Id,Title,Abstract,Community,Description
10.1016/j.jik.2024.100513,"Built to last, not to scale: The long run of decentralised autonomous organisations","The FTX scandal and crypto boom-and-bust cycles have called into question the sustainability of decentralised systems like DAOs. This article argues that inherent constraints will limit DAOs’ mainstream adoption. We contend that the primacy of code in DAOs—represented by the code is law maxim—is overstated given semantic gaps in contracts. Crisis management is another serious bottleneck due to challenges of coordinating decisions without central authorities. Informal hierarchies may also emerge—in line with organisational theoretic concept of power clawing back, which would undermine decentralization objectives. Our analysis considers anonymous reputation verification, flexibility, and transparency to have more staying power and identifies scalability as the primary obstacle—stemming from high transaction costs and throughput constraints.",0," DAO Governance & Security,"
10.1109/MIS.2007.4338496,Toward a paradigm shift in social computing: The ACP approach,Not found,0," DAO Governance & Security,"
10.1109/TCSS.2020.3012747,Parallel Economics: A New Supply-Demand Philosophy via Parallel Organizations and Parallel Management,Not found,0," DAO Governance & Security,"
10.1007/978-3-031-20160-8_13,"Assembly, Deployment and Extension of Blockchain Based Decentralized Autonomous Organizations: A Framework Point of View","Decentralised autonomous organisations, entities built on the blockchain based with no central leadership, are changing the landscape of organisations and governance. Operations governed by smart contracts where bylaws are embedded into code and the decentralised nature of their governance are offering a unique structure to organisations looking for transparency and community engagement. This paper will give an overview of blockchain technologies and DAOs, how computer programming is incorporated into DAOs through the use of smart contracts and how this can be used for governance, in addition to how this differs to centralised organisations. Various DAO frameworks will be explored, compared and analysed such as MolochDAO, MakerDAO and the LAO. From here, the current challenges of DAOs will be explored and recommendations will be proposed followed for DAO frameworks. Finally, having considered the above, the future of DAOs will be discussed, including recommendations, improvements and developments.",0," DAO Governance & Security,"
10.1109/INES63318.2024.10629149,Fortifying Decentralized Governance: Introducing Decentralized Autonomous Verification (DAVe) for Decentralized Autonomous Organization (DAOs) Security,"Decentralized Autonomous Organizations (DAOs) have emerged as pioneers of decentralized innovation, utilizing smart contracts and blockchain technology to operate autonomously. However, their progress is impeded by persistent security vulnerabilities. In response, we introduce a groundbreaking security solution: Decentralized Autonomous Verification (DAVe). DAVe integrates blockchain-based consensus mechanisms with advanced cryptographic techniques to establish a resilient security framework tailored to the specific requirements of DAOs. Through DAVe implementation, DAOs can effectively mitigate smart contract vulnerabilities, amplify transparency, and cultivate trust among participants. This solution represents a pivotal advancement in fortifying the future of decentralized governance, safeguarding the integrity of DAO operations amidst the ever-evolving landscape of cyber threats.",0," DAO Governance & Security,"
10.1109/MC.2010.216,A study of the human flesh search engine: Crowd-powered expansion of online knowledge,Not found,0," DAO Governance & Security,"
10.1109/TCSS.2018.2861775,A hybrid privacy protection scheme in cyber-physical social networks,Not found,0," DAO Governance & Security,"
10.1111/jopp.12008,"Shall we vote on values, but bet on beliefs?",Not found,0," DAO Governance & Security,"
10.1109/JAS.2021.1004207,Multi-Candidate Voting Model Based on Blockchain,Not found,0," DAO Governance & Security,"
10.1145/3233391.3233536,Participation inequality in wikis: A temporal analysis using wikichron,Not found,0," DAO Governance & Security,"
10.1016/j.plas.2023.100102,Organizing projects with blockchain through a decentralized autonomous organization (DAO),"Blockchain and its related concept of decentral autonomous organization (DAO) is starting to influence project management. But how might project management supported by blockchain technology look like? And how would such a new form change and affect traditional project management? Not many concepts have been designed or even implemented yet. We chose an experimental framework to answer the first aspects of these questions. We developed a Decentralized Autonomous Project Organization (DAPO) and conducted an experiment to study the impact of blockchain on traditional project management. We show that such a blockchain-based approach can support the management of simple projects. Further, a fair and clear incentive scheme seems crucial and influences the way team members engage in the work. Also, more decentralized project management increases the importance of social aspects-related project management principles such as teamwork, self-organization, and cultural aspects, while principles related to budget, objectives, and schedule remain unchanged.",0," DAO Governance & Security,"
10.1145/3411763.3451755,Effect of the Gas Price Surges on User Activity in the DAOs of the Ethereum Blockchain,"In the technological globe, blockchain technology is expanding tremendously in every field where ledgers and security plays a role. The smart contract, as a significant part of the blockchain that automatically executes whenever the pre-conditions are satisfied for the business to proceed also ensures trust even among unknown parties and completely eradicates the middleman. In order to deploy or interact with a smart contract, the gas cost is to be paid in teams of ether or wei in the Ethereum blockchain network. The gas cost is mainly charged for the effort or computational power required to process the operations present in the transactions of the smart contract. The gas cost becomes overpriced, due to the increasing demand to process a huge number of transactions in the network and the inflation in the price of the cryptocurrency and the normal users of the network does not know how to determine gas price paid to the miners and ended up paying an overprice for processing their transactions quickly. So, there arises a need to optimize the gas cost and find the right strategy balancing both transaction cost and the wait time. In this paper, various approaches such as merge task, Unit256 vs. Uint8, data type preference, unnecessary libraries, dead code elimination, short circuiting and loop operation are proposed and techniques such as Monte-Carlo approach and M/M/1 queuing are experimented to reduce the gas cost in both the phases of contract generation and contract deployment in the Ethereum network. The proposed techniques can be utilized to reduce the overall gas cost also minimize the extortionate smart contract vulnerabilities thus, providing a way to develop optimized smart contracts and provide direction to contribute to future research.",0," DAO Governance & Security,"
10.16451/j.cnki.issn1003-6059.202012001,Parallel Philosophy and Intelligent Science: From Leibniz's Monad to Blockchain's DAO 平行哲学与智能科学:从莱布尼茨的Monad到区块链之DAO,Not found,0," DAO Governance & Security,"
10.1109/MIS.2022.3181504,"Decentralized AI: Edge Intelligence and Smart Blockchain, Metaverse, Web3, and DeSci",Not found,0," DAO Governance & Security,"
10.3182/20140824-6-za-1003.01402,Behavior modeling of internet water army in online forums,Not found,0," DAO Governance & Security,"
10.1145/3647722.3647729,Between Theory and Value Transactions: A Multifaceted Exploration of Relevance and Resilience of Decentralised Autonomous Organisations,"The emergence of decentralized autonomous organizations (DAOs) represents a paradigm shift in the organizational structure enabled by distributed digital ledger technologies such as blockchain. Exclusively digital web-based entities, DAOs function independently through blockchain-based smart contracts that rely on distributed governance, community coordination, and incentive mechanisms rather than top-down hierarchies. As DAOs continue to foster an environment conducive to a new class of digital participants, they are becoming increasingly prominent in the digital cryptocurrency economy, raising questions regarding their structure, sustainability, and adoption. Being collectively owned and managed by their members, DAOs exhibit characteristics of both non-zero and zero-sum dynamics, thereby posing a challenge to conventional centralized and hierarchical management models. This mixed-methods study examines DAOs within modern information ecosystems through a literature review, blockchain analysis, and comparative organizational analysis. The literature review synthesizes academic discourse on DAOs, highlighting key theories, such as decentralization, digital governance, and distributed decision-making. Blockchain analysis of 10 leading DAOs provides engagement and activity metrics. Comparative analysis considers the DAOs' advantages and challenges in relation to traditional centralized organizations, focusing on aspects such as governance, efficiency, and adaptability. The findings reveal DAOs' innovative potential and adoption barriers, such as reliance on token incentives and difficulties with coordinated decision-making due to reasons like concentration of voting power and others. Although DAOs possess advantages in terms of decentralization, community alignment, and transparent algorithmic execution, traditional organizations currently maintain superiority in terms of stability and legal standing. This study provides an interdisciplinary academic perspective on the concept and implementation of the DAO by combining conceptual understanding, empirical blockchain evidence, and comparative analysis. It is concluded that realizing the transformative potential of DAOs requires synthesizing multidisciplinary insights and overcoming substantive adoption hurdles. The proposed framework serves as a foundation for further research on the evolution and integration of DAOs into organizations of the future.",0," DAO Governance & Security,"
10.1109/TCSS.2020.2970305,Parallel Societies: A Computing Perspective of Social Digital Twins and Virtual-Real Interactions,Not found,0," DAO Governance & Security,"
10.1016/bs.adcom.2019.06.001,Blockchain technology for decentralized autonomous organizations,Not found,0," DAO Governance & Security,"
10.3389/fbloc.2024.1405516,DAO voting mechanism resistant to whale and collusion problems,"With the widespread adoption of blockchain technology, a novel organizational structure known as Decentralized Autonomous Organizations (DAOs) has attracted considerable attention. DAOs facilitate decision-making through member voting, realizing the governance in a decentralized manner. However, DAOs face unique challenges compared to traditional organization. This paper focuses on two key challenges of governance within DAOs: the whale problem and collusion issue. The whale problem is characterized by the concentration of power among specific members, while for the collusion problem, voting results are distorted by fraudulent collaboration. In terms of voting, we consider Quadratic Voting, a voting system expected to deter the concentration of voting power among a subset of participants, analyzing its resistance to the collusion problem. We show with numerical examples that in comparison to Linear Voting, Quadratic Voting lacks resistance to collusion. Then, we propose a voting mechanism that integrates Quadratic Voting with the Vote escrow tokens, demonstrating the mitigation of the whale problem while acquiring resilience to collusion in the decision-making process. The numerical examples confirm the high efficacy of our proposed model.",0," DAO Governance & Security,"
10.55643/fcaptp.3.56.2024.4373,DECENTRALIZED AUTONOMOUS ORGANIZATIONS: REDEFINING LEGAL PARADIGMS,"The article is dedicated to exploring the peculiarities of the legal aspects of decentralized autonomous organizations, specifying their characteristics, and legal status and formu-lating proposals for improving legislation in this regard (particularly in combating criminal activities and reducing instances of circumventing economic sanctions imposed by Ukraine, countries of the European Union, the United States, and others against entities of the russian federation through the use of decentralized autonomous organizations). The legal status of decentralized autonomous organizations has been examined, their characteristics have been specified, and legislative improvements in this direction have been proposed to combat criminal activity and prevention of economic sanctions eva-sion. It is noted that a decentralized autonomous organization cannot be registered as a legal entity in Ukraine due to its ""virtual"" nature and the problems arising from provi-sions of national legislation. However, it can be qualified as a business entity acting as a virtual assets service provider. Proposed amendments to legislation regarding the registration of decentralized autonomous organizations as service providers and the impo-sition of sanctions on them have been suggested. Based on the obtained results, further research directions in this area have been specified.",0," DAO Governance & Security,"
10.16383/j.aas.c220773,Parallel Management: The DAO to Smart Ecological Technology for Complexity Management Intelligence 平行管理: 复杂性管理智能的生态科技与智慧管理之 DAO,Not found,0," DAO Governance & Security,"
10.11959/j.issn.2096-6652.202125,NFT: blockchain-based non-fungible token and applications NFT：基于区块链的非同质化通证及其应用,Not found,0," DAO Governance & Security,"
10.1109/TSMC.2019.2895123,"Blockchain-Enabled Smart Contracts: Architecture, Applications, and Future Trends",Not found,0," DAO Governance & Security,"
10.1109/TCSS.2020.2991097,Optimal Block Withholding Strategies for Blockchain Mining Pools,Not found,0," DAO Governance & Security,"
10.1504/IJWGS.2018.095647,Blockchain challenges and opportunities: A survey,Not found,0," DAO Governance & Security,"
10.11959/j.issn.2096-6652.201917,"Decentralized autonomous organizations: the state of the art, analysis framework and future trends 去中心化自治组织：发展现状、分析框架与未来趋势","Sharhili Nature Reserve is a natural treasure which enjoys both rare biological resources and incalculable ecological value, and it is known as “China’s last pure land” and “rare natural gene pool”. To ensure the sustainable development of this natural treasure, this study proposes the concept of “Parallel Sharhili”, which comprehensively assists in the precise management of ecological resources through intelligent means. The core idea involves utilizing “artificial systems” for description to build high-precision models, “computational experiments” for prediction to analyze ecosystem changes, and “parallel execution” for prescription or control and management to scientifically formulate conservation strategies. This study explores an intelligent management model for nature reserves, aiming at promoting the sustainable development of the reserve and its precious biological resources.",0," DAO Governance & Security,"
10.1109/TCSS.2021.3109359,Nonfungible Tokens: Constructing Value Systems in Parallel Societies,Not found,0," DAO Governance & Security,"
10.1109/TIV.2024.3368510,Parallel Management of IoV Information Enabled by Blockchain and Decentralized Autonomous Organizations,Not found,0," DAO Governance & Security,"
10.1109/JAS.2022.106091,"Integrated Inspection of QoM, QoP, and QoS for AOI Industries in Metaverses",Not found,0," DAO Governance & Security,"
10.4324/9781315211909,Between liberalization and prohibition: Prudent enthusiasm and the governance of Bitcoin/blockchain technology,Not found,0," DAO Governance & Security,"
10.1109/TSMC.2020.3040789,Blockchain-Secured Smart Manufacturing in Industry 4.0: A Survey,Not found,0," DAO Governance & Security,"
10.1007/978-3-031-50188-3_37,Unified Metaverse Architecture Powered by Blockchain Decentralized Autonomous Organizations (DAO),"Metaverse platforms or ecosystems can be considered virtual or extreme reality spaces where end-users live, communicate, collaborate, entertain, work and game with other personas or avatars in computer-simulated environments. Metaverse environments envisage a cybernetics future where man, machine and systems work together in the virtual world to replace humans. Metaverse platform’s vision is to integrate communities, products, service offerings, creators, commerce, entertainment, workspace etc. Metaverse works on the self-service marketplace requiring many formats of digital payments based on the transaction type. Metaverse virtual operations happen worldwide beyond the firewalls and state boundaries using the internet. Legislation and jurisdiction enforcement are challenging as they go beyond countries and are primarily untraceable sources. Hence, there is a need to study the metaverse components of resources required, communication network essentials, orchestration/automation possibilities, virtual organisation prerequisites, interface-spatial considerations and well-thought experience ecosystems. This paper proposes the architecture of virtual metaverse space using the blockchain-led decentralised autonomous organisation to create immutable, transparent, fair, inclusive and socially immersive platforms using smart contracts and distributed apps (DApps). The proposed unified metaverse architecture powered by the decentralised autonomous organisation (DAO) is the gateway design for metaverse infrastructure (computing and networking resources) to the orchestrated virtual-meta environment (interface, spatial and experience).",0," DAO Governance & Security,"
10.1109/TSMC.2020.3019272,Decentralized Consensus Decision-Making for Cybersecurity Protection in Multimicrogrid Systems,Not found,0," DAO Governance & Security,"
10.1109/TSMC.2022.3228530,"Web3-Based Decentralized Autonomous Organizations and Operations: Architectures, Models, and Mechanisms",Not found,0," DAO Governance & Security,"
10.16383/j.aas.c220753,A New Framework for Web3-powered Decentralized Autonomous Organizations and Operations 基于 Web3 的去中心化自治组织与运营新框架,"Recent advances in human-in-the-loop or human-centric research have sparked a new wave of scientific exploration. These studies have enhanced the understanding of complex social systems and contributed to more sustainable artificial intelligence (AI) ecosystems. However, the incorporation of human or social factors increases system complexity, making traditional approaches inadequate for managing these complex systems and necessitating a novel operational paradigm. Over decades of work, a mature and comprehensive theory of parallel intelligence (PI) has been established. Rooted in cyber-physical-social systems (CPSS), PI adapts flexibly to various situations within complex systems through the ACP framework (Artificial systems, Computational experiments, and Parallel execution), ensuring system reliability. This paper provides a detailed review and a novel perspective on PI, beginning with the historical and philosophical origins of CPSS and proceeding to present both the fundamental framework and technological implementations of PI. PI-based Industry 5.0 is highlighted, where three pillars are adopted to help realize the supposed vision. Additionally, the paper outlines applications of PI in multiple fields, such as transportation, healthcare, manufacturing, and agriculture, and discusses the opportunities and challenges for imaginative intelligence. The continuous exploration of PI is expected to eventually facilitate the realization of “6S”-based (safe, secure, sustainable, sensitive, service, and smart) parallel ecosystems.",0," DAO Governance & Security,"
10.3390/fi9030025,Banking on blockchain: Costs savings thanks to the blockchain technology,Not found,0," DAO Governance & Security,"
10.1109/IVS.2018.8500403,Transaction Queuing Game in Bitcoin BlockChain,Not found,0," DAO Governance & Security,"
10.1016/j.frl.2019.04.012,Market efficiency of the top market-cap cryptocurrencies: Further evidence from a panel framework,Not found,0," DAO Governance & Security,"
10.1109/TCSS.2018.2832379,Parallel Blockchain: An Architecture for CPSS-Based Smart Societies,Not found,0," DAO Governance & Security,"
10.1109/TCSS.2021.3125312,Federated Management: Toward Federated Services and Federated Security in Federated Ecology,Not found,0," DAO Governance & Security,"
10.1109/TCSS.2019.2918874,Social Energy: Emerging Token Economy for Energy Production and Consumption,Not found,0," DAO Governance & Security,"
10.5210/fm.v21i12.7113,Blockchain technology as a regulatory technology: From code is law to law is code,Not found,0," DAO Governance & Security,"
10.1186/s13174-021-00139-6,A comparative analysis of the platforms for decentralized autonomous organizations in the Ethereum blockchain,"Blockchain technology has enabled a new kind of distributed systems. Beyond its early applications in Finance, it has also allowed the emergence of novel new ways of governance and coordination. The most relevant of these are the so-called Decentralized Autonomous Organizations (DAOs). DAOs typically implement decision-making systems to make it possible for their online community to reach agreements. As a result of these agreements, the DAO operates automatically by executing the appropriate portion of code on the blockchain network (e.g., hire people, delivers payments, invests in financial products, etc). In the last few years, several platforms such as Aragon, DAOstack and DAOhaus, have emerged to facilitate the creation of DAOs. As a result, hundreds of these new organizations have appeared, with their communities interacting mediated by blockchain. However, the literature has yet to appropriately explore empirically this phenomena. In this paper, we aim to shed light on the current state of the DAO ecosystem. We review the three main platforms nowadays (Aragon, DAOstack, DAOhaus) which facilitate the creation and management of DAOs. Thus, we introduce their main differences, and compare them using quantitative metrics. For such comparison, we retrieve data from both the main Ethereum network (mainnet) and a parallel Ethereum network (xDai). We analyze data from 72,320 users and 2,353 DAO communities in order to study the three ecosystems across four dimensions: growth, activity, voting system and funds. Our results show that there are notable differences among the DAO platforms in terms of growth and activity, and also in terms of voting results. Still, we consider that our work is only a first step and that further research is needed to better understand these communities, and evaluate their level of accomplishment in reaching decentralized governance.",0," DAO Governance & Security,"
10.1109/TCSS.2018.2890655,Digital Currency Design for Sustainable Active Debris Removal in Space,Not found,0," DAO Governance & Security,"
10.16383/j.aas.c200347,Parallel Systems and Digital Twins: A Data-driven Mathematical Representation and Computational Framework 平行系统和数字孪生的一种数据驱动形式表示及计算框架,Not found,0," DAO Governance & Security,"
10.1007/978-3-662-53357-4_6,Step by step towards creating a safe smart contract: Lessons and insights from a cryptocurrency lab,Not found,0," DAO Governance & Security,"
10.1109/TCSS.2020.3044129,Parallel Ecology for Intelligent and Smart Cyber-Physical-Social Systems,Not found,0," DAO Governance & Security,"
10.1109/TSMC.2019.2903485,Automated Demand Response Framework in ELNs: Decentralized Scheduling and Smart Contract,Not found,0," DAO Governance & Security,"
10.1109/INES56734.2022.9922656,"Decentralized autonomous organizations review, importance, and applications","Blockchain technology has the potential to provide a secure digital ledger for tracking financial transactions across the internet. Which is projected to serve as the conceptual foundation for 'Distributed autonomous organizations (DAOs), were launched to destabilize the existing hierarchical management structure and drastically cut enterprises' communication, management, and cooperation costs. Meanwhile, DAOs continue to confront other obstacles, including security and privacy concerns, an unknown legal position, etc. Cyber Movement Organizations (CMOs) on the Web and Distributed Artificial Intelligence (DAI) can all be considered embryonic forms of DAOs, laying the groundwork for their emergence. This article covers the literature on decentralized autonomous organizations, and a brief of its governance challenges, besides the linkages between DAOs, the new term of Metaverse, Non-Fungible Tokens, and blockchains to demonstrate their importance and potential in the future.",0," DAO Governance & Security,"
10.1109/TSMC.2020.3043192,"Systems Science and Engineering Research in the Context of Systems, Man, and Cybernetics: Recollection, Trends, and Future Directions",Not found,0," DAO Governance & Security,"
10.1109/JAS.2022.106022,The DAO to MetaControl for MetaSystems in Metaverses: The System of Parallel Control Systems for Knowledge Automation and Control Intelligence in CPSS,Not found,0," DAO Governance & Security,"
10.1109/TSC.2020.2994582,A Novel GSP Auction Mechanism for Dynamic Confirmation Games on Bitcoin Transactions,Not found,0," DAO Governance & Security,"
10.1109/TEM.2023.3304409,A Federated-ANFIS for Collaborative Intrusion Detection in Securing Decentralized Autonomous Organizations,Not found,0," DAO Governance & Security,"
10.1016/j.jbusres.2024.114672,Decentralized autonomous organizations (DAOs): Stewardship talks but agency walks,"Although the governance of Decentralized Autonomous Organizations (DAOs) has attracted the interest of several academics, few studies have empirically examined how DAOs are governed. We use an exploratory, inductive approach to comprehensively examine how DAOs are currently governed and the ramifications of this. We conducted in-depth interviews with 20 DAO members from a variety of sectors to identify how they arrange their voting processes, distribute collaborative decision-making, and maintain their tokens. Three themes emerge from the thematic analysis of the data: (1) voting structure, (2) proposal management, and (3) token management. Participants describe the notion of DAOs as closely aligned with stewardship philosophy, encompassing collaborative and altruistic activity toward a common purpose. However, the operations and methods implemented are more oriented toward agency viewpoints due to their reliance on incentive-based processing and are based on a lack of trust among DAO stakeholders. This study provides empirical insights into DAO governance mechanisms.",0," DAO Governance & Security,"
10.1109/JAS.2020.1003518,Digital Twin for Human-Robot Interactive Welding and Welder Behavior Analysis,Not found,0," DAO Governance & Security,"
10.1109/TCSS.2023.3239059,A Novel DAO-Based Parallel Enterprise Management Framework in Web3 Era,Not found,0," DAO Governance & Security,"
10.1109/TCSS.2022.3204745,DeSci Based on Web3 and DAO: A Comprehensive Overview and Reference Model,"Decentralized science (DeSci) is a hot topic emerging with the development of Web3 or Web3.0 and decentralized autonomous organizations (DAOs) and operations. DeSci fundamentally differs from the centralized science (CeSci) and Open Science (OS) movement built in the centralized way with centralized protocols. It changes the basic structure and legacy norms of current scientific systems via reshaping the cooperation mode, value system, and incentive mechanism. As such, it can provide a viable path for solving bottleneck problems in the development of science, such as oligarchy, silos, and so on, and make science more fair, free, responsible, and sensitive. However, DeSci itself still faces many challenges, including scaling, balancing the quality of participants, system suboptimal loops, lack of accountability mechanism, and so on. Taking these into consideration, this article presents a systematic introduction of DeSci, proposes a novel reference model with a six-layer architecture, addresses the potential applications, and also outlines the key research directions in this emerging field. This article is committed to providing helpful guidance and reference for future research efforts on DeSci.",0," DAO Governance & Security,"
10.1109/TCSS.2021.3094655,Federated Control: Toward Information Security and Rights Protection,Not found,0," DAO Governance & Security,"
10.1109/TCSS.2018.2881344,Blockchainized Internet of Minds: A New Opportunity for Cyber-Physical-Social Systems,,0," DAO Governance & Security,"
10.1145/3412569.3412579,An overview of decentralized autonomous organizations on the blockchain,"Blockchain technology has emerged as a new paradigm to build decentralized systems which do not require a central authority. It is most popular for enabling Bitcoin and other crypto-currencies. However, blockchain applications span beyond Finance, and recently it has been applied to decentralized governance. Blockchain-enabled ""Decentralized Autonomous Organizations""(DAOs) have emerged as a new form of collective governance, in which communities may organize themselves relying on decentralized infrastructure. In this article, we introduce the concept of DAO and review the main software platforms that offer DAO creation as a service, which simplifies the use of DAOs to non-blockchain experts; namely: Aragon, DAOstack, DAOhaus and Colony. These platforms will be compared by showing their key features. Finally, we will review the available visualisation tools for DAOs, and we will introduce our open-source tool to plot DAOs activity, DAO-Analyzer. We will illustrate its potential with the case of the DAO Genesis Alpha, which is the main DAO of the DAOstack project.",0," DAO Governance & Security,"
10.1109/TCSS.2017.2777602,A General Cognitive Architecture for Agent-Based Modeling in Artificial Societies,Not found,0," DAO Governance & Security,"
10.1145/3233391.3233526,"A Wikia census: Motives, tools and insights",Not found,0," DAO Governance & Security,"
10.1142/9789811248870_0008,"Social Purpose Value Chains: Formation and Participation Enabled by Blockchain Technology, Value-Chain Level Governance, and Co-opetition","The challenges facing humanity at the global level have never seemed greater. Equally true, the collective resources available to answer the impending crisis have never been more promising. While debate continues on the corporate responsibility of companies, and governments struggle to regulate companies and their environmental and human impacts, societal needs go unmet. Nevertheless, in a widely-heralded move, the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) in 2015 adopted the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), providing clarity about the variety, depth, and urgency of the sustainability challenges facing humanity and the planet. This chapter proposes the creation of UN mandated blockchain driven global Social Purpose Value Chains as a novel strategy for overcoming the governance void standing in the way of realizing the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).",0," DAO Governance & Security,"
10.1016/j.dss.2019.113094,A novel GSP auction mechanism for ranking Bitcoin transactions in blockchain mining,Not found,0," DAO Governance & Security,"
10.1145/3359312,Intersecting imaginaries: Visions of decentralized autonomous systems,Not found,0," DAO Governance & Security,"
10.3724/SP.J.1004.2013.00293,Parallel control: A method for data-driven and computational control,Not found,0," DAO Governance & Security,"
10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.114.303819,Reproducibility in science: Improving the standard for basic and preclinical research,Not found,0," DAO Governance & Security,"
10.1109/MIS.2022.3167070,"The DAO to DeSci: AI for Free, Fair, and Responsibility Sensitive Sciences",Not found,0," DAO Governance & Security,"
10.1109/ACCESS.2016.2566339,Blockchains and Smart Contracts for the Internet of Things,"Over the past few years, blockchain technology has gained significant attention. This surge in popularity can be attributed to the emergence of cryptocurrencies and the development of smart contracts. Cryptocurrency is a digital currency that eliminates the problem of double spending. Cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin, Ethereum, Litecoin, Stellar, Zcash, Maker, Aave, etc. become popular and are preferred for money transfers. Smart contracts are the next popular technology on the blockchain after cryptocurrency. It can be considered a piece of code that can execute automatically when the predefined conditions are fulfilled. Researchers believe that the potential of blockchain with smart contracts is only in its initial stages and that its true potential has yet to be fully discovered. Hence, an extensive bibliometric analysis is conducted to understand blockchain trends for smart contracts and to give future directions in this field. For this analysis, various steps are followed, starting with formulating the research question, defining the scope of our research, extracting and analyzing data, answering the research question, and finally, drawing a conclusion. This research paper will be fruitful for scholars and researchers, providing an extensive statistical and network analysis of extracted smart contracts publications.",0," DAO Governance & Security,"
10.1109/JAS.2021.1004222,Elastic Smart Contracts in Blockchains,Not found,0," DAO Governance & Security,"
10.15678/EBER.2023.110411,Longitudinal evidence of entrepreneurial behaviour in a blockchain-based decentralized autonomous organization: Case study of the Nano cryptocurrency,"Objective: The article aims to investigate how entrepreneurial behaviour among members of decentralized autonomous organizations (DAO) changes over time. Decentralized autonomous organizations allow for the creation of distributed organizations driven by organizational entrepreneurship, many of which are based on blockchain technology. The self-organization of DAO members and their entrepreneurial behaviour are crucial to the organization’s development. Research on entrepreneurial behaviour in DAOs is scarce. Cryptocurrency markets, blockchain technologies, and community sentiment can evolve rapidly, making it important to longitudinally research such organizations and the entrepreneurship among their members. Research Design & Methods: We formulated research propositions and combined qualitative and longitudinal interviews with entrepreneurially active members of a DAO with data science-based sentiment analysis of the main Nano community over the course of 16 months. Findings: The entrepreneurial behaviour of DAO members can hinge on external circumstances, such as the health of the overall cryptocurrency market. Partly resulting from a crypto downturn, some of Nano’s entrepreneurially active members reduced their engagement and stopped or downsized their conduction of entrepreneurial tasks. This change was also linked to lower levels of community activity and deteriorating sentiment scores. Entrepreneurial tasks such as marketing or outreach to customers were conducted to a lesser extent. The resulting picture is one of a fluid state of entrepreneurship within this DAO. We also found internal factors influencing entrepreneurial behaviour, especially related to the distinction between technology-oriented and market-oriented members and their changing levels of activity. Implications & Recommendations: The findings highlight the influence of external factors – such as the health of the cryptocurrency market – on the entrepreneurial behaviour of DAO members. This suggests that the success and engagement of entrepreneurial individuals within a DAO can be subject to volatility and fluctuations in the broader market, emphasizing the need for adaptability and resilience. Contribution & Value Added: This is one of the first articles to address the connection between entrepreneurship and DAOs based on blockchain. In doing so, it benefits from a unique data set comprising quantitative and qualitative elements.",0," DAO Governance & Security,"
10.1109/TCSS.2020.3029855,Parallel Intelligence: Belief and Prescription for Edge Emergence and Cloud Convergence in CPSS,Not found,0," DAO Governance & Security,"
10.1007/3-540-49057-4_1,The belief-desire-intention model of agency,Not found,0," DAO Governance & Security,"
10.1109/JAS.2016.7510067,Steps toward Parallel Intelligence,Not found,0," DAO Governance & Security,"
10.1016/j.ipm.2020.102397,A Survey on Blockchain for Information Systems Management and Security,Not found,0," DAO Governance & Security,"
10.1145/2993600.2993611,Formal verification of smart contracts: Short paper,Not found,0," DAO Governance & Security,"
10.16383/j.aas.c210018,Blockchain-based Digital Currency: The State of the Art and Future Trends 基于区块链的数字货币发展现状与展望,Not found,0," DAO Governance & Security,"
10.1109/TSMC.2022.3226748,The Future of Management: DAO to Smart Organizations and Intelligent Operations,Not found,0," DAO Governance & Security,"
10.1109/TCSS.2022.3211331,Blockchain-Based Crypto Management for Reliable Real-Time Decision-Making,Not found,0," DAO Governance & Security,"
10.1109/TCSS.2018.2797598,Societies 5.0: A New Paradigm for Computational Social Systems Research,Not found,0," DAO Governance & Security,"
10.1109/TCSS.2019.2938190,"Decentralized Autonomous Organizations: Concept, Model, and Applications","Decentralized autonomy is a long-standing research topic in information sciences and social sciences. The self-organization phenomenon in natural ecosystems, the Cyber Movement Organizations (CMOs) on the Internet, and the Distributed Artificial Intelligence (DAI), and so on, can all be regarded as its early manifestations. In recent years, the rapid development of blockchain technology has spawned the emergence of the so-called Decentralized Autonomous Organization [DAO, sometimes labeled as Decentralized Autonomous Corporation (DAC)], which is a new organization form that the management and operational rules are typically encoded on blockchain in the form of smart contracts, and can autonomously operate without centralized control or third-party intervention. DAO is expected to overturn the traditional hierarchical management model and significantly reduce organizations' costs on communication, management, and collaboration. However, DAO still faces many challenges, such as security and privacy issue, unclear legal status, and so on. In this article, we strive to present a systematic introduction of DAO, including its concept and characteristics, research framework, typical implementations, challenges, and future trends. Especially, a novel reference model for DAO which employs a five-layer architecture is proposed. This article is aimed at providing helpful guidance and reference for future research efforts.",0," DAO Governance & Security,"
