case_images: PMC9862230_01
case_images: Distribution of farms not producing and producing RE by UAA classes
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case_images: PMC9862230_01_11123_2023_659_Fig1_HTML.jpg
case_images: Fig1
case_images: From Fig. 1 we observe that the holdings in the highest size class (>40 ha) account for 37.7% of farms that produce RE, and only 23.3% of farms that does not produce RE; this result is influenced by the presence of livestock farms of large dimension producing RE (see Fig. 5).
case_images: Distribution of farms producing solar energy (on the left) and biogas (on the right) by UAA classes
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case_images: PMC9862230_01_11123_2023_659_Fig2_HTML.jpg
case_images: Fig2
case_images: Distribution of farms not producing and producing RE by AWU classes
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case_images: Fig3
case_images: Annual Work Units, 4 classes were identified: very small (up to 1 AWU), small (1-3 AWU), medium (3-5), large (more than 5 AWU). As we may see from Fig. 3, the small class includes more than 50% of companies, both for farms that do not produce RE (52.5%) and those producing RE (54.4%).
case_images: Distribution of farms producing solar energy (on the left) and biogas (on the right) by AWU classes
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case_images: PMC9862230_01_11123_2023_659_Fig4_HTML.jpg
case_images: Fig4
case_images: Distribution of farms producing solar energy (on the left) and biogas (on the right) by SO classes
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case_images: PMC9862230_01_11123_2023_659_Fig5_HTML.jpg
case_images: Fig5
case_images: From Fig. 1 we observe that the holdings in the highest size class (>40 ha) account for 37.7% of farms that produce RE, and only 23.3% of farms that does not produce RE; this result is influenced by the presence of livestock farms of large dimension producing RE (see Fig. 5).
case_images: Distribution of farms producing solar energy (on the left) and biogas (on the right) by FNVA classes
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case_images: Fig6
case_images: By energy source, from Fig. 6 we observe that 43.5% of farms producing solar power fall in the highest class, compared to as many as 84.6% of farms producing biogas.
case_images: Empirical cumulative distribution functions of land productivity (on the left) and labour productivity (on the right) for farms producing RE by type of farming
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case_images: Fig7
case_images: It is interesting to compare the empirical cumulative distribution functions (ecdf) of land and labour productivity for farms producing RE (see Fig. 7): while for the land productivity the ecdfs of crop and livestock farms are very close, the difference between the two ecdfs seems much larger for the labour productivity, in accordance with the results of Sharma et al..
case_images: Empirical cumulative distribution functions of land productivity (on the left) and labour productivity (on the right) by source of RE
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case_images: Fig8
case_images: Figure 8 depicts the ecdfs of land and labour productivity, respectively, for farms producing RE by different sources (biogas, solar, other sources) and compare them to that of farms not producing RE.
case_images: Standard output by utilised agricultural area (on the left) and by annual work units (on the right), for farms producing biogas and solar energy
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case_images: Fig9
case_images: Figure 9 shows on the left the standard output by utilised agricultural area for farms producing biogas (red points) and solar energy (blue points); the black line represents the average linear relationship between SO and UAA, computed over all the farms. Figure 9 displays on the right the standard output by annual work units for farms producing biogas and solar energy, with the black line representing the average linear relationship between SO and AWU, computed over all the farms.
case_images: Empirical cumulative distribution functions of FNVA/UAA (on the left) and FNVA/AWU (on the right) by source of RE
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case_images: Fig10
case_images: Figure 10 displays the ecdfs of FNVA/UAA and FNVA/AWU, respectively, by source of RE and show how much the biogas production is able to raise the value of both ratios; again, the difference with the other farms is especially relevant with respect to the labour.
case_images: Farm net value added by utilised agricultural area (on the left) and by annual work units (on the right), for farms producing biogas and solar energy
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case_images: Fig11
case_images: Figure 11 shows the farm net value added by utilised agricultural area and by annual work units, respectively, for farms producing biogas and solar energy.