case_images: PMC9344108_01
case_images: Example of computing a 3-D volume of the fetal brain. (A) Multiple 2D stacks
  were acquired in the three principal directions (axial, sagittal, and
  coronal). (B) A 3-D fetal brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) image was
  reconstructed, following motion-correction, from the 2D stacks. (C) Major
  brain-tissue types were manually delineated from the reconstructed 3-D brain
  volume (indicated in various colors).
case_images: 10.1177_23247096221105245-fig1.jpg
case_images: PMC9344108_01_10.1177_23247096221105245-fig1.jpg
case_images: fig1-23247096221105245
case_images: At 30.57 GW, fetal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI; Philips 1.5T) was performed to better evaluate clinically for other abnormalities as MRI can provide information regarding certain conditions like white matter abnormalities and temporal lobe atrophy that cannot be obtained by ultrasound alone.   2-D and 3-D MRI measurements of fetal brain structures were computed (Figure 1) and shown in Table 1. 2-D measurements of brain biparietal diameter, occipitofrontal diameter, skull biparietal diameter, and occipitofrontal diameter, and calculated head circumference were recorded.   Significant deficits were noted for skull biparietal diameter and occipitofrontal diameter versus age-matched controls (Figure 2).
case_images: 2D-MRI brain measurements of a fetus with congenital adrenal hyperplasia
  (CAH) at 30 weeks 4 days estimated gestational age. (A-D) Measurements of
  biparietal diameters and occipitofrontal diameters of the brain and skull
  (in mm). Red plus sign indicates percentile for measurements of the CAH
  fetus relative to normative fetal brain morphometry curves.
case_images: 10.1177_23247096221105245-fig2.jpg
case_images: PMC9344108_01_10.1177_23247096221105245-fig2.jpg
case_images: fig2-23247096221105245
case_images: At 30.57 GW, fetal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI; Philips 1.5T) was performed to better evaluate clinically for other abnormalities as MRI can provide information regarding certain conditions like white matter abnormalities and temporal lobe atrophy that cannot be obtained by ultrasound alone.   2-D and 3-D MRI measurements of fetal brain structures were computed (Figure 1) and shown in Table 1. 2-D measurements of brain biparietal diameter, occipitofrontal diameter, skull biparietal diameter, and occipitofrontal diameter, and calculated head circumference were recorded.   Significant deficits were noted for skull biparietal diameter and occipitofrontal diameter versus age-matched controls (Figure 2).
case_images: 3D-MRI volumetric brain measurements of a fetus with congenital adrenal
  hyperplasia (CAH) at 30 weeks 4 days estimated gestational age. (A-E)
  Measurements of extra-axial cerebrospinal fluid, cortical plate, total
  lateral ventricles, cerebellum, and supratentorial brain tissue. Red plus
  sign indicates the percentile for the volumetric measurement in the CAH
  fetus relative to normative fetal brain volume curves. (F) Representative
  example of a sagittal brain slice showing the tissue regions measured
  (supratentorial brain tissue excluded).
case_images: 10.1177_23247096221105245-fig3.jpg
case_images: PMC9344108_01_10.1177_23247096221105245-fig3.jpg
case_images: fig3-23247096221105245
case_images: Absolute biparietal diameter measurements were similar for ultrasound and MRI. 3-D measurements were obtained of the extra-axial cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) volume, supratentorial volume, cerebellar volume, cortical plate volume, and total lateral ventricles volume (Figure 3).   Total intracranial volume and deep gray matter volume, but not developing white matter, showed deficits versus controls (Table 1).
case_images: PMC9344108_02