10.1016/j.bushor.2021.10.007,"Prospecting non-fungible tokens in the digital economy: Stakeholders and ecosystem, risk and opportunity",Not found,0," DAO Governance & Security,"
10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195153729.001.0001,Adaptive Thinking: Rationality in the Real World,Not found,0," DAO Governance & Security,"
10.1109/TSMC.2022.3224250,A Novel Approach for Predictable Governance of Decentralized Autonomous Organizations Based on Parallel Intelligence,"Decentralized autonomous organizations (DAOs) have become an indispensable part of digital infrastructure in recent years. The unique organizational characteristics and functional structure empower them to become an effective tool for solving corporate governance issues, including contract risks, principal-agent dilemmas, etc. However, DAOs themselves also face a variety of governance issues. On one hand, as a new economic organization model, the existing corporate governance theories and methods are no longer fully applicable to DAOs. On the other hand, unpredictable logic vulnerabilities and code loopholes in the governance mechanism might cause devastating damage to DAOs. The parallel intelligence theory based on the ACP method (i.e., artificial systems, computational experiments, and parallel execution) is an elegant research paradigm and a practical approach tailored to solving these challenges. As such, we propose a novel parallel governance framework for DAOs based on the parallel intelligence theory and further discuss its technical methodology and implementation model. Furthermore, we construct a parallel governance system for GnosisDAO and conduct computational experiments to validate the effectiveness of its governance mechanism. The experimental results not only confirm the defects of the GnosisDAO governance mechanism but also illustrate parallel governance as a useful research direction to solve existing governance problems of DAOs.",0," DAO Governance & Security,"
10.1016/j.dss.2019.01.006,A novel hybrid share reporting strategy for blockchain miners in PPLNS pools,Not found,0," DAO Governance & Security,"
10.1109/DTPI52967.2021.9540069,Parallel governance for decentralized autonomous organizations enabled by blockchain and smart contracts,"Decentralized autonomous organizations(DAOs) enabled by blockchain and smart contracts is regarded as an effective tool to solve corporate governance problems. It can minimize the contract risks, principal-agent dilemmas, and other issues in corporate governance. However, DAOs also face a variety of governance issues, such as internal governance issues and external governance issues caused by the technical attributes of blockchain and smart contracts. DAO is a typical complex system with the characteristics of both social and engineering complexity. It is difficult for existing governance theories to solve governance problems in DAOs. The parallel intelligence theory based on the artificial systems + computational experiments + parallel execution (ACP) method is a suitable research and practical approach to solve management and control problems for complex systems. Therefore, we propose a parallel governance framework for DAO based on the parallel intelligence theory and discuss its key research issues. Finally, we construct a parallel governance system for GnosisDAO, and conduct computational experiments on its voting mechanism. The results show the defects of GnosisDAO governance mechanism and we thus propose further research directions. We consider that parallel governance represents the future trend of DAO research and practice. This paper is aimed at stimulating further effort and providing helpful guidance and reference for future research works.",0," DAO Governance & Security,"
10.1145/3054977.3055003,Towards an optimized blockchain for IoT,Not found,0," DAO Governance & Security,"
10.1109/HICSS.2008.333,On the inequality of contributions to wikipedia,Not found,0," DAO Governance & Security,"
10.1109/INFOTEH.2018.8345547,"Blockchain technology, bitcoin, and Ethereum: A brief overview","The blockchain technology is a relatively new approach in the field of information technologies. As one of its first implementations, bitcoin as a cryptocurrency has gained a lot of attention. Together with Ethereum, blockchain implementation with focus on smart contracts, they represent the very core of modern cryptocurrency development. This paper is meant to give a brief introduction to these topics.",0," DAO Governance & Security,"
10.1109/TCSS.2022.3145165,MetaSocieties in Metaverse: MetaEconomics and MetaManagement for MetaEnterprises and MetaCities,Not found,0," DAO Governance & Security,"
10.1038/d41586-021-03642-9,Call to join the decentralized science movement,Not found,0," DAO Governance & Security,"
10.3389/fbloc.2024.1375763,"Decentralized science (DeSci): definition, shared values, and guiding principles","Rapid advancements in Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT), including blockchain, are foundational to a new era of digital innovation. This innovation has catalyzed the emergence of “Decentralized Science (DeSci),” a new concept and movement that aims to address the challenges of modern science. Given the novelty of the field of DeSci, this study aims to provide a comprehensive definition of the term and explore and conceptualize the shared values and guiding principles inherent to DeSci. To achieve these objectives, an exploratory literature review was conducted to identify and synthesize the scholarly and secondary literature. The search and selection process included six databases (PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, IEEE Xplore, arXiv, and Social Science Research Network), focusing on the last 15 years (2008 to 2023). Owing to the novelty of DeSci, the literature review was supplemented by an anonymous online-based expert survey using a combination of single-choice and open-ended questions. The experts were selected based on predefined inclusion criteria related to their activities in the DeSci field. Seven studies were selected for evaluation from the scholarly literature, and additional 24 sources of information were included in the analysis. In the expert survey, 39 valid datasets were collected and analyzed. The synthesis of the exploratory literature review and expert survey results led to a comprehensive definition of “Decentralized Science” (DeSci) reflecting recurring themes. As no publications explicitly discussed or addressed the values or principles of DeSci in the literature review, a set of shared values and guiding principles was defined based on the expert survey results. This study proposes a comprehensive definition of DeSci and a set of shared values and guiding principles, highlighting the importance of future research in this area.",0," DAO Governance & Security,"
10.1016/j.tele.2018.11.006,"A systematic literature review of blockchain-based applications: Current status, classification and open issues",Not found,0," DAO Governance & Security,"
10.1109/ICSA.2017.33,A Taxonomy of Blockchain-Based Systems for Architecture Design,Not found,0," DAO Governance & Security,"
10.1080/09537325.2023.2200857,Traversing the uncommon boulevard: entrepreneurial trajectory of decentralised autonomous organisations (DAOs),"Blockchain technology has revolutionised the ownership structures and business models of young companies, leading to the emergence of new digital entrepreneurship in innovative digital companies known as decentralised autonomous organisations (DAOs). This study examines the influence of blockchain use on the entrepreneurial structure and business models of DAOs. Following an inductive approach guided by the underlying theoretical framework of a nonfungible token (NFT) enabled entrepreneurship and the token economy business model, we conducted a qualitative content analysis of /the whitepapers of 22 selected DAOs obtained from the DeepDAO platform. The results reveal that blockchain assists the growth of digital companies by decentralising their ownership structure and improving their value propositions through NFT and a smart contract-enabled consensus mechanism. However, market uncertainties and the non-liquidity of tokens were identified as significant barriers to implementing DAOs. Three propositions emerged from this study with meaningful contributions to the theory and practice of entrepreneurship.",0," DAO Governance & Security,"
10.1145/3194113.3194115,SmartCheck: Static analysis of ethereum smart contracts,Not found,0," DAO Governance & Security,"
10.1186/s40854-019-0147-z,A systematic review of blockchain,"Blockchain is considered by many to be a disruptive core technology. Although many researchers have realized the importance of blockchain, the research of blockchain is still in its infancy. Consequently, this study reviews the current academic research on blockchain, especially in the subject area of business and economics. Based on a systematic review of the literature retrieved from the Web of Science service, we explore the top-cited articles, most productive countries, and most common keywords. Additionally, we conduct a clustering analysis and identify the following five research themes: “economic benefit,” “blockchain technology,” “initial coin offerings,” “fintech revolution,” and “sharing economy.” Recommendations on future research directions and practical applications are also provided in this paper.",0," DAO Governance & Security,"
10.23919/ITU-WT.2017.8247004,The immutability concept of blockchains and benefits of early standardization,Not found,0," DAO Governance & Security,"
10.1109/MIS.2022.3154541,Parallel Intelligence in Metaverses: Welcome to Hanoi!,Not found,0," DAO Governance & Security,"
10.1109/TCSS.2022.3172671,Parallel Philosophy for MetaOrganizations With MetaOperations: From Leibniz's Monad to HanoiDAO,Not found,0," DAO Governance & Security,"
10.1109/MIS.2022.3197950,"From Features Engineering to Scenarios Engineering for Trustworthy AI: I&I, C&C, and V&V",Not found,0," DAO Governance & Security,"
10.1109/TCSS.2018.2861423,Research on the selection strategies of blockchain mining pools,Not found,0," DAO Governance & Security,"
10.1016/0005-1098(90)90001-X,A coordination theory for intelligent machines,Not found,0," DAO Governance & Security,"
10.1016/j.jbvi.2024.e00450,Governing decentralized autonomous organizations as digital commons,Not found,0," DAO Governance & Security,"
10.1109/TCSS.2021.3063801,Federated Ecology: Steps Toward Confederated Intelligence,Not found,0," DAO Governance & Security,"
10.1007/978-3-319-70278-0_17,Incentivizing blockchain forks via whale transactions,"Bitcoin’s core innovation is its solution to double-spending, called Nakamoto consensus. This provides a probabilistic guarantee that transactions will not be reversed or redirected, presuming that it is improbable for an attacker to obtain a majority of mining power in the network. However, this guarantee can be undermined when miners are assumed to be rational, and hence venal. Accordingly, we present the whale attack, in which a minority attacker increases her chances of double-spending by incentivizing miners to subvert the consensus protocol and to collude via whale transactions, which are bribery transactions carrying anomalously large fees. We analyze the expected cost to carry out the attack with success probability 1, and simulate the attack under realistic system parameters. Our results show that double-spend attacks, conventionally thought to be impractical for minority attackers, can actually be financially feasible and worthwhile under the whale attack. Perhaps more importantly, this work demonstrates that rationality should not underestimated when evaluating the security of cryptocurrencies.",0," DAO Governance & Security,"
10.1109/TCSS.2020.3023046,Blockchain-Based Knowledge Automation for CPSS-Oriented Parallel Management,Not found,0," DAO Governance & Security,"
10.1016/j.jfs.2024.101286,Decentralization illusion in Decentralized Finance: Evidence from tokenized voting in MakerDAO polls,"Decentralized Autonomous Organization (DAO) is very popular in Decentralized Finance (DeFi) applications as it provides a decentralized governance solution through blockchain. We analyze the governance characteristics in the Maker protocol, its stablecoin DAI and its governance token Maker (MKR). To achieve that, we establish several measurements of centralized governance. Our empirical analysis investigates the effect of centralized governance over a series of factors related to MKR and DAI, such as financial, network and Twitter sentiment indicators. Our results show that governance centralization influences the Maker protocol and that the distribution of voting power matters. The main implication of this study is that centralized governance in MakerDAO very much exists, while DeFi investors face a trade-off between decentralization and performance of a DeFi protocol. This further contributes to the contemporary debate over whether DeFi can be truly decentralized.",1," Blockchain Regulation and Security,"
10.1145/2382196.2382292,Double-spending fast payments in Bitcoin,Not found,1," Blockchain Regulation and Security,"
10.1016/j.ipm.2020.102425,EtherTwin: Blockchain-based Secure Digital Twin Information Management,Not found,1," Blockchain Regulation and Security,"
10.1109/SP.2017.29,Hijacking Bitcoin: Routing Attacks on Cryptocurrencies,Not found,1," Blockchain Regulation and Security,"
10.1109/SMC.2017.8123011,A review on consensus algorithm of blockchain,Not found,1," Blockchain Regulation and Security,"
10.1109/ACOMP53746.2021.00009,Blockchain Based Administration Model: A Small Scale Governance Demo-System,Not found,1," Blockchain Regulation and Security,"
10.1145/3316481,Security and privacy on blockchain,Not found,1," Blockchain Regulation and Security,"
10.1016/j.telpol.2017.09.003,Blockchain's roles in strengthening cybersecurity and protecting privacy,Not found,1," Blockchain Regulation and Security,"
10.1016/j.ipm.2021.102724,Decentralizing science: Towards an interoperable open peer review ecosystem using blockchain,"Scientific publication and its Peer Review system strongly rely on a few major industry players controlling most journals (e.g. Elsevier), databases (e.g. Scopus) and metrics (e.g. JCR Impact Factor), while keeping most articles behind paywalls. Critics to such system include concerns about fairness, quality, performance, cost, unpaid labor, transparency, and accuracy of the evaluation process. The Open Access movement has tried to provide free access to the published research articles, but most of the aforementioned issues remain. In such context, decentralized technologies such as blockchain offer an opportunity to experiment with new models for scientific production and dissemination relying on a decentralized infrastructure, aiming to tackle multiple of the current system shortcomings. This paper makes a proposal for an interoperable decentralized system for an open peer review ecosystem, relying on emerging distributed technologies such as blockchain and IPFS. Such system, named “Decentralized Science” (DecSci), aims to enable a decentralized reviewer reputation system, which relies on an Open Access by-design infrastructure, together with transparent governance processes. Two prototypes have been implemented: a proof-of-concept prototype to validate DecSci's technological feasibility, and a Minimum Viable Product (MVP) prototype co-designed with journal editors. In addition, three evaluations have been carried out: an exploratory survey to assess interest on the issues tackled; two sets of interviews to confirm both the main problems for editors and to validate the MVP prototype; and a cost analysis of the main operations, both execution cost and actual price. Additionally, the paper discusses the multiple interoperability challenges such proposal faces, including an architecture to tackle them. This work finishes with a review of some of the open challenges that this ambitious proposal may face.",1," Blockchain Regulation and Security,"
10.1109/ICACITE57410.2023.10183336,Blockchain Technology Implementation In Various Governance Domains: A Systematic Review Approach,"Technological integration in various fields yielded the proponents of the Internet of Things that matured the concept of Blockchain. This Blockchain technology is an emerging path for a decentralized economy, secure transactions and proposing transparency in vast aspects of business points and activities. The success of the implementation of novel technology relies on the acceptance and usage behavior which in return orchestrates the enablers and barriers of implementation. This study aims to understand the implementation of Blockchain in different domains through acceptance mechanisms that were overlooked in previous literature. For this purpose, numerous studies on the acceptance and adoption of Blockchain are considered to investigate the vital factors and aspects that support the implementation process. Various domains were pondered and classified for research inferences, including supply chain, finance, governance, banking, construction, etc. The research has provided an overview of Blockchain implementation from the end-user's perspective, which would be resourceful for stakeholders to fortify the concerning elements for a better outcome. The research inferences will support scholarly advances in Blockchain towards business development. The research will also provide the platform to overview the research on Blockchain through a multidisciplinary lens that would contribute to a novel interpretation of this emerging arena.",1," Blockchain Regulation and Security,"
10.1371/journal.pone.0163477,Where is current research on Blockchain technology? - A systematic review,Not found,1," Blockchain Regulation and Security,"
10.1109/CVCBT.2018.00011,Do you need a blockchain?,"Blockchain technologies have demonstrated new and interesting ways to construct terrestrial economies, including the well-known public cryptocurrencies, but also as a means to facilitate business-to-business and business-to-consumer transactions. Some have recently proposed uses for blockchains in space. This paper identifies desirable blockchain properties that could be used to construct future in-space economies. Three general economic domains are anticipated, each with their own communications limitations that drive the selection of applicable blockchain properties: operations in orbits around planetary bodies where real-time communication is possible (for example, within cislunar space around Earth or cisdeimotic space around Mars), operations across interplanetary space between spheres of influence where pseudo-real-time communication is possible (for example, Earth–Mars or Earth– asteroids), and operations in metaplanetary space within the solar system but beyond the limit of pseudo-real-time communication. Blockchain properties are suggested for each domain, with a focus on the selection of blockchain consensus algorithms. An evaluation is performed on the readiness of extant technologies to operate in each domain.",1," Blockchain Regulation and Security,"
10.1016/S1361-3723(13)70101-5,The problem with Bitcoin,Not found,1," Blockchain Regulation and Security,"
10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2925010,"Proof-of-Stake Consensus Mechanisms for Future Blockchain Networks: Fundamentals, Applications and Opportunities",Not found,1," Blockchain Regulation and Security,"
10.1057/ejis.2012.26,A method for taxonomy development and its application in information systems,"A fundamental problem in many disciplines is the classification of objects in a domain of interest into a taxonomy. Developing a taxonomy, however, is a complex process that has not been adequately addressed in the information systems (IS) literature. The purpose of this paper is to present a method for taxonomy development that can be used in IS. First, this paper demonstrates through a comprehensive literature survey that taxonomy development in IS has largely been ad hoc. Then the paper defines the problem of taxonomy development. Next, the paper presents a method for taxonomy development that is based on taxonomy development literature in other disciplines and shows that the method has certain desirable qualities. Finally, the paper demonstrates the efficacy of the method by developing a taxonomy in a domain in IS. © 2013 Operational Research Society Ltd. All rights reserved.",1," Blockchain Regulation and Security,"
10.1016/j.ipm.2020.102468,Blockchain-based authentication and authorization for smart city applications,Not found,1," Blockchain Regulation and Security,"
10.1109/QRS-C.2018.00037,A Multiple Blockchains Architecture on Inter-Blockchain Communication,"Digital libraries are critical in preserving and providing access to vast cultural and academic information. However, traditional preservation methods face challenges to data integrity, authenticity, and storage access. This research explores blockchain technology and the Interplanetary File System's potential to address security and privacy issues of digital library preservation. By leveraging blockchain's decentralized, immutable nature and smart contracts, digital libraries can achieve improved security, transparency, and accountability in their preservation. Furthermore, it presents a platform built on an elliptic curve digital signature algorithm (ECDSA) and zero-knowledge proofs cryptographic to boost the security system communication. Lastly, this framework will support a scalable double-blockchain by using flexible consensus algorithms to prevent attacks.",1," Blockchain Regulation and Security,"
10.1007/978-3-319-63688-7_12,Ouroboros: A provably secure proof-of-stake blockchain protocol,Not found,1," Blockchain Regulation and Security,"
10.1145/3359982,Applications of distributed ledger technologies to the internet of things: A survey,"Distributed Ledger Technologies (DLTs) and blockchain systems have received enormous academic, government, and commercial interest in recent years. This article surveys the integration of DLTs within another life-changing technology, the Internet of Things (IoT). IoT-based applications, such as smart home, smart transport, supply chain, smart healthcare, and smart energy, promise to boost the efficiency of existing infrastructures and change every facet of our daily life. This article looks into the challenges faced by such applications and reviews a comprehensive selection of existing DLT solutions to those challenges. We also identify issues for future research, including DLT security and scalability, multi-DLT applications, and survival of DLT in the post-quantum world.",1," Blockchain Regulation and Security,"
10.1109/BLOC.2019.8751379,A blockchain-based scientific publishing platform,Not found,1," Blockchain Regulation and Security,"
10.1109/SmartIoT.2018.00056,Application of blockchain technology in smart city infrastructure,Not found,1," Blockchain Regulation and Security,"
10.1109/IC2IE53219.2021.9649258,Distributed Ledger Technology Based Immutable Authentication Credential System (D-IACS),"Based on the first three Industrial Revolutions (IRs), the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) is changing the society like never before, as a result of storms of technologies. Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) supported blockchain technology is fourth industrial revolution (4IR) as it transforming the current internet. After the invention of internet, DLT can be considered next technological breakthrough. It is anticipated to transform not only the technical structure of our information technology and communication, but also has potential to re-model the very-fabric of society. As far as blockchain adoption is concern, rapid transformation of business, governments and existing traditional system into purely blockchain based system have many challenges and barriers, especially in developing countries. It will take years for blockchain to dribble into our social and economic infrastructure. We proposed a DLT based model and framework that supports and facilitates conventional transformation of existing systems towards 4IR based DLT systems that can accommodate smooth communication between the legacy systems with the latest systems. Hence, this adds value to the efforts and the man hours invested for making the systems in history. This article investigates the different blockchain platforms in terms of contract language, governance, data access, privacy, transparency, mining and suggests the most suitable DLT platform for Pakistan's education sector.",1," Blockchain Regulation and Security,"
10.1016/j.csbj.2018.08.002,A Blockchain-Based Notarization Service for Biomedical Knowledge Retrieval,Not found,1," Blockchain Regulation and Security,"
10.1145/3136560.3136584,Towards Blockchain-enabled school information hub,Not found,1," Blockchain Regulation and Security,"
10.3390/app9091788,Assessing blockchain consensus and security mechanisms against the 51% attack,Not found,1," Blockchain Regulation and Security,"
10.1145/2976749.2978341,On the security and performance of Proof of Work blockchains,Not found,1," Blockchain Regulation and Security,"
10.1109/BigDataCongress.2017.85,"An Overview of Blockchain Technology: Architecture, Consensus, and Future Trends",Not found,1," Blockchain Regulation and Security,"
10.1186/s40854-016-0034-9,Blockchain application and outlook in the banking industry,Not found,1," Blockchain Regulation and Security,"
10.3390/healthcare7020056,Blockchain technology in healthcare: A systematic review,Not found,1," Blockchain Regulation and Security,"
10.1109/COMST.2019.2899617,A Survey of Blockchain Technology Applied to Smart Cities: Research Issues and Challenges,Not found,1," Blockchain Regulation and Security,"
10.1109/ICUFN.2017.7993751,BlockNDN: A bitcoin blockchain decentralized system over named data networking,"Blockchain provides a new approach for participants to maintain reliable databases in untrusted networks without centralized authorities. However, there are still many serious problems in real blockchain systems in IP network such as the lack of support for multicast and the hierarchies of status. In this paper, we design a bitcoin-like blockchain system named BlockNDN over Named Data Networking and we implement and deploy it on our cluster as well. The resulting design solves those problems in IP network. It provides completely decentralized systems and simplifies system architecture. It also improves the weak-connectivity phenomenon and decreases the broadcast overhead.",1," Blockchain Regulation and Security,"
10.1016/j.ipm.2021.102518,A blockchain-based code copyright management system,Not found,1," Blockchain Regulation and Security,"
10.1016/j.procs.2014.05.542,Analyzing the deployment of bitcoin's P2P network under an as-level perspective,Not found,1," Blockchain Regulation and Security,"
10.1109/EuroSPW.2017.43,Introduction to security and privacy on the blockchain,Not found,1," Blockchain Regulation and Security,"
10.3389/fbloc.2019.00019,A Framework Proposal for Blockchain-Based Scientific Publishing Using Shared Governance,Not found,1," Blockchain Regulation and Security,"
10.1016/j.bcra.2023.100186,Blockchain-based governance models supporting corruption-transparency: A systematic literature review,"Corruption and lack of transparency remain critical challenges in governance systems around the world. These issues are often perpetuated by centralized systems and their manipulation by system administrators. Furthermore, the lack of data ownership and the monetization of user data by tech companies further increase concerns about transparency. In light of these concerns, this study aims to review existing blockchain-based governance models and identify best-practice governance models focusing on corruption transparency, their characteristics, and components. The research will also examine the role of a token economy in addressing trusted third-party issues related to asset ownership management. Furthermore, we discuss the effect of smart contracts, blockchain, decentralized autonomous organizations (DAO), Web 3.0, and multifactor challenge set self-sovereign identity authentication (MFSSIA) as modern technologies to combat corruption and achieve transparency in the public sector. To achieve this, we conduct a systematic literature review (SLR) comprising peer-reviewed journals, proceedings, and book chapters published between 2012 and 2023. Using the SLR methodology, 45 primary and supporting studies have been selected for result extraction and analysis. Finally, we discovered seven blockchain-based governance models with their characteristics and primary components.",1," Blockchain Regulation and Security,"
10.30844/wi_2020_b3,Decentralization of sharing economy - Potential blockchain-based sharing platforms Dezentralisierung der sharing economy - potentiale blockchain-basierter sharing-plattformen,Not found,1," Blockchain Regulation and Security,"
10.1002/isaf.1424,Toward an ontology-driven blockchain design for supply-chain provenance,Not found,1," Blockchain Regulation and Security,"
10.1080/02763869.2017.1332261,An Introduction to the Blockchain and Its Implications for Libraries and Medicine,Not found,1," Blockchain Regulation and Security,"
10.1109/CLOUD.2018.00151,Blockchain-Based E-Voting System,Not found,1," Blockchain Regulation and Security,"
10.1109/FAS-W.2016.18,Bitcoin & the myth of decentralization: Socio-Technical proposals for restoring network integrity,Not found,1," Blockchain Regulation and Security,"
10.1016/j.ipm.2021.102584,Taxonomy of centralization in public blockchain systems: A systematic literature review,"Bitcoin introduced delegation of control over a monetary system from a select few to all who participate in that system. This delegation is known as the decentralization of controlling power and is a powerful security mechanism for the ecosystem. After the introduction of Bitcoin, the field of cryptocurrency has seen widespread attention from industry and academia, so much so that the original novel contribution of Bitcoin, i.e., decentralization, may be overlooked, due to decentralizations’ assumed fundamental existence for the functioning of such crypto-assets. However, recent studies have observed a trend of increased centralization in cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin and Ethereum. As this increased centralization has an impact the security of the blockchain, it is crucial that it is measured, towards adequate control. This research derives an initial taxonomy of centralization present in decentralized blockchains through rigorous synthesis using a systematic literature review. This is followed by iterative refinement through expert interviews. We systematically analyzed 89 research papers published between 2009 and 2019. Our study contributes to the existing body of knowledge by highlighting the multiple definitions and measurements of centralization in the literature. We identify different aspects of centralization and propose an encompassing taxonomy of centralization concerns. This taxonomy is based on empirically observable and measurable characteristics. It consists of 13 aspects of centralization, classified over six architectural layers: Governance, Network, Consensus, Incentive, Operational, and Application. We also discuss how the implications of centralization can vary depending on the aspects studied. We believe that this review and taxonomy provides a comprehensive overview of centralization in decentralized blockchains involving various conceptualizations and measures.",1," Blockchain Regulation and Security,"
10.3390/s18082575,Blockchain and iot integration: A systematic survey,Not found,1," Blockchain Regulation and Security,"
10.1109/SP.2015.14,SoK: Research perspectives and challenges for bitcoin and cryptocurrencies,"Since its inception in 2009, Bitcoin has become and is currently the most successful and widely used cryptocurrency. It introduced blockchain technology, which allows transactions that transfer funds between users to take place online, in an immutable manner. No real-world identities are needed or stored in the blockchain. At the same time, all transactions are publicly available and auditable, making Bitcoin a pseudo-anonymous ledger of transactions. The volume of transactions that are broadcast on a daily basis is considerably large. We propose a set of features that can be extracted from transaction data. Using this, we apply a data processing pipeline to ultimately cluster transactions via a k-means clustering algorithm, according to the transaction properties. Finally, according to these properties, we are able to characterize these clusters and the transactions they include. Our work mainly differentiates from previous studies in that it applies an unsupervised learning method to cluster transactions instead of addresses. Using the novel features we introduce, our work classifies transactions in multiple clusters, while previous studies only attempt binary classification. Results indicate that most transactions fall into a cluster that can be described as common user transactions. Other clusters include transactions made by online exchanges and lending services, those relating to mining activities as well as smaller clusters, one of which contains possibly illicit or fraudulent transactions. We evaluated our results against an online database of addresses that belong to known actors, such as online exchanges, and found that our results generally agree with them, which enhances the validity of our methods.",1," Blockchain Regulation and Security,"
10.1109/CVCBT.2018.00015,Stake-bleeding attacks on proof-of-stake blockchains,Not found,1," Blockchain Regulation and Security,"
10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2878895,ASIC-Resistance of Multi-Hash Proof-of-Work Mechanisms for Blockchain Consensus Protocols,Not found,1," Blockchain Regulation and Security,"
10.1109/MC.2017.3571047,Blockchain Technology in Finance,Not found,1," Blockchain Regulation and Security,"
10.1007/978-981-13-0755-3_15,Gini coefficient based wealth distribution in the bitcoin network: A case study,Not found,1," Blockchain Regulation and Security,"
10.1109/EuroSPW.2017.46,Proof-of-personhood: Redemocratizing permissionless cryptocurrencies,Not found,1," Blockchain Regulation and Security,"
10.1007/978-3-319-69084-1_19,On security analysis of proof-of-elapsed-time (PoET),Not found,1," Blockchain Regulation and Security,"
10.1145/2976749.2978326,Town crier: An authenticated data feed for smart contracts,Not found,1," Blockchain Regulation and Security,"
10.1002/9781119711063.ch6,"Blockchain and Governance: Theory, Applications and Challenges","Every systematic organization abides by laws, even the universe. There needs to be an authority, a Governor, who can frame rules, implement them and monitor each system. The present scenario has been dictated by a centralized scheme of governance. The scheme has its own flaws. There is a lack of trust and transparency, delayed processing, and complexity involved in the whole system. Hence, the wave is transitioning towards decentralized governance and it may become the modus operandi in the near future. A decentralized control structure makes the system more versatile and trustworthy by eliminating several unwanted middle authorities as well as removing the single locus of control. Blockchain has emerged as a powerful tool and can serve as a building block for realizing the implementation and benefits of decentralized governance. In this piece of work, we attempt to highlight the advantages that the blockchain infrastructure can reap in, ventures wherein blockchains have been utilized to bring about improvements from the current centralized implementations and finally the challenges that need to be catered to before we can fully switch to a decentralized model of governance.",1," Blockchain Regulation and Security,"
10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2789929,EduCTX: A blockchain-based higher education credit platform,"Blockchain technology enables the creation of a decentralized environment, where transactions and data are not under the control of any third party organization. Any transaction ever completed is recorded in a public ledger in a verifiable and permanent way. Based on the blockchain technology, we propose a global higher education credit platform, named EduCTX. This platform is based on the concept of the European Credit Transfer and Accumulation System (ECTS). It constitutes a globally trusted, decentralized higher education credit, and grading system that can offer a globally unified viewpoint for students and higher education institutions (HEIs), as well as for other potential stakeholders, such as companies, institutions, and organizations. As a proof of concept, we present a prototype implementation of the environment, based on the open-source Ark Blockchain Platform. Based on a globally distributed peer-To-peer network, EduCTX will process, manage, and control ECTX tokens, which represent credits that students gain for completed courses, such as ECTS. HEIs are the peers of the blockchain network. The platform is a first step toward a more transparent and technologically advanced form of higher education systems. The EduCTX platform represents the basis of the EduCTX initiative, which anticipates that various HEIs would join forces in order to create a globally efficient, simplified, and ubiquitous environment in order to avoid language and administrative barriers. Therefore, we invite and encourage HEIs to join the EduCTX initiative and the EduCTX blockchain network.",1," Blockchain Regulation and Security,"
10.58346/JOWUA.2024.I2.019,A Taxonomy Guideline for Blockchain Platforms,Not found,1," Blockchain Regulation and Security,"
