-breeding
foraging areas did not significantly affect their POP burdens, whereas the trans-equatorial migration and foraging
sites of skuas were strongly reflected in their pollutant profiles, especially for PBDEs and DPs. Overall, our results
provide new insights on migratory birds as biovectors of POPs, including non-globally regulated compounds such
as DP, from northern regions to Antarctica.","https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.07.080"
30,"Strobel, A., Schmid, P., Segner, H., Burkhardt-Holm, P., Zennegg, M. (2016) Persistent organic pollutants in tissues of the white-blooded Antarctic fish Champsocephalus gunnari and Chaenocephalus aceratus. Chemosphere 161: 555-562.","The global occurrence of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) continuously contributes to their accu_x0002_mulation also in remote areas such as the Antarctic Ocean. Antarctic fish, which hold high trophic po_x0002_sitions but appear to possess low endogenous elimination rates for chemicals, are expected to
bioaccumulate POPs with rising anthropogenic pollution.
Using a chemical-analytical method, we measured concentrations of PCBs, PBDEs, HCBs, HCH and
DDTs and determined toxic equivalents (TEQs) and bioanalytical equivalents (BEQs) in muscle and
ovaries of Antarctic icefish caught in the Southern Ocean around Elephant Island. We used two species
with different feeding habits and trophic web positions: the planktivorous Champsocephalus gunnari and
the piscivorous Chaenocephalus aceratus.
Our results revealed higher contaminant levels in ovary than in muscle tissues of both species. Most
analytes concentrations and the TEQs (0.2e0.5) and BEQs (0.2) were lower as in temperate species.
Comparison with literature data points to higher PCB (20e22 ng g_x0003_1 lipid weight (lw)) and DDT (7
e19.5 ng g_x0003_1 lw) concentrations than those measured in icefish in the 90's. For the other contaminants,
we could not identify temporal trends. We found a higher bioaccumulation of contaminants, particularly
HCB and DDTs, in C. aceratus (6.2 & 19.5 ng g_x0003_1 lw, respectively) than in C. gunnari (3.8 & 7.0 ng g_x0003_1 lw,
respectively). However, there was no general species-specific accumulation pattern of the different
toxicant classes between the two icefish. Thus, the expected link between contaminant burdens of
C. aceratus and C. gunnari and their ecological traits was only weakly supported for these species","https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.01.089"
31,"Mwangi, J.K., Lee, W.-J., Wang, L.-C., Sung, P.-J., Fang, L.-S., Lee, Y.-Y., Chang-Chien, G.-P. (2016) Persistent organic pollutants in the Antarctic coastal environment and their bioaccumulation in penguins. Environmental Pollution 216: 924-934.","Persistent organic pollutants (POPs), including polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans
(PCDD/Fs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans
(PBDD/Fs), polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs), and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), have been
identified in penguins, lichens, soils, and ornithogenic soils in the Antarctic coastal environment in this
study. To the best of our knowledge, no previous study has reported PBDD/F and PBB data from
Antarctica. The POP mass contents in penguins were in the following order: PCBs >> PBDEs >> PCDD/Fs;
PCBs were the dominant pollutants (6310e144,000 pg/g-lipid), with World Health Organization toxic
equivalency values being 2e14 times higher than those of PCDD/Fs. Long-range atmospheric transport is
the most primary route by which POPs travel to Antarctica; however, local sources, such as research
activities and penguin colonies, also influence POP distribution in the local Antarctic environment. In
penguins, the biomagnification factor (BMF) of PCBs was 61.3e3760, considerably higher than that for
other POPs. According to BMF data in Adelie penguins, hydrophobic PBDE congeners were more bio- _x0001_
magnified at log Kow > 6, and levels decreased at log Kow > 7.5 because larger molecular sizes inhibited
transfer across cell membranes.","https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2016.07.001"
32,"Ma, Y., Xu, T., Mao, Q., Zhou, X., Wang, R., Sun, J., Zhang, A., Zhou, S. (2021) Distribution and flux of organochlorine pesticides in sediment from Prydz Bay, Antarctic: Implication of sources and trends. Science of the Total Environment 799: 149380.","Surface sediments were collected from Prydz Bay, Antarctica to investigate the distribution patterns, origins, an_x0002_nual fluxes, and trends of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in the marginal sea of polar areas. The concentrations
of OCPs ranged from 0.80 to 7.90 ng/g dry weight, with dichlorodiphenytrichloroethanes (DDTs) as the main
components. Levels of hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) and DDTs in sediment from Prydz Bay were comparable
to the majority of marine sediment worldwide. The distributions of OCPs were characterized by a distinct “quasi_x0002_concentric circle” pattern, which has significantly positive relationship with total organic carbon (TOC) of sedi_x0002_ment and controlled by the local hydrodynamic conditions and sources of organic matter. Source apportionment
demonstrated that HCHs and chlordanes in Prydz Bay were mainly derived from the long range atmospheric
transport (LRAT) of these compounds from off regions. However, current inputs of DDT-based compounds and
lindane are suggested to exist either as a result of the LART from the neighbouring countries or re-emission
from melting glacier. The annual sedimentary fluxes of OCPs were 0.007 to 7.12 pg/cm2
/yr, about one to three
orders of magnitude lower than some data from the Arctic areas. Based on a rough calculation of r-HCH, only
0.3–1.5% of the air-seawater net deposition would be buried in sediment, implying a long active lifetime of
OCPs in Antarctica. We preliminarily indicate an increase of OCP contamination in Antarctic environment after_x0002_wards when considering the possible occurrence of “fresh” sources and low proportion of sedimentary sink.","https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149380"
33,"Casas, G., Martínez-Varela, A., Roscales, J.L., Vila-Costa, M., Dachs, J., Jiménez, B. (2020) Enrichment of perfluoroalkyl substances in the sea-surface microlayer and sea-spray aerosols in the Southern Ocean. Environmental Pollution 267:  115512.","Sea-spray (or sea-salt) aerosol (SSA) formation and their subsequent atmospheric transport and depo_x0002_sition have been suggested to play a prominent role in the occurrence of ionizable perfluoroalkyl sub_x0002_stances (PFAS) in the maritime Antarctica and other remote regions. However, field studies on SSA’s role
as vector of transport of PFAS are lacking. Following a multiphase approach, seawater (SW), the sea_x0002_surface microlayer (SML) and SSA were sampled simultaneously at South Bay (Livingston Island,
Antarctica). Average PFAS concentrations were 313 pg L_x0001_1
, 447 pg L_x0001_1
, and 0.67 pg m_x0001_3 in SW, the SML
and SSA, respectively. The enrichment factors of PFAS in the SML and SSA ranged between 1.2 and 5, and
between 522 and 4690, respectively. This amplification of concentrations in the SML is consistent with
the surfactant properties of PFAS, while the large enrichment of PFAS in atmospheric SSA may be
facilitated by the large surface area of SSA and the sorption of PFAS to aerosol organic matter. This is the
first field work assessing the simultaneous occurrence of PFAS in SW, the SML and SSA. The large
measured amplification of concentrations in marine aerosols supports the role of SSA as a relevant vector
for long-range atmospheric transport of PFAS","https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115512"
34,"Kobusińska, M.E., Lewandowski, K.K., Panasiuk, A., Łęczyński, L., Urbaniak, M., Ossowski, T., Niemirycz, E.  (2020) Precursors of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in Arctic and Antarctic marine sediments: Environmental concern in the face of climate change. Chemosphere 260: 127605.","Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans (PCDD/F) and their precursors - pentachlorophenol
(PCP) and triclosan (TCS), constitute a group of persistent, highly toxic multimedia pollutants, being
easily transported via atmosphere over long distances, thus particularly threatening to the polar areas.
The global fate of PCDD/Fs is temperature-dependent, and their transfer and immobilization at the Poles
are described by the grasshopper effect and the cold trap phenomenon. The aim of this interdisciplinary
study was to perform a preliminary assessment of the present state of pollution of Arctic and Antarctic
marine sediments by PCP and TCS along with determination of PCDD/Fs contamination by immunoassay.
Sediments from 20 stations were collected during two polar expeditions (2013e2016). The study area
covered Hornsund Fjord and the southwest coast of Wedel-Jarlsberg Land (Arctic) e Skodde Bay, Not_x0002_tingham Bay, Isbjørnhamna Bay and Admiralty Bay (Antarctica) e Suszczewski Cove, Halfmoon Cove and
Herve Cove. The studied contaminants were quantified in 60% of the collected sediments, with almost
half exceeding the environmentally safe levels according European regulations and worldwide literature.
The determined levels of PCP, TCS and PCDD/F in Arctic and Antarctic sediments were to be comparable
to those reported in the southern Baltic Sea located in the intense industrialized mid-latitudes.
Maximum concentrations were observed in the vicinity of retreating, marine terminating glaciers. This
observation confirms reemission of POPs into the global cycle with respect to the worldwide ocean
warming. The results of this study should gain attention of the international and regional environmental
agencies as well as the main chlorine production decision makers.","https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127605"
35,"Carravieri, A., Bustamante, P., Labadie, P., Budzinski, H., Chastel, O., Cherel, Y. (2020) Trace elements and persistent organic pollutants in chicks of 13 seabird species from Antarctica to the subtropics. Environment International 134:  1052252.","Seabirds from remote regions are mainly exposed to environmental contaminants from non-point contamination of their food webs. Pre-fledging seabird chicks are fed by their parents with marine prey captured in the vicinity of breeding colonies. Contaminant concentrations in tissues of pre-fledging chicks can thus be mostly related to local dietary sources, and have the potential to unravel spatial patterns of environmental contamination in marine ecosystems. Here, mercury (Hg), 13 other trace elements, and 18 persistent organic pollutants (POPs) were quantified in blood of chicks across four breeding locations that encompass a large latitudinal range in the southern Indian Ocean (from Antarctica, through subantarctic areas, to the subtropics), over a single breeding season. Thirteen species of penguins, albatrosses and petrels were studied, including endangered and near-threatened species, such as Amsterdam albatrosses and emperor penguins. Blood Hg burdens varied widely between species, with a factor of ~50 between the lowest and highest concentrations (mean ± SD, 0.05 ± 0.01 and 2.66 ± 0.81 µg g−1 dry weight, in thin-billed prions and Amsterdam albatrosses, respectively). Species relying on Antarctic waters for feeding had low Hg exposure. Concentrations of POPs were low in chicks, with the exception of hexachlorobenzene. Contaminant concentrations were mainly explained by species differences, but feeding habitat (inferred from δ13C values) and chicks’ body mass also contributed to explain variation. Collectively, our findings call for further toxicological investigations in Amsterdam albatrosses and small petrel species, because they were exposed to high and diverse sources of contaminants, and in macaroni penguins, which specifically showed very high selenium concentrations.","https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2019.105225"
36,"Vergara, E.G., Hernández, V., Munkittrick, K.R., Barra, R., Galban-Malagon, C., Chiang, G. (2019) Presence of organochlorine pollutants in fat and scats of pinnipeds from the Antarctic Peninsula and South Shetland Islands, and their relationship to trophic position. Science of the Total Environment 685: 1276-1283.","Antarctica is still considered one of the few pristine areas in the globe. Despite this, several studies have shown
phased out organic pollutants are present in several environmental abiotic and biological compartments. This
study, based on blubber and fecal samples collected from five species of Antarctic pinnipeds, assessed the rela_x0002_tionship between organochlorine pesticide (OCs) levels and trophic characterization using stable isotope analysis
(δ13C and δ15N). The prevailing pollutants found in blubber were hexachlorocyclohexane isomers (HCHs), hexa_x0002_chlorobenzene (HCB), Heptachlor and Aldrin (0.84–564.11 ng g−1 l.w.). We also report a high presence of HCHs,
Endrin, Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDTs) and Methoxychlor (4.50–363.86 ng g−1 d.w.) in feces suggest_x0002_ing a detoxification mechanism. All the species tend towards high trophic positions (3.4–4.9), but with consider_x0002_able variation in trophic niche and organochlorine pesticide concentrations per sampling site. This finding
suggests that differences in pesticide levels in individuals are associated to foraging ecology.","https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.122"
37,"Cipro, C.V.Z., Bustamante, P., Taniguchi, S., Silva, J., Petry, M.V., Montone, R.C. (2019) Seabird colonies as relevant sources of pollutants in Antarctic ecosystems: Part 2 - Persistent Organic Pollutants. Chemosphere 214: 866-876.","Despite typically not being taken into account (usually in favour of the ‘global distillation’ process), the
input of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) through biological activities can be indeed relevant at the
local scale in terrestrial polar environments when seabird colonies are considered. Seabirds can bioaccumulate
and biomagnify POPs, gather in large numbers and excrete on land during their reproductive
season, thus making them locally as relevant secondary sources of POPs. The first part of this study
indicated that these colonies act as so for several essential and non-essential trace elements, and this
second part tests the same hypothesis concerning POPs using the very same samples. Lichens (n ¼ 55),
mosses (n ¼ 58) and soil (n ¼ 37) were collected from 13 locations in the South Shetlands Archipelago
during the austral summers of 2013e14 and 2014e15. They were divided in colony (within the colony
itself for soil and within and surrounding the colony for vegetation) and control (at least 150m away
from any colony interference) and analysed for POPs such as organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated
biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers and stable isotopes (C and N). Results showed that
colonies act clearly as a secondary source for PCBs and likely for hexachlorobenzene. As in the first part,
probable local sources other than the colonies themselves are hypothesised because of high concentrations
found in control sites. Again, soil seemed the most adequate matrix for the intended purposes
especially because of some particularities in the absorption of animal-derived organic matter by vegetation,
pointed out by stable isotope analyses.","https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.09.030"
38,"Subhavana, K.L., Qureshi, A., Chakraborty, P., Tiwari, A.K. (2019) Mercury and Organochlorines in the Terrestrial Environment of Schirmacher Hills, Antarctica. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 102: 13-18.","We report the levels of mercury (Hg) and nine organochlorine pesticides [OCPs: α-hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), β-HCH,
γ-HCH, δ-HCH, α-Endosulfan, β-Endosulfan, Endosulfan sulfate, p,p′-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) and p,p′-
dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (DDD)] in the terrestrial environment (moss and soil) and water (OCPs only) of Schirmacher
Hills, Antarctica. This area has never been studied for mercury and not for OCPs since 1988. Mercury levels in moss,
66 ± 37 ng/g dry weight (dw), are comparable to other Antarctic locations. Levels of α-HCH, below detection to 4.48 ng/g
dw, and p,p′-DDE, below detection to 31 ng/g dw, in mosses are lower or marginally higher than other Antarctic locations.
No other OCPs were detected in moss. None of the OCPs were detected in soil. This suggests that Schirmacher Hills may
be considered as a background site with respect to mercury and analyzed OCPs, despite the operation of two old research
stations (Maitri, est. 1989, and Novolazarevskaya, est. 1961) in the region.","https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-018-2497-z"
39,"Reed, K.A., Park, H., Lee, S.G., Lee, W., Lee, S.-H., Bleau, J.M., Munden, T.N.M., Covi, J.A. (2018) Embryos of an Antarctic zooplankton require anoxia for dormancy, are permeable to lipophilic chemicals, and reside in sediments containing PCBs. Scientific Reports 8: 16258.","Zooplankton in Antarctic maritime lakes face challenges imposed by anthropogenic chemicals. Studies 
on temperate species suggest that lipophilic chemicals will accumulate in dormant embryos of Antarctic 
zooplankton and decrease hatching success, thereby threatening centuries of accumulated genetic 
diversity that would increase population resilience in the face of climate change. We evaluated the 
potential for lakes to act as sinks for legacy pollutants in the maritime Antarctic by testing sediments 
for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) previously identifed in soil, fora and fauna of lake catchments. 
Direct tests of embryo permeability to chemicals are confounded by potential adhesion of chemicals 
to the embryo surface and limited biomass available. Therefore, in order to assess the potential for 
lipophilic chemicals to penetrate and passively accumulate in dormant embryos of Antarctic lacustrine 
zooplankton, we evaluated the efect of anoxia on post-diapause development in the calanoid copepod, 
Boeckella poppei, and then used chemical anoxia induced by rotenone as a reporter for permeability of 
these embryos to moderately lipophilic chemicals. The data presented demonstrate that embryos of B. 
poppei from Antarctic lake sediments will passively accumulate moderately lipophilic chemicals while 
lying dormant in anoxic sediments. Implications for legacy POPs in sediments of Antarctic maritime 
lakes are discussed.","https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-34689-w"
40,"Krasnobaev, A., ten Dam, G., van Leeuwen, S.P.J., Peck, L.S., van den Brink, N.W. (2018) Persistent Organic Pollutants in two species of migratory birds from Rothera Point, Adelaide Island, Antarctica. Marine Pollution Bulletin 137: 113-118.","Carcasses of South Polar Skuas (Catharacta maccormicki) and Kelp gulls (Larus dominicanus) were opportunisti cally collected around of Rothera Research station (67°35′8″S and 68°7′59″W) during the 2016/2017 austral
summer. Samples of their tissues (muscle, liver and subcutaneous fat) were analysed for Persistent Organic
Pollutants (POPs). Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) showed the highest concentrations, notably for pp′-DDE
and HCB. The Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)-profiles demonstrated a clear dominance of hexa- and hepta CBs, while concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) remained low. The concentrations of some
POPs (e.g. HCB) were lower than in past studies on similar species, however others were within the previous
range (PCBs) or even higher than previous reported values (DDE). Although no major interspecific differences in
the absolute concentrations of POPs were detected, their profiles varied, being likely related to feeding and
migration patterns of each species. The current study provides important baseline data for future monitoring of
POPs in Antarctica.","https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.10.008"
41,"Wang, P., Meng, W., Li, Y., Zhang, Q., Zhang, L., Fu, J., Yang, R., Jiang, G. (2018) Temporal variation (2011–2014) of atmospheric OCPs at King George Island, west Antarctica. Atmospheric Environment 191: 432-439.","A three-year sampling campaign (Jan 2011–Jan 2014) was conducted on organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) using
high-volume air sampling nearby the Chinese Great Wall Station, west Antarctica. The concentrations of
∑23OCPs ranged between 5.87 and 27.9 pg m−3 (mean 14.3 ± 5.4 pg m−3
), and no temporal trend was ob_x0002_served over the entire sampling period. However, the dominant compound, hexachlorobezene (HCB) (71% on
average of ∑23OCPs), exhibited a seasonal variation with higher levels in the austral winter. Gas-particle par_x0002_titioning of OCPs was explored based on KOA absorption model, steady-state model and Junge–Pankow ad_x0002_sorption model. LogKP showed significantly negative correlations with logPL
0 of OCPs (p < 0.01, the slope is
−0.30) and TSP values in the samples (p < 0.01), suggesting absorption by the organic matter as the dominant
sorption process and TSP as an important factor influencing gas-particle partitioning of OCPs in this remote
environment. The chiral signature indicated a commonly nonracemic residue of α-HCH and o,p’-DDT in the
Antarctic air. The deviation from racemic (DFR) of o,p’-DDT showed a strongly negative dependence on its
concentration (p < 0.01), properly suggesting more fresh input of o,p’-DDT after 2011. Preferential depletion of
(+) α-HCH was observed mainly in gas phase, indicating the influence of re-volatilization of chiral compounds
from source areas and/or ocean on their enantiomeric composition in remote air. Source apportionment de_x0002_monstrated that long range atmospheric transport (LRAT) was the main transport pathway of OCPs, while
nonracemic residues of HCHs and DDTs indicated a contribution of secondary source emission, i.e. seawater-air
exchange, to their occurrence in west Antarctica.","https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2018.08.036"
42,"Bigot, M., Hawker, D.W., Cropp, R., Muir, D.C.G., Jensen, B., Bossi, R., Bengtson Nash, S.M. (2017) Spring Melt and the Redistribution of Organochlorine Pesticides in the Sea-Ice Environment: A Comparative Study between Arctic and Antarctic Regions. Environmental Science and Technology 51: 8944-8952.","Complementary sampling of air, snow, sea-ice, and seawater for
a range of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) was undertaken through the early
stages of respective spring sea-ice melting at coastal sites in northeast
Greenland and eastern Antarctica to investigate OCP concentrations and
redistribution during this time. Mean concentrations in seawater, sea-ice and
snow were generally greater at the Arctic site. For example, α-HCH was found
to have the largest concentrations of all analytes in Arctic seawater and sea-ice
meltwater samples (224−253 and 34.7−48.2 pg·L−1 respectively compared to
1.0−1.3 and <0.63 pg·L−1 respectively for Antarctic samples). Differences in
atmospheric samples were generally not as pronounced however. Findings
suggest that sea-ice OCP burdens originate from both snow and seawater. The
distribution profile between seawater and sea-ice showed a compound_x0002_dependency for Arctic samples not evident with those from the Antarctic,
possibly due to full submersion of sea-ice at the former. Seasonal sea-ice melt
processes may alter the exchange rates of selected OCPs between air and seawater, but are not expected to reverse their direction,
which fugacity modeling indicates is volatilisation in the Arctic and net deposition in the Antarctic. These predictions are
consistent with the limited current observations.","https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b02481"
43,"Carravieri, A., Cherel, Y., Brault-Favrou, M., Churlaud, C., Peluhet, L., Labadie, P., Budzinski, H., Chastel, O., Bustamante, P. (2017) From Antarctica to the subtropics: Contrasted geographical concentrations of selenium, mercury, and persistent organic pollutants in skua chicks (Catharacta spp.). Environmental Pollution 228: 464-473.","Seabirds integrate bioaccumulative contaminantsviafood intake and have revealed geographical trendsof contamination in a variety of ecosystems. Pre-fledging seabird chicks are particularly interesting asbioindicators of chemical contamination, because concentrations in their tissues reflect primarily dietarysources from the local environment. Here we measured 14 trace elements and 18 persistent organicpollutants (POPs) in blood of chicks of skuas that breed in four sites encompassing a large latitudinalrange within the southern Indian Ocean, from Antarctica (Ad_x0013_elie Land, south polar skuaCatharactamaccormicki), through subantarctic areas (Crozet and Kerguelen Islands, brown skuaC. lonnbergi), to thesubtropics (Amsterdam Island,C. lonnbergi). Stables isotopes of carbon (d13C, feeding habitat) and ni-trogen (d15N, trophic position) were also measured to control for the influence of feeding habits oncontaminant burdens. Concentrations of mercury (Hg) and selenium (Se) were very high at all the foursites, with Amsterdam birds having the highest concentrations ever reported in chicks worldwide(4.0±0.8 and 646±123mgg_x0001_1dry weight, respectively). Blood Hg concentrations showed a clearlatitudinal pattern, increasing from chicks in Antarctica to chicks in the subantarctic and subtropicalislands. Interestingly, blood Se concentrations showed similar between-population differences to Hg,suggesting its involvement in protective mechanisms against Hg toxicity. Chicks’POPs pattern waslargely dominated by organochlorine pesticides, in particular DDT metabolites and hexachlorobenzene(HCB). Skua chicks from subantarctic islands presented high concentrations and diversity of POPs. Bycontrast, chicks from the Antarctic site overall had the lowest concentrations and diversity of bothmetallic and organic contaminants, with the exception of HCB and arsenic. Skua populations from thesesites, being naturally exposed to different quantities of contaminants, are potentially good models fortesting toxic effects in developing chicks in the wild.","https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.05.053"
44,"Metcheva, R., Beltcheva, M., Kalinova, G., Marinova, M., Rojas, J.A.H., Peneva, V. (2017) Organochlorine pesticides in feathers of penguins of the family pygoscelidae from livingston and Peterman Islands, Western Antarctica. Acta Zoologica Bulgarica 69: 183-188.","The aim of the present work is to determine the presence of isomers like αHCH, βHCH, γHCH, 4.4’DDE, 
4.4’DDD and 4.4’DDT that compound both the commercial forms of insecticides HCH (Lindane) and 
DDT in moulting feathers of two Pygoscelidae penguin species, Pygoscelis antarctica and Pygoscelis 
papua, from Livingston and Peterman Islands, Western Antarctica. The analyses of the total quantity of 
the chosen chlorinated pesticides (ƩHCH and ƩDDT) shows significant differences between DDT and 
HCH concentrations, with quantities of DDT about six times more than this for HCH. In contrast, there 
were not recorded any differences, either between investigated localities or between penguin species, 
despite the certain differences in the food spectrum between them. The concentrations of ƩHCH were 
as follows: for P. antarctica from Livingston Island, 0.419 ± 0.178 µg/g; for P. papua from Livingston 
Island, 0.356 ± 0.179 µg/g; and for P. papua from Peterman Island, 0.437 ± 0.012 µg/g. The correspond_x0002_ing values for ƩDDT were: for P. antarctica from Livingston Island, 2.596 ± 0.312 µg/g; for P. papua
from Livingston Island, 2.507 ± 0.254 µg/g; and for P. papua from Peterman Island – 2.628 ± 0.013 µg/g. 
Percentage composition of the HCHs compounds showed that β-HCH dominated all investigated samples, 
being between 55 and 70% of the total quantity of the analyzed HCHs. The major component DDT isomer 
composes about 2/3 from the total sum or between 72% in feathers of P. papua from Livingston Island and 
87% for P. papua from Peterman Island. There were not obtained any statistically significant differences 
between investigated species or between two localities.",
45,"Colabuono, F.I., Vander Pol, S.S., Huncik, K.M., Taniguchi, S., Petry, M.V., Kucklick, J.R., Montone, R.C. (2016) Persistent organic pollutants in blood samples of Southern Giant Petrels (Macronectes giganteus) from the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. Environmental Pollution 216: 38:45.","Seabirds play an important role as top consumers in the food web and can be used as biomonitors
of exposure to pollutants. Contamination studies involving nondestructive sampling methods are
of considerable importance, allowing better evaluation of the levels of pollutants and their toxic
effects. In the present study, organohalogen contaminants were analyzed in 113 blood samples
from Southern Giant Petrel (Macronectes giganteus) adults and chicks collected in the austral
summer of 2011/2012 and 2012/2013 from colonies on Elephant and Livingston Islands, South
Shetland, Antarctica. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), hexachlorobenzene (HCB),
pentachlorobenzene (PeCB), mirex, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroetane and derivatives (DDTs) and
chlordanes were detected in all birds, whereas polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were not
detected in any blood samples. No significant differences were found in organochlorine levels
between sampling events. Adults exhibited significantly higher levels than chicks, except for
PeCB. PCBs, HCB, mirex and DDTs were statistically similar in males and females from Elephant
Island. Females on Livingston Island exhibited higher HCB values than males, but no sex
differences were found regarding other organochlorines. The similarity in organochlorine levels
between sexes in birds with very marked sexual segregation in feeding habits during the breeding
season may indicate that significant amounts of contaminants are acquired during migration to
lower latitudes, when the diets of males and females are similar. Birds sampled on Livingston
Island exhibited significantly lower levels of PCBs, HCB, DDTs, mirex and chlordanes in
comparison to those on Elephant Island, which could be the result of distinct foraging patterns
between the two colonies. Organochlorine levels were similar between years in birds captured in two consecutive breeding seasons. Blood samples from Southern Giant Petrels adults and chicks
proved to be useful for the comparison of intraspecific contamination levels and appear to be
adequate for the long-term assessment of organohalogen contaminants in antarctic top predators.
Organochlorine contaminants in blood samples of Southern Giant Petrels reflected intra-specific
differences and suggested distinct foraging patterns between colonies.","https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2016.05.041"
46,"Roscales, J.L., González-Solís, J., Zango, L., Ryan, P.G., Jiménez, B. (2016) Latitudinal exposure to DDTs, HCB, PCBs, PBDEs and DP in giant petrels (Macronectes spp.) across the Southern Ocean. Environmental Research 148: 285:294.","Studies on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) in Antarctic wildlife are scarce, and usually limited to asingle locality. As a result, wildlife exposure to POPs across the Southern Ocean is poorly understood. Inthis study, we report the differential exposure of the major southern ocean scavengers, the giant petrels,to POPs across a wide latitudinal gradient. Selected POPs (PCBs, HCB, DDTs, PBDEs) and related com-pounds, such as Dechlorane Plus (DP), were analyzed in plasma of southern giant petrels (Macronectesgiganteus) breeding on Livingston (62°S61°W, Antarctica), Marion (46°S37°E, sub-Antarctic), and Gough(40°S10°W, cool temperate) islands. Northern giant petrels (Macronectes halli) from Marion Island werealso studied. Stable isotope ratios of C and N (δ13C andδ15N) were used as dietary tracers of the marinehabitat and trophic level, respectively. Breeding locality was a major factor explaining petrel exposure toPOPs compared with species and sex. Significant relationships betweenδ13C values and POP burdens, atboth inter- and intra-population levels, support latitudinal variations in feeding grounds as a key factor inexplaining petrel pollutant burdens. Overall, pollutant levels in giant petrels decreased significantly withlatitude, but the relative abundance (%) of the more volatile POPs increased towards Antarctica. DP wasfound at negligible levels compared with legacy POPs in Antarctic seabirds. Spatial POP patterns found ingiant petrels match those predicted by global distribution models, and reinforce the hypothesis of at-mospheric long-range transport as the main source of POPs in Antarctica. Our results confirm thatwildlife movements out of the polar region markedly increase their exposure to POPs. Therefore, stra-tegies for Antarctic wildlife conservation should consider spatial heterogeneity in exposure to marinepollution. Of particular relevance is the need to clarify the exposure of Antarctic predators to emergingcontaminants that are not yet globally regulated.","https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2016.04.005"
47,"Khairy, M.A., Luek, J.L., Dickhut, R., Lohmann, R. (2016). Levels, sources and chemical fate of persistent organic pollutants in the atmosphere and snow along the western Antarctic Peninsula. Environmental Pollution 216: 304-313.","The Antarctic continent is among the most pristine regions; yet various organic contaminants have been
measured there routinely. Air and snow samples were collected during the austral spring (October
eNovember, 2010) along the western Antarctic Peninsula and analyzed for organochlorine pesticides
(OCPs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) to assess the
relative importance of long-range transport versus local primary or secondary emissions. Highest con_x0002_centrations of PCBs, PBDEs and DDTs were observed in the glacier’s snow sample, highlighting the
importance of melting glaciers as a possible secondary source of legacy pollutants to the Antarctic. In the
atmosphere, contaminants were mainly found in the vapor phase (>65%). Hexachlorobenzene (33.6 pg/
m3
), PCBs (11.6 pg/m3
), heptachlor (5.64 pg/m3
), PBDEs (4.22 pg/m3
) and cis-chlordane (2.43 pg/m3
)
were the most abundant contaminants. In contrast to other compounds, PBDEs seem to have originated
from local sources, possibly the research station itself. Gas-particle partitioning for analytes were better
predicted using the adsorption partitioning model than an octanol-based absorption approach. Diffusive
flux calculations indicated that net deposition is the dominant pathway for PBDEs and chlordanes,
whereas re-volatilization from snow (during melting or metamorphosis) was observed for PCBs and
some OCPs.","https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2016.05.092"
48,"Montone, R.C., Taniguchi, S., Colabuono, F.I., Martins, C.C., Cipro, C.V.Z., Barroso, H.S., da Silva, J., Bícego, M.C., Weber, R.R. (2018). Persistent organic pollutants and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in penguins of the genus Pygoscelis in Admiralty Bay - An Antarctic specially managed area. Marine Pollution Bulletin 106: 377-382.","Persistent organic pollutants were assessed in fat samples of the Gentoo (Pygoscelis papua), Chinstrap (Pygoscelis
antarcticus) and Adélie (Pygoscelis adeliae) penguins collected during the austral summers of 2005/06 and 2006/
07 in Admiralty Bay, King George Island, Antarctica. The predominant organic pollutants were PCB (114 to 1115),
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) (60.1 to 238.7), HCB (b0.3 to 132.2) and BDE-47 (b1.0 to 10.7) in ng
g−1 wet weight. The mean concentrations of the majority of organic pollutants were similar among the three
species of penguins. Chicks of all three species showed similar profiles of PCB congeners, with predominance
of lower chlorinated compounds. The distribution of PAHs was similar in all birds, with a predominance of naph_x0002_thalene and alkyl-naphthalene, which are the main constituents of arctic diesel fuel. These data contribute to the
monitoring of the continued exposure to organic pollutants in the Antarctic biota.","https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.02.047"
49,"Li, H., Fu, J., Zhang, A., Zhang, Q., Wang, Y. (2016). Occurrence, bioaccumulation and long-range transport of short-chain chlorinated paraffins on the Fildes Peninsula at King George Island, Antarctica. Environment International 94: 408-414.","As a candidate persistent organic pollutant of the Stockholm Convention, short-chain chlorinated paraffins
(SCCPs) have recently received particular attention. In this study, we investigated, for the first time, the concentrations
of SCCPs in biota samples collected from the Fildes Peninsula at King George Island and Ardley Island,
Antarctica. The concentrations of SCCPs ranged from 3.5 to 256.6 ng/g (dry weight, dw), with a mean of
76.6 ± 61.8 ng/g dw, which was lower than those detected in mid- and low-latitude regions. The long-range
transport behaviour of SCCPs was confirmed by both the detection of SCCPs in Antarctic remote areas and
their special congener profiles. Short carbon chain (C10) congeners predominated in the Antarctic samples,
which accounted for 56.1% of the total SCCP contamination. Such enrichment of C10 congeners indicated the
high potential for the long-range transport of shorter chain congeners. In addition, SCCPs tended to be enriched
in the species with high lipid contents. The biomagnification potential of SCCPs was found between
Archeogastropoda (Agas) and Neogastropoda (Ngas), and the biomagnification factors of shorter chain congeners
of SCCPs were higher than that of the longer chain ones. Considering that the endemic species in polar regions
may be sensitive and vulnerable to the adverse effects of environmental contaminants, more attention should
be paid on the bioaccumulation and toxicological risks of SCCPs in polar environments.","https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2016.05.005"
50,"Kim, J.-T., Son, M.-H., Kang, J.-H., Kim, J.-H., Jung, J.-W., Chang, Y.-S. (2015) Occurrence of Legacy and New Persistent Organic Pollutants in Avian Tissues from King George Island, Antarctica. Environmental Science and Technology 49: 13628-13638.","Legacy and new persistent organic pollutants
(POPs), including polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs), Dechlorane
Plus (DPs) and related compounds (Dechloranes),
hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), polychlorinated biphenyls
(PCBs), and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), were analyzed in
avian tissue samples from King George Island, Antarctica. The
avian species consisted of the Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua),
the Adelie penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae), the South polar skua
(Stercorarius maccormicki), and the Brown skua (Stercorarius
antarcticus). HBCDs were detected in all samples and ranged
from 1.67−713 pg/g-lipid. In the penguin samples, the
concentrations of PCNs ranged from 0.69−2.07 ng/g-lipid,
whereas those in the skua samples ranged from 7.41−175 ng/glipid.
The levels of Dechloranes ranged from 0.60−1.30 ng/g-lipid in the penguin samples and from 6.57−47.4 ng/g-lipid in the
skua samples. The concentrations and congener distributions of OCPs and PCBs were similar to the results of previous reports.
The three new POPs were detected in all samples, and this study was one of the first reports on the occurrence of these
pollutants in the Antarctic biota. Because Antarctica is one of the most pristine places on Earth, the detection of new POPs in the
Antarctic birds, especially penguins, is direct evidence of the long-range transport of pollutants. Furthermore, the concentration
ratios of the penguin to the skua samples (BMFs‑p) were greater than 1 in most legacy and new POPs, and the BMFs‑p values of
the new POPs were comparable to those of some OCPs, suggesting a possibility of biomagnification. Despite the small sample
size, the results of this study identified POP contamination of the Antarctic avian species and long-range transport and
biomagnification of HBCDs, Dechloranes, and PCNs.","https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b03181"
51,"Wang, P., Zhang, Q., Li, Y., Zhu, C., Chen, Z., Zheng, S., Sun, H., Liang, Y., Jiang, G. (2015) Occurrence of chiral organochlorine compounds in the environmental matrices from King George Island and Ardley Island, west Antarctica. Scientific Reports 5: 13913.","Chiral organochlorine compounds (OCs) were measured in various environmental matrices (air, soil
and vegetation) from west Antarctica using high resolution gas chromatography coupled with high
resolution mass spectrometry (HRGC/HRMS). They were generally detected at a global background
level compared with the previous studies. α-HCH and PCB-183 was observed in all the matrices
except PCB-183 in two soil samples, while PCB-95, -136, -149, -174, -176 and o,p’-DDT were detected
in most air but only a few solid matrices. Enantiomeric fractions (EFs) indicated that nonracemic
residues of chiral OCs occurred in all the matrices and a wide variation of the EF values was observed
in the vegetation. There was significant discrepancy between the EF values of PCB-183 and the
racemic values, indicating that stereoselective depletion of PCB-183 was probably associated with
the water-air exchange. The EFs values of α-HCH were generally lower than the racemic values but
no statistical difference was obtained in all the matrices except lichen, supporting the assumption
that water-air exchange may make influence on long-range transport of α-HCH.","https://doi.org/10.1038/srep13913"
52,"Wolschke, H., Meng, X.-Z., Xie, Z., Ebinghaus, R., Cai, M. (2015) Novel flame retardants (N-FRs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (DL-PCBs) in fish, penguin, and skua from King George Island, Antarctica. Marine Pollution Bulletin 96: 513-518.","Persistent organic pollutants (POPs), including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated
diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), are frequently detected in biota from Antarctica, whereas no data are available
for their replacements, such as novel flame retardants (N-FRs). This study presented the occurrence of
several N-FRs, PBDEs, and PCBs in tissue samples of an Antarctic rock cod (Trematomus bernacchii), a
young gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua), and a brown skua (Stercorarius antarcticus) collected from
King George Island. The total concentrations of N-FRs (RN-FRs; mean: 931 pg/g dry weight (dw)) were
comparable to PBDEs (R8PBDEs; 681 pg/g dw), which were much lower than PCBs (RDL-PCBs;
12,800 pg/g dw). Overall, skua contained two to three orders of magnitude higher contamination than
penguin and fish. In the future, more attention should be focused on the fate of N-FRs in Antarctica, where
usages have increased since PBDEs were banned. To our knowledge, this is the first report of N-FRs in
biota from Antarctica.","https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.04.012"
53,"Vecchiato, M., Zambon, S., Argiriadis, E., Barbante, C., Gambaro, A., Piazza, R. (2015) Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in Antarctic ice-free areas: Influence of local sources on lakes and soils. Microchemical Journal 120: 26-33.","Antarctica is usually considered a pristine ecosystem; nevertheless it is influenced by Persistent Organic Pollutants
(POPs), mainly driven by long-range atmospheric transport (LRAT). However, localized sources such as human and
wildlife activities can also contribute to pollution, constituting contaminated points at a local scale. Antarctic ice-free
areas, where rare lakes are located, are influenced by such sources. In this work we determine polychlorinated
biphenyls (PCBs, including the non-Aroclor CB-11) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in water and
sediment samples of 6 lakes in Northern Victoria Land and in soils near the Italian research station Mario Zucchelli.
Determinations were performed through gas chromatography (GC) coupled both to low-resolution and high_x0002_resolution mass spectrometry (LRMS, HRMS). POP concentrations in lakes resulted low and rather similar across
the sites despite their distance: ΣPCBs range between 46 and 143 pg L−1 in water and 10 and 634 pg g−1 in
sediments, while ΣPBDEs range between 60 and 151 pg L−1 in water and 193 and 1682 pg g−1 in sediments. Lakes
exhibited limited amplification phenomena in water during the melting season. PBDEs in the soils near the base
yielded more concerning results, reaching a concentration of 33 ng g−1.
.","https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2014.12.008"
54,"Colabuono, F.I., Taniguchi, S., Cipro, C.V.Z., da Silva, J., Bícego, M.C., Montone, R.C. (2015) Persistent organic pollutants and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in mosses after fire at the Brazilian Antarctic Station. Marine Pollution Bulletin 93: 266-269.","A fire at the Brazilian Antarctic Station on February 25th, 2012 led to the burning of material that pro_x0002_duced organic pollutants. To evaluate the impact in the surrounding area, polycyclic aromatic hydrocar_x0002_bons (PAHs) and persistent organic pollutants (POPs) were analyzed in moss samples collected in the
vicinities of the station before and after the incident and compared to findings from previous studies
in the same region. PCBs were on the same magnitude as that reported in previous studies, which could
be associated to the global dispersion of these compounds and may not be related to the local fire. In con_x0002_trast, concentrations of HCB and PAHs were higher than those reported in previous studies. No PBDEs
were found above the method detection limit. Organic contaminant concentrations in mosses decreased
a few months after the fire, which is an important characteristic when considering the use of mosses for
monitoring recent exposure.","https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.01.018"
55,"Dorneles, P.R., Lailson-Brito, J., Secchi, E.R., Dirtu, A.C., Weijs, L., Dalla Rosa, L., Bassoi, M., Cunha, H.A., Azevedo, A.F., Covaci, A. (2015) Levels and profiles of chlorinated and brominated contaminants in Southern Hemisphere humpback whales, Megaptera novaeangliae. Environmental Research 138: 49-57.","The study documents the levels and profiles of selected contaminants [polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs),
organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and methoxylated PBDEs
(MeO-PBDEs)] in blubber biopsy samples collected from humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) in
Antarctic Peninsula waters. In addition, we investigated year-to-year and sex-related differences in the
bioaccumulation patterns. Except for hexachlorobenzene (HCB), whose concentrations were in the same
range as those found in whales from the Northern Hemisphere, levels of all other compounds were lower
in Southern Hemisphere whales compared to literature data on animals from the Arctic and subarctic
region. The mean contribution to the sum of all anthropogenic organohalogen compounds (ΣOHC) de_x0002_creased in the following order ΣPCBs (44%)4HCB (31%)4ΣDDXs (13%)4ΣCHLs (4.6%)4ΣHCHs (4.4%)
4ΣPBDEs (0.9%). The predominant compounds within each chemical class were: PCBs 153, 149, 101 and
138; p,p′-DDE; γ-HCH; trans-nonachlor; PBDEs 99 and 47. The most dominant MeO-PBDE congener was
6-MeO-BDE 47. As samples were collected during three consecutive summer seasons, year-to-year trends
could be assessed indicating a significant decrease from 2000 to 2003 for ΣCHL levels. Higher ΣPBDE
concentrations and higher values of the ΣPBDE / ΣMeO-PBDE ratio, as well as higher ratios between the
two MeO-BDEs (2′-MeO-BDE 68/6-MeO-BDE 47) were found in females compared to males. Higher
ΣMeO-PBDE concentrations and higher values of the ratios between the lower chlorinated and the
higher chlorinated PCBs were found in males than in females. In addition, five out of six significant
differences found through discriminant function analysis were gender-related. The literature reports
both feeding in mid- to low-latitudes and sex-related differences in migration patterns for humpback
whales from the Southern Hemisphere, indicating that the hypothesis of dietary differences between
males and females cannot be excluded. Nevertheless, additional studies are required for further in_x0002_vestigation of this hypothesis.","https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2015.02.007"
56,"Vecchiato, M., Argiriadis, E., Zambon, S., Barbante, C., Toscano, G., Gambaro, A., Piazza, R. (2015) Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) in Antarctica: Occurrence in continental and coastal surface snow. Microchemical Journal 119: 75-82.","Despite geographical isolation and almost complete absence of human settlements, Antarctica is affected by Per_x0002_sistent Organic Pollutants (POPs): the traces of these impacts are recorded in the snow. Although POPs were de_x0002_tected in Antarctica decades ago, there are still large knowledge gaps and a comprehensive understanding of
their fundamental patterns is lacking. In this study, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans
(PCDD/Fs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs, including the non-Aroclor PCB-11), polybrominated diphenyl
ethers (PBDEs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were measured in surface snow samples from
five selected locations of Northern Victoria Land. To our knowledge this is the first study providing ground_x0002_based measurements of PCDD/Fs, PCB-11 and PBDEs in Antarctic surface snows, including the plateau. Long_x0002_range atmospheric transport (LRAT) followed by regional redistribution were hypothesized as governing sources
of POPs to the Antarctic Plateau, but also local pollution from human activities was found. Sub-pg L−1 levels of
PCDD/Fs were detected in the coastal samples, while PCBs (ΣPCBs 110-580 pg L−1
) generally showed a decrease
with respect to the past decades. Similar concentrations of PBDEs (ΣBDEs 130–340 pg L−1
) were found, mainly at_x0002_tributable to the congeners BDE-47 and BDE-99. PAHs (ΣPAHs 0.65–140 ng L−1
) were the most abundant com_x0002_pounds in all sites with an unexpected high value near a refueling point. Possible source areas of
contamination were investigated by means of the HYSPLIT model.","https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2014.10.010"
57,"Wild, S., McLagan, D., Schlabach, M., Bossi, R., Hawker, D., Cropp, R., King, C.K., Stark, J.S., Mondon, J., Nash, S.B. (2015) An antarctic research station as a source of brominated and perfluorinated persistent organic pollutants to the local environment. Environmental Science and Technology 49: 102-112.","This study investigated the role of a permanently
manned Australian Antarctic research station (Casey Station) as a
source of contemporary persistent organic pollutants (POPs) to the
local environment. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and poly_x0002_and perfluoroalkylated substances (PFASs) were found in indoor dust
and treated wastewater effluent of the station. PBDE (e.g., BDE-209
26−820 ng g−1 dry weight (dw)) and PFAS levels (e.g., PFOS 3.8−
2400 ng g−1 (dw)) in dust were consistent with those previously
reported in homes and offices from Australia, reflecting consumer
products and materials of the host nation. The levels of PBDEs and
PFASs in wastewater (e.g., BDE-209 71−400 ng L−1
) were in the upper
range of concentrations reported for secondary treatment plants in
other parts of the world. The chemical profiles of some PFAS samples
were, however, different from domestic profiles. Dispersal of chemicals
into the immediate marine and terrestrial environments was investigated by analysis of abiotic and biotic matrices. Analytes
showed decreasing concentrations with increasing distance from the station. This study provides the first evidence of PFAS input
to Polar regions via local research stations and demonstrates the introduction of POPs recently listed under the Stockholm
Convention into the Antarctic environment through local human activities.","https://doi.org/10.1021/es5048232"
58,"Zhang, Q., Chen, Z., Li, Y., Wang, P., Zhu, C., Gao, G., Xiao, K., Sun, H., Zheng, S., Liang, Y., Jiang, G. (2015) Occurrence of organochlorine pesticides in the environmental matrices from King George Island, west Antarctica. Environmental Pollution 206: 142-149.","Antarctica is considered as a final sink of many persistent organic pollutants (POPs). This work aims to
investigate the levels, distributions and potential sources of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) with HRGC/
HRMS technique. Twenty-three OCPs were measured in various environmental matrices from King
George Island, west Antarctica. The total concentrations (S23OCPs) were at quite low levels, ranging 93.6
e1260 pg g_x0001_1 dry weight (dw) in soil and sediment, 223e1053 pg g_x0001_1 dw in moss and 373e812 pg g_x0001_1
dw in lichen. Hexachlorobenzene (HCB), dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane (DDT) and its metabolites
(especially p,p0-DDE) and hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) were the main contaminants in all samples.
Lower a-HCH/g-HCH and higher p,p0-DDE/p,p0-DDT ratios compared with the technical products indicated
long-range atmospheric transport (LRAT) of recent lindane and aged technical DDT. Significant
dependence of many OCPs concentrations on total organic carbon (TOC) was observed. Apart from LRAT,
local biotic activities could also contribute and influence the spatial distribution of the contaminants.","https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2015.06.025"
59,"Jara-Carrasco, S., González, M., González-Acuña, D., Chiang, G., Celis, J., Espejo, W., Mattatall, P., Barra, R. (2014) Potential immunohaematological effects of persistent organic pollutants on chinstrap penguin. Antarctic Science 27: 373-381.","It has been demonstrated that persistent organic pollutants (POPs) can affect the immune
system of mammals and birds. In this study, the concentration of different POPs and leukocytes in blood
samples from three chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) populations was analysed in order to assess
the impact on haematological parameters. Using blood sample smears, basophils, eosinophils,
heterophils, lymphocytes and monocytes were quantified. Mature and immature red blood cells
were counted and cell alterations in both white and red blood cells were analysed. At the same
time, whole blood was analysed for POPs. The results showed that contaminants, such as
dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and its metabolites (ΣDDT), as well as polychlorinated biphenyls
(ΣPCB), had significant correlations to eosinophils, lymphocytes and heterophils. This indicates possible
immunohaematological alterations derived from exposure to such contaminants. Cytological alterations
were also observed, such as cytotoxic granules, toxic heterophils, and atypical and granulated
lymphocytes, which would demonstrate that these seabirds are being exposed to stress agents that could
be producing some alterations at a leukocytary cellular level.","https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954102015000012"
60,"Lana, N.B., Berton, P., Covaci, A., Ciocco, N.F., Barrera-Oro, E., Atencio, A., Altamirano, J.C. (2014) Fingerprint of persistent organic pollutants in tissues of Antarctic notothenioid fish. Science of the Total Environment 499: 89-98.","In the present work, persistent organic pollutants (POPs), such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dichlorodi_x0002_phenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and metabolites, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and hexachlorocyclo_x0002_hexane (HCH) were analyzed in three Antarctic notothenioids fish species: Trematomus newnesi (TRN),
Notothenia coriiceps (NOC) and Notothenia rossii (NOR). The contribution of each POP-family to the total load
was as follows: ΣPCB (40%) N ΣDDT (27%) N ΣPBDEs (23%) N ΣHCH (10%). Among the 23 PCB congeners
analyzed, penta-CBs homologues were the prevalent group, followed by hexa-CBs and hepta-CBs. DDT and its
metabolites presented the following trend: p,p′-DDT N p,p′-DDE ~ p,p′-DDD. PBDE profile was dominated by
BDE-47 and BDE-99 congeners, followed by BDE-100 N BDE-28 N BDE-154, BDE-153. Among HCHs, the γ-HCH
isomer was detected in all samples, constituting 69% total HCH load, while α-HCH and β-HCH contributions
were 15% and 16%, respectively.
The levels of POPs reported here suggest that NOR and NOC are more susceptible to accumulate the analyzed
contaminants than TRN, a species not previously analyzed for POPs.","https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.08.033"
61,"Colabuono, F.I., Taniguchi, S., Petry, M.V., Montone, R.C. (2014) Organochlorine contaminants and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in eggs and embryos of Antarctic birds. Antarctic Science 27: 355-361.","Organochlorine contaminants (OCs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were
investigated in the eggs of five bird species from the South Shetland Islands. Additionally, OCs and
PBDEs were also analysed in embryos of two species. The concentration ranges in eggs were (ng g-1 wet
weight) 2.11 to 541 for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), < 0.25 to 0.88 for PBDEs, 2.45 to 405 for
p,p’-DDE and 1.50 to 603 for mirex. The PCBs were predominant in the eggs ofMacronectes giganteus,
Catharacta antarctica and Larus dominicanus, whereas hexachlorobenzene (HCB) was the major
compound found in the eggs of Pygoscelis antarcticus and Sterna vittata. The PBDE congeners were
detected only in the eggs of C. antarctica (PBDE 47 and 153) and S. vittata (PBDE 47). There were
differences in OC concentrations of up to two orders of magnitude between M. giganteus embryos which
were related to the development stage and OC concentrations in the respective eggs. Trophic ecology and
post-breeding dispersal exerted an influence on contaminant patterns. Comparisons with data from the
literature indicate an increase in the concentrations of some OCs over recent years.","https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954102014000807"
62,"Galbán-Malagón, C.J., Del Vento, S., Cabrerizo, A., Dachs, J. (2013) Factors affecting the atmospheric occurrence and deposition of polychlorinated biphenyls in the Southern Ocean. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 13: 12029–12041.",". Persistent organic pollutants, such as polychlo_x0002_rinated biphenyls, reach the Southern Ocean atmosphere
through long-range atmospheric transport. In this study we
report the largest dataset available for the atmospheric oc_x0002_currence of PCBs in the Southern Ocean surrounding the
Antarctic Peninsula from samples obtained during three
cruises in 2005, 2008 and 2009. The gas phase concentra_x0002_tions of total PCBs (625PCBs) ranged from 1 to 70 pg m−3
,
while the aerosol phase concentrations were significantly
lower (0.04 to 0.4 pg m−3
). The aerosol phase is enriched in
the more hydrophobic congeners consistent with the model
predictions of gas-particle partitioning. There is a net air_x0002_to-water diffusive flux of PCBs to the Southern Ocean, up
to 100 times higher than the dry deposition flux of aerosol_x0002_bound PCBs. The air-water disequilibrium is higher for the
more hydrophobic congeners consistent with the role of the
biological pump removing PCBs from the water column by
settling of PCBs bound to organic matter. The atmospheric
half-lives of PCB 52 and 180 are of 3.8 and 1 days, respec_x0002_tively, as calculated from the measured atmospheric concen_x0002_tration and depositional fluxes. The volatilization of PCBs
from Antarctic soils during the austral summer drives higher
gas phase concentrations in the atmosphere over Antarctica
during the warmer periods. This temperature dependence is
not observed for PCBs over the adjacent Southern Ocean,
probably due to the importance of long-range atmospheric
transport and atmospheric deposition modulating the atmospheric occurrence of PCBs.","https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-12029-2013"
63,"Brault, E.K., Goebel, M.E., Geisz, H.N., Canuel, E.A., Dickhut, R.M. (2013) Inter-annual variation of persistent organic pollutants (POPS) in an antarctic top predator arctocephalus gazella. Environmental Science and Technology 47: 12744−12752.","Persistent organic pollutants (POPs), contaminants that may
bioaccumulate in upper trophic level organisms, were detected in the milk of a
top predator, the Antarctic fur seal (Arctocephalus gazella). Multiparous
females had significantly lower concentrations of certain POPs (trans_x0002_nonachlor, p,p′-DDE, and several PCBs) in their milk than primiparous
females, likely due to the annual lactational transfer of the POP burden from
mother to pup. Furthermore, there were significant interannual differences in
POP concentrations in multiparous females’ milk from five breeding seasons
between 2000 and 2011. Decreasing trends in concentrations of certain POPs
over the recent decade coincide with declining global emissions, yet
atmospheric concentrations in the Antarctic are not always consistent with
global trends, suggesting that additional factors may contribute to temporal
trends of POPs in fur seals. Climate shifts and corresponding availability of
krill over the past decade were not consistent with trends observed in POP
concentrations in fur seal milk, suggesting that climate may not be a key factor.
Additional mechanisms, such as variability in the geographic ranges of
individual seals during overwintering migrations are discussed and should be
explored further.","https://doi.org/10.1021/es403577f"
64,"Cipro, C.V.Z., Colabuono, F.I., Taniguchi, S., Montone, R.C. (2013) Persistent organic pollutants in bird, fish and invertebrate samples from King George Island, Antarctica. Antarctic Science 25: 545–552.","Despite small direct anthropic/anthropogenic influence, Antarctica cannot be considered out of
the reach of pollutants. The present study evaluated the distribution and transfer of the following organic
pollutants: PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls), organochlorine pesticides and PBDEs (polybrominated
diphenyl ethers) in invertebrates, fish, bird eggs and liver samples from Admiralty Bay, King George Island,
South Shetland Islands. The prevailing compounds were (in ng g-1 wet weight for species averages): PCBs
up to 1821 for birds, 6.82 for fish and 41.3 for invertebrates, HCB (hexachlorobenzene) up to 69.8 for birds,
0.66 for fish and 0.56 for invertebrates and DDTs (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) up to 524 for birds,
3.04 for fish and 0.74 for invertebrates. PBDEs (detected only in bird eggs and liver, up to 39.1 and 7.95,
respectively) occurred in levels one or two orders of magnitude lower than organochlorines, probably due to
the lower and more recent usage of PBDEs. The qualitative profiles of PCBs agree with trophic level and
diet data. PBDEs showed small difference in composition when compared to the technical product available
in the Americas, especially in endemic species, which could indicate that fractionation does not have a
major role for this contaminant group. Trophic level, but also and more importantly, diet, range, ecological
niche and ‘‘growth dilution’’ effect explain the variation of pollutants concentrations found in this study.","https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954102012001149"
65,"Kallenborn, R., Breivik, K., Eckhardt, S., Lunder, C.R., Manø, S., Schlabach, M., Stohl, A. (2013) Long-term monitoring of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) at the Norwegian Troll station in Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 13: 6983–6992.","A first long-term monitoring of selected persis_x0002_tent organic pollutants (POPs) in Antarctic air has been
conducted at the Norwegian research station Troll (Dron_x0002_ning Maud Land). As target contaminants 32 PCB con_x0002_geners, α- and γ -hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), trans- and
cis-chlordane, trans- and cis-nonachlor, p,p’- and o,p-DDT,
DDD, DDE as well as hexachlorobenzene (HCB) were se_x0002_lected. The monitoring program with weekly samples taken
during the period 2007–2010 was coordinated with the par_x0002_allel program at the Norwegian Arctic monitoring site (Zep_x0002_pelin mountain, Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard) in terms of priority
compounds, sampling schedule as well as analytical meth_x0002_ods.
The POP concentration levels found in Antarctica were
considerably lower than Arctic atmospheric background con_x0002_centrations. Similar to observations for Arctic samples, HCB
is the predominant POP compound, with levels of around
22 pg m−3
throughout the entire monitoring period. In gen_x0002_eral, the following concentration distribution was found
for the Troll samples analyzed: HCB > Sum HCH > Sum
PCB > Sum DDT > Sum chlordanes.
Atmospheric long-range transport was identified as a ma_x0002_jor contamination source for POPs in Antarctic environ_x0002_ments. Several long-range transport events with elevated lev_x0002_els of pesticides and/or compounds with industrial sources
were identified based on retroplume calculations with a La_x0002_grangian particle dispersion model (FLEXPART).","https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-6983-2013"
66,"Galbán-Malagón, C.J., Del Vento, S., Berrojalbiz, N., Ojeda, M.-J., Dachs, J. (2013) Polychlorinated biphenyls, hexachlorocyclohexanes and hexachlorobenzene in seawater and phytoplankton from the Southern Ocean (Weddell, South Scotia, and Bellingshausen Seas). Environmental Science and Technology 47:  5578–5587.","The Southern Ocean is one of the most pristine environments in the world, but is nonetheless affected by inputs of persistent organic pollutants (POPs). In the present work, we report the concentrations of hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), and 26 polychlorinated biphenyl (PCBs) congeners in seawater and phytoplankton from samples obtained during three Antarctic cruises in 2005, 2008, and 2009. The levels of PCBs, HCHs, and HCB are low in comparison to the few previous reports for this region and studies from other oceans. The long-term decline of POP concentrations in the Southern Ocean seawater since early 1980 is consistent with half-lives of 3.4 and 5.7 years for HCHs and PCBs, respectively. There is a large variability of PCBs, HCHs, and HCB concentrations in water and phytoplankton within the Bransfield Strait, South Scotia, Weddell, and Bellingshausen Seas that masks the differences between the studied Seas. However, the variability of PCBs concentrations in phytoplankton is significantly correlated with phytoplankton biomass, with lower concentrations in the most productive waters. This trend is more apparent for the more hydrophobic congeners, consistent with the role of settling fluxes of organic matter decreasing the concentrations of hydrophobic POPs in productive waters. The present work reports the most extensive data set on concentrations in seawater and phytoplankton for the Southern Ocean, and points to the important biogeochemical drivers, such as settling and degradation, influencing the occurrence of POPs in the ocean.","https://doi.org/10.1021/es400030q"
67,"Zhang, L., Dickhut, R., Demaster, D., Pohl, K., Lohmann, R. (2013) Organochlorine pollutants in Western Antarctic Peninsula sediments and benthic deposit feeders. Environmental Science and Technology 47:  5643−5651.","Sediments and benthic deposit feeding holothurians were collected near the Palmer
Long Term Ecological Research grid during the austral winter of 2008. Polychlorinated biphenyls
(PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were measured in Western Antarctic Peninsula
continental shelf sediments, porewater, and benthic biota. Concentrations and fluxes in sediments
decreased sharply away from the tip of the peninsula toward its interior. Sedimentary PCB fluxes
were an order of magnitude lower than reported elsewhere, supporting the notion of a pristiner
Antarctic environment. Hexa-chlorinated biphenyls dominated (40−100%) the PCB profiles in the
sediments, while trichlorinated biphenyl 28 was the most abundant PCB congener in the
porewater. PCB and OCP concentrations in holothurians were comparable to concentrations in
other low trophic level biota in the Antarctic food web (i.e., krill). The partitioning of PCBs and
OCPs between the sediments and porewater can be explained by a dual-mode model, which
included both organic carbon and black carbon as partitioning media. Alternatively, a simpler one_x0002_parameter prediction assuming coal tar-like organic carbon performed equally well in explaining
porewater concentrations The majorities of PCBs (63−94%) in the Western Antarctic Peninsula
sediments were bound to black carbon or recalcitrant tar-like organic carbon, thereby lowering porewater concentrations. PCBs
and OCPs in the holothurians were in equilibrium with those in the porewater.","https://doi.org/10.1021/es303553h"
68,"Cipro, C.V.Z., Bustamante, P., Taniguchi, S., Montone, R.C. (2012) Persistent organic pollutants and stable isotopes in pinnipeds from King George Island, Antarctica. Marine Pollution Bulletin 64: 2650-2655.","In the present work, fat, skin, liver and muscle samples from Leptonychotes weddellii (Weddell seal, n = 2
individuals), Lobodon carcinophagus (crabeater seal, n = 2), Arctocephalus gazella (Antarctic fur seal, n = 3)
and Mirounga leonina (southern elephant seal, n = 1) were collected from King George Island, Antarctica,
and analysed for POPs (PCBs, organochlorine pesticides and PBDEs) and stable isotopes (d13C and d15N in
all tissues but fat). PBDEs could be found in only one sample (L. weddellii fat). Generally, PCBs (from 74 to
523 ng g_x0002_1 lw), DDTs (from 14 to 168 ng g_x0002_1 lw) and chlordanes (from 9 to 78 ng g_x0002_1 lw) were the pre_x0002_vailing compounds. Results showed a clear stratification in accordance with ecological data. Nonetheless,
stable isotope analyses provide a deeper insight into fluctuations due to migrations and nutritional stress.
Correlation between d15N and pollutants suggests, to some degree, a considerable ability to metabolize
and/or excrete the majority of them.","https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2012.10.012"
69,"Trumble, S.J., Robinson, E.M., Noren, S.R., Usenko, S., Davis, J., Kanatous, S.B. (2012) Assessment of legacy and emerging persistent organic pollutants in Weddell seal tissue (Leptonychotes weddellii) near McMurdo Sound, Antarctica. Science of the Total Environment 439: 275-283.","Muscle samples were collected from pup, juvenile and adult Weddell seals (Leptonychotes weddellii) near
McMurdo Sound, Antarctica during the austral summer of 2006. Blubber samples were collected from juvenile and adult seals. Samples were analyzed for emerging and legacy persistent organic pollutants (POPs) including current and historic-use organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and
polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). Of the 41 target analytes, 28 contaminants were recovered from
the Weddell seal blubber, in this order of prevalence: p,p′-DDE, p,p′-DDT, trans-nonachlor, mirex,
cis-nonachlor, PCB 153, PCB 138, dieldrin, heptachlor epoxide, nonachlor III, PCB 187, oxychlordane,
cis-chlordane, PCB 118, PBDE 47, PCB 156, PCB 149, PCB 180, PCB 101, PCB 170, PCB 105, o,p′-DDT, PCB 99,
trans-chlordane, PCB 157, PCB 167, PCB 189, and PCB 114. Fewer POPs were found in the muscle samples,
but were similar in the order of prevalence to that of the blubber: p,p′-DDE, o,p′-DDT, trans-nonachlor,
nonachlor III, oxychlordane, p,p′-DDT, dieldrin, mirex, cis-nonachlor, PCB 138, and PCB 105. Besides differences in toxicant concentrations reported between the muscle and blubber, we found differences in POP
levels according to age class and suggest that differences in blubber storage and/or mobilization of lipids result in age class differences in POPs. To our knowledge, such ontogenetic associations are novel. Importantly,
data from this study suggest that p,p′-DDT is becoming less prevalent temporally, resulting in an increased
proportion of its metabolite p,p′-DDE in the tissues of this top predator. In addition, this study is among
the first to identify a PBDE congener in Weddell seals near the McMurdo Station. This may provide evidence
of increased PBDE transport and encroachment in Antarctic wildlife.","https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.09.018"
70,"Fuoco, R., Giannarelli, S., Onor, M., Ghimenti, S., Abete, C., Termine, M., Francesconi, S. (2012) A snow/firn four-century record of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs) at Talos Dome (Antarctica). Microchemical Journal 105: 133-141.","A four-century record of fourteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and seven polychlorobiphenyls
(PCBs) was obtained from two snow/firn cores gathered at Talos Dome (Antarctica) in order to assess the contribution of human activities to global environmental pollution. The total concentrations of ΣPAH14 and ΣPCB7
were 0.7 ng/l and 0.06 ng/l in the deepest firn sample analyzed, and 3.4 ng/l and 0.22 ng/l in surface snow samples deposited over the last few years, respectively. Our data highlighted the presence of PAH maxima in the concentration depth profile, which correlated with non-sea salt sulphate maxima associated with the major known
volcanic eruptions in the period 1600–1930. PAHs showed the highest concentration in the core (4.6 ng/l) at a
depth of about 27.8 m (14.8 m water equivalent), here named the “Tambora PAH excess”, in relation to the Tambora eruption (1815 A.D.), the largest in recorded history. Surprisingly the data also revealed the presence of synchronous PCB maxima, with a well defined peak (0.14 ng/l) at a depth of 27.8 m.
Between 1930 and 2002, PAHs showed an overall 50% increase, with a slope of about 0.013 ng l−1 year−1
. This
can be predominantly attributed to the emission of incomplete combustion processes of organic matter related
to anthropogenic activities. PCBs show a much higher increase (+200%) with a slope of 0.0034 ng l−1 year−1 in
a very limited period (1930–1980) which is almost totally due to the massive industrial production and use of
PCBs, here named “industrial PCB excess”. The slight tendency of PCBs to a constant level from 1980 to 2002
might be attributed to the reduction in the industrial production of PCBs and the restricted use only in totally
enclosed systems which started in many countries in the late 1970s.","https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2012.05.018"
71,"Li, Y.M., Geng, D.W., Hu, Y.B., Wang, P., Zhang, Q.H., Jiang, G.B. (2012) Levels and distribution of polychlorinated biphenyls in the atmosphere close to Chinese Great Wall Station, Antarctica: Results from XAD-resin passive air sampling. Chinese Science Bulletin 105: 1499-1503.","Antarctica is an important research region for assessing persistence and long-range atmospheric transport (LRAT) of persistent 
organic pollutants (POPs). In this study, XAD-resin passive air sampling was conducted near the Chinese Great Wall Station, 
Antarctica, during a one-year sampling period in 2009–2010. The air concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were at 
a very low level, with total PCBs in the range of 26.74–45.08 pg m3
. PCB profiles were dominated by tetra-PCBs, tri-PCBs and 
di-PCBs, indicating LRAT was responsible for the pollutants in the Antarctic atmosphere. The sampling site near the Chinese 
Great Wall Station did not show higher PCB levels than the other sites, suggesting that PCB sources associated with the Great 
Wall Station were negligible. PCB-11 is a non-Aroclor congener, which has specific sources compared to other Aroclor PCB 
congeners. PCB-11 was observed in all air samples, with an average concentration of 1.22 pg m3
. To our knowledge, this study is 
the first investigation of PCB levels and distribution in the atmosphere around the Chinese Great Wall Station, Antarctica.","https://doi.org/10.1007/s11434-012-5048-8"
72,"Li, Y., Geng, D., Liu, F., Wang, T., Wang, P., Zhang, Q., Jiang, G. (2012) Study of PCBs and PBDEs in King George Island, Antarctica, using PUF passive air sampling. Atmospheric Environment 51: 140 - 145.","Polyurethane foam (PUF)-disk based passive air samplers were deployed in King George Island,
Antarctica, during the austral summer of 2009e2010, to investigate levels, distributions and potential
sources of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in Antarctic air.
The atmospheric levels of P indicator PCBs and P14 PBDEs ranged from 1.66 to 6.50 pg m_x0001_3 and from
0.67 to 2.98 pg m_x0001_3
, respectively. PCBs homologue profiles were dominated by di-PCBs, tri-PCBs and
tetra-PCBs, whereas BDE-17 and BDE-28 were the predominant congeners of PBDEs, which could be
explained by long-range atmospheric transport processes. However, the sampling sites close to the
Antarctic research stations showed higher atmospheric concentrations of PCBs and PBDEs than the
other sites, reflecting potential local sources from the Antarctic research stations. The non-Aroclor
congener PCB-11 was found in all the air samples, with air concentrations of 3.60e31.4 pg m_x0001_3
(average 15.2 pg m_x0001_3
). Comparison between the results derived from PUF-disk passive air sampling
and high-volume air sampling validates the feasibility of using the passive air samplers in Antarctic air.
To our knowledge, this study is the first employment of PUF-disk based passive air samplers in Antarctic
atmosphere.","https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.01.034"
73,"Wang, Q., Shi, Y.H., Hu, J.X., Yao, Z.W., Fang, X.K., Dong, Y.A. (2012) Determination of dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls in soil and moss from Fildes Peninsula, Antarctica. Chinese Science Bulletin 57:  992-996.","Dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are a class of toxic and persistent chemicals that are often found in the environment. 
The determination of dioxin-like PCBs in Fildes Peninsula, Antarctica, is reported in this paper. Dioxin-like PCBs were widely 
distributed in Antarctic soil and moss with concentration of 2.23–27.2 pg/g in soil and 10.4–812 pg/g in moss. The highest con_x0002_centrations were found in the Ardley Island area and the lowest concentrations on the west coast. The contribution of PCB-118 to 
the ∑12PCBs ranged from 36.0% to 69.6% in soil, and 17.2% to 43.4% in moss. The congener specific patterns in soil and moss 
were similar. Long-range atmospheric transport is thought to be the main source of PCBs detected on King George Island. The 
