case_images: PMC9296878_01
case_images: Knee X-Ray of a 63-year-old female. (A) Before PFO and prolotherapy. The X-Ray showed grade IV bilateral knee OA with medial joint space narrowing. (B) After PFO and prolotherapy. PFO was performed on the right leg. The patient received three courses of intra-articular dextrose prolotherapy on the right knee (18 doses). Compared to before surgery, the left knee that did not receive the treatment showed medial joint space narrowing, whereas the right knee showed no additional medial joint space narrowing.
case_images: JPR-15-1983-g0003.jpg
case_images: PMC9296878_01_JPR-15-1983-g0003.jpg
case_images: f0002
case_images: The X-Ray image of the knees revealed grade IV OA on both knees based on Kellgren and Lawrence classification, with a more severe on the right knee (Figure 2A). On the contrary, the left knee that did not receive the treatment showed medial joint space narrowing compared to before surgery (Figure 2B).
case_images: PMC9296878_02
case_images: Knee X-Ray of a 65-year-old female. (A) Before PFO and prolotherapy. The X-Ray showed severe bilateral knee OA and marked narrowing of medial joint space. (B) Before PFO and prolotherapy. PFO was done on both legs, and the patients had received two courses of intra-articular dextrose prolotherapy (12 doses) on bilateral knees. The X-Ray showed no further medial joint space narrowing compared to before surgery.
case_images: JPR-15-1983-g0004.jpg
case_images: PMC9296878_02_JPR-15-1983-g0004.jpg
case_images: f0003
case_images: The knee X-Ray image revealed grade IV OA on both knees and significant narrowing of medial joint space (Figure 3A). The knee X-Ray revealed an improvement in joint space on the left knee compared to before surgery (Figure 3B).
case_images: PMC9296878_03
case_images: Knee X-Ray of 66-year-old female. (A) Before PFO and prolotherapy. The X-Ray showed severe bilateral knee OA with marked narrowing of medial joint space. (B) After PFO and prolotherapy. PFO was done on the right leg. The patient had received three courses of intra-articular dextrose prolotherapy (18 doses) on the right knee. The PFO was not performed on the left knee because it was less painful than on the right knee. However, the latest knee X-Ray showed no further joint space narrowing.
case_images: JPR-15-1983-g0005.jpg
case_images: PMC9296878_03_JPR-15-1983-g0005.jpg
case_images: f0004
case_images: The X-Ray revealed severe medial compartment OA of bilateral knees (Figure 4A). Although the Patient's subjective complaints improved, the X-Ray showed there was no significant improvement in joint space compared to before (Figure 4B).
case_images: PMC9296878_04
case_images: Knee X-Ray of 72-year-old female. (A) Before PFO and prolotherapy. The X-Ray showed grade IV knee OA with narrowing of medial joint space. (B) After PFO and prolotherapy. PFO was done on both legs and the Patient had received two courses of intra-articular dextrose prolotherapy (12 doses) on bilateral knees. There was no further narrowing of medial joint space compared to before surgery.
case_images: JPR-15-1983-g0006.jpg
case_images: PMC9296878_04_JPR-15-1983-g0006.jpg
case_images: f0005
case_images: The X-Ray image of the knees revealed grade IV knee OA based on Kellgren and Lawrence classification with medial compartment narrowing (Figure 5A). The knee X-Ray showed bilateral knees after treatment (Figure 5B).
case_images: PMC9296878_05
case_images: Knee X-Ray of 55-year-old female. (A) Before PFO and prolotherapy. The X-Ray showed grade IV knee OA with narrowing of medial joint space. (B) PFO was done on both legs and the Patient had received two courses of intra-articular dextrose prolotherapy (12 doses) on bilateral knees. There was no further narrowing of the medial joint space.
case_images: JPR-15-1983-g0007.jpg
case_images: PMC9296878_05_JPR-15-1983-g0007.jpg
case_images: f0006
case_images: VAS score was 9 and the WOMAC index was 76. Varus deformity, crepitus, and tenderness over bilateral knees without any inflammation sign were identified, and the X-Ray images showed grade IV knee OA (Figure 6A). The X-Ray showed bilateral knees after treatment (Figure 6B).
case_images: PMC9296878_06
case_images: Knee X-Ray of 51-year-old female. (A) Before PFO and prolotherapy. The X-Ray showed severe bilateral knee OA and marked narrowing of medial joint space. (B) PFO was done on both legs and the Patient had received two courses of intra-articular dextrose prolotherapy (12 doses) on bilateral knees. The X-Ray showed no further medial joint space narrowing compared to before surgery.
case_images: JPR-15-1983-g0008.jpg
case_images: PMC9296878_06_JPR-15-1983-g0008.jpg
case_images: f0007
case_images: Varus deformity, tenderness, and crepitus on both knees were also identified and grade IV knee OA was showed on the X-Ray (Figure 7A). The X-Ray showed bilateral knees after treatment (Figure 7B).