10.1016/j.ipm.2020.102370,An incentive-aware blockchain-based solution for internet of fake media things,Not found,1," Blockchain Regulation and Security,"
10.1007/978-3-030-32101-7_3,Compounding of Wealth in Proof-of-Stake Cryptocurrencies,Not found,1," Blockchain Regulation and Security,"
10.5220/0007949101390146,Rethinking forest management: A participatory blockchain-based governance approach,Not found,1," Blockchain Regulation and Security,"
10.1109/ICCPCT58313.2023.10245723,Web3 Based Funding Platform,Not found,1," Blockchain Regulation and Security,"
10.1109/JCDL.2017.7991588,CryptSubmit: Introducing Securely Timestamped Manuscript Submission and Peer Review Feedback Using the Blockchain,Not found,1," Blockchain Regulation and Security,"
10.1007/978-3-662-54970-4_30,Optimal selfish mining strategies in bitcoin,Not found,1," Blockchain Regulation and Security,"
10.3390/s19020326,A decentralized privacy-preserving healthcare blockchain for IoT,Not found,1," Blockchain Regulation and Security,"
10.1109/ICCCN.2017.8038519,The application of blockchain technology in E-government in China,Not found,1," Blockchain Regulation and Security,"
10.1002/joom.1179,Task management in decentralized autonomous organization,"In the emerging platform economy, blockchain technologies are reshaping the digital economy. Moreover, disintermediation and decentralization have broken new ground for platform organizations and management mechanisms and instigated the concept of a DAO (Decentralized Autonomous Organization). Recent literature on operations management has called for further research on governance issues related to DAOs. In response to this call, we explore the relationship between DAO management efforts and platform performance in this study. Specifically, we propose and theoretically articulate decentralized voting tasks in DAOs as a new form of organizing. Harnessing both online and on-chain data from seven sources, we empirically examine how voting task division, task allocation, reward distribution, and information provision affect platform performance in the context of MakerDAO (an Ethereum-based stablecoin issuance platform). Our findings reveal that strategic decisions arrived at through voting have a positive impact on platform operational performance under certain conditions, whereas operational decisions resulting from voting have a negative impact. Moreover, we elucidate the moderating effects of voting task execution characteristics on the relationship between completed decision tasks and operational performance. These findings have important implications from both theoretical and practical perspectives. We also share all the raw data we use to promote the development of blockchain-related empirical research.",2," DAO Decision-Making Models,"
10.1080/0960085X.2022.2125840,Understanding decentralization of decision-making power in proof-of-stake blockchains: an agent-based simulation approach,"Blockchain systems allow for securely keeping shared records of transactions in a decentralised way. This is enabled by algorithms called consensus mechanisms. Proof-of-work is the most prominent consensus mechanism, but environmentally unsustainable. Here, we focus on proof-of-stake, its best-known alternative. Importantly, decentralised decision-making power is not an inherent feature of blockchain systems, but a technological possibility. Numerous security incidents illustrate that decentralised control cannot be taken for granted. We therefore study how key parameters affect the degree of decentralisation in proof-of-stake blockchain systems. Based on a real-world implementation of a proof-of-stake blockchain system, we conduct agent-based simulations to study how a range of parameters impact decentralisation. The results suggest that high numbers of initial potential validator nodes, large transactions, a high number of transactions, and a very high or very low positive validator network growth rate increase decentralisation. We find weak support for an impact of changes in transaction fees and initial stake distributions. Our study highlights how blockchain challenges our understanding of decentralisation in information systems research, and contributes to understanding the governance mechanisms that lead to decentralisation in proof-of-stake blockchain systems as well as to designing proof-of-stake blockchain systems that are prone to decentralisation and therefore more secure.",2," DAO Decision-Making Models,"
10.25300/MISQ/2020/14494,The evolution of information systems architecture: An agent-based simulation model,Not found,2," DAO Decision-Making Models,"
10.1287/mnsc.2019.3515,Token-weighted crowdsourcing,Not found,2," DAO Decision-Making Models,"
10.25300/MISQ/2023/17690,SKIN IN THE GAME: THE TRANSFORMATIONAL POTENTIAL OF DECENTRALIZED AUTONOMOUS ORGANIZATIONS,"Decentralized autonomous organizations (DAOs)—collectively owned human-machine systems deployed on a blockchain that self-govern through smart contracts and the voluntary contributions of autonomous community members—exhibit the potential to facilitate collective action in managing digital commons. Yet the promise of decentralization and collective action is difficult to sustain. To this end, this paper critically examines the transformational potential of DAOs in the case of decentralized finance. Using a polycentric governance lens, we contribute to the literature on technology-enabled forms of organizing with a model explaining the transformational potential of DAOs to facilitate collective action in digital commons. Our study highlights that (1) DAOs are a new form of organizing enabled by blockchain technology in which individuals are free to pursue their objectives within a general system of rules enforced by smart contracts, (2) collective action for managing digital commons can be sustained through a set of three mechanisms—sustained participation, collective direction, and scaled organizing, and (3) DAOs tend to strike a balance between centralized and fully decentralized or community-based governance by implementing a polycentric governance system involving a combination of human and machine agency that creates skin in the game.",2," DAO Decision-Making Models,"
10.1108/RMJ-12-2015-0042,Trusting records: is Blockchain technology the answer?,Not found,2," DAO Decision-Making Models,"
10.1287/MSOM.2018.0752,Distributed ledgers and operations: What operations management researchers should know about blockchain technology,Not found,2," DAO Decision-Making Models,"
10.1287/msom.2018.0757,OM forum innovative online platforms: Research opportunities,Not found,2," DAO Decision-Making Models,"
10.1109/SP.2016.55,Hawk: The Blockchain Model of Cryptography and Privacy-Preserving Smart Contracts,Not found,2," DAO Decision-Making Models,"
10.5465/amd.2020.0134,"TOWARD A MULTIDIMENSIONAL CONCEPTUALIZATION OF DECENTRALIZATION IN BLOCKCHAIN GOVERNANCE: COMMENTARY ON “TWO SIDES OF THE SAME COIN? DECENTRALIZED VERSUS PROPRIETARY BLOCKCHAINS AND THE PERFORMANCE OF DIGITAL CURRENCIES” BY CENNAMO, MARCHESI, AND MEYER","Blockchain systems allow for securely keeping shared records of transactions in a decentralised way. This is enabled by algorithms called consensus mechanisms. Proof-of-work is the most prominent consensus mechanism, but environmentally unsustainable. Here, we focus on proof-of-stake, its best-known alternative. Importantly, decentralised decision-making power is not an inherent feature of blockchain systems, but a technological possibility. Numerous security incidents illustrate that decentralised control cannot be taken for granted. We therefore study how key parameters affect the degree of decentralisation in proof-of-stake blockchain systems. Based on a real-world implementation of a proof-of-stake blockchain system, we conduct agent-based simulations to study how a range of parameters impact decentralisation. The results suggest that high numbers of initial potential validator nodes, large transactions, a high number of transactions, and a very high or very low positive validator network growth rate increase decentralisation. We find weak support for an impact of changes in transaction fees and initial stake distributions. Our study highlights how blockchain challenges our understanding of decentralisation in information systems research, and contributes to understanding the governance mechanisms that lead to decentralisation in proof-of-stake blockchain systems as well as to designing proof-of-stake blockchain systems that are prone to decentralisation and therefore more secure.",2," DAO Decision-Making Models,"
10.1145/3442371,When permissioned blockchains deliver more decentralization than permissionless,Not found,2," DAO Decision-Making Models,"
10.1093/rfs/hhaa075,Blockchain without Waste: Proof-of-Stake,Not found,2," DAO Decision-Making Models,"
10.1007/978-3-662-58820-8_10,Egalitarian society or benevolent dictatorship: The state of cryptocurrency governance,Not found,2," DAO Decision-Making Models,"
10.17705/1pais.13302,An Explorative Dive into Decision Rights and Governance of Blockchain: A Literature Review and Empirical Study,"Background: Blockchain technology and accompanying programmed protocols (smart contracts) offer disruptive opportunities for businesses, public institutions, society, and its citizens. However, blockchain is a relatively young research area: the number of publications available regarding blockchain did not begin to rise significantly until 2012, and certain fields of the blockchain domain remain to be explored. A similar situation exists with research into the governance of blockchain solutions focusing on decision rights: the limited number of theoretical and empirical contributions hinders the proper adoption of governance mechanisms in practice. Method: A mixed-method approach was conducted in which 1) a structured literature review, 2) semi-structured interviews, and 3) a focus group discussion were utilized to determine the current situation regarding decision rights in the context of blockchain governance. Results: The structured literature review resulted in a total of 23 relevant contributions. Those contributions were consolidated to serve as input for a total of twelve semi-structured interviews, and for a focus group session with five participants, who were not part of the interviewee pool. Using that approach, an overview of the concepts, relationships and mechanisms pertinent to decision rights was composed. Conclusions: Considered together, the results show that decision rights are often overlooked at the start of a blockchain project, where technical considerations are dominant in the discussion with stakeholders. However, research also points out that the longer it takes to address decision rights in a blockchain consortium, the more complex and costly it becomes to introduce governance mechanisms at a later stage. Another important conclusion is that consensus is currently lacking as to what constitutes blockchain governance and what part decision rights play in governance processes, in both theoretical and practical terms.",2," DAO Decision-Making Models,"
10.5195/LEDGER.2019.140,A Taxonomy of Blockchain Technologies: Principles of Identification and Classification,Not found,2," DAO Decision-Making Models,"
10.17705/1jais.00566,Self-organizing in blockchain infrastructures: Generativity through shifting objectives and forking,"Given the ubiquity of digital technologies, and increased use of autonomous algorithms, it is likely that many of today’s social and organizational processes will one day include autonomous elements. The Bitcoin blockchain is likely the first case of an increasingly generative and autonomous way of organizing, and the specific properties of blockchain infrastructures-distribution of control, openness to manipulation, and generativity of the underlying source code-make it an ideal case to study patterns of self-organizing. This paper investigates the phenomenon of self-organizing through a study of forking in the Bitcoin blockchain infrastructure between 2010 and 2016. It adds to the emerging body of research on digital infrastructures, and particularly blockchain infrastructures, by conceptualizing forking as a pattern of self-organizing in blockchain infrastructures that specifically involves the underlying infrastructure, the scale of code changes, individual objectives, and collective adoption, whether specific or general. Thus, this paper demonstrates how forking in blockchain infrastructures mediates between divergent organizing objectives and existing capabilities, on the one hand, and generates self-organizing on the other hand. In this paper, we further contextualize our findings in extant work on digital infrastructures, offer a guide for designers of blockchain infrastructures, and propose the concept of “generative mirroring” as a pattern through which blockchain infrastructures and organizing adaptively coevolve.",2," DAO Decision-Making Models,"
10.1287/mnsc.2019.3482,Rethinking crowdfunding platform design: mechanisms to deter misconduct and improve efficiency,Not found,2," DAO Decision-Making Models,"
10.1007/s44227-024-00033-0,Kaizen: A Street Smart Low Latency-Aware Resource Choreography Scheme for Decentralized Autonomous Organization (DAO) and Non-DAO Based Application Execution Over Blockchain and MEC Empowered 6 G Network,"Decentralized autonomous organization (DAO)-based applications can revolutionize traditional centralized decision-making procedures and services by enabling scalable, decentralized, autonomous, and democratized decision-making processes. Unlike traditional applications, DAO-based decentralized applications use Ethereum blockchain-based smart contract programs to execute policies or make automated decisions. To that end, 6 G technologies can improve the latency and reliability of many existing blockchain-based DAOs. Previous research did not investigate the execution of DAO and non-DAO-based applications, as well as an adaptive resource choreography scheme, while accounting for various 6 G technologies, blockchain, and mobile-edge cloud (MEC). To prevail over the previous shortcomings, this article supplies a street smart multi-platform coordination, application scheduling, and low-latency-aware resource choreography scheme for both DAO and non-DAO-based application execution over blockchain and MEC-enabled 6 G networks by taking heterogenous DAO and non-DAO application count, application requirements, physical worker, virtual worker, and communication resource status into account. The results verified that the proposed kaizen scheme delivers at least 11.26% app work completion delay gain, 7.2% user energy overhead gain, 6.55% user economic charge gain, and 21% service provider profit than the compared schemes.",2," DAO Decision-Making Models,"
10.1109/NCA.2016.7778635,The Blockchain Anomaly,Not found,2," DAO Decision-Making Models,"
10.1145/289.290,Centralized versus decentralized computing: Organizational considerations and management options,Not found,2," DAO Decision-Making Models,"
10.1287/mnsc.2021.4225,"Platform Tokenization: Financing, Governance, and Moral Hazard","This study constructed a novel decision-making framework for startup companies to evaluate token financing options. A Network structure weighting (NSW) technique was developed and integrated with the analytic network process (ANP) to create a comprehensive assessment model. This innovative approach addressed the limitations of traditional multi-criteria decision-making methods by effectively capturing the complex interdependencies between factors influencing token financing decisions. The proposed model comprises three main steps: (1) utilizing a modified Delphi method to identify key factors affecting token financing, (2) developing the NSW technique to determine the network structure of these factors, and (3) integrating the NSW results into the ANP model to evaluate and rank the critical factors and alternatives. This study applied this framework to assess three token financing alternatives: Initial Coin Offerings (ICO), Initial Exchange Offerings (IEO), and Security Token Offerings (STO). The results indicate that STO is the optimal financing alternative for the analyzed startup scenario in token financing, followed by Initial Exchange Offerings and Initial Coin Offerings. The model identified platform fees, issuance costs, and financing success rate as the three most critical factors influencing the decision. This study contributes to both methodology and practice in FinTech decision-making. The NSW-ANP framework offers a more robust approach to modeling complex financial decisions, while the application to token financing provides valuable insights for startup companies navigating this emerging funding landscape. The proposed framework lays the groundwork for more informed and structured decision-making in the rapidly evolving field of cryptocurrency-based financing.",2," DAO Decision-Making Models,"
10.1287/isre.2018.0794,Platforms and infrastructures in the digital age,Not found,2," DAO Decision-Making Models,"
10.1287/orsc.14.6.650.24840,"Temporarily Divide to Conquer: Centralized, Decentralized, and Reintegrated Organizational Approaches to Exploration and Adaptation",Not found,2," DAO Decision-Making Models,"
10.25300/MISQ/2021/15718,Stability of transaction fees in bitcoin: A supply and demand perspective,Not found,2," DAO Decision-Making Models,"
10.1145/3359552,Some simple economics of the blockchain,Not found,2," DAO Decision-Making Models,"
10.1109/COINS61597.2024.10622115,Governance and Maintenance for a DAO with Physical Assets - An Agent-based Model,Not found,2," DAO Decision-Making Models,"
10.1093/rfs/hhaa040,Decentralized Mining in Centralized Pools,Not found,2," DAO Decision-Making Models,"
10.1287/orsc.2014.0895,Technology ecosystem governance,Not found,2," DAO Decision-Making Models,"
10.5465/amd.2019.0044,TWO SIDES OF THE SAME COIN? DECENTRALIZED VERSUS PROPRIETARY BLOCKCHAINS AND THE PERFORMANCE OF DIGITAL CURRENCIES,Not found,2," DAO Decision-Making Models,"
10.1287/mnsc.2021.4095,Bitcoin: A Natural Oligopoly,Not found,2," DAO Decision-Making Models,"
10.2307/249754,Arrangements for information technology governance: A theory of multiple contingencies,Not found,2," DAO Decision-Making Models,"
10.1287/mnsc.2019.3434,On the financing benefits of supply chain transparency and blockchain adoption,Not found,2," DAO Decision-Making Models,"
10.1109/COMST.2018.2842460,A survey on security and privacy issues of bitcoin,Not found,2," DAO Decision-Making Models,"
10.1007/978-3-319-42448-4_13,Understanding modern banking ledgers through blockchain technologies: Future of transaction processing and smart contracts on the internet of money,Not found,2," DAO Decision-Making Models,"
10.1109/I3CS58314.2023.10127552,Web 3.0 Decentralized Application Using Blockchain Technology,Not found,2," DAO Decision-Making Models,"
10.1109/IWBOSE.2018.8327565,Smart contracts: Security patterns in the ethereum ecosystem and solidity,Not found,2," DAO Decision-Making Models,"
10.1109/TCSS.2022.3215185,Identification and Evolutionary Analysis of User Collusion Behavior in Blockchain Online Social Media,"Blockchain technology has given rise to a series of new blockchain online social media (BOSMs), of which Steemit is representative. Such communities are based on a token reward system and attempt to engross users in the knowledge activities of the community through knowledge payment. Studies have found that the reward system of such communities has been abused (e.g., collusion for profit), but few studies have performed an in-depth analysis for this phenomenon. Consequently, real data for Steemit are used as a case study herein to examine the collusion of users in BOSMs. Two user collusion behaviors (group-voting and vote-buying) are defined and measured. On this basis, an identification and evolutionary survival analysis of the two collusion behaviors are conducted for colluding users and colluding groups, and the behavior patterns of user collusion under the token system are deconstructed. The results of this study improve stakeholders' understanding of user participation behavior in new online communities, and serve as a reference for decision-making in community governance and token design.",2," DAO Decision-Making Models,"
10.1007/978-981-99-8318-6_11,Interplay Between User Coalition Voting and Knowledge Contribution in Knowledge Community Under Blockchain Token Incentive-A PVAR Approach,Not found,2," DAO Decision-Making Models,"
10.1093/rfs/hhy095,The Blockchain Folk Theorem,Not found,2," DAO Decision-Making Models,"
10.1007/s12599-017-0467-3,Blockchain,Not found,2," DAO Decision-Making Models,"
10.1109/SYSOSE.2018.8428782,Comparison and analysis of governance mechanisms employed by blockchain-based distributed autonomous organizations,"One of the distinguishing features of blockchain-based Distributed Autonomous Organizations(DAO) is lack of a central authority. Changes to blockchain data is achieved through consensus amongst blockchain network participants, rather than through a central node's authoritative decision. Similarly, governance, i.e., changes to features and underlying source code, is achieved through a decentralized mechanism. As adoption of blockchain has increased, the need to evolve and adopt new features has grown. These changes highlight the mechanism by which the network, rather than a central node, makes decisions. One change in particular, proposed increases to the block size to address scalability limitations, has been particularly demonstrative of the governance mechanisms employed by disparate blockchains. For example, two digital currency projects, Bitcoin and Dash, employ significantly different governance mechanisms: The Dash Decentralized Governance By Blockchain (DGBB) process, and the Bitcoin Improvement Proposal (BIP) process, to decide what changes to make to their blockchains. Dash governance was able to decide to alter the block size in a matter of hours, while Bitcoin governance took several years to make the same decision. This paper evaluates the governance mechanisms of blockchain projects using the change in block size as an exemplar. Two prominent governance mechanisms are described, compared, and assessed based upon how effective they came to consensus and made the decision to change to support the disparate needs of stakeholders.",2," DAO Decision-Making Models,"
10.17705/1jais.00571,Blockchain research in information systems: Current trends and an inclusive future research agenda,Not found,2," DAO Decision-Making Models,"
10.1007/3-540-38424-3_32,How to time-stamp a digital document,Not found,2," DAO Decision-Making Models,"
10.1177/2631787720977052,"Decentralized vs. Distributed Organization: Blockchain, Machine Learning and the Future of the Digital Platform","Algorithms are a ubiquitous part of organizations as they enable, guide, and restrict organizing at the level of everyday interactions. This essay focuses on algorithms and organizing by reviewing the literature on algorithms in organizations, examining the viewpoint of relationality and relational agency on algorithms and organizing, exploring the properties of algorithms, and concluding what these mean from an organizational communication viewpoint. Algorithms need data to be collected. The data are always biased, and algorithms exclude everything that is not in their code. They define what is seen as important. Their operating principles are opaque, and they are political due to human interference. Algorithms are not just used. Rather, they are co-Actors in organizing. We argue that algorithms demand rethinking communication in the communicative constitution of organizations and call for more empirical research emphasizing the properties of algorithms, the relationality of algorithms, and the temporality of the materialization of algorithms.",2," DAO Decision-Making Models,"
10.1093/rfs/hhaa113,Risks and returns of cryptocurrency,Not found,2," DAO Decision-Making Models,"
10.1287/mnsc.2016.2697,Crowdsourcing Exploration,Not found,2," DAO Decision-Making Models,"
10.1257/aer.20151700,A theory of crowdfunding: A mechanism design approach with demand uncertainty and moral hazard,Not found,2," DAO Decision-Making Models,"
10.1287/mnsc.2015.2364,Crowd wisdom relies on agents' ability In small groups with a voting aggregation rule,Not found,2," DAO Decision-Making Models,"
10.1191/1478088706qp063oa,Using thematic analysis in psychology,"Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neural developmental disorder characterized by impaired social interaction, communication difficulties, and restricted behaviours. Understanding the disorder and providing necessary social support for guidance and assistance is vital for caregivers, including educators, parents, and the public. The aim of this research is to design and develop a social support mobile app for autistic children’s caregivers named IHEART2U. We design the app by incorporating the empowerment-based design elements to ensure it provides practical assistance but also foster a sense of empowerment and control over their child's development and well-being. Caregivers can feel more confident, informed, and supported in their role. For the design and development, we used the Mobile Development Life Cycle (MADLC) as the methodological approach. During the requirements gathering, we conducted interviews in collaboration with the National Autism Society of Malaysia (NASOM), a private school for children with autism and caretakers. Through thematic analysis, we incorporate four empowerment-based design elements: information support, emotional support, companion, customization, and personalization in the user interface (UI) design of the mobile app. Upon completion of the high-fidelity prototype, we conducted usability testing using the System Usability Scale (SUS) to obtain feedback from the stakeholders. The score was 90.83 above average. The respondents provide constructive feedback on how to improve the app. In conclusion, we believe that by integrating these empowerment design elements, the IHEART2U social support mobile app becomes a source of empowerment, support, and guidance tool for caregivers, helping them navigate the challenges of raising and caring for children with autism. Future work will involve iterative user testing and feedback to further refine and enhance the app's effectiveness.",2," DAO Decision-Making Models,"
10.1109/MNET.137.2200561,Insight Into Voting in DAOs: Conceptual Analysis and a Proposal for Evaluation Framework,Not found,3," DAOs in Finance,"
10.1016/j.jbvi.2019.e00151,Blockchain disruption and decentralized finance: The rise of decentralized business models,Not found,3," DAOs in Finance,"
10.1016/j.im.2021.103444,A framework of blockchain technology adoption: An investigation of challenges and expected value,Not found,3," DAOs in Finance,"
10.3390/info14060326,Trend Analysis of Decentralized Autonomous Organization Using Big Data Analytics,"Decentralized Autonomous Organizations (DAOs) have gained widespread attention in academia and industry as potential future models for decentralized governance and organization. In order to understand the trends and future potential of this rapidly growing technology, it is crucial to conduct research in the field. This research aims at a data-driven approach for the objective content analysis of big data related to DAOs, using text mining and Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA)-based topic modeling. The study analyzed tweets with the hashtag #DAO and all Reddit data with “DAO”. The results were from the identification of the top 100 frequently appearing keywords, as well as the top 20 keywords with high network centrality, and key topics related to finance, gaming, and fundraising, from both Twitter and Reddit. The analysis revealed twelve topics from Twitter and eight topics from Reddit, with the term “community” frequently appearing across many of these topics. The findings provide valuable insights into the current trend and future potential of DAOs, and should be used by researchers to guide further research in the field and by decision makers to explore innovative ways to govern the organizations.",3," DAOs in Finance,"
10.1016/j.im.2021.103552,Organizations’ approaches to blockchain: A critical realist perspective,"Organizations face manifold implementation barriers in blockchain adoption. Of particular interest is the pre-adoption phase, where knowledge and attitudes guide organizations’ approaches toward a new technology. This paper examines organizations’ approaches to blockchain through a sensemaking lens to identify how blockchain prototype development is guided by perceived business value of and sentiments toward the technology. Taking a critical realist perspective, we examine divergences between organizations’ approaches toward blockchain adoption, i.e., what they do, and why and how they approach blockchain. We differentiate between four types of approaches and provide recommendations how the pre-adoption phase can be considered in academic analyses.",3," DAOs in Finance,"
10.1371/journal.pone.0233018,Initial coin offerings,Not found,3," DAOs in Finance,"
10.1016/j.jbvi.2020.e00170,"Leveraging blockchain's potential – The paradox of centrally legitimate, decentralized solutions to institutional challenges in Kenya",Not found,3," DAOs in Finance,"
10.1016/j.jbusres.2018.06.013,Agile Business Model Innovation in Digital Entrepreneurship: Lean Startup Approaches,"Digital startups in the early stages of their development frequently undergo innovation to their value architecture and Business Model. A set of pragmatic methods drawing on lean and agile principles has recently been proposed to support digital entrepreneurs facing Business Model Innovation (BMI), known as Lean Startup Approaches (LSAs). However, the theoretical and practical relationship between BMI and LSAs in dynamic digital environments has seldom been investigated. To fill this gap, our study draws on an exploratory multiple-case study based on three digital multisided platform startups to craft a unified framework that can disclose the relationship between BMI, LSAs and Agile Development (AD), within the context of Strategic Agility. Our findings, which emerge from the unified framework, show that LSAs can be employed as agile methods to enable Business Model Innovation in Digital Entrepreneurship. These findings are then organized around a set of propositions, with the aim of developing a research agenda directed towards integrating BMI, LSAs and AD processes and methods.",3," DAOs in Finance,"
10.1109/COMST.2020.2989392,Blockchain Meets Cloud Computing: A Survey,"Blockchain technology has been deemed to be an ideal choice for strengthening existing computing systems in varied manners. As one of the network-enabled technologies, cloud computing has been broadly adopted in the industry through numerous cloud service models. Fusing blockchain technology with existing cloud systems has a great potential in both functionality/performance enhancement and security/privacy improvement. The question remains on how blockchain technology inserts into current deployed cloud solutions and enables the reengineering of cloud datacenter. This survey addresses this issue and investigates recent efforts in the technical fusion of blockchain and clouds. Three technical dimensions roughly are covered in this work. First, we concern the service model and review an emerging cloud-relevant blockchain service model, Blockchain-as-a-Service (BaaS); second, security is considered a key technical dimension in this work and both access control and searchable encryption schemes are assessed; finally, we examine the performance of cloud datacenter with supports/participance of blockchain from hardware and software perspectives. Main findings of this survey will be theoretical supports for future reference of blockchain-enabled reengineering of cloud datacenter.",3," DAOs in Finance,"
10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2020.102263,When good blocks go bad: Managing unwanted blockchain data,"Blockchain has been praised for providing the technical infrastructure that enables a group of self-interested entities to share data without relying on intermediaries. Technically, blockchain is a distributed and decentralized append-only database. This latter aspect leads to an important, yet overlooked governance issue, namely what should the network members do when erroneous or malicious data are added to the blockchain ledger? We start by describing three public cases when the above happened. For each case, we elaborate on the adopted solution, which we refer to as the “rollback,” the “do nothing,” and the “overturn” solution. Drawing from these previous cases, discussions with experts, and from our own experience with blockchain research and development, we provide suggestions concerning managerial, technical, and information security policies and practices organizations should follow when contemplating enterprise-level applications of the blockchain technology.",3," DAOs in Finance,"
10.1016/j.jbusvent.2018.09.007,Initial coin offerings (ICOs) to finance new ventures,Not found,3," DAOs in Finance,"
10.1016/j.bushor.2019.01.009,How blockchain technologies impact your business model,"Much of the attention surrounding blockchain today is focused on financial services, with very little discussion about nonfinancial services firms and how blockchain technology may affect organizations, their business models, and how they create and deliver value. In addition, some confusion remains between the blockchain (with definite article)and blockchain (no article), distributed ledger technologies, and their applications. Our article offers a primer on blockchain technology aimed at general managers and executives. The key contributions of this article lie in providing an explanation of blockchain, including how a blockchain transaction works and a clarification of terms, and outlining different types of blockchain technologies. We also discuss how different types of blockchain impact business models. Building on the well-established business model framework by Osterwalder and Pigneur, we outline the effect that blockchain technologies can have on each element of the business model, along with illustrations from firms developing blockchain technology.",3," DAOs in Finance,"
10.1016/j.intfin.2020.101188,The predictive power of public Twitter sentiment for forecasting cryptocurrency prices,"Cryptocurrencies have become a very popular topic recently, primarily due to their disruptive potential and reports of unprecedented returns. In addition, academics increasingly acknowledge the predictive power of Twitter for a wide variety of events and more specifically for financial markets. This paper studies to what extent public Twitter sentiment can be used to predict price returns for the nine largest cryptocurrencies: Bitcoin, Ethereum, XRP, Bitcoin Cash, EOS, Litecoin, Cardano, Stellar and TRON. By using a cryptocurrency-specific lexicon-based sentiment analysis approach, financial data and bilateral Granger-causality testing, it was found that Twitter sentiment has predictive power for the returns of Bitcoin, Bitcoin Cash and Litecoin. Using a bullishness ratio, predictive power is found for EOS and TRON. Finally, a heuristic approach is developed to discover that at least 1–14% of the obtained Tweets were posted by Twitter “bot” accounts. This paper is the first to cover the predictive power of Twitter sentiment in the setting of multiple cryptocurrencies and to explore the presence of cryptocurrency-related Twitter bots.",3," DAOs in Finance,"
10.1080/1351847X.2019.1647259,The Pricing and Performance of Cryptocurrency,Not found,3," DAOs in Finance,"
10.1093/ptj/89.9.873,Reprint-Preferred Reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement,"Background and Hypothesis: Exercise therapy has been shown to be an effective complementary treatment for patients with psychotic disorders. However, the specific impacts of different training modalities remain poorly understood. This article aims to quantitatively review the moderating influence of different exercise modalities, hypothesizing that higher exercise intensity as well as utilization of mindfulness-based exercise (MBE) components, will improve intervention outcomes. Study Design: PubMed, Web of Science, and PsycINFO were searched from 2010 to March 2022 for randomized controlled trials investigating exercise interventions in patients with psychotic disorders (preregistration: https://doi. org/10.17605/OSF.IO/J8QNS). Outcomes considered were positive/negative symptoms, Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) General Psychopathology/ Total scores, depressive symptoms, psychosocial functioning, quality of life, cardiorespiratory fitness, and body mass index. Separate meta-analyses, including moderator analyses, were performed to evaluate the moderating influence of different training modalities. Study Results: Of 6653 studies, 40 (n = 2111 patients) were included in the meta-analysis. The effects of moderate-intensity exercise exceed low-intensity approaches for PANSS Total scores (P = .02) and depressive symptoms (P = .04). The presence of MBE components was associated with improvements in positive symptoms (P = .04) and PANSS General Psychopathology subscores (P = .04) but also with higher error and between-study heterogeneity. Our analysis also shows improved intervention effects on depression in younger patients (P = .012) and improved psychosocial functioning scores following more frequent sessions (P < .01). Conclusions: A minimum of moderate intensity should be considered. More frequent training sessions per week also seem to be beneficial. While adding mindfulness elements is promising, it increases heterogeneity and requires caution in terms of generalization.",3," DAOs in Finance,"