∑12PCBs toxic equivalent (TEQ) in soil was 0.400×103
 to 516×103
 pg (TEQ)/g with a mean value of 147×103
 pg (TEQ)/g. 
PCB-126 had the largest contribution (81.1%) to the ∑12PCBs TEQ in soil. The ∑12PCBs TEQ in moss ranged from 2.90×103
 to 1.19 pg/g with a mean value of 0.482 pg/g. PCB-126 was also the largest contributor (91.4%) to the ∑12PCBs TEQ in moss. The 
mean TEQ in moss was about 40 times that in soil.","https://doi.org/10.1007/s11434-011-4969-y"
74,"Cabrerizo, A., Dachs, J., Barceló, D., Jones, K.C. (2012) Influence of organic matter content and human activities on the occurrence of organic pollutants in antarctic soils, lichens, grass, and mosses. Environmental Science and Technology 46:  1396−1405.","Banned pesticides such as HCB and p,p′-DDE, and other
legacy and ongoing pollutants such as PCBs and PAHs, were measured in
different vegetation types and soil samples collected at selected areas
from Antarctic Peninsula (Deception and Livingstone Islands, Southern
Shetlands). Two Antarctic expeditions (in 2005 and 2009) were carried
out to assess POPs levels at remote areas, and close to current and
abandoned Antarctic research settlements, to assess potential sources of
pollutants. Overall, the patterns in lichens, mosses, and grass were
dominated by low molecular PCB congeners and PAHs and the presence
of HCB and p,p′-DDE rather than heavier compounds, suggesting the
importance of long-range atmospheric transport of POPs as the main
vector for the introduction of these chemicals to Antarctica. Statistically
significant correlations (p-level < 0.05) between concentrations in
vegetation of PCBs, p,p′-DDE, and the more volatile PAHs with lipid content were found with r
2 of 0.22−0.52 for PCBs, 0.42 for
p,p′-DDE, and 0.44−0.72 for the more volatile PAHs. Thus, lipid content is an important factor controlling POPs in Antarctic
lichens, mosses, and grass. A strong significant dependence of HCB (r
2 = 0.83), p,p′-DDE (r
2 = 0.60), and PCBs (r
2 = 0.36−0.47)
concentrations in soil on its organic carbon content was also observed, indicating the important role of soil organic matter
(SOM) in the retention of PCBs and OCPs in Polar Regions, where SOM content is low. Penguin colonies enhance the SOM
content in some areas which is reflected in higher concentrations of all POPs, especially of persistent compounds such as p,p′-
DDE. Higher concentrations of PCBs and PAHs found at the currently active Byers Camp (in an Antarctic Specially Protected
Area) were explained by higher SOM content, thus indicating that Antarctic regulations are being successfully fulfilled in this
small research area. On the other hand, PAHs in soils proximate to current Juan Carlos I research station show that even small
human settlements are an important source of PAHs to the local environment. Therefore, even though the concentrations in
Antarctica are low, there is evidence of local hotspots of contamination.","https://doi.org/10.1021/es203425b"
75,"Kang, J.-H., Son, M.-H., Hur, S.D., Hong, S., Motoyama, H., Fukui, K., Chang, Y.-S. (2012) Deposition of organochlorine pesticides into the surface snow of East Antarctica. Science of the Total Environment 433: 290-295.","Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were measured in surface snow collected on a ~1400-km inland traverse
beginning from the coastal regions of East Antarctica during the Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition
(JARE) of 2007/2008. Of the 22 OCPs, α-hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), γ-HCH, and hexachlorobenzene (HCB)
were frequently detected in the snow with concentration ranges of 17.5–83.2, 33–137, and ND–182 pg L−1
,
respectively. The most abundant pesticide was γ-HCH, with a mean concentration of 69.9 pg L−1
, followed by
α-HCH, with an average concentration of 44.5 pg L−1
. The spatial variability of α-HCH and γ-HCH was narrow,
and the concentrations of α-HCH and γ-HCH increased slightly with increasing altitude along the traverse route.
Dome Fuji, the highest altitude sampling point, had the highest γ-HCH concentrations in the snow. Backward air
trajectory analysis showed that the air masses at the sampling sites came mainly from the Indian and Atlantic
Oceans and over the Antarctic continent, indicating that the OCPs were subjected to long-range atmospheric
transport and were deposited in the surface snow. Our data suggest that the snow of Antarctica contains low
levels of OCPs.","https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.06.037"
76,"Yogui, G.T., Sericano, J.L., Montone, R.C. (2011) Accumulation of semivolatile organic compounds in Antarctic vegetation: A case study of polybrominated diphenyl ethers. Science of the Total Environment 409: 3902-3908.","Antarctic plant communities are dominated by lichens and mosses which accumulate semivolatile organic
compounds (SOCs) such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) directly from the atmosphere.
Differences in the levels of PBDEs observed in lichens and mosses collected at King George Island in the
austral summers 2004–05 and 2005–06 are probably explained by environmental and/or plant parameters.
Contamination of lichens showed a positive correlation with local precipitation, suggesting that wet
deposition processes are a major mechanism controlling the uptake of most PBDE congeners. These findings
are in agreement with physical–chemical data supporting that tetra- through hepta-BDEs in the Antarctic
atmosphere are basically bound to aerosols. Conversely, accumulation of PBDEs in mosses appears to be
controlled by other environmental factors and/or plant-specific characteristics. Model simulations
demonstrated that an ocean–atmosphere coupling may have played a role in the long-range transport of
less volatile SOCs such as PBDEs to Antarctica. According to simulations, the atmosphere is the most important
transport medium for PBDEs while the surface ocean serves as a temporary storage compartment, boosting
the deposition/volatilization “hopping” effect similarly to vegetation on continents.","https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.06.010"
77,"Baek, S.-Y., Choi, S.-D., Chang, Y.-S. (2011) Three-year atmospheric monitoring of organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in polar regions and the south pacific. Environmental Science and Technology 45:  4475–4482.","XAD-2 resin based passive air samplers (PAS) were deployed for
three one-year periods at the Korean polar and South Pacific research stations at
Ny-Ålesund (2005_x0001_2009), King George Island (2005_x0001_2007), and Chuuk
(2006_x0001_2009) to investigate long-range transport, local sources, and temporal
trends of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls
(PCBs). The highest hexachlocyclohexane (HCH) concentration (35.2_x0001_78.9
pg 3 m_x0001_3
) over the entire sampling period was detected at Ny-Ålesund, in the
Arctic. R-HCH was the dominant OCP (31.1_x0001_67.1 pg 3 m_x0001_3
), contributing
about 50% of the total OCP load. Additionally, a high and consistent R/γ-HCH
ratio was observed at Ny-Ålesund. HCHs might reach Arctic sites more easily
than other OCPs from surrounding countries through long-range atmospheric
transport (LRAT). Interestingly, high levels of the current-use OCP endosulfan
—particularly endosulfan-I—were detected at almost all sampling sites, includ_x0002_ing in Antarctica, ranging 12.2_x0001_88.5, 17.7_x0001_130, and ND_x0001_59.7 pg 3 m_x0001_3 at King George Island, Ny-Ålesund, and Chuuk,
respectively. Specific OCP and PCB patterns, such as low trans/cis-chlordane ratios and a prevalence of lighter PCB congeners, were
observed in all three regions (excepting one site at Ny-Ålesund and one site in the South Pacific affected by local sources) during all
sampling periods. This indicates that these Polar and remote South Pacific sites are mainly influenced by LRAT. Over the entire
sampling period, a decreasing trend of HCHs (R- and γ-HCH) and an increasing trend of endosulfan-I were observed at the Ny_x0002_Ålesund sites.","https://doi.org/10.1021/es1042996"
78,"Cipro, C.V.Z., Yogui, G.T., Bustamante, P., Taniguchi, S., Sericano, J.L., Montone, R.C. (2011) Organic pollutants and their correlation with stable isotopes in vegetation from King George Island, Antarctica. Chemosphere 85: 393-398.","Vegetation samples from King George Island, Antarctica (62_x0002_050S, 058_x0002_230W) were collected in the austral
summer of 2004–2005. Lichens (Usnea aurantiaco-atra and Usnea antarctica), mosses (Sanionia uncinata,
Syntrichia princeps and Brachytecium sp.), and one angiosperm (Colobanthus quitensis) species were analyzed
for persistent organic pollutants as well as d13C and d15N stable isotopes. The following contaminants
were found above the method detection limit (MDL): HCB (0.141–1.06 ng g_x0002_1 dry weight), HCHs
(<MDL to 1.20 ng g_x0002_1 dw), DDTs (<MDL to 1.73 ng g_x0002_1 dw), PCBs (7.76–18.6 ng g_x0002_1 dw) and PBDEs
(0.146–0.811 ng g_x0002_1 dw). In all cases, levels in mosses were higher than in lichens (one order of magnitude
higher for OCs), suggesting that specific biogeochemical processes were involved in the transport,
exposure and absorption for each group. Carbon stable isotope ratios showed clearly different ranges
for lichens (d13C from _x0002_21.13‰ up to _x0002_18.43‰) and mosses (_x0002_25.99‰ to _x0002_21.64‰). The only angiosperm
species investigated exhibited 13C signature within the moss range. A large range of d15N was
found (_x0002_7.67‰ to 20.75‰) and seemed to be related to nitrogen uptake from different animal-derived
sources. Pearson’s correlation showed significant results for some contaminants (e.g. HCHs/HCB and
PCBs/DDTs) and suggested the influence of the origin of both nitrogen and pollutants, notably taking secondary
sources (animal excrements/remains, for instance) into consideration.","https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.07.047"
79,"Corsolini, S., Borghesi, N., Ademollo, N., Focardi, S. (2011) Chlorinated biphenyls and pesticides in migrating and resident seabirds from East and West Antarctica. Environment International 37: 1329–1335.","The unhatched eggs of the following seabirds were analyzed to quantify PCBs, hexachlorobenzene (HCB), α-,
β-, γ-, δ-hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), o,p′ and p,p′ isomers of DDT, DDD and DDE: resident Adèlie
(Pygoscelis adèliae, ADPE) and Emperor (Aptenodytes forsteri, EMPE) penguins, migrating snow petrel
(Pagodroma nivea, SNPT) and South Polar skua (Catharacta maccormicki, SPSK) from the Ross Sea (East
Antarctica); and migrating Brown skua (Catharacta antartica, BRSK) and resident ADPE from the Brainsfield
Strait (West Antarctica). The general aims were to evaluate the contaminant accumulation in eggs of
migrating and resident species in the two study areas, and to compare levels in penguins and skuas nesting in
East and West Antarctica. PCB congener and HCH and DDT isomer profiles were also assessed. Comparisons
were evaluated using seven PCB congeners (IUPAC nos. 28, 52, 101, 118+149, 138, 153, and 180), p,p′-DDE,
ΣDDTs, and ΣHCHs. Higher contaminant concentrations were detected in migrating seabirds (South polar
skua and brown skua)Nsub-Antarctic species (snow petrel)NAntarctic species (penguins) from both the
sampling sites, suggesting contamination events at lower latitudes for those birds migrating northward. HCHs
showed the lowest concentrations in all species (from 0.03±0.03 ng/g wet wt in SPSK to 1.81±1.23 ng/g wet
wt in ADPE from West Antarctica), and PCBs were the most abundant contaminants (from 4.34±2.15 ng/g
wet wt. in EMPE to 53.41±19.61 ng/g wet wt. in brown skua). Among pesticides, it is relevant the detection of
p,p′-DDT in Adèlie penguin from West Antarctica and in both species of skua; the detection of this pesticide
can confirm its actual use in certain malaria-endemic countries from where it is transferred through the long
range transport to the polar regions. Contaminants did not show any significant temporal trend during a ten
year time span, from 1994/95 to 2004/05, in organisms collected in East Antarctica and they did not indicate
any latitudinal gradient along the Ross Sea coasts.","https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2011.05.017"
80,"van den Brink, N.W., Riddle, M.J., van den Heuvel-Greve, M., van Franeker, J.A. (2011) Contrasting time trends of organic contaminants in Antarctic pelagic and benthic food webs. Marine Pollution Bulletin 62:128 -132.","We demonstrate that pelagic Antarctic seabirds show significant decreases in concentrations of some
persistent organic pollutants. Trends in Adélie penguins and Southern fulmars fit in a general pattern
revealed by a broad literature review. Downward trends are also visible in pelagic fish, contrasting shar_x0002_ply with steady or increasing concentrations in Antarctic benthic organisms. Transfer of contaminants
between Antarctic pelagic and benthic food webs is associated with seasonal sea-ice dynamics which
may influence the balance between the final receptors of contaminants under different climatic condi_x0002_tions. This complicates the predictability of future trends of emerging compounds in the Antarctic eco_x0002_system, such as of the brominated compounds that we detected in Antarctic petrels. The discrepancy
in trends between pelagic and benthic organisms shows that Antarctic biota are still final receptors of
globally released organic contaminants and it remains questionable whether the total environmental
burden of contaminants in the Antarctic ecosystem is declining.","https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2010.09.002"
81,"Kim, J.-H., Lim, H.S., Ahn, I.-Y., Lee, S.-H., Kim, M., Park, H. (2010) Short note: Polychlorinated biphenyl congeners in antarctic biota from the barton peninsula, king george Island. Antarctic Science 22: 283-284.","Although Antarctica is largely pristine, relatively volatile
persistent organic pollutants (POPs) can be carried there by
long-range atmospheric transport (Risebrough et al. 1976).
Their highly lipophilic and persistent nature allows ready
accumulation in organisms and subsequent biomagnification
through the food web. Here, we describe the distribution and
concentration profiles of dioxin-like PCB congeners, and
estimate transference rates through the food web in various
Antarctic organisms.","https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954102010000052"
82,"Cipro, C.V.Z., Taniguchi, S., Montone, R.C. (2010) Occurrence of organochlorine compounds in Euphausia superba and unhatched eggs of Pygoscelis genus penguins from Admiralty Bay (King George Island, Antarctica) and estimation of biomagnification factors. Chemosphere 78: 767-771","Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides are compounds that do not occur natu_x0002_rally in the environment and are not easily degraded by chemical or microbiological action. In the present
work, those compounds were analysed in unhatched penguin eggs and whole krill collected in Admiralty
Bay, King George Island, Antarctica in the austral summers of 2004–2005 and 2005–2006. The com_x0002_pounds found in higher levels (in a wet weight basis) were, in most of the egg samples, the PCBs
(2.53–78.7 ng g_x0002_1
), DDTs (2.07–38.0 ng g_x0002_1
) and HCB (4.99–39.1 ng g_x0002_1
) and after Kruskal–Wallis
ANOVA, the occurrence seemed to be species-specific for the Pygoscelis genus. In all of the cases, the levels
found were not higher than the ones in Arctic birds in a similar trophic level. The krill samples analysis
allowed estimating the biomagnification factors (which resulted in up to 363 for HCB, one order of mag_x0002_nitude higher than DDTs and chlordanes and two orders of magnitude higher than the other groups) of the compounds found in eggs, whose only source of contamination is the female-offspring transfer.","https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.10.006"
83,"Schiavone, A., Kannan, K., Horii, Y., Focardi, S., Corsolini, S. (2009) Occurrence of brominated flame retardants, polycyclic musks, and chlorinated naphthalenes in seal blubber from Antarctica: Comparison to organochlorines. Marine Pollution Bulletin 58: 1406–1419.","In the last few years there has been increasing interest in nam_x0002_ing additional toxic substances to the list of ‘‘dirty dozen” persis_x0002_tent organic pollutants (POPs) identified by the United Nations
Environment Programme (UNEP). Other compounds that have
the characteristics of POPs have been identified. These include bro_x0002_minated flame retardants such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers
(PBDEs), perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) and polychlorinated
naphthalenes (PCNs). Although these ‘new’ compounds have been
in use for several decades, they are referred to as emerging
contaminants.","https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2009.05.019"
84,"Park, H., Lee, S.-H., Kim, M., Kim, J.-H., Lim, H.S. (2009) Polychlorinated biphenyl congeners in soils and lichens from King George Island, South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. Antarctic Science 22: 31-38.","The levels and distribution of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners were analysed in
fourteen soil and eight lichen (Usnea aurantiaco-atra) samples from King George Island, West Antarctica.
A total of 32 PCB congeners were found in five soil samples collected in 2006, and the mean concentration
of total PCBs was 20.4 pg g-1 dry weight (range, 8.0233.8 pg g-1 dry weight). The most abundant PCB
isomers in soil samples were di-, tri-, and penta-CBs, which accounted for more than 75% of the total
residues. Twelve dioxin-like PCBs were also detected in nine soil and eight lichen samples, and the levels
of dioxin-like PCBs were 5-fold higher in lichens than in soil. PCBs were detected at very low levels in
most soil and lichen samples. The highest congener concentrations were found for PCB 118 (6.63 and
21.93 pg g-1 in soil and lichen, respectively) among dioxin-like PCBs. PCB levels in air samples were
highly correlated with those in soil and lichen samples, as were PCB levels in soil and lichen samples
collected at the same site. Long-range atmospheric transport is thought to be the main source of PCBs on
King George Island. However, PCB levels in soil and lichen samples were also apparently influenced by
local sources of PCBs.","https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954102009990472"
85,"Fuoco, R., Giannarelli, S., Wei, Y., Ceccarini, A., Abete, C., Francesconi, S., Termine, M. (2009) Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) at Ross Sea (Antarctica). Microchemical Journal 92: 44-48.","The most significant findings on the presence of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the marine ecosystem
at Ross Sea are presented. Seawater samples were collected in many sampling sites located in a large area of the
Ross Sea during various Italian expeditions in Antarctica. Two classes of POPs were considered, namely
polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The results highlighted the
presence of these compounds in seawater samples at a total concentration level of about 50 pg/l for PCBs, and
220 pg/l for PAHs. Moreover, seawater samples showed low to high molecular weight PAHs (LMW/HMW) and
phenanthrene to anthracene (PHE/ANT) ratios higher than 1 and 5, respectively, which may suggest the
predominance of a petrogenic source (i.e. petroleum product contamination). Results were also obtained on
the POP depth profile in the water column at Cape Adere, where two water masses converge and mix, i.e. the
Modified Circumpolar Deep Water (MCDW) and the High Salinity Shelf Water (HSSW). According to both the
PAH and temperature profiles a two-fold higher PAH and PCB concentration was observed for MCDW samples
with respect to HSSW. This result represents the first experimental evidence of the external input of pollutants
in this area of the Ross Sea coming from the outer oceanic circulation","https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2008.11.004"
86,"Miranda Filho, K.C., Metcalfe, C.D., Metcalfe, T.L., Muelbert, M.M.C., Robaldo, R.B., Martinez, P.E., Colares, E.P., Bianchini, A. (2009) Lactational transfer of PCBs and chlorinated pesticides in pups of southern elephant seals (Mirounga leonina) from Antarctica. Chemosphere 75: 610-616.","Seven pairs of southern elephant seals (Mirounga leonina) pups and their dams were sampled during the
late weaning season among a breeding population of seals on Elephant Island in Antarctica. The blubber
of the pups and the milk and blubber of their dams were analyzed for lipid-normalized concentrations of
PCBs and organochlorines compounds in order to evaluate the lactational transfer of these contaminants.
The lipid-normalized concentrations in these tissues were in the ppb range (i.e., ng g_x0002_1 lipid). The levels
of contaminants in southern elephant seals were low in comparison with residues that have been
reported in pinnipeds from the northern hemisphere. The relative tissue concentrations of the analytes
measured followed the pattern: RDDT > mirex > RPCB > Rchlordane > HCB > heptachlor epoxide > diel_x0002_drin > methoxychlor > RHCH > other organochlorines. The very high DDE/RDDT ratio (0.91) in the blub_x0002_ber of dams and pups was an indicative of long-term, extremely distant pollution. On the other hand, the
relatively high levels of some other organochlorine pesticides (e.g. mirex, heptachlor epoxide, dieldrin,
methoxychor) may reflect the continued use of these insecticides in developing countries located in
the southern hemisphere. For most of the analytes measured, the lipid-normalized concentrations were
lower in pup blubber and in the milk than in the maternal blubber. Lactational transfer rates were depen_x0002_dent on the logKow (octanol/water partition coefficient) values of the analytes measured, less lipophilic
compounds being more readily transferred to the pups by the lactational route","https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.01.032"
87,"Yogui, G.T., Sericano, J.L. (2009) Levels and pattern of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in eggs of Antarctic seabirds: Endemic versus migratory species. Environmental Pollution 157: 975-980.","Chinstrap and gentoo penguins are endemic species that live year round south of the Antarctic
Convergence. South polar skua is a migratory seabird that can be observed in Antarctica during the
breeding season (i.e., austral summer). This study compares concentration and pattern of poly_x0002_brominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in eggs of seabirds breeding at King George Island, Antarctic
Peninsula. PBDEs in south polar skua eggs are approximately 20 times higher than in penguin eggs
suggesting that skuas are more exposed to contaminants during the non-breeding season when they
migrate to waters of the northern hemisphere. The pattern of PBDE congeners also differs between south
polar skua and penguin eggs. The latter exhibited a pattern similar to that found in the local biota. In
contrast, the congener pattern in south polar skua eggs suggests that birds breeding at King George
Island may winter in the northwestern Pacific Ocean.","https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2008.10.016"
88,"Borghesi, N., Corsolini, S., Leonards, P., Brandsma, S., de Boer, J., Focardi, S. (2009) Polybrominated diphenyl ether contamination levels in fish from the Antarctic and the Mediterranean Sea. Chemosphere 77: 693-698.","Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) concentrations and congener profiles were evaluated in
four species of Antarctic fish (Chionodraco hamatus, Chaempsocephalus gunnari, Gymnoscopelus nicholsi,
Trematomus eulepidotes) and in one Mediterranean species (Tuna, Thunnus thynnus). The GC/MS-ECNI
analysis revealed that average PPBDE concentrations in Antarctic fish species ranged from
0.09 ng g_x0002_1 wet weight (wet wt) in G. nicholsi to 0.44 ng g_x0002_1 wet wt in C. gunnari. In Mediterranean tuna
they were two or three orders of magnitude higher (15 ng g_x0002_1 wet wt). The PBDE congener profiles dif_x0002_fered between species; low brominated congeners prevailed in Antarctic species while in tuna tetra_x0002_and pentabromodiphenyl ethers were the most abundant congener groups (41% and 44%, respectively).
These results showed that PBDE levels significantly correlated with the length of the fishes (r
2 = 0.85,
p < 0.01) in C. hamatus, but not with the weight of the fish. Moreover, mean PPBDE concentrations in
tuna were statistically higher in females than in males (18 and 13 ng g_x0002_1 wet wt, respectively;
p < 0.05), which was explained by the lower fat contents of the males that just had entered the spawning
period. The results of this study confirm that PBDE contamination of the marine environment now occurs
on a global scale","https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.07.035"
89,"Schiavone, A., Corsolini, S., Borghesi, N., Focardi, S. (2009) Contamination profiles of selected PCB congeners, chlorinated pesticides, PCDD/Fs in Antarctic fur seal pups and penguin eggs. Chemosphere 76: 264-269.","The aim of this study was to investigate levels of some major environmental contaminants, such as poly_x0002_chlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and orga_x0002_nochlorine pesticides in Antarctic samples. Concentrations of some persistent organic pollutants (POPs)
were investigated in Antarctic fur seal pups and eggs of three species of penguins. Dichloro-diphenyl-tri_x0002_chloroethane (DDT) was the main pollutant, followed by PCBs; other organochlorine compounds such as
hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and PCDD/Fs were usually found only in minor quantities. Adélie penguin eggs
had significantly higher mean PCB concentrations (p < 0.05) compared to the other two penguin species,
but there was no difference in DDT levels (p > 0.05). TEQ values in fur seal blubber in our study were one
order of magnitude lower than those considered to elicit physiological effects in aquatic mammals. In
general, POP concentrations in our samples suggested that likely the study populations were not cur_x0002_rently at risk for adverse health effects, but indicated a clear need for further monitoring to assess the presence and time trend of a broad range of contaminants, mainly emerging POPs thought to be increasing in polar regions.","https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.03.007"
90,"Cincinelli, A., Martellini, T., Del Bubba, M., Lepri, L., Corsolini, S., Borghesi, N., King, M.D., Dickhut, R.M. (2009) Organochlorine pesticide air-water exchange and bioconcentration in krill in the Ross Sea. Environmental Pollution 157: 2153-2158.","Mean hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) concentrations, measured in
seawater and air samples, confirmed the decline in levels of these compounds in Antarctic air and water.
However, low a/g-HCH ratios in air at the beginning of the sampling period suggest a predominance of
fresh lindane entering the Antarctic atmosphere during the Austral spring probably due to current use in
the Southern Hemisphere.Water–air fugacity ratios demonstrate the potential for HCH gas deposition to
coastal Antarctic seas, while the water–air fugacity ratios for HCB imply that volatilization does not
account for the observed decrease of HCB in surface seawater. HCH concentrations found in krill samples
were correlated with seawater concentrations indicative of bioconcentration of HCHs from seawater.","https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2009.02.010"
91,"Yogui, G.T., Sericano, J.L. (2008) Polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants in lichens and mosses from King George Island, maritime Antarctica. Chemosphere 73: 1589-1593.","Lichens and mosses are considered good indicators of atmospheric pollution as they absorb contaminants
directly from the air. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are man-made chemicals used as flame
retardants in materials such as plastics, textiles, electronic circuitry and furnishing foam. Few studies
have investigated PBDEs in the southern hemisphere including Antarctica. This paper presents the first
evaluation of PBDEs in lichens (Usnea antarctica and Usnea aurantiaco-atra) and mosses (Sanionia uncinat_x0002_a) collected at King George Island, maritime Antarctica. PBDEs were detected at low levels in all lichen
and moss samples. On average, the levels of PBDEs in mosses (818 pg g_x0002_1 dry weight; 101 ng g_x0002_1 lipid)
were significantly higher than in lichens (168 pg g_x0002_1 dry weight; 9.11 ng g_x0002_1 lipid). This difference is most
likely due to the differing mechanisms of PBDEs uptake from the atmosphere which are controlled by a
number of chemical, environmental and plant variables. Contaminant concentrations were not statisti_x0002_cally different at sites close to and distant from human facilities. Long-range atmospheric transport is
believed to be the primary source of PBDEs to King George Island. The pattern of congeners in plants
resembles those found in commercial mixtures of Penta-BDE. In addition, the presence of BDE-183 in
lichens and mosses suggests that other technical formulations (e.g., Octa-BDE and Deca-BDE) have
reached Antarctica. Further studies are needed to better understand the role of Antarctic vegetation as
a sink for anthropogenic organic pollutants.","https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.08.035"
92,"Choi, S.-D., Baek, S.-Y., Chang, Y.-S., Wania, F., Ikonomou, M.G., Yoon, Y.-J., Park, B.-K., Hong, S. (2008) Passive air sampling of polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides at the Korean arctic and antarctic research stations: Implications for long-range transport and local pollution. Environmental Science and Technology 42: 7125–7131.","To assess levels and patterns of polychlorinated biphenyls
(PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in polar regions,
XAD-resin based passive air samplers were deployed for
one year at the Korean polar research stations at Ny-Ålesund,
Norway (2005-2006) and King George Island, Antarctica
(2004-2005). Backward trajectories suggest that these stations
are affected by long-range transport from source regions in
Northern Europe andRussia andthesoutherntip ofSouthAmerica,
respectively. Relatively high levels of PCB-11, averaging 60
pg·m-3
, were observed in Antarctica, suggesting an unusual
source of PCB-11 to the Southern Hemisphere. Reflecting the
hemispheric distribution of global PCB emissions, the average
level of Σ205PCB (excluding three mono-CBs and PCB-11)
was five times higher in the Arctic (95 pg·m-3
) than in the
Antarctic (19 pg·m-3
). Levels of Σ9PCB at Ny-Ålesund were
similartothose reportedfor other Arctic sites, while levels at King
George Island were lower than at other sites on the Antarctic
Peninsula but 1 order of magnitude higher than background
levelsmeasured at amore remoteAntarcticsite.Light homologues
were predominant in all samples (except for one Arctic
sample), consistent with the hypothesis of global fractionation
and predictions of long-range transport potential. Dominance
of heavy PCBs on the roof of the main building at Ny-Ålesund
and a concentration gradient with distance from the main
building at King George Island strongly indicated the influence
of local sources. OCP levels were also influenced by long_x0002_range transport but not by local sources. This study highlights
the feasibility of using passive air sampling to assess both long_x0002_range transport and local pollution in remote regions.","https://doi.org/10.1021/es801004p"
93,"Borghesi, N., Corsolini, S., Focardi, S. (2008) Levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and organochlorine pollutants in two species of Antarctic fish (Chionodraco hamatus and Trematomus bernacchii). Chemosphere 73: 155-160.","In the late 1960s the first scientific
studies
on contamination
in Antarctica
demonstrated
the presence
of
pollutants
in Antarctic
ecosystems.
Many Persistent
Organic Pollutants
(POPs) are transported
globally
from the areas in which they are produced
and released into the environment
in remote areas, including
Antarctica.
Here we report results obtained concerning
the accumulation
of polybrominated
diphenyl ethers
(PBDEs), mono- and non-ortho-polychlorobiphenyls
(PCBs), polychlorodibenzodioxins
(PCDDs) and polychlorodibenzofurans
(PCDFs) in the tissues
of two species
of Antarctic
fish (Chionodraco
hamatus
and
Trematomus
bernacchii).
The 2,3,7,8-TCDD toxic equivalents
(TEQs) were also calculated
to evaluate
the
potential risk of these compounds
for the two species.
In general,
POP levels
were higher in the tissues
of T. bernacchii
than in C. hamatus
and the highest
concentrations
were found in the liver of both species.
The PBDE levels
varied
from 160.5 pg g¡1 wet wt in C.
hamatus
muscle to 789.9 pg g¡1 wet wt in T. bernacchii
liver and were lower than the levels
of PCBs. PCBs
were the main organochlorine
compounds
detected and their concentrations
ranged from 0.3 ng g¡1 wet
wt in C. hamatus
muscle to 15.1 ng g¡1 wet wt in T. bernacchii
liver. TEQ concentrations
resulted higher in
C. hamatus
than in T. bernacchii
and were due mainly to PCDDs. The presence
of PBDEs and organochlorine
pollutants
in the tissues
of Antarctic
organisms
confirms
their global transport
and distribution.","https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.06.031"
94,"Hale, R.C., Kim, S.L., Harvey, E., La Guardia, M.J., Mainor, T.M., Bush, E.O., Jacobs, E.M. (2008) Antarctic research bases: Local sources of polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants. Environmental Science and Technology 42: 1452-1457.","Contemporary studies of chemical contamination in Antarctica
commonlyfocusonremnantsofhistoricallocalreleasesorlong_x0002_range transport of legacy pollutants. To protect the continent’s
pristine status, the Antarctic Treaty’s Protocol on Environmental
Protection prohibits importation of persistent organic pollutants.
However, some polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners
exhibit similar properties. Many modern polymer-containing
products, e.g., home/office furnishings and electronics, contain
percent levels of flame retardant PBDEs. PBDE concentrations
in indoor dust and wastewater sludge from the U.S. McMurdo
and New Zealand-operated Scott Antarctic research bases were
high. Levels tracked those in sludge and dust from their
respective host countries. BDE-209, the major constituent in
the commercial deca-PBDE product, was the dominant congener
in sludge and dust, as well as aquatic sediments collected
near the McMurdo wastewater outfall. The pattern and level
ofBDE-209sedimentconcentrations,inconjunctionwithitslimited
environmental mobility, suggest inputs from local sources.
PBDE concentrations in fish and invertebrates near the McMurdo
outfall rivaled those in urbanized areas of North America
and generally decreased with distance. The data indicate that
reliance on wastewater maceration alone, as stipulated by
the Protocol, may permit entry of substantial amounts of PBDEs
and other chemicals to the Antarctic environment","https://doi.org/10.1021/es702547a"
95,"Bengtson Nash, S.M., Poulsen, A.H., Kawaguchi, S., Vetter, W., Schlabach, M. (2008) Persistent organohalogen contaminant burdens in Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) from the eastern Antarctic sector: A baseline study. Science of the Total Environment 407: 304-314.","A baseline for persistent organohalogen compound (POC) accumulation in the Antarctic
keystone species, Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) has been established for a 50° longitudinal
range of the eastern Antarctic sector. Samples of adult krill, caught from 12 sites distributed
between 30° and 80°E (60–70°S), were analysed for N100 organohalogen compounds including
chlorinated pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated organic
compounds and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans (PCDD/Fs).
Organochlorine pesticides dominated measured krill contaminant burdens with
hexachlorobenzene (HCB) as the single most abundant compound quantified. Krill HCB
concentrations were comparable to those detected at this trophic level in both the Arctic and
temperate northwest Atlantic, lending support for the hypothesis that HCB will approach global
equilibrium at a faster rate than other POCs. Para, para′-dichlorodiphenylethene (p,p′-DDE) was
detected at notable concentrations. Measurements of DDT and its degradation products
provide an important baseline for monitoring the temporal and geographical influence of
renewed, DDT usage for malaria-control in affected southern hemisphere countries.
In contrast to the Arctic, PCBs did not feature prominently in contaminant burdens of Antarctic
krill. The major commercial polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners -99 and -47 were
quantified at low background levels with clear concentration spikes observed at around 70°E , in
the vicinity of modern, active research stations. The likelihood that local anthropogenic
activities are supplementing low PBDE levels, delivered otherwise primarily via long range
environmental transport, is discussed. The suspected naturally occurring brominated organic
compound, 2,4,6-tribromoanisole (TBA), was a ubiquitous contaminant in all samples whereas
the only PCDD/Fs quantifiable were trace levels of octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (OCDD) and
1,2,3,4,7,8/1,2,3,4,7,9-hexachlorodibenzofuran (HxCDF).
With the aims of; i) Generating a robust and broadly applicable POC auditing platform for the
scarcely studied eastern Antarctic sector; ii) Determining the compounds accumulating in
Antarctic krill for further toxicity evaluation studies and iii) Establishing a baseline for
Antarctic predator exposure to POCs, this study represents one of the most comprehensive
reports of POC contamination of the Antarctic food web to date.","https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.08.034"
96,"Krahn, M.M., Pitman, R.L., Burrows, D.G., Herman, D.P., Pearce, R.W. (2008) Use of chemical tracers to assess diet and persistent organic pollutants in Antarctic Type C killer whales. Marine Mammal Science 24: 643-663.","Measuring chemical tracers in tissues of marine predators provides insight into
the prey consumed and the predator’s contaminant exposure. In this study, sam_x0002_ples from Type C killer whales (Orcinus orca) biopsied in Antarctica were analyzed
for chemical tracers (i.e., stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen, fatty acids, and
persistent organic pollutants [POPs]). Profiles of these individual tracers were very
different from those of killer whale populations that have been studied in the east_x0002_ern North and eastern Tropical Pacific. For example, _x0002_13C and _x0002_15N stable isotope
values and most POP concentrations were significantly lower in the Antarctic pop_x0002_ulation. In addition, multivariate statistical analyses of both fatty acid and POP
profiles found distinctly different patterns for Antarctic Type C whales compared to
those from whales in the other populations. Similar assays were conducted on four
species of Antarctic marine fish considered potential prey for Type C killer whales.
Results were consistent with a diet of fish for Type C whales, but other species
(e.g., low trophic-level marine mammals or penguins) could not be eliminated as
supplemental prey.","https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.2008.00213.x"
97,"Geisz, H.N., Dickhut, R.M., Cochran, M.A., Fraser, W.R., Ducklow, H.W. (2008) Melting glaciers: A probable source of DDT to the Antarctic marine ecosystem. Environmental Science and Technology 42: 3958-3962.","Persistent organic pollutants reach polar regions by long_x0002_range atmospheric transport and biomagnify through the food
web accumulating in higher trophic level predators. We
analyzed Ade´lie penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) samples collected
from 2004 to 2006 to evaluate current levels of ∑DDT (p,p′-
DDT+p,p′-DDE) in these birds, which are confined to Antarctica.
Ratios of p,p′-DDT to p,p′-DDE in Ade´lie penguins have
declined significantly since 1964 indicating current exposure
to old rather than new sources of ΣDDT. However, ∑DDT has
not declined in Ade´lie penguins from the Western Antarctic
Peninsula for more than 30 years and the presence of p,p′-
DDT in these birds indicates that there is a current source of DDT
to the Antarctic marine food web. DDT has been banned or
severely restricted since peak use in the 1970s, implicating glacier
meltwater as a likely source for DDT contamination in
coastal Antarctic seas. Our estimates indicate that 1-4
kg· y-1 ΣDDT are currently being released into coastal waters
along the Western Antarctic Ice Sheet due to glacier ablation.","https://doi.org/10.1021/es702919n"
98,"Corsolini, S., Borghesi, N., Schiamone, A., Focardi, S. (2007) Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, polychlorinated dibenzo-dioxins, -furans, and -biphenyls in three species of antarctic penguins. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 14: 421-429.","Background, Aims and Scope. Fish-eating seabirds are recognized
to be at risk of accumulating toxic contaminants due to their high
position in the trophic web and to their low ability to metabolize
xenobiotic compounds. Penguins are widely distributed in Antarctica
and represent an important fraction of the Antarctic biomass.
They feed mainly on krill and, depending on krill availability,
also on fish. It has been reported that predators may be a sink
for volatile and toxic chemicals and this may pose a serious environmental
problem. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs),
polychlorinated dibenzo-dioxins (PCDDs), -furans (PCDFs), and
-biphenyls (PCBs), including non-ortho congeners, hexachlorobenzene
(HCB) and p,p'-DDE, were quantified in three species of
Antarctic Pygoscelids in order to evaluate their accumulation patterns.
The potential toxicity of twenty-two dioxin-like congeners
was assessed and expressed as 2,3,7,8-tetraCDD equivalents
(TEQs). Differences between males and females were investigated.","https://doi.org/10.1065/espr2006.01.017"
99,"Roosens, L., Van Den Brink, N., Riddle, M., Blust, R., Neels, H., Covaci, A. (2007) Penguin colonies as secondary sources of contamination with persistent organic pollutants. Journal of Environmental Monitoring 9: 822-825.","Although long-range atmospheric transport has been described as the predominant mechanism
for exposing polar regions to persistent organic pollutants (POPs), recent studies have suggested
that bird activity can also contribute substantially to contaminant levels in some environments.
However, because the species so far reported have all been migratory, it has not been
demonstrated conclusively whether locally elevated contamination represents transport from lower
latitudes by the migrating birds or, alternatively, redistribution and concentration of
contaminants that were already present in the high-latitude environments. The present study
demonstrates, for the first time, that several POPs are present in elevated concentrations in an
environment frequented by a non-migratory species (Ade´lie penguins) that spends its entire life in
the Antarctic. Levels of POPs, such as p,p0
-DDE, hexachlorobenzene (HCB), chlordanes (CHLs)
and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), were 10 to 100-fold higher in soil samples from penguin
colonies than from reference areas. This significant difference is likely related to local penguin
activity, such as a higher abundance of guano and the presence of bird carcasses. This hypothesis
is also supported by a higher percentage of persistent congeners (PCB 99, 118, 138 and 153) in
the soil from the colonies compared to the reference areas. This profile of PCB congeners closely
matched profiles seen in penguin eggs or penguin blood","https://doi.org/10.1039/b708103k"
100,"Miranda-Filho, K.C., Metcalfe, T.L., Metcalfe, C.D., Robaldo, R.B., Muelbert, M.M.C., Colares, E.P., Martinez, P.E., Bianchini, A. (2007) Residues of persistent organochlorine contaminants in Southern elephant seals (Mirounga leonina) from Elephant Island, Antarctica. Environmental Science and Technology 41: 3829-3835","Contamination of blubber tissues by organochlorine
pesticides (OC) and PCBs was assessed in female and
male pups and juveniles, as well as in adult females and
subdominant adult males of the Southern elephant
seal, Mirounga leonina, from Elephant Island in the Antarctic
Peninsula. All residues of persistent organochlorine
contaminants analyzed were found in blubber samples,
except for â-HCH, endosulfan II, endrin, heptachlor, and
aldrin. The relative concentrations of the analytes detected
were ΣDDT > ΣPCB > Σchlordane > mirex > dieldrin
> HCB> Σendosulfan > methoxychlor > ΣHCHs > other
OC pesticides. OC and PCBs concentrations were 1 or 2
orders of magnitude lower than those found in pinnipeds
from northern hemisphere. The ratio ΣDDT/ΣPCB was higher
in southern elephant seals. The relative importance of
some OC residues indicates that pesticides used either
currently or in the recent past in countries in the southern
hemisphere are the sources of contamination in the
Antarctic region. Data showed that concentrations of
contaminants generally increased from pups < juveniles
< adults and suggested that pups accumulated contaminants
through transfer from the mother seals via transplacental
and lactational routes.","https://doi.org/10.1021/es0621187"
101,"Kawano, M., Falandysz, J., Wakimoto, T. (2007) Instrumental neutron activation analysis of extractable organohalogens in the Antarctic Weddell seal (Leptonychotes weddelli). Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry 272: 501-504.","Instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) was performed for measurement of extractable organohalogens (EOX) in blubber samples of 
Weddell seals (Leptonychotes weddelli) from Antarctica. EOX were detected in all the analyzed samples. The concentration order of EOX was: 
extractable organochlorine (EOCl)>extractable organobromine (EOBr)>extractable organoiodine (EOI). Their levels increased gradually with 
aging as with other man-made persistent organic pollutants (POPs) such as PCBs and DDTs.","https://doi.org/10.1007/s10967-007-0611-5"
102,"Bustnes, J.O., Tveraa, T., Varpe, Ø., Henden, J.A., Skaare, J.U. (2007) Reproductive performance and organochlorine pollutants in an Antarctic marine top predator: The south polar skua. Environment International 33: 911-918.","Despite low levels of organochlorine contaminants (OCs) in Antarctic biota, some compounds may exceed the levels in equivalent Arctic
species, and previous studies have found biochemical evidence of pollutant exposure in south polar skuas (Catharacta maccormicki), a common
marine top predator in the region. In this study we examined relationships between fitness components (fecundity and adult return rate between
breeding seasons) and concentrations of OCs in this species. In 65 nests, both males and females were caught, and using principal component
analyses (PCA) we produced composite measurements (PC1 and PC2) of six highly correlated OCs measured in blood samples. Although the
concentrations of OC were below those documented to have reproductive effects in other aquatic birds, we found that the eggs of females with
high levels of OCs in the blood hatched later, and their chicks were in poorer condition at hatching, than females with low OC levels. Thus OCs
may delay reproduction and reduce foetal growth in the skuas. However, there was no relationship between the parents' OC residues and the
occurrence of non-viable eggs, although the proportion of nests containing non-viable eggs was high (47%). Moreover, there were no significant
relationships between OCs and reproductive variables in males, even if males had higher OC levels than females, and no associations between
OCs and adult return rate between breeding seasons.","https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2007.04.010"
103,"Zhang, H.S., Wang, Z.P., Lu, B., Zhu, C., Wu, G.H., Walter, V. (2007) Occurrence of organochlorine pollutants in the eggs and dropping-amended soil of Antarctic large animals and its ecological significance. Science in China, Series D: Earth Sciences 50: 1086-1096.","Persistent organochlorine pollutants (POPs) are analyzed for the dropping-amended soils from the 
habitats of Antarctic seabirds and seals in Fildes Peninsula and Ardley Island. The concentration 
ranges are 0.21 to 3.85 ng/g for polychlorinated biphenyls (ΣPCBs), 0.09 to 2.01 ng/g for organochlorine 
pesticides (ΣDDT), and 0.06 to 0.76 ng/g for hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs). Among these, hepata_x0002_chlorobiphenyls, hexachlorobiphenyls, p,p′-DDE and α-HCH compounds are dominant. The concentra_x0002_tion ranges of ΣPCB, DDT and HCH in the eggs of skuas were 91.9―515.5 ng/g, 56.6―304.4 ng/g and 
0.5―2.0 ng/g respectively; those in the eggs of penguins were 0.4―0.9 ng/g, 2.4―10.3 ng/g and 0.1―
0.4 ng/g; and those in the eggs of giant petrel were 38.1―81.7 ng/g, 12.7―53.7 ng/g and 0.5―1.5 ng/g 
respectively. The dominant POP compounds in the eggs are PCB180, PCB153, p,p′-DDE and hexa_x0002_chlorobenzene (HCB). The present study shows that the concentration of POPs in the sea_x0002_bird-inhabited-dropping-amended soil varies with the extent of predation and nest occupancy of dif_x0002_ferent seabird populations. Statistical analysis on the POP concentrations from the different seabird 
eggs implies that the difference in the bio-concentration levels of the birds depends on the bio-habits of 
the species, such as the range of activity, distance of immigration, feeding pattern, and nest occupation. 
Among these, the most important factor is the location of the seabirds in the food chain and their 
feeding pattern. This shows that POPs accumulated in the seabirds resulted from the bio-concentration 
through the food chain. In addtion, 210Pb dating for the dropping-amended soils (AD1-a and AD2) was 
performed, which provided the POP accumulation rate and the historic record for the soil profile. It 
indicates that POP will continuously affect the Antarctic ecosystem for a long time.","https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-007-0021-0"
104,"Corsolini, S., Covaci, A., Ademollo, N., Focardi, S., Schepens, P. (2006) Occurrence of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and their enantiomeric signatures, and concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in the Adélie penguin food web, Antarctica. Environmental Pollution 140: 371-382.","Concentrations and enantiomeric signatures of organochlorine pesticides were determined in Antarctic krill, emerald rockcod
and Ade´lie penguin from the Ross Sea, Antarctica. HCB and DDTs were prevalent contaminants in penguin eggs. The highest con_x0002_centrations of SHCHs (1.35 G 0.72 ng/g) were found in the rockcod muscle, where g-HCH (1.23 G 0.67 ng/g) was the principal
isomer. The ratio g-HCH/a-HCH was evaluated. Enantioselective gas chromatography was used for the evaluation of enantiomeric
fractions (EFs) for a-HCH and oxychlordane. An increase of 14% in the (C)a-HCH enantiomer was found from krill through
penguin, suggesting the enantioselective biotrasformation increased proportionately with trophic level. Polybrominated diphenyl
ethers (PBDEs) were measured and their concentrations were 5.6 G 1.12, 5.81 G 2.32, 4.57 G 0.17 and 3.06 G 3.27 ng/g lipids in
krill, rockcod muscle, rockcod homogenate and penguin eggs, respectively. The detection of BDE28, BDE47, BDE99 and
BDE100 in Antarctic organisms confirmed their global transport and distribution; the detection of lower brominated congeners sug_x0002_gested a potential long-range transport.","https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2005.04.039"
105,"Sun, L.G., Yin, X.B., Liu, X.D., Zhu, R.B., Pan, C.P., Zhao, Y.Z., Liu, F.M., Jiang, S.R., Wang, Y.H. (2006) Levels of hexachlorocyclohexanes and dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethanes in penguin droppings collected from Ardley Island, the maritime Antarctic. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment 12: 328-338.","This article reports the concentrations of hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) and
dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethanes (DDTs) in fresh Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis
Papua) droppings deposited on the Ardley Island (62◦
13_x0004_
S, 58◦
56_x0004_
W), West Antarc_x0002_tica, and those in the island’s two lake cores. In the fresh penguin droppings, metabo_x0002_lites were the predominant constituents of the DDT group, most likely due to the
ban on DDT use in agriculture and the higher stability of the metabolites in the
environment. In contrast, γ -HCH comprised 66% of the total HCHs, apparently
due to the continuous use of Lindane in the Southern Hemisphere. The concen_x0002_trations of HCHs and DDTs in the fresh droppings are many times higher than
those in penguin plume, the latter currently being used as biomaterial for moni_x0002_toring coastal contaminations in Antarctica. Results of this study indicate that pen_x0002_guin droppings have a good potential for use as another biomonitoring material
in detecting the organochlorine pesticides and other contaminants in the maritime
Antarctic. Because penguin droppings can be well preserved in lake sediments, they
also provide a good and continuous historical record of these contaminants. The
slight increase of DDTs since the 1990s, as observed in the aged penguin drop_x0002_pings in the sediment cores, suggests there have been new inputs of DDT into the
Antarctic coastal ecosystem, probably from the illegal use of DDT in the Southern
Hemisphere.","https://doi.org/10.1080/10807030500536819"
106,"Gambaro, A., Manodori, L., Zangrando, R., Cincinelli, A., Capodaglio, G., Cescon, P. (2005) Atmospheric PCB concentrations at Terra Nova Bay, Antarctica. Environmental Science and Technology 39: 9406-9411.","Concentrations of gas-phase polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs)
were studied over an austral summer at a site in Terra Nova
Bay, Antarctica. Gas-phase concentrations of individual
PCB congeners in the atmosphere of Terra Nova Bay ranged
from below the detection limit to 0.25 pg m-3
, with a
mean concentration of ∑PCB of 1.06 pg m-3
. The PCB
profile was dominated by lower-chlorinated PCB congeners;
in fact >78% of the total PCB content was due to
congeners with 1-4 chlorine atoms and only about 10%
with 5-7 chlorines, whereas higher-chlorinated PCB
congeners were below detection limits. The mean ∑PCB
concentration obtained in this study were lower than those
reported in previous Antarctic studies. Temporal concen_x0002_tration profiles of ∑PCB do not correspond to seasonal
temperature changes. In consideration of the low PCB
concentrations observed, the studies with the wind roses,
the regression between ln P(PCB) and T-1
, and the
distribution of congeners, we can hypothesize that PCB
local source contributions are not very important, whereas
long-distance transport is the prevalent factor bringing
PCBs to Terra Nova Bay.","https://doi.org/10.1021/es0510921"
107,"Fuoco, R., Giannarelli, S., Wei, Y., Abete, C., Francesconi, S., Termine, M. (2005) Polychlorobiphenyls and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the sea-surface micro-layer and the water column at Gerlache Inlet, Antarctica. Journal of Environmental Monitoring 7: 1313-1319.","The enrichment of PCBs (polychlorobiphenyls) and PAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) in the sea_x0002_surface micro-layer and depth profile of these pollutants in the water column were investigated at Gerlache
Inlet, Terra Nova Bay, Antarctica. Depth profile samplings were repeated three times during the Antarctic
summer (from November to February). PCBs and PAHs showed a concentration range in the water column
of 30–120 pg l_x0001_1 and 150–400 pg l_x0001_1
, respectively, and these values were very much dependent on the
suspended matter content. A nearly two-fold decrease in the pollutant concentration was also observed in the
depth profile obtained in February, i.e. late summer, which might be correlated both with the high content
of suspended matter and the reduction of the pollutant input. Moreover, isomer ratios of PAHs, such as
LMW/HMW and PHE/ANT, highlight that the main PAH source might be petrogenic in nature, whereas
the pyrolytic source seems to be less important. Sea surface micro-layer (SML) and sub-surface sea water
(SSW) samples were simultaneously collected in the same site by a remote controlled rotating drum-based
sampling system, a prototype named MUMS (Multi-User Micro-layer Sampler). Sea surface micro-layer
samples showed a total content of PCBs and PAHs in the range 400–450 pg l_x0001_1 and 2000–3000 pg l_x0001_1
,
respectively, whereas the mean content of the sub-surface sea water samples was 48 pg l_x0001_1 and 325 pg l_x0001_1
,
respectively. The mean enrichment factors of PCBs and PAHs in sea-surface micro-layer were about 10 and
7, respectively. The surface excess concentrations of PCBs and PAHs were about 35 000 and 200 000,
respectively. A fairly good correlation was observed between the concentration of pollutants and water
solubility. Based on the assumption that POPs are confined in a very thin top layer of the SML about 0.01–
0.001 mm thick, namely the sea-surface nano-layer, and also on an estimated thickness of the sampled sea_x0002_surface layer of about 100 mm, an enrichment factor of 105
–106 for the sea-surface nano-layer was calculated.
Such a very high concentration increase was related to the two-fold increase of PAH concentration observed
in the underlying 20 cm of the water column in late summer.","https://doi.org/10.1039/b507329b"
108,"Borghini, F., Grimalt, J.O., Sanchez-Hernandez, J.C., Bargagli, R. (2005) Organochlorine pollutants in soils and mosses from Victoria Land (Antarctica). Chemosphere 58: 271-278.","The major organochlorine (OC) pollutants, i.e. pentachlorobenzene (PCBz), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), hexachlo_x0002_rocyclohexanes (HCHs), polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs) and DDTs have been analyzed in soils and mosses from coastal
areas of Victoria Land (70–80_x0001_S, 160–170_x0001_E). PCBs (23–34 ng g_x0001_1 dry wt.) and PCBz (0.38–1.3 ng g_x0001_1 dry wt.) were the
dominant OCs in mosses and soils, respectively. In general, the concentrations of OC in soils, i.e. HCB (0.034–0.17
ng g_x0001_1 dry wt.), PCBs (0.36–0.59 ng g_x0001_1 dry wt.) and 4,40
-DDE (0.053–0.086 ng g_x0001_1 dry wt.), range among the lowest
reported in remote regions. These concentrations exhibited high correlation coefficients when represented vs. total
organic carbon (TOC) which is consistent with the general correlation between OC and TOC in soils from remote areas
recently observed (Meijer, S.N., Ockenden, W.A., Seetman, A., Breivik, K., Grimalt, J.O., Jones, K.C., 2003. Global
distribution and budget of PCBs and HCB in background surface soils: implications for sources and environmental
processes. Environ. Sci. Technol. 37, 667–672). Statistically significant dependences between reciprocal of temperature
and log-transformed concentrations of HCB and 4,40
-DDE in mosses and a-HCH in soils have been found. These
observations provide further data illustrating that temperature is a major factor determining the planetary scale distri_x0002_bution and accumulation of OCs giving additional ground to the general validity of the global distillation effect for
description of planetary OC distribution.","https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.07.025"
109,"Montone, R.C., Taniguchi, S., Boian, C., Weber, R.R. (2005) PCBs and chlorinated pesticides (DDTs, HCHs and HCB) in the atmosphere of the southwest Atlantic and Antarctic oceans. Marine Pollution Bulletin 50: 778-786.","During the last three decades, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and chlorinated pesticides such as HCB,
HCH and DDT, have been recognized as ubiquitous
pollutants even in the most remote regions of the globe.
Dispersion of these compounds occurs mainly via mass
flow in the atmosphere.","https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2005.03.002"
110,"Corsolini, S., Ademollo, N., Romeo, T., Greco, S., Focardi, S. (2005) Persistent organic pollutants in edible fish: A human and environmental health problem. Microchemical Journal 79: 115-123.","Many persistent organic pollutants (POPs) pose serious health hazards to both the environment and human. Among these,
polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs) are probable human carcinogens and can also pose non-cancer health hazards to intellectual functions and
the nervous, immune and reproductive systems. The risks and hazards associated with POP residues in tissues are a function of the dioxin_x0002_like compound toxicity and an individual’s exposure. Fish consumption might become a serious problem because of bioaccumulation as
revealed in many studies worldwide.
We report data concerning the accumulation and pattern of hexachlorobenzene (HCB), p,pV-DDE and PCBs in edible tissues of
commercial fish species (bluefin tuna Thunnus thynnus, swordfish Xiphias gladius, Atlantic mackerel Scomber scombrus) from Italian Seas
and of the Antarctic toothfish Dissostichus mawsoni from the Ross Sea (Antarctica). The species analyzed are part of the human diet. 2,3,7,8-
TCDD toxic equivalents (TEQs) and tolerable weekly intake (TWI) were also calculated to evaluate the toxic hazard for the population that
include them in their diet.
Gaschromatography revealed 0.16F0.24 and 0.4F0.2 ng/g wet wt of HCB in Antarctic toothfish and bluefin tuna, respectively. p, pV-DDE
concentrations were 38F29 and 31F38 ng/g wet wt in swordfish and bluefin tuna muscle, respectively, and 0.66F0.57 ng/g wet wt in the
Antarctic toothfish. PCBs showed higher concentrations and they were 89F82, 80F86 and 5.2F4.0 ng/g wet wt in the muscle of swordfish,
bluefin tuna and Antarctic toothfish, respectively. In Mediterranean fish, the most abundant congeners were the most persistent PCB numbers
153, 138, 180, 118 and 170, which accounted for 51% and 47% of the total PCB residue in tuna fish and swordfish, respectively, and 18% in
the Antarctic toothfish. TEQs were 1.97 and 4.65 pg/g wet wt in bluefin tuna muscle and gonads, respectively, and 0.11 pg/g wet wt in
Antarctic toothfish. The TEQ weekly intake was calculated and values ranged 197–465 pgTEQ/week when consuming 100 g of Mediterranean
fish and therefore lower than the recommended TWI. Those values were higher (788–1860 pgTEQ/week) than the recommended TWI, if 400 g
of fish/week was consumed (with the exception of Antarctic fish).","https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2004.10.006"
111,"Dickhut, R.M., Cincinelli, A., Cochran, M., Ducklow, H.W. (2005) Atmospheric concentrations and air-water flux of organochlorine pesticides along the Western Antarctic Peninsula. Environmental Science and Technology 39: 465-470.","Air, seawater, sea ice, and snow were collected during
the austral winter (September-October 2001) and summer
(January-February 2002) along the Western Antarctic
Peninsula. Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) > heptachlor >
R- and γ-hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) and heptachlor
epoxide, were the most frequently detected organochlorine
pesticides in air. HCB and HCH levels declined over the
past 20 years, with a half-life of 3 years for ΣHCH in Antarctic
air. However, heptachlor epoxide levels have not declined
in Antarctic air over the past decade, possibly due to
continued use of heptachlor in the southern hemisphere.
Peak heptachlor concentrations in air were measured
coincident with air masses moving into the region from
lower latitudes. Levels of lindane were 1.2-200 times higher
in annual sea ice and snow compared to R-HCH, likely
due to greater atmospheric input of γ-HCH. The ratio of
R/γ-HCH in Antarctic air, sea ice and snow was<1, illustrative
of a predominance of influx of lindane versus technical
HCH to the regional environment. However, R/γ-HCH in
seawater was >1, likely due to more rapid microbial
degradation of γ- versus R-HCH. Water/air fugacity ratios
for HCHs demonstrate continued atmospheric influx of
HCHs to coastal Antarctic seas, particularly during late
summer.","https://doi.org/10.1021/es048648p"
112,"Chiuchiolo, A.L., Dickhut, R.M., Cochran, M.A., Ducklow, H.W. (2004) Persistent organic pollutants at the base of the Antartic marine food web. Environmental Science and Technology 38: 3551-3557.","Various organochlorine pesticides and brominated
diphenyl ethers (BDE-47, -99, and -100) were measured in
sea ice algae, water column plankton, and juvenile and
adult krill collected in the Palmer Long-Term Ecological
Research (LTER) region west of the Antarctic Peninsula during
late austral winter and midsummer, 2001-2002. BDEs
were 100-1000 times higher in ice algae and 2-10 times
higher in phytoplankton than the most abundant orga_x0002_nochlorine pesticide, hexachlorobenzene (HCB), reflecting
the current production and use of BDEs versus orga_x0002_nochlorine pesticides. However, concentrations of HCB
and BDEs were significantly lower in summer plankton than
in ice algae indicating lower atmospheric inputs, removal
from the water column, and/or biodilution of persistent
organic pollutants at the base of the food web during summer.
Concentrations of HCB (juvenile and adult krill) and
BDEs (juvenile krill) were not significantly different from
their primary food source (ice algae, phytoplankton), and
BDEs were significantly lower in adult krill versus
phytoplankton, indicating no biomagnification of HCB or
BDEs during transfer from plankton to krill. The high
concentrations of BDEs and HCB in ice algae and associated
juvenile krill illustrate the importance of sea ice as a
vector for entry of POPs into the Antarctic marine ecosystem","https://doi.org/10.1021/es0351793"
113,"Jantunen, L.M., Kylin, H., Bidleman, T.F. (2004) Air-water gas exchange of α-hexachlorocyclohexane enantiomers in the South Atlantic Ocean and Antarctica. Deep-Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 51: 2661-2672.","Between November 1997 and February 1998, air and water samples were collected on the African side of the South
Atlantic Ocean to Antarctica, on board the S.A. Agulhas, to determine the spatialdistribution of a_x0002_hexachlorocyclohexane (a-HCH) and the net direction of air/water gas exchange. The a-HCH concentrations in air
and surface water were much lower than in Arctic regions, consistent with the historically lower usage of technical HCH
in the Southern Hemisphere. The water/air fugacity ratios of a-HCH were p1.0, indicating steady state or net
deposition conditions. The a-HCH in water was enantioselectively metabolized, with resulting enantiomer fractions
(EFs) that differed from the racemic (0.500) value of the technical product. The EFs decreased from 40.500 at the
lower latitudes to o0.500 farther south, indicating preferentialloss of (_x0001_)a-HCH or (+)a-HCH in different ocean
regions. EFs in the air boundary layer reflected those in surface water, showing the bidirectional nature of gas exchange.","https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2004.02.002"
114,"Montone, R.C., Taniguchi, S., Weber, R.R. (2003) PCBs in the atmosphere of King George Island, Antarctica. Science of the Total Environment 308: 167-173.","Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are ubiquitous anthropogenic compounds found even in the polar regions, mainly
due to long-range atmospheric transport.In order to assess the occurrence of atmospheric PCBs in the vicinity of the
Brazilian Antarctic Research Station (628059S, 588239W), a sampling survey was undertaken in the austral summer
of 1995–1996.The concentrations of the PCB congeners in the air ranged from not detected to 33.2 pg m .The y3
lower chlorinated congeners (PCB-101 and below), which are more volatile and subject to long-range transport,
predominated in the air samples and represented 66.7% of the total PCB concentrations. Atmospheric levels of PCBs
were correlated with meteorological conditions and the highest levels were associated with the passage of the frontal
systems coming from South America.","https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(02)00649-6"
115,"Vetter, W., Weichbrodt, M., Stoll, E. (2003) Indication of geographic variations of organochlorine concentrations in the blubber of Antarctic Weddell seals (Leptonychotes Weddelli). Environmental Science and Technology 37: 840-844.","A sample cleanup procedure using microwave-assisted
extraction (MAE) with focus open vessel (FOV-MAE)
technique was validated for the determination of
organohalogen compounds in the blubber of a Weddell
seal (Leptonychotes Weddelli) from the Antarctic (King George
Island, 62° 14′ S, 58° 40′ W). Good reproducibility in
replicate analysis of samples confirms the suitability of
the method for samples with very low persistent organic
pollutant (POP) concentrations. The method was used to
analyze three additional blubber samples of Weddell
seals from King George Island. This community of Weddell
seals showed the lowest DDT (11-19 µg/kg) and PCB (1-
2.5 µg/kg) concentrations so far detected in comparable
marine mammals from all over the world. The concentrations
determined in the four Weddell seals were also typical
for the population at King George Island. However, the DDT
and PCB concentrations on King George Island were
one order of magnitude lower than in samples of the same
species from other sites in the Antarctic (located between
69° S and 78° S). This suggests a wide variability of
organohalogen levels in the Antarctic, depending on the
geographic site. King George Island (62° S) is found at the
outskirts of the Antarctic Peninsula, i.e., the region with
the mildest climate in the Antarctic. Low organohalogen
levels at this site were attributed to a lower degree of
condensation in comparison with locations further south.
Most of the reference samples were taken in the Weddell
and Ross Seas, i.e., from coastlines as close as possible
to the pole. Consequently, other sites on the same latitude
as the Weddell and Ross Seas are found on the Antarctic
continent. This raises the question whether high proportions
of organohalogens are being deposited on the Antarctic
continent where they are not available to marine organisms.
Although this hypothesis has to be proven in follow-up
studies, our study clearly demonstrates that it is complicated,
if not impossible, to derive time trends in concentrations
of POPs in biota from different reference sites in the Antarctic.","https://doi.org/10.1021/es025949v"
116,"Negoita, T.G., Covaci, A., Gheorghe, A., Schepens, P. (2003) Distribution of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides in soils from the east Antarctic coast. Journal of Environmental Monitoring 5:281-286.","Concentrations of hexachlorobenzene (HCB), a-, b- and c-hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) isomers, 6 o,p’- and
p,p’-isomers of DDT and 28 PCB congeners have been measured in eleven soil samples and one lichen collected
on the Eastern coast of Antarctica from 5 Russian stations. For samples with low concentrations of PCBs
(range 0.20–0.41 ng g21 dry weight) and pesticides (0.86–4.69 ng g21 and 0.11–1.22 ng g21 dry weight for
HCHs and DDTs, respectively), atmospheric long-range transport from Africa, South America or Australia
was suggested as the sole source of contamination. The profile of PCB congeners was dominated by the more
volatile tri-, tetra- and penta-PCBs congeners, thus supporting long-range transport hypothesis. Four samples
contained moderate levels of PCBs (range 1.98–6.94 ng g21 dry weight) and variable concentrations of
pesticides (c-HCH, p,p’-DDT and o,p’-DDT being the main contaminants). For samples with high
concentrations of PCBs (range 90.26–157.45 ng g21
) and high concentrations of pesticides, the presence of high
molecular weight PCB congeners such as: 153, 180, 187, 170 etc, strongly suggest a local source (biotic) of
PCBs rather than atmospheric transport. It is likely that on a local scale, biotic focussing of pollutants, due to
bird activities (nesting and excrement) can cause high contamination levels and become more significant than
contaminant input via abiotic pathways.","https://doi.org/10.1039/b300555k"
117,"Corsolini, S., Ademollo, N., Romeo, T., Olmastroni, S., Focardi, S. (2003) Persistent organic pollutants in some species of a Ross Sea pelagic trophic web. Antarctic Science 15: 95-104.","Adélie penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) stomach contents, krill (Euphausia superba and
E. crystallorophias) and silverfish (Pleuragramma antarcticum) from the Ross Sea were analysed to
determine several persistent organic pollutants (POPs). In discussing the data, the prey-predator linkage
between these species was taken into account. Sampling was carried out during the 1995/96 and 1999/00
Italian Antarctic Expeditions. Fifty four polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs) and p,p’-DDE and hexachlorobenzene
(HCB) were quantified in stomach contents of penguins nesting at Edmonson Point (Victoria Land) and in
whole specimens of silverfish and krill from the Ross Sea. Xenobiotic concentrations in organisms were low
compared to data reported for many marine species of lower latitudes and ranged from 0.22 ng g-1 wet wt
p,p’-DDE in krill to 161 ng g-1 wet wt PCBs in silverfish. Fingerprints and class of isomer patterns showed a
predominance of low chlorinated PCBs, mainly in pelagic organisms. Average input of these POPs through
the diet was also evaluated. Concentrations of the most toxic non-ortho PCBs, IUPAC nos 77 (3,3',4,4'), 126
(3,3',4,4',5) and 169 (3,3',4,4',5,5'), were 1.63 pg g-1, 7.31 pg g-1 and 0.23 pg g-1 wet wt, respectively, in
stomach content samples. Stomach contents had 0.037 pg g-1 wet wt TEQ (Toxic Equivalents) of which
penta-CB126 accounted for most of the toxicity.","https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954102003001093"
118,"Montone, R.C., Taniguchi, S., Sericano, J., Weber, R.R., Lara, W.H. (2001) Determination of polychlorinated biphenyls in Antarctic macroalgae Desmarestia sp. Science of the Total Environment 277: 181-186.","Selected polychlorinated biphenyl PCB congeners were measured in Ž . Desmarestia sp., an abundant algae in the
Antarctica Peninsula and South Shetlands. Samples were collected from various points of Admiralty Bay, King
George Island, Antarctic Peninsula, during the 1993_x0001_1994 austral summer. Total PCB concentrations ranged from _x0002_1 0.46 to 3.86 ng g dry weight . Predominant PCB congeners were 52, 101, 110, 138 and 153. The low levels of PCBs Ž .
found on all samples and the predominance of low molecular weight congeners indicate that there are no significant
local PCBs sources in the area of study.","https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(00)00876-7"
119,"Ockenden, W.A., Lohmann, R., Shears, J.R., Jones, K.C. (2001) The significance of PCBs in the atmosphere of the southern hemisphere. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 8: 189-194.","Air monitoring stations Were set up at 2 sites in the
southern hemisphere - Moody Brook, Falkland Islands (51 ~ 25'
S, 57 ~ 56'W) and Halley, Research Station, Antarctica (75 ~ 35'
S, 26 ~ 30' W). PCBs were monitored at the stations throughout
1999. Highest concentrations were observed when temperatures
were greater. In general, concentrations were greater at Moody
Brook than at Halley, although the difference in concentrations
between sites was less for more chlorinated congeners. Air concentrations
at both sites were compared with samples collected
nearby over-water. Over water air concentrations were found
to be greater than over land air concentrations. Concentrations
were also compared with literature data for air concentrations
at a remote site in the Canadian Arctic. Atmospheric concentrations
of tri-chlorinated biphenyls were found to be approximately
double those reported for Ellesmere Island in the Canadian Arctic,
whilst concentrations in samples from Antarctica were very
similar to those found in the high Arctic. Most other PCBs were
a factor of 2-4 greater in the Canadian Arctic.","https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02987384"
120,"Montone, R.C., Taniguchi, S., Weber, R.R. (2001) Polychlorinated biphenyls in marine sediments of Admiralty Bay, King George Island, Antarctica. Marine Pollution Bulletin 7: 611-614.","The objective of the present study was to investigate the occurrence of PCB congeners in the sediments of Admiralty Bay and also to assess their possible sources.","https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-326X(01)00092-3"
121,"Fuoco, R., Giannarelli, S., Abete, C., Onor, M., Termine, M. (1999) The effect of seasonal pack ice melting on the sea water polychlorobiphenyl contents at Gerlache Inlet and Wood Bay (Ross Sea - Antarctica). International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry 75: 367-375.","The effect of seasonal formatiodmelting process of pack ice on the PCB level of sea water at Ger_x0002_lache Inlet and Wood Bay (Ross Sea, Antarctica) was investigated during four Italian expeditions, i.e. 
1988-89, 1990-91, 1991-92, and 1993-94. Surface sea water samples from Gerlache Inlet and Wood 
Bay before pack ice melting showed a typical total PCB concentration of 133 pg/l and 120 pgll, 
respectively, which increased by a factor of about 1.3 in both sampling sites during pack ice melting. 
This effect was attributed to the transfer of PCBs contained in the pack ice to sea water, and salinity 
was used as a tracer to verify this hypothesis. In this respect, pack ice and sea water samples were 
collected during the 1993-94 Italian expedition, and both salinity (S) and total PCB content were 
measured. A fairly good agreement was observed between the experimental PCB concentration and 
the value calculated by the dilution model which was applied to the mixing process between sea and 
pack ice melting waters. Although this effect seems to be limited in time and space it is nevertheless 
significant because it happens during summer when biological species have their highest activity.","https://doi.org/10.1080/03067319908047323"
122,"Weichbrodt, M., Vetter, W., Scholz, E., Luckas, B., Reinhardt, K. (1999) Determination of organochlorine levels in Antarctic Skua and penguin eggs by application of combined focused open-vessel microwave-assisted extraction, gel-permeation chromatography, adsorption chromatography, and GC/ECD. International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry 73: 309-328.","Levels of organochlorines (PCBs, DDT, toxaphene, chlordane, hexachlorobenzene (HCB), hexachlo-rocyclohexanes (HCHs), dieldrin, Q1) were determined in eggs of both penguins (Adelie Pygoscelis adeliae, Chinstrap Pygoscelis antarctica, Gentoo Pygoscelis papua) and skuas (South Polar Skua Catharacta maccormicki, Brown Skua Catharacta antarctica lonnbergi, Mixed Pair Skua Catharacta maccormicki x lonnbergi) from the Antarctic.

