case_images: PMC9935943_01
case_images: PMC9935943_02
case_images: PMC9935943_03
case_images: PMC9935943_04
case_images: PMC9935943_05
case_images: PMC9935943_06
case_images: PMC9935943_07
case_images: At the level of the insula/thalamus, longer tractography pathways are decreased and shorter pathways are increased in ASD. (A) Overall tractography pathways in right hemisphere of Control (#6032; 4 years and 51 days old). (B) Overall tractography pathways in right hemisphere of a brain diagnosed with ASD (#5308; 4 years and 183 days old). (C) Tractography pathways from/to the insula at level of insula/thalamus in control. (D) Tractography pathways from/to the insula at level of insula/thalamus in ASD. (E) Long tractography pathways (>16 mm) from/to the insula of control. (F) Long tractography pathways (>16 mm) from/to the insula of ASD. (G) Short tractography pathways (<8 mm) within the insula/thalamus of control. (H) Short tractography pathways (<8 mm) within the insula/thalamus of ASD.
case_images: fnins-16-1023665-g001.jpg
case_images: PMC9935943_07_fnins-16-1023665-g001.jpg
case_images: F1
case_images: For visualization purpose, multiple ways of the color-coding were used (red for right-left, blue for dorsal-ventral, and green for anterior-posterior in Figures 1-3, and red for right-left, green for dorsal-ventral, and blue for anterior-posterior in Figure 4), in order to clearly visualize the pathways from the posterior SVZ to the insula in Figure 4. Figures 1-4, using only insular ROIs (Figure 1), spheres in the dorsal SVZ region (Figures 2, 3), and entire SVZ ROIs (Figure 4). For Figure 2, tractography pathways that do not directly come from/go to the edge of the ventricle were excluded using additional spherical ROIs.
case_images: Tractography pathways associated with the dorsal SVZ are more sparse and fewer in ASD compared to control in vivo. Tractography pathways associated with the dorsal SVZ in (A,B) 16YO male controls and (C,D) 16YO male patients diagnosed with ASD. We examined in vivo diffusion tractography in coronal slabs at the level of the insula and thalamus. Yellow spheres (4 mm radius) in each brain image were created in the dorsal SVZ as regions of interest (ROIs) to detect pathways from/to the ROIs.
case_images: fnins-16-1023665-g002.jpg
case_images: PMC9935943_07_fnins-16-1023665-g002.jpg
case_images: F2
case_images: For visualization purpose, multiple ways of the color-coding were used (red for right-left, blue for dorsal-ventral, and green for anterior-posterior in Figures 1-3, and red for right-left, green for dorsal-ventral, and blue for anterior-posterior in Figure 4), in order to clearly visualize the pathways from the posterior SVZ to the insula in Figure 4. Figures 1-4, using only insular ROIs (Figure 1), spheres in the dorsal SVZ region (Figures 2, 3), and entire SVZ ROIs (Figure 4). For Figure 2, tractography pathways that do not directly come from/go to the edge of the ventricle were excluded using additional spherical ROIs.
case_images: Tractography pathways associated with the dorsal SVZ are more sparse and fewer in ASD compared to control ex vivo. Tractography pathways associated with the dorsal SVZ in (A-C) control 6032; 4 years and 51 days old; (D-F) ASD #M4021M; 3 years 114 days old; (G-I) Control #5282; 2 years 308 days old; and (J-L) ASD #5308; 4 years 183 days old. Yellow spheres (4 mm radius) in each brain image were created in the dorsal SVZ as regions of interest (ROIs) to detect pathways from/to the ROIs. Tractography pathways without the ROIs are shown in (C,F,I,L). Brain images (A,D) were previously published.
case_images: fnins-16-1023665-g003.jpg
case_images: PMC9935943_07_fnins-16-1023665-g003.jpg
case_images: F3
case_images: For visualization purpose, multiple ways of the color-coding were used (red for right-left, blue for dorsal-ventral, and green for anterior-posterior in Figures 1-3, and red for right-left, green for dorsal-ventral, and blue for anterior-posterior in Figure 4), in order to clearly visualize the pathways from the posterior SVZ to the insula in Figure 4. Figures 1-4, using only insular ROIs (Figure 1), spheres in the dorsal SVZ region (Figures 2, 3), and entire SVZ ROIs (Figure 4). For Figure 2, tractography pathways that do not directly come from/go to the edge of the ventricle were excluded using additional spherical ROIs.
case_images: Pathways between the posterior SVZ and the insula were absent or fewer in controls compared to ASD patients. Tractography pathways from the entire SVZ (yellow) in patients with ASD and control at three different slices. (A) 15-year-old with ASD; (B) 15-year-old with ASD; (C) 16-year-old with ASD; (D) 16-year-old control; (E) 16-year-old control. Images from each patient are shown at mid-sagittal slices (left column), lateral sagittal slices at the level of the insula (middle column), and posterior oblique views with mid-sagittal slices and coronal slices at the level of the insula (right column) are shown. Pathways between the posterior SVZ and the insula were absent or fewer in controls compared to ASD patients.
case_images: fnins-16-1023665-g004.jpg
case_images: PMC9935943_07_fnins-16-1023665-g004.jpg
case_images: F4
case_images: For visualization purpose, multiple ways of the color-coding were used (red for right-left, blue for dorsal-ventral, and green for anterior-posterior in Figures 1-3, and red for right-left, green for dorsal-ventral, and blue for anterior-posterior in Figure 4), in order to clearly visualize the pathways from the posterior SVZ to the insula in Figure 4. Figures 1-4, using only insular ROIs (Figure 1), spheres in the dorsal SVZ region (Figures 2, 3), and entire SVZ ROIs (Figure 4). For Figure 2, tractography pathways that do not directly come from/go to the edge of the ventricle were excluded using additional spherical ROIs.
case_images: PMC9935943_08