10.4324/9780203072424,Rethinking corporate governance: The law and economics of control powers,"ESG Rating Agencies and Financial Regulation presents an essential and nuanced understanding of rating agencies through the utilisation of signalling theory. Daniel Cash provides fresh insight on the role of ESG rating agencies in the financial market and explores the relationship between ESG and modern business practices to explain the continued drive for effective ESG rating agencies. This cutting-edge book offers analyses of the latest regulatory endeavours involving ESG ratings while acknowledging the pitfalls of such agencies, including a lack of transparency and variant stakeholder preferences. Through the application of signalling theory, Cash concludes that while credit ratings agencies continue to prevail due to the sense of trust provided by the involvement of third parties in financial transactions, the same is not yet true of ESG rating agencies. Cash demonstrates that for these agencies to be truly efficient they must operate as an oligopoly, an approach that may seem uncomfortable to many. The book provides an up-to-date investigation of why a natural oligopoly is desired in the ESG rating space and summarises the consequences of this for both investors and regulators. Academics and students of financial law, economics, and financial sustainability will find this book to be an invaluable resource. Due to its practical implications, the book will additionally benefit sustainability-concerned regulators.",3," DAOs in Finance,"
10.1287/mnsc.1060.0560,The promise of research on open source software,"This paper examines whether open-source software (OSS) provides unique advantages in the entrepreneurial crowdfunding context. The economic model for new ventures with business plans centered on OSS is often counterintuitive to early-stage investors. On the one hand, the non-restrictive OSS approach reduces the barriers to widespread product adoption and collaboration; on the other, OSS is essentially a public good, creating a scenario where anyone can appropriate value from the product without compensating its creators. As such, an OSS approach can dissuade investors primarily concerned with appropriating value for themselves, making it difficult for early-stage OSS ventures to attract investors. However, the rapid rise of crowdfunding has created a communally minded investor base that might instead find OSS projects enticing. We theorize that the attributes of OSS projects align with the communal expectations of crowdfunding investors and thus create supportive environments for OSS-based ventures. We illustrate this alignment through the community-based resource mobilization framework and suggest that the OSS approach yields greater investor trust, leading to superior financing outcomes. Our mixed methods approach blends archival analyses of Kickstarter data with a constructive replication through a randomized experiment, providing consistent support that an OSS approach can be advantageous in the crowdfunding context.",3," DAOs in Finance,"
10.1016/S0048-7333(03)00048-9,Guarding the commons: How community managed software projects protect their work,Not found,3," DAOs in Finance,"
10.4018/979-8-3693-1532-3.ch006,Revolutionizing finance with decentralized finance (DeFi),"Decentralized finance is an innovative use of blockchain technology in financial services. Because of its transparency and lack of intermediaries, it brings several advantages to the traditional finance ecosystem. Features like tokenization, total value locked (TVL), oracles, and data aggregation help in building a variety of DeFi products and services. Decentralized apps (dApps) run autonomously atop distributed ledger networks. Decentralized stablecoins, decentralized exchanges (DEX), decentralized credit and lending, derivates, and even decentralized insurance are offered on DeFi platforms. The chapter takes through three forms of decentralized insurance models. Case studies and examples for successful and unsuccessful claims are explored. However, the implementation of DeFi comes with its challenges and regulatory hurdles. Similarly, governance and security aspects are of increased importance.",3," DAOs in Finance,"
10.1080/17517575.2019.1599446,"Perceived usefulness, ease of use and user acceptance of blockchain technology for digital transactions–insights from user-generated content on Twitter","Although blockchain has attracted a great deal of attention from academia and industry there is a lack of studies on acceptance drivers. This study explores blockchain acceptance by mining the collective intelligence of users on Twitter. It maps blockchain user acceptance drivers to technology acceptance constructs. The analysis shows that users are attracted by security, privacy, transparency, trust and traceability aspects provided by blockchain. On Twitter more discussions on blockchain benefits than on drawbacks. Initial coin offering (ICO) is extensively discussed. The study provides guidelines for managers and concludes by presenting the limitations of the study along with future research directions.",3," DAOs in Finance,"
10.1016/j.jbusvent.2020.106001,Entrepreneurial Finance and Moral Hazard: Evidence from Token Offerings,Not found,3," DAOs in Finance,"
10.1007/s12599-017-0505-1,Blockchain Technology in Business and Information Systems Research,,3," DAOs in Finance,"
10.1108/BIJ-10-2021-0606,Towards blockchain led decentralized autonomous organization (DAO) business model innovations,"Purpose: Today, business model innovations leverage digital technologies to gain a competitive advantage and transform business processes. Blockchain is still gaining attention in specific fields and bringing value to business models. There is a dearth of research on how blockchain decentralized autonomous organizations impact organization business model innovations. This study attempts to contribute the body of knowledge based on a review of decentralized autonomous organizations and the business model innovation literature using the integrative and generative approach. Design/methodology/approach: The paper offers an analysis of decentralized autonomous organizations based on digital business models built on the well-established work by Osterwalder and Pigneur (2010). The practical multilayered decentralized autonomous organizations architectural implementation model design is achieved using practical archetypes depicted in the proposed decentralized autonomous organizations business model. The paper evaluates a marketplace comprising 13 decentralized autonomous organizations led platforms with core functionalities. Findings: The paper delivers decentralized autonomous organizations led digital business model canvas elements to explain decentralized autonomous organization business model innovations. It presents the underlying multilayered decentralized autonomous organizations architectural implementation model required to conceptualize a practical business model with an enterprise-ready target operating model. Research limitations/implications: The paper contributes directly to the practical decentralized autonomous organizations business model canvas, exemplifying the nine elements of decentralized autonomous organizations’ characteristics for any organizational transformation. The tools and accelerators (business model, layered architecture, target operating model and product mapping) developed in the paper address the managerial challenges of redesigning the decentralized business models. Originality/value: The proposed decentralized autonomous organizations smart contract powered business model provide a digital platform to adhere to rules, follow policies, preserve principles and develop consensus without human interventions. The paper shapes the first of its kind decentralized autonomous organizations marketplace evaluation while mapping it to decentralized autonomous organizations layered architecture product requirement considering business model dimension to adopt actionable target operating model.",3," DAOs in Finance,"
10.1146/annurev-financial-073009-104034,Shareholder voting and corporate governance,"This study assesses the effects of shareholder voting on a firm's decision-making by considering two voting methods: majority voting (MV) and quadratic voting (QV). Under MV, shareholders obtain voting rights in proportion to their shares, while under QV, they pay costs to buy voting rights. Our model demonstrates that under both MV and QV, the firm's decision is efficient if shareholders collectively make the voting decisions. Moreover, shareholders can benefit from share trades resulting in the firm's efficient decision.",3," DAOs in Finance,"
10.4018/978-1-6684-9919-1.ch009,Web 3 and the future of work: From gig economy to daos,"The landscape of work is undergoing significant changes, and the advent of Web 3 technologies is poised to accelerate this transformation. The gig economy, which emphasizes short-term contracts and freelance work, has been subject to criticism for its lack of job security, limited worker protections, and heightened competition. However, the emergence of Web 3 technologies and decentralized autonomous organizations (DAOs) offers a potential solution to these problems, by providing greater worker autonomy, transparency, and democratic decision-making. DAOs can help to give workers greater control over their working environment, as well as offering them greater job security. These technologies can also create new opportunities for workers to work remotely and receive payment more quickly than traditional methods. This chapter aims to examine the potential opportunities and obstacles presented by Web 3 and DAOs for the future of work.",3," DAOs in Finance,"
10.1561/109.00000025,Decentralized Corporate Governance via Blockchain Technology,Not found,3," DAOs in Finance,"
10.1177/1094428112452151,Seeking Qualitative Rigor in Inductive Research: Notes on the Gioia Methodology,"This study aims to observe how a cooperative, as a social enterprise, relies on stakeholders to fulfill the organization’s knowledge and resource needs. Social enterprises develop dual missions—i.e., social and economic motives—and thus often experience tension between these two missions. This research uses a dynamic capabilities approach to examine how both motives can be compromised with the support of stakeholders. The case study method allows us to immerse ourselves in rich qualitative data and thus has enabled researchers to explore granulated data from rare phenomena. Three outputs are expected through the adoption of dynamic capabilities: participation of heterogeneous stakeholders in cognitive processes, well-coordinated stakeholders for business fine-tuning, and internal resource coordination with stakeholders. To achieve these three outputs, social enterprises must apply dynamic capabilities iteratively, not linearly. Moreover, each stakeholder possesses diverse knowledge and resources. Therefore, the findings of this research imply that social enterprise managers must design in advance whom to collaborate with and what outcomes are expected.",3," DAOs in Finance,"
10.1109/ITSC57777.2023.10422063,Towards Integrated Traffic Control with Operating Decentralized Autonomous Organization,"With a growing complexity of the intelligent traffic system (ITS), an integrated control of ITS that is capable of considering plentiful heterogeneous intelligent agents is desired. However, existing control methods based on the centralized or the decentralized scheme have not presented their competencies in considering the optimality and the scalability simultaneously. To address this issue, we propose an integrated control method based on the framework of Decentralized Autonomous Organization (DAO). The proposed method achieves a global consensus on energy consumption efficiency (ECE), meanwhile to optimize the local objectives of all involved intelligent agents, through a consensus and incentive mechanism. Furthermore, an operation algorithm is proposed regarding the issue of structural rigidity in DAO. Specifically, the proposed operation approach identifies critical agents to execute the smart contract in DAO, which ultimately extends the capability of DAO-based control. In addition, a numerical experiment is designed to examine the performance of the proposed method. The experiment results indicate that the controlled agents can achieve a consensus faster on the global objective with improved local objectives by the proposed method, compare to existing decentralized control methods. In general, the proposed method shows a great potential in developing an integrated control system in the ITS.",3," DAOs in Finance,"
10.1016/j.autcon.2020.103276,Public and private blockchain in construction business process and information integration,"Blockchain as an emergent decentralized digital technology has been widely explored in many sectors to remedy the deficiencies of centralized solutions It has been recognized that blockchain technology has great potential to facilitate business activities spanning the whole life cycle of a building project in the construction industry, such as better communication or understanding, documents sharing, stage transition and quality endorsement. A comprehensive review of the literature regarding the application of blockchain in the construction domain found that there are few studies and applications of blockchain in construction practices, and most of the current research involves qualitative studies only. In this paper, we aim to explore the feasibility of applying both public blockchain and private blockchain technologies in the construction industry using two industry cases. Two business process cases (i.e., Case 1 and Case 2) were selected and used to drive the blockchain-based software system architecture design. The proposed architectures were demonstrated using Hyperledger Fabric (a private, permissioned and open source blockchain platform) and Ethereum (a public blockchain platform) respectively, to reflect the different requirements of the two use cases. This pilot study also illustrates the process, benefits, and challenges of adopting private and public blockchain technologies in construction domain. This research provides insights to researchers and practitioners regarding the adoption of blockchain technology, especially in construction industry.",3," DAOs in Finance,"
10.1177/0149206316675927,"Fifteen Years of Research on Business Model Innovation: How Far Have We Come, and Where Should We Go?","Over the last 15 years, business model innovation (BMI) has gained an increasing amount of attention in management research and among practitioners. The emerging BMI literature addresses an important phenomenon but lacks theoretical underpinning, and empirical inquiry is not cumulative. Thus, a concerted research effort seems warranted. Accordingly, we take stock of the extant literature on BMI. We identify and analyze 150 peer-reviewed scholarly articles on BMI published between 2000 and 2015. We provide the first comprehensive systematic review of the BMI literature, include a critical assessment of these research efforts, and offer suggestions for future research. We argue that the literature faces problems with respect to construct clarity and has gaps with respect to the identification of antecedent conditions, contingencies, and outcomes. We identify important avenues for future research and show how the complexity theory, innovation, and other streams of literature can help overcome many of the gaps in the BMI literature.",3," DAOs in Finance,"
10.5038/1944-0472.13.1.1743,Blockchain empowers social resistance and terrorism through decentralized autonomous organizations,,3," DAOs in Finance,"
10.5465/amr.2010.0146,Crowdsourcing as a solution to distant search,Not found,3," DAOs in Finance,"
10.2307/25148732,The impact of ideology on effectiveness in open source software development teams,"The emerging work on understanding open source software has questioned what leads to effectiveness in OSS development teams in the absence of formal controls, and it has pointed to the importance of ideology. This paper develops a framework of the OSS community ideology (including specific norms, beliefs, and values) and a theoretical model to show how adherence to components of the ideology impacts effectiveness in OSS teams. The model is based on the idea that the tenets of the OSS ideology motivate behaviors that enhance cognitive trust and communication quality and encourage identification with the project team, which enhances affective trust. Trust and communication in turn impact OSS team effectiveness. The research considers two kinds of effectiveness in OSS teams: the attraction and retention of developer input and the generation of project outputs. Hypotheses regarding antecedents to each are developed. Hypotheses are tested using survey and objective data on OSS projects. Results support the main thesis that OSS team members' adherence to the tenets of the OSS community ideology impacts OSS team effectiveness and reveal that different components impact effectiveness in different ways. Of particular interest is the finding that adherence to some ideological components was beneficial to the effectiveness of the team in terms of attracting and retaining input, but detrimental to the output of the team. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.",3," DAOs in Finance,"
10.1080/13691066.2022.2116797,The rise of decentralized autonomous organizations (DAOs): a first empirical glimpse,Not found,3," DAOs in Finance,"
10.1016/j.pursup.2019.100552,Blockchain and supply chain relations: A transaction cost theory perspective,"Blockchain is projected to be the latest revolutionary technology and is gaining increasing attention from academics and practitioners. Blockchain is essentially a distributed and immutable database that enables more efficient and transparent transactions. The consensus-based record validation can eliminate the need for a trusted intermediary. We utilize the transaction cost theory to create a better understanding of how blockchain might influence supply chain relations, specifically in terms of transaction costs and governance decisions. Conceptually developing a set of six propositions, we argue that blockchain limits opportunistic behavior, the impact of environmental and behavioral uncertainty. Blockchain reduces transaction costs, as it allows for transparent and valid transactions. We explore several areas for future research on how blockchain might shape supply chain management in the future.",3," DAOs in Finance,"
10.1016/j.jbvi.2020.e00203,Trust in blockchains: Algorithmic and organizational,Not found,3," DAOs in Finance,"
10.1016/j.jjimei.2021.100044,How is Blockchain used in marketing: A review and research agenda,"Blockchain technology is the need of the hour today, due to its strong pillars of distribution, decentralisation, encryption, immutability and tokenization. It has a growing scope in various sectors of the economy. With vast data availability, there are challenges of big data, privacy, ransomware attacks, resulting into marketing fraud and spam. The present study reviews the use of blockchain in marketing area and seeks to identify influential aspects, research streams and research questions to propose the future research agenda of emerging market perspectives for blockchain marketing integration. The study analysed 75 articles from the international database of Scopus using bibliometric and network-based analysis. Present study firstly, identified influential aspects of literature in terms of highly cited articles, keywords, authors and publications; Secondly, identified five future research streams: (i) Blockchain and Electronic Commerce, (ii) Blockchain and Marketing; (iii) Blockchain and Data; (iv) Blockchain and Data Analytics and (v) Blockchain-Privacy and Security, Finally, suggested 18 future research questions. The study paved way for future researchers by providing future research agenda in terms of the proposed framework, which needs to be explored further to identify the relationships between five identified streams using proposed research questions. The study is unique in terms of its contribution to the literature publishing literature with an exhaustive focus on ‘identifying the blockchain-marketing integration.’ The present study fills this literature gap and proposed a framework and research questions for future researchers.",3," DAOs in Finance,"
10.1007/s12525-023-00659-y,Understanding decentralized autonomous organizations from the inside,"Blockchain technology is argued to drastically change the way we operate within an organizational context, with decentralized autonomous organizations (DAOs) representing a first manifestation of this ongoing trend. DAOs are characterized by an online community that builds the organization’s backbone by providing knowledge and human resources in a transparent, virtual manner, as well as the use of blockchain technology to coordinate their endeavor. Nevertheless, current research highlights the conceptual ambiguity of this emerging phenomenon, leading to potential issues for practitioners and researchers. To provide further clarity on the phenomenon, we study DAOs through the perspective of their members with a two-staged approach by combining elements of a netnographic approach and structural topic modeling. Our findings highlight several contextual features surrounding DAOs, such as their members’ underlying beliefs and views, helping to embed DAOs in existing research streams.",3," DAOs in Finance,"
10.1007/s10997-007-9024-7,The governance of open source initiatives: What does it mean to be community managed?,"Firms increasingly adopt open strategies to develop and deploy complex systems that combine software and hardware. Such strategies require the development of large ecosystems that coalesce the innovation capabilities of hundreds of firms across different industries. The present paper aims at understanding how different types of (1) open strategies, (2) ecosystem governance, and (3) degree of openness in complex systems relate to each other. Furthermore, we help decision makers assess the benefits and challenges associated with creating or joining such ecosystems. To do this, we perform a comparative analysis of six major hardware-rich open source ecosystems that aim at scaling up complex innovative solutions. Our findings suggest that an upstream strategy aimed at replacing supplier proprietary design with open substitutes requires a democratic governance and a degree of openness that maximize the attractiveness of the ecosystem. Also, we suggest that a downstream strategy that aims at carving a space in new markets requires an autocratic governance and degree of openness that allow to jointly attract partners and capture value.",3," DAOs in Finance,"
10.1016/j.cie.2021.107187,The value proposition of blockchain technologies and its impact on Digital Platforms,"Since the last few years there has been a massive spurt of Research on Blockchain Technologies and several attempts at incorporating them for a myriad of Business Applications. Blockchain Technologies promised to bring about decentralized trust having the potential to disrupt digital ecosystems by providing alternatives to centralized storage and management of data. This has the potential to radically transform industries and services through new models of data storage, transparency, tracking, payment systems amongst other advantages. However, Blockchain Technology is designed to provide other Value Propositions beyond decentralized storage, such as innovative crypto economic and investment models and radical new forms of decentralized participative governance models that could lead to the evolution of new generation of Digital Platforms and multi stakeholder business interactions. In this paper, through a systematic literature review, we present a set of key Blockchain Value Propositions and a discussion on how it can complement to the evolution of Digital Platforms and the Collaborative Economy. We also argue that while some of the value propositions are easier to integrate with existing Digital Platforms, more disruptive value propositions such as Business Automation, Economic and Governance Models present greater challenges but could lead to not just innovation at the technological level, but also metamorphosis of the existing social, economic and governance models.",3," DAOs in Finance,"
10.5465/amd.2019.0064,COEVOLUTION OF PLATFORM DOMINANCE AND GOVERNANCE STRATEGIES: EFFECTS ON COMPLEMENTOR PERFORMANCE OUTCOMES,Not found,3," DAOs in Finance,"
10.1257/089533003769204362,Executive compensation as an agency problem,"We provide new insights into companies’ decisions to cut CEO pay during the COVID-19 pandemic by comparing 482 firms announcing CEO salary cuts with those that do not. We find that salary cuts are more prevalent in firms with poor pre-pandemic performance, lower cash holdings, employee layoffs, and better governance. Shareholders appear to view these cuts favorably in firms with higher CEO pay ratios and those that are the first among their peer firms to make such an announcement. These findings suggest that pay cuts reflect efforts to adjust pay efficiently in response to changes in contracting environments and to lend legitimacy to other difficult decisions that firms face, alongside governance characteristics. We also find that CEO salary cuts coincide with well-timed equity grants that appreciate in value more than those in noncutting firms and with a shift away from earnings-based metrics in performance-based incentive plans.",3," DAOs in Finance,"
10.2307/41703471,Carrots and rainbows: Motivation and social practice in open source software development,Not found,3," DAOs in Finance,"
10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2019.10.014,Blockchain as a disruptive technology for business: A systematic review,"Blockchain is the latest ‘disruptive innovation’ that has caught scholars’ attention. It is the underlying technology for Bitcoin and other digital currencies. Stakeholders like developers, entrepreneurs, and technology enthusiasts claim blockchain has the potential to reconfigure the contemporary economic, legal, political and cultural landscape. Skeptics claim the concept and its applications remain ambiguous and uncertain. Business scholars began publishing studies on the emergence and impact of blockchain, bitcoin, and related projects in 2014. In this study, we conduct a PRISMA guided systematic review of blockchain research in the business literature from 2014 to 2018. Our results show a rapid increase of studies over the five year period. The findings also convey key insights about the current state of scholarly investigation on blockchain, including its top benefits and challenges for business and society. We found that blockchain remains an early-stage domain of research in terms of theoretical grounding, methodological diversity, and empirically grounded work. We suggest research directions to improve our understanding of the state of blockchain and advance future research of this increasingly important and expansive area.",3," DAOs in Finance,"
10.1016/j.jbvi.2022.e00309,Beyond the bubble: Will NFTs and digital proof of ownership empower creative industry entrepreneurs?,Not found,3," DAOs in Finance,"
10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2018.11.021,Blockchain adoption challenges in supply chain: An empirical investigation of the main drivers in India and the USA,Not found,3," DAOs in Finance,"
10.1007/s10551-014-2427-x,"Shareholder Primacy, Corporate Social Responsibility, and the Role of Business Schools",Not found,3," DAOs in Finance,"
10.4018/979-8-3693-1532-3.ch009,The future of decentralized governance with DAO and web 3,"Web 3 is considered the next generation of the internet. Decentralized autonomous organizations (DAOs) are considered the next avatar of organizations run digitally over blockchain-led technology platforms. Business logic and rules for running the organization are programmed in distributed applications (dApps) and executed using smart contracts. Token-based rights allow owing members to vote, participate in governance, and direct how the organization will be run. While DAOs are facing several legal and regulatory challenges on one side and fighting with technical vulnerabilities and hacks on the other side, future research in this field appears promising. There is an enormous need for education and awareness of the functioning of these emerging models, which can be dealt with using a multi-faceted approach. Decentralized governance can have a massive societal impact and lead to an equitable world. It drives financial inclusion and puts automatic decision-making at the fore.",3," DAOs in Finance,"
10.1016/j.frl.2023.104445,Decentralized Autonomous Organizations (DAOs): Catalysts for enhanced market efficiency,"The crypto-asset market has shown variations in efficiency across assets and time, but limited research has explored the driving factors beyond liquidity. Exploiting a dataset of 122 crypto-assets, with imbalanced data, this study investigates the impact of market conditions and inherent asset characteristics on return predictability. Our findings reveal that both factors significantly influence the efficiency of crypto-assets. Notably, Decentralized Autonomous Organizations (DAOs) exhibit higher efficiency compared to non-DAO projects. This suggests that transparent decentralized decision-making models can reduce information asymmetry, leading to a more efficient market pricing. Furthermore, we show a positive relationship between market efficiency and increased liquidity and age. These insights shed light on the role of DAOs as catalysts for enhancing market efficiency and have important implications for investors and market participants in the crypto-asset market.",3," DAOs in Finance,"
10.1109/PERCOMW.2019.8730733,Blockchain Technology for e-Marketplace,"We developed a blockchain-based E-marketplace. A decentralized E-marketplace platform utilizing the blockchain technology is implemented. We use the self-enforcement of smart contracts to secure the deposit and process the payment. Each transaction is verified through the blockchain and is recorded to the decentralized ledger. This enables trustless transactions since the smart contract is self-executed. The smart contract is able to perform credible transactions without trusted third parties, and the transactions on the blockchain are trackable and irreversible. Therefore, both the buyer and the seller cannot breach the contract. All processes are recorded on the blockchain including the product launch, purchase, delivery, and payment. It is trackable and could be submitted to courts as electronic evidence to solve the transaction disputes.",3," DAOs in Finance,"
10.1108/ITP-10-2018-0491,"Ethics of blockchain: A framework of technology, applications, impacts, and research directions","We face a daily reality such that very interesting outlook changes are testing the fundamental organizations that trust is based on. The absence of trust related with information administration, which is frequently knowledgeable about the type of information breaks or essentially an adaptation of our information without our consent as well as impetus to take part in this arising decentralization of designs, is basically difficult centralization as states, monetary establishments, ventures, and associations. We perceive this trust gap posing a threat to the very institutions on which we have relied, such as financial institutions, private businesses, and government agencies. As people keep on advancing into more decentralized and self- administering (or semi-independent) associations, a new “common agreement” is fundamental. Although there has been significant discussion regarding blockchain applications and prospective results in the FinTech industry, little has been done to examine how client-driven blockchain advancements can enable a variety of purposes outside of banking. This article plans to add to that assortment of information by inspecting blockchain innovation’s likely applications, as well as its restrictions, in regions where social effect crosses, like basic liberties. This likewise examines whether blockchain innovation and its center functional standards - like decentralization, straightforwardness, equity, and responsibility - can assist with restricting unnecessary internet-based observation, oversight, and common liberties infringement that are worked with by the developing dependence on a couple of elements to control admittance to data on the web. With regards to the expected effect of blockchain innovation on society, what is conceivable and what ought to be kept away from. With the proviso that an administration instrument should be indicated, we will see further improvement in computerized power. The data introduced in this position paper upholds the possibility that blockchain and individual tokenization could make another common agreement.",3," DAOs in Finance,"
10.1108/BIJ-12-2018-0445,Re-designing the business organization using disruptive innovations based on blockchain-IoT integrated architecture for improving agility in future Industry 4.0,"Purpose: Blockchain and Internet of Things (IoT) technologies have recently gained much attention for Industry 4.0. With the emergence of disruptive technologies, it has become essential to redesign the business for innovations based on blockchain–IoT integrated architecture that helps organizations to improve agility in their operations. The paper aims to discuss this issue. Design/methodology/approach: An industrial pump was Sensorized and IoTized to monitor its operations on real time and take predictive measures for managing these assets with more agility. The developed architecture was further extended for proposing the use of blockchain and how it can benefit the organization. Findings: The known features of blockchain such as increasing the capacity of decentralization, trust-less transactions, security and allowing autonomous coordination of the devices along with the boons of IoT will help achieve the motto of improving agility in Industry 4.0. Originality/value: This paper gives a new dimension to utilization of blockchain technology. blockchain along with IoT that gives a way forward for industries like manufacturing, oil and gas, engineering and construction, utilities, etc. to re-designing the business organization in a more agile way.",3," DAOs in Finance,"
10.1287/isre.2018.0774,Data-driven computationally intensive theory development,"Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) typically have restrained information and communication technology (ICT) budgets and resources. At the same time, they face high pressure to reduce administrative costs. A possible solution to the resulting conundrum could be user-driven technology. This term describes a selection of technologies, including intelligent process automation, low-code platforms, and business intelligence tools that push innovation and user-centricity by letting operational employees directly deploy comparably cheap solutions without the need for central ICT support. Practitioner literature indicates, however, that user-driven technologies are lagging in the social sector despite evidence from some individual success stories published by researchers. Thus, a systematic assessment of user-driven technologies within NGOs and of potential challenges in their introduction is necessary. To close this research gap, we employ the method of computationally intensive theory construction, combining data mining with qualitative interviews. Results indicate that user-driven technologies are indeed lagging and that forming a problem-mindset and creating adequate governance structures are the main challenges to their introduction within NGOs.",3," DAOs in Finance,"
10.1016/j.econlet.2015.02.029,Speculative bubbles in Bitcoin markets? An empirical investigation into the fundamental value of Bitcoin,"Amid its rapidly increasing usage and immense public interest the subject of Bitcoin has raised profound economic and societal issues. In this paper we undertake economic and econometric modelling of Bitcoin prices. As with many asset classes we show that Bitcoin exhibits speculative bubbles. Further, we find empirical evidence that the fundamental price of Bitcoin is zero.",3," DAOs in Finance,"
10.1016/j.riob.2017.10.002,Self-managing organizations: Exploring the limits of less-hierarchical organizing,"Fascination with organizations that eschew the conventional managerial hierarchy and instead radically decentralize authority has been longstanding, albeit at the margins of scholarly and practitioner attention. Recently, however, organizational experiments in radical decentralization have gained mainstream consideration, giving rise to a need for new theory and new research. This paper reviews the literature on less-hierarchical organizing and identifies three categories of research: post-bureaucratic organizations, humanistic management and organizational democracy. Despite this extensive prior work, scholarly understanding of radical decentralization remains limited. Using the term self-managing organizations to capture efforts that radically decentralize authority in a formal and systematic way throughout the organization, we set forth a research agenda to better understand less-hierarchical organizing at its limits.",3," DAOs in Finance,"
10.1109/ICICyTA60173.2023.10429035,Utilization of Decentralized Autonomous Organization (DAO) for Virtual Property Transaction Governance in Metaverse: A Conceptual Framework,"Research related to digital assets & ownership is currently rising along with the escalation utilization of Blockchain through various use cases and its derevatives, for example in facilitating Digital Assets in the form of virtual property (virtual houses / buildings and virtual land) in the Metaverse. These digital assets often have utilities, features, and even limited copies of quantities so that these digital objects have more value for specific users on a platform and even general people who are interested in and value them. To be able to preserve the value of digital assets in the Metaverse such as virtual property previously mentioned especially for transactions, a set of regulations/governance, as well as sustainable development in the future in the Metaverse is really needed so that the use of Decentralized Autonomous Organization (DAO) in the metaverse is one way to maintain the sustainability of the ecosystem & market and its potential of virtual property. After conducting research for DAO development for virtual property transactions, starting with determining goals & purposes, breaking down the DAO focus object (virtual property), clustering relevant attributes, matching socio-economic impacts, and finally designing smart contracts & governance consensus, we obtained 4 main layers namely Consensus Governance, Smart Contract, Virtual Property & Socio-Economic.",3," DAOs in Finance,"