Focused open-vessel microwave-assisted extraction (FOV-MAE) was performed for the extraction of entire, partly lyophilised eggs (approx. 50 g). After gel-permeation chromatography (GPC) and adsorption chromatography on deactivated silica gel, the quantitation was performed by GC/ECD on two capillary columns of different polarity. Compounds of technical toxaphene (CTTs) were determined after separation of the PCBs. The sample clean-up method was validated with certified reference material SRM 1588.

In general, skua eggs revealed higher organochlorine levels than penguin eggs. Main contaminants in skua eggs were p,p'-DDE, PCB 153, and PCB 180 with levels about 10 − 350 μg/kg wet weight without shell (ww). Eggs of penguins were topped by levels of hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and p,p'-DDE (2 − 22 μg/kg ww), respectively. In skua eggs, the most abundant CTTs were B9-1679 (Parlar #50) > B8-1413 (Parlar #26) > B9-1025 (Parlar #62) > B8-1412, the levels were about 1-20 μg/kg ww. In penguin eggs, however, the order was B8-1413 (Parlar #26) > B9-1679 (Parlar #50) > B8-1412 > B9-1025 (Parlar #62), and the levels ranged from 0.02 − 0.8 μg/kg ww. A so far unknown heptachloro compound labelled Q1 caused an abundant peak in some samples. Levels of Q1 (2 − 126 μg/kg ww in skua eggs and 0.3 − 1.2 μg/kg ww without shell in penguin eggs) were estimated relative to the ECD response factor of trans-nonachlor.","https://doi.org/10.1080/03067319908032672"
123,"Van den Brink, N.W., Van Franeker, J.A., De Ruiter-Dijkman, E.M. (1998) Fluctuating concentrations of organochlorine pollutants during a breeding season in two antarctic seabirds: Adelie penguin and southern fulmar. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 17: 702-709.","During the reproductive cycle significant fluctuations of concentrations of organochlorine pollutants were detected in
blood and uropygial oil from Ade´lie penguins (Pygoscelis adeliae) and southern fulmars (Fulmarus glacialoides) from Hop Island,
Antarctica. In the Ade´lie penguin, concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and dieldrin were significantly higher at the
moment of egg laying, while hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and 2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dichloroethylene (p,p9-DDE)concentrations
peaked at the cre`che stage. Subcutaneous fat is the main pool for HCB and p,p9-DDE, while PCBs and dieldrin are also stored in
the pectoral muscle. It is hypothesized that the observed differences in seasonal fluctuations in organochlorine levels are related
to utilization of different storage pools by the Ade´lie penguins at different moments in the breeding season. In the southern fulmar
the fluctuations in concentrations of HCB and p,p9-DDE can be related to changes in body mass. However, concentrations of PCBs
and dieldrin did not vary significantly during the season. It seems that the two groups of compounds are governed more or less
independently in the southern fulmar as well. Age-dependent accumulation of most organochlorines studied reached a steady state
before the age at which both species start to breed. This allows monitoring of individual birds to analyze changes in concentrations
of organochlorine pollutants in the ecosystem, without having to correct for age differences. Differences in levels of organochlorine
pollutants between the Ade´lie penguin and southern fulmar were probably the result of differences in feeding ecology.","https://doi.org/10.1897/1551-5028(1998)017<0702:FCOOPD>2.3.CO;2"
124,"Kallenborn, R., Oehme, M., Wynn-Williams, D.D., Schlabach, M., Harris, J. (1998) Ambient air levels and atmospheric long-range transport of persistent organochlorines to Signy Island, Antarctica. Science of the Total Environment 220: 167-180.","Levels of persistent organic pollutants (POPs), such as polychlorinated biphenyls and pesticides have been determined in ambient air at Signy Island, Antarctica, over a period of 17 weeks. Mean concentrations for single polychlorinated biphenyls (0.02–17 pg/m3), for chlordanes (0.04–0.9 pg/m3), DDT compounds (0.07–0.40 pg/m3) and γ-hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH, 22 pg/m3) were comparable to those in Arctic air. However, α-HCH levels were approximately one order of magnitude lower. Compared to the Arctic, differences were also observed in the concentration ratios of α-/γ-HCH and chlordane compounds. Two possible atmospheric long-range transport episodes from South America were found by comparing 10-day back trajectories with observed concentration changes. The lower limits of determination (LOD) were mainly governed by the field blanks. They were satisfactory for the most volatile PCBs. However, many concentrations for DDT and chlordane compounds were below the LODs (range 0.1–1 pg/m3) or even the instrumental detection limit (0.01–0.03 pg/m3).","https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(98)00257-5"
125,"Aono, S., Tanabe, S., Fujise, Y., Kato, H., Tatsukawa, R. (1997) Persistent organochlorines in minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) and their prey species from the Antarctic and the North Pacific. Environmental Pollution 98: 81-89.","Persistent organochlorines such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), DDTs, chlordane compounds (CHLs), hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) were determined in the blubber of minke whale and its diet collected from the Antarctic and the North Pacific Oceans. Residue levels of these compounds (except HCB) in minke whale from the Antarctic were apparently lower than those from the North Pacific. This is due to the lower levels of these pollutants in the southern hemisphere than in the northern hemisphere and the specific feeding habit of the minke whale from the Antarctic which feeds on lower trophic organisms, primarily euphausiids. The north-south difference for HCB residue levels was small, reflecting its dispersible nature through long-range atmospheric transport. Compositions of DDT and CHL compounds in minke whale from the Antarctic were similar to those from the North Pacific. However, the composition of HCH isomers was different between the Antarctic and the North Pacific as was observed in their diet, suggesting a larger or on-going usage of lindane in the southern hemisphere countries. In minke whale from the Antarctic, the elevated level of PCBs residues was noted during a period of 1984 to 1993, implying a continuous discharge of PCBs in the southern hemisphere. A similar discharge was also suggested in the North Pacific, while a decreasing contamination by DDTs was apparent.","https://doi.org/10.1016/S0269-7491(97)00105-X"
126,"Van Den Brink, N.W. (1997) Directed transport of volatile organochlorine pollutants to polar regions: The effect of the contamination pattern of Antarctic seabirds. Science of the Total Environment 198: 43-50.","Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) were analyzed in preen oil from birds from
Antarctica, Sub-Antarctica and Europe. Antarctic and Sub-Antarctic birds contained unexpected high levels of
volatile PCB-congeners and HCB compared to birds from temperate areas. This shows that the so-called cold-condenser effect causes concentrations of volatile organochlorine pollutants in Antarctic top-predators that are higher
than in animals in more moderate climates close to the source of these pollutants. Antarctic top predators can be
regarded as an utmost sink for volatile persistent pollutants. The levels of HCB indicate that seabirds from
Sub-Antarctic regions are at risk to effects of organochlorine pollutants. Also Antarctic birds are potentially at risk,
because of the high levels of HCB in combination with their extreme variability in physiological condition throughout
the breeding season. When assessing the environmental impact of a contaminant this global effect should be of
concern.","https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(97)05440-5"
127,"Cleveland, L., Little, E.E., Petty, J.D., Johnson, B.T., Lebo, J.A., Orazio, C.E., Dionne, J., Crockett, A. (1997) Toxicological and chemical screening of Antarctica sediments: Use of whole sediment toxicity tests, Microtox, Mutatox and semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs). Marine Pollution Bulletin 34: 194-202.","Eight whole sediment samples from Antarctica (four from Winter Quarters Bay and four from McMurdo Sound) were toxicologically and chemically evaluated. Also, the influence of ultraviolet radiation on the toxicity and bioavailability of contaminants associated with the sediment samples was assessed. The evaluations were accomplished by use of a 10-day whole sediment test with Leptocheirus plumulosus, Microtox®, Mutatox® and semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs). Winter Quarters Bay sediments contained about 250 ng g−1 (dry weight) total PCBs and 20 μg g−1 total PAHs. These sediments elicited toxicity in the Microtox test and avoidance and inhibited burrowing in the L. plumulosus test. The McMurdo Sound sediment samples contained only trace amounts of PCBs and no PAHs, and were less toxic in both the L. plumulosus and Microtox tests compared to the Winter Quarters Bay sediments. The sediments from McMurdo Sound apparently contained some unidentified substance which was photolytically modified to a more toxic form. The photolytic modification of sediment-associated contaminants, coupled with the polar ozone hole and increased incidence of ultraviolet radiation could significantly increase hazards to Antarctic marine life.","https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-326X(96)00088-4"
128,"Court, G.S., Davis, L.S., Focardi, S., Bargargli, R., Fossi, C., Leonzio, C., Marili, L. (1997) Chlorinated hydrocarbons in the tissues of South Polar Skuas (Catharacta maccormicki) and Adelie Penguins (Pygoscelis adeliea) from Ross Sea, Antarctica. Environmental Pollution 97: 295-301.","High rates of egg infertility and embryo death in a colony of South Polar Skuas breeding in the Antarctic were similar to those in polluted North Atlantic populations of the Great Skua. Such loss could not be linked to factors such as organochlorine pollutants, as levels of DDE and PCBs in the contents of skua eggs from the population were only a small fraction of those in polluted skua populations from the Northern Hemisphere. Average eggshell thickness for skuas nesting on Ross Island has shown no significant change since the introduction of DDT. Concentrations of DDE and PCBs in South Polar Skuas were 13 and 22 times higher, respectively, than those in the eggs of sympatric Adélie Penguins, and this probably reflects the greater exposure of skuas to pollution when they migrate north of the Antarctic Convergence in winter. Residues in liver tissue showed a similar trend, and a higher rate of mixed function oxidase induction in skua liver compared to that of penguins is consistent with the trends seen in pollutant levels. The same PCB congener predominated in both skua and penguin samples. Comparisons with historical residue data suggest that global levels of DDT residues are declining.","https://doi.org/10.1016/S0269-7491(97)00080-8"
129,"Pu, J., Li, Z., Shang, L., Li, H. (1996) Organic contamination in the Great Wall bay, Antarctica in austral summer. Journal of Environmental Sciences 8: 397-401","During 1992/1993 austral summer, oil, BHCs, DDTs, PCBs etc. were determined in the sea water, sediments and organisms samples of the Great Wall bay, Antarctica. In surface sea water, the mean concentrations of oil were 0.26-0.93 mug. DDTs were all lower than the DL of the method, that was <0.04 ng/L. BHCs mean concentrations were <0.69-<1.94 ng/L. In other samples, oil, BHCs, DDTs, and PCBs were all relatively higher in patella than that in sediments and seaweed. PAHs could not be detected in all samples. By comparison, the concentrations level of organic contaminants in the Great Wall bay was low yet.",
130,"Weber, K., Goerke, H. (1996) Organochlorine compounds in fish off the Antarctic Peninsula. Chemosphere 33: 377-392.","Various antarctic fish species, particularly Chaenocephalus aceratus, Champsocephalus gunnari and Gobionotothen gibberifrons, from 1987 and 1991 were analysed for 10 nonpolar xenobiotic compounds. Concentrations expressed on the basis of extractable organic matter (EOM) were nearly identical in liver and adipose tissue. They were also independent of fish weight. Concentrations of HCB, which were as high as in Limanda limanda of the North Sea (20 ng/g EOM), are interpreted as results of cold condensation. p,p′-DDE, trans-nonachlor and PCB congeners 153, 138, 180 ranged one to two orders of magnitude lower than in North Sea fish. In addition, nonachlor III, octachlorobornane and mirex were roughly quantified. A residual compound comparable in concentration to octachlorobornane and not yet described in the literature was tentatively identified. From chromatographic and mass spectrometric data the elemental composition C10H3OCl7 was derived. p,p′-DDE and the three PCB congeners increased in Antarctica between 1987 and 1991 due to global redistribution.","https://doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(96)00204-4"
131,"Inomata, N.K., Mqntone, R.C., Lara, W.H., Weber, R.R., Toledo, H.H.B. (1996) Tissue distribution of organochlorine residues-PCBs and pesticides-in Antarctic penguins. Antarctic Science 8: 253-255.","Antarctic penguins constitute excellent indicators of organic pollutants (PCBs, DDTs and HCHs),
which reach the Antarctic either by atmospheric or maritime transport and are concentrated through the food
chains. They are found mainly in lipids, both in adipose and other tissues of the organisms. Tissue samples
of four gentoo and one Adtlie penguins were collected during the summers of 1991, 1992 and 1993. PCBs
and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analysed in the adipose tissue, uropygeal gland, blood, brain,
muscle, bone and liver. Organochlorines (OCs) were detected in the majority of the samples. The levels found
in extractable fat were higher than in other tissues and the concentrations ranged from 42.3-1159.7 ng g-'
(HCB), from not detected to 39.3 ng g1 (HCHs), from 30.8-972.3 ng g1 (DDTs) and from 43.2-1583.6 ng
g-' (PCBs).","https://doi.org/10.1017/s0954102096000351"
132,"Gupta, R.S., Sarkar, A., Kureishey, T.W. (1996) PCBs and organochioriae pesticides in krill, birds and water from Antarctica. Deep-Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 43: 119-126.","The concentration levels of various congeners of PCHs and organochlorine pesticides were determined in krill, bird (emperor penguin) feathers and polynya water from different places around Dakshin Gangotri, Antarctica. t-HCH (α + γ isomers) was found to be present in considerable amounts in krill (141.3–164.3 pg g−1) but much less in penguin feathers (103.6–112.8 pg g−1) and polynya water (85.6–90.7 pg 1−1). t-DDT (pp′-DDT+op′-DDT+pp′-DDE+op′-DDE) was detected in the range 31.1–44.4 pg g−1 in krill, 30.8–35.7 pg g−1 in the feathers and 24.8–26.5 pg 1−1 in polynya water. A few congeners of PCBs were identified and quantified in all the samples, e.g. CB-101, CB-136, CB-151, CB-118, CB-153, CB-138. The concentration levels of PCBs in different samples are in the range 146.9–166.2 pg g−1 in krill, 105.8–113.6 pg g−1 in penguin feathers, and 96.8–103.8 pg 1−1 in polynya water.","https://doi.org/10.1016/0967-0645(95)00086-0"
133,"Focardi, S., Bargagli, R., Corsolini, S. (1995) Isomer-specific analysis and toxic potential evaluation of polychlorinated biphenyls in Antarctic fish, seabirds and Weddell seals from Terra Nova Bay (Ross Sea). Antarctic Science 7: 31-35.","To provide data on the degree of contamination of the marine ecosystem isomer-specific concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls, including planar, mono- and di-ortho congeners, were measured in the Weddell seal, the Adélie penguin, the south polar skua, and in two species of Antarctic fish (Trematomus bernacchii and Chionodraco hamatus) from Terra Nova Bay, Antarctica. The results show a clear relation between PCB concentrations and trophic level, in the order fish < Adélie penguin < Weddell seal. The higher values found in the skua appear to be related to its migration to more contaminated lower latitudes. The data for the various PCB congeners were used to calculate toxic potential in the different animals. The 2,3,7,8-TCDD toxic equivalents of coplanar congeners were estimated by the “toxic equivalent factors” (TEFs) approach. The highest values of TEFs were found in the south polar skua and Weddell seal. Values in the other species were considerably lower.","https://doi.org/10.1017/S095410209500006X"
134,"Sarkar, A., Singbal, S.Y.S., Fondekar, S.P. (1994) Pesticide Residues in the Sediments from the Lakes of Schirmacher Oasis, Antarctica. Polar Record 30: 33-38.","Concentration levels of various organochlorine pesticides and their derivatives — namely, hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCH) and the DDT compounds pp'-DDT, op'-DDT, pp'-DDE, op'-DDE, pp'-DDD, and op'-DDD — were determined in the sediments from eight different lakes of the Schirmacher Oasis, near Dakshin Gangotri, the Indian station (70° 45'S, 11° 44'E) during the Sixth Indian scientific expedition to Antarctica (December 1986 to February 1987). Concentration levels of HCHs (α, β, γ)and t-DDT (pp'-DDT + op'-DDT + pp'-DDE + op'-DDE + pp'-DDD + op'-DDD) in sediments of these lakes were found to be in the ranges of 37.7–155 pg/gand 512.9–1131 pg/g, respectively. Among the isomers of HCH, gamma-HCH was most prominent, followed by alpha-HCH, whereas in the case of metabolites of DDT and its isomers, pp'-DDT was found to be dominant over others. However, all the other compounds of the DDT family were present in considerable amounts in all the lakes. There was no significant change in the monthly variation of the concentration levels of HCHs and DDTs in the lakes.","https://doi.org/10.1017/S003224740002101X"
135,"Focardi, S., Lari, L., Marsili, L. (1992) PCB congeners, DDTs and hexachlorobenzene in Antarctic fish from Terra Nova Bay (Ross Sea). Antarctic Science 4: 151-154.","Chlorinated hydrocarbons were measured in seven species of Antarctic fish (Pagothenia bernacchii, P. hansoni, Trematomus centronotus, T. newnesi, Chionodraco hamatus, Cygnodraco mawsoni, and Gymnodraco acuticeps) from in the Ross Sea near Terra Nova Bay (74°40'S 164°10'E). Hexachlorobenzene (HCB), pp' DDT and its derivatives DDE and DDD, and about 20 congeners of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)were found in muscle and liver. Levels of pp′ DDE were positively correlated with body length in P. bernacchii and the plot of concentrations showed higher values in males than females of the same body weight class. The results confirm the presence of these chlorinated hydrocarbons in the Antarctic marine food chain and an increase of PCBs with respect to DDTs. The “fingerprint” of C. hamatus is different from that of other Antarctic organisms and of fish from other parts of the world, suggesting possible metabolic differences.","https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954102092000233"
136,"Larsson, P., Järnmark, C., Södergren, A. (1992) PCBs and chlorinated pesticides in the atmosphere and aquatic organisms of Ross Island, Antarctica. Marine Pollution Bulletin 25: 9-12.","PCBs, p,p′-DDT, p,p′-DDE and lindane (γ-hexachlorocyclohexane) were monitored in the lower atmosphere of Ross Island, in Antarctica for 2 yr. Geometrical means were 15.2 pg m−3 for PCBs, 2.0 pg m−3 for p,p′-DDT, 1.0 pg m−3 for p,p′-DDE and 25.8 pg m−3 for lindane. Atmospheric levels of lindane were positively correlated with temperature, and a significant difference was found between spring-summer and summer-winter concentrations. No season related differences were found for the other chlorinated hydrocarbons, possibly owing to their lower vapour pressure and the cold climate. Periods with increased atmospheric levels of PCBs and DDT compounds were recorded. Lindane, p,p′-DDE and PCBs were present in fish and zooplankton sampled close to Ross Island. Pollutant levels in the zooplankton (on an extractable fat basis) were highest during the Antarctic spring and autumn and were inversely correlated to their fat content.","https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-326X(92)90683-W"
137,"Bacon, C.E., Jarman, W.M., Costa, D.P. (1992) Organochlorine and polychlorinated biphenyl levels in pinniped milk from the Arctic, the Antarctic, California and Australia. Chemosphere 24: 779-791.","This study presents levels of organochlorines and polychlorinated biphenyls in pinniped milk samples collected from four geographical regions. These regions include the Arctic, the Antarctic, California and Australia. Twenty milk samples from five species of pinnipeds were analyzed for organochlorines and polychlorinated biphenyls. Analyzes were carried out by high resolution gas chromatography/electron capture (HRGC/ECD) and high resolution gas chromatography/low resolution mass spectrometry (GC-MS).

