case_images: PMC11337180_01
case_images: The distribution of response categories on the dynamic word meaning structure test by the children with developmental language disorder (n = 5) and the typically developing children (n = 5).
case_images: 10.1177_23969415241268245-fig1.jpg
case_images: PMC11337180_01_10.1177_23969415241268245-fig1.jpg
case_images: fig1-23969415241268245
case_images: Sophie attained the lowest dynamic WMST score in the sample. She produced 16.7% dominant logical concepts (Sara: 38.4%), 22.2% latent logical concepts (Sara: 55.6%), and 61.1% everyday concepts (Sara: 5.6%; see Figure 1). Of Milan's answers on the dynamic WMST (see Figure 1), 27.8% were dominant logical concepts (Mees: 38.9%), 27.8% were latent logical concepts (Mees: 55.6%), and 44.4% were everyday concepts (Mees: 5.6%). Anne attained the highest dynamic WMST score in the sample (see Figure 1). Lucas scored relatively high on the WMST (see Figure 1), with 55.6% dominant logical concepts (Liam: 38.9%), 11.1% latent logical concepts (Liam: 50.0%), and 33.3% everyday concepts (Liam: 11.1%). Emma mentioned 33.3% dominant logical concepts (Esther: 44.4%), 38.9% latent logical concepts (Esther: 50.0%), and 27.8% everyday concepts (Esther: 5.6%) in the WMST (see Figure 1).
case_images: Scatterplots showing the relationships between word meaning structure on the one hand, and behavioral tests and questionnaires for executive functioning, theory of mind, and internalizing and externalizing behavioral problems on the other in the children with developmental language disorder (n = 5) and the typically developing children (n = 5).
case_images: 10.1177_23969415241268245-fig2.jpg
case_images: PMC11337180_01_10.1177_23969415241268245-fig2.jpg
case_images: fig2-23969415241268245
case_images: As expected, based on these low WMST scores, she also had difficulties with EF, as indicated by her low score on Zoo Map Task 1 (see Figure 2). For both Anne and Amber, high WMST scores were paired with relatively high scores on the cognitive tasks (see Figure 2). This outcome contrasts with the Zoo Map Task and ToM Test scores (see Figure 2).