10.1016/j.jbusvent.2013.06.005,The dynamics of crowdfunding: An exploratory study,Not found,3," DAOs in Finance,"
10.1111/beer.12259,Blockchain and business ethics,"This paper provides, from a business ethics perspective, a basic clustering of the morally (a) favorable, (b) unfavorable, and (c) ambivalent dimensions of blockchain technology and its various emergent applications. Instead of proffering specific assessments on particular aspects of blockchain-based business models, we aim to offer an initial overview that charters the territory so that future research can bring about such moral assessments in an informed and orderly fashion. The main contribution of this paper lies in identifying several morally ambivalent dimensions of blockchain technology, which we finally link to two strands of business ethics research: ethical and legal aspects of legislation as well as a link to Habermasian corporate social responsibility theory arguing for transparent data production and consumption on the blockchain. We conclude that future research is necessary for moral assessment of the ambivalent cases, since their ethical evaluation changes depending on whether one analyzes them through the lenses of utilitarianism, contractarianism, deontology, and virtue ethics, respectively.",3," DAOs in Finance,"
10.1016/j.jbvi.2020.e00213,A comprehensive review of the global development of initial coin offerings (ICOs) and their regulation,Not found,3," DAOs in Finance,"
10.1108/DPRG-09-2023-0126,Enhancing the democratic nature of voting processes within decentralized autonomous organizations,"Purpose: This paper aims to explore the problem of power imbalance within decentralized autonomous organizations (DAOs) and propose potential solutions that could contribute to enhancing the democratic nature of DAOs. Design/methodology/approach: In this paper, the authors apply a qualitative methodology. Using a thematic coding analysis, the authors process data collected from interviews with 11 experts. Findings: Multiple factors contribute to the perceived lack of democracy within DAOs, such as token concentration and effective stakeholder communication. Next, quadratic voting has the potential to enhance democracy within DAOs, but this mechanism must be implemented mindfully. Finally, the results were nuanced when it comes to the effectiveness of liquid democracy in DAOs to enhance voter participation and representation. Originality/value: To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this paper is one of the first research contributions to propose recommendations to address the power imbalance within DAOs and to contribute to the advancement of decentralized decision-making structures.",3," DAOs in Finance,"
10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2019.09.004,A blockchain use case in food distribution: Do you know where your food has been?,Not found,4," Blockchain Voting Systems,"
10.1016/j.iot.2019.100107,Blockchain technology: A survey on applications and security privacy Challenges,Not found,4," Blockchain Voting Systems,"
10.1016/j.procs.2018.01.019,The all-pervasiveness of the blockchain technology,Not found,4," Blockchain Voting Systems,"
10.1109/P2P.2001.990434,A definition of peer-to-peer networking for the classification of peer-to-peer architectures and applications,Not found,4," Blockchain Voting Systems,"
10.1109/ISCON47742.2019.9036152,Artificially Intelligent Decentralized Autonomous Organization,Not found,4," Blockchain Voting Systems,"
10.1016/j.accinf.2018.06.001,Designing confidentiality-preserving Blockchain-based transaction processing systems,Not found,4," Blockchain Voting Systems,"
10.1016/j.techfore.2020.120166,"How Blockchain can impact financial services – The overview, challenges and recommendations from expert interviewees",Not found,4," Blockchain Voting Systems,"
10.1109/ICSSSM.2016.7538424,An agri-food supply chain traceability system for China based on RFID & blockchain technology,Not found,4," Blockchain Voting Systems,"
10.1007/978-981-19-3391-2_43,Addressing Most Common Vulnerabilities in Blockchain-Based Voting Systems,"Blockchain technology is becoming the most used technology to use in offering new types of digital services. Leveraging blockchain technology in developing voting systems is becoming an emerging research topic. However, not many studies have focused on the suitability of such system. Election makes a fundamental contribution to democratic governance, and any lack of transparency or manipulation in the process could affect citizens’ trust in their democracy. In this research, we are going to study the feasibility of using blockchain technology in real elections. We will as well cite what we believe are problems with blockchain-based electronic voting systems and propose solutions to the most common vulnerabilities related to blockchain-based voting systems.",4," Blockchain Voting Systems,"
10.1109/ITSC.2016.7795984,Towards blockchain-based intelligent transportation systems,"This research addresses privacy concerns in traditional ride-sharing applications by proposing a decentralized solution leveraging blockchain technology and smart contracts, complemented by spatial cloaking techniques. Conventional ride-sharing platforms rely on centralized intermediaries, exposing user location data to potential breaches. Our approach enhances system resilience, reducing the risk of network-wide disruption in the event of an attack. Spatial cloaking within smart contracts conceals location data from unauthorized access, significantly improving privacy protection. Our findings show improved system security with a effective deployment cost of gas units and an effective transaction cost of gas units, leading to faster blockchain block hashing. This research offers a promising path towards decentralized ride-sharing, combining blockchain and spatial cloaking for enhanced user privacy while maintaining system efficiency and security.",4," Blockchain Voting Systems,"
10.1109/MCC.2018.011791712,Blockchain: A Panacea for Healthcare Cloud-Based Data Security and Privacy?,Not found,4," Blockchain Voting Systems,"
10.1016/j.bushor.2019.08.003,A decentralized token economy: How blockchain and cryptocurrency can revolutionize business,"In recent years, cryptocurrency has begun to ascend as a worldwide phenomenon. As a result of its rising popularity, prospective and existing employees have taken an interest in receiving payment in cryptocurrency. This appeal has prompted compensation professionals and other leaders to consider incorporating cryptocurrency into their compensation strategies. While this form of payment may present as an innovative compensation plan, compensation professionals should be fully aware of the complexities involved and the potential challenges associated with its application. This article provides an overview of cryptocurrency and blockchain technology, reasons why employees may want to be paid in cryptocurrency, pertinent legal/regulatory factors, administrative challenges for employers, associated risks, and recommendations for compensation professionals who may be considering integrating cryptocurrency into their compensation strategies.",4," Blockchain Voting Systems,"
10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2019.08.012,"A framework for analysing blockchain technology adoption: Integrating institutional, market and technical factors",Not found,4," Blockchain Voting Systems,"
10.1016/j.techfore.2020.120397,Peace engineering: The contribution of blockchain systems to the e-voting process,"In recent decades, several countries have faced political tensions due to citizens’ perceptions that their elections are fraudulent; some electors have even chosen not to vote because they believe that the results may be falsified. Thus, electoral fraud is a major issue. E-governance and e-voting are now being used in many countries, some of which are investigating blockchain solutions. The aim of this study is to investigate the potential contributions of blockchain technology to peace on a worldwide level by securing voting systems. Unfortunately, this technology is complex and could potentially generate conflict between actors in elections. Taking an exploratory approach, the authors chose a qualitative method to address this specific topic. Election observers and blockchain experts were interviewed to identify the technology's strengths and weaknesses. Our results emphasize the importance of trust and human factors in the voting process.",4," Blockchain Voting Systems,"
10.1109/GCAT52182.2021.9587836,E-governance through Blockchain Technology. A Review,Not found,4," Blockchain Voting Systems,"
10.1109/CCGRID.2017.8,ProvChain: A Blockchain-Based Data Provenance Architecture in Cloud Environment with Enhanced Privacy and Availability,Not found,4," Blockchain Voting Systems,"
10.1109/MSPEC.2017.8048838,Blockchain world - Do you need a blockchain? This chart will tell you if the technology can solve your problem,Not found,4," Blockchain Voting Systems,"
10.1007/s10257-023-00663-x,A blockchain-powered e-cognocracy model for democratic decision making,"Electronic governance is used to empower citizens and help governments and organizations with strategic decision-making or policy-making. E-democracy and e-participation methods are essential tools used to engage citizens in decision-making. One of the recent e-democracy models is known as e-cognocracy. While having advantages relative to traditional e-democracy models, e-cognocracy still faces challenges such as fraud, centralization, information failure (voting paradox), and participation rate. This paper aims to design a blockchain-based electronic democracy model on a smart contract using e-cognocracy as the base model and the concept of futarchy and prediction markets. Using the design science research methodology, a three-stage blockchain-powered e-cognocracy method for democratic decision-making is developed. The proposed method of research includes three main stages: (1) Setting the problem, (2) the voting process, and (3) knowledge diffusion and evaluation, and the stage are done through several activities. This method is implemented as a smart contract on the Ethereum platform. Using the power of blockchain technology and the economic incentive model of futarchy, this method overcomes three main challenges for e-cognocracy. To demonstrate the methodology, it was applied in a real-case experience.",4," Blockchain Voting Systems,"
10.1145/3085228.3085263,Blockchain voting & its effects on election transparency & voter confidence,Not found,4," Blockchain Voting Systems,"
10.1016/j.procs.2018.10.177,Towards the intelligent agents for blockchain e-voting system,Not found,4," Blockchain Voting Systems,"
10.1109/BRAINS52497.2021.9569826,Towards a Blockchain Voting Roadmap,"Recent concerns about election integrity provide motivation for more secure voting. Electronic voting has been projected for some time but still not widely adopted. Blockchain features like transaction authentication, block integrity, consensus mechanism has some potential to form part of a solution. Voting systems have disparate requirements, especially in terms of off-chain processes (e.g., voter authentication and non-coercion processes). Contributions of this article include classification of voting applications by governance and decisional context, 4W's framework for analysis of normal operations, technology roadmap considerations for blockchain voting, and identification of areas for further study.",4," Blockchain Voting Systems,"
10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2020.102136,Permissionless and permissioned blockchain diffusion,Not found,4," Blockchain Voting Systems,"
10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2895670,Trustworthy Electronic Voting Using Adjusted Blockchain Technology,Not found,4," Blockchain Voting Systems,"
10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2017.12.005,1 Blockchain's roles in meeting key supply chain management objectives,Not found,4," Blockchain Voting Systems,"
10.3745/JIPS.03.0135,A study on electronic voting system using private blockchain,"In democratic societies including Iraq, electronic voting (e-voting) is an available option as a viable voting system. This system is more economically advisable than face-to-face voting by eliminating the need to pay poll staff. It may also make voting more accessible to the population with impairments and those living overseas. This study will propose an e-voting system based on smart contracts by using a decentralized private Blockchain. The proposed e-voting system will provide transparency, accuracy, fairness, eligibility, anonymity, verifiability, and immutability. This research proposed the most secure way of voting with the help of Blockchain using a mobile application that can be used to implement a large-scale solution and is cost-effective. The Blockchain-based system has been designed in conjunction with the existing ECC cryptosystem to assure the dependability, anonymity, and security of votes and voters. The system that has been developed can be used to properly conduct elections, using a quick response code (QR Code), face recognition, and fingerprint for identification before casting a ballot to ensure eligibility. This results in using mobile smartphones in the voting process where voters can observe the transparency of their votes. Furthermore, eliminates the possibility of fraud and manipulation of the votes made due to the used blockchain for secure storage.",4," Blockchain Voting Systems,"
10.1109/Cybermatics_2018.2018.00262,E-Voting with Blockchain: An E-Voting Protocol with Decentralisation and Voter Privacy,"Technology has positive impacts on many aspects of our social life. Designing a 24 hour globally connected architecture enables ease of access to a variety of resources and services. Furthermore, technology like the Internet has been a fertile ground for innovation and creativity. One such disruptive innovation is blockchain-a keystone of cryptocurrencies. The blockchain technology is presented as a game changer for many of the existing and emerging technologies/services. With its immutability property and decentralised architecture, it is taking centre stage in many services as an equalisation factor to the current parity between consumers and large corporations/governments. One potential application of the blockchain is in e-voting schemes. The objective of such a scheme would be to provide a decentralised architecture to run and support a voting scheme that is open, fair, and independently verifiable. In this paper, we propose a potential new e-voting protocol that utilises the blockchain as a transparent ballot box. The protocol has been designed to adhere to fundamental e-voting properties as well as offer a degree of decentralisation and allow for the voter to change/update their vote (within the permissible voting period). This paper highlights the pros and cons of using blockchain for such a proposal from a practical point view in both development/deployment and usage contexts. Concluding the paper is a potential roadmap for blockchain technology to be able to support complex applications.",4," Blockchain Voting Systems,"
10.1016/j.procs.2020.03.303,Blockchain Ethereum Clients Performance Analysis Considering E-Voting Application,Not found,4," Blockchain Voting Systems,"
10.1145/3055518.3055527,Enabling the Sharing Economy: Privacy Respecting Contract based on Public Blockchain,Not found,4," Blockchain Voting Systems,"
10.1016/j.future.2019.07.030,Trust management in a blockchain based fog computing platform with trustless smart oracles,Not found,4," Blockchain Voting Systems,"
10.4337/9781789907056.00016,Moving from e-Gov to we-Gov and beyond: a blockchain framework for the digital transformation of cities,"The smart city concept gives prominence to the use of ICT for enabling the digital transformation of established public services, processes and policies. This roadmap started from the e-Gov 1.0 initiative and spans to the e-Gov 3.0 phase with special focus on interconnected citizens, smart and interconnected devices, big data analytics and cloud computing. As the smart cities initiative flourishes there is an overwhelming need for robust, secure and flexible solutions that will pave the way to citizens’ participation and inclusion. The proposed Blockchain Framework will not only facilitate acceptance of new governance models from the official stakeholders, but it will also dynamically identify, create and propose new policies, regulations and initiatives according to social trends and the citizens’ maturity level. It takes into consideration social, environmental and economic aspects as well as established policies and good practices for proposing solutions to stakeholders.",5," DAO Design and Architecture,"
10.1007/978-3-030-93179-7_19,Blockchain-Based Governance in Fractional Ownership: Mitigating Zero-Sum Games Through Decentralized Autonomous Agents,"The sharing economy is a mega-trend in the world and fractional homeownership is on the rise. When each transaction is a high-stake bargaining game involving multiple stakeholders, maintaining a harmonious and frictionless fractional ownership in real estate is challenging. While academics and practitioners have been focusing on nascent technology like blockchain application in this domain, their potential in supporting the governance of fractional ownership is not fully understood. Using a design science research approach, this paper studies the conflicts of interests in fractional ownership real estate transactions through the lens of zero-sum game and three dimensions of full, equal, and trustful participations. It then proposes a novel, blockchain-based governance ecosystem built on a decentralized autonomous organization.",5," DAO Design and Architecture,"
10.1016/j.infsof.2016.08.004,Evolving process views,Not found,5," DAO Design and Architecture,"
10.1007/s10916-016-0574-6,Healthcare Data Gateways: Found Healthcare Intelligence on Blockchain with Novel Privacy Risk Control,"Healthcare data are a valuable source of healthcare intelligence. Sharing of healthcare data is one essential step to make healthcare system smarter and improve the quality of healthcare service. Healthcare data, one personal asset of patient, should be owned and controlled by patient, instead of being scattered in different healthcare systems, which prevents data sharing and puts patient privacy at risks. Blockchain is demonstrated in the financial field that trusted, auditable computing is possible using a decentralized network of peers accompanied by a public ledger. In this paper, we proposed an App (called Healthcare Data Gateway (HGD)) architecture based on blockchain to enable patient to own, control and share their own data easily and securely without violating privacy, which provides a new potential way to improve the intelligence of healthcare systems while keeping patient data private. Our proposed purpose-centric access model ensures patient own and control their healthcare data; simple unified Indicator-Centric Schema (ICS) makes it possible to organize all kinds of personal healthcare data practically and easily. We also point out that MPC (Secure Multi-Party Computing) is one promising solution to enable untrusted third-party to conduct computation over patient data without violating privacy.",5," DAO Design and Architecture,"
10.1007/s10796-009-9164-1,Specification and verification of harmonized business-process collaborations,Not found,5," DAO Design and Architecture,"
10.1007/s10009-007-0038-x,Coloured Petri Nets and CPN Tools for modelling and validation of concurrent systems,"In industrial waste treatment facilities (IWTFs), the planning and coordination of waste treatment processes pose challenges due to the dynamic nature of incoming waste and resource constraints. We propose a material flow simulator for the industrial waste treatment process (IWTP) to address this issue. The simulator utilizes a timed color Petri net extended to handle containers, allowing for the representation of material flow considering container properties. A domain-specific language (DSL) based on Ruby is also introduced to define material flow rules, providing a user-friendly interface for on-site staff. Two key requirements for the simulator are identified: (1) the ability to represent material flow considering container properties and (2) flexibility for on-site staff to modify the simulation model. The proposed simulator fulfills these requirements by incorporating container handling in the Petri net model and introducing a DSL for rule definition. We conducted an evaluation experiment by modeling a segment of an actual IWTP and comparing simulation results with operational data. The simulator demonstrated a start time difference within one hour for all jobs across six distinct operational patterns. Positive feedback from on-site staff highlighted the alignment of simulation results with actual operations and the user-friendly nature of the MS Excel-based interface.",5," DAO Design and Architecture,"
10.1007/978-3-319-33630-5_27,A trustless privacy-preserving reputation system,Not found,5," DAO Design and Architecture,"
10.3897/jucs.97112,Evaluation of a Legally Binding Smart-Contract Language for Blockchain Applications,Not found,5," DAO Design and Architecture,"
10.1186/s13174-015-0023-7,eContractual choreography-language properties towards cross-organizational business collaboration,Not found,5," DAO Design and Architecture,"
10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2921936,A Massive Analysis of Ethereum Smart Contracts Empirical Study and Code Metrics,Not found,5," DAO Design and Architecture,"
10.1109/TDSC.2004.2,Basic concepts and taxonomy of dependable and secure computing,Not found,5," DAO Design and Architecture,"
10.1007/978-3-662-50539-7_3,Establishing distributed governance infrastructures for enacting cross-organization collaborations,"The emergence of blockchain 2.0 technology enables novel agile business networking collaborations for decentralized autonomous organizations (DAO). Smart contracts are enactable by service-oriented cloud computing and blockchain technology for governing DAOs that engage in business collaborations. The distributed governance infrastructure (DGI) for such governance involves an ecosystem of agents, policies, services, and so on. To the best of our knowledge, a formal investigation of the lifecycle for establishing such a DGI has not been explored so far. This paper fills the gap by establishing a formalized DGI intended for the enactment of smart contracts for electronic communities of DAOs. The evaluation of the DGI-lifecycle is performed by means of model checking and discussing what pre-existing systems and also by means of discussing what pre-existing solutions exist for an application-system implementation.",5," DAO Design and Architecture,"
10.1016/j.comnet.2012.12.018,On the features and challenges of security and privacy in distributed internet of things,Not found,5," DAO Design and Architecture,"
10.1007/978-981-15-9647-6_32,Blockchain-Enabled Microfinance Model with Decentralized Autonomous Organizations,"Microfinance which promises alleviation of poverty to the less privileged, oppressed community of people and to empower womenfolk, will get enrichment if it is implemented in a blockchain with a digital currency. Microfinance promises to end the vicious cycle of debt, and poverty can be deployed in a permissioned or permissionless blockchain, and the stakeholders can form a decentralized autonomous organization which enables a transparent successful functionality. Blockchain which is a decentralized, distributed, the tamper-proof ledger can be used for reading and writing of transactions of self-help groups in a much transparent way. The decentralized autonomous organization enabled with smart contracts to trigger our intended functionality in blockchain will give the microfinance, it’s streamlined intended functionality with expert panel member’s contingency measures to meet contingency situations, angel investors to invest in the new proposals of self-help group(SHG) microfinance and initial coin offerings for funding of new projects with potential investors. The hash of the transactions is used with crypto addresses, and the elliptic curve digital signature algorithm is used for authentication. The peer pressure model of SHG leads to a 90% loan repayment with more than 50% of the line of credit for the modern-day microfinance loan applicants. The self-help group working model, know your customer of SHG, initial coin offering model is given as proof of concept in solidity code in remix IDE.",5," DAO Design and Architecture,"
10.1109/SRII.2012.60,A Process- and policy-aware cross enterprise collaboration framework for multisourced services,Not found,5," DAO Design and Architecture,"
10.1016/j.comnet.2020.107234,"Efficient, Coercion-free and Universally Verifiable Blockchain-based Voting",Not found,5," DAO Design and Architecture,"
10.1109/SRII.2011.88,Agility of enterprise operations across distributed organizations: A model of cross enterprise collaboration,Not found,5," DAO Design and Architecture,"
10.1007/978-3-662-63958-0_32,Empirical Analysis of On-chain Voting with Smart Contracts,"Blockchains and smart contracts promise transparency, verifiability, and self-enforcing agreements. Against this background, novel use cases such as decentralized governance platforms that implement voting to collectively manage funds have emerged. While a number of arguments against blockchain-based voting exist, we still see a relevance. In this paper, we therefore present a quantitative analysis of the Ethereum blockchain with respect to voting. To this end, we develop a blockchain analysis toolchain that we use to analyze 3 173 smart contracts on the Ethereum Mainnet with voting functionality. We extract insights on the complexity of deployed voting methods and reveal a trend towards a centralization of funds, i.e., five smart contracts manage 98% of funds comprising more than four million USD. We additionally analyze the feasibility of on-chain voting for Ethereum as well as other well-established blockchains that are used for voting, i.e., Bitcoin and Dash.",5," DAO Design and Architecture,"
10.1007/978-3-319-21915-8_1,Creation of smart-contracting collaborations for decentralized autonomous organizations,"Electronic communities of decentralized autonomous organizations (DAO) that engage in agile business-network collaborations, are enabled by recent blockchain-technology related innovations using smart contracting. DAOs utilize service-oriented cloud computing in a looselycoupled collaboration lifecycle that commences with the setup phase. The latter supports the selection of services provided and used by DAOs in combination with smart contract negotiations. Such setup phases for DAO-communities use blueprints of business-network models that DAOs populate with tentative service offers. The negotiation phase may result either in a consensual agreement, a counteroffer, or a disagreement. In the latter case, the smart contract negotiation collapses and the lifecycle returns to the beginning of the selected collaboration blueprints. To the best of our knowledge, such a smart-contracting setup lifecycle has not been formalized so far. The paper fills the gap and evaluates the model with means of model-checking methods.",5," DAO Design and Architecture,"
10.1109/SRII.2012.40,"A cloud HUB for brokering business processes as a service: A ""rendezvous"" platform that supports semi-automated background checked partner discovery for cross-enterprise collaboration",Not found,5," DAO Design and Architecture,"
10.1007/978-981-10-5427-3_61,Designing a smart-contract application layer for transacting decentralized autonomous organizations,"This keynote paper addresses existing problems with traditional non-machine readable contracts that are based on trust. Such contracts have mostly a ceremonial purpose between transacting business parties and when conflicts occur, traditional contracts are often not enforcible. On the other hand, so called smart contracts that are machine readable and supported by blockchain-technology transaction-alities, do not require qualitative trust between contracting parties as blockchain establish instead a quantitative notion of trust. However, currently existing smart-contract solutions that equip the protocol layer on top of blockchains with Turing-complete programming languages, lead to the false claim by industry practitioners they can manage smart contracts successfully. Instead, it is important to start considering the currently missing application layer for smart contracts.",5," DAO Design and Architecture,"
10.1109/EDOCW.2011.43,Solving service ecosystem governance,Not found,5," DAO Design and Architecture,"
10.1109/TSC.2013.51,Service outsourcing with process views,Not found,5," DAO Design and Architecture,"
10.1109/MS.2018.2801546,Blockchain-Enabled E-Voting,Not found,5," DAO Design and Architecture,"
10.1109/COMPSAC.2016.2,An Online Identity and Smart Contract Management System,Not found,5," DAO Design and Architecture,"
10.1145/1629175.1629199,Can automated agents proficiently negotiate with humans?,Not found,5," DAO Design and Architecture,"
10.5210/fm.v2i9.548,Formalizing and securing relationships on public networks,Not found,5," DAO Design and Architecture,"
10.1109/MIC.2010.147,Service-oriented computing and cloud computing: Challenges and opportunities,Not found,5," DAO Design and Architecture,"
10.1007/978-3-642-20511-8_6,An exploratory study of IT-enabled collaborative process modeling,Not found,5," DAO Design and Architecture,"
10.1145/2846012.2846052,Conflict-resolution lifecycles for governed decentralized autonomous organization collaboration,"Recent blockchain-technology related innovations enable the governance of collaborating decentralized autonomous organizations (DAO) to engage in agile business-network collaborations that are based on the novel concept of smart contracting. DAOs utilize service-oriented cloud computing in a loosely coupled collaboration lifecycle with the main steps of setup, enactment, possible rollbacks and finally, an orderly termination. This lifecycle supports the selection of services provided and used by DAOs, smart contract negotiations, and behavior monitoring during enactment with the potential for breach management. Based on a sound understanding of the collaboration lifecycle in a Governance- as-a-Service (GaaS)platform, a new type of conflict management must safeguard business-semantics induced consistency rules. This conflict management involves breach detection with recovery aspects. To fill the detected gap, we employ a formal design-notation that comprises the definition of structural and behavioral properties for exploring conflict-related exception- and compensation management during a decentralized collaboration. With the formal approach, we generate a highly dependable DAO-GaaS conflict model that does not collapse under left-behind clutter such as orphaned processes and exponentially growing database entries that require an unacceptable periodic GaaS reset.",5," DAO Design and Architecture,"
10.1016/j.datak.2014.04.001,A reference architecture for managing dynamic inter-organizational business processes,Not found,5," DAO Design and Architecture,"
10.4018/978-1-6684-9919-1.ch008,Smart contracts and web 3: From automated transactions to daos,"This chapter delves into the burgeoning world of smart contracts and their critical role in powering decentralized autonomous organizations (DAOs). Beginning with an exploration of the logical foundations of smart contracts, it underscores the parallels between smart contract creation and traditional contract formulation, with a keen emphasis on the concept of conditional execution. It further elucidates the integral role of smart contracts in underpinning DAOs, illuminating how these automated, transparent, and immutable constructs facilitate the decentralization and autonomy of such organizations. A rigorous examination of the complex interplay between technology, law, and economy in DAO operations is also undertaken. The chapter additionally navigates the challenging regulatory landscape, drawing on international legal frameworks and proposed regulations. Throughout, it maintains a balanced perspective on the transformative potential of smart contracts and DAOs in reshaping societal structures, alongside the profound challenges their implementation presents.",5," DAO Design and Architecture,"
10.1109/MSP.2018.3111245,Blockchain access privacy: Challenges and directions,Not found,5," DAO Design and Architecture,"
10.1007/978-3-319-45348-4_19,Untrusted business process monitoring and execution using blockchain,Not found,5," DAO Design and Architecture,"
10.1109/CCGRID.2019.00029,Mobile smart-contract lifecycle governance with incentivized proof-of-stake for oligopoly-formation prevention,"Permissionless blockchain-enabled smart contracts execute code in a distributed peer-to-peer network system and thereby overcome undesirable effects of system centralization. Smart contracts that use proof-of-stake (PoS) algorithms for the validation of transactions have advantages over proof-of-work (PoW) in that they use less electricity and perform faster. The disadvantage of PoS algorithms is the issue of nothing to stake and the emergence of staking oligopolies. Thus, significant stakeholders might be able to create an oligopoly as miners with significant stakes have the chance to validate the transaction in a dominant position. In current smart contracts, the adoption of mobile devices is another emerging trend to manage mobile smart contracts. The advantage is spreading of a democratization effect as a large number of stakers participate in transaction validation and thereby reduce the risk of oligopolies. In our work, we aim to improve the PoS algorithm to reduce oligopoly formation in smart contracts by addressing the need for creating mobile smart contracts that are governed by a mobile lifecycle management. Additionally, we enhance the scalability and performance of smart contracts by focusing specifically on ways to incentivize PoS algorithms.",5," DAO Design and Architecture,"
10.3389/fbloc.2020.590171,Who Watches the Watchmen? A Review of Subjective Approaches for Sybil-Resistance in Proof of Personhood Protocols,Not found,5," DAO Design and Architecture,"
10.1016/j.indmarman.2003.10.015,Use of the written contract in long-lasting business relationships,Not found,5," DAO Design and Architecture,"
10.1109/HICSS.2011.252,"Interoperation of organizational data, rules, processes and services for achieving inter-organizational coordination and collaboration",Not found,5," DAO Design and Architecture,"
10.1109/COINS54846.2022.9855004,Management of Decentralized Autonomous Organizations,"In this paper, we analyze the current management status of decentralized autonomous organizations (DAO) and propose a protocol for managing a DAO. For the management of this form of organization, decentralization and autonomy are particularly critical. This basic premise avoids the potential abuse of power by centralized authority because such a firm is governed by code. In centralized firms, company members have a stronger right to participate in decisions made by high-ranking administrators. Blockchain technology, which provides a decentralized form of indestructible data storage, has gained much attention in recent years. Smart contracts, executable code stored in a blockchain, are based on this concept. We propose an approach to building DAO using smart contracts based on blockchain technology, which provides the optimum conditions for the decentralization and autonomy of DAO. The results show that our proposal outperforms existing solutions in terms of team autonomy within the DAO, the ability of all company members to vote on proposals, and the members elected by the rest of the company for higher positions within the organization. The key benefit of our solution is the universal concept of DAO as a service for any firm with a team-based management approach. This platform may be used by many businesses and also provides extensive access rights control based on predefined rules.",5," DAO Design and Architecture,"
10.1007/978-3-319-11460-6_1,Towards an agenda for information systems research on digital currencies and bitcoin,Not found,5," DAO Design and Architecture,"
10.1007/s10515-008-0032-x,"A journey to highly dynamic, self-adaptive service-based applications",Not found,5," DAO Design and Architecture,"
10.1007/978-3-319-39028-4_9,The quest for scalable blockchain fabric: Proof-of-work vs. BFT replication,Not found,6," Blockchain Applications & Trust,"
10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3161392,Longevity Foundation: Perspective on Decentralized Autonomous Organization for Special-Purpose Financing,"Decentralized autonomous organizations (DAO) launched on a blockchain and governed by a smart contract promises to bring self-organization to a new technological level. Crisis management has no standard decentralized solution within DAO yet. A central authority is a natural component due to compliance reasons in certain domains, for example, special-purpose financing, in which the DAO governance model could be reasonably applied. More generally, a centralized DAO representative could streamline implementing DAO decisions that involve interactions with legacy systems. The article presents a perspective of modern technologies for organizing a foundation for special-purpose financing and considers longevity as a model example of the purpose.",6," Blockchain Applications & Trust,"
10.7250/csimq.2022-31.04,When is a DAO Decentralized?,"Today, local financial institutions are responsible for submitting compliance reporting data to the supervisory authorities. This is commonly referred to as the ‘push model’. The increasing complexity of reporting obligations often results in delayed reporting which delivers a fragmented and incomplete macroeconomic overview of the financial sector. Working with a group of nine representatives from industry and regulatory authorities, we employ the design science research methodology (DSR) in the design of an artefact, enabling the automated collection and enrichment of transactional data from DLT ledgers. Our findings demonstrate how the adoption of DLT in the financial sector will facilitate the automation of compliance reporting through a ‘pull-model’, in which regulators can access compliance data in near real-time and stage aggregate macroeconomic risk exposures for the eurozone. The findings contribute practical insights to the discourse on design-driven research on DLT and blockchain technology.",6," Blockchain Applications & Trust,"