All samples had detectable levels of p,p′-DDE(DDE) with geometric mean (geom. mean) values ranging from 12 ug/kg in Antarctic fur seals to 1400 ug/kg in California sea lions. Geom. mean values reported for DDE in northern hemisphere pinniped milk ranged between 14 and 118 times larger than values reported for southern hemisphere pinniped milk. In addition every sample contained detectable levels of PCBs; the primary congeners reported include 99, 118, 153, 138, 180, and 187. Geom. mean values reported for the sum of these six congeners range from 6.78 ug/kg in Antarctic fur seals up to 360 ug/kg in northern elephant seals from California. Pinniped milk samples from California contained the highest overall levels of organochlorines and polychlorinated biphenyls. DDT (and metabolites), chlordane compounds, and dieldrin were also detected in most samples with a wide range of levels reported.","https://doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(92)90538-3"
138,"Focardi, S., Gaggi, C., Chemello, G., Bacci, E. (1991) Organochlorine residues in moss and lichen samples from two Antarctic areas. Polar Record 27: 241-244.","Levels of some chlorinated hydrocarbon residues (HCB, HCH isomers, p,p'-DDT and related compounds, PBC congeners) in lichen and moss from Kay Island, Ross Sea, Antarctica, are reported and compared with data from similar species collected on Antarctic Peninsula. The role of the cold remote areas in the global circulation of these contaminants is briefly discussed.
","https://doi.org/10.1017/S003224740001264X"
139,"Risebrough, R.W., De Lappe, B.W., Younghans-Haug, C. (1990) PCB and PCT contamination in Winter Quarters Bay, Antarctica. Marine Pollution Bulletin 21: 523-529.","Winter Quarters Bay at McMurdo Station in Antarctica provides docking facilities to visiting ships and is adjacent to a former dump site. Sediments are heavily contaminated with a tarry material and contain a moderately high level of chlorinated biphenyls, in the range of 100–1400 ng g−1 dry wt. Composition in most samples is identical to that of Aroclor 1260, with no evidence of partial degradation, indicating a dominant point source of contamination. Chlorinated terphenyls, also with a 60% chlorine composition, are present at levels in the order of 30–1200 ng g−1. Outside Winter Quarters Bay, PCB levels decrease sharply, by two orders of magnitude over 1 km, and four orders of magnitude at stations 9 and 15 km distant. A substantial modification of the congener composition is evident at the distant stations, but the McMurdo PCB ‘signature’ nevertheless dominates over the ‘global’ signature characteristic of PCBs in the global atmospheric circulation.","https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-326X(90)90300-W"
140,"Luke, B.G., Johnstone, G.W., Woehler, E.J. (1989) Organochlorine pesticides, PCBs and mercury in antarctic and subantarctic seabirds. Chemosphere 19: 2007-2021.","Between 1978 and 1983, eggs from 15 species of Antarctic and Subantarctic seabirds were collected and analysed for organochlorine pesticides, PCBs, and mercury residues. The lowest levels of these chemicals were detected in the eggs of Adélie Penguins from Prydz Bay. Antarctica. On a wet weight basis, the mean concentrations in eggs of these penguins were 0.01 μg/g HCB, 0.005 μg/g DDE, less than 0.1 μg/g PCBs (1260) and 0.02 μg/g mercury. Such values indicate that the environmental levels of these contaminants in the biotypes of these species are extremely low, and present no significant threat.

The highest levels of contaminants were found in the eggs of species which breed in Antarctica and migrate to regions well north of the Antarctic Convergence in the non-breeding season. On a wet weight basis, Northern Giant-Petrel eggs contained 0.11 μg/g HCB, 0.95 μg/g DDE and 1.8 μg/g PCB (1260), and 1.8 μg/g mercury. There are indications that DDE levels are increasing for both Southern and Northern Giant-Petrels, and it is possible that reports of a decreasing number of breeding pairs of these species at several colonies are due to one or more of these contaminants reaching toxic levels.

Analysis of penguin tissues show that preen gland lipid is suitable for monitoring the body burden of organochlorine insecticides and PCBs in seabirds.

Variation in DDE and mercury residue levels for some of these species suggest that the biotypes in which they live are quite different, and that the Antarctic Convergence may have a major influence in protecting the Antarctic ecosystem from these pollutants.","https://doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(89)90024-6"
141,"Joiris, C.R., Overloop, W. (1991) PCBs and organochlorine pesticides in phytoplankton and zooplankton in the indian sector of the southern ocean. Antarctic Science 3: 371-377.","Samples of phyto- and zooplankton were collected in the Indian sector of the Southern Ocean (38–67°S, 18–84°E) and analysed for organochlorine residues (PCBs and pesticides). The PCB concentration in particulate matter (mainly phytoplankton) appeared to be high and similar to that of temperate zones: 0.7 μg g−1 dry weight. Contamination levels were more constant expressed per water volume than per dry weight, and seven times lower (1.2 μg m−3) than in northern temperate zones (8.8 μm−3 in the North Sea). The Antarctic ecosystems are thus less contaminated than temperate ones — as expected — but the very low phytoplankton biomass present cause high PCB levels per unit of biomass. These results confirm the necessity of using different systems of units in order to correctly express the contamination levels and to identify the main mechanisms responsible for the accumulation of stable pollutants. PCB levels in netplankton samples (mainly zooplankton) were comparable with phytoplankton on a dry weight basis (0.7 μm−3), lower on a lipid weight basis (5.8 μg g−1 lw for netplankton, 16.3 for particulate matter) and were much higher per seawater volume (27.2 μg m−3 for netplankton, 1.2 for particulate matter). Netplankton contamination is comparable in the Antarctic (0.35 μg g−1 dw) and the North Sea (0.70) since zooplankton feeding on phytoplankton has similar levels of contamination in both ecosystems. Lindane, heptachlor epoxide, dieldrin, DDE and DDT were observed in various samples at trace levels. The high DDE/DDT ratio reflects the more recent origin of Antarctic organochlorines.","https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954102091000470"
142,"Lukowski, A.B., Ligowski, R. (1988) Contamination of Antarctic marine phytoplankton by chlorinated hydrocarbons (BIOMASS III). Polish Polar Research 9: 399-408.","In the region of Bransfield Strait and southern part of Drake 
Passage the highest amounts of chlorinated hydrocarbons (CHs — compounds of the 
D D T group, HC H isomers and PCBs) were found in the samples taken at the sampling 
station where the CHs bottom deposits were released to the upper layers due to the 
special hydrological situation at this station. Increased amounts of CHs were observed 
also in phytoplankton sampled close to the melting ice of glacier origin which was 
considered as a source of pollution. However, phytoplankton sampled from the waters 
covered with pack-ice exhibited the lowest rate of CHs accumulation. Slightly elevated 
CHs accumulation was found in sea ice diatoms. All the samples exhibited elevated 
amount of polichlorinated biphenyls, markedly higher than that of chloroorganic 
insecticides.",
143,"Kawano, M., Inoue, T., Wada, T., Hidaka, H., Tatsukawa, R. (1988) Bioconcentration and residue patterns of chlordane compounds in marine animals: Invertebrates, fish, mammals, and seabirds. Environmental Science and Technology 22: 792-797.","The bioconcentration and compositional patterns of
chlordane compounds (CHLs: cis-chlordane, franschlordane, cis-nonachlor, frans-nonachlor, and oxychlordane) were investigated in organisms from two marine
ecosystems. The bioconcentration factors (BCF: concentration in organism/concentration in seawater) of CHLs
in lower trophic organisms were in between the values
obtained for HCHs (a-HCH, /3-HCH, and 7-HCH) and
DDTs (p,p'-DDE and p,p-DDT). In the case of higher
trophic organisms, the scatter in the biomagnification
factors (BMF: concentration in organism/concentration
in food) of CHLs was found to be wider than those observed for HCHs and DDTs. Also, there were remarkable
differences in CHLs composition among higher trophic
organisms. For example, the percent composition of oxychlordane, which is one of the persistent metabolites of
CHLs in seabirds from both areas, was higher than those
of marine mammals.","https://doi.org/10.1021/es00172a008"
144,"Lukowski, A.B., Karolewski, M.A., Gorski, T. (1987) Polychlorinated biphenyls in the tissues of Antarctic marine migratory birds and penguins from the breeding colony on King George Island, (South Shetland Islands). Polish Polar Research 8: 179-187.","Contents of PCBs was investigated using the gas chromatography 
method in the tissue of four Antarctic migratory birds: Oceanites oceanicus, Larus 
dominicanus, Catharacta skua and Sterna vittata, and the three penguin species: Pvgoscelis 
adeliae, P. papua and P. antarctica. Samples were collected at King George Island 
in February 1978 and, for comparison, in March 1983. The highest PCBs content 
was recorded in the adipose tissue of O. oceanicus and C. skua (15.7 and 1.2 ppm). 
Differences in the content of these compounds in the tissue of various penguin 
species in 1978 was observed. The mean cumulation level of PCBs in the adipose 
tissue of penguins was higher in 1983 than in 1978. Differences in the level of 
PCBs contents in the tissue of migratory birds were related to their winter migrations 
to areas polluted to various degress with PCBs remains. A tendency to the increase 
of the contamination of penguin tissues with PCBs was observed. This tendency was 
related to the increase of vhe pollution of the Antarctic environment with these 
compounds.",
145,"Karolewski, M.A., Lukowski, A.B., Halba, R. (1987) Residues of chlorinated hydrocarbons in the adipose tissue of the Antarctic pinnipeds. Polish Polar Research 8: 189-197.","In 1979- 1981 at the King George Island samples of adipose tissue
of 5 pinniped species (L. carcinophagus, L. weddelli, H. leptonyx, M. leonina and
A. gazella) were collected and the contents of chlorinated hydrocarbons (CHs) were
determined with the gas chromatography method. The highest values were recorded in
the leopard seal (432.3 -614.7 ppb DDT), the second highest values in the mature
elephant seal (73.4 ppb DDT) and the third in the Weddell seal (54.4 — 69.1 ppb DDT).
In the Weddell seal the highest level of HCH content (23.3 — 32.1 ppb) was recorded.
A decrease in the content of pp'DDE in the adipose tissue of crabeater seal in
successive years was recorded, the values being 36.8 ppb in 1979, 24.4 ppb in 1980
and 15.3 ppb in 1981, as well as an increase in the concentration of HCH (15.3 ppb
in 1980 and 27.4 ppb in 1981). The contents of CHs in the adipose tissue of Antarctic
pinnipeds are 100—1000 times lower than those in the Arctic seals.",
146,"Lukowski, A.B., Ligowski, R. (1987) Cumulation of chloroorganic insecticides by Antarctic marine diatoms. Polish Polar Research 8: 167-177.","In Antarctic summer 1983/1984 samples of planktonie and attached 
diatoms were collected in the Admiralty Bay (King George Island, South Shetland 
Islands) as well as samples of planktonie diatoms in the region of South Orkneys, 
Drake Passage and Bransfield Strait (BIOMASS-SIBEX Project). Using gas chromatography 
residues of chloroorganic pesticides, namely the compounds of the DD T group and 
H C H isomers were determined. It was found that the highest values of the content 
of these compounds occurred in attached diatoms coming from areas continuously 
washed with water from the melting glacier, in planktonie diatoms from the samples 
of the Admiralty Bay and from strongly glaciated regions. A hypothesis was put 
forward that along with the direct atmospheric transport the release of the deposits 
of these compounds from ice and glaciers during their melting is an additional source 
of input of chloroorganic biocides into Antarctic waters. Diatoms are good indicators of 
this process.",
147,"Tanabe, S., Subramanian, AN., Hidaka, H., Tatsukawa, R. (1986) Transfer rates and pattern of PCB isomers and congeners and p,p′-DDE from mother to egg in Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae). Chemosphere 15: 343-351.","Mother to egg transfer of PCB isomers and congeners and p,p'-DDE was examined in Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) from Antarctica. Transfer rate to a clutch of two eggs was estimated to be small, accounting to about 4.0 % for both PCBs and p,p′-DDE to the burden in mother. No significant difference was found in the concentration ratios of individual PCB isomers and congeners between mother and egg, which apparently differed from those between mother and fetus of striped dolphin previously reported.","https://doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(86)90027-5"
148,"Bacci, E., Calamari, D., Gaggi, C., Fanelli, R., Focardi, S., Morosini, M. (1986) Chlorinated hydrocarbons in lichen and moss samples from the Antarctic Peninsula. Chemosphere 15: 747-754.","The concentrations of some chlorinated hydrocarbon residues (HCB, HCH isomers, p,p'DDT and DDE, PCB congeners) in lichen and moss samples from the Antarctic Peninsula are reported and compared with available data from other parts of the world. The use of these materials as indicators of tropospheric contamination levels in Antarctica is discussed.","https://doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(86)90041-X"
149,"Subramanian, B.R., Tanabe, S., Hidaka, H., Tatsukawa, R. (1983) DDTs and PCB isomers and congeners in antarctic fish. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 12: 621-626.","Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and
DDTs (p,p'-DDE + p,p'-DDT) were quantitated in
four species of antarctic fish collected around the
Japanese Antarctic Research Station during January to December 1981. PCBs ranged between 0.08
and 0.77 ng/g and DDTs from 0.3 to 1.9 ng/g, wet
weight basis in whole body homogenates. In Pagothenia borchgrevinld, the largest sample (N =
21), both classes of chlorinated hydrocarbons increased linearly with body weight. Analysis of PCB
isomers and congeners by mass fragmentography
showed greater retention of the more highly chlorinated biphenyls in larger specimens. The bottom
dwelling Trematomus bernacchii and T. hansoni revealed greater concentrations of highly chlorinated
biphenyls than the surface dwelling P. borchgrevinki. In general, the concentrations of PCBs and
DDTs in antarctic fish were very low compared to
other open ocean water fish reported in the literature; this agreed with atmospheric and hydrospheric concentrations of PCBs and DDTs in antarctic regions where low levels were reported.","https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01060743"
150,"Hidaka, H., Tanabe, S., Tatsukawa, R. (1983) DDT Compounds and PCB Isomers and Congeners in Weddell Seals and Their Fate in the Antarctic Marine Ecosystem. Agricultural and Biological Chemistry 47: 2009-2017.","The whole-body burdens and concentrations of IDDT (the sum ofp,p'-DDE andp,p'-DDT)
and PCBs in the Weddell seal, Leptonychotes weddelli, caught near Syowa Station, Antarctica,were
determined by detailed biometric measurements of their organs and tissues and analyses of IDDT
and PCBs in them. The concentration levels of IDDT and PCBs in Weddell seals were much lower
than those in various species of marine mammals from other oceans. The low levels may be
attributable to the low concentration of these chemicals in the food of Weddell seals and in the sea
water under antarctic fast ice. However, the concentration ratio of IDDT between the food
organisms of seals and sea water under antarctic fast ice was higher than those of other ocean
ecosystems.","https://doi.org/10.1271/bbb1961.47.2009"
151,"Tanabe, S., Hidaka, H., Tatsukawa, R. (1983) PCBs and chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides in Antarctic atmosphere and hydrosphere. Chemosphere 12: 277-288.","PCBs and chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides such as DDTs and HCHs (BHCs) were measured in air, water, ice and snow samples collected around the Japanese research stations in Antarctica and adjacent oceans during December 1980 to March 1982. The atmospheric concentrations of chlorinated hydrocarbons decreased in the transport process from northern lands to Antarctica, but the compositions of PCBs, DDT compounds and HCH isomers were relatively uniform throughout this process. Regional and seasonal variations were found in aerial concentrations of these pollutants at Syowa Station and adjacent seas in Antarctica. Chlorinated hydrocarbons were also detected in snow, ice, lake water and sea water samples, in which rather high concentrations were found in snow and ice samples. This suggests that snow and ice serve as media of supply of these pollutants into Antarctic marine environment. Most interestingly, the concentrations of DDTs and higher chlorinated biphenyls were much lower in sea water under fast ice than in that from outer margin of pack ice. This indicates that the active removal of these pollutants is occurred in the sea under fast ice, and that is strongly associated with high primary productivity. It is, therefore, presumed that the concentrations of PCBs and DDTs in marine organisms living under fast ice in Antarctica could be lower than those in other oceans.
","https://doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(83)90171-6"
152,"Norheim, G., Sømme, L., Holt, G. (1982) Mercury and persistent chlorinated hydrocarbons in antarctic birds from bouvetøya and dronning maud land. Environmental Pollution. Series A, Ecological and Biological 28: 233-240.","The concentrations of DDE, PCB, hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and mercury were determined in samples from chinstrap penguin Pygoscelis antarctica, macaroni penguin Eudyptes chrysolophus, snow petrel Pagodroma nivea, Cape pigeon Daption capense, southern fulmar Fulmarus glacialoides, south polar skua Catharacta maccormicki and brown skua Catharacta lonnbergi. The birds were taken in central parts of Vestjella in Dronning Maud Land in February 1977 and at Bouvetøya in the South Atlantic in February 1977 and January 1979.

