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case_images: Distribution of cholera cases in Sabah by age group.. Almost half of cholera cases occurred in children under 15 years of age.
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case_images: Almost half (49.4%, 348/705) of cholera cases were reported in individuals under 15 years, including 193 cases (27.4%, 193/705) in children under 5 years of age and 155 cases (22%, 155/705) in individuals aged 5 to 14 years (Fig 3).
case_images: The seasonal occurrence of cholera cases in Sabah is represented by plotting the cumulative number of cholera cases for each month during 2015-2020.. Cholera was occurring yearlong however, peaked in January, July, and September.
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case_images: Plots of the monthly distribution of reported symptomatic cholera cases between 2015 to 2020 showed that the highest number of cholera cases occurred during June to September, peaking in July (Fig 4).
case_images: Annual cholera incidence (per 100,000 people).. Shown for each district in Sabah, Malaysia, between 2015 and 2020. Blank districts indicate no case data for a given year. Base maps were obtained from the UN OCHA Humanitarian Data Exchange platform [Malaysia - Subnational Administrative Boundaries - Humanitarian Data Exchange (humdata.org)], available for use under the following CC BY license conditions [Data Licenses - Humanitarian Data Exchange (humdata.org)].
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case_images: Overall in this time period, the highest mean incidence rates were reported from Semporna (20.6/100,000 population, 95% CI: 0.6-40.7) followed by Kunak (10.9/100,000 population, 95% CI: 2.7-19.1), and Kudat (10.7/100,000 population, 95% CI: 0.1-32.3) (Fig 5).
case_images: Tau statistic for cholera in Sabah, 2015-2020.. Solid line represents estimates of the tau (relative risk) of the next cholera case being within a specified distance to another case within 0-5 days, compared to the risk of the case occurring anywhere in the population within the same time period up to 5km. Blue ribbon represents 95% confidence interval around tau estimates, calculated from 1000 bootstrap replicates. Dashed line represents zero risk (RR = 1). N = 705 symptomatic cases presenting to health facilities.
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case_images: There is evidence of significant clustering within distances of 0-500m, with a 9.74-fold increase in risk of cholera (95% CI: 7.51-12.41) within 0-5 days of initial case presentation to a health facility (Fig 8).