10.1109/ICBC59979.2024.10634372,Smart Donations for Software Development via Blockchain,Not found,6," Blockchain Applications & Trust,"
10.1080/14719030802263954,Governance and governance networks in Europe: An assessment of ten years of research on the theme,Not found,6," Blockchain Applications & Trust,"
10.3389/fbloc.2022.1083647,Reputation-based Decentralized Autonomous Organization for the non-profit sector: Leveraging blockchain to enhance good governance,"The Decentralized Autonomous Organization (DAO), a group organized by governance rules programmed on a blockchain, has recently been attracting attention as a novel organizational form. The effectiveness of a DAO’s decentralized governance mechanism and transparency, as secured by its code, has generally been discussed in contrast with traditional stock companies. However, the potential of a DAO for non-profits, which provide goods and services that profit-seeking organizations do not offer, has been less discussed. This paper presents a proof-of-concept implementation to demonstrate the advantages of utilizing a DAO governance framework for non-profits. To this end, this study developed a DAO governance framework incorporating a reputation-based decision-making system, a peer evaluation system, and a transparent, real-time accounting system for the Ethereum blockchain. Most current decentralized governance systems rely heavily on token-based voting using governance tokens with stock-like features. However, there is a need for a voting mechanism beyond token-based voting for non-profits, which do not have owners. Therefore, the developed application applies an existing reputation-based voting mechanism and integrates additional features, such as a membership system with mutual evaluation and a reputation NFT to visualize contributions. Several exemplar demonstrations were conducted to evaluate its key functionalities. This application enabled discussions across the boundary between technology and society in terms of the key aspects of non-profits: i) transparency of finance and governance, ii) participatory governance by diverse stakeholders, and iii) equity and inclusiveness of the consensus mechanism. The results indicated that blockchain technology compensates for a non-profit’s vulnerabilities, and illustrated that the proposed reputation-based governance mechanisms are well-motivated. However, the results also revealed that blockchain-based governance involves as many potential risks and limitations as it brings benefits. Lastly, by providing several possible solutions to these constraints as well as recommendations for future research, this paper contributes to the sustainable development of non-profits as one of the foundations of democratic governance.",6," Blockchain Applications & Trust,"
10.1257/aer.97.1.242,Internet advertising and the generalized second-price auction: Selling billions of dollars worth of keywords,"In the Bidder Selection Problem (BSP) there is a large pool of n potential advertisers competing for ad slots on the user's web page. Due to strict computational restrictions, the advertising platform can run a proper auction only for a fraction k<n of advertisers. We consider the basic optimization problem underlying BSP: given n independent prior distributions, how to efficiently find a subset of k with the objective of either maximizing expected social welfare or revenue of the platform. We study BSP in the classic multi-winner model of position auctions for welfare and revenue objectives using the optimal (respectively, VCG mechanism, or Myerson's auction) format for the selected set of bidders. This is a natural generalization of the fundamental problem of selecting k out of n random variables in a way that the expected highest value is maximized. Previous PTAS results ([Chen, Hu, Li, Li, Liu, Lu, NIPS 2016], [Mehta, Nadav, Psomas, Rubinstein, NIPS 2020], [Segev and Singla, EC 2021]) for BSP optimization were only known for single-item auctions and in case of [Segev and Singla 2021] for l-unit auctions. More importantly, all of these PTASes were computational complexity results with impractically large running times, which defeats the purpose of using these algorithms under severe computational constraints. We propose a novel Poisson relaxation of BSP for position auctions that immediately implies that 1) BSP is polynomial-time solvable up to a vanishingly small error as the problem size k grows; 2) there is a PTAS for position auctions after combining our relaxation with the trivial brute force algorithm. Unlike all previous PTASes, we implemented our algorithm and did extensive numerical experiments on practically relevant input sizes. First, our experiments corroborate the previous experimental findings of Mehta et al. that a few simple heuristics used in practice (e.g., Greedy for general submodular maximization) perform surprisingly well in terms of approximation factor. Furthermore, our algorithm outperforms Greedy both in running time and approximation on medium and large-sized instances, i.e., its running time scales better with the instance size.",6," Blockchain Applications & Trust,"
10.1111/glob.12217,"The soft spot of hard code: blockchain technology, network governance and pitfalls of technological utopianism",Not found,6," Blockchain Applications & Trust,"
10.4324/9781003449607-11,The Decentralized Autonomous Organization and Governance Issues,"The aim of this chapter is to consider the prominence of “governance” issues in the domain of decentralized autonomous organizations (DAOs). The chapter discusses the importance of governance to DAO communities, before highlighting the characteristics of governance that might be fulfilled by DAOs. The chapter then considers four types of governance challenges that DAOs have to fully confront: procedural tedium, legal indeterminacy, structural rigidity, and voter manipulation. The findings of the chapter suggest that DAOs must address these governance considerations more forcefully for the fuller technological development and socioeconomic adoption of these instruments.",6," Blockchain Applications & Trust,"
10.4324/9781003449607-10,Legal Uncertainty and DAOs in the Digital Economy,"Despite their potential benefits for advancing organizational models of the digital economy, a significant challenge for the adoption of Decentralized Autonomous Organizations (DAOs) are the existing legal uncertainties that result in significant risks for their operators. In particular, there are three main areas of legal uncertainty that complicate the operation of such organizations: their treatment under company and partnership law, questions around the legal nature of smart contract technology, and the treatment of these organizations’ novel form of governance by securities law. In this chapter, we analyze these fundamental legal challenges to the wide-spread adoption of commercial DAOs, and argue that they lead to the conclusion that as a novel form of economic organization, DAOs are not capable of being meaningfully developed by simple analogy to the existing legal frameworks. This in turn raises the fundamental conclusion that either the DAO model as such, the law, or both need to be adapted and evolved in order to facilitate these organizations’ thriving in the economy. As we lay out in this chapter, if DAOs are indeed found to become of major benefit to the way economies are organized, the law must follow suit to market innovation by creating innovative novel legal structures that are capable of responding to these economic needs and realities. The studies of emerging legal framework that follow give a first glance of the direction which such emerging legal frameworks could take.",6," Blockchain Applications & Trust,"
10.1145/3377811.3380364,"Empirical review of automated analysis tools on 47,587 ethereum smart contracts",Not found,6," Blockchain Applications & Trust,"
10.1109/CBI54897.2022.10055,Decentralized Governance inspired by Corporate Governance?,"This paper describes ongoing PhD research into decentralized governance. First the notion of governance is explained as necessarily underlying and enabling any human cooperation. Up till now, governance has always been the job of a group of people specifically appointed for that purpose. Acknowledging the fundamental tension between decentralization and governance, the possibility of decentralized governance is investigated as informed by established principles of good governance.",6," Blockchain Applications & Trust,"
10.1007/978-3-031-56619-6_10,Self-Regulation and Code of Conduct in the Community: Four Pilots on Utilising Decentralisation Technologies for Improving Sustainability and Collective Governance,"Decentralisation technologies, such as those based on blockchain, provide exciting possibilities to coordinate cooperative actions and contributions of independent actors in favour of more sustainable operations. These technologies offer means to operationalise and define rules for the code of conduct for community members and create incentive mechanisms to motivate self-regulation among individuals. However, while such technologies add ways to increase alignment and avoid selfish actions, they are often perceived as technologically complex and challenging to comprehend and rarely utilised in solving collective, practical problems. We challenge this notion based on four practical pilot experiments utilising novel decentralisation technology to engage community members toward more sustainable operations for collective benefits. The four pilots demonstrate how decentralisation technology can support highly different communities to better attain their goals: “Tracey” provides reliable catch and trade data on tuna fishing; “Barcelona Green Shops” encourages more sustainable shopping behaviour; “Food Futures” measures the environmental sustainability of meal choices; “Streamr Community” incentivises open-source software development. All the pilots have made the solution easy to approach for the intended audience, greatly simplifying the complexity related to the technological protocols. These successes illustrate how translation practices facilitate self-regulation and a shared code of conduct for the community. The evidence and insights drawn from these pilots pave the way toward more sustainable and inclusive business models. We explain how effective translation of digital solutions is highly impactful in reducing social struggles on a global scale. We highlight why the formalised protocols enable effective self-regulation and align actions to benefit the community. Our work illustrates how decentralisation technologies can foster sustainable, collective governance for a more prosperous future for partnerships, people, and the planet.",6," Blockchain Applications & Trust,"
10.1080/00207543.2019.1650976,"Blockchain applications in supply chains, transport and logistics: a systematic review of the literature",Not found,6," Blockchain Applications & Trust,"
10.1016/j.future.2019.12.019,"An overview on smart contracts: Challenges, advances and platforms","Smart contract technology is reshaping conventional industry and business processes. Being embedded in blockchains, smart contracts enable the contractual terms of an agreement to be enforced automatically without the intervention of a trusted third party. As a result, smart contracts can cut down administration and save services costs, improve the efficiency of business processes and reduce the risks. Although smart contracts are promising to drive the new wave of innovation in business processes, there are a number of challenges to be tackled. This paper presents a survey on smart contracts. We first introduce blockchains and smart contracts. We then present the challenges in smart contracts as well as recent technical advances. We also compare typical smart contract platforms and give a categorization of smart contract applications along with some representative examples.",6," Blockchain Applications & Trust,"
10.1016/j.infoandorg.2019.03.001,Governance and control in distributed ledgers: Understanding the challenges facing blockchain technology in financial services,Not found,6," Blockchain Applications & Trust,"
10.2307/2297737,Incentive-compatible debt contracts: The one-period problem,"In a simple model of borrowing and lending with asymmetric information we show that the optimal, incentive-compatible debt contract is the standard debt contract. The second-best level of investment never exceeds the first-best and is strictly less when there is a positive probability of costly bankruptcy. We also compare the second-best with the results of interest-rate-taking behaviour and consider the effects of risk aversion. Finally we provide conditions under which increasing the borrower's initial net wealth must reduce total investment in the venture. © 1985 The Society for Economic Analysis Limited.",6," Blockchain Applications & Trust,"
10.5220/0005378402840290,From bitcoin to decentralized autonomous corporations: Extending the application scope of decentralized peer-to-peer networks and blockchains,Not found,6," Blockchain Applications & Trust,"
10.4324/9781003449607-12,DAO Vulnerability Mapping: A Theoretical and Empirical Tool,"Blockchain technology is not just about digital currencies but even more about group coordination via software. Decentralized Autonomous Organizations (DAOs) are a broad organizational form for decentralized, blockchain-based coordination towards shared objectives. The concept of DAOs is driven by an ideology of self-governance through technological infrastructure. Drawing on the Science & Technology Studies conception of “vulnerability,” this chapter offers an analytical approach to identifying DAO vulnerabilities across multiple dimensions termed “DAO Vulnerability Mapping.” Vulnerability mapping is not only for analytical purposes but also to identify, prioritize, and address vulnerabilities towards improving resilience. DAO vulnerabilities can occur along social, technical, legal, economic, and environmental dimensions, and can emerge from inside a DAO (endogenously), or from outside a DAO (exogenously). This approach is pertinent in socio-technical contexts, such as blockchain-based organization, where social and technical dynamics are inextricably linked. In this chapter, these multidisciplinary dimensions of DAO vulnerabilities are explored in practice via a qualitative case study of a “liquid staking” DAO called Lido DAO. DAO vulnerability mapping is both a conceptual analytical tool and a methodological approach for studying and understanding digitally mediated organizations, as well as the novel practices of those engaging in Decentralized Autonomous Organizations.",6," Blockchain Applications & Trust,"
10.1109/JIOT.2018.2812239,Blockchain Meets IoT: An Architecture for Scalable Access Management in IoT,Not found,6," Blockchain Applications & Trust,"
10.1109/sfcs.2001.959888,Universally composable security: A new paradigm for cryptographic protocols,Not found,6," Blockchain Applications & Trust,"
10.1057/s41261-024-00236-z,Analysing decentralised autonomous organisations (DAOs): limits and perspective,"Distributed Ledger Technologies enable the decentralised delivery of traditional financial services. They also allow the development of disruptive proposals, such as the issuance of stablecoins managed by the governance system of an autonomous decentralised organisation or DAO. One such project, MakerDAO, stands out in the current DeFi landscape. The initiative claims its proposal provides money that facilitates financial inclusion by dispensing with intermediaries through a decentralised infrastructure. However, the claim must be contrasted with the reality of the operation of the stablecoin, the vulnerabilities that can affect the project, and the interaction with the different elements of the legal system.",6," Blockchain Applications & Trust,"
10.1109/SP.1980.10006,Protocols for public key cryptosystems,"The encryption of user data is crucial when employing electronic health record services to guarantee the security of the data stored on cloud servers. Attribute-based encryption (ABE) scheme is considered a powerful encryption technique that offers flexible and fine-grained access control capabilities. Further, the multi-user collaborative access ABE scheme additionally supports users to acquire access authorization through collaborative works. However, the existing multi-user collaborative access ABE schemes do not consider the different weights of collaboration users. Therefore, using these schemes for weighted multi-user collaborative access results in redundant attributes, which inevitably reduces the efficiency of the ABE scheme. This paper proposes a revocable and verifiable weighted attribute-based encryption with collaborative access scheme (RVWABE-CA), which can provide efficient weighted multi-user collaborative access, user revocation, and data integrity verification, as the fundamental cornerstone for establishing a robust framework to facilitate secure sharing of electronic health records in a public cloud environment. In detail, this scheme employs a novel weighted access tree to eliminate redundant attributes, utilizes encryption version information to control user revocation, and establishes Merkle Hash Tree for data integrity verification. We prove that our scheme is resistant against chosen plaintext attack. The experimental results demonstrate that our scheme has significant computational efficiency advantages compared to related works, without increasing storage or communication overhead. Therefore, the RVWABE-CA scheme can provide an efficient and flexible weighted collaborative access control and user revocation mechanism as well as data integrity verification for electronic health record systems.",6," Blockchain Applications & Trust,"
10.1109/ICEDEG.2018.8372356,EGov-DAO: A Better Government using Blockchain based Decentralized Autonomous Organization,"E-government system has greatly improved the efficiency and transparency of daily operations of a government. However, most of existing e-government services are provided in a centralized manner and heavily rely on human individuals to control. The highly centralized IT infrastructure is more vulnerable to outside attacks. Also, it is relatively easy to compromise the data integrity by inside rogue users. Furthermore, relying on individuals to monitor and control some of the working flows makes the system error-prone and leaves room for corruption. To address these challenges, we propose to use the blockchain technology and decentralized autonomous organization (DAO) to improve the e-government system. The blockchain-based DAO system works in a fully decentralized way and is immune to both outside and inside attacks. At the same time, operations of such system is only controlled by pre-defined rules; thus, the uncertainty and errors caused by human processes are greatly reduced. We provide a concrete use case to demonstrate the usage of DAO e-government and evaluate its effectiveness.",6," Blockchain Applications & Trust,"
10.3389/fbloc.2020.00012,Decentralized Network Governance: Blockchain Technology and the Future of Regulation,"Construction project governance (CPG) acts as a ‘steering wheel’ that keeps a construction project steady in a challenging external environment. CPG frameworks can be divided into two types: control-based hierarchical governance and trust-based relational governance. To increase cooperation and networking between the participants in a project, effective CPG depends on well-combined control and trust mechanisms. However, the current CPG framework, which is control-based, is biased toward hierarchical governance and can lead to a lack of trust in the construction project. These issues have resulted in several studies that have focused on blockchain technology (BT) as a potential enabler for addressing the low levels of trust in CPG. However, existing research in this area has failed to address the nature of the relationship between trust as a key CPG challenge and BT. Hence, this paper aims to identify trust as a major CPG challenge and potential BT capabilities to reveal the relationship, through a state-of-the-art review. The findings show that the effective use of three decentralized BT capabilities (decentralized data storage, validity, and access) can positively influence the three relational norms (mutuality, flexibility, and solidarity), which are the functional tools of relational governance. Thus, a more flexible trust-based CPG framework is proposed by establishing relational governance with blockchain technology. Ultimately, this study is expected to enhance the trust between the key stakeholders in construction projects and enable more efficient collaboration and networking between them.",6," Blockchain Applications & Trust,"
10.1017/CBO9780511619151,The architecture of government: Rethinking political decentralization,"Based on field research in the remote and tribal-dominated Kandhamal district in the eastern Indian state of Odisha during 2019-20, the study examines the extent to which Constitutionally-created rural self-governance institutions (village Panchayats) fulfilled their mandated healthcare functions. Primary data was collected from villagers, front-line public health officials, elected local government (Panchayat) members and party cadres through focus group discussions and interviews. Employing the Foucauldian governmentality framework, the analysis moves away from a depoliticized understanding of decentralized delivery of rural health. The study concludes that Panchayats’ contributions to rural health are influenced by politically motivated factors, which may not be compatible with considerations of democracy and efficiency. Panchayat performance in the study villages remained poor as the state allowed them only regulated freedom and did not create space for their autonomy to flourish. Rural health decentralization led to new forms of governmentality as Panchayats were instrumentally used to consolidate state power at the rural grassroots. Top-down management of political process in these areas makes local government mechanical outpost of the ruling party.",6," Blockchain Applications & Trust,"
10.1145/266420.266430,Secure names for bit-strings,"Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT) for alliance chains is limited by high communication cost, which makes it unsuitable for more consensus networks. In view of the limitation of PBFT algorithm, a consensus algorithm of RPBFT is proposed. The RPBFT algorithm introduces RSA (Rivest-Shamir-Adleman) signature on the basis of PBFT algorithm, which not only increases the security, but also solves the high communication problem of PBFT algorithm and reduces the communication complexity to O(n). RPBFT also optimizes the consensus phase, shortens the consensus process and improves the efficiency of consensus. Experimental results show that RPBFT not only can effectively reduce the consensus delay, but also can improve the transaction throughput and scalability, which makes RPBFT more suitable for complex networks.",6," Blockchain Applications & Trust,"
10.1109/MC.2018.1451660,Beyond Bitcoin: The Rise of Blockchain World,Not found,6," Blockchain Applications & Trust,"
10.1145/3183367,Blockchains for business process management - Challenges and opportunities,"Blockchain technology is at the peak of hype and contemporary research area across the world. It is a distributed ledger that keeps records of transactions with verifiable and immutable structures and continuously grows with the new block of transactions. Blockchain provides better transparency, enhanced security and privacy, and true traceability over the traditional approaches. Due to its advanced and secure features, it is being used in various fields such as trade finance, digital transactions, the Internet of Things (IoT), the healthcare industry, and energy sector. Blockchain technology has a great impact in all its applied fields with the prominent features of privacy and reliability of data and transactions. This survey intends to present the architecture of blockchain, its potential applications, and practices in different domains other than cryptocurrency along with the platform of blockchain. This paper will explore some potential benefits of blockchain and some future directions and open challenges that are expected to come in future research.",6," Blockchain Applications & Trust,"
10.1109/IWBOSE.2018.8327568,The ICO phenomenon and its relationships with ethereum smart contract environment,Not found,6," Blockchain Applications & Trust,"
10.4018/JCIT.2019010102,Understanding a revolutionary and flawed grand experiment in blockchain: The DAO attack,"In spring 2016, the Distributed Autonomous Organization (The DAO) was created on Ethereum. As with Bitcoin, Ethereum uses a P2P network, where distributed ledgers are implemented as daisy-chained blocks of data. Ethereum's native cryptocurrency, Ethers are spent to execute pieces of code called smart contracts. Investors paid their Ethers for the DAO to operate and received the opportunity to vote on and become investors in venture projects proposed by Ethereum-based startups. Transactions and settlements between investors and startups are executed autonomously. The DAO experiment failed shortly after inception as an anonymous hacker stole over $50M USD worth of Ethers out of the $168M invested. The Ethereum community voted to return (or fork) the state of the network to one prior to the hack, returning Ethers back to investors and shuttering the DAO. However, this action arguably represented as a bailout - ironically, Bitcoin was conceived as a reaction against the 2008 bailout of US banks - and violated the ledger immutability and ""code is law"" ethos of the blockchain community.",6," Blockchain Applications & Trust,"
10.1016/j.bcra.2022.100085,Towards a systematic understanding of blockchain governance in proposal voting: A dash case study,"The transparent and immutable nature of blockchain provides incentives for organizations wishing to create and implement an open, decentralized governance structure. As members exercise their voting rights, a fault-tolerant record accumulates on the blockchain that can be analyzed to diagnose and intercept potential threats to the governing body. To date, there has not been a systematic study of on-chain governance with respect to voting. In this paper, we provide an analysis of blockchain governance through a case study of the first cryptocurrency to adopt on-chain voting, Dash. Our analysis introduces the key characteristics of blockchain governance, steps through a data-driven exploration of Dash's on-chain voting system, and highlights exploitable attack vectors and vulnerabilities for the subversion of Dash's on-chain voting system via a novel network analysis methodology. We then conclude with guidelines for other organizations looking to implement similar blockchain governance solutions while maintaining integrity in their operations.",6," Blockchain Applications & Trust,"
10.1006/jeth.2000.2643,Fiscal Federalism Revisited,"While previously a nascent theoretical construct, decentralized autonomous organizations (DAO) have grown rapidly in recent years. DAOs typically emerge around the management of decentralized financial applications (DeFi) and thus benefit from the rapid growth of innovation in this sector. In response, global regulators increasingly voice the intent to regulate these activities. This may impose an excessive compliance burden on DAOs, unless they are deemed sufficiently decentralized to be regulated. Yet, decentralization is an abstract concept with scarce legal precedence. We investigate dimensions of decentralization through thematic analysis, combining extant literature with a series of expert interviews. We propose a definition of “sufficient decentralization” and present a general framework for the assessment of decentralization. We derive five dimensions for the assessment of decentralization in DAOs: Token-weighted voting, Infrastructure, Governance, Escalation and Reputation (TIGER). We present a discretionary sample application of the framework and five propositions on the future regulation and supervision of DAOs. We contribute new practical insights on the topic of compliance and decentralized organizations to the growing discourse on the application of blockchain technology in information systems (IS) and management disciplines.",6," Blockchain Applications & Trust,"
10.1145/3453475,Legally Enforceable Smart-Contract Languages:A Systematic Literature Review,Not found,6," Blockchain Applications & Trust,"
10.1007/978-3-031-49105-4_46,Centralized Governance in Decentralized Autonomous Organizations,"Blockchain and cryptography enable secure collaboration in a digital environment without the need for a central institution. The study deals with decentralized autonomous organizations (DAOs) and their risks. The goal of the study was to identify legal, regulatory, and manipulation risks. In literature review, we cover the basic characteristics of centralization and decentralization based on blockchain technology, smart contracts, decentralized finance, and the functioning of decentralized autonomous organizations (DAOs). We examine sample of 20 selected DAOs that comprise 65.7% of the total treasury value from the point of view of possible regulatory, legal, and manipulation risks. Our findings show a paradox in great concentration of voting power in decentralized organizations. Manipulation risks arise from token ownership concentration, where a small number of participants can influence voting outcomes. These findings emphasize the need for addressing governance and regulatory aspects of DAOs to ensure transparency, fairness, and decentralization. In our qualitative research, we apply the praxeological approach of the Austrian school of economics with a priori approach, axiom, and deductive logic.",6," Blockchain Applications & Trust,"
10.1515/ecfr-2018-0021,"Crypto-securities regulation: icos,token sales and cryptocurrencies under eu financial law","Cryptocurrencies, such as bitcoin and ethereum, have not only risen to public attention as novel means of payments, but also as facilitators of initial coin offerings (ICOs, also called token sales). In these entirely online-mediated offerings, entrepreneurs sell tokens registered on a blockchain in exchange for cryptocoins. Buyers receive tokens that can be understood as cryptographically-secured coupons which embody a bundle of rights and obligations. In July 2017, the SEC released an investigative report that highlighted that such tokens can be subject to the full scope of US securities regulation. It is unclear, however, to what extent EU securities regulation is applicable to ICOs and, particularly, whether issuers have to publish and register a prospectus in order to avoid criminal and civil prospectus liability in the EU. In conceptual terms, this depends on whether tokens are considered ""securities"" under the EU prospectus regulation regime. Against this background, this paper develops a nuanced approach that distinguishes between three archetypes of tokens: currency, investment, and utility tokens. It analyzes the differential implications of each of these types, and their hybrid forms, for EU securities regulation, and develops policy proposals for their regulation.",6," Blockchain Applications & Trust,"
10.1109/ICBC56567.2023.10174988,Leveraging Architectural Approaches in Web3 Applications - A DAO Perspective Focused,"Architectural design contexts contain a set of factors that greatly influence software application development. Among them, organizational design contexts consist of high-level company concerns and how it is structured, for example, stakeholders and development schedules heavily impacting design considerations. The Decentralized Autonomous Organization (DAO), as a vital concept in the Web3 space, represents an organization constructed by automatically executed rules, such as via smart contracts, holding features of the permissionless committee, transparent proposals, and fair contribution by participated stakeholders. In this work, we conduct a systematic literature review of existing DAO literature to summarize its structural features, benefits and challenges, and potential development directions in the context of Web3 applications.",6," Blockchain Applications & Trust,"
10.4324/9781003449607-4,"Hash, Bash, Cash: Decentralized Autonomous Organizations (DAOs) as a New Form of Democratic Organizing","DAOs are a new form of organization that can shine a light on the conventional orthodoxies of organizing. There are now thousands of DAOs, which problematizes any attempt at identifying their generic attributes. Yet, notwithstanding this diversity, they all share a common belief in decentralization. This chapter categorizes DAOs into three types: infrastructural, financial, and creative, building on ethno-resonance. Using ethno-resonance, we extract an imaginary based on DAOs we call DAOism. DAOism involves a commitment to decentralization, skepticism towards hierarchies, and a common model of organizing. This common model of DAOist organizing we call the hash, bash, cash model of decentralized organization. We then describe how DAOs are governed, situating our discussion in the markets versus hierarchies literature that describes and analyzes alternative governance mechanisms. The chapter argues that DAOism provides a novel lens on ‘conventional’ modes of organizing and a collection of new practices that might have wider application and inspire different ways of thinking about democratic organization.",6," Blockchain Applications & Trust,"
10.1108/RAUSP-08-2023-0162,Exploring off-chain voting and blockchain in decentralized autonomous organizations,"Purpose: The current scenario shows increased adoption of off-chain voting applications in decentralized autonomous organizations (DAOs) to avoid complexity and costs for user engagement in their governance. This paper aims to comprehend the trends and patterns within the DAO community with off-chain voting systems and blockchain usage. Design/methodology/approach: This exploratory study uses a two-pronged quantitative approach, combining descriptive statistical analysis and fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis. Input data from different DAO proposals and votes were analyzed. Findings: Results indicate that the 179 DAOs analyzed account for 26,538 proposals and 1,268,474 followers of the entire Snapshot base in January 2023, showing high concentration in engagement. The preferred social media communication channels are Twitter and GitHub, showing a decrease of Ethereum as a main chain, with Polygon and Binance Smart Chain already accounting for 22%. Basic voting can lead to greater user involvement in the voting process. Research limitations/implications: This study complements the traditional governance theory perspective and advances in the emerging literature on DAOs and blockchain with an empirical analysis. Practical implications: As blockchain technology gains increasing adoption, comprehending trends and patterns within the DAO community becomes pivotal in identifying opportunities and challenges for innovation and improvement. Social implications: Findings can facilitate the development of improved governance models and decision-making processes for DAOs, leading to a more robust and sustainable ecosystem. Originality/value: This study presents a broader IT-based governance foresight via blockchain while providing an understanding of the voting process, technology features and governance mechanisms for social community engagement and decision-making in DAOs.",6," Blockchain Applications & Trust,"
10.1590/1807-7692bar2024230183,Decentralized Autonomous Organizations (DAOs): Field of Research and Avenues for Future Studies,"Objective: this study aims to review the literature on DAOs in business administration and propose a framework for DAOs compared to the key features of market, hierarchy, and network governance forms and avenues for future research. Methods: we performed a systematic literature review in Scopus and Web of Science databases and identified 69 articles on DAOs published in or before March 2024 in the field of business and management. Results: we describe the main characteristics, opportunities, and challenges for DAOs. Our study also discusses how DAOs can be further explored and how they may or may not fit in different governance and organizational forms. Conclusions: we conclude by offering several guidelines to researchers who want to comprehend the phenomena of DAOs and contribute to theory and practice in business administration.",6," Blockchain Applications & Trust,"
10.1016/j.techfore.2024.123417,Towards novel blockchain decentralised autonomous organisation (DAO) led corporate governance framework,"Decentralised autonomous organisation (DAO) powered by blockchain technologies has the potential to transform the organisational governance model with the foundations of algorithmic trust and democratic systems. DAO envisages a decentralised democratic organisation using software-based smart contracts to execute autonomous transactions with consensus among stakeholders. The study investigates the prospects of adopting DAO led corporate governance to manage agency (theory) problems in the light of institutional (theory) pressures. The paper depicts how algorithmic trust led corporate governance measures help any organisation follow policies, rules and regulations using DAO led corporate governance (DAOCG) framework. The authors mapped the constituents of agency theory, ethical decision-making, and institutional factors to propose the DAOCG framework. The DAOCG framework is assessed using a thematic analysis of 16 expert interviews with relevant experience from corporate governance and audit domains from varied industries across geographies. The research leveraged MAXQDA software to analyse interview transcripts and opinion codes. The framework helps to identify the core elements of DAO-led corporate governance (DAOCG) and provides the potential to study the theoretically sequenced practical constituents of corporate governance. The first-of-its-kind practical DAOCG framework can be used in the pursuits of digital transformation, business model innovation and social change.",6," Blockchain Applications & Trust,"
10.1109/OTCON56053.2023.10113941,A Recommendation System for Decentralized Autonomous Organization,"Structured data analysis has historically achieved remarkable success. However, the analysis of massive amounts of unstructured video data is still a challenging problem. Over one billion people use YouTube, a Google corporation, which generates billions of views. YouTube data is being created in extremely large quantities, and with a massive demand to store, analyze, and carefully study large amounts of data to make it usable for big data analytics. For the analysis of these YouTube data, the absence of YouTube Shorts which has become a current trend is the limitation. To address this limitation, YouTube Shorts along with traditional duration videos have been considered for analysis in this work. For analyzing these data, various Machine Learning (ML) techniques like clustering and classification have been considered to categorize the content creators into three different categories such as highly rated, moderately rated and lowly rated. These ratings for recommendation assist content creators in enhancing the value of their brand and the users are benefited by consuming, exchanging shares and promoting the content. The results observed show that the accuracy of the Random Forrest and Gradient Boosting classifiers have equivalent performance i.e., around 98% which are suitable for the above recommendation system. Hence, the objective to encourage investors and fans to become active stakeholders and owners of the creator's micro-economy is addressed in this paper.",6," Blockchain Applications & Trust,"
10.4018/978-1-7998-5351-0.ch069,Understanding a revolutionary and flawed grand experiment in blockchain: The DAO attack,"In spring 2016, the Distributed Autonomous Organization (The DAO) was created on Ethereum. As with Bitcoin, Ethereum uses a P2P network, where distributed ledgers are implemented as daisy-chained blocks of data. Ethereum's native cryptocurrency, Ethers are spent to execute pieces of code called smart contracts. Investors paid their Ethers for the DAO to operate and received the opportunity to vote on and become investors in venture projects proposed by Ethereum-based startups. Transactions and settlements between investors and startups are executed autonomously. The DAO experiment failed shortly after inception as an anonymous hacker stole over $50M USD worth of Ethers out of the $168M invested. The Ethereum community voted to return (or fork) the state of the network to one prior to the hack, returning Ethers back to investors and shuttering the DAO. However, this action arguably represented as a bailout-ironically, Bitcoin was conceived as a reaction against the 2008 bailout of US banks-and violated the ledger immutability and ""code is law"" ethos of the blockchain community.",6," Blockchain Applications & Trust,"
10.1007/s10796-021-10138-4,Intelligible Description Language Contract (IDLC) – A Novel Smart Contract Model,Not found,6," Blockchain Applications & Trust,"
10.4324/9781003449607-5,Cryptoanarchism: The Philosophy of DAO?,"The aim of this chapter is to situate Decentralized Autonomous Organizations (DAOs) within the philosophical scope of cryptoanarchism. The chapter proceeds by identifying key aspects of cryptoanarchist thought that resonate with DAOs, and argues that the consonance/dissonance of DAOs with cryptoanarchism helps elucidate several interesting facets of DAOs as they have emerged thus far, including: their design, organization, vulnerability, and efficiency. The findings of the chapter suggest that, although DAOs do not square entirely with cryptoanarchist precepts, both are in oeurionevolution, and thus may find several alternate paths of expression as DAOs mature.",6," Blockchain Applications & Trust,"
10.1145/356842.356846,Concurrency Control in Distributed Database Systems,"Over the past several decades, the amount of data being stored and analyzed has increased exponentially. Businesses across industries and sectors have begun relying on this data to improve products, evaluate performance, and make business-critical decisions. However, as data volumes have increasingly become internetscale, businesses have needed to manage historical and new data in a cost-effective and scalable manner, while analyzing it using a high number of concurrent queries and an expectation of real-time latencies (e.g. less than one second, depending on the use case). This paper presents an overview of ClickHouse, a popular opensource OLAP database designed for high-performance analytics over petabyte-scale data sets with high ingestion rates. Its storage layer combines a data format based on traditional log-structured merge (LSM) trees with novel techniques for continuous transformation (e.g. aggregation, archiving) of historical data in the background. Queries are written in a convenient SQL dialect and processed by a state-of-the-art vectorized query execution engine with optional code compilation. ClickHouse makes aggressive use of pruning techniques to avoid evaluating irrelevant data in queries. Other data management systems can be integrated at the table function, table engine, or database engine level. Real-world benchmarks demonstrate that ClickHouse is amongst the fastest analytical databases on the market.",6," Blockchain Applications & Trust,"
10.1111/emre.12677,"Blockchain, tokens, smart contracts, and “decentralized autonomous organization”: Expanding and renewing the mechanisms of governance?","Blockchain, tokens, smart contracts, and decentralized autonomous organization (DAO) are increasingly shaping discussions in media and research. The aim of this contribution is to explore how governance theory can clarify these concepts and how the application of theory to this new problem can also enrich governance theory itself. We focus on the technical environment (blockchain and tokens) that is at the heart of this new form of organization. By exploiting the intrinsic attributes of blockchain (decentralization, immutability, and transparency), smart contracts and DAOs are coordination mechanisms that expand the possibilities of interagent interactions and horizontal coordination, eliminating information asymmetries and the need for trusted third parties. In addition, by taking advantage of the transparency and immutability inherent in blockchain, smart contracts and DAOs make it possible to find and record agreements securely, automating contractual clauses. We argue that these technologies have a significant potential to renew the contractual approach to governance and to overcome some of the limitations of traditional theory.",6," Blockchain Applications & Trust,"
10.1007/BF00196791,How to time-stamp a digital document,Not found,6," Blockchain Applications & Trust,"
10.1016/j.bcra.2023.100143,"The ins and outs of decentralized autonomous organizations (DAOs) unraveling the definitions, characteristics, and emerging developments of DAOs","Despite the increase in the number of blockchain-based Decentralized Autonomous Organizations (DAOs), there is no consensus on what constitutes a DAO. This paper provides an in-depth study of DAOs by analyzing their definitions, characteristics, and emerging developments. Existing definitions in the literature hardly recognize common functionalities and intermingle coded DAOs, DAO deployment platforms, and blockchain DAOs. We developed a comprehensive DAO definition by reviewing the literature and empirically analyzing 1,859 DAOs. The findings show that many DAOs were inactive and that a threshold of 20 tokenholders is a tipping point for DAOs to survive over time and maintain sustained levels of activity. Finally, based on an empirical analysis of 9,845 perceived DAOs, we identified the emerging development of off-chain voting. This emerging development challenges the autonomous nature of DAOs. We recommend further research to investigate the effect of governance structures on their long-term sustainability and viability for both on-chain and off-chain DAOs.",6," Blockchain Applications & Trust,"
10.7250/csimq.2021-26.03,An Introduction to Decentralized Finance (DeFi),"Decentralized finance (DeFi) is a rapidly growing area of the blockchain and cryptocurrency space that enables the creation of financial applications and services on top of the decentralized infrastructure. This research paper explores the current state of DeFi, including its key features and benefits, as well as the challenges and risks associated with its implementation. The paper also examines various DeFi use cases, such as lending, borrowing, and trading, and analyzes the impact of DeFi on traditional financial institutions and the broader financial ecosystem. Additionally, the paper discusses the potential of DeFi to promote financial inclusion and democratize access to financial services. The paper includes a thorough review of existing literature on DeFi and its various applications, such as decentralized exchanges, lending and borrowing platforms, stablecoins, and more. Additionally, the paper discusses the risks and limitations associated with DeFi, including security concerns, lack of regulation, and scalability issues. Finally, the paper concludes by highlighting the future directions and opportunities for research in DeFi and its potential impact on the financial industry.",6," Blockchain Applications & Trust,"
10.1111/1468-0262.00335,"The economist as engineer: Game theory, experimentation, and computation as tools for design economics","Economists have lately been called upon not only to analyze markets, but to design them. Market design involves a responsibility for detail, a need to deal with all of a market's complications, not just its principle features. Designers therefore cannot work only with the simple conceptual models used for theoretical insights into the general working of markets. Instead, market design calls for an engineering approach. Drawing primarily on the design of the entry level labor market for American doctors (the National Resident Matching Program), and of the auctions of radio spectrum conducted by the Federal Communications Commission, this paper makes the case that experimental and computational economics are natural complements to game theory in the work of design. The paper also argues that some of the challenges facing both markets involve dealing with related kinds of complementarities, and that this suggests an agenda for future theoretical research.",6," Blockchain Applications & Trust,"
10.1111/0952-1895.00150,Centralization and decentralization in administration and politics: Assessing territorial dimensions of authority and power,"Throughout the world, diverse countries are implementing programs of decentralization as a means of promoting both democratic and developmental objectives. Unfortunately, however, scholarship has yet to offer a comprehensive framework within which to assess and reform central-local relations. This article seeks to overcome the ""division of labor"" that has long separated analyses of administrative and political structures, and to provide stronger conceptual vocabulary for describing and analyzing the complexities of centralization and decentralization in both administration and politics. After developing two distinct continua of administrative and political centralization/decentralization, the paper then combines them in a single matrix able to highlight the wide range of strategies and outcomes that emerge from the complex interplay of the two spheres. Depending on where a country lies within the matrix, it is argued, strategies of decentralization may do more harm than good. Strategies of devolution are especially problematic in settings with strong local bosses, and should never be attempted without careful analysis of the preexisting character of central-local ties.",6," Blockchain Applications & Trust,"
10.1007/978-3-319-42019-6_11,Evaluation of logic-based smart contracts for blockchain systems,Not found,6," Blockchain Applications & Trust,"
10.1145/3243734.3243780,Securify: Practical security analysis of smart contracts,Not found,6," Blockchain Applications & Trust,"
10.4018/978-1-6684-9919-1.ch006,The development of decentralized governance models for web 3 ecosystems,"This chapter delves into the development of decentralized governance models for Web 3 ecosystems. It analyzes the shortcomings of traditional governance models and how decentralized models can overcome them. The chapter then investigates several decentralized governance models, such as reputation-based systems, liquid democracy, and decentralized autonomous organizations (DAOs), as well as their benefits and drawbacks. The challenges associated with establishing decentralized governance models are also explored. Lastly, the chapter explores potential future advancements as well as best practices for creating and implementing decentralized governance models in Web 3 ecosystems. All in all, the importance of decentralized governance models in encouraging openness, participation, and accountability in Web 3 ecosystems is highlighted in this chapter.",6," Blockchain Applications & Trust,"
10.1145/3225619,Economic and business dimensions blockchain revolution without the blockchain? Most of the suggested benefits of blockchain technologies do not come from elements unique to the blockchain.,,6," Blockchain Applications & Trust,"
10.1007/978-1-4842-2535-6,Introducing ethereum and solidity: Foundations of cryptocurrency and blockchain programming for beginners,"Speech recognition systems have been widely employed in several fields including biometric access control. In such systems, handling sensitive data represents a real threat and risk to security and privacy, namely in the central environment. This paper proposes an innovative solution that integrates speech recognition power as a biometric modality with the decentralized and tamper-resistant nature of blockchain technology aims at designing, implementing, and evaluating an access control system that not only leverages the unique characteristics of speech recognition through the AutoEncoding Generative Adversarial Network (AE-GAN) model for user authentication but also ensures the enforcement of access policies and voice templates storage through two distinct Smart Contracts. The first smart contract aims at storing the ID of encrypted templates matched to the hash of the public address and encrypted attributes. While the second smart contract incorporates the security policy and takes charge of generating an access token if the conditions have been satisfied. Which makes it easier to upgrade specific components without affecting the entire system. Moreover, this architecture delegates the extraction features, conversion into template, encryption, and similarity calculation functions of encrypted templates using homomorphic encryption to an API to provide more security, privacy, scalability and interoperability and reduce the overhead within the blockchain. This API interacts with the smart contract using Oracle services that ensure the interaction between on-chain and off-chain, which provide a reliable, fine-grained, and robust scheme. The simulation of this proposed scheme proves its robustness, efficiency, and performance in terms of security, reliability, and resistance to several attacks.",6," Blockchain Applications & Trust,"
10.1145/3589335.3651481,Concentration of Power and Participation in Online Governance: the Ecosystem of Decentralized Autonomous Organizations,"Blockchain technology enables a new form of online community: Decentralized Autonomous Organizations (DAOs), where members typically vote on proposals using tokens. Enthusiasts claim DAOs provide new opportunities for openness, horizontality, and democratization. However, this phenomenon is still under research, especially given the lack of quantitative studies. This paper presents the first census-like quantitative analysis of the whole ecosystem of DAOs, including 30K DAO communities on the main DAO platforms. This enables us to provide insights into the allegedly “democratic” nature of DAOs, building metrics concerning their lifespan, participation, and power concentration. Most DAOs have a short lifespan and low participation. There is also a positive correlation between community size and voting power concentration. Like other online communities, DAOs seem to follow the iron law: becoming increasingly oligarchic as they grow. Still, a significant amount of DAOs of varying sizes defy this idea by being egalitarian by design.",6," Blockchain Applications & Trust,"
10.3389/fbloc.2020.00025,The DAO Controversy: The Case for a New Species of Corporate Governance?,"This paper reviews the recent case of The DAO “hack” in June 2016 and analyzes The DAO's response in its time of crisis, and its implications for corporate and IT governance. There was no human-led governance in The DAO. Instead, The DAO placed its trust in the smart contract they had built together on the blockchain, which became its governance mechanism. The events that follow allow us to see hitherto unobservable organizational behaviors that are unique to trustless organizations, and hence The DAO gives us a glimpse at a new species of corporate governance. This paper explores the implications of these ideas: we propose the emergence of a spectrum of organizations based on the alienation of trust, we consider the economic impact and legality of decentralized autonomous organizations (DAOs), smart contracts, work and job design, and what happens when corporate governance is managed solely by IT governance.",6," Blockchain Applications & Trust,"
10.1002/jsc.2142,Exploring the rise of blockchain technology: Towards distributed collaborative organizations,Not found,6," Blockchain Applications & Trust,"
10.1007/978-3-031-48806-1_11,The Hidden Shortcomings of (D)AOs – An Empirical Study of On-Chain Governance,Not found,6," Blockchain Applications & Trust,"
10.1007/s12083-016-0456-1,The IoT electric business model: Using blockchain technology for the internet of things,Not found,6," Blockchain Applications & Trust,"
10.1007/s41469-023-00146-w,Klima DAO: a crypto answer to carbon markets,"Tackling major societal challenges often requires a significant level of organizational novelty. One such recent example is Klima DAO, a decentralized autonomous organization (DAO) that seeks to transform voluntary markets through the adoption of carbon credits. DAOs rely on self-executing rules and have a high level of decentralization. By leveraging blockchain and related technologies, Klima DAO offers innovative solutions to universal problems of organizing in both its governance and product delivery. Blockchain tools enable Klima DAO to operate uniquely, allowing for rapid scaling while maintaining decentralized governance and promoting transparent carbon credit trading with low transaction fees. As such, Klima DAO may serve as a model for future organizations in search of greater transparency and flatter governance structures.",6," Blockchain Applications & Trust,"
10.5220/0012164600003598,Improving Corporate Governance Using DAO,Not found,6," Blockchain Applications & Trust,"
10.1016/j.bcra.2023.100127,A decision model for decentralized autonomous organization platform selection: Three industry case studies,Not found,6," Blockchain Applications & Trust,"
10.4018/978-1-6684-7455-6.ch004,Blockchain and Governance Structure,"The rapid growth in the advancement of blockchain technology and its development has brought its usage in every field. Traditional legal frameworks, which depend on establishing central points of accountability and responsibility, have difficulties as a result of the characteristics of blockchain, such as decentralisation, transparency, integrity, and immutability, among others. A key challenge behind the adoption of blockchain is understanding the dynamics of blockchain governance. With the promise of an efficient network owing to the elimination of intermediaries, governance in blockchain may be understood as addition of standards and culture, laws and codes, people, and institutions that promote coordination and jointly decide a particular organisation. As a result, having a headquarters is not necessary; instead, development can rely on a globally dispersed network of programmers who create the software protocol, giving rise to the idea of a DAO (decentralized autonomous system).",6," Blockchain Applications & Trust,"
10.1007/978-3-030-26253-2,Principles of Distributed Database Systems,"This review article delves into the conceptual framework of digital twins and their diverse applications across research domains, highlighting the pivotal role of machine learning in shaping the development and integration of digital twin technology across multiple disciplines. Emphasising key features like multidisciplinarity and multi-scale aspects, the paper explores how data-driven techniques are employed for modelling, visualisation, monitoring, and optimisation within the digital twin framework, pinpointing the benefits introduced in the current state-of-the-art applications, and elucidates persisting challenges across various research fields, including advanced materials, smart buildings, and manufacturing systems.",6," Blockchain Applications & Trust,"
10.1145/3391195,"A Survey on Ethereum Systems Security: Vulnerabilities, Attacks, and Defenses",Not found,6," Blockchain Applications & Trust,"
10.1109/MSP.2014.49,Is Bitcoin a Decentralized Currency?,Not found,6," Blockchain Applications & Trust,"
10.1016/j.clsr.2017.05.007,Is a ‘smart contract’ really a smart idea? Insights from a legal perspective,Not found,6," Blockchain Applications & Trust,"
10.1109/ISTAS50296.2020.9462219,Arbiter: Improved Smart City Operations through Decentralized Autonomous Organization,"Smart cities have emerged as one of the most promising applications of cyber-physical systems (CPS), carrying the potential to serve the various interests of the public and private sectors at large. However, contemporary smart city infrastructure commonly uses heavily-centralized network architectures, reducing failure resilience and application flexibility. This centralization also imposes high barriers to entry for public access, limiting usage and oversight opportunities. To address these limitations, we describe Arbiter, a novel fog-and edge-based communication architecture based on the concept of a Decentralized Autonomous Organization (DAO). Arbiter aims to improve the socioeconomic equity of the local citizenry by (1) acting as a management layer for citywide CPS assets, (2) providing a compliance layer for managing human capital, and (3) offering a data protection layer to ensure that citizens retain full control of their personal data. We then analyze in detail the technical, socioeconomic, and ethical implications of Arbiter, and contextualize its role in the modern smart city.",6," Blockchain Applications & Trust,"
10.1108/S0733-558X20240000089004,BUSINESS WITHOUT FIRMS: A PLANETARY DESIGN LANGUAGE FOR DAOs,"Decentralized autonomous organizations (DAOs) promise to be an incubator for a regenerative, mutualist, and democratic economy. But if business is no longer done in firms and workers are neither employed nor managed – what else? This paper argues that a new production architecture inevitably involves an uncomfortable look at the idea of “business” itself, requiring us to reconsider deeply ingrained ideas of scale, ownership, and control. Here, you will find three provocations to institutionally reimagine DAOs for a planetary-conscious future. Bear with me.",6," Blockchain Applications & Trust,"
10.1109/DAPPS49028.2020.00001,"Tokens, Types, and Standards: Identification and Utilization in Ethereum",Not found,6," Blockchain Applications & Trust,"
10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3081926,A Formal Specification Smart-Contract Language for Legally Binding Decentralized Autonomous Organizations,"Blockchain- and smart-contract technology enhance the effectiveness and automation of business processes. The rising interest in the development of decentralized autonomous organizations (DAO) shows that blockchain technology has the potential to reform business and society. A DAO is an organization wherein business rules are encoded in smart-contract programs that are executed when specified rules are met. The contractual- and business semantics are sine qua non for drafting a legally-binding smart contract in DAO collaborations. Several smart-contract languages (SCLs) exist, such as SPESC, or Symboleo to specify a legally-binding contract. However, their primary focus is on designing and developing smart contracts with the cooperation of IT- and non-IT users. Therefore, this paper fills a gap in the state of the art by specifying a smart-legal-contract markup language (SLCML) for legal- and business constructs to draft a legally-binding DAO. To achieve the paper objective, we first present a formal SCL ontology to describe the legal- and business semantics of a DAO. Secondly, we translate the SCL ontology into SLCML, for which we present the XML schema definition. We demonstrate and evaluate our SLCML language through the specification of a real life-inspired Sale-of-Goods contract. Finally, the SLCML use-case code is translated into Solidity to demonstrate its feasibility for blockchain platform implementations.",6," Blockchain Applications & Trust,"
10.1109/ICBC59979.2024.10634404,Unpacking How Decentralized Autonomous Organizations (DAOs) Work in Practice,"Decentralized Autonomous Organizations (DAOs) have emerged as a novel way to coordinate a group of (pseudonymous) entities toward a shared vision (e.g., promoting sustainability). In just a few years, over 4,000 DAOs have been launched in various domains, such as investment, education, health, and research. Despite such rapid growth and diversity, it is unclear how these DAOs actually work in practice. Given this, we aim to unpack how (well) DAOs work in practice. We conducted an in-depth analysis of a diverse set of 10 DAOs of various categories and smart contracts, leveraging on-chain data and interviewing DAO members. Specifically, we define metrics to characterize key aspects of DAOs, such as the degrees of decentralization and autonomy. We observed some DAOs having poor decentralization in voting, while decentralization has improved over time for one-person-one-vote DAOs. Lastly, we offer a set of design implications for future DAOs based on our findings.",6," Blockchain Applications & Trust,"
10.14763/2021.2.1556,Decentralized autonomous organization,"A DAO is a blockchain-based system that enables people to coordinate and govern themselves mediated by a set of self-executing rules deployed on a public blockchain, and whose governance is decentralised (i.e., independent from central control).",6," Blockchain Applications & Trust,"
10.1145/3190508.3190538,Hyperledger Fabric: A Distributed Operating System for Permissioned Blockchains,Not found,6," Blockchain Applications & Trust,"
10.1007/978-3-662-54455-6_8,A survey of attacks on Ethereum smart contracts (SoK),"Blockchain as a decentralized, immutable ledger technology has recently drawn a lot of attention from the research and business communities as a platform for new kinds of digital services. The new platform caused the emergence of new programming languages tailored for it, new programming styles, but also new types of vulnerabilities which can sometimes cause large financial losses. In this paper, we present the current state of blockchain-specific programming languages. We show which domain-specific languages are in active use, which known vulnerabilities still exist, and present mitigation strategies for avoiding programming mistakes that might lead to bugs with significantly negative financial implications.",6," Blockchain Applications & Trust,"
10.1142/S0219877024500263,Decentralized Autonomous Organizations: A Systematic Literature Review and Research Agenda,"The coordination and organization of economic activity has always been one of the greatest challenges of humanity. For a long time, centralized models have been the dominant approach, but the emergence of technologies such as the internet, open-source software, peer-to-peer and ubiquitous computing, smart contracts and blockchain is leading to a shift toward decentralization. This trend is now culminating with a new phase of innovation called Decentralized Autonomous Organization (\DAO""). DAOs o®er the potential to empower communities, promote decentralization and reliable coordination, and increase transparency and meritocracy in corporate governance using the institutional technology that is blockchain. In this paper, we present a systematic literature review of 195 academic publications on the DAO phenomenon using the PRISMA methodology. We aim to answer the following research questions: What are the characteristics of DAOs? What topics related to DAOs were researched by whom? Why do DAOs show great potential? When do DAOs face limitations? Where can solutions be found for the identi¯ed limitation? We also propose a research agenda and suggest future research directions.",6," Blockchain Applications & Trust,"
10.1109/WETSEB.2019.00008,Slither: A static analysis framework for smart contracts,Not found,6," Blockchain Applications & Trust,"
10.1145/3457337.3457841,Eth2Vec: Learning Contract-Wide Code Representations for Vulnerability Detection on Ethereum Smart Contracts,Not found,6," Blockchain Applications & Trust,"
10.1109/MNET.021.1900667,The Way of the DAO: Toward Decentralizing the Tactile Internet,Not found,6," Blockchain Applications & Trust,"
10.1109/TSSA.2017.8272896,Blockchain based e-voting recording system design,Not found,6," Blockchain Applications & Trust,"
10.1007/978-3-030-98876-0_15,Integration of Ontologies with Decentralized Autonomous Organizations Development: A Systematic Literature Review,"This paper presents a systematic literature review of the integration of ontologies into the Decentralized Autonomous Organization (DAO) development process. The review extracted data from 34 primary studies dealing with ontologies in the blockchain domain. DAO has become a key concept for the development of blockchain-based decentralized software systems. DAOs are seen as a positive alternative for organizations interested in the adoption of decentralized, reliable and transparent governance, as well as attracting the interest of academic research. However, there is no common understanding or generally accepted formal definition of a DAO, and the guidelines that provide support for the adoption and development of DAOs are limited to a few key references that lack the computational semantics needed to enable their automated validation, simulation or execution. Thus, the objective of this paper is to provide an unbiased and up-to-date review related to the integration of ontologies within DAOs which helps to identify new research opportunities and take advantage of this integration from a blockchain-based decentralized perspective.",6," Blockchain Applications & Trust,"
10.4324/9781003449607-2,The Emergence of DAOs in Public Policy,"This chapter studies how DAOs have emerged within the public sphere. It specifically studies the potential of DAOs to address some of the weaknesses of public institutions and administrations, demonstrating how DAOs could support their functioning. However, DAOs face some issues and challenges in complementing the functioning of public institutions and administrations, and as such are currently more limited in scope and scale. Some interesting first ventures have already emerged and provide a pathway to further developments. The chapter ends with some concluding remarks.",6," Blockchain Applications & Trust,"
10.1016/j.bcra.2022.100061,Blockchain software patterns for the design of decentralized applications: A systematic literature review,Not found,6," Blockchain Applications & Trust,"
10.1109/TSE.2014.2357438,The design space of bug fixes and how developers navigate it,Not found,6," Blockchain Applications & Trust,"
10.3390/admsci13110241,Developing Dimensions and Indicators to Measure Decentralization in Decentralized Autonomous Organizations,"Decentralization holds a significant role in the context of decentralized autonomous organizations (DAOs), with its nature being not a fixed value but a comparative spectrum. Prior research investigating the measurement of decentralization in nations’ governance system provides a foundation for our current study. This research aims to integrate these insights to define dimensions and indicators, tailored explicitly for assessing decentralization levels within DAOs. Then, the article undertakes an examination of the suitability of traditional decentralization measurement approaches within the unique DAO context, employing confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) as our analytical tool based on a total of 44 DAOs. Hence, the results suggest that DAOs have three dimensions for measuring decentralization, ‘political decentralization as a participatory engagement’, ‘economic decentralization as a resource distribution’, and ‘administrative decentralization as the self-governing execution of decisions’. By substantiating the applicability of established decentralization measurement frameworks within the unique context of DAOs, the findings not only enhance the understanding of this emergent governance paradigm but also provide DAO practitioners, policymakers, and researchers with invaluable insights.",6," Blockchain Applications & Trust,"
10.1002/smj.2511,Incubation of an industry: Heterogeneous knowledge bases and modes of value capture,"Research summary: We examine firms' technological investments during an industry's incubation stage—the period between a technological breakthrough and the first instance of its commercialization. Using the agricultural biotechnology context, we develop stylized findings regarding the understudied knowledge evolution preceding product evolution in an industry's life cycle, the trend and diversity of firms undertaking technological investments in anticipation of industry emergence, their leverage of markets for technology and corporate control, and their use of alternative modes of value capture. We juxtapose these stylized findings with existing literature to identify new theoretical insights, and set the stage for future scholarly work to develop and test new theories for the incubation period, examine its existence in other industries, and study its impact on subsequent firm and industry evolution. Managerial summary: New technological breakthroughs present managers of existing firms and aspiring entrepreneurs with opportunities to create altogether new industries. During the vibrant incubation period, we find that multiple firms capitalize on diverse knowledge bases to shape the industry's knowledge evolution and also capture economic value in diverse ways. Existing firms in the obsolescing industry are more likely to become targets in acquisitions given their complementary knowledge. Science-based start-ups are more likely to engage in acquisitions and collaborations with established firms. Diversifying firms are more likely to commercialize products after leveraging of internal development, acquisitions, and alliances. Our study highlights the importance for managers to think about “success” and “failure” across multiple yardsticks of performance, rather than only as product commercialization as the sole goal. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.",6," Blockchain Applications & Trust,"
10.1109/WETSEB.2019.00010,The influence factors on ethereum transaction fees,Not found,6," Blockchain Applications & Trust,"
10.1109/TSC.2019.2951558,"Decentralized Services Computing Paradigm for Blockchain-Based Data Governance: Programmability, Interoperability, and Intelligence",Not found,6," Blockchain Applications & Trust,"
10.1109/BRAINS55737.2022.9909116,Collaborative Administration of Role-Based Access Control in Smart Contracts,"The emergence of blockchain technologies, including smart contracts, enables the decentralization of applications that were previously controlled by a single entity. In many cases, however, smart contracts still need to distinguish between different user roles according to their assigned duties. To ensure security, smart contracts often apply a simple form of role-based access control (RBAC), where a dedicated administrator assigns users to roles that are authorized to invoke specific smart contract functions. As this solution contradicts the blockchain principles of decentralization and democratic decision making, smart contracts may also form decentralized autonomous organizations where governance decisions are based on voting by all participants. Many applications would benefit from a hybrid approach that involves roles with different permissions while still allowing for collaborative management. Therefore, we propose a novel mechanism for RBAC administration in smart contracts based on hierarchical roles and configurable administration rules for each role. Any change in the user-role relation requires joint approval by members of selected roles according to the associated rule. This enables decentralized organizational charts with flexible administration constraints, where each role corresponds to specific permissions in the decentralized application and any change is transparently and securely recorded on the blockchain. The practical feasibility of the approach is demonstrated by means of a prototypical implementation for the Ethereum blockchain. Several benchmarks are performed to analyze the potential overhead of different solution variants.",6," Blockchain Applications & Trust,"
10.1007/s10796-019-09946-6,Blockchain in Context,Not found,6," Blockchain Applications & Trust,"
10.1111/jopp.12065,"Liquid Democracy: Potentials, Problems, and Perspectives",Not found,6," Blockchain Applications & Trust,"
10.1109/TII.2019.2897805,Performance optimization for blockchain-enabled industrial internet of things (iiot) systems: A deep reinforcement learning approach,Not found,7," Smart Contracts and Data Governance,"
10.1016/j.cities.2021.103104,Blockchain: The operating system of smart cities,Not found,7," Smart Contracts and Data Governance,"