Low levels of DDE, PCB and HCB were found in the two species of penguins, snow petrel, Cape pigeon and southern fulmar, while significantly higher levels were found in south polar and brown skua. The lowest mercury levels were found in the two penguin species and snow petrel. Cape pigeon, southern fulmar and south polar skua form an intermediate group, while the highest mercury levels were found in brown skua. It is assumed that there is a connection between the present findings and the migration pattern of the different birds. The results seem to be in agreement with previous investigations.","https://doi.org/10.1016/0143-1471(82)90079-4"
153,"Risebrough, R.W., Walker II, W., Schmidt, T.T., De Lappe, B.W., Connors, C.W. (1976) Transfer of chlorinated biphenyls to Antarctica. Nature 264: 738-739","Previous determinations of synthetic organic compounds in
antarctic snow' and in tissues of species inhabiting the
antarctic marine environment'-' have shown the presence of
DDT compounds in almost all samples examined, but the
apparent absence of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB).
PCB, however, are ubiquitous marine pollutants north of the Antarctic Convergence'·'-' and were detected in all eggs
and tissues of seabirds examined from the subantarctic
Auckland Islands, centred at 166°05'E, 50° 40'S. These data
have been used to support the hypothesis that the atmosphere is not the primary medium of transport of this class
of pollutants to remote environments such as Antarctica'.
In the present paper we report the detection of PCB in the
eggs of resident penguin species, by removal of unknown
compounds previously interfering in the analysis, and in
antarctic snow, by application of in situ extraction in the
field of large volumes of melted snow. Equivalent levels and
ratios of these pollutants in species resident north and south
of the Convergence indicate atmospheric, rather than
oceanic, transport to Antarctica.","https://doi.org/10.1038/264738a0"
154,"Yasunaga, G., Fujise, Y., Zenitani, R., Tanabe, S., Kato, H. (2015) Spatial and temporal variation of PCBs and organochlorine pesticides in the Antarctic minke whales, Balaenoptera bonaerensis, in the period 1987-2005. Chemosphere 126: 11-17.","Concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethane and its metabolites
(DDTs), hexachlorocyclohexane isomers (HCHs), hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and chlordane compounds
(CHLs) were determined in the blubber of males (20–25 years old) of Antarctic minke whales, Balaenoptera
bonaerensis, from the International Whaling Commission (IWC) management Areas IV (70_x0002_–130_x0002_E)
and V (130_x0002_E–170_x0002_W), south 60_x0002_S. The ranges of concentrations (ng g_x0003_1 lipid wt.) for each compound
were, PCBs: 7.7–89; DDTs: 29–340; HCHs: 0.20–4.3; HCB: 75–430; CHLs: 10–120, which were much
lower than those in common minke whales, Balaenoptera acutorostrata, from the northern hemisphere.
The levels of PCBs, HCHs, HCB and CHLs in Area IV were significantly higher than those in Area V, while
the levels of DDTs in both areas were similar. For comparing the fate among four pesticides in the Antarctic
Ocean avoiding the effect of variance due to food intake, the ratios of the pesticides to PCBs, which
has an extremely high chemical stability and environmental persistence, were examined. The HCHs/PCBs
ratio decreased by a factor of about 20 in a span of 16 years in both Areas IV and V, while temporal trends
of DDTs/PCBs, HCB/PCBs and CHLs/PCBs ratios were not observed. These results indicate that PCBs, DDTs,
HCB and CHLs levels did not vary or slightly decreased in Areas IV and V during the study period. However
HCHs levels clearly decreased. Spatial differences seems to be related to differences in food intake
among whales, and temporal differences seems to be related to the length stay of OCs in the Antarctic
Ocean.","https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.12.074"
155,"Corsolini, S., Kannan, K., Imagawa, T., Focardi, S., Giesy, J.P. (2002) Polychloronaphthalenes and other dioxin-like compounds in arctic and antarctic marine food webs. Environmental Science and Technology 36: 3490-3496.","Here we report accumulation patterns of polychlorinated
naphthalenes (PCNs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins
(PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), polychlorinated
biphenyls (PCBs), and pesticides (HCB, p,p¢DDE)
in polar organisms (polar bear from Alaskan Arctic and krill,
sharp-spined notothen, crocodile icefish, Antarctic
silverfish, Ade´lie penguin, South polar skua, and Weddell
seal from the Ross Sea, Antarctica). PCNs, found in most of
the samples, ranged from 1.5 pg/g in krill to 2550 pg/g in
South polar skua on a wet weight basis. Lower chlorinated
PCNs were the predominant congeners in organisms
except skua and polar bear that showed similar PCN
homologue patterns. PCDD/F concentrations were <90
pg/g wet wt in polar organisms; PCDD congeners showed
peculiar accumulation patterns in different organisms.
Correlation existed between PCN and PCB concentrations.
PCB, HCB, and p,p¢DDE levels were the highest in skua
liver (11150 ng/g wet wt, 345 ng/g wet wt, and 300 ng/g wet
wt, respectively). Contribution of PCNs to 2,3,7,8-
tetrachlrodibenzo-p-dioxin equivalents (TEQ) was negligible
(<0.1%) because of the lack of most toxic congeners.
The highest TEQ was found in South polar skua liver (45 pg/
g, wet weight). This is the first study to document the
occurrence of PCNs in Antarctic organisms. High levels
of dioxin-like chemicals in skua suggest the importance of
intake via diet and migration habits, thus POP detection
can be useful to trace migration behavior. Moreover, POP
concentrations in penguin and skua eggs prove their
transfer from the mother to eggs.","https://doi.org/10.1021/es025511v"
156,"Bidleman, T.F., Walla, M.D., Roura, R., Carr, E., Schmidt, S. (1993) Organochlorine pesticides in the atmosphere of the Southern Ocean and Antarctica, January-March, 1990. Marine Pollution Bulletin 26: 258-262.","Chlorinated pesticides in air were measured from the 
Greenpeace ship Gondwana between New Zealand and 
Ross Island, January-March, 1990. Geometric mean 
concentrations (pg m -3) were: ¢t and y-hexachlorocyclo_x0002_hexanes = 4.0 and 3.8, hexachiorobenzene--60, hepta_x0002_chlor epoxide = 0.52, chlordanes+nonachlors-- 1.8, 
p,p'-DDE+ p,p'-DDT-- 0.81. A trend of decreasing 
pesticide concentration at higher latitudes was noted. 
The low levels of DDTs found in this study and also by 
Larsson et aL (1992) during 1988-90 on Ross Island 
indicates that atmospheric DDT over the Southern 
Ocean has dropped markedly in the last decade. Recent 
concentrations of DDTs in Antarctic air are similar to 
those in the Arctic.","https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-326X(93)90064-Q"
157,"Taniguchi, S., Montone, R.C., Bícego, M.C., Colabuono, F.I., Weber, R.R., Sericano, J.L. (2009) Chlorinated pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the fat tissue of seabirds from King George Island, Antarctica. Marine Pollution Bulletin 58: 129-133.","Persistent organic pollutants (POPs), such as chlorinated pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons (PAHs), have been detected worldwide, including
in the Antarctic region. The Antarctic continent can no longer be
considered pristine, as there has been a localized but considerable
human impact on the region.","https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2008.09.026"
158,"Bigot, M., Muir, D.C.G., Hawker, D.W., Cropp, R., Dachs, J., Teixeira, C.F., Bengtson Nash, S. (2016) Air-Seawater Exchange of Organochlorine Pesticides in the Southern Ocean between Australia and Antarctica. Environmental Science and Technology 50: 8001-8009.","This study contributes new data on the spatial variability of persistent organic pollutants in the Indian–Pacific sector of the Southern Ocean and represents the first empirical data obtained from this region in 25 years. Paired high-volume atmospheric and seawater samples were collected along a transect between Australia and Antarctica to investigate the latitudinal dependence of the occurrence and distribution of legacy organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and the current use pesticide chlorpyrifos in the Southern Ocean. Dissolved ΣHCH and dieldrin concentrations decreased linearly with increasing latitude from 7.7 to 3.0 and from 1.0 to 0.6 pg·L–1, respectively. There was no consistent trend observed in the latitudinal profile of atmospheric samples; however, some compounds (such as dieldrin) showed reduced concentrations from 7.5–3.4 to 2.7–0.65 pg·m–3 at the highest latitudes south of the Polar Front. Chlorpyrifos was found in samples from this area for the first time. Estimated air–seawater fugacity ratios and fluxes indicate a current net deposition between −3600 and −900, −6400 and −400, and −1400 and −200 (pg·m–2·d–1) for γ-HCH, dieldrin, and chlorpyrifos, respectively. These findings suggest that, under current climatic conditions, the Southern Ocean reservoir in the Indian–Pacific sector serves as an environmental sink rather than a source of OCPs to the atmosphere.","https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b01970"
159,"Bigot, M., Curran, A.J.M., Moy, A.D., Muir, D.C.G., Hawker, D.W., Cropp, R., Teixeira, C.F., Nash, S.M.B. (2016) Brief communication: Organochlorine pesticides in an archived firn core from Law Dome, East Antarctica. Cryosphere 10: 2533-2539.","Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were, for the first time, quantified in archived firn cores from East Antarctica representative of 1945–1957 and 1958–1967 (current era, C.E.). The core sections were melted under high-purity nitrogen atmosphere, and the meltwater was analysed. Methods allowed quantification of hexachlorocyclohexanes, heptachlor, trans-chlordane, dieldrin and endrin. While the core presented evidence of nominal contamination by modern-use chemicals, indicating handling and/or storage contamination, legacy OCP concentrations and deposition rates reported are orders of magnitude lower than those from Arctic regions, lending support for their validity. The study further provides a description of equipment used and suggests methods to overcome logistical challenges associated with trace organic contaminant detection in polar regions.","https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-2533-2016"
160,"Ríos, J.M., Lana, N.B., Ciocco, N.F., Covaci, A., Barrera-Oro, E., Moreira, E., Altamirano, J.C. (2016) Implications of biological factors on accumulation of persistent organic pollutants in Antarctic notothenioid fish. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 145: 630-639.","In the present study, the possible associations between selected persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and biological factors were assessed in different tissues of two Antarctic notothenioid fish: Notothenia rossii (NOR) and Trematomus newnesi (TRN) collected at Potter Cove, King George Island/Isla 25 de Mayo, South Shetland Islands. Specifically, association patterns between biological factors (body size, lipid content, body condition) and POP concentrations (polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and metabolites, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), chlordanes (CHLs) and methoxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (MeO-PBDEs)), were explored by using two approaches: multivariate analyses (principal component analysis: PCA) and intraspecific correlations. Integrating results suggest that biological factors such as size, KI and tissue type seemed to be associated to selective accumulation of POPs for immature specimens of N. rossii, and KI and tissue type for mature specimens of T. newnesi. Each particular factor should be considered when choosing N. rossii or T. newnesi as sentinels for POPs pollution in Antarctic marine environments. Further, both nototheniids showed a selective accumulation pattern in their gonads of penta-chlorinated biphenyls (penta-CBs; 55.5 and 29 ng g−1 lw for N. rossii and T. newnesi, respectively) and organochlorine pesticides such as DDTs (199 and 13.3 ng g−1 lw, for N. rossii and T. newnesi respectively), and of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in gills (97.2 and 22.1 for ng g−1 lw, for N. rossii and T. newnesi, respectively), highlighting the importance of these tissues in monitoring studies of pollution in fish. The current study expands the knowledge concerning the biological factors to be investigated when specific pollutants are monitored and supports the importance of tissue type for the selective accumulation of POPs in Antarctic fish. Additionally, a contribution to the scarce data on concentration of MeO-PBDEs in Antarctic marine organisms, particularly in the highly diverse perciform suborder Notothenioidei is provided.","https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.08.009"
161,"Kim, J.-T., Choi, Y.-J., Barghi, M., Kim, J.-H., Jung, J.-W., Kim, K., Kang, J.-H., Lammel, G., Chang, Y.-S. (2021) Occurrence, distribution, and bioaccumulation of new and legacy persistent organic pollutants in an ecosystem on King George Island, maritime Antarctica. Journal of Hazardous Materials 405: 124141","The occurrence and bioaccumulation of new and legacy persistent organic pollutants (POPs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs), hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), and Dechlorane Plus (DPs) and their related compounds (Dechloranes) in an ecosystem on King George Island, Antarctica are investigated. The new and legacy POPs were widely detected in the animal samples collected from Antarctica, which included Limpet, Antarctic cod, Amphipods, Antarctic icefish, Gentoo and Chinstrap penguins, Kelp gull, and South polar skua. The trophic magnification factors indicated that the levels of PCNs and HBCDs, as well as the legacy POPs, were magnified through the food web, whereas DPs might be diluted through the trophic levels contradicting the classification of Dechloranes as POPs. This is one of the first extensive surveys on PCNs, HBCDs, and Dechloranes, which provides unique information on the distribution and trophic biomagnification potential of the new and legacy POPs in the Antarctic region.","https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124141"
162,"Khairy, M., Brault, E., Dickhut, R., Harding, K.C., Harkonen, T., Karlsson, O., Lehnert, K., Teilmann, J., Lohmann, R. (2021) Bioaccumulation of PCBs, OCPs and PBDEs in Marine Mammals From West Antarctica. Frontiers in Marine Science 8: 768715","To understand the bioaccumulation and food web dynamics of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) as a function of species, age and sex in Antarctic mammals, blubber samples of 3 killer whales (Type C) and 77 pinnipeds (Weddell, Ross and crabeater seals) were collected from the Southern Ocean, Antarctica. They were analyzed for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). ∑DDTs, ∑29PCBs and chlordanes (12 – 4,600, 13 – 1,600 and <1.5 – 1,700 ng/g lipid respectively) were the most abundant POPs. Except for PBDE the killer whale had on average several times higher levels of POPs compared to the seals. PCBs and PBDEs were consistently higher in adult crabeater and Weddell seal males, and in adult female Ross seals than in other sex and age groups reflecting an age accumulation and possible influence of segregated diet, foraging areas, and metabolic transformation rates. POPs concentrations significantly correlated with gene transcription of nuclear receptors involved in detoxification of contaminants and immune relevant cell mediators in the crabeater seals, indicating possible immunotoxic and deleterious health effects. This represents one of the largest studies on POPs in Antarctic marine predators and highlights the complexity of POPs bioaccumulation.","https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.768715"
163,"Xiong, S., Hao, Y., Li, Y., Yang, R., Pei, Z., Zhang, Q., Jiang, G. (2021) Accumulation and influencing factors of novel brominated flame retardants in soil and vegetation from Fildes Peninsula, Antarctica. Science of the Total Environment 756: 144088","The concentrations and distributions of nine novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) were analyzed in soil, lichen (Usnea aurantiaco-atra), and moss (Sanionia uncinata) samples collected from the Chinese Antarctic Great Wall Station and surrounding Fildes Peninsula area in west Antarctica. Total NBFR concentrations ranged from 61.2–225 pg/g dry weight (dw) in soil, 283–1065 pg/g dw in moss, and 135–401 pg/g dw in lichen, respectively. Decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) was the dominant NBFR in all samples, accounting for 65.2%, 50.1%, and 72.4% of cumulative NBFR concentration in soil, moss, and lichen, respectively. The concentrations of NBFRs in plant samples were higher than those in soil, which may be related to plant bioaccumulation. Significant log/log-linear correlations (p < 0.05) were found between the concentrations of BEHTEBP and total organic carbon (TOC) in soil, and between DBDPE and lipid content in mosses, indicating that TOC and lipid content potentially affect certain NBFRs in Antarctic soil and moss. This study presents the first report on NBFR contamination in soil and various vegetation in Antarctica.","https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144088"
164,"Bhardwaj, L., Sharma, S., Ranjan, A., Jindal, T. (2019) Persistent organic pollutants in lakes of Broknes peninsula at Larsemann Hills area, East Antarctica. Ecotoxicology 28: 589-596.","Anthropogenic activity in East Antarctica has increased since the last 2–3 decades because of various scientific expeditions.
Additionally, global pollution due to various newly introduced pollutants like pesticides is on use since the past century and
many factors contribute to contamination even in Antarctica. During thirty fourth Indian Scientific Expedition to Antarctica
(ISEA) in austral summer of 2014–2015, fifteen lake water samples were collected from five different lakes at Broknes
peninsula, Larsemann Hills, East Antarctica. Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) residue levels found in lake water samples
varied from 10.33–70.00 pg/mL in five different lakes. Presence of p,p’-DDT was detected in all different lakes but high
concentration found in P4 lake water. After study confirms that Broknes peninsula in the Larsemann Hills area, East
Antarctica has a trace amount of POPs which is an alarming situation and needs to be investigated further to maintain the
pristine environment in Antarctica. The presence of POPs may be attributed to orographic effects, migratory birds,
biomagnification and anthropogenic sources. In the future, new emerging pollutants must be analyzed like microplastics,
phthalate, Paraxanthene etc.","https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-019-02045-x"
165,"Kim, J.-T., Choi, Y.-J., Barghi, M., Yoon, Y.-J., Kim, J.-H., Kim, J.H., Chang, Y.-S. (2018) Occurrence and distribution of old and new halogenated flame retardants in mosses and lichens from the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. Environmental Pollution 235: 302-311.","The spatial distribution of old and new halogenated flame retardants (HFRs), including polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), and Dechlorane Plus (DPs) and related compounds (Dechloranes), were investigated in the South Shetland Islands of Antarctica, employing mosses (Andreaea depressinervis and Sanionia uncinata) and lichens (Himantormia lugubris and Usnea antarctica) as bioindicators. The levels of PBDEs, HBCDs, and Dechloranes ranged from 3.2 to 71.5, 0.63–960, and 2.04–2400 pg/g dw (dry weight) in the mosses, and from 1.5 to 188, 0.1–21.1, and 1.0–83.8 pg/g dw in the lichens, respectively. HFRs were detected in all of the collected samples, even in those from the remote regions. The dominance of high brominated-BDE, anti-DP fraction, and HBCD diastereomeric ratio in the samples from remote regions suggested the long-range atmospheric transport (LRAT) of the HFRs. The relatively high HBCDs and Dechloranes contamination and their similar chemical profile with commercial products in the vicinity of Antarctic research stations indicated that human activities might act as local sources, while PBDEs appeared to be more influenced by LRAT and bioaccumulation rather than local emission. Lastly, the relatively high HFR levels and dominance of more brominated BDEs at the Narębski Point and in the wet lowlands suggested that penguin colonies and melting glacier water could be secondary HFR sources in Antarctica. The HFR levels differed by sample species, suggesting that further research on the factors associated with the HFR accumulation in the different species is necessary. This study firstly reports the alternative HFR levels in a wide area of the Antarctica, which could improve our understanding of the source, transport, and fate of the HFRs.","https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.12.080"
166,"Cincinelli, A., Martellini, T., Pozo, K., Kukučka, P., Audy, O., Corsolini, S. (2016) Trematomus bernacchii as an indicator of POP temporal trend in the Antarctic seawaters. Environmental Pollution 216: 19-25","The occurrence of POPs in remote areas, such as Antarctica, is the result of their ability to udergo Long Range Transport (LRT) in the atmosphere, precipitation and cold condensation.

In this study, both recent levels of various POPs in Trematomus bernacchii and their changes in roughly three decades were determined in order to evaluate trends of POPs in Antarctic benthic seawaters. In fact, Trematomus bernacchii is considered a good sentinel bio-indicator for monitoring not only the extent of contamination by POPs in the Antarctic aquatic ecosystem, but also changes in Antarctic ecosystem quality and trends.

A slight decreasing PCB trend was detected during 30-years time span (from early 1980's to 2010) in the circumantarctic seawaters. Two higher peaks of concentrations were reported in 2001 and 2005 in the Ross Sea and they may reflect the ice melting of icebergs.

Because fire risk is very high in Antarctica due to the very dry air, a large use of flame retardants in buildings and furniture of stations is highly probable; moreover, many stations were built when there were no restrictions on flame retardants use. The PBDE levels in the T. bernacchii from 2001 to 2011 ranged 0.05–0.35 pg/g and were of the same order of magnitude in 2001/2011 and in 2002/2005, with a maximum value in 2005 (0.35 pg/g).

Comparable concentrations of HCB, HCHs PCDDs and PCDFs are available only for few seasons: all these compounds showed a decreasing temporal trends and their concentrations were one or more order of magnitude lower in 2000s–2010s.","https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2015.12.057"
167,"Tatton, J.O'G., Ruzicka, J.H.A. (1967) Organochlorine pesticides in Antarctica. Nature 215.","The first reports of organochlorine pesticides in wildlife in the vicinity
of the US Antarctic base at McMurdo Sound suggested that local
human activity might be responsible. Measurements of samples
from the British Antarctic Survey Base at Signy Island in the South
Orkneys now suggest that there is a world-wide pattern of distribution by means of the oceans and the atmosphere.","https://doi.org/10.1038/215346a0"
168,"Sun, L.-G., Yin, X.-B., Pan, C.-P., Wang, Y.-H. (2005) A 50-years record of dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethanes and hexachloro-cyclohexanes in lake sediments and penguin droppings on King George Island, Maritime Antarctic. Journal of Environmental Sciences 17: 899-905.","Since the ban on the use of organochlorine pesticides(OCPs)such as dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane(DDT)and
hexachlorocyclohexane(HCH) in agriculture, their levels have generally dropped. In a number of cases, however, the levels of these
OCPs were found to be unchanging or even increasing after the ban.With the aim to unveil the possible causes of these exceptions, we
collected two lake cores from Kina Georae Island, West Antarctica, and determined their accumulation flux profiles and temporal trends of
these OCPs. In the lake core sediments with glacier
in addition to the expected one
gradual decline trend after the
caused by the regional climate
in 1960s. In the lake
meltwater input, the accumulation flux of DDT shows an abnormal peak around 1980s
core sediments without glacier meltwater input, the accumulation flux of DDT shows a
peak in 1960s. This striking diference in
warming and the resulted discharge of the
the DDT flux profiles between the two lake cores is most likely
DDT stored in the Antarctic ice cap into the lakes in the Antarctic
glacier frontier. Furthermore, to investigate the change of
and DDT concentration profiles
later during the past 50 years.
in penguin droppings and
OCPs loadings in the Antarctic coastal ecosystem，we reconstructed the HCH
observed a gradual increase for the former and a continuous decrease for the
The increase of HCH seems to be due to the and the resulted HCH
discharge to the coastal ecosystem by glaciers' meltwater and the illegal use
The diferent temporal trends of HCH and DDT accumulation rate in the lake core with glacier meltwater input
in the recent
and the aged
regional warming from the early 1970s
of HCH in the Southern Hemisphere decade.
penguin droppings can be explained by their diferent water-soluble property",
169,"Peterle, T.J. (1969) DDT in antarctic snow. Nature 224","Contamination of the environment by persistent pesticides is universal. Residues have been found in a 
variety of animals in the Antarctic; analysis of two 
samples of glacial ice from the vicinity of Byrd Station 
(80° S, 119° W) gave negative results, but traces of 
dieldrin and DDT have been found in biota on Signy 
Island in the Antarctic, 3,000 miles from McMurdo 
Sound. The ecological implications of these contaminants 
have been discussed.
In 1966 we prepared six carbon adsorption filters 
(Nuchar G-190) for sampling snow melt.","https://doi.org/10.1038/224620a0"
170,"Corsolini, S., Sarà, G. (2017) The trophic transfer of persistent pollutants (HCB, DDTs, PCBs) within polar marine food webs. Chemosphere 177: 189-199.","Biomagnification (increase in contaminant concentrations at successively higher levels of trophic web), is
a process that can transversally impair biodiversity and human health. Most research shows that bio_x0002_magnification should be higher at poles with northern sites having a major tendency to biomagnify
Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) through their marine food webs. We investigated the bio_x0002_magnification degree into two marine trophic webs combining carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes and
POP analyses. We showed that the Antarctic trophic web was more depleted than the sub-Arctic one and
the differences highlighted for the basal part could explain the difference in length between them.
Concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), and p,p’-DDE were of the
same order of magnitude in the two polar trophic webs, with some values surprisingly higher in the
Antarctic than sub-arctic organisms: PCBs ranged (average ± standard deviation) 1.10 ± 0.39
e12.93 ± 7.62, HCB <0.10e7.28 ± 5.32, and p,p’-DDE 0.52 ± 0.18e11.36 ± 5.3 ng/g wet weight (wt) in the
Antarctic organisms, and 0.53e5.08, <0.10e1.48, and 0.27 ± 0.35e5.46 ± 1.73 ng/g wet wt, respectively,
in the sub-Arctic ones. The contribution of tetra- and penta-CBs to the PPCBs was 10e65% in the
Antarctic species and 15e45% in the Arctic species. The relationships between POPs and trophic levels,
and the information obtained by the Trophic Magnification Factor revealed that the Antarctic trophic
web had a greater tendency to biomagnify PCBs and p,p’-DDE than its sub-Arctic counterpart. POP
availability in the environment and specific ecological features may play an important role in the bio_x0002_accumulation, and biomagnification is apparently less important than bioconcentration.","https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.02.116"
171,"Cabrerizo, A., Larramendi, R., Albar, J.-P., Dachs, J. (2017) Persistent organic pollutants in the atmosphere of the Antarctic Plateau. Atmospheric Environment 149: 104-108.","Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) bioaccumulate in biota, have long residence times in the environment, and potential for long range atmospheric transport. Here, we show the first measurements of legacy POPs in the atmosphere of the Antarctic Plateau from 73° South to the South Pole. Samples were taken using passive samplers. The amount of polychlorinated biphenyls (as ∑26PCBs) per sample ranged from 0.8 ng to 26 ng. The mass per sample of hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and γ-hexachlorocyclohexane (γ-HCH) in the gas-phase ranged from 0.67 ng to 2.7 ng and from non-detected to 2.6 ng, respectively. The lowest amounts of POPs were observed at the South Pole. This work shows that POPs have also reached the remotest region of Earth from primary sources. The assessment of the air mass back trajectories and current knowledge of atmospheric circulation over the Antarctic continent suggests that POPs reach the Antarctic Plateau by subduction of air masses from the free troposphere.","https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.11.015"
172,"Luek, J.L., Dickhut, R.M., Cochran, M.A., Falconer, R.L., Kylin, H. (2017) Persistent organic pollutants in the Atlantic and southern oceans and oceanic atmosphere. Science of the Total Environment 583: 64-71.","Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) continue to cycle through the atmosphere and hydrosphere despite banned
or severely restricted usages. Global scale analyses of POPs are challenging, but knowledge of the current distri-
bution of these compounds is needed to understand the movement and long-term consequences of their global
use. In the current study, air and seawater samples were collected Oct. 2007–Jan. 2008 aboard the Icebreaker
Oden en route from Göteborg, Sweden to McMurdo Station, Antarctica. Both air and surface seawater samples
consistently contained α-hexachlorocyclohexane (α-HCH), γ-HCH, hexachlorobenzene (HCB), α-Endosulfan,
and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Sample concentrations for most POPs in air were higher in the northern
hemisphere with the exception of HCB, which had high gas phase concentrations in the northern and southern
latitudes and low concentrations near the equator. South Atlantic and Southern Ocean seawater had a high
ratio of α-HCH to γ-HCH, indicating persisting levels from technical grade sources. The Atlantic and Southern
Ocean continue to be net sinks for atmospheric α-, γ-HCH, and Endosulfan despite declining usage.","https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.12.189"
173,"Rimondino, G.N., Pepino, A.J., Manetti, M.D., Olcese, L., Argüello, G.A. (2018) Latitudinal distribution of OCPs in the open ocean atmosphere between the Argentinian coast and Antarctic Peninsula. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 25: 13004–13013.","Long-range atmospheric transport is one of the most important ways in which persistent organic pollutants can be transported
from their source to remote and pristine regions. Here, we report the results of the first Argentinian measurements of organo_x0002_chlorine pesticides in the Antarctic region. During a 9665-km track onboard OV ARA Puerto Deseado, within the framework of
Argentinian Antarctic Expeditions, air samples were taken using high-volume samplers and analyzed using GC-μECD. HCB,
HCHs, and endosulfans were the major organic pollutants found, and a north-south gradient in their concentrations was evident
by comparing data from the Argentinian offshore zone to the South Scotia Sea.","https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-1572-7"
174,"Hao, Y., Li, Y., Han, X., Wang, T., Yang, R., Wang, P., Xiao, K., Li, W., Lu, H., Fu, J., Wang, Y., Shi, J., Zhang, Q., Jiang, G. (2019) Air monitoring of polychlorinated biphenyls, polybrominated diphenyl ethers and organochlorine pesticides in West Antarctica during 2011–2017: Concentrations, temporal trends and potential sources. Environmental Pollution 249: 381-389.","Annual air samples were collected at various sites in the Fildes Peninsula, West Antarctica from
December 2010 to January 2018 using XAD-2 resin passive air samplers to investigate concentrations,
temporal trends and potential sources of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in Antarctic air. Relatively
low concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) (S19PCBs: 1.5e29.7 pg/m3), polybrominated
diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) (S12PBDEs: 0.2e2.9 pg/m3) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) (S13OCPs: 101
e278 pg/m3) were found in the atmosphere of West Antarctica. PCB-11, BDE-47 and hexachlorobenzene
(HCB) were the predominant compounds in the atmosphere. The concentrations of PCBs, HCHs, DDTs
and endosulfans were found to show decreasing temporal trends, whereas uniform temporal trends
were observed for HCB. The atmospheric half-life values for PCBs, HCHs, DDTs and endosulfans in
Antarctic air were estimated for the first time, using regressions of the natural logarithm of the con-
centrations versus the number of years, obtaining the values of 2.0, 2.0, 2.4 and 1.2 year, respectively. An
increasing ratio of a-HCH/g-HCH indicated long residence time for a-HCH and possible transformation of
g-HCH to a-HCH in the atmosphere. The ratios of p,p'-DDT/p,p'-DDE were mostly lower than unity in this
study, which could be attributed to aged sources. It was found that long-range atmospheric transport
was still considered to be the main contributing factor to the atmospheric levels of the POPs in West
Antarctica whereas the contribution of human activities at the Chinese Great Wall Station was minor. The
results of this study give a view on the most recent temporal trends and provide new insights regarding
the occurrence of various POPs in the Antarctic atmosphere.","https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.03.039"
175,"Casal, P., Casas, G., Vila-Costa, M., Cabrerizo, A., Pizarro, M., Jiménez, B., Dachs, J. (2019) Snow amplification of persistent organic pollutants at coastal antarctica. Environmental Science and Technology 53: 8872−8882.","Many legacy and emerging persistent organic
pollutants (POPs) have been reported in polar regions, and act
as sentinels of global pollution. Maritime Antarctica is recipient of
abundant snow precipitation. Snow scavenges air pollutants, and
after snow melting, it can induce an unquantified and poorly
understood amplification of concentrations of POPs. Air, snow,
the fugacity in soils and snow, seawater and plankton were
sampled concurrently from late spring to late summer at
Livingston Island (Antarctica). Polychlorinated biphenyls
(PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) concentrations
in snow and air were close to equilibrium. POPs in soils showed concentrations close to soil−air equilibrium or net
volatilization depending on chemical volatility. Seawater−air fugacity ratios were highly correlated with the product of the
snow−air partition coefficient and the Henry’s law constant (KSA H’), a measure of snow amplification of fugacity. Therefore,
coastal seawater mirrored the PCB congener profile and increased concentrations in snowmelt due to snowpack releasing POPs
to seawater. The influence of snowpack and glacier inputs was further evidenced by the correlation between net volatilization
fluxes of PCBs and seawater salinity. A meta-analysis of KSA, estimated as the ratio of POP concentrations in snow and air from
previously reported simultaneous field measurements, showed that snow amplification is relevant for diverse families of POPs,
independent of their volatility. We claim that the potential impact of atmospheric pollution on aquatic ecosystems has been
under-predicted by only considering air−water partitioning, as snow amplification influences, and may even control, the POP
occurrence in cold environments.","https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b03006"
176,"Carravieri, A., Warner, N.A., Herzke, D., Brault-Favrou, M., Tarroux, A., Fort, J., Bustamante, P., Descamps, S. (2021) Trophic and fitness correlates of mercury and organochlorine compound residues in egg-laying Antarctic petrels. Environmental Research 193: 110518.","Understanding the drivers and effects of exposure to contaminants such as mercury (Hg) and organochlorine compounds (OCs) in Antarctic wildlife is still limited. Yet, Hg and OCs have known physiological and fitness effects in animals, with consequences on their populations. Here we measured total Hg (a proxy of methyl-Hg) in blood cells and feathers, and 12 OCs (seven polychlorinated biphenyls, PCBs, and five organochlorine pesticides, OCPs) in plasma of 30 breeding female Antarctic petrels Thalassoica antarctica from one of the largest colonies in Antarctica (Svarthamaren, Dronning Maud Land). This colony is declining and there is poor documentation on the potential role played by contaminants on individual physiology and fitness. Carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) stable isotope values measured in the females' blood cells and feathers served as proxies of their feeding ecology during the pre-laying (austral spring) and moulting (winter) periods, respectively. We document feather Hg concentrations (mean ± SD, 2.41 ± 0.83 μg g−1 dry weight, dw) for the first time in this species. Blood cell Hg concentrations (1.38 ± 0.43 μg g−1 dw) were almost twice as high as those reported in a recent study, and increased with pre-laying trophic position (blood cell δ15N). Moulting trophic ecology did not predict blood Hg concentrations. PCB concentrations were very low (Σ7PCBs, 0.35 ± 0.31 ng g−1 wet weight, ww). Among OCPs, HCB (1.02 ± 0.36 ng g−1 ww) and p, p’-DDE (1.02 ± 1.49 ng g−1 ww) residues were comparable to those of ecologically-similar polar seabirds, while Mirex residues (0.72 ± 0.35 ng g−1 ww) were higher. PCB and OCP concentrations showed no clear relationship with pre-laying or moulting feeding ecology, indicating that other factors overcome dietary drivers. OC residues were inversely related to body condition, suggesting stronger release of OCs into the circulation of egg-laying females upon depletion of their lipid reserves. Egg volume, hatching success, chick body condition and survival were not related to maternal Hg or OC concentrations. Legacy contaminant exposure does not seem to represent a threat for the breeding fraction of this population over the short term. Yet, exposure to contaminants, especially Mirex, and other concurring environmental stressors should be monitored over the long-term in this declining population.","https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2020.110518"
177,"Midthaug, H.K., Hitchcock, D.J., Bustnes, J.O., Polder, A., Descamps, S., Tarroux, A., Soininen, E.M., Borgå, K. (2021) Within and between breeding-season changes in contaminant occurrence and body condition in the Antarctic breeding south polar skua. Environmental Pollution 284: 117434.","The Antarctic ecosystem represents a remote region far from point sources of pollution. Still, Antarctic marine predators, such as seabirds, are exposed to organohalogen contaminants (OHCs) which may induce adverse health effects. With increasing restrictions and regulations on OHCs, the levels and exposure are expected to decrease over time. We studied south polar skua (Catharacta maccormiciki), a top predator seabird, to compare OHC concentrations measured in whole blood from 2001/2002 and 2013/2014 in Dronning Maud Land. As a previous study found increasing organochlorine concentrations with sampling day during the 2001/2002 breeding season, suggesting dietary changes, we investigated if this increase was repeated in the 2013/2014 breeding season. In addition to organochlorines, we analyzed hydroxy-metabolites, brominated contaminants and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in 2013/2014, as well as dietary descriptors of stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen, to assess potential changes in diet during breeding. Lipid normalized concentrations of individual OHCs were 63%, 87% and 105% higher for hexachlorobenzene (HCB), 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis (p-chlorophenyl)ethylene (p,p'-DDE), and ∑Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), respectively, in 2013/2014 compared to 2001/2002. South polar skuas males in 2013/2014 were in poorer body condition than in 2001/2002, and with higher pollutant levels. Poorer body condition may cause the remobilization of contaminants from stored body reserves, and continued exposure to legacy contaminants at overwintering areas may explain the unexpected higher OHC concentrations in 2013/2014 than 2001/2002. Concentrations of protein-associated PFAS increased with sampling day during the 2013/2014 breeding season, whereas the lipid-soluble chlorinated pesticides, PCBs and polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDEs) showed no change. OHC occurrence was not correlated with stable isotopes. The PFAS biomagnification through the local food web at the colony should be investigated further.","https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117434"
178,"Wang, D., Ma, H., Chen, Z., Shi, G. (2022) Occurrences and possible sources of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in ice-free area soils in East Antarctica. Catena 212: 106083.","Antarctica is widely regarded as a sink for persistent organic pollutants (POPs). However, there is a scarcity of data on the occurrence and spatial pattern of POPs in Antarctica, especially in the cold-xeric East Antarctica. Here, organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in soils from the Larsemann Hills, the second-largest ice-free area along East Antarctica, were investigated. It is shown that the main OCP contaminants were HCB, p,p’-DDD and δ-HCH (3.7–1522.3 pg g−1, 38.2–2276.6 pg g−1 and < LOD–570 pg g−1, respectively). OCPs in soils were primarily caused by long-distance atmospheric transport, but local sources can be found in areas heavily impacted by local human activities. Among DDTs and HCHs, only p,p’-DDD and δ-HCH were detected, indicating that DDTs and HCHs have aged. For PCBs (14.1–993.4 pg g−1), low-chlorinated PCB congeners were found in soil samples far from the station areas (Zhongshan, Progress II, and Progress I), possibly due to long-range atmospheric transport, while high levels of high-chlorinated PCB were found in the soils inside the station area (Law Base) and close to the main road, possibly associated with local station activities. Among the measured PBDEs (81.8–695.5 pg g−1), BDE-209 was the most frequently observed species, and the low-BDE found in soil samples could be from BDE-209 photodegradation. The majority of samples containing high concentrations of BDE-209 are concentrated in the station areas, implying that its source may be related to local station activities.","https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2022.106083"
179,"Van Den Brink, N.W., De Ruiter-Dijkman, E.M. (1997) Trans-nonachlor, octachlorostyrene, mirex and photomirex in Antarctic seabirds. Antarctic Science 9: 414-417.","Octachlorostyrene (OCS) and trans-nonachlor (TNC) were detected in cape petrels (Daption capense) of King George Island, which tallies with their presence in samples of gentoo penguins (Pygoscelis papua) of the Falkland Islands. The detection of TNC in a sample of the Antarctic southern fulmar (Fulmarus glacialoides) implies that the Antarctic region has been contaminated by this compound. Mirex and photomirex were also detected in samples of the cape petrels and southern fulmar, as well as in Adélie penguins (Pygoscelis adeliae) from Hop Island. The ratios of the mirex and photomirex concentrations in the truly Antarctic species from different locations are similar, which suggests that these compounds are diffusely distributed over the continent. The detection of organochlorine pollutants in Antarctic seabirds is an indication that these compounds have a global distribution. Screening of subcutaneous fat of Antarctic seabirds for organochlorines provides an excellent indication of the occurrence of organochlorine pollutants in Antarctica, and as such an ‘early warning’ for the global dispersion of these compounds.","https://doi.org/10.1017/s0954102097000539"
180,"Galbán-Malagón, C.J., Hernán, G., Abad, E., Dachs, J. (2018) Persistent organic pollutants in krill from the Bellingshausen, South Scotia, and Weddell Seas. Science of the Total Environment 610 - 611:  1487–1495.","Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) reach Antarctica through atmospheric transport, oceanic currents, and to minor extent, by migratory animals. The Southern Ocean is a net sink for many POPs, with a key contribution of the settling fluxes of POPs bound to organic matter (biological pump). However, little is known about POP transfer through the food web in the Southern Ocean and Antarctic waters, where krill is an important ecological node. In this study, we assessed the occurrence of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans (PCDD/Fs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) from the Bellingshausen, South Scotia and Weddell Seas around the Antarctic Peninsula. The concentrations of PCDD/Fs, PBDEs and PCBs in krill showed a large variability and the average were higher (generally within a factor 3) than those previously reported for eastern Antarctica. This result highlights regional differences related to atmospheric transport and deposition, and also probable regional sources due to human activities. Bioaccumulation and biomagnification factors for PCBs in krill were estimated using previously reported phytoplankton and seawater concentrations for this region. These suggested a near water-krill equilibrium for PCBs, which was not observed for water-phytoplankton partitioning. The estimated removal settling fluxes of PCBs due to the biological pump were several orders of magnitude higher than the estimated fluxes of PCBs transferred from phytoplankton to krill.","https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.108"
181,"Piazza, R., Gambaro, A., Argiriadis, E., Vecchiato, M., Zambon, S., Cescon, P., Barbante, C. (2013) Development of a method for simultaneous analysis of PCDDs, PCDFs, PCBs, PBDEs, PCNs and PAHs in Antarctic air. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 405: 917-932.","The development of a unique analytical method for the determination of five classes of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in atmospheric gas and the particle phase through gas chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry is presented. Every step of the pre-analytical and analytical optimization process is described. Great effort was put into simplifying the traditional techniques, with reference to EPA and literature methods. Automated instruments were used for sample extraction and cleanup in order to enhance repeatability and reduce contamination risks. Unlike most common approaches, no separation of the analytes was performed before the GC analysis in order to avoid sample fractionation and to save time and materials. This allowed low instrumental and method detection limits (pg to sub-pg) to be achieved. Accuracy and precision were tested by fortifying the matrix and analysing standard reference materials (NIST SRM 1649b Urban Dust and 2585 Organic Contaminants in House Dust). The method was applied to five samples from Terra Nova Bay, Antarctica. Concentrations of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans (PCDD/Fs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are presented. Lighter compounds dominate the distribution and are mainly present in the gaseous phase. The observed pattern may be attributable to long-range transport. Results are in general agreement with literature data, where available. © 2012 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.","https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-012-6464-y"
182,"Barbaro, E., Zangrando, R., Kirchgeorg, T., Bazzano, A., Illuminati, S., Annibaldi, A., Rella, S., Truzzi, C., Grotti, M., Ceccarini, A., Malitesta, C., Scarponi, G., Gambaro, A. (2016) An integrated study of the chemical composition of Antarctic aerosol to investigate natural and anthropogenic sources. Environmental Chemistry 13: 867-876.","During the 2010–11 austral summer, an aerosol sampling campaign was carried out at a coastal Antarctic site
(Terra Nova Bay, Victoria Land). In this work, previously published data about water-soluble organic compounds and
major and trace elements were merged with novel measurements of major ions, carboxylic acids and persistent organic
pollutants (polychlorobiphenyls, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated naphthalenes, polybrominated
diphenylethers and organochlorine pesticides) in order to provide a chemical characterisation of Antarctic aerosol and
to investigate its sources. The persistent organic pollutants were determined using a high-volume sampler, able to collect
both particulate and gaseous fractions, whereas remaining compounds were determined by performing an aerosol size
fractionation with a PM10 cascade impactor. Ionic species represented 58 % (350 ng m_x0001_3
) of the sum of concentrations of
all detected compounds (596 ng m_x0001_3
) in our Antarctic PM10 aerosol samples due to natural emission. Trace concentrations
of persistent organic pollutants highlighted that the occurrence of these species can be due to long-range atmospheric
transport or due to the research base. Factor analysis was applied to the dataset obtained from the samples collected with
the PM10 sampler in order to make a distinction between anthropogenic, crustal and biogenic sources using specific
chemical markers.","https://doi.org/10.1071/EN16056"
183,"Grotti, M., Pizzini, S., Abelmoschi, M.L., Cozzi, G., Piazza, R., Soggia, F. (2016) Retrospective biomonitoring of chemical contamination in the marine coastal environment of Terra Nova Bay (Ross Sea, Antarctica) by environmental specimen banking. Chemosphere 165: 418-426.","Antarctica offers a good opportunity to investigate planetary-scale pollution and climate change, and provides baseline values for contaminants such as Trace Elements (TEs) and Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs). Literature data on contaminant levels in the Antarctic environment indicate that long-range atmospheric transport is the primary pathway by which pollutants from surrounding continents are carried to this pristine environment. However, local contamination sources represented by the scientific stations are also not negligible. Climate change and global warming are altering the global budget of anthropogenic contaminants and their monitoring in Antarctica ecosystems is very important to protect the global environment.

