case_images: PMC10847520_01
case_images: Virtual surgical process in Panthera leo specimens. (A) Import of tomographic data and generation of computational domains from the produced meshes. Input (in blue) in a spherical shape represents the external boundary conditions for simulating environmental scenarios. Surface domain 1 (in yellow) represents the external topology of the model where the air will interact when entering through the nostrils. Domain 2 (study of the nasopharyngeal tract; in green) represents where the airflow will be simulated. Domain 3 (output; in light blue) represents the system's simulated outflow. At this point, the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis was conducted. (B) Study planes cut along the nasopharyngeal tract for the subsequent analysis of the simulated flow. The first cut (inlet) is the air inlet (representing the atmosphere) and is generated in the cutting plane closest to the nostrils from the outside, and the last cut plane (outlet) is the air outlet from the nasopharyngeal tract. The remaining eight cuts are generated anatomically in a homologous manner, with the first one (cut 1) behind the nostrils and cut 8 in the proximal position of the choana. The remaining six cuts are added equidistantly. (C) Quantification of pressure, temperature, and humidity variables in the air simulated by CFD. In this example, airflow speed maps or streamline lines (m/s) are applied, where blue represents low speeds or stationary air, and red represents high speeds.
case_images: fvets-10-1181036-g001.jpg
case_images: PMC10847520_01_fvets-10-1181036-g001.jpg
case_images: fig1
case_images: In contrast to Case 01, Cases 02 and 03 required the intentional obstruction of specific nasal regions (Figure 1C). The objective was to perform an induced obstructive operation with the same characteristics (Cases 02 and 03) and at the same location within the nasal tract as the diseased specimen (Case 01), scaling the obstruction (orange object in Figure 2) to the proportional size of the healthy specimens (Figure 1C; Table 9).
case_images: The process of using the virtual surgery module of the Flowgy program. (A) Case 01 (ZPB_PL_001): exploration of the frontal nasal meatus obstruction using the Flowgy software module tools. (B) Operation using the virtual surgery module tools to remove the obstruction. This resulted in Case 01 after the operation and without the obstruction. (C) Obstructive operation of Cases 02 (ZPB-PL_002) and 03 (ZPB-PL_003) by adding material in the frontal nasal meatuses using a virtual scalpel and virtual surgery module polylines. In this step, the red arrows indicate the process. The second step is to reoperate on Cases 02 and 03 by means of a de-obstructive surgery using the same Flowgy module tools, but in this process, removing, instead of adding, material (green arrows).
case_images: fvets-10-1181036-g002.jpg
case_images: PMC10847520_01_fvets-10-1181036-g002.jpg
case_images: fig2
case_images: The operations for Cases 02 and 03 are illustrated in Figure 2C. The objective was to perform an induced obstructive operation with the same characteristics (Cases 02 and 03) and at the same location within the nasal tract as the diseased specimen (Case 01), scaling the obstruction (orange object in Figure 2) to the proportional size of the healthy specimens (Figure 1C; Table 9). The results are shown in Figure 2C.