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case_images: The scheme showing the time points of the WMT procedure and sample collection.
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case_images: The timeline of WMT procedure and sample collection is shown in  Figure 1 . The serum levels of IL-2, IL-4, IL-10 and IFN-gamma were within normal levels before and after WMT ( Supplementary Figure 1 ).
case_images: Therapeutic effects of washed microbiota transplantation (WMT) in a 15-year-old patient with atopic dermatitis. (A) Clinical images of the patient before and after three courses of WMT. Magnification 10x. (B) Scores of SCORAD, EASI, NRS, and DLQI after 1st, 2nd, and 3rd WMT courses. (C-E). The percentage changes in serum EOSR (C), IL-6 levels (D), and TNF-alpha (E) levels after 1st, 2nd, and 3rd WMT courses. SCORAD, Scoring Atopic Dermatitis; EASI, Eczema Area and Severity Index; NRS, Numeric Rating Scale; DLQI, Dermatology Life Quality Index; EOSR, eosinophil ratio; IL-6, interleukin-6; TNF-alpha, tumor necrotic factor-alpha.
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case_images: Moreover, significant improvement was also observed in the patient's skin after three courses of WMT, with a noticeable decrease in skin rashes and a smoother overall appearance of the skin ( Figure 2A ). The SCORAD, EASI, NRS, and DLQI scores were significantly lower after each WMT course compared to the baseline ( Figure 2B ). Figures 2C-E ). Furthermore, community bar plot analysis revealed a significant decrease in the S. aureus count in the skin lesions ( Figure 3A ).
case_images: Microbial profiles of the skin and gut in a 15-year-old patient with atopic dermatitis before and after washed microbiota transplantation. (A) The abundance of skin microbiota in healthy skin (-c) and lesioned skin (-d). (B) The abundance of the gut microbiota.
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case_images: Figures 2C-E ). Furthermore, community bar plot analysis revealed a significant decrease in the S. aureus count in the skin lesions ( Figure 3A ). The intestinal flora was gradually diversified and altered, and the abundance of Bifidobacterium species increased significantly after WMT ( Figure 3B ).