In this work, eighty specimens of Adamussium colbecki (Smith, 1902), a benthic Antarctic scallop, collected from 1996 to 2009 and stored in the Antarctic Environmental Specimen Bank, were analyzed to quantify TEs and POPs, including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Metals concentrations were not affected by anthropogenic contributions, highlighting a natural accumulation with the age of the organism. Similarly, no temporal trend was found for PCNs, PCBs and PAHs. However, specimens collected during the summer 1997–98 showed enhanced concentration levels of PCBs and PAHs that could refer to a local anthropogenic source of contamination.","https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.09.049"
184,"Casas, G., Martinez-Varela, A., Vila-Costa, M., Jiménez, B., Dachs, J. (2021) Rain Amplification of Persistent Organic Pollutants. Environmental Science and Technology 55: 12961−12972.","Scavenging of gas- and aerosol-phase organic pollutants by rain is an efficient wet deposition mechanism of organic pollutants. However, whereas snow has been identified as a key amplification mechanism of fugacities in cold environments, rain has received less attention in terms of amplification of organic pollutants. In this work, we provide new measurements of concentrations of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), organophosphate esters (OPEs), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in rain from Antarctica, showing high scavenging ratios. Furthermore, a meta-analysis of previously published concentrations in air and rain was performed, with 46 works covering different climatic regions and a wide range of chemical classes, including PFAS, OPEs, PAHs, polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine compounds, polybromodiphenyl ethers, and dioxins. The rain–aerosol (KRP) and rain–gas (KRG) partition constants averaged 105.5 and 104.1, respectively, but showed large variability. The high field-derived values of KRG are consistent with adsorption onto the raindrops as a scavenging mechanism, in addition to gas–water absorption. The amplification of fugacities by rain deposition was up to 3 orders of magnitude for all chemical classes and was comparable to that due to snow. The amplification of concentrations and fugacities by rain underscores its relevance, explaining the occurrence of organic pollutants in environments across different climatic regions.","https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.1c03295"
185,"Tao, L., Kannan, K., Kajiwara, N., Costa, M.M., Fillmann, G., Takahashi, S., Tanabe, S. (2006) Perfluorooctanesulfonate and related fluorochemicals in albatrosses, elephant seals, penguins, and polar skuas from the southern ocean. Environmental Science and Technology 40: 7642-7648.","Perfluorinated chemicals (PFCs) have been used as surfactants in industrial and commercial products for over 50 years. Earlier studies of the geographical distribution of PFCs focused primarily on the Northern Hemisphere, while little attention was paid to the Southern Hemisphere. In this study, livers from eight species of albatrosses, blood from elephant seal, and blood and eggs from penguins and polar skua collected from the Southern Ocean and the Antarctic during 1995−2005 were analyzed for 10 PFCs. In addition, for comparison with the Southern Ocean samples, we analyzed liver, sera, and eggs from two species of albatrosses from Midway Atoll in the North Pacific Ocean. Perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) were found in livers of albatrosses from the Southern Ocean. PFOS was the major contaminant, although the concentrations were <5 ng/g, wet wt, in 92% of the albatross livers analyzed. PFOA was detected in 30% of the albatross livers, with a concentration range of <0.6−2.45 ng/g, wet wt. Other PFCs, including long-chain perfluorocarboxylates (PFCAs), were below the limits of quantitation in livers of albatrosses from the Southern Ocean. In liver, sera, and eggs of albatrosses from the North Pacific Ocean, long-chain PFCAs (perfluorononanoate, perfluorodecanoate, perfluoroundecanoate, and perfluorododecanoate) were found at concentrations similar to those of PFOS and PFOA. The mean concentration of PFOS in livers of Laysan albatrosses from the North Pacific Ocean (5.1 ng/g, wet wt) was higher than that in several species of albatrosses from the Southern Ocean (2.2 ng/g, wet wt). Species-specific differences in the concentrations of PFOS were noted among Southern Ocean albatrosses, whereas geographical differences in PFOS concentrations among the Indian Ocean, South Pacific Ocean, and South Atlantic Ocean were insignificant. Concentrations of PFOS and PFOA were, respectively, 2- and 17-fold higher in liver than in sera of Laysan albatrosses. PFOS was found in the blood of elephant seals from Antarctica at concentrations ranging from <0.08 to 3.52 ng/mL. PFOS was found in eggs (2.1−3.1 ng/g) and blood (<0.24−1.4 ng/mL) of polar skuas but was not detected in penguins from Antarctica. Our study documents the existence of low but detectable levels of PFOS and PFOA in Southern Hemisphere fauna, suggesting distribution of these compounds on a global scale.","https://doi.org/10.1021/es061513u"
186,"Schiavone, A., Corsolini, S., Kannan, K., Tao, L., Trivelpiece, W., Torres Jr., D., Focardi, S. (2009) Perfluorinated contaminants in fur seal pups and penguin eggs from South Shetland, Antarctica. Science of the Total Environment 407: 3899-3904.","Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) have emerged as a new class of global environmental pollutants. In this study, the presence of perfluorochemicals (PFCs) in penguin eggs and Antarctic fur seals was reported for the first time. Tissue samples from Antarctic fur seal pups and penguin eggs were collected during the 2003/04 breeding season. Ten PFC contaminants were determined in seal and penguin samples. The PFC concentrations in seal liver were in the decreasing order, PFOS > PFNA > PFHpA > PFUnDA while in Adélie penguin eggs were PFHpA > PFUnDA > PFDA > PFDoDA, and in Gentoo penguin eggs were PFUnDA > PFOS > PFDoDA > PFHpA. The PFC concentrations differed significantly between seals and penguins (p < 0.005) and a species-specific difference was found between the two species of penguins (p < 0.005). In our study we found a mean concentration of PFOS in seal muscle and liver samples of 1.3 ng/g and 9.4 ng/g wet wt, respectively, and a mean concentration in Gentoo and Adélie penguin eggs of 0.3 ng/g and 0.38 ng/g wet wt, respectively. PFCs detected in penguin eggs and seal pups suggested oviparous and viviparous transfer of PFOS to eggs and off-springs.","https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.12.058"
187,"Cai, M., Yang, H., Xie, Z., Zhao, Z., Wang, F., Lu, Z., Sturm, R., Ebinghaus, R. (2012) Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in snow, lake, surface runoff water and coastal seawater in Fildes Peninsula, King George Island, Antarctica. Journal of Hazardous Materials 209-210: 335-342.","The multi-matrices samples from snow (n = 4), lake water (n = 4), surface runoff water (SRW) (n = 1) and coastal seawater (n = 10) were collected to investigate the spatial distribution and the composition profiles of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in Fildes Peninsula, King George Island, Antarctica in 2011. All samples were prepared by solid-phase extraction and analyzed by using high performance liquid chromatography/negative electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC/(−)ESI-MS/MS). 14 PFASs in snow, 12 PFASs in lake water, 9 PFASs in SRW and 13 PFASs in coastal seawater were quantified, including C4, C7, C8, C10 PFSAs, C4–C9, C11–C14, C16 PFCAs, and FOSA. PFOA was detected in all samples with the highest concentration (15,096 pg/L) in coastal seawater indicating a possible influence of local sewage effluent. High concentration and mostly frequency of PFBA occurred in snow (up to 1112 pg/L), lake water (up to 2670 pg/L) and SRW (1431 pg/L) while detected in the range of method detection limited (MDL) in the coastal seawaters indicate that PFBA is mainly originated from atmospheric dust contamination and also affected by the degradation of their precursors. No geographical differences in PFOS concentrations (n = 8, 18 ± 3 pg/L) were measured in all snow and lake water samples also suggests that PFOS could be originated from the degradation of their precursors which can transported by long-range atmospheric route, but in a very low level.","https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.01.030"
188,"Llorca, M., Farré, M., Tavano, M.S., Alonso, B., Koremblit, G., Barceló, D. (2012) Fate of a broad spectrum of perfluorinated compounds in soils and biota from Tierra del Fuego and Antarctica. Environmental Pollution 163: 158-166.","In this study, the presence of 18 perfluorinated compounds was investigated in biota and environmental samples from the Antarctica and Tierra de Fuego, which were collected during a sampling campaign carried out along February and March 2010.
61 samples were analysed including fish, superficial soils, guano, algae, dung and tissues of Papua penguin by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry.
The concentrations of PFCs were ranging from 0.10 to 240 ng/g for most of the samples except for penguin dung, which presented levels between 95 and 603 ng/g for perfluorooctane sulfonate, and guano samples from Ushuaia, with concentration levels of 1190–2480 ng/g of perfluorohexanoic acid. PFCs acids presented, in general, the highest levels of concentration and perfluorooctanesulfonate was the most frequently found compound.
The present study provides a significant amount of results, which globally supports the previous studies, related to the transport, deposition, biodegradation and bioaccumulation patterns of PFCs.","https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2011.10.027"
189,"Zhao, Z., Xie, Z., Möller, A., Sturm, R., Tang, J., Zhang, G., Ebinghaus, R. (2012) Distribution and long-range transport of polyfluoroalkyl substances in the Arctic, Atlantic Ocean and Antarctic coast. Environmental Pollution 170: 71-77.","The global distribution and long-range transport of polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) were investigated using seawater samples collected from the Greenland Sea, East Atlantic Ocean and the Southern Ocean in 2009–2010. Elevated levels of ΣPFASs were detected in the North Atlantic Ocean with the concentrations ranging from 130 to 650 pg/L. In the Greenland Sea, the ΣPFASs concentrations ranged from 45 to 280 pg/L, and five most frequently detected compounds were perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorohexanesulfonate (PFHxS), perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA), perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS). PFOA (15 pg/L) and PFOS (25–45 pg/L) were occasionally found in the Southern Ocean. In the Atlantic Ocean, the ΣPFASs concentration decreased from 2007 to 2010. The elevated PFOA level that resulted from melting snow and ice in Greenland Sea implies that the Arctic may have been driven by climate change and turned to be a source of PFASs for the marine ecosystem.","https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2012.06.004"
190,"Ahrens, L., Xie, Z., Ebinghaus, R. (2010) Distribution of perfluoroalkyl compounds in seawater from Northern Europe, Atlantic Ocean, and Southern Ocean. Chemosphere 78:  1011–1016.","The global distribution of perfluoroalkyl compounds (PFCs) were investigated in surface water samples collected onboard the Polarstern in Northern Europe, Atlantic and Southern Ocean (52°N–69°S) in 2008. The water samples were solid-phase extracted with Oasis WAX cartridges and analysed using the high-performance liquid chromatography interfaced to tandem mass spectrometry. Concentrations of various PFCs, including C4, C6, C8 perfluoroalkyl sulfonates (PFSAs), perfluorooctane sulfinate (PFOSi), C5–C12 perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCA) and perfluorooctane sulfonamide (FOSA) were quantified. Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) were the predominant compounds with a maximum concentration of 232 and 223 pg L−1, respectively. Results indicate that industrial areas like the European Continent act as source of PFCs, while ocean water is an important as a sink as well as the transport medium of these compounds. Interestingly, in the equator area the ∑PFC concentration increased, which indicates that there exists an atmospheric or other unknown input source of PFCs. In the Southern Ocean only PFOS was detected which could be caused by atmospheric transport of its precursors.","https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.11.038"
191,"Xie, Z., Wang, Z., Magand, O., Thollot, A., Ebinghaus, R., Mi, W., Dommergue, A. (2020) Occurrence of legacy and emerging organic contaminants in snow at Dome C in the Antarctic. Science of the Total Environment 741: 140200.","Concentrations of 9 organophosphate esters (OPEs), 16 perfluoroalkylated substances (PFASs) and 17 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were investigated in surface snow samples collected at Dome C on the Antarctic Plateau in summer 2016. Tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP), tris-(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) and tri-n-butylphosphate (TnBP) were the dominant compounds of OPEs, with mean concentrations of 8157 ± 4860, 1128 ± 928 and 1232 ± 1147 pg/L. Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA, mean: 358 ± 71 pg/L) was the dominant compound of PFASs, and following by perfluoro-n-hexanoic acid (PFHxA, mean: 222 ± 97 pg/L), perfluoro-n-heptanoic acid (PFHpA, 183 ± 60 pg/L) and perfluoro-n-pentanoic acid (PFPeA, 175 ± 105 pg/L). 2-(Heptafluoropropoxy)propanoic acid (HFPO-DA, mean: 9.2 ± 2.6 pg/L) was determined in the Antarctic for the first time. Significantly positive correlations were observed between HFPO-DA and the short-chain PFASs, implying they have similar emission sources and long-range transport potential. High levels of 2-methylnaphthalene and 1-methylnaphthalene, as well as the ratios of PAH congeners indicated PAHs were attributable mostly to combustion origin. Occurrence and profiles of the indicators of OPEs, PFASs and PAHs, as well as air mass back-trajectory analysis provided direct evidences of human activities on Concordia station and posed obvious impacts on local environments in the Antarctic. Nevertheless, the exchange processes among different environmental matrices may drive the long-range transport and redistribution of the legacy and emerging Organic contaminants from coast to inland in the Antarctic.","https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140200"
192,"Shan, G., Xiang, Q., Feng, X., Wu, W., Yang, L., Zhu, L. (2021) Occurrence and sources of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the ice-melting lakes of Larsemann Hills, East Antarctica. Science of the Total Environment 781: 146747.","The contamination and sources of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in the Antarctic continent have not been systematically investigated. In this study, 21 PFASs including some new emerging one, were measured in the surface waters collected from 21 ice-melting lakes next to the research stations in Larsemann Hills, East Antarctica (EA). All the PFASs had a median concentration lower than 26.7 pg/L, representing the background levels in EA. The contamination of PFASs in EA was generally lower than in West Antarctica (WA), which might be due to the less on-site human activities in EA than in WA. In the ice-melting lakes, perfluorooctane acid (PFOA) was predominant, and its concentrations in several lakes close to the research stations in EA could be up to 458 pg/L. For the first time, an emerging substitute of perfluorooctane sulfate (PFOS), 6:2 chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonate (Cl-PFESA), was detected in several of the samples. Source apportionment methods including isomer profiling were applied, and the results collectively indicated that the PFASs in the melting lakes in EA were mainly derived from airborne input, but local discharge might also contribute to PFOA in some lakes. The results of this study supplied information about the sources of PFASs in Antarctica, and suggested that caution should be taken in future to control the local discharge due to increasing human activities in EA.","https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146747"
193,"Ma, X., Zhang, H., Zhou, H., Na, G., Wang, Z., Chen, C., Chen, J., Chen, J. (2014) Occurrence and gas/particle partitioning of short- and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins in the atmosphere of Fildes Peninsula of Antarctica. Atmospheric Environment 90: 10-15.","Chlorinated paraffins (CPs) were measured in air samples at a remote air monitoring site established in Georgia King Island, Fildes Peninsula of Antarctica (Great Wall Station, China) to study the long-range atmospheric transport of these anthropogenic pollutants to the Antarctic. Gas- and particle-phase CPs were collected using polyurethane foam plugs (PUF) and glass fiber filters (GFF) respectively during summertime of 2012. The total atmospheric levels of SCCPs and MCCPs ranged from 9.6 to 20.8 pg m−3 (average: 14.9 pg m−3) and 3.7–5.2 pg m−3 (average: 4.5 pg m−3), respectively. C10 and C11 carbon chain homologues with Cl5 and Cl6 chlorine atoms predominated in SCCP formula groups both in gas- and particle-phase. Significant linear correlation was found between gas/particle partition coefficients (KP) and sub-cooled liquid vapor pressures () (R2 = 0.437, p < 0.01), as well as KP and octanol–air partition coefficients (KOA) (R2 = 0.442, p < 0.01). Absolute slope values of two regression models (0.31 and 0.39) were less than 0.6 indicating that the way of absorption into organic matter of aerosol played a more important role on atmospheric partitioning and transferring of CPs in remote Antarctic area. Both the Junge–Pankow model and the KOA-based model tended to underestimate the sorption of lower chlorinated CPs and overestimate the sorption of highly chlorinated CPs.","https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.03.021"
194,"Jiang, L., Gao, W., Ma, X., Wang, Y., Wang, C., Li, Y., Yang, R., Fu, J., Shi, J., Zhang, Q., Wang, Y., Jiang, G. (2021) Long-Term Investigation of the Temporal Trends and Gas/Particle Partitioning of Short- And Medium-Chain Chlorinated Paraffins in Ambient Air of King George Island, Antarctica. Environmental Science and Technology 55: 230-239.","The presence of anthropogenically emitted chlorinated paraffins (CPs) has been reported in the pristine regions, providing evidence of their long-range transport. This study comprehensively analyzed the short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins (MCCPs) in both gas and particle phases at King George Island, West Antarctica (the Chinese Great Wall Station), from 2014 to 2018. The atmospheric levels of CPs ranged between 71.4 and 4230 pg/m3, with an increasing temporal trend during the sampling time. Three different models (J–P model, H–B model, and L–M–Y model) were built to estimate the progress of gas/particle partitioning of CPs at the measurement site. Furthermore, we compared the measured data of the gas/particle partitioning with the data estimated using three different models. We found that the steady-state model (L–M–Y model) was more suitable for investigating the gas/particle partitioning of CPs instead of equilibrium state models (J–P model and H–B model). The result indicated that steady-state approximation rather than the equilibrium state represents the most predominant contribution to the transport of CPs to the Antarctic region. The steady-state further made it conducive to sustaining the levels of CPs for a more extended period in the atmosphere of West Antarctica.","https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c05964"
195,"McClurg, T.P. (1984) Trace metals and chlorinated hydrocarbons in ross seals from Antarctica. Marine Pollution Bulletin 15: 384-389.","During the 1981/82 relief voyage to Antarctica of the 
South African supply ship, SA Agulhas, samples of tissue 
were taken from Ross seals, Omrnatophoca rossi, to be 
analysed for trace metals and chlorinated hydrocarbons. 
The specimens had been collected as part of a detailed 
study of this species by the Mammal Research Institute 
(University of Pretoria). The Ross seal is restricted to the 
heavy consolidated pack-ice off the Antarctic coastline 
(Laws & Hofman, 1979) and is therefore well isolated 
from anthropogenic sources of pollution.","https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-326X(84)90173-5"
196,"Na, G., Yao, Y., Gao, H., Li, R., Ge, L., Titaley, I.A., Santiago-Delgado, L., Massey Simonich, S.L. (2017) Trophic magnification of Dechlorane Plus in the marine food webs of Fildes Peninsula in Antarctica. Marine Pollution Bulletin 117: 456-461.","The food web composition, assimilation efficiency of Dechlorane Plus (DP) in food web components, and even extrinsic conditions can affect the trophic biomagnification potentials of DP isomers in food webs. Antarctica ecological system is characterized by the presence of few consumers and simple trophic levels (TLs), which are crucial in discussing the behavior of contaminants. To assess the biomagnification potential of DP in the Antarctic food web, nine representative species were sampled and analyzed from the Fildes Peninsula. Results showed the DP concentrations ranged from 0.25 ng g− 1 to 6.81 ng g− 1 lipid weight in Antarctic biota and the concentrations of anti-DP and syn-DP showed significantly positive correlations with TLs (p < 0.05, ra = 0.85; rs = 0.81, respectively), suggesting that syn-DP and anti-DP underwent biomagnification and the biomagnification ability of anti-DP was higher than that of syn-DP. The anti-DP fraction (anti-DP/∑DP) (ƒanti = 0.23–0.53) of the organisms was lower than that of commercial products (ƒanti = 0.68), demonstrating ƒanti was changed during long-range atmospheric transport or stereoselection enrichment through the food web. Furthermore, based on food web magnification factors (FWMF) comparison between DP and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), the biomagnification potential of DP was found to be similar to that of highly chlorinated PCBs.","https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.01.049"
197,"Dickhut, R.M., Cincinelli, A., Cochran, M., Kylin, H. (2012) Aerosol-mediated transport and deposition of brominated diphenyl ethers to Antarctica. Environmental Science and Technology 46: 3135-3140.","Brominated diphenyl ethers (BDE47, 99, 100, and 209) were measured in air, snow and sea ice throughout western Antarctica between 2001 and 2007. BDEs in Antarctic air were predominantly associated with aerosols and were low compared to those in remote regions of the northern hemisphere, except in Marguerite Bay following the fire at Rothera research station in Sept 2001, indicating that this event was a local source of BDE209 to the Antarctic environment. Aerosol BDE47/100 reflects a mixture of commercial pentaBDE products; however, BDE99/100 is suggestive of photodegradation of BDE99 during long-range atmospheric transport (LRAT) in the austral summer. BDEs in snow were lower than predicted based on snow scavenging of aerosols indicating that atmospheric deposition events may be episodic. BDE47, -99, and -100 significantly declined in Antarctic sea ice between 2001 and 2007; however, BDE209 did not decline in Antarctic sea ice over the same time period. Significant losses of BDE99 and -100 from sea ice were recorded over a 19 day period in spring 2001 demonstrating that seasonal ice processes result in the preferential loss of some BDEs. BDE47/100 and BDE99/100 in sea ice samples reflect commercial pentaBDE products, suggesting that photodegradation of BDE99 is minimal during LRAT in the austral winter.","https://doi.org/10.1021/es204375p"
198,"Vetter, W., Krock, B., Luckas, B. (1997) Congener specific determination of compounds of technical toxaphene (CTTs) in different antarctic seal species. Chromatographia 44:65-73.","Gas chromatography and electron-capture, negative-ionization, mass spectrometry (GC-ECNI-MS) in combination with a non-polar stationary phase (CP-Sil 2) was applied to study the composition of residues of the multicomponent toxaphene mixture in seal blubber from the Antarctic. In samples of the five Antarctic seal species eleven compounds of technical toxaphene (CTTs) were detected and six of them quantified by application of single standard compounds. Five abundant CTTs in seal blubber were included in the “Parlar 22 components standard” (commercially available) and one further was isolated and quantified for the first time. Finally, high levels of toxaphene were determined in Weddell seals and crabeaters confirming that toxaphene is a major organochlorine pollutant in the Antarctic.","https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02466518"
199,"Sladen, W.J.L., Menzie, C.M., Reichel, W.L. (1966) DDT residues in Adelie penguins and a crabeater seal from Antarctica. Nature 210: 670-673.","In the 20 or more years of use of DDT for insect control 
in the United States, traces of this pesticide or its 
breakdown products have become ubiquitous. Even 
fish in remote streams and those that spend their lives on 
the high seas have been shown to contain residues. It 
has been speculated that DDT residues are universally 
distributed.","https://doi.org/10.1038/210670a0"
200,"Peel, D.A. (1975) Organochlorine residues in Antarctic snow. Nature 254: 324-325.","DDT is a useful model compound for studying the circulation of a toxic pollutant in the global environment1,2. An understanding of this process could in future be related to potentially more hazardous materials. Present models of the dynamics of DDT circulation can account for only a small fraction of the amounts of DDT and DDE which are known to have been released into the environment. Major unknowns include the extent to which the atmosphere and oceans act as reservoirs and the transfer rate of these residues from the atmosphere to the oceans where, according to present ideas, they may be removed from circulation by transfer to the abyss3. Such atmospheric and oceanic transport mechanisms may carry pollutants into the ecologically protected area of Antarctica and it is necessary to assess the extent to which this is occurring and the relative importance of alternative input routes. The atmosphere has been assumed to play the major role in the transport cycle but there is a lack of supporting data. We report here levels of DDT and metabolites in Antarctic snow which suggest that the role of the atmosphere in the transport of DDT may have been overemphasised.","https://doi.org/10.1038/254324a0"
201,"Conroy, J.W.H. and French, M.C (1974) Organochlorine levels in two species of Antarctic birds. British Antarctic Survey Bulletin 38: 43-47.","Tissues from giant petrels (Macronectes giganteus) and emperor penguins (Aptenodytes forsteri) were examined for organochlorine residues. None was detected in the emperor penguins but p,p' DDE was found in the giant petrels. No PCBs were detected. The data suggests that birds living more or less completely in the Antarctic regions have lower levels of contamination than those spending part of their life away from Antarctic regions.","http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/525923/1/bulletin38_05.pdf"
202,"Lukowski, A.B. (1983) DDT residues in the tissues and eggs of three species of penguins from breeding colonies at Admiralty Bay ( King George Island, South Shetland Islands). Polish Polar Research 4: 129-134.","Eggs and samples of the fat (blubber), muscles, and liver from three 
species of penguins: Pygoscelis adeliae, P. antarctica and P. papua were collected on King 
George Island in 1978. DDT residues were determined in the samples with the gas 
chromatography method. In the tissues pp'DDE and traces of pp'DDT were found, in the 
eggs merely pp'DDE. The highest DDT content (wet weight) was recorded in the fat of 
penguins, the lowest in the eggs. The differences between species in the mean values of 
the content of DDT residues in the tissues and eggs are not statistically significant. 
An increase in the level of pp DDE concentration in the tissues and eggs of penguins 
was observed, as compared with earlier studies of other authors, as well as a tendency 
toward dippearance of the active form, i.e. pp'DDT, in the samples.","https://journals.pan.pl/dlibra/publication/127816/edition/111526/content"
203,"Giannarelli, S., Onor, M., Abete, C., Termine, M., Fuoco, R. (2019) Effect of altitude and distance from the sea on fractionation processes of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)associated to atmospheric aerosol from Ross Sea to Dome C, Antarctica. Microchemical Journal 149: 103911.","This paper deals with both the transport processes of several classes of organic pollutants in a large area of
Victoria Land and Ross Sea (Antarctica) and the role played by marine aerosol which involves the exchange
process between the sea surface and the atmosphere.
The mechanisms of transfer process from the seawater to the atmosphere and aerosol of three major classes of
pollutants (Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, PAHs, Polychlorobiphenyls, PCBs, and Organochloride
Pesticides, OCPs) were investigated in samples of snow and firn collected during several Italian Expeditions from
1996 to 2014 in a large area of Antarctica. The samples were gathered at different distances from the sea
(Rennick Glacier and traverse GV7-Talos Dome-Dome C), at different altitudes (Mt. Melbourne) and at different
depths (Evans Nevé). The strategic sampling spots allowed the study of the mechanisms involved in the transfer
process that occurs from the seawater to the aerosol and the atmosphere and the consequent diffusion of these
pollutants in the environment.
Organic compounds linked to sea aerosol showed a fractionation depending on the altitude and on the dis_x0002_tance from the sea in agreement with their volatility and affinity to aerosol particles. The results highlighted a
decreasing trend of the concentration with the increase of the altitude.
This behavior is significant for samples coming from the winter storm, when the very heavy sea produces a
high quantity of marine aerosol, where the amount of PCBs, OCPs and PAHs reaches respectively a decrease of
50, 70 and 40% compared to the value found at the lowest altitude. A significant decrease of the concentration of
the heavier PAHs and of DDT with the altitude was common in all the samples collected in Mount Melbourne,
showing a differentiation in the transportation, and hence in the diffusion, of the analytes on the base of their
molecular weight. The dependence of the pollutants on the distance from the sea showed an increase of the
contaminant in proximity to the Ross Sea. The samples collected on Evans Nevé and GV7 showed a content of
PAHs and DDT 1.5 and 3 times higher on superficial snow than the values found at greater depth. This seems to
be connected to a significant flow increase of these pollutants in Antarctica in the last decades.","https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2019.05.012"
204,"Routti, H., Krafft, B.A., Herzke, D., Eisert, R., Oftedal, O. (2015) Perfluoroalkyl substances detected in the world's southernmost marine mammal, the Weddell seal (Leptonychotes weddellii). Environmental Pollution 197: 62-67.","This study investigates concentrations of 18 perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in blood plasma of adult lactating Weddell seals (Leptonychotes weddellii) (n = 10) from McMurdo Sound, Antarctica. Perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUnDA) was detected in all samples at concentrations ranging from 0.08 to 0.23 ng/ml. Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorohexanoate (PFHxA) and perfluorotridecanoate (PFTriDA) were sporadically detected, while the remaining compounds were below the limit of detection. This is the first report of detectible concentrations of PFASs in an endemic Antarctic marine mammal species. We suggest that the pollutants have been subjected to long range atmospheric transportation and/or derive from a local source. A review of these and published data indicate that perfluoroalkyl carboxylates (PFCAs) dominate in biotic PFAS patterns in species feeding south of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC), whereas PFOS was the major PFAS detected in species feeding predominantly north of the current.","https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2014.11.026"
205,"Casal, P., Zhang, Y., Martin, J.W., Pizarro, M., Jiménez, B., Dachs, J. (2017) Role of Snow Deposition of Perfluoroalkylated Substances at Coastal Livingston Island (Maritime Antarctica). Environmental Science and Technology 51: 8460−8470.","Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are ubiquitous in the environment, including remote polar regions. To evaluate the role of snow deposition as an input of PFAS to Maritime Antarctica, fresh snow deposition, surface snow, streams from melted snow, coastal seawater, and plankton samples were collected over a three-month period (December 2014–February 2015) at Livingston Island. Local sources of PFASs were significant for perfluoroalkyl sulfonates (PFSAs) and C7–14 perfluoroalkyl carboxylates (PFCAs) in snow but limited to the transited areas of the research station. The concentrations of 14 ionizable PFAS (∑PFAS) in freshly deposited snow (760–3600 pg L–1) were 1 order of magnitude higher than those in background surface snow (82–430 pg L–1). ∑PFAS ranged from 94 to 420 pg L–1 in seawater and from 3.1 to 16 ng gdw–1 in plankton. Ratios of individual PFAS concentrations in freshly deposited snow relative to surface snow (CSD/CSnow), snowmelt (CSD/CSM), and seawater (CSD/CSW) were close to 1 (from 0.44 to 1.4) for all perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) isomers, suggesting that snowfall does not contribute significantly to PFOS in seawater. Conversely, these ratios for PFCAs ranged from 1 to 33 and were positively correlated with the number of carbons in the PFCA alkylated chain. These trends suggest that snow deposition, scavenging sea-salt aerosol bound PFAS, plays a role as a significant input of PFCAs to the Maritime Antarctica.","https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b02521"
206,"Munoz, G., Labadie, P., Geneste, E., Pardon, P., Tartu, S., Chastel, O., Budzinski, H. (2017) Biomonitoring of fluoroalkylated substances in Antarctica seabird plasma: Development and validation of a fast and rugged method using on-line concentration liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A 1513: 107-117.","We report on a fast, accurate and rugged analytical procedure to determine a wide span of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in seabird plasma. The 26 investigated compounds included perfluoroalkyl carboxylates (C5–C14 PFCAs), perfluoroalkyl sulfonates (C4, C6, C7, C8, C10 PFSAs), perfluorooctane sulfonamide (FOSA) and N-alkyl derivatives (MeFOSA, EtFOSA), N-alkyl perfluorooctane sulfonamido acetic acids (MeFOSAA, EtFOSAA), fluorotelomer sulfonates (4:2 FTSA, 6:2 FTSA, 8:2 FTSA), polyfluoroalkyl phosphate diesters (diPAPs) and perfluorooctane sulfonamide phosphate diester (diSAmPAP). The method described herein requires a reduced sample amount (25 μL) and involves rapid and simple sample preparation (protein precipitation with acetonitrile but without acidification) prior to analysis by on-line solid phase extraction (Oasis HLB sorbent) coupled to high performance liquid chromatography negative electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. The optimization was conducted using experimental designs to account for potential interactions between variables. Out of the 26 target analytes, 23 compounds showed excellent accuracy (± 25% of the expected values). Intermediate precision and matrix effects remained acceptable for most analytes thanks to efficient internal standardization. A human serum standard reference material (NIST SRM 1957) was included in the validation scheme to evaluate method trueness, which proved satisfactory (│Z-scores│<2 for most compounds). Notwithstanding the small initial sample intake, limits of detection as low as 0.003–0.1 ng g−1 plasma were obtained. This allowed the determination of 11 target PFASs in Antarctic seabird plasma samples. ΣPFASs in Antarctic seabird plasma ranged from 0.37 to 19 ng g−1, with a predominance of PFOS (>54% of ΣPFASs on average). The reduced plasma amount required implies that the present method could also be applied to the analysis of PFASs in the plasma of smaller biological models.","https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2017.07.024"
207,"Gao, K., Miao, X., Fu, J., Chen, Y., Li, H., Pan, W., Fu, J., Zhang, Q., Zhang, A., Jiang, G. (2020) Occurrence and trophic transfer of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in an Antarctic ecosystem. Environmental Pollution 257:  113383.","Information on the occurrence and trophodynamics of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in the Antarctic region is limited. We investigated the occurrence of PFASs in an ecosystem in the Fildes Peninsula at King George Island and Ardley Island, Antarctica. The profiles, spatial distribution, and trophic transfer behavior of PFASs were further studied. ∑PFASs ranged from 0.50 ± 38.0 ng/g dw (dry weight) in algae to 4.97 ± 1.17 ng/g dw in Neogastropoda (Ngas), which was lower than those in the low- and mid-latitude regions and even Arctic regions. Perfluorobutyric acid (PFBA) was predominant with detection frequencies above 50% in all types of samples, and the relative contribution of PFBA ranged from 22% to 57% in the biota samples. The biomagnification factors of PFBA, perfluoroheptanoate (PFHpA), perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS), and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) between Archaeogastropoda (Agas) and Ngas were 0.67 ± 0.54, 0.77 ± 0.38, 1.04 ± 1.56, 3.30 ± 4.07, and 1.61 ± 0.89, respectively. The trophic magnification factors of PFHxS and PFOS were 2.09 and 2.92, respectively, which indicated that they could be biomagnified through the food chain. Considering the increasing production and uncertain toxicological risks of emerging PFASs and the sensitive ecosystems in Antarctic regions, more attention should be paid, especially for the short-chain ones in the Antarctic region.","https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113383"
208,"Lugar, R.M., Harless, R.L., Dupuy Jr., A.E., Mcdaniel, D.D. (1996) Results of monitoring for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in ambient air at McMurdo Station, Antarctica. Environmental Science and Technology 30: 555-561.","This paper presents the results of ambient air monitoring for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) performed during the 1992−1993 and 1993−1994 austral summers in the vicinity of McMurdo Station, Antarctica. Twenty-eight air samples were collected from four different locations to determine the identity and concentration of PCDD/PCDF compounds. PCDD/PCDF compounds were not detected at either the predominantly upwind location or a more remote site on Black Island. Trace levels of only a few PCDD/PCDF congeners were detected sporadically at a location approximately 500 m downwind of the station. The most frequent, most varied, and highest levels of PCDDs/PCDFs were measured at a “downtown” location, where concentrations of total PCDDs ranged from 0.12 to 1.80 pg/m3 and total PCDFs ranged from less than 0.02 to 2.77 pg/m3. The data indicate that there are combustion sources at McMurdo other than the solid waste incinerator (power plants, vehicles, heating furnaces, etc.) that contribute PCDD/PCDF compounds to the ambient air. The greatest variety and highest concentration of PCDD/PCDF congeners measured in 1992−1993 during incineration of selected solid wastes implicates the interim incinerator as the likely source of the increased presence of these compounds in air. Results from the remote Black Island site indicate that the background Antarctic air is still “free” of PCDD/PCDF compounds (not detectable at current method detection limits in the sub-pg/m3 range).","https://doi.org/10.1021/es950309w"
209,"Lohmann, R., Ockenden, W.A., Shears, J., Jones, K.C. (2001) Atmospheric distribution of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), and non-ortho biphenyls (PCBs) along a North-South Atlantic transect. Environmental Science and Technology 35: 4046-4053.","Air samples were taken on board the RRS Bransfield (typically for 24−72 h), during an Atlantic cruise from the U.K. to Antarctica in October−December 1998, to investigate the global scale distribution of PCDD/Fs and coplanar PCBs. Highest concentrations of Cl2-8DD/Fs all occurred between 25 and 52 °N; lowest concentrations were measured around ∼ 60 °S and further south. Cl3DFs showed highest overall concentrations (up to 9800 fg/m3), followed by Cl2DFs (up to 5300 fg/m3) and OCDD (up to 1300 fg/m3). Lowest concentrations, measured in the remote Southern hemisphere, were generally 2 orders of magnitude lower than their highest concentrations over the North Atlantic. Concentrations of PCB-77 were higher in the northern hemisphere, while PCB-126 and PCB-169 exhibited highest concentrations around the equator. Evidence was obtained for substantial emissions of PCDD/Fs off west Africa and while in the port of Montevideo, Uruguay. Shifts in PCDD/F profile distribution were observed on increasing distance from source regions, such that those from the most remote locations were dominated by Cl3DF (∼40% of the total) and OCDD (∼20%). Gas-particle partition data was obtained for all samples. Cl4-6DD/Fs showed the widest range, varying between 10 and 90% of the total in the gas phase, depending on location/temperature. The study gave limited evidence for the influence of OH-radical initiated depletion reactions of gaseous PCDD/Fs. The global atmospheric burden is estimated to be on the order of 350 kg ΣCl4-8DD/Fs and ∼3 kg ΣTEQ.","https://doi.org/10.1021/es010113y"
210,"Jia, S., Wang, Q., Li, L., Fang, X., Shi, Y., Xu, W., Hu, J. (2014) Comparative study on PCDD/F pollution in soil from the Antarctic, Arctic and Tibetan Plateau. Science of the Total Environment 497-498: 353-359.","The concentrations of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs) in 35 soil samples collected from Fildes Peninsula in the Antarctic, Ny-Ålesund in the Arctic, and Zhangmu-Nyalam in the Tibetan Plateau were reported in this study. A comparison of the total concentration and TEQ of PCDD/Fs at the Three Poles was conducted. Both the total concentration and TEQ of PCDD/Fs demonstrates a decreasing trend in the order of Zhangmu-Nyalam (mean: 26.22 pg/g, 0.37 pg I-TEQ/g) > Ny-Ålesund (mean: 9.97 pg/g, 0.33 pg I-TEQ/g) > Fildes Peninsula (mean: 2.18 pg/g, 0.015 pg I-TEQ/g) (p < 0.05). In all samples, the congener and homologue profiles dominated with higher (seven and eight) chlorinated PCDD/Fs (more than 85% of the total mass percentage of PCDD/Fs) at the Three Poles. Finally, a FLEXPART backward simulation was used to preliminarily identify the potential local and regional anthropogenic sources of PCDD/Fs. The results imply that the air masses passing over surrounding regions with significant PCDD/F emissions might contribute to the occurrence of PCDD/Fs in both the Arctic and Tibetan Plateau.","https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.07.109"
211,"Dreyer, A., Neugebauer, F., Lohmann, N., Rüdel, H., Teubner, D., Grotti, M., Rauert, C., Koschorreck, J. (2019) Recent findings of halogenated flame retardants (HFR) in the German and Polar environment. Environmental Pollution 253: 850-863.","To get an overview about distribution, levels and temporal trends of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) and halogenated flame retardants (HFR) of emerging concern, different types of environmental samples archived in the German Environment Specimen Bank as well as fish filet samples from the Arctic (n = 13) and Antarctica (n = 5) were analysed for 43 substances (24 PBDE, 19 HFR) using a multi-column clean-up and GC-API-MS/MS or GC-MS. Sample types were herring gull egg (n = 3), blue mussel (n = 3) and eelpout filet (n = 3) from the German North- and Baltic Sea, bream filet (n = 7), zebra mussel (n = 6) and suspended particulate matter (SPM, n = 7) from German freshwater ecosystems as well as tree leaves (n = 9)/shoots (n = 10), soil (n = 4), earthworm (n = 4) and deer liver (n = 7) as representatives of German terrestrial ecosystems. PBDE and emerging HFR were present in each investigated matrices from Germany and Polar regions showing their widespread distribution. The presence in Arctic and Antarctic fish samples confirms their long-range transport potential. Average concentrations of total emerging HFR were highest in SPM (26 ng g−1 dry weight (dw)), zebra mussel (10 ng g−1 dw) and herring gull egg (2.6 ng g−1 dw). Lowest levels were measured in fish filet samples from Antarctica (0.02 ng g−1 dw). Average total PBDE concentrations were highest in bream filet (154 ng g−1), herring gull egg (61 ng g−1 dw), SPM (21 ng g−1 dw), and zebra mussel 18 (ng g−1) and lowest in deer liver (0.04 ng g−1 dw). The patterns of non-fauna terrestrial samples (leaves, shoots, soil) as well as SPM were dominated by DBDPE and BDE209. Elevated proportions of DPTE and in most cases the absence of DBDPE characterized all fauna samples with the exception of Polar samples. Overall, emerging HFR appeared to be less bioaccumulative than PBDE. Temporal trends were generally decreasing with few exceptions such as DBDPE.","https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.07.070"
212,"Sun, H., Li, Y., Wang, P., Yang, R., Pei, Z., Zhang, Q., Jiang, G. (2022) First report on hydroxylated and methoxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers in terrestrial environment from the Arctic and Antarctica. Journal of Hazardous Materials 424:  127644.","Terrestrial plants, which account for the world’s largest biomass and constitute the basis of most food webs, take up, transform, and accumulate organic chemical contaminants from the ambient environment. In this study, we determined the concentrations and congener profiles of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hydroxylated and methoxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (OH-PBDEs and MeO-PBDEs) in surface soil and vegetation samples collected from the Arctic (Svalbard) and Antarctica (King George Island) during the Chinese Scientific Research Expeditions. The concentrations of total PBDEs (∑PBDEs) in soil and vegetation samples collected from the Arctic (5.6–270 pg/g dry weight) were higher than those from Antarctica (2.3–33 pg/g dw), whereas the concentrations of ∑MeO-PBDEs and ∑OH-PBDEs were lower in Arctic terrestrial samples (n.d.–0.75 and 0.0008–1.1 ng/g dw, respectively) than in samples from Antarctica (0.007–4.0 and 0.034–25 ng/g dw, respectively). Long-range atmospheric transport and human activities were potential sources of PBDEs in polar regions, whereas the dominance of ortho-substituted MeO-PBDE and OH-PBDE congeners in terrestrial matrices indicated the importance of natural sources. To the best of our knowledge, this study represents the first report on the levels and behaviors of MeO-PBDEs and OH-PBDEs in terrestrial environment of polar regions.","https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127644"
213,"Lakaschus, S., Weber, K., Wania, F., Bruhn, R., Schrems, O. (2002) The air-sea equilibrium and time trend of hexachlorocyclohexanes in the Atlantic Ocean between the Arctic and Antarctica. Environmental Science and Technology 36: 138-145.","Hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) were determined simultaneously in air and seawater during two cruises across the Atlantic Ocean between the Arctic Ocean (Ny-Ålesund/ Svalbard, 79°N; 12°E) and the Antarctic Continent (Neumayer Station/ Ekstroem Ice Shelf, 70°S; 8.2°W) in 1999/2000. The concentrations of α-HCH and γ-HCH in air and surface waters of the Arctic exceeded those in Antarctica by 1−2 orders of magnitude. The gaseous concentrations of γ-HCH were highest above the North Sea and between 20°N and 30°S. Fugacity fractions were used to estimate the direction of the air−sea gas exchange. These showed for α-HCH that the measured concentrations in both phases were close to equilibrium in the North Atlantic (78°N− 40°N), slightly undersaturated between 30°N and 10°S and again close to equilibrium between 20°S and 50°S. γ-HCH has reached phase equilibrium in the North Atlantic as α-HCH, but the surface waters of the tropical and southern Atlantic were strongly undersaturated with γ-HCH, especially between 30°N and 20 °S. These findings are significantly different from two earlier estimates around 1990 as a result of global emission changes within the past decade. Therefore, we investigated the time trend of the HCHs in the surface waters of the Atlantic between 50°N and 60°S on the basis of archived samples taken in 1987−1997 and those from 1999. A decrease of α-HCH by a factor of approximately 4 is observed at all sampling locations. No decrease of γ-HCH occurred between 30°N and 30°S, but there was a decrease in the North Atlantic, North Sea, and in the South Atlantic south of 40°S. The constant level of γ-HCH in the tropical Atlantic confirms the conclusion that the tropical Atlantic acts as a sink for γ-HCH at present time. The measured α-HCH seawater concentrations were compared with results from a global multimedia fate and transport model. Whereas the time trend over 13 years and the latitudinal gradient were well reproduced by the model, the absolute levels were too high by a factor of 4.5. This may be explained by the zonal averaging employed in the model as well as uncertain emissions and degradation rates.","https://doi.org/10.1021/es010211j"
214,"Crockett, A.B., White, G.J. (2003) Mapping sediment contamination and toxicity in Winter Quarters Bay, Mcmurdo Station, Antarctica. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 85: 257-275.","Winter Quarters Bay (WQB) is a small embayment located adjacent to McMurdo Station,
the largest research base in Antarctica. The bay is approximately 250 m wide and long, with a
maximum depth of 33 m. Historically, trash from the McMurdo Station was piled on the steep
shoreline of WQB, doused with fuel and ignited. That practice has ceased, and the adjacent land
area has been regraded to cover the residual waste. The bottom of WQB remains littered with drums,
equipment, tanks, tires, cables, and other objects, especially the southeastern side of the bay where
dumping took place. Sediments are contaminated with PCBs, metals, and hydrocarbon fuels. The
objectives of this study were to map the distribution of organic contaminants in WQB, assess the
toxicity of WQB sediments using a simple microbial test, and determine correlations between toxicity
and contaminant levels. The study suggests that adverse ecological effects have occurred from one
or more of the contaminants found in WQB but the source of the toxic impacts to bay sediments
remains unknown. Whole sediment toxicity was only correlated with oil-equivalent while solvent
extracts of sediments were correlated with PAHs and oil-equivalent. The authors recommend that
an integrated research plan be developed that focuses on determining what additional information is
needed to make informed decisions on possible remediation of WQB.","https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1023985827565"
215,"Deng, Z., Han, X., Chen, C., Wang, H., Ma, B., Zhang, D., Zhang, Z., Zhang, C. (2020) The distribution characteristics of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the surface sediments of Ross Sea and Drake Passage, Antarctica: A 192 congeners analysis. Marine Pollution Bulletin 154: 111043.","A total of 23 sediment samples are collected from Ross Sea and Drake Passage to investigate the distribution characteristics of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the Antarctic marine sediments. Over 51 kinds of PCBs are detected through exhaustive searches using multiple reaction monitoring system. The results show that the concentration of individual PCB congener and total PCBs vary greatly among sampling sites, ranging from not detected to 49.75 ng g−1 and 3.77 to 246.86 ng g−1, respectively. The average PCBs level in Ross Sea is ten times higher than that in Drake Passage. Two different homologues, hexa- and tetra-CBs, give high contributions to ∑PCBs level in most samples from Ross Sea and Drake Passage, respectively. Our results support that the marine sediments might be an important sink for PCBs. Besides, the biological pump and the primary productivity might be responsible for the distribution differences of PCBs between Ross Sea and Drake Passage.","https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111043"
216,"J. L. George and D. E. H. Frear (1966) Pesticides in the Antarctic. Journal of Applied Ecology 3: 155-167.","In 1945 DDT was released for civilian use. Since then thousands of millions of pounds of DDT and other synthetic pesticides have been produced and applied to millions of acres to regulate populations of economic plants or animals, to protect food and fibre crops, reduce vectors of disease and abate nuisances caused by pests. The sometimes easily noted ecological effect of such applications have stimulated a number of investigations during the past two decades. Some of the studies measured the actual deposit in a target zone, and it became apparent that it was exceedingly difficult to obtain the dosage desired to be deposited. At times the bulk or even all of the pesticide, when applied aerially, was deposi- ted somewhere other than in the intended area. Since ecological effects in the target area were the intention of the applications, it was logical to raise some questions. What happened to the pesticidal material? Where did it go? How was it dispersed? What effect did it have in the non-target area?",
217,"Domínguez-Morueco, N., Moreno-Merino, L., Molins-Delgado, D., Díaz-Cruz, M.S., Aznar-Alemany, Ò., Eljarrat, E., Farré, M., López-Martínez, J., López de Alda, M., Silva, A., Durán Valsero, J.J., Valcárcel, Y. (2021) Anthropogenic contaminants in freshwater from the northern Antarctic Peninsula region. Ambio 50: 544-559.","This study aimed to evaluate the presence of
ultraviolet filters (UV-Fs), benzotriazoles, pyrethroids and
per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in freshwater
and wastewater from the northern Antarctic Peninsula
region. All water samples analyzed contained UV-Fs
residues and high concentrations were detected in
anthropogenic impacted sites (\LOD up to 1300 ng/L).
Likewise, benzotriazoles were detected in all water
samples (\LOQ–920 ng/L). Regarding suspended
particulate matter, almost all UV-Fs and all
benzotriazoles were measured at concentrations ranging
from\LOQ to 33 lg/g dry weight. Pyrethroids were also
detected (\LOQ–250 ng/L) and their presence implies the
existence of a gateway to the Antarctica Peninsula from
other regions. The data confirmed the presence of PFASs
(\LOD–7500 ng/L) in this area, in agreement with
previous studies. In light of these results, extended
monitoring in Antarctica should be carried out to perform
a reliable environmental risk assessment leading to propose
recommendations to minimize the anthropic impact.","https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-020-01404-x"
218,"Yamazaki, E., Taniyasu, S., Wang, X., Yamashita, N. (2021) Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in surface water, gas and particle in open ocean and coastal environment. Chemosphere 272:  129869.","A simultaneous sampling of atmospheric and seawater samples was performed in the Taiwan Western Strait, western Arctic Ocean, and the Antarctic Ocean. Analysis of both particle and gas phase PFAS in oceanic air was conducted using cascade impactor particle fractionator, cryogenic air sampler and activated charcoal fiber sorbent for the first time with application in the Taiwan Western Strait. Mean concentration of Σ12PFAS in surface seawater and atmospheric samples were 1178 pg/L and 24 pg/m3 in the Taiwan Western Strait, 430 pg/L and 6 pg/m3 in the western Arctic Ocean, and 456 pg/L and 3 pg/m3 in the Antarctic Ocean. In oceanic air from the Taiwan Western Strait, fluorotelomer alcohol (FTOH) and the ionic PFAS [perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acid (PFSA) and perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acid (PFCA)] were found in 76% and 7% respectively. Regional comparison of air/water exchange (KAW) and gas-particle (Kp) partition coefficients of PFAS in the oceanic environment indicated potential partitioning of ionic PFAS between surface seawater and oceanic air. These findings highlight the advancement in atmospheric PFAS measurements through combined novel technologies, namely size-fractionated particle sampling with cryogenic air trapping and/or activated charcoal sorption. Correlation between Kp and carbon chain length of PFAS was observed using both hyphenated techniques.","https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.129869"
219,"Cipro, C.V.Z., Bustamante, P., Montone, R.C., Oliveira, L.C., Petry, M.V. (2019) Do population parameters influence the role of seabird colonies as secondary pollutants source? A case study for Antarctic ecosystems. Marine Pollution Bulletin 149: 110534.","Pollutants in Antarctic ecosystems are largely attributed to long range atmospheric transport. However, previous studies confirmed seabird colonies as relevant secondary sources of organic and inorganic pollutants. When comparing these data, higher trophic level seabird colonies, small and sparse, did not influence results as strongly as lower trophic level birds large dense colonies. Thus, we cross examined results of stable isotopes and pollutants from lichens, moss and soil samples from Antarctic seabird colonies with their data for population parameters to understand how these variables influence each other. Results showed colonies clearly supplying As, Cd, Hg, Se, Zn, HCB and PCBs and corroborated other local sources. Penguin colonies were the most important pollutants sources hereby studied due to their sheer size and also their recent relative growth. Finally, results suggest climate change should likely increase the concentration of contaminants and the overall burden trapped in Antarctic terrestrial ecosystems.","https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.110534"
220,"Corsolini, S., Baroni, D., Martellini, T., Pala, N., Cincinelli, A. (2019) PBDEs and PCBs in terrestrial ecosystems of the Victoria Land, Antarctica. Chemosphere 231: 233-239.","The Victoria Land (East Antarctica) is characterized by the presence of lakes and ponds where rare water is found during the Summer months. These freshwater ecosystems are an important resource for migrating seabirds that use them and leave there their droppings and feathers, contributing to enrich the water with organic matter.

Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are long-range transported to polar regions and their detection in the Antarctic ecosystems date back to the 1960s. Most studies have been related to POP concentrations in marine environment, and terrestrial ecosystems have been poorly investigated. This study reports the concentration of PBDEs (23 congeners) and PCBs (21 among non-, mono-, di-, and ortho congeners) in lake sediment, soil and vegetation mat (community of algae, cyanobacteria, bryophites) collected close to six lakes in the Victoria Land (74°31′S-74°97′S, 165°07′E-162°51′E): Edmonson Point 14 and 15A, Carezza, Enigma, Tarn Flat 20, Inexpressible Island 10B.

The ∑PBDEs averaged 0.09–0.28 ng/g and BDEs 28, 47 and 154 were higher in mat and soils, while BDEs 183 and 47 in sediment samples. PCBs ranged <0.003–0.807 ng/g and congeners nos. 114, 138, and 187 were the most abundant. In addition, TEQs were derived for the non-and mono-ortho PCBs detected and values were very low in each matrix (0.010 pg/g in the soil, 0.012 pg/g in sediment and mat). The long-range atmospheric transport can be confirmed as the most important POP source in Antarctica, although the scientific stations and seabird colonies may be potential local sources and contribute to contaminant release.","https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.05.126"
221,"Giesy, J.P., Kannan, K. (2001) Global distribution of perfluorooctane sulfonate in wildlife. Environmental Science and Technology 35: 1339-1342.","Here we report, for the first time, on the global distribution of perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS), a fluorinated organic contaminant. PFOS was measured in the tissues of wildlife, including, fish, birds, and marine mammals. Some of the species studied include bald eagles, polar bears, albatrosses, and various species of seals. Samples were collected from urbanized areas in North America, especially the Great Lakes region and coastal marine areas and rivers, and Europe. Samples were also collected from a number of more remote, less urbanized locations such as the Arctic and the North Pacific Oceans. The results demonstrated that PFOS is widespread in the environment. Concentrations of PFOS in animals from relatively more populated and industrialized regions, such as the North American Great Lakes, Baltic Sea, and Mediterranean Sea, were greater than those in animals from remote marine locations. Fish-eating, predatory animals such as mink and bald eagles contained concentrations of PFOS that were greater than the concentrations in their diets. This suggests that PFOS can bioaccumulate to higher trophic levels of the food chain. Currently available data indicate that the concentrations of PFOS in wildlife are less than those required to cause adverse effects in laboratory animals.","https://doi.org/10.1021/es001834k"
222,"Ma, X., Wang, Z., Yu, L., Yao, W., Xiao, L., Yao, Z., Na, G., Wang, Y.W., Jiang, G. (2019) Mirror image between gas–particle partitioning and soil–moss distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the polar regions. Science of the Total Environment 656: 1199-1206.","The concentrations and congener-specific profiles of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were investigated in the atmosphere, soil and moss samples were collected from Ny–Ålesund, Svalbard in the Arctic and King Georgia Island (KGI), Fildes Peninsula in Antarctica, respectively. The congener profiles of PBDEs were symmetrical between gas and moss, as well as between particles and soil at Ny–Ålesund and KGI, respectively, similar to a “mirror image”. The proportions of highly brominated congeners (for example, BDE–99, –153 and –183) in the particle phase and soil were higher than those in the gas phase and moss, while tri– and tetra–BDEs possessed higher proportions in the gas phase and moss at both sites. The slopes of log–log linear correlations between the gas–particle partition coefficient (Kp) and sub–cooled liquid vapor pressures (p°L) of PBDEs were observed at both sites compared with the values in the urban areas. Moreover, the slopes of logKp vs. logp°L (−0.51 at Ny–Ålesund and − 0.29 at KGI) were notably close to the slopes of log–log linear correlations between the dimensionless soil–moss quotient (QSM) and p°L (−0.42 at Ny–Ålesund and −0.22 at KGI). Significant correlations between particle fraction (φparticle) and soil fraction (φsoil) at both sites indicated that the gas–particle partitioning of PBDEs is directly related to their distribution in moss and soil.","https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.452"
223,"Combi, T., Martins, C.C., Taniguchi, S., Leonel, J., Lourenço, R.A., Montone, R.C. (2017) Depositional history and inventories of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in sediment cores from an Antarctic Specially Managed Area (Admiralty Bay, King George Island). Marine Pollution Bulletin 118: 447-451.","Temporal patterns, fluxes and inventories of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were assessed in nine sediment cores collected from selected areas of Admiralty Bay off the Antarctic Peninsula. Concentrations of total PCBs were low, but slightly higher in comparison to low-impacted, remote environments in the world, ranging from below the detection limit to 11.9 ng g− 1 in dry weight. PCB concentrations and inventories suggest a possible minor influence related to the nearby logistic activities, especially in the sediment core collected close to the Ferraz Station. Despite being the most remote and protected area on the planet, the Antarctic continent is no longer a pristine environment.","https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.03.031"
224,"Subramanian, An., Tanabe, S., Hidaka, H., Tatsukawa, R. (1986) Bioaccumulation of organochlorines (PCBs and p,p′-DDE) in Antarctic Adelie penguins Pygoscelis adeliae collected during a breeding season. Environmental Pollution. Series A, Ecological and Biological 40: 173-189.","Subcutaneous fat (SCF) and abdominal fat (AF) of ten Adelie penguins (five male and five female) and the muscle, liver, bone and brain samples from three male specimens, collected during different days of starvation in a breeding season, were analysed for concentrations of PCBs and p,p′-DDE. All the specimens analysed contained detectable levels of PCBs and DDE and both compounds were found to be highly concentrated in the fat-rich tissues, to the extent that the SCF burdens of both compounds can be considered as the total body burdens. On starvation during breeding, the concentrations of both compounds increased simultaneously in the declining fat reserves, as well as in other organs. Some redistribution of organochlorines to other tissues from the fat reserves was also noticed during starvation. The bioconcentration factor for DDE was found to be higher than for PCBs in all the levels of the Antarctic food chain and also the DDE/PCB ratio increased with increase in trophic levels, both indicating the high residual potentiality of DDT compounds in higher animals.","https://doi.org/10.1016/0143-1471(86)90082-6"
225,"Lukowski, A.B. (1983) DDT and its metabolites in the tissues and eggs of migrating Antarctic seabirds from the regions of the South Shetland Islands. Polish Polar Research 4: 135-141.","Using gas chromatography methods the content of DDT residues was
determined in the tissues of 4 species of Antarctic birds: Oceanites oceanicus, Catharacta
skua, Sterna vittata and Larus dominicanus, and in the eggs of Macronectes giganleus
and Larus dominicanus. Samples were collected on King George Island, in February and
October 1978. The highest level of DDT and its metabolites concentration was observed
in the tissues of Oceanites oceanicus and the lowest in the tissues of Sterna vittata and
in the eggs of M. giganteus and L. dominicanus. The differences in DDT content between
different species and within one species are associated with their food composition and
winter migrations to the regions with higher degree of DDT pollution.",
226,"Giam, C.S., Richardson, R.L., Wong, M.K., Sackett, W.M. (1973) Polychlorinated biphenyls in Antarctic biota. Antarctic Journal of the United States 8: 303-305.","The occurrence of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), DDT, DDE and related chlorinated hydrocarbons in the world oceans is documented thoroughly.",
227,"Tanabe, S., Mori, T., Tatsukawa, R., Miyazaki, N. (1983) Global pollution of marine mammals by PCBs, DDTs and HCHs (BHCs). Chemosphere 12: 1269-1275.","Biological global pollution of PCBs, DDTs and HCHs were studied by using the marine mammals taken from the Bering Sea, western Pacific and the Southern Ocean. Marine mammals distributed in the northern hemisphere accumulated much higher concentrations of these pollutants than those in the southern hemisphere, and this trend well agreed with the latitudinal distribution of these pollutants in open ocean surface water. This correspondence indicates that the marine mammal is a useful bioindicator of global pollution by persistent man-made organics.","https://doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(83)90132-7"
228,"Bignert, A., Olsson, M., Bergqvist, P.-A., Bergek, S., Rappe, C., de Wit, C., Jansson, B. (1989) Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD) and dibenzo-furans (PCDF) in seal blubber. Chemosphere 19: 551-556.","Blubber samples from seals collected in waters around the Scandinavian peninsula and from the Antarctic have been analyzed for the presence of PCDD and PCDF. The results do not indicate any substantial species or spatial differences in levels for animals representing the northern hemisphere but lower levels were found in the samples collected in the Antarctic. Among marine mammals highly persistent organochlorines normally increase with increasing age. In our study no clear age or sex dependence in levels of PCDD and PCDF was found. The levels of PCDD and PCDF in seal blubber are of the same magnitude as the levels found in humans.","https://doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(89)90369-X"
229,"Luckas, B., Vetter, W., Fischer, P., Heidemann, G., Plötz, J. (1990) Characteristic chlorinated hydrocarbon patterns in the blubber of seals from different marine regions. Chemosphere 21: 13-19.","Samples of seal blubber from several marine regions (Arctic, Iceland, North Sea, Baltic, and Antarctic) were analysed for chlorinated hydrocarbon contamination. Varying concentrations of organochlorine compounds (PCB, DDT and its metabolites, HCB, and HCH-isomeres) lead to characteristic residue patterns. Evaluation of the data demonstrated significant geographical differences in both level and pattern of the contaminants analyzed, thus giving an insight into the global distribution of organochlorine pollution.","https://doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(90)90372-Z"
230,"Xie, Z., Möller, A., Ahrens, L., Sturm, R., Ebinghaus, R. (2011) Brominated flame retardants in seawater and atmosphere of the Atlantic and the southern ocean. Environmental Science and Technology 45: 1820-1826.","Seawater and air samples were collected aboard the FS Polarstern during the cruises ANT-XXV/1 + 2 in the Atlantic and Southern Ocean in 2008. The particulate and dissolved phase in water and particulate and gaseous phase in air were analyzed separately for nine polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and six non-PBDE brominated flame retardants (BFRs). Air concentrations of 2,3-dibromopropyl-2,4,6-tribromophenyl ether (DPTE) and hexabromobenzene (HBB) in the gaseous and particulate phase (median = 0.56 pg m−3 for DPTE and 0.92 pg m−3 for HBB) were comparable to ∑9PBDEs (1.0 pg m−3). Pentabromotoluene (PBT) was detectable in ∼30% of the gaseous phase samples, whereas concentration of 2,4,6-tribromophenyl allylether (ATE), hexachlorocyclopentenyl-dibromocyclooctane (HCDBCO) and 2-ethyl-1-hexyl 2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (EHTBB) were below their method detection limits. DPTE, and PBDEs were also found in seawater at low pg per liter levels. Elevated seawater concentrations of PBDEs and DPTE were measured in the English Channel and close to South African coast. Concentrations of DPTE, BDE-47, and BDE-99 in the atmosphere generally decreased from Europe toward the Southern Ocean, whereas no latitudinal trend was observed in seawater. Air−water exchange gradients suggested net deposition dominates for all selected substances. The medians of net deposition fluxes for the air−water gas exchange were 83, 21, 69, 20, and 781 pg m−2 day−1 for BDE-47, BDE-100, BDE-99, DPTE, and HBB, whereas medians of dry deposition fluxes were 2.0, 0.3, 1.2, 1.0, and 0.5 pg m−2 day−1 for BDE-47, BDE-100, BDE-99, DPTE, and HBB. Overall, these results highlight the important role of the long-range atmospheric transport of PBDE and non-PBDE BFRs to remote regions.","https://doi.org/10.1021/es103803t"
231,"Tanabe, S., Tatsukawa, R., Kawano, M., Hidaka, H. (1982) Global distribution and atmospheric transport of chlorinated hydrocarbons: HCH (BHC) isomers and DDT compounds in the Western Pacific, Eastern Indian and Antarctic Oceans. Journal of the Oceanographical Society of Japan 38: 137-148.","Concentrations of chlorinated hydrocarbons such as HCH isomers and DDT compounds were determined in air and surface water samples taken from the Western Pacific, Eastern Indian and Antarctic Oceans. The most interesting finding was their presence in measurable concentrations in the Antarctic Ocean. Chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides are widely distributed in the open ocean environment over both the northern and southern hemispheres, and some characteristic distribution patterns of pesticide species in different oceanic regions were observed both in air and water samples. HCH residues found in the northern hemisphere were much higher in concentration than those in the southern hemisphere. On the other hand, higher concentrations of DDT residues were found in the tropical regions, but their levels were not so different between both the northern and southern hemispheres. HCH isomers found in the northern hemisphere had the following order of concentrations:α-HCH>γ HCH>β-HCH, while in the southern hemisphereγ-HCH was apparently dominant. DDT compound compositions were rather uniform in all the oceans surveyed, and more than 50% wasp,p′-DDT. These facts can be explained by the world wide situation regarding pesticide use and the physicochemical properties of the pesticides such as their vapor pressures and water solubilities. In addition, the meridional circulation of the atmosphere, particularly the mass flows of the Hadley and Ferrel cells in the troposphere, also contributes to the atmospheric transport and global distribution of these pesticides.","https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02110285"
232,"Wang, P., Zhang, Q.-H., Wang, T., Chen, W.-H., Ren, D.-W., Li, Y.-M., Jiang, G.-B. (2012) PCBs and PBDEs in environmental samples from King George Island and Ardley Island, Antarctica. RSC Advances 2: 1350-1355.","The levels and distribution of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were investigated in various environmental matrices including soil, sediment, lichen (Usnea aurantiaco-atra) and moss (Sanionia uncinata) from Fildes Peninsula at King George Island and Ardley Island, west Antarctica. In general, PCBs and PBDEs were detected at very low levels in the samples collected during December 2009 to February 2010. The mean concentrations of total PCBs were 410 pg g−1 dry weight (dw) (range 60.1–1436 pg g−1 dw) in soil and sediment, 544 pg g−1 dw (404–745 pg g−1 dw) in lichen and 670 pg g−1 dw (406–952 pg g−1 dw) in moss. The lower chlorinated CBs dominated in all the samples except for the dropping-amended soils from Ardley Island, where hexachlorinated congeners were more abundant. Notably, CB-11 was detected at significant levels, accounting for about 20% of total PCBs in most samples, this higher ratio compared to that in the technical mixture might suggest unidentified sources. Average levels of PBDEs were 24.0 pg g−1 dw (2.76–51.4 pg g−1 dw) in soil and sediment, 14.2 pg g−1 dw (7.51–22.3 pg g−1 dw) in lichen and 15.8 pg g−1 dw (6.54–36.7 pg g−1 dw) in moss. BDE-47 dominated the detected congeners, whereas BDE-99 and 71 were more abundant in the dropping-amended soils from Ardley Island. These results indicated that long-range atmospheric transport could be the main pathway of POPs to King George Island although anthropogenic influence (e.g., from research station, tourism and biotic activities) could also influence the spatial distribution of POPs.","https://doi.org/10.1039/c1ra00462j"
233,"Lukowski, A.B. (1978) DDT and its metabolites in Antarctic Krill (Euphausia Superba Dana) from South Atlantic. Polskie Archiwum Hydrobiologii 25: 663-668.","pp'DDE, pp'DDD and pp'DDT contents in bodies of krill (Euphausia superba Dana) from Antarctic waters of South Atlantic were determined by gas chromatography.",
234,"Tanabe, S., Miura, S., & Tatsukawa, R.  (1986) Variations of organochlorine residues with age and sex in Antarctic minke whale. Memoirs of National Institute of Polar Research. Special issue 44: 174-181.","Concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and p, p '-ODE
were determined in the blubber of Antarctic minke whale collected during the 1984-
1985 whaling season and found to be in the ranges of 3.1 to 29 ng/g and 13 to
140 ng/g on wet weight basis, respectively. These values were much lower in
comparison with those of this species in the northern hemisphere. The female
animals older than 15 years of age revealed the low residue levels in contrast to
mature males, probably due to the lactational excretion of these organochlorines.
However, such excretion seems to be lesser in minke whales than in small cetaceans
because of the smaller difference of organochlorine levels between mature males
and females of the former. The concentration ratios of DOE to PCBs were found
to be higher in immature minke whale than in mature animal, indicating the possibility that the feeding grounds of immature animal extend further north from the
Antarctic Ocean.","http://id.nii.ac.jp/1291/00002046/"
235,"Cabrerizo, A., Dachs, J., Barceló, D., Jones, K.C. (2013) Climatic and biogeochemical controls on the remobilization and reservoirs of persistent organic pollutants in Antarctica. Environmental Science and Technology 47: 4299-4306.","After decades of primary emissions, reservoirs of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) have accumulated in soils and snow/ice in polar regions. These reservoirs can be remobilized due to decreasing primary emissions or due to climate change-driven warmer conditions. Results from a sampling campaign carried out at Livingston Island (Antarctica) focusing on field measurements of air–soil exchange of POPs show that there is a close coupling of the polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the atmosphere and snow/ice and soils with a status close to air–surface equilibrium to a net volatilization from Antarctic reservoirs. This remobilization of PCBs is driven by changes in temperature and soil organic matter (SOM) content, and it provides strong evidence that the current and future remobilization and sinks of POPs are a strong function of the close coupling of climate change and carbon cycling in the Antarctic region and this is not only due to warming. Whereas an increase of 1 °C in ambient temperature due to climate change would increase current Antarctic atmospheric inventories of PCBs by 21–45%, a concurrent increase of 0.5% SOM would counteract the influence of warming by reducing the POP fugacity in soil. A 1 °C increase in Antarctic temperatures will induce an increase of the soil–vegetation organic carbon and associated POPs pools by 25%, becoming a net sink of POPs, and trapping up to 70 times more POPs than the amount remobilized to the atmosphere. Therefore, changes in soil biogeochemistry driven by perturbations of climate may increase to a larger degree the soil fugacity capacity than the decrease in air and soil fugacity capacity due to higher temperatures. Future research should focus on quantifying these remobilization fluxes and sinks for the Antarctic region.","https://doi.org/10.1021/es400471c"
236,"McDonald, S.J., Kennicutt II, M.C., Sericano, J., Wade, T.L., Liu, H., Safe, S.H. (1994) Correlation between bioassay-derived P4501A1 induction activity and chemical analysis of clam (Laternula elliptica) extracts from McMurdo Sound, Antarctica. Chemosphere 28: 2237-2248.","Variable levels of halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons were measured in clams (Laternula elliptica) collected from McMurdo Sound, Antarctica. Clams collected in and near Winter Quarters Bay contained high levels of organochlorine compounds, particularly polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). A strong gradient has been documented in Winter Quarters Bay that been linked to human activities at McMurdo Station. The activity of clam extracts as inducers of P4501A1-dependent ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) activity was determined using in vitro bioassays utilizing rat hepatoma H4IIE cells. The extracts which exhibited the highest induction activities were those derived from clams collected in contaminated areas. Additionally, there was an excellent linear correlation between induced EROD activity versus total PCB levels (r2=0.96). The complimentary nature of both the analytical and bioanalytical data confirms the utility of the latter assay and provides a method for estimating the 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) toxic equivalents in extracts from marine biota.","https://doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(94)90189-9"
237,"Schneider, R., Steinhagen-Schneider, G., Drescher, H.E. (1985) Organochlorines and heavy metals in seals and birds from the Weddell Sea. Antarctic nutrient cycles and food webs: 652-655.","Nine Weddell Seals, Leptonychotes weddelli, 6 Crabeater Seals, Lobodon carcinophagus, 9 Adélie Penguins, Pygoscelis adeliae, 12 Emperor Penguins, Aptenodytes forsteri, and 7 South Polar skuas, Catharacta maccormicki, were collected along the ice-shelf of the Weddell Sea in the austral summer of 1980–1981 for a baseline investigation of concentrations of organochlorines and heavy metals in these animals. Muscle, liver, and kidney tissues were analysed for concentrations of cadmium, copper, and zinc. Adipose tissue was analysed for several organochlorines (polychlorinated biphenyls, DDT and its main analogues, and other insecticides). The results are reported and discussed.","https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-82275-9_90"
238,"Kawano, M., Tanabe, S., Inoue, T., & Tatsukawa, R. (1985) Chlordane compounds found in the marine atmosphere from the Southern Hemisphere. Transactions of the Tokyo University of Fisheries; 6: 59-66.","In the atmosphere over the eastern Indian and Antarctic Oceans, chlordane compounds
(cis-, trans-chlordane, and cis-, trans-nonachlor) have been detected by using GC-ECD and
GC-MS, the concentration ranging from 4.8 to 19 pg/m3
• Furthermore, a chemical having
m/ z 407 and faster retention time than trans-nonachlor on mass fragmentogram has been
found and it seems to be a new nonachlor compound. Levels of chlordane compounds
(CHLs) in the marine atmosphere in the Southern Hemisphere were nearly the same as
DDTs, which indicates that CHLs are globally distributed and dispersed. Data on the
amounts of the usage of technical chlordane in the Southern Hemisphere is not available
now. The nearly equal levels of CHLs in the Southern and Northern Hemispheres suggest
that technical chlordane might have been used in nearly equal amounts in both Hemispheres
or it may be attributed to the higher vapor pressures of CHLs than those of DDTs.",
239,"Tanabe, S., Mori, T., & Tatsukawa, R. (1984) Bioaccumulation of DDTs and PCBs in the southern minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata). National Institute of Polar Research 32: 140-150.","DDTs (p, p'-DDE+p, p'-DDT) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were determined in the liver of male minke whales collected from the Southern Ocean during the 1980-1981 whaling season. DDTs ranged from 3.6 to 70ng/g and PCBs from 1.2 to 18ng/g on lipid weight basis. These values were apparently lower than those in northern baleen whales and also in southern toothed whales. This seems to be attributable to the smaller extent of contamination by these pollutants in the southern hemisphere and the habits of minke whales feeding on lower trophic organisms, primarily eupausiids, in the Antarctic ecosystem. Considerably high concentrations of DDTs and PCBs were found in young minke whales and a continuous increase of these was observed in older animals after approximately 20 years of age. These trends probably arise from feeding habits of minke whales associated with migration and segregation in age groups of young and old.",
240,"Tanabe, S; Kawano, M; Tatsukawa, R  (1982) Chlorinated hydrocarbons in the Antarctic, western Pacific and eastern Indian oceans. Transactions of the Tokyo University of Fisheries 5: 97-109.","Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) and chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides such as DDT compounds and BHC [lindane] isomers were measured in air and surface water samples taken from the Antarctic, western Pacific and eastern Indian Oceans. All chlorinated hydrocarbons were detected in every location. The most interesting finding was their presence in the Antarctic Ocean in measurable concentrations, which indicated their long-distance transport in the global extent. In air and water samples, .SIGMA.HCH (sum of .alpha.-, .beta.- and .gamma.-isomers) concentrations were higher in the northern hemisphere rather than in the southern hemisphere. Higher concentrations of .SIGMA.DDT (sum of p,p'-DDT,p,p'-DDE and o,p'-DDT) were found in the tropical regions and its levels between both hemispheres were not so different. These results proved that the consuming areas of HCH were still concentrated in the northern hemisphere, especially in the Asian continent, while those of DDT had shifted from northward to southward in the last decade. Significantly high concentrations of PCB were observed in the coastal regions of the tropical and subtropical zones and PCB components found in these regions were composed of higher chlorinated biphenyls in air and water samples. The lower chlorinated biphenyls were dominant in the oceans far from the terrestrial environment. The data will be useful for the estimation of persistent chlorinated hydrocarbon fluxes into the marine environment and for the construction of more sophisticated mathematical models of their global atmospheric transport.",
241,"Hideaki, H., Tanabe, S., Kawano, M., & Tatsukawa, R. (1984) Fate of DDTs, PCBs and chlordane compounds in the Antarctic marine ecosystem. Memoirs of National Institute of Polar Research. Special issue 32: 151-161.","Bioaccumulation and environmental behavior of DDTs, PCBs and chlordane compounds in the antarctic marine ecosystem under the fast ice were studied. Many samples such as seawater, benthic invertebrates, fishes, Weddell seal etc., were collected at the Tottuki Point where pollution by human activities has been most unlikely and from Syowa Station where some pollution is likely because of the research activities. In seawater samples, the concentration of PCBs (sum of several tens of individual chlorinated biphenyls) was found to be higher than that of ΣDDT (p, p'-DDE+p, p'-DDT), but reverse in organisms. ΣChlordane (sum of several chlordane compounds and metabolites) concentrations showed the middle level between PCBs and ΣDDT in both seawater and organisms. In higher trophic level organisms, the bioconcentration factors (BCFs) increased, and variable compositions of PCBs and chlordane compounds were also found. Concentration levels of ΣDDT and PCBs in the antarctic marine ecosystem were about two orders of magnitude lower than those in the western North Pacific. The low levels are most likely attributable to the low concentration of these chemicals in seawater under the antarctic fast ice, which might be caused by the specific environmental characteristics in the Antarctic relating to its locality being far away from the intensive regions of industrial and human activities on the earth, the ice covering and the high bioproductivity during the austral summer.",
242,"Lewis, P. J., Lashko, A., Chiaradia, A., Allinson, G., Shimeta, J., & Emmerson, L. (2022). New and legacy persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in breeding seabirds from the East Antarctic. Environmental Pollution, 309, 119734.","Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are pervasive and a significant threat to the environment worldwide. Yet, reports of POP levels in Antarctic seabirds based on blood are scarce, resulting in significant geographical gaps. Blood concentrations offer a snapshot of contamination within live populations, and have been used widely for Arctic and Northern Hemisphere seabird species but less so in Antarctica. This paper presents levels of legacy POPs (polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs)) and novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) in the blood of five Antarctic seabird species breeding within Prydz Bay, East Antarctica. Legacy PCBs and OCPs were detected in all species sampled, with Adélie penguins showing comparatively high ∑PCB levels (61.1 ± 87.6 ng/g wet weight (ww)) compared to the four species of flying seabirds except the snow petrel (22.5 ± 15.5 ng/g ww), highlighting that legacy POPs are still present within Antarctic wildlife despite decades-long bans. Both PBDEs and NBFRs were detected in trace levels for all species and hexabromobenzene (HBB) was quantified in cape petrels (0.3 ± 0.2 ng/g ww) and snow petrels (0.2 ± 0.1 ng/g ww), comparable to concentrations found in Arctic seabirds. These results fill a significant data gap within the Antarctic region for POPs studies, representing a crucial step forward assessing the fate and impact of legacy POPs contamination in the Antarctic environment.","https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119734"
243,"Kuepper, N. D., Böhm, L., Braun, C., Bustamante, P., Düring, R. A., Libertelli, M. M., & Quillfeldt, P. (2022). Persistent organic pollutants and mercury in a colony of Antarctic seabirds: higher concentrations in 1998, 2001, and 2003 compared to 2014 to 2016. Polar Biology, 45(7), 1229-1245.","Over decades, persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and trace metals like mercury (Hg) have reached the remotest areas of the world such as Antarctica by atmospheric transport. Once deposited in polar areas, low temperatures, and limited solar radiation lead to long environmental residence times, allowing the toxic substances to accumulate in biota. We investigated the load of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDTs) and metabolites (DDEs, DDDs) in embryos from failed eggs of the smallest seabird breeding in Antarctica, the Wilson's storm-petrel (Oceanites oceanicus) at King George Island (Isla 25 de Mayo). We compared samples of different developmental stages collected in 2001, 2003, and 2014 to 2016 to investigate changes in pollutant concentrations over time. We detected eight PCBs including the dioxin-like (dl) congeners PCB 105 and 118 (ΣPCBs: 59-3403 ng g−1 ww) as well as 4,4’-DDE, and 4,4’-DDD (ΣDDX: 19-1035 ng g−1 ww) in the embryos. Samples from the years 2001 and 2003 showed higher concentrations of PCBs than those from 2014 to 2016. Concentrations of DDX was similar in both time intervals. Furthermore, we determined Hg concentrations in egg membranes from 1998 to 2003, and 2014 to 2016. Similar to PCBs, Hg in egg membranes were higher in 1998 than in 2003, and higher in 2003 than in the years 2014 to 2016, suggesting a slow recovery of the pelagic Antarctic environment from the detected legacy pollutants. Embryos showed an increase in pollutant concentrations within the last third of their development. This finding indicates that contaminant concentrations may differ among developmental stages, and it should be taken into account in analyses on toxic impact during embryogenesis.","https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-022-03065-w"
244,"Panti, C., Munoz-Arnanz, J., Marsili, L., Panigada, S., Baini, M., Jimenez, B., ... & Lauriano, G. (2022). Ecotoxicological characterization of type C killer whales from Terra Nova Bay (Ross Sea, Antarctica): molecular biomarkers, legacy, and emerging persistent organic contaminants. Frontiers in Marine Science, 9, 818370.","Among killer whale forms, type C is a fish-eating form and is the most common in the Ross Sea. In the austral summer 2015, a study was conducted to evaluate the toxicological hazard these marine mammals face in the Antarctic ecosystem. Seven biopsy samples were collected from adult individuals (five males and two females) in the surroundings of the Italian Research Station Mario Zucchelli, Terra Nova Bay, by remote dart sampling from the pack ice. The accumulation levels of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) such as legacy (DDTs, PCBs, and HCB) and emerging (PBDEs and DP) were measured. Moreover, the protein expression of cytochrome P450 (CYP1A1 and 2B) and the mRNA level variations of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors α and γ (PPARα-γ) and the estrogen receptor α (ERα), aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), and Cyp1a were evaluated. Twenty PCB congeners, six DDTs, HCB, three HCHs, and fourteen brominated BDEs and DP-syn and anti-isomers were analyzed on freeze-dried blubber biopsy samples by GC-MS. The protein expression was evaluated by Western Blot and the mRNA levels were quantified by quantitative real-time PCR. The average abundance pattern for the contaminants was DDTs > PCBs > HCB > HCHs ≈ PBDEs >> DP. Contaminant levels resulted to be lower when compared to the existing data from the Antarctic type C killer whales from the McMurdo Sound (Ross Sea) and those reported for fish-eating killer whales worldwide. The mRNA levels of the five target genes were successfully quantified, but no statistical correlation was found with POP levels, suggesting that either the low levels of quantified POPs in blubber may not significantly affect the biological responses investigated, or that other stressors could contribute to the alterations of the molecular biomarkers. Although the results showed a lower risk related to contamination compared to more impacted areas, this study provides baseline data for the conservation of this species in an area with high ecological value, recently declared as the largest Marine Protected Area in Antarctica, where pollutants should remain at minimum levels despite increasing multiple stresses existing in the region.","https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.818370"
245,"Ergül, H. A., Erdem, T., Pelin, E. G., Tonay, A. M., Aksan, S., & Öztürk, B. (2022). Assessment of Pesticide, Dioxin-like Polychlorinated Biphenyl, and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Existence around Galindez Island, and Comparison with the Organic Pollution Bibliography of the Antarctic Peninsula. Sustainability, 14(7), 3994.","Sediment, notothenioid fish, and moss samples were collected from the vicinity of Galindez Island, Antarctic Peninsula during the austral autumn of 2016 and 2017. Pesticide, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH), and dioxin-like Polychlorinated Biphenyl (dl-PCB) concentrations were measured using High-Resolution Gas and Liquid Chromatography. Pollutant concentrations were below detection limits in sediment and moss samples. However, pesticides, PAH, and dl-PCB congeners were detected in the muscle tissue of fishes. Pesticide concentrations varied between 0.46 and 12.2 ng/g-dw, and Mecarbam was the dominant compound. Kresoxim-methyl, Mecarbam, Procymidone, Pyridaben, and Quinoxyfen were reported in the muscle tissue of the fishes, for the first time from the Antarctic. PCB-118, PCB-105, and PCB-156 were dominant dl-PCBs. The ∑12-dl-PCB concentration was 160,929 pg/g-dw, and WHO-TEQ-total dl-PCB was 8.30 pg/g-dw in Trematomus bernachii, over the consumable limit in fishes according to the European Commission. The PCB-126 concentration was 36 pg/g-dw in the muscle tissue of fish, the first reported from the Antarctic. Phenanthrene was the dominant PAH congener. The ∑16-PAH concentration was 22.5 ng/g-dw. PAH sources were local and petrogenic in the fishes, likely after long-term bioaccumulation. The flow rate is rather low around Galindez Island; accordingly, contaminant removal takes time and may demonstrate long-lasting effects including bioaccumulation in the marine food web.","https://doi.org/10.3390/su14073994"
246,"Hao, Y., Xiong, S., Wang, P., Yang, R., Pei, Z., Li, Y., ... & Jiang, G. (2022). Novel brominated and organophosphate flame retardants in the atmosphere of Fildes Peninsula, West Antarctica: Continuous observations from 2011 to 2020. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 440, 129776.","Novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) and organophosphate esters (OPEs) have been widely detected in various environmental matrices worldwide and raised public concerns in recent years. However, few studies reported their occurrence and temporal trend in Antarctic air. In this study, concentrations, distribution, and temporal trends of NBFRs and OPEs in the air of Fildes Peninsula, West Antarctica, were investigated using XAD resin-based passive air sampling from January 2011 to January 2020. Air concentrations of the total OPEs (Σ7OPEs) were one to two orders of magnitude higher than those of the total NBFRs (Σ6NBFRs). Decabromodiphenyl ethane and tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate were the most abundant NBFR and OPE congeners, respectively. Significant positive correlations were observed among hexabromobenzene, pentabromoethylbenzene, and pentabromotoluene, indicating that their occurrence in Antarctic air may be affected by similar sources. No spatial differences in any of the NBFR and OPE congeners were observed, implying minor impact from local scientific research stations. Linear regression analysis was used to evaluate the temporal trends of NBFRs and OPEs in Antarctic air, with decreasing trends observed for Σ6NBFRs and Σ7OPEs. This is one of the rare studies providing a comprehensive investigation of the temporal trends in NBFRs and OPEs in Antarctic air and highlights concern regarding the contamination of these chemicals in remote polar regions.","https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129776"
247,"Xie, J., Tao, L., Wu, Q., Bian, Z., Wang, M., Li, Y., ... & Lin, T. (2022). Bioaccumulation of organochlorine pesticides in Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba): Profile, influencing factors, and mechanisms. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 426, 128115.","Accumulation of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba), a keystone species in the Southern Ocean, is potentially harmful to the Antarctic ecosystem and human health. In the current study, we collected E. superba specimens (including muscle and carapace tissues) from Bransfield Strait in northern Antarctic Peninsula and South Georgia to analyze the profile, influencing factors and mechanisms of OCPs bioaccumulation in them. Results indicated that the biological traits (δ13C, δ15N and lipid contents) of krill were significantly affected by habitat. There may exist growth dilution of OCPs in Antarctic krill and no fresh OCPs input in Antarctica, except for endosulfan I. Based on lipid-normalized concentrations, no significant differences were observed between the two regions at most sampling sites. However, OCP levels showed tissue and sex dependence. Boosted regression trees (BRTs) and partial least squares structural equation models (PLS-SEMs) were built to better investigate the main factors affecting the bioaccumulation of OCPs. Lipid content, negatively correlated with OCP levels, was the main factor. In vitro silicon modeling indicated that CYP3A4 metabolism capacity in krill contributed to the OCP residues except for endosulfan I. The results of this study expand current knowledge of OCPs in Antarctic marine biota, as well as their influencing factors and potential mechanisms.","https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.128115"
248,"Palmer, T. A., Klein, A. G., Sweet, S. T., Montagna, P. A., Hyde, L. J., Wade, T. L., & Pollack, J. B. (2022). Anthropogenic effects on the marine environment adjacent to Palmer Station, Antarctica. Antarctic Science, 34(1), 79-96.","Localized contamination from research-related activities and its effects on macrofauna
communities in the marine environment were investigated at Palmer Station, a medium-sized
Antarctic research station. Relatively low concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs;
32–302 ng g-1) and total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs; 0.9–8.9 μg g-1) were detected in sediments
adjacent to the sewage outfall and pier, where most human activities were expected to have occurred,
and at even lower concentrations at two seemingly reference areas (PAHs 6–30 ng g-1, TPHs
0.03–5.1 μg g-1). Elevated concentrations of PAHs in one sample taken in one reference area (816 ng g-1)
and polychlorinated biphenyls (353 ng g-1) and dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane (3.2 and 25.3 ng g-1)
in two samples taken adjacent to the sewage outfall indicate spatial heterogeneity of localized sediment
contamination. Limpet (Nacella concinna) tissues collected adjacent to Palmer Station had high
concentrations of PAHs, copper, lead, zinc and several other metals relative to outlying islands. Sediment
and limpet tissue contaminant concentrations have decreased since the early 1990s following the Bahía
Paraíso spill. Natural sediment characteristics affected macrofaunal community composition more than
contamination adjacent to Palmer Station, presumably because of the low overall contamination levels","https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954102021000535"
249,"Padilha, J., de Carvalho, G. O., Willems, T., Lepoint, G., Cunha, L., Pessoa, A. R., ... & Groffen, T. (2022). Perfluoroalkylated compounds in the eggs and feathers of resident and migratory seabirds from the Antarctic Peninsula. Environmental Research, 214, 114157.","In this study, we investigated factors that influence the differences in exposure of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) from eight species of Antarctic seabirds, including Pygoscelis penguins, Stercorarius maccormicki, and Macronectes giganteus. We analyzed the relationship between foraging ecology (based on δ13C, δ15N, and δ34S values) and PFAAs accumulated in eggs and breast feathers. Ten out of 15 targeted PFAAs were detected in eggs compared to eight in feathers. Mean ∑PFAA concentrations in feathers ranged from 0.47 in P. antarcticus to 17.4 ng/g dry weight (dw) in S. maccormicki. In eggs, ∑PFAA concentrations ranged from 3.51 in P. adeliae to 117 ng/g dw in S. maccormicki. The highest concentrations of most PFAAs were found in trans-equatorial migrators such as S. maccormicki, probably due their high trophic position and higher concentrations of PFAAs in the Northern Hemisphere compared to the Southern Hemisphere. Based on stable isotopes correlations, our results suggest that the trophic position (δ15N) and the foraging area (δ13C and δ34S) influence PFAAs concentrations in Antarctic seabirds. Our results point to the possibility that long-distance migratory birds may have as bio-vectors in the transport of pollutants, including PFCAs, in Antarctic environments, although this must be further confirmed in future studies using a mass balanced approach, such as extractable organofluorine (EOF).","https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2022.114157"
250,"Palmer, T. A., Klein, A. G., Sweet, S. T., Frazier, A. J., Montagna, P. A., Wade, T. L., & Pollack, J. B. (2022). Using epibenthic fauna as biomonitors of local marine contamination adjacent to McMurdo Station, Antarctica. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 178, 113621.","Ten benthic fauna taxa in a polluted marine area adjacent to McMurdo Station, Antarctica were deemed to be potential biomonitors because PCBs, DDTs, PAHs, copper, lead and/or zinc in their tissues were significantly higher than in tissues of taxa living in reference areas (p < 0.05). Concentrations of PCBs and DDT were highest in Trematomus (fish). Total PAH concentrations were highest in Alcyonium antarcticum (soft coral), Isotealia antarctica (anemone) and L. elliptica. Copper and lead concentrations were highest in Laternula elliptica (bivalve) and Flabegraviera mundata (polychaete), and lowest in Trematomus and Parbolasia corrugatus (nemertean). However, copper concentrations were even higher in the asteroids Perknaster fuscus antarcticus, Odontaster validus and Psilaster charcoti. Bioaccumulation factors for different species were highest for PCBs and DDT, and lowest for lead. Bioaccumulation of some contaminants are likely prevalent in benthic taxa at McMurdo Station, but concentrations are usually low relative to human consumption standards.","https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113621"
251,"Alfaro Garcia, L. A., Descamps, S., Herzke, D., Chastel, O., Carravieri, A., Cherel, Y., ... & Borgå, K. (2022). Bioaccumulation of per and polyfluoroalkyl substances in Antarctic breeding south polar skuas (Catharacta maccormicki) and their prey. Frontiers in Marine Science, 9, 819525.","Per and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are found in Antarctic wildlife, with high levels in the avian top predator south polar skua (Catharacta maccormicki). As increasing PFAS concentrations were found in the south polar skua during the breeding season in Antarctica, we hypothesised that available prey during the breeding period contributes significantly to the PFAS contamination in skuas. To test this, we compared PFAS in south polar skuas and their main prey from two breeding sites on opposite sides of the Antarctic continent: Antarctic petrel (Thalassoica antarctica) stomach content, eggs, chicks, and adults from Svarthamaren in Dronning Maud Land and Adélie penguin chicks (Pygoscelis adeliae) from Dumont d’Urville in Adélie Land. Of the 22 PFAS analysed, seven were present in the majority of samples, except petrel stomach content [only perfluoroundecanoate (PFUnA) present] and Adélie penguins (only four compounds present), with increasing concentrations from the prey to the skuas. The biomagnification factors (BMFs) were higher at Dumont d’Urville than Svarthamaren. When adjusted to reflect one trophic level difference, the BMFs at Svarthamaren remained the same, whereas the ones at Dumont d’Urville doubled. At both the colonies, the skua PFAS pattern was dominated by perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS), followed by PFUnA, but differed with the presence of branched PFOS and perfluorotetradecanoate (PFTeA) and lack of perfluorononanoate (PFNA) and perfluorodecanoate (PFDA) at Dumont d’Urville. At Svarthamaren, the pattern in the prey was comparable to the skuas, but with a higher relative contribution of PFTeA in prey. At Dumont d’Urville, the pattern in the prey differed from the skuas, with the domination of PFUnA and the general lack of PFOS in prey. Even though the PFAS levels are low in Antarctic year-round resident prey, the three lines of evidence (pattern, BMF difference, and BMF adjusted to one trophic level) suggest that the Antarctic petrel are the significant source of PFAS in the Svarthamaren skuas, whereas the skuas in Dumont d’Urville have other important sources to PFAS than Adélie penguin, either in the continent or external on the inter-breeding foraging grounds far from Antarctica.","https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.819525"
252,"Garnett, J., Halsall, C., Winton, H., Joerss, H., Mulvaney, R., Ebinghaus, R., ... & Wynn, P. (2022). Increasing accumulation of perfluorocarboxylate contaminants revealed in an antarctic firn core (1958–2017). Environmental Science & Technology, 56(16), 11246-11255.","Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) are synthetic chemicals with a variety of industrial and consumer applications that are now widely distributed in the global environment. Here, we report the measurement of six perfluorocarboxylates (PFCA, C4–C9) in a firn (granular compressed snow) core collected from a non-coastal, high-altitude site in Dronning Maud Land in Eastern Antarctica. Snow accumulation of the extracted core dated from 1958 to 2017, a period coinciding with the advent, use, and geographical shift in the global industrial production of poly/perfluoroalkylated substances, including PFAA. We observed increasing PFCA accumulation in snow over this time period, with chemical fluxes peaking in 2009–2013 for perfluorooctanoate (PFOA, C8) and nonanoate (PFNA, C9) with little evidence of a decline in these chemicals despite supposed recent global curtailments in their production. In contrast, the levels of perfluorobutanoate (PFBA, C4) increased markedly since 2000, with the highest fluxes in the uppermost snow layers. These findings are consistent with those previously made in the Arctic and can be attributed to chlorofluorocarbon replacements (e.g., hydrofluoroethers) as an inadvertent consequence of global regulation.","https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.2c02592"
253,"Zheng, Y., Han, B., Xu, X., & Zheng, L. (2022). Distribution characteristics, sources, and risk assessment of organochlorine pesticides in the Fildes Peninsula and Adelaide Island. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 185, 114284.","This work analyzed the distribution characteristics, sources, and corresponding environmental risks of 10 organochlorine pollutants (OCPs) in soil samples from 13 stations on the Fildes Peninsula and Adelaide Island in Antarctica in 2020. Results showed that the total amount of OCP residues in the study area ranged from N.D. to 2.66 ng·g−1 with an average concentration of 0.90 ng·g−1. Six organochlorine pesticides were detected, and the residue level of DDTs was slightly lower than that of HCHs. The residues of HCHs were mainly γ-HCH and those of DDTs were mainly O, P′-DDT. Source analysis revealed that the residues mainly originated from atmospheric transport and human activities. Environmental risk analysis showed that in the study area, the residues of HCHs and DDTs were present at low levels, and their ecological risk was low.","https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.114284"
254,"Zhang, X., Zhang, X., Zhang, Z. F., Yang, P. F., Li, Y. F., Cai, M., & Kallenborn, R. (2022). Pesticides in the atmosphere and seawater in a transect study from the Western Pacific to the Southern Ocean: The importance of continental discharges and air-seawater exchange. Water Research, 217, 118439.","The global oceans are known as terminal sink or secondary source for diffusive emission of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and selected current used pesticides (CUPs) into the overlaying atmosphere. Many pesticides have been widely produced worldwide, subsequently applied, and released into the environment. However, information on the occurrence patterns, spatial variability, and air-seawater exchange of pesticides is limited to easily accessible regions and, hence, only few studies are reported from the remote Southern Ocean. To fill this information gap, a large-scale ship-based sampling campaign was conducted. In the samples from this campaign, we measured concentrations of 221 pesticides. Both gaseous and aqueous samples were collected along a sampling transect from the western Pacific to the Southern Ocean (19.75° N-76.16° S) from November 2018 to March 2019. Twenty-seven individual pesticides were frequently (≥ 50%) detected in gaseous and aqueous samples. Tebuconazole, diphenylamine, myclobutanil, and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) dominated the composition profile in both phases. Spatial trends analysis in atmospheric and seawater concentrations showed a substantial level reduction from the western Pacific towards the Southern Ocean. Back-trajectory analysis showed that atmospheric pesticide concentrations were strongly influenced by air masses origins. Continental and riverine inputs are important sources of pesticides in the western Pacific and Indian Oceans. Atmospheric and seawater concentrations for the target pesticide residues in the Southern Ocean are low and evenly distributed due to the large distance from potential pollution sources as well as the effective isolation by the Antarctic Convergence (AC). Air-seawater fugacity ratios and fluxes indicated that the western Pacific and Indian Oceans were secondary sources for most pesticides emitted to the atmosphere, while the Southern Ocean was still considered to be a sink.","https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2022.118439"
255,"da Silva, J., Taniguchi, S., Colabuono, F. I., Leonel, J., Dalla Rosa, L., Secchi, E. R., ... & Lourenço, R. A. (2023). Mobilization of persistent organic pollutants in humpback whales: Insights from feeding areas in the Antarctic peninsula and Strait of Magellan to migration, breeding, and calving grounds along the Brazilian coast. Marine pollution bulletin, 194, 115448.","Southern Hemisphere Megaptera novaeangliae undertake the longest migration, which reflect their exposure to lipophilic contaminants. To assess these changes, persistent organic pollutants were analyzed in blubber samples of humpback whales from three regions: the Antarctic Peninsula (n = 46), the Strait of Magellan, Chile (n = 22), and the Brazilian coast (n = 38). The similarity in PCB and HCB levels between individuals from feeding grounds and breeding grounds suggests contamination during feeding. The whales around the Antarctic Peninsula exhibited a predominance of tetrachlorobiphenyl PCBs. Whales feeding in the Strait of Magellan showed a slight prevalence of 5Cl biphenyls, likely due to their consumption of subantarctic krill species as well as small fishes potentially contaminated by industrial activities in Chile. The dominance of 5-6Cl congeners in whales in Brazil, may be attributed to the extreme physiological changes during fasting when whales utilize blubber reserves and metabolize lighter congeners, or transfer them to their calves.","https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115448"
256,"Pala, N., Jiménez, B., Roscales, J. L., Bertolino, M., Baroni, D., Figuerola, B., ... & Corsolini, S. (2023). First evidence of legacy chlorinated POPs bioaccumulation in Antarctic sponges from the Ross sea and the South Shetland Islands. Environmental Pollution, 329, 121661.","Antarctica is no longer pristine due to the confirmed presence of anthropogenic contaminants like Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs). Benthic organisms are poorly represented in contamination studies in Antarctica although they are known to bioaccumulate contaminants. Sponges (Phylum Porifera) are dominant members in Antarctic benthos, both in terms of abundance and biomass, and are an important feeding source for other organisms, playing key functional roles in benthic communities. To the best of our knowledge, legacy chlorinated POPs such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and their metabolites have never been investigated in this Phylum in Antarctica. The aim of this work was to evaluate the bioaccumulation of PCBs, HCB, o,p’- and p,p’-DDT and their DDE and DDD isomers in 35 sponge samples, belonging to 17 different species, collected along the coast of Terra Nova Bay (Adèlie Cove and Tethys Bay, Ross Sea), and at Whalers Bay (Deception Island, South Shetland Islands) in Antarctica. Lipid content showed a significant correlation with the three pollutant classes. The overall observed pattern in the three study sites was ΣPCBs>ΣDDTs>HCB and it was found in almost every species. The ΣPCBs, ΣDDTs, and HCB ranged from 54.2 to 133.7 ng/g lipid weight (lw), from 17.5 to 38.6 ng/g lw and from 4.8 to 8.5 ng/g lw, respectively. Sponges showed contamination levels comparable to other Antarctic benthic organisms from previous studies. The comparison among sponges of the same species from different sites showed diverse patterns for PCBs only in one out of four cases. The concentration of POPs did not vary significantly among the three sites. The predominance of lower chlorinated organochlorines in the samples suggested that long-range atmospheric transportation (LRAT) could be the major driver of contamination as molecules with a high long range transport potential (e.g. low chlorinated PCBs, HCB) prevails on heavier ones.","https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121661"
257,"Vudamala, K., Chakraborty, P., Chatragadda, R., Tiwari, A. K., & Qureshi, A. (2023). Distribution of organochlorine pesticides in surface and deep waters of the Southern Indian Ocean and coastal Antarctic waters. Environmental Pollution, 321, 121206.","Antarctica is a remote and pristine region. Yet it plays a vital role in biogeochemical cycles of global anthropogenic contaminants, such as persistent organic pollution (POPs). This work reports the distribution of legacy and new POPs in surface and depth profiles/deeper water of the Southern Indian Ocean (SIO) and the coast of Antarctica (COA). Samples were collected during the 10th Indian Southern Ocean expedition (SOE-10) in the year 2017. Concentrations of ∑HCH (hexachlorocyclohexane), ∑DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane), and ∑ENDO (endosulfan) in surface seawater from the SIO region ranged between not detected (ND) to 1.21 pg/Liter (pg L−1) (average. ± s.d.: 0.35 ± 0.42 pg L−1), ND to 1.83 pg L−1 (0.69 ± 84 pg L−1), and ND - to 2.06 pg L−1 (0.56 ± 0., 88 pg L−1), respectively. The concentrations of ∑HCH, ∑DDT, and ∑ENDO in COA ranged from ND to 0.98 pg L−1 (0.25 ± 0.27 pg L−1), ND to 3.61 pg L−1(0.50 ± 1.08 pg L−1), and ND to 2.09 pg L−1 (0.45 ± 0.84 pg L−1), respectively. Concentrations of isomers of endosulfan, and largely of HCHs, suggested an aged source. Some concentration ratios of α-to γ-HCH were close to 1, indicating a contribution from ongoing sources. Results indicate the important role of ocean currents in mediating the transport and detection of OCPs. As such, OCPs dynamics in deeper oceans may play an important role in OCPs cycling in the marine environment.","https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121206"
258,"Galbán-Malagón, C., Gómez-Aburto, V. A., Hirmas-Olivares, A., Luarte, T., Berrojalbiz, N., & Dachs, J. (2023). Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) levels in air and surface sea waters along the Antarctic Peninsula. Marine pollution bulletin, 197, 115699.","Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are widespread worldwide, even reaching polar regions. Among POPs, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and their metabolites have been reported scarcely in the Antarctic environment. Here we report the levels of p,p′-DDT, o,p′-DDT, p,p′-DDE, and o,p′-DDE in air and water samples collected during austral summer 2009. The levels found ranged from 0.25 to 4.26 pg m−3 in the atmospheric samples while in the water samples ranged from 0.07 to 0.25 pg L−1. These concentrations were within the range of the reported concentrations in the last 20 years in Antarctica. However, the source ratio showed that most of p,p′-DDT comes from fresh applications and Dicofol formulations. The back-trajectories estimated for the air masses revealed that most of the p,p′-DDT came from the continental Antarctic peninsula and surrounding waters. The diffusive exchange direction showed that Antarctic surface waters are the final sink of the studied compounds during the survey period.","https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115699"
259,"Xuan, Z., Ma, Y., Zhang, J., Zhu, J., & Cai, M. (2023). Dissolved legacy and emerging organochlorine pesticides in the Antarctic marginal seas: Occurrence, sources and transport. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 187, 114511.","Polar regions are recognized as final sinks of the persistent contaminants, however, environmental investigations in the Antarctica are greatly limited by harsh field conditions. In this study, seawater samples were collected in the Antarctic marginal seas during the austral summer of 2021 to investigate the environmental behavior and fate of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs). The concentrations and source markers of representative legacy hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs) indicated the coexistent sources of historical residues and fresh inputs. While the emerging OCPs, including quintozene, pentachloroaniline and dichlobenil, showed relatively lower detection frequency. Due to the differences in temperature and sea ice coverage, dissolved OCPs generally displayed higher concentrations in the eastern Antarctic than those in the western Antarctic. The ‘surface depleted and depth enrichment’ vertical profile of representative OCPs in the continental shelf of Prydz Bay was jointly controlled by biological pump and water mass structure.","https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.114511"
260,"Stark, J. S., Johnstone, G. J., King, C., Raymond, T., Rutter, A., Stark, S. C., & Townsend, A. T. (2023). Contamination of the marine environment by Antarctic research stations: Monitoring marine pollution at Casey station from 1997 to 2015. Plos one, 18(8), e0288485.","The contamination of the marine environment surrounding coastal Antarctic research stations remains insufficiently understood in terms of its extent, persistence, and characteristics. We investigated the presence of contaminants in marine sediments near Casey Station, located in the Windmill Islands of East Antarctica, during the period spanning from 1997 to 2015. Metals, hydrocarbons, PBDEs, PCBs, and nutrients were measured in sediments at anthropogenically disturbed sites, including the wastewater outfall, the wharf area, two former waste disposal sites, and various control locations. Sampling was carried out at three spatial scales: Locations, which were generally kilometres apart and formed the primary scale for comparison; Sites, which were 100 meters apart within each location; and Plots, which were 10 meters apart within each site. Consistently higher concentrations of most contaminants, and in some cases nutrients, were observed at disturbed locations. Some locations also exhibited an increase in contaminant concentrations over time. The spatial distribution of sediment properties (such as grain size and organic matter) and contaminants displayed intricate patterns of variation. Variation in grain size depended on the size category, with fine grains (e.g., <63 μm) showing the greatest variation at the Location scale, while coarse grains exhibited minimal variation at this scale. Contaminant levels demonstrated significant differences between Locations, accounting for approximately 55% of the overall variation for metals, while the variation within the 10-meter scale generally exceeded that within the 100-meter scale. Residual variation among replicate samples was also very high, demonstrating the need for adequate replication in studies of sediments and contaminants around stations. Some contaminants exceeded international guidelines for sediment quality, including metals, hydrocarbons, and PCBs. We conclude that Antarctic research stations such as Casey are likely to pose a moderate level of long-term ecological risk to local marine ecosystems through marine pollution. However, contamination is expected to be confined to areas in close proximity to the stations, although its extent and concentration are anticipated to increase with time. Raising awareness of the contamination risks associated with Antarctic stations and implementing monitoring programs for marine environments adjacent to these stations can contribute to informed decision-making and the improvement of environmental management practices in Antarctica.","https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0288485"
261,"Wang, P., Meng, W., Zhang, W., Fu, M., Li, Y., Yang, R., ... & Jiang, G. (2023). Source identification of PCBs in Antarctic air by compound-specific isotope analysis of chlorine (CSIA-Cl) using HRGC/HRMS. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 448, 130907.","Occurrence of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the Polar Regions has received great concern in the past several decades due to their long-term adverse effect on biological health in such a fragile environment. However, there is still argument over their source and fate in these pristine areas. Here we attempted to use a novel approach (compound-specific isotope analysis of chlorine, CSIA-Cl) to identify the source of POPs in Antarctic air by comparison with the source area. The results showed that the relative isotope-ratio variation of Cl (δ37Cl′) values showed a large variation from − 137 to 9.04 ‰ in the gas-phase samples, and a significantly negative correlation (p < 0.01) was obtained against the logKoa values of PCBs. There were no significant correlations (p > 0.05) observed between the δ37Cl′ values and meteorological parameters except for PCB-28 which showed temperature dependence. By contrast, the δ37Cl′ values in the urban (Beijing) air ranged from − 12.8 to 2.03 ‰. The larger variation of δ37Cl′ in Antarctic air indicated evidently influence of long-range atmospheric transport (LRAT) on isotopologue fractionation of PCBs. This study may shed light on the application of CSIA-Cl for source identification of chlorinated POPs on a large scale.","https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.130907"
262,"Casas, G., Iriarte, J., D'Agostino, L. A., Roscales, J. L., Martinez-Varela, A., Vila-Costa, M., ... & Dachs, J. (2023). Inputs, amplification and sinks of perfluoroalkyl substances at coastal Antarctica. Environmental Pollution, 338, 122608.","The sources, biogeochemical controls and sinks of perfluoroalkyl substances, such as perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs), in polar coastal regions are largely unknown. These were evaluated by measuring a large multi-compartment dataset of PFAAs concentrations at coastal Livingston and Deception Islands (maritime Antarctica) during three austral summers. PFAAs were abundant in atmospheric-derived samples (aerosols, rain, snow), consistent with the importance of atmospheric deposition as an input of PFAAs to Antarctica. Such PFAAs deposition was unequivocally demonstrated by the occurrence of PFAAs in small Antarctic lakes. Several lines of evidence supported the relevant amplification of PFAAs concentrations in surface waters driven by snow scavenging of sea-spray aerosol-bound PFAAs followed by snow-melting. For example, vertical profiles showed higher PFAAs concentrations at lower-salinity surface seawaters, and PFAAs concentrations in snow were significantly higher than in seawater. The higher levels of PFAAs at Deception Island than at Livingston Island are consistent with the semi-enclosed nature of the bay. Concentrations of PFOS decreased from 2014 to 2018, consistent with observations in other oceans. The sink of PFAAs due to the biological pump, transfer to the food web, and losses due to sea-spray aerosols alone are unlikely to have driven the decrease in PFOS concentrations. An exploratory assessment of the potential sinks of PFAAs suggests that microbial degradation of perfluoroalkyl sulfonates should be a research priority for the evaluation of PFAAs persistence in the coming decade.","https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122608"
263,"Dong, C., Zhang, Q., Xiong, S., Yang, R., Pei, Z., Li, Y., & Jiang, G. (2023). Occurrence and Trophic Transfer of Polychlorinated Naphthalenes (PCNs) in the Arctic and Antarctic Benthic Marine Food Webs. Environmental Science & Technology, 57(44), 17076-17086.","Information about the occurrence and trophic transfer of polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) in polar ecosystems is vital but scarce. In this study, PCNs were analyzed in benthic marine sediment and several biological species, collected around the Chinese polar scientific research stations in Svalbard in the Arctic and South Shetland Island in Antarctica. Total PCNs in biota ranged from 28 to 249 pg/g of lipid weight (lw) and from 11 to 284 pg/g lw in the Arctic and Antarctic regions, respectively. The concentrations and toxic equivalent (TEQ) of PCNs in polar marine matrices remained relatively low, and the compositions were dominated by lower chlorinated homologues (mono- to trichlorinated naphthalenes). Trophic magnification factors (TMFs) were calculated for congeners, homologues, and total PCNs in the polar benthic marine food webs. Opposite PCN transfer patterns were observed in the Arctic and Antarctic regions, i.e., trophic dilution and trophic magnification, respectively. This is the first comprehensive study of PCN trophic transfer behaviors in remote Arctic and Antarctic marine regions, providing support for further investigations of the biological trophodynamics and ecological risks of PCNs.","https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.3c03982"
264,"Luarte, T., Hirmas-Olivares, A., Höfer, J., Giesecke, R., Mestre, M., Guajardo-Leiva, S., ... & Galbán-Malagón, C. (2024). Occurrence and diffusive air-seawater exchanges of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in Fildes Bay, King George Island, Antarctica. Science of the Total Environment, 908, 168323.","We report the levels of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in seawater and air, and the air-sea dynamics through diffusive exchange analysis in Fildes Bay, King George Island, Antarctica, between November 2019 and January 30, 2020. Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) was the most abundant compound in both air and seawater with concentrations around 39 ± 2.1 pg m−3 and 3.2 ± 2.4 pg L−1 respectively. The most abundant PCB congener was PCB 11, with a mean of 3.16 ± 3.7 pg m−3 in air and 2.0 ± 1.1 pg L−1 in seawater. The fugacity gradient estimated for the OCP compounds indicate a predominance of net atmospheric deposition for HCB, α-HCH, γ-HCH, 4,4′-DDT, 4,4′-DDE and close to equilibrium for the PeCB compound. The observed deposition of some OCs may be driven by high biodegradation rates and/or settling fluxes decreasing the concentration of these compounds in surface waters, which is supported by the capacity of microbial consortium to degrade some of these compounds. The estimated fugacity gradients for PCBs showed differences between congeners, with net volatilization predominating for PCB-9, a trend close to equilibrium for PCB congeners 11, 28, 52, 101, 118, 138, and 153, and deposition for PCB 180. Snow amplification may play an important role for less hydrophobic PCBs, with volatilization predominating after snow/glacier melting. As hydrophobicity increases, the biological pump decreases the concentration of PCBs in seawater, reversing the fugacity gradient to atmospheric deposition. This study highlights the potential impacts of climate change, through glacier retreat, on the biogeochemistry of POPs, remobilizing those compounds previously trapped within the cryosphere which in turn will transform the Antarctic cryosphere into a secondary source of the more volatile POPs in coastal areas, influenced by snow and ice melting.","https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168323"
265,"MacKeown, H., Scapuzzi, C., Baglietto, M., Benedetti, B., Di Carro, M., & Magi, E. (2024). Wastewater and seawater monitoring in Antarctica: Passive sampling as a powerful strategy to evaluate emerging pollution. Science of the Total Environment, 925, 171755.","The Ross Sea, among the least human-impacted marine environments worldwide, recently became the first marine protected area in Antarctica.