10.1109/COMST.2018.2852480,Network layer aspects of permissionless blockchains,"Permissionless blockchains reach decentralized consensus without requiring pre-established identities or trusted third parties, thus enabling applications such as cryptocurrencies and smart contracts. Consensus is agreed on data that is generated by the application and transmitted by the system’s (peer-to-peer) network layer. While many attacks on the network layer were discussed so far, there is no systematic approach that brings together known attacks, the requirements, and the design space of the network layer. In this paper, we survey attacks on the network layer of permissionless blockchains, and derive five requirements: 1) performance; 2) low cost of participation; 3) anonymity; 4) DoS resistance; and 5) topology hiding. Furthermore, we survey the design space of the network layer and qualitatively show the effect of each design decisions on the fulfillment of the requirements. Finally, we pick two aspects of the design space, in-band peer discovery and relay delay, and demonstrate possible directions of future research by quantitatively analyzing and optimizing simplified scenarios. We show that while most design decisions imply certain tradeoffs, there is a lack of models that analyze and formalize these tradeoffs. Such models could aid the design of the network layer of permissionless blockchains. One reason for the lack of models is the deliberately limited observability of deployed blockchains. We emphasize that simulation based approaches cope with these limitations and are suited for the analysis of the network layer of permissionless blockchains.",7," Smart Contracts and Data Governance,"
10.1016/j.cities.2021.103325,Blockchain-based smart contracts as new governance tools for the sharing economy,"Tech For Good reveals how Fourth Industrial Revolution technologies will help solve the world's greatest challenges like climate change, biodiversity loss, inequality, and poverty. Tech For Good presents a unique perspective on how business can successfully apply advanced technologies in a purpose-driven manner while unlocking new markets and seizing business opportunities. Packed with 75 real-life business cases of companies from all over the world, this inspiring book unfolds a compelling narrative about how businesses commercially synergize technology and sustainability. The purpose of this book is to imagine the unprecedented possibilities advanced technologies offer business to drive sustainable growth. Tech for Good will be vital for realizing our Global Goals.",7," Smart Contracts and Data Governance,"
10.3390/fi8010007,Analyzing the bitcoin network: The First Four Years,Not found,7," Smart Contracts and Data Governance,"
10.1109/JIOT.2018.2882794,Blockchain technologies for the internet of things: Research issues and challenges,Not found,7," Smart Contracts and Data Governance,"
10.1145/3649318,Agent-Based Model of Initial Token Allocations: Simulating Distributions post Fair Launch,"With advancements in distributed ledger technologies and smart contracts, tokenized voting rights gained prominence within decentralized finance (DeFi). Voting rights tokens (a.k.a. governance tokens) are fungible tokens that grant individual holders the right to vote upon the fate of a project. The motivation behind these tokens is to achieve decentral control within a decentralized autonomous organization (DAO). Because the initial allocations of these tokens is often undemocratic, the DeFi project and DAO of Yearn Finance experimented with a fair launch allocation where no tokens are pre-mined and all participants have an equal opportunity to receive them. Regardless, research on voting rights tokens highlights the formation of timocracies over time. The consideration is that the tokens’ tradability is the cause of concentration. To examine this proposition, this article uses an agent-based model to simulate and analyze the concentration of voting rights tokens post three fair launch allocation scenarios under different trading modalities. The results show that regardless of the allocation, concentration persistently occurs. It confirms the consideration that the ‘disease’ is endogenous: the cause of concentration is the tokens’ tradability. The findings inform theoretical understandings and practical implications for on-chain governance mediated by tokens.",7," Smart Contracts and Data Governance,"
10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2019.02.005,"Blockchain research, practice and policy: Applications, benefits, limitations, emerging research themes and research agenda","The COVID-19 pandemic has induced a cloud of uncertainty over the mega sports event, the 2021 Tokyo Olympics. Cancelling or re-scheduling the event could have serious repercussions on the economic, social and environmental well-being for the involved stakeholders. Thus, it becomes critical to conduct events of this magnitude by adopting appropriate public health measures. In this research, we primarily focus on two main premises relative to public health and safety, contact tracing and crowd management. We explore and evaluate the usability of blockchain based decentralized apps in crowd management and contact tracing for the Tokyo Olympics using value-focused thinking (VFT). A VFT framework aids in narrowing fundamental and strategic objectives that need to be addressed for smooth contact tracing and crowd management by understanding stakeholder viewpoints. We established an equivalence of the objectives identified through VFT with blockchain technology properties. Further, we also present a conceptual ideation of contact tracing and crowd management through blockchain based decentralized apps for the Tokyo Olympics. This work could potentially assist decision-makers, researchers and stakeholders involved in organizing the Tokyo Olympics in understanding and analysing the utility of blockchain based decentralized apps for crowd management and contact tracing.",7," Smart Contracts and Data Governance,"
10.1109/aCCESS.2020.2967218,Solutions to Scalability of Blockchain: a Survey,Not found,7," Smart Contracts and Data Governance,"
10.1111/j.1467-6486.1992.tb00674.x,"INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, CONTROL AND POWER: THE CENTRALIZATION AND DECENTRALIZATION DEBATE REVISITED","E-participation platforms create spaces and opportunities for participation and collaboration between governments and citizens. This paper aims to investigate the role of power on formal e-participation platforms and digital spaces that are controlled by the governments. Although those types of platforms have been increasing in numerous countries, they have been criticised as often leading to a lack of or decrease in citizen engagement. We propose a relational view that examines how power is related to the use of resources in practice, that is, to resourcing. To explore this issue, we examine citizens' participation on three urban mobility platforms in three major Brazilian cities. Our study makes two main contributions. First, we contribute to the literature on e-participation by explaining how a relational view of power helps to understand the nature and consequences of citizen participation in public policy-making. Second, we integrate the concept of resourcing as both a source and constitutive element of relational power. We propose a process-based model of resourcing as power that opens the black box of resourcing through the identification of three distinct phases in time: resourcing IN, resourcing WITHIN and resourcing OUT.",7," Smart Contracts and Data Governance,"
10.1007/3-540-45748-8_24,The sybil attack,"Continual learning in machine learning systems requires models to adapt and evolve based on new data and experiences. However, this dynamic nature also introduces a vulnerability to data poisoning attacks, where maliciously crafted input can lead to misleading model updates. In this research, we propose a novel approach utilizing the EdDSA encryption system to safeguard the integrity of data streams in continual learning scenarios. By leveraging EdDSA, we establish a robust defense against data poisoning attempts, maintaining the model's trustworthiness and performance over time. Through extensive experimentation on diverse datasets and continual learning scenarios, we demonstrate the efficacy of our proposed approach. The results indicate a significant reduction in susceptibility to data poisoning attacks, even in the presence of sophisticated adversaries.",7," Smart Contracts and Data Governance,"
10.1109/JAS.2024.124491,Attention Markets of Blockchain-Based Decentralized Autonomous Organizations,"The attention is a scarce resource in decentralized autonomous organizations (DAOs), as their self-governance relies heavily on the attention-intensive decision-making process of 'proposal and voting'. To prevent the negative effects of proposers' attention-capturing strategies that contribute to the 'tragedy of the commons' and ensure an efficient distribution of attention among multiple proposals, it is necessary to establish a market-driven allocation scheme for DAOs' attention. First, the Harberger tax-based attention markets are designed to facilitate its allocation via continuous and automated trading, where the individualized Harberger tax rate (HTR) determined by the proposers' reputation is adopted. Then, the Stackelberg game model is formulated in these markets, casting attention to owners in the role of leaders and other competitive proposers as followers. Its equilibrium trading strategies are also discussed to unravel the intricate dynamics of attention pricing. Moreover, utilizing the single-round Stackelberg game as an illustrative example, the existence of Nash equilibrium trading strategies is demonstrated. Finally, the impact of individualized HTR on trading strategies is investigated, and results suggest that it has a negative correlation with leaders' self-accessed prices and ownership duration, but its effect on their revenues varies under different conditions. This study is expected to provide valuable insights into leveraging attention resources to improve DAOs' governance and decision-making process.",7," Smart Contracts and Data Governance,"
10.1109/CINE.2017.33,An Overview of the Emerging Technology: Blockchain,Not found,7," Smart Contracts and Data Governance,"
10.20955/r.103.153-74,Decentralized finance: on blockchain-and smart contract-based financial markets,"The work examines new financial instruments released on the Russian financial market in digital format—digital financial assets. In accordance with current legislation, starting from 2022, digital financial assets are issued by information system operators, the issuers of which are companies in the IT sector, financial and credit organizations, industrial enterprises and developers. These financial instruments are created using block chain technology; the system registers electronic records of the issued digital asset in the form of a token; transactions concluded using such assets are smart contracts. The first issues of tokens showed that digital financial assets are of increased interest among financial market participants; in a relatively short period of their circulation, short-term loans,b2b financing and factoring have become predominantly in demand. The study showed that digital financial assets are only being planned for release in the agricultural sector; the use of such instruments will attract additional financing to the agricultural sector and speed up payments between agricultural producers and consumers. In conclusion, a SWOT analysis was carried out, characterizing the possibility of using digital financial assets in the agricultural sector.",7," Smart Contracts and Data Governance,"
10.1016/0378-8733(78)90021-7,Centrality in social networks conceptual clarification,Not found,7," Smart Contracts and Data Governance,"
10.1109/MC.2017.3571064,Blockchain Technologies: The Foreseeable Impact on Society and Industry,"Blockchain and the IoT together provide a new paradigm with the potential to transform healthcare as we know it. This study delves into the revolutionary possibilities of blockchain technology as it pertains to healthcare IoT application security and optimization. Data security, integrity, and interoperability are major concerns with healthcare IoT devices since they produce large volumes of personal patient data. A strong answer to these problems is blockchain technology, which uses a distributed and unchangeable record. Integrity of data, audit trails that are easy to see, and safe information exchange among stakeholders are all possible with blockchain protocols in healthcare IoT systems, all while protecting patients' privacy and obtaining their consent. In addition, the article explores practical examples of healthcare IoT systems enabled by blockchain that have been shown to be beneficial. Secure patient data sharing among healthcare providers, tamper-proof administration of medical records, and supply chain authentication of medications are all examples. Also discussed are some of the restrictions and difficulties that come with using blockchain technology in healthcare IoT, including issues with scalability, regulatory compliance, and interoperability. We provide solutions to these problems and hope that they will encourage blockchain technology to proliferate throughout healthcare IoT networks.",7," Smart Contracts and Data Governance,"
10.1142/S0217590820470025,Blockchain forks: A formal classification framework and persistency analysis,"Blockchain forks can have severe economic implications, sow uncertainty and undermine trust. In this paper, we introduce a formal framework to study the emergence, persistency and economic consequences of blockchain forks. We argue that blockchain forks can be process- or protocol-based and emerge unintentionally or deliberately. We then proceed with a sub-classification of protocol-based forks and study the circumstances under which a chain split may become permanent. It can be shown that the persistency of a fork depends on the nature of the change to the consensus rules and on the relative allocation of the consensus-relevant resources. Lastly, we discuss business implications as well as potential consequences for policy makers and practitioners.",7," Smart Contracts and Data Governance,"
10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.08.123,Democratising platform governance in the sharing economy: An analytical framework and initial empirical insights,Not found,7," Smart Contracts and Data Governance,"
10.1109/SMC53992.2023.10394591,From DAO to TAO: Finding the Essence of Decentralization,Not found,7," Smart Contracts and Data Governance,"
10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.11.066,A (new) role for business – Promoting the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals through the internet-of-things and blockchain technology,"We outline the business opportunity for the provision of measurement technology, linked to the internet, i.e. the internet-of-things (IoT), which feeds information into blockchains, providing reliable and trusted data and an incentive for others to contribute towards progress on the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Both existing businesses and start-ups could exploit these new opportunities, which could inspire the participation of employees, volunteers, donors, and other participants. We provide a conceptual framework for the different ways business can play a role in facilitating measurement of SDGs, and trust in these measurements, by harnessing technology.",7," Smart Contracts and Data Governance,"
10.1016/j.jbusres.2022.08.031,"Money, possessions, and ownership in the Metaverse: NFTs, cryptocurrencies, Web3 and Wild Markets",Not found,7," Smart Contracts and Data Governance,"
10.23919/MIPRO.2018.8400278,Comparative analysis of blockchain consensus algorithms,Not found,7," Smart Contracts and Data Governance,"
10.1109/ICTC.2018.8539529,A Survey of Scalability Solutions on Blockchain,Not found,7," Smart Contracts and Data Governance,"
10.1109/AICCSA.2016.7945805,Blockchain for the Internet of Things: A systematic literature review,Not found,7," Smart Contracts and Data Governance,"
10.1007/978-3-662-53357-4_8,On scaling decentralized blockchains (A position paper),Not found,7," Smart Contracts and Data Governance,"
10.35490/EC3.2024.270,THE ROLE OF BLOCKCHAIN IN ENHANCING TRUST: A CONSTRUCTION PROJECT GOVERNANCE APPROACH,Not found,7," Smart Contracts and Data Governance,"
10.1109/TCOM.1964.1088883,On Distributed Communications Networks,Not found,7," Smart Contracts and Data Governance,"
10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2957660,A Comparative Analysis of Blockchain Architecture and its Applications: Problems and Recommendations,Not found,7," Smart Contracts and Data Governance,"
10.1007/978-3-031-60994-7_30,Unlocking the Potential of Blockchain Technology in the Digital Economy: A Comprehensive Analysis of Decentralized Social Networking Platforms,Not found,7," Smart Contracts and Data Governance,"
10.1016/j.cities.2018.04.011,"Smart cities with big data: Reference models, challenges, and considerations","Cities worldwide are attempting to transform themselves into smart cities. Recent cases and studies show that a key factor in this transformation is the use of urban big data from stakeholders and physical objects in cities. However, the knowledge and framework for data use for smart cities remain relatively unknown. This paper reports findings from an analysis of various use cases of big data in cities worldwide and the authors’ four projects with government organizations toward developing smart cities. Specifically, this paper classifies the urban data use cases into four reference models and identifies six challenges in transforming data into information for smart cities. Furthermore, building upon the relevant literature, this paper proposes five considerations for addressing the challenges in implementing the reference models in real-world applications. The reference models, challenges, and considerations collectively form a framework for data use for smart cities. This paper will contribute to urban planning and policy development in the modern data-rich economy.",7," Smart Contracts and Data Governance,"
10.1016/j.techsoc.2023.102251,Decentralised finance's timocratic governance: The distribution and exercise of tokenised voting rights,"Ethereum's public distributed ledger can issue tokenised voting rights that are tradable on crypto-asset exchanges by potentially anyone. Ethereum thus enables global, unincorporated associations to conduct governance experiments. Such experiments are crucial to Decentralised Finance (DeFi). DeFi is a nascent field of unlicensed, unregulated, and non-custodial financial services that utilise public distributed ledgers and crypto-assets rather than corporate structures and sovereign currencies. The inaugural Bloomberg Galaxy DeFi Index, launched in August 2021, included nine Ethereum-based projects – non-custodial exchanges as well as lending and derivatives platforms. Each project is governed, at least in part, by unregistered holders of tokenised voting rights (also known as governance tokens). Token-holders typically vote for or against coders’ improvement proposals that pertain to anything from the allocation of treasury funds to a collateral's risk parameters. DeFi's governance thus depends on the distribution and exercise of tokenised voting rights. Since archetypal DeFi projects are not managed by companies or public institutions, not much is known about DeFi's governance. Regulators and law-makers from the United States recently asked if DeFi's governance entails a new class of “shadowy” elites. In response, we conducted an exploratory multiple-case study that focused on the tokenised voting rights issued by the nine projects from Bloomberg's inaugural Galaxy DeFi index. Our mixed methods approach drew on Ethereum-based data about the distribution, trading, staking, and delegation of voting rights tokens, as well as project documentation and archival records. We discovered that DeFi projects’ voting rights are highly concentrated, and the exercise of these rights is very low. Our theoretical contribution is a philosophical intervention: minority rule, not “democracy”, is the probable outcome of token-tradable voting rights and a lack of applicable anti-concentration laws. We interpret DeFi's minority rule as timocratic.",7," Smart Contracts and Data Governance,"
10.1186/s40854-016-0040-y,Blockchain-based sharing services: What blockchain technology can contribute to smart cities,"We learn in everyday life that data is created and marketed at a rate that could not be seen a few years back. At present, when data is increasing exponentially over the successfully opened media, its consistent quality is crucial. To make the data robust and to promote exchange, we rely on a great figure of mediators, which confirms the details of building ""trust"" among the working organizations. Confirmation of the exchange rate for banks is another matter to create a system that is maintaining belief. This mediator that people trust had a great deal in our work. Surprisingly, in the day and year when data is readily available, these mediators existence will give new era to utilize the datasets. A newly launched blockchain is an appropriate record development that stores information over different systems securely to enable dispersed trades by making a reliable wellspring of fact disinterme-diating the indirect legislative body of the trust. This new system understands an adjustment in context in such a way wherein we develop faith and have far-attained penalty. Blockchain is prepared to modify how it will amuse and will influence everyone in trade (banking, power, preparing, social protection, etc.). The open region is no uncommon case. The organization and open fragment have an urgent necessity to be total, safe, credible and dependable in order swap crossways with a variety of fields. Blockchain advancement is ascending as a gadget for administration, mainly to restructure the data based on reasons.",7," Smart Contracts and Data Governance,"
10.1016/j.jbusres.2023.113764,Metaverse governance: An empirical analysis of voting within Decentralized Autonomous Organizations,"In this paper we explore the importance of platform governance. We discuss various problems of centralized architecture in the context of the metaverse or sharing economy applications which may lead to monopoly market structures. We argue that open standards and blockchain-based governance can potentially mitigate some of these issues. We then collect governance data from the first blockchain-based virtual world and conduct an empirical analysis to study voter behavior within Decentralized Autonomous Organizations (DAOs). We provide empirical evidence that open standards and blockchain-based governance are a necessary but not a sufficient condition for a decentralized and neutral platform. Centralization and concentrated voting power may lead to dependencies, rent extraction behavior and create hold-up problems. Consequently, producers, prosumers and service providers must evaluate the governance structure of the platform before establishing a presence.",7," Smart Contracts and Data Governance,"
10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3026577,Measuring decentrality in blockchain based systems,Not found,7," Smart Contracts and Data Governance,"
10.1109/ICEIEC.2019.8784631,An information entropy method to quantify the degrees of decentralization for blockchain systems,Not found,7," Smart Contracts and Data Governance,"
10.2307/1879431,The market for “lemons”: Quality uncertainty and the market mechanism,Not found,8," Blockchain Financial Systems,"
10.1016/j.na.2008.10.072,Layers of noncooperative games,Not found,8," Blockchain Financial Systems,"
10.1080/1369118X.2016.1154087,Thinking critically about and researching algorithms,Not found,8," Blockchain Financial Systems,"
10.5210/fm.v20i12.6198,Blockchains and Bitcoin: Regulatory responses to cryptocurrencies,Not found,8," Blockchain Financial Systems,"
10.1007/978-3-662-47854-7_33,Inclusive block chain protocols,Not found,8," Blockchain Financial Systems,"
10.23919/ICACT.2017.7890159,Proposed classification of blockchains based on authority and incentive dimensions,Not found,8," Blockchain Financial Systems,"
10.1007/978-3-319-67262-5_1,On or off the blockchain? Insights on off-chaining computation and data,Not found,8," Blockchain Financial Systems,"
10.3390/jtaer16040053,A reference architecture for blockchain-based crowdsourcing platforms,"Companies increasingly tender knowledge-intensive tasks using crowdsourcing platforms to gain access to scarce knowledge and skills otherwise out of reach, and in this way, gaining competitive advantage. Despite its potential, existing crowdsourcing platforms encounter several challenges, including (1) fragmentation of expertise, as there are many platforms, (2) distrust between task providers and crowdsourcing participants, as identity and past performance are often not known, and (3) inability to learn from experience due to a lack of openness. A reference architecture for blockchain-based knowledge-intensive crowdsourcing platforms to mediate transactions between demand and supply of knowledge is designed in this paper to overcome these challenges. A design science research method is followed to develop the architecture. The reference architecture shows how blockchain and smart contract components can be integrated to support and coordinate knowledge-intensive crowdsourcing activities. By removing traditional e-commerce intermediaries, blockchain reduces search friction, knowledge transfer costs, and cheating by task providers or crowdsourcing participants.",8," Blockchain Financial Systems,"
10.1109/TKDE.2017.2781227,Untangling Blockchain: A Data Processing View of Blockchain Systems,Not found,8," Blockchain Financial Systems,"
10.4324/9780429319297-4,Centralization vs. Decentralization on the blockchain in a health information exchange context,Not found,8," Blockchain Financial Systems,"
10.2307/23043488,Action design research,Not found,8," Blockchain Financial Systems,"
10.1504/IJITST.2017.087132,Blockchain and bitcoin as a way to lift a country out of poverty - Tourism 2.0 and e-governance in the Republic of Moldova,Not found,8," Blockchain Financial Systems,"
10.1108/NBRI-02-2021-0014,Organizational governance in the smart era: the implications of blockchain,"Purpose: Blockchain is a technical solution integrating multiple technologies, with the potential to overcome the drawbacks of organizational governance. Given the emergence and prevalence of blockchain, its importance for organizational governance has progressively increased. Therefore, this study aims to analyze how blockchain restructure organizational governance. Design/methodology/approach: This study presents a structured systematic literature review of blockchain-enabled applications across diverse organizational governance models and several case studies to illustrate them. Based on the above analysis, governance mechanisms, transaction upgrading and challenges are proposed. Findings: Based on the literature review and typical applications, the authors summarize the advances in the research on the theoretical and practical applications of blockchain in organizational governance. We also identify the influence mechanisms of organizational governance and investigate transaction upgrading based on blockchain. Finally, the authors discuss three types of challenges (i.e. administrative, technical and environmental) to the relationship between blockchain and organizational governance. Along with the development of blockchain applications, the impact of blockchain on organizational governance has progressed in both theory and practice. Therefore, these findings will have significant implications for both academics and practitioners. Originality/value: This paper makes three key theoretical contributions: we review the literature on the impact of blockchain on organizational governance and present typical cases to illustrate it; propose four governance mechanisms for the application of blockchain in organizational governance; and propose an innovating-and-matching-oriented model of transaction upgrading based on blockchain.",8," Blockchain Financial Systems,"
10.1109/P2P.2013.6688704,Information propagation in the Bitcoin network,Not found,8," Blockchain Financial Systems,"
10.1007/978-3-642-39884-1_2,Quantitative analysis of the full Bitcoin transaction graph,Not found,8," Blockchain Financial Systems,"
10.1109/CBI.2017.56,Information sharing for supply chain management based on block chain technology,Not found,8," Blockchain Financial Systems,"
10.1109/SP.2014.35,Secure multiparty computations on bitcoin,Not found,8," Blockchain Financial Systems,"
10.1145/2976749.2978362,The ring of gyges: Investigating the future of criminal smart contracts,Not found,8," Blockchain Financial Systems,"
10.1109/OBD.2016.11,MedRec: Using blockchain for medical data access and permission management,Not found,8," Blockchain Financial Systems,"
10.1108/RIBS-06-2019-0078,Blockchain technology in international business: changing the agenda for global governance,Not found,8," Blockchain Financial Systems,"
10.1007/s41469-023-00138-w,(De)centralization in the governance of blockchain systems: cryptocurrency cases,"Initially conceived as a security technology, blockchain technology has since gained global interest by spawning decentralized, participatory and trusted network systems. However, despite the great advantages it offers, which have attracted many entrepreneurs and investors, there is growing concern about the intertwined relationship between technology and human governance within a blockchain-related system. This paper aims to discuss the various organizational and technological elements of governance of 10 selected cryptocurrency blockchain systems, focusing on whether their operation and adaptation are (de)centralized. Our analysis shows that the selected cryptocurrency systems are mostly decentralized on the technological aspects. The algorithms or protocols, based on which the systems function, utilize adjacent data or information available in its proximity, located within a single block, and there is no pre-programmed intervention protocol (as a centralized control) to manage conflicts and unexpected situations. In the consensus process, however, some algorithms utilize information distributed throughout the entire network, giving the system a centralized nature. On the other hand, the organizational aspects of their governance are largely centralized. The right or authority to make important decisions (e.g., modification of rules or algorithms) often lies in the hands of a small number of individuals (such as founders). Participation in managerial decision-making is not afforded to every participant of the blockchain system as well. When unforeseen problems occur, problem-solving coordination is usually based on centralized, top-down control and monitoring. We complete our analysis with a discussion on the origins and implications of the dual nature of the governance of cryptocurrency blockchain systems.",8," Blockchain Financial Systems,"
10.1145/2504730.2504747,A fistful of bitcoins: Characterizing payments among men with no names,Not found,8," Blockchain Financial Systems,"
10.17705/2msqe.00022,"Management, governance, and value creation in a blockchain consortium","In recent years, an increasing number of blockchain consortia have emerged. However, little is known about how these consortia are developed and what tensions emerge in such collaborations. We describe the evolution of the cardossier blockchain consortium in Switzerland, which is building a system for managing car data and seeking to improve collaboration between players in the car-related ecosystem. From our involvement with the cardossier project, we have gained insights that will be valuable to enterprises considering whether to join a blockchain consortium.",8," Blockchain Financial Systems,"
10.1109/PASSAT/SocialCom.2011.79,An analysis of anonymity in the Bitcoin system,Not found,8," Blockchain Financial Systems,"
10.1109/SNPD.2015.7176229,Trend of centralization in Bitcoin's distributed network,Not found,8," Blockchain Financial Systems,"
10.1007/978-3-319-22846-4_10,Ripple: Overview and outlook,Not found,8," Blockchain Financial Systems,"
10.1007/978-3-319-44421-5_20,Beyond Bitcoin enabling smart government using blockchain technology,Not found,8," Blockchain Financial Systems,"
10.1109/COMPSAC.2016.142,Interactive Incontestable Signature for Transactions Confirmation in Bitcoin Blockchain,Not found,8," Blockchain Financial Systems,"
10.1016/j.cie.2019.07.004,Blockchain Governance Game,Not found,8," Blockchain Financial Systems,"
10.1109/GTSD.2016.22,Blockchain-A Financial Technology for Future Sustainable Development,Not found,8," Blockchain Financial Systems,"
10.1007/s10796-023-10455-w,Towards Blockchain Decentralized Autonomous Organizations (DAO) Design,"A decentralized autonomous organization (DAO) can be envisioned as an organization or society where its design, processes, and operational tasks are coded in the form of agreements or smart contracts, adhering to guidelines, values, and collective consensus. This paper underpins how organization design constructs (structure, strategy) and organization innovation constructs (innovation complexity, novel delivery) are related and sequenced to DAO transformation excellence (organizational excellence, organizational user expectation). An online survey of 262 blockchain DAO practitioners and researchers was conducted using SmartPLS to demonstrate empirical research findings (probably the first empirical research paper) on the implementation of blockchain DAO in organization design. The study focuses on understanding the role of blockchain DAO in organization design and innovation and how the users can leverage the technology, its substitutes, implementation readiness, and its impacts on organizations. Findings from the paper will help managers develop platforms and tools for various situations related to DAO-led organization design.",8," Blockchain Financial Systems,"
10.1007/s12599-017-0506-0,"A Blockchain Research Framework: What We (don’t) Know, Where We Go from Here, and How We Will Get There","While blockchain technology is commonly considered potentially disruptive in various regards, there is a lack of understanding where and how blockchain technology is effectively applicable and where it has mentionable practical effects. This issue has given rise to critical voices that judge the technology as over-hyped. Against this backdrop, this study adapts an established research framework to structure the insights of the current body of research on blockchain technology, outline the present research scope as well as disregarded topics, and sketch out multidisciplinary research approaches. The framework differentiates three groups of activities (design and features, measurement and value, management and organization) at four levels of analysis (users and society, intermediaries, platforms, firms and industry). The review shows that research has predominantly focused on technological questions of design and features, while neglecting application, value creation, and governance. In order to foster substantial blockchain research that addresses meaningful questions, this study identifies several avenues for future studies. Given the breadth of open questions, it shows where research can benefit from multidisciplinary collaborations and presents data sources as starting points for empirical investigations.",8," Blockchain Financial Systems,"
10.3389/fbloc.2023.1256651,Analyzing decision-making in blockchain governance,"Blockchain systems are a novel technology that allow for innovative business models. However, due to the decentralized nature of blockchains, new organizational challenges arise. Blockchains require intricate governance mechanisms to align all interests of the involved stakeholders. A crucial part of blockchain governance is decision-making, i.e., the way how a community of a blockchain system can reach decisions. While blockchain governance has received considerable interest of academia, decision-making in blockchains has not yet been sufficiently addressed. Through an exploratory multiple case study, we establish a framework for analyzing decision-making in blockchain systems and identify two dimensions along which decision-making in blockchains can be classified—namely community-driven vs. institution-driven as well as off-chain vs. on-chain decision-making. Even though blockchains are decentralized systems, we can show that there are often highly centralized elements present. The degree of this centralization varies across blockchains and might be connected to the business cases and origins of the different systems. Furthermore, many factors of decision-making processes in blockchains are still off-chain and only some factors are truly on-chain. We arrived at these insights through a structured approach for decision-making in blockchains. Thus, we provide new tools for researcher and practitioners and pave the way to novel blockchain applications with sound decision-making mechanisms.",8," Blockchain Financial Systems,"
10.1109/WICSA.2016.21,The blockchain as a software connector,Not found,8," Blockchain Financial Systems,"
10.1109/ICIN.2015.7073830,An IoT electric business model based on the protocol of bitcoin,Not found,8," Blockchain Financial Systems,"
10.1109/ICCE-Berlin.2015.7391275,BRIGHT: A concept for a decentralized rights management system based on blockchain,Not found,8," Blockchain Financial Systems,"
10.1007/978-3-662-46803-6_10,The Bitcoin backbone protocol: Analysis and applications,Not found,8," Blockchain Financial Systems,"
10.1109/HealthCom.2016.7749510,Blockchain technology in healthcare: The revolution starts here,Not found,8," Blockchain Financial Systems,"
10.1016/j.infoandorg.2006.11.001,The qualitative interview in IS research: Examining the craft,Not found,8," Blockchain Financial Systems,"
10.1017/S0269964820000406,STRATEGIC ALLIANCE FOR BLOCKCHAIN GOVERNANCE GAME,Not found,8," Blockchain Financial Systems,"
10.1109/MCE.2017.2684916,How the Blockchain Revolution Will Reshape the Consumer Electronics Industry [Future Directions],Not found,8," Blockchain Financial Systems,"
10.