To assess the impact of the Italian research station Mario Zucchelli (MZS) on the surrounding waters, passive sampling – as well as spot sampling for comparison – took place in the effluent of the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) and the receiving surface marine waters. Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Samplers (POCIS) were deployed for six consecutive 2-week periods from November to February in a reservoir collecting the wastewater effluent. Passive samplers were also deployed at shallow depth offshore from the wastewater effluent outlet from MZS for two separate 3-week periods (November 2021 and January 2022). Grab water samples were collected alongside each POCIS deployment, for comparison with passive sampling results.

POCIS, used for the first time in Antarctica, demonstrated to be advantageous to estimate time-averaged concentrations in waters and the results were comparable to those obtained by repeated spot samplings. Among the 23 studied ECs – including drugs, UV-filters, perfluorinated substances, caffeine – 15 were detected in both grab and passive sampling in the WWTP effluent and followed similar concentration profiles in both types of sampling. High concentrations of caffeine, naproxen and ketoprofen in the dozens of μg L−1 were detected. Other compounds, including drugs and several UV filters, were detected down to sub- μg L−1 concentrations. In marine waters close to the effluent output, only traces of a drug (4.8 ng L−1) and two UV filters (up to 0.04 μg L−1) were quantified.","https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171755"
266,"de Assis Padilha, J., dos Santos, S. P., Willems, T., Souza-Kasprzyk, J., Leite, A., Cunha, L., ... & Groffen, T. (2024). Assessing the Trophic Ecology and Migration on the Exposure of Cape Petrels and Wilson's Storm Petrels from Antarctica to Perfluoroalkylated Substances and Trace Elements.","Chemical pollution is a global concern as contaminants are transported and reach even the remote regions of Antarctica. Seabirds serve as important sentinels of pollution due to their high trophic position and wide distribution. This study examines the influence of migration and trophic ecology on the exposure of two Antarctic seabirds, Wilson's storm petrel (Oceanites oceanicus - Ooc), and Cape petrel (Daption capense - Dca), to chemical elements and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). Our methodology involved assessing the concentration of these pollutants in feather samples obtained from carcasses, offering a practical means for monitoring contamination. Trace and major element concentrations were comparable in both species, suggesting that migratory patterns have a minimal impact on exposure levels. However, Ooc had higher concentration of PFAS compared to Dca (mean, ng g−1dry weight, PFOA: Ooc:0.710, Dca:0.170; PFTrDA: Ooc:0.550, Dca:0.360, and PFTeDA: Ooc:1.01, Dca:0.190), indicating that migration to the more polluted Northern Hemisphere significantly affects PFAS exposure. Furthermore, while no strong associations were found between either trace elements or PFAS and the three stable isotopes (δ13C, δ15N, and δ34S), a negative association was observed between PFUnDA and δ15N, hinting at potential biodilution. The research concludes that the migratory patterns of these seabird species affect their PFAS exposure, underscoring the critical need for further exploration and understanding of these relationships to better inform conservation strategies.","https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2023.117827"
267,"Pala, N., Vorkamp, K., Bossi, R., Ancora, S., Ademollo, N., Baroni, D., ... & Corsolini, S. (2024). Chemical threats for the sentinel Pygoscelis adeliae from the Ross Sea (Antarctica): Occurrence and levels of persistent organic pollutants (POPs), perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and mercury within the largest marine protected area worldwide. Science of The Total Environment, 174562.","The Ross Sea Marine Protected Area (RS-MPA) hosts endemic species that have to cope with multiple threats,
including chemical contamination. Ad`elie penguin is considered a good sentinel species for monitoring pollutants. Here, 23 unhatched eggs, collected from three colonies along the Ross Sea coasts, were analysed to provide
updated results on legacy pollutants and establish a baseline for newer ones. Average sum of polychlorinated
biphenyls (
∑PCBs) at the three colonies ranged 20.9–24.3 ng/g lipid weight (lw) and included PCBs IUPAC nos.
28, 118, 153, 138, 180. PCBs were dominated by hexachlorinated congeners as previously reported. Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and p,p’-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (p,p’-DDE) ranged between 134 and 166 an 181–228 ng/g lw, respectively. Overall, ∑PCBs was exceeded by pesticides, contrary to previous studies from the Ross Sea. Sum of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (∑PBDEs) ranged between 0.90 and 1.18 ng/g lw and
consisted of BDE-47 (that prevailed as expected, representing 60–80 % of the ∑PBDEs) and BDE-85. Sum of
perfluoroalkyl substances (∑PFAS) ranged from 1.04 to 1.53 ng/g wet weight and comprised five long-chain
perfluorinated carboxylic acids (PFCAs), perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS)
and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA); perfluorooctane sulfonamide (PFOSA) was also detected. The PFAS profile
was dominated by PFCAs as already observed in Arctic seabirds. Mercury ranged from 0.07 to 0.15 mg/kg dry
weight similarly to previous studies. Legacy pollutants confirmed their ongoing presence in Antarctic biota and
their levels seemed mostly in line with the past, but with minor variations in some cases, likely due to continued
input or release from past reservoirs. PFAS were reported for the first time in penguins from the Ross Sea,
highlighting their ubiquity. Although further studies would be useful to increase the sample size and accordingly
improve our knowledge on spatial and temporal trends, this study provides interesting data for future monitoring
programs within the RS-MPA that will be crucial to test its effectiveness against human impacts.","https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174562"
268,"Gebru, T. B., Zhang, Q., Dong, C., Hao, Y., Li, C., Yang, R., ... & Jiang, G. (2024). The long-term spatial and temporal distributions of polychlorinated naphthalene air concentrations in Fildes Peninsula, West Antarctica. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 463, 132824.","The knowledge of polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) in the Antarctic atmosphere is quite limited compared to the Arctic. PCNs are a global concern because of their PBT characteristics (i.e., persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic) and severe and often deadly biological effects on people and other animals. Therefore, the present study used a passive air sampling method to conduct long-term air monitoring of PCNs for almost a decade from 2013 to 2022, specifically on Fildes Peninsula, situated on King George Island, located in West Antarctica. The median sum of mono-CNs to octa-CN concentration (∑75PCNs) in the Antarctic atmosphere was 12.4 pg/m3. In terms of homologues, mono-CNs to tri-CNs predominated. Among these, the prevalent congeners observed were PCN-1 and PCN-2, originating from mono-CNs, followed by PCN-5/7 from di-CNs, and PCN-24/14 from tri-CNs, respectively. Between 2013 and 2022, the total levels of PCNs were found to have decreased approximately fourfold. Ratio analyses and principal component analysis (PCA) showed that the long-range atmospheric transport and combustion-related sources as the potential PCN sources in the study area. This paper provides the most up-to-date temporal trend analysis of PCNs in the Antarctic continent and is the first to document all 75 congeners (mono-CNs to octa-CN homologue groups).","https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132824"
269,"Costa, Letícia R. and Salvador, María de la Luz Tovar and Pintado-Herrera, Marina G. and Albergaria-Barbosa, Ana Cecília and Martins, C. C. and Lourenço, Rafael A. and Combi, Tatiane, Legacy and Novel Contaminants in Surface Sediments of Admiralty Bay, Antarctica Peninsula.","Despite being one of the most remote areas on the planet, the Antarctic continent is subject to anthropogenic influences. The presence of various groups of contaminants, including persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), has been documented in the region over the past decades. However, a significant knowledge gap remains regarding the detection of new pollutants, such as emerging contaminants (ECs), in Antarctic coastal environments. This study analyzed the occurrence and levels of selected POPs, PAHs, ECs in surface sediments from Admiralty Bay, Antarctica Peninsula. Non-target screening was employed to identify potential novel contaminants in the region. Samples (n=17) were extracted using an accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) system and instrumental analyses were performed using gas chromatography coupled to a triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer (GC/MS-MS). Regarding regulated contaminants, concentrations of Σ5PCBs ranged from <LD to 0.5 ng g-1, while Σ16PAHs ranged from 2.6 to 617.4 ng g-1. These compounds were predominant in the Martel inlet, suggesting influences of local input sources, especially for PAHs. ECs were detected in some sites of the Ezcurra and Martel inlets, especially nearby the Brazilian and Polish research stations. The UV filters homosalate (0.3 to 251.3 ng g-1) and octocrylene (0.7 to 93.8 ng g-1) were the most abundant EC, followed by TPP (0.1 to 87.4 ng g-1) and galaxolide (0.2 to 55.0 ng g-1). Applying non-target analysis, phthalates, and the fragrance OTNE (octahydro-tetramethyl-naphthalenyl-ethanone) were identified for the first time in Antarctic sediments. The data highlights the contribution of human activities in the region, possibly through wastewater effluents. This study provides data on the current levels of PAHs and POPs in the region, which are steadily decreasing over the years.","https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4839908"
270,"Xiong, S., Fu, J., Dong, C., Pei, Z., Yang, R., Li, Y., ... & Jiang, G. (2024). Bioaccumulation and Trophodynamics of Novel Brominated Flame Retardants (NBFRs) in Marine Food Webs from the Arctic and Antarctic Regions. Environmental Science & Technology, 58(15), 6804-6813.","The pervasive contamination of novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) in remote polar ecosystems has attracted great attention in recent research. However, understanding regarding the trophic transfer behavior of NBFRs in the Arctic and Antarctic marine food webs is limited. In this study, we examined the occurrence and trophodynamics of NBFRs in polar benthic marine sediment and food webs collected from areas around the Chinese Arctic Yellow River Station (n = 57) and Antarctic Great Wall Station (n = 94). ∑7NBFR concentrations were in the range of 1.27–7.47 ng/g lipid weight (lw) and 0.09–1.56 ng/g lw in the Arctic and Antarctic marine biota, respectively, among which decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) was the predominant compound in all sample types. The biota–sediment bioaccumulation factors (g total organic carbon/g lipid) of NBFRs in the Arctic (0.85–3.40) were 4-fold higher than those in the Antarctica (0.13–0.61). Trophic magnification factors (TMFs) and their 95% confidence interval (95% CI) of individual NBFRs ranged from 0.43 (95% CI: 0.32, 0.60) to 1.32 (0.92, 1.89) and from 0.34 (0.24, 0.49) to 0.92 (0.56, 1.51) in the Arctic and Antarctic marine food webs, respectively. The TMFs of most congeners were significantly lower than 1, indicating a trophic dilution potential. This is one of the very few investigations on the trophic transfer of NBFRs in remote Arctic and Antarctic marine ecosystems, which provides a basis for exploring the ecological risks of NBFRs in polar regions.","https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.3c10982"
271,"Cheng, G., Li, R., Xu, Y., Hou, C., Jia, X., Li, B., ... & Na, G. (2024). Occurrence and fugacity model simulation of organophosphate esters in atmosphere-soil-vegetation, Fildes peninsula, Antarctica. Journal of Environmental Sciences.","The harsh natural environment of Antarctica has led to a lack of research on the presence and transport mechanisms of organophosphate esters (OPEs) within its ecosystem. In this study, we analyzed levels of 11 OPEs in air, soil, and vegetation samples collected during the 2018–2019 Chinese 35th Antarctic Scientific Expedition. Additionally, a level III fugacity model was developed to simulate the movement and fate of detected OPEs in the air, soil, and vegetation of the Fildes Peninsula. Our model indicated that the primary OPE-migration pathway was from the atmosphere to the soil. OPE transportation primarily occurred through atmospheric wet deposition and rainwater dissolution. Among the 20 transport and transformation processes, atmospheric degradation was the most significant loss mechanism. The proposed model provides a method for continued investigation into the fate of OPEs in the Fildes Peninsula ecosystem.","https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2024.05.043"
272,"Papale, M., Giannarelli, S., Azzaro di Rosamarina, M., Ghezzi, L., Lo Giudice, A., & Rizzo, C. (2024). Chemical and microbiological insights into two littoral Antarctic demosponge species: Haliclona (Rhizoniera) dancoi (Topsent 1901) and Haliclona (Rhizoniera) scotti (Kirkpatrick 1907). Frontiers in Microbiology, 15, 1341641.","Introduction: Antarctic Porifera have gained increasing interest as hosts of diversified associated microbial communities that could provide interesting insights on the holobiome system and its relation with environmental parameters. Methods: The Antarctic demosponge species Haliclona dancoi and Haliclona scotti were targeted for the determination of persistent organic pollutant (i. e., polychlorobiphenyls, PCBs, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, PAHs) and trace metal concentrations, along with the characterization of the associated prokaryotic communities by the 16S rRNA next generation sequencing, to evaluate possible relationships between pollutant accumulation (e.g., as a stress factor) and prokaryotic community composition in Antarctic sponges. To the best of our knowledge, this approach has been never applied before. Results: Notably, both chemical and microbiological data on H. scotti (a quite rare species in the Ross Sea) are here reported for the first time, as well as the determination of PAHs in Antarctic Porifera. Both sponge species generally contained higher amounts of pollutants than the surrounding sediment and seawater, thus demonstrating their accumulation capability. The structure of the associated prokaryotic communities, even if differing at order and genus levels between the two sponge species, was dominated by Proteobacteria and Bacteroidota (with Archaea abundances that were negligible) and appeared in sharp contrast to communities inhabiting the bulk environment. Discussions: Results suggested that some bacterial groups associated with H. dancoi and H. scotti were significantly (positively or negatively) correlated to the occurrence of certain contaminants.","https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2024.1341641"
273,"Mollier, M., Bustamante, P., Martinez-Alvarez, I., Schull, Q., Labadie, P., Budzinski, H., ... & Carravieri, A. (2024). Blood kinetics of lipophilic and proteinophilic pollutants during two types of long-term fast in king penguins. Environmental Science & Technology, 58(14), 6138-6148.","In vertebrates, fasting is an intricate physiological process associated with strong metabolic changes, yet its effect on pollutant residue variation is poorly understood. Here, we quantified long-term changes in plasma concentrations of 20 organochlorine and 16 perfluoroalkyl pollutants in king penguins Aptenodytes patagonicus during the breeding and molting fasts, which are marked by low and high levels of protein catabolism, respectively, and by strong lipid use. The profile of measured pollutants in plasma was dominated by perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS, initial relative contribution of 60%). Initial total pollutant concentrations were similar in molting (3.3–5.7 ng g–1 ww) and breeding penguins (range of 4.2–7.3 ng g–1 wet weight, ww). Long-term fasting (25 days) for molting and breeding led, respectively, to a 1.8- and 2.2-fold increase in total plasma pollutant concentrations, although the rate and direction of change were compound-specific. Hexachlorbenzene (HCB) and PFOS concentrations increased in plasma (net mobilization) during both types of fasting, likely due to lipid use. Plasma perfluoroundecanoate (PFUnDA) and perfluorotridecanoate (PFTrDA) concentrations increased in breeders (net mobilization) but decreased in molting individuals (net excretion), suggesting a significant incorporation of these pollutants into feathers. This study is a key contribution to our understanding of pollutant variation in blood during long-term fasting in wildlife.","https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.3c10822"
274,"Iwata, H., Tanabe, S., Sakai, N., & Tatsukawa, R. (1993). Distribution of persistent organochlorines in the oceanic air and surface seawater and the role of ocean on their global transport and fate. Environmental Science & Technology, 27(6), 1080-1098.","Concentrations of organochlorines such as hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), DDTs, chlordanes, and PCBs were determined in the air and surface water from various oceans in 1989-1990, for understanding their recent distribution and the role of ocean in the long-range atmospheric transport and fate on global terms. The atmospheric concentrations were found to be still higher in the Northern Hemisphere than in the Southern Hemisphere, although the distribution pattern suggested the shift or expansion of their major sources from the mid to low latitudes during the last decade. In surface water, HCHs showed a considerable contamination over 40° N, whereas DDTs were higher near tropical Asia. Chlordanes and PCBs exhibited rather uniform distributions in both the hemispheres. Estimations of fluxes by gas exchange across the air-water interface gave insight into the dispersal of organochlorines through oceanic atmosphere depending on their Henry’s law constants and the tendency of more transportable ones to deposit into the cold waters as an ultimate sink.","https://doi.org/10.1021/es00043a007"
275,"Corsolini, S., Romeo, T., Ademollo, N., Greco, S., & Focardi, S. (2002). POPs in key species of marine Antarctic ecosystem. Microchemical journal, 73(1-2), 187-193.","Remote areas including the Polar regions were considered to be pristine until contamination was first documented in the 1970's. Given the fact that the xenobiotics detected in polar ecosystems are persistent and toxic, investigating the presence of these chemicals in a pristine environment such as Antarctica has become a priority. In specimens of the most important key species of Antarctic marine food web, Euphausia superba and Pleuragramma antarcticum sampled in the Ross Sea, we evaluated concentrations of the following persistent organic pollutants: polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), chlorinated pesticides such as hexachlorobenzene (HCB), and p,p′-DDE. Sampling was carried out in the framework of the Italian National Program for Research in Antarctica (PNRA) from 1999 to 2000. PCB concentrations were higher than HCB and p,p′-DDE by two orders of magnitude; levels of HCB and p,p′-DDE, in the range of 1–5 ng/g wet weight, were low compared to those reported for species in lower latitude marine environments. PCBs values were comparable to those determined in moderately contaminated areas. PCB fingerprints and patterns of isomer classes showed a predominance of low-chlorinated PCBs: tri-, tetra- and penta-CB congeners constituted more than 50% of the total residue in krill and larvae and less than 50% in adult silverfish. The pattern seems common to that of Kanechlor, a technical mixture used mostly in Japan and other Eastern Asian countries that are roughly at the same longitude of the Ross Sea.","https://doi.org/10.1016/S0026-265X(02)00063-2"
276,"Klánová, J., Matykiewiczová, N., Máčka, Z., Prošek, P., Láska, K., & Klán, P. (2008). Persistent organic pollutants in soils and sediments from James Ross Island, Antarctica. Environmental Pollution, 152(2), 416-423.","Soil and sediment samples from James Ross Island were analyzed for their PCB, OCP and PAH contents. Soil concentrations ranged between 0.51 and 1.82 ng g−1 for seven indicator PCB congeners, between 0.49 and 1.34 ng g−1 for HCH congeners, between 0.51 and 3.68 ng g−1 for the sum of p,p′-DDT, DDE, and DDD, and between 34.9 and 171 ng g−1 for the sum of 16 EPA PAHs. Sediment levels from 0.32 to 0.83 ng g−1 were found for PCBs, from 0.14 to 0.76 ng g−1 for HCHs, from 0.19 to 1.15 ng g−1 for DDTs, and from 1.4 to 205 ng g−1 for PAHs. A prevalence of low-mass PAHs, less chlorinated PCBs, and more volatile chemicals indicates that the long-range atmospheric transport from populated areas of Africa, South America, and Australia is the most probable contamination source for the solid matrices in James Ross Island.","https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2007.06.026"
277,"Goutte, A., Barbraud, C., Meillère, A., Carravieri, A., Bustamante, P., Labadie, P., ... & Chastel, O. (2014). Demographic consequences of heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants in a vulnerable long-lived bird, the wandering albatross. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 281(1787), 20133313.","Seabirds are top predators of the marine environment that accumulate contaminants over a long life-span. Chronic exposure to pollutants is thought to compromise survival rate and long-term reproductive outputs in these long-lived organisms, thus inducing population decline. However, the demographic consequences of contaminant exposure are largely theoretical because of the dearth of long-term datasets. This study aims to test whether adult survival rate, return to the colony and long-term breeding performance were related to blood mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd) and persistent organic pollutants (POPs), by using a capture–mark–recapture dataset on the vulnerable wandering albatross Diomedea exulans. We did not find evidence for any effect of contaminants on adult survival probability. However, blood Hg and POPs negatively impacted long-term breeding probability, hatching and fledging probabilities. The proximate mechanisms underlying these deleterious effects are likely multifaceted, through physiological perturbations and interactions with reproductive costs. Using matrix population models, we projected a demographic decline in response to an increase in Hg or POPs concentrations. This decline in population growth rate could be exacerbated by other anthropogenic perturbations, such as climate change, disease and fishery bycatch. This study gives a new dimension to the overall picture of environmental threats to wildlife populations.","https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.3313"
278,"Fromant, A., Carravieri, A., Bustamante, P., Labadie, P., Budzinski, H., Peluhet, L., ... & Cherel, Y. (2016). Wide range of metallic and organic contaminants in various tissues of the Antarctic prion, a planktonophagous seabird from the Southern Ocean. Science of the Total Environment, 544, 754-764.","Trace elements (n = 14) and persistent organic pollutants (POPs, n = 30) were measured in blood, liver, kidney, muscle and feathers of 10 Antarctic prions (Pachyptila desolata) from Kerguelen Islands, southern Indian Ocean, in order to assess their concentrations, tissue distribution, and inter-tissue and inter-contaminant relationships. Liver, kidney and feathers presented the highest burdens of arsenic, cadmium and mercury, respectively. Concentrations of cadmium, copper, iron, and zinc correlated in liver and muscle, suggesting that uptake and pathways of metabolism and storage were similar for these elements. The major POPs were 4,4′-DDE, mirex, PCB-153 and PCB-138. The concentrations and tissue distribution patterns of environmental contaminants were overall in accordance with previous results in other seabirds. Conversely, some Antarctic prions showed surprisingly high concentrations of BDE-209. This compound has been rarely observed in seabirds before, and its presence in Antarctic prions could be due to the species feeding habits or to the ingestion of plastic debris. Overall, the study shows that relatively lower trophic level seabirds (zooplankton-eaters) breeding in the remote southern Indian Ocean are exposed to a wide range of environmental contaminants, in particular cadmium, selenium and some emerging-POPs, which merits further toxicological investigations.","https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.11.114"
279,"Kim, D. H., Lee, H., Kim, K., Kim, S., Kim, J. H., Ko, Y. W., ... & Kim, J. T. (2024). Persistent organic pollutants in the Antarctic marine environment: The influence impacts of human activity, regulations, and climate change. Environmental Pollution, 363, 125100.","This study investigates the presence, distribution, and potential impacts of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) on the Antarctic marine environment. The analysis results from the King Sejong Station, the Jang Bogo Station, and Cape Evans revealed the highest concentrations of both PFASs and HBCDs at King Sejong Station, indicating the significant influence of human activity. Short-chain perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs) dominated the seawater samples, with PFPeA at the highest concentration (0.076 ng/L) at King Sejong Station, whereas perfluorosulfonic acids (PFSAs) were prevalent in the sediments, with PFHxS reaching 0.985 ng/g. Total PFASs in benthos ranged from N.D. to 2.40 ng/g ww across all stations. This indicated the effects of long-range transport and glacial meltwater. α-HBCD was the most common diastereomer in benthos samples, detected in 58.3% of samples, suggesting its selective persistency. Although risk quotient analysis revealed low immediate risks to lower-trophic organisms, potential risks remain owing to their persistence and bioaccumulation potential. Contaminant patterns changed after regulations: perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) levels decreased, unregulated PFASs increased, HBCD stereoisomer ratios shifted towards α-HBCD dominance, and overall HBCD concentrations declined. Widespread persistence of regulated substances was observed in Antarctic environments, highlighting the need for comprehensive and long-term monitoring strategies. This study provides essential baseline data on contaminant distributions across the Southern Ocean, contributing to our understanding of emerging pollutants in Antarctic regions and informing future environmental protection efforts.","https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2024.125100"
280,"Dong, C., Zhang, G., Pei, Z., Yang, R., Li, Y., Zhang, Q., & Jiang, G. (2024). Organophosphate esters in terrestrial environments of Fildes Peninsula, Antarctica: Occurrence, potential sources, and bioaccumulation. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 478, 135519.","Despite growing concerns regarding the long-range transport (LRT) and ecological risks of organophosphate esters (OPEs), information on the environmental behaviors of OPEs in polar terrestrial ecosystems remains inadequate. In the present study, 10 OPEs were analyzed in soil and vegetation samples collected from Fildes Peninsula, Antarctica. The OPE concentrations in Antarctic soils, mosses, and lichens ranged from 0.87 to 15.7 ng/g dry weight (dw), 9.8 to 113 ng/g dw, and 3.6 to 75.2 ng/g dw, respectively. Non-chlorinated OPEs predominated in terrestrial matrices, accounting for approximately 76 % of the OPE composition. Source identification indicated that OPE contamination in Antarctica likely resulted from local anthropogenic sources and LRT. Moreover, the bioaccumulation behavior of OPEs from soil to vegetation was assessed using bioconcentration factors (BCFs), revealing a significant non-linear trend of initial increase and subsequent decrease in BCFs relative to the lipophilicities of the octanol-air partition coefficient (log KOA) and octanol-water partition coefficient (log KOW). While low levels of OPEs in Antarctic terrestrial environments were reported in this study, their sustained inputs and potential ecological risks in polar regions warrant further attention.","https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.135519"
281,"França, D. A., Ingels, J., Stark, J. S., da Silva, R. B., de França, F. J., & dos Santos, G. A. (2024). Impact of Different Sources of Anthropogenic Pollution on the Structure and Distribution of Antarctic Marine Meiofauna Communities. Diversity, 16(8), 464.","Human influence on Antarctic marine ecosystems is a growing concern, despite limited information being available. This study investigated the coastal meiofauna and environmental parameters of 10 locations, 4 of which served as reference points (OB1, OB2, OB3, and McGrady) and 6 which were impacted by different levels of human activity in the past and present (Wharf, Wilkes, BBIN, BBMID, BBOUT, and Shannon) in East Antarctica. Environmental variables such as metals, total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), grain size, organic matter content, and nutrients were measured for analysis. Locations close to human activities showed higher concentrations of pollutants (metals, TPHs, PBDEs, PCBs) and greater variations in meiofauna diversity compared to the reference sites (OB1, OB2, OB3, and McGrady). In the area impacted by the Casey Station waste dump (Brown Bay), the meiofauna community at the location furthest from the pollution (BBOUT) source exhibited greater diversity compared to the closest location (BBIN). In addition to metals and TPHs, particle size was also correlated with community patterns, with finer sediments associated with more impacted sites, facilitating the accumulation of toxic compounds. These results contribute to the understanding of the role and impact of pollutants on meiofauna biodiversity in Antarctic coastal ecosystems.","https://doi.org/10.3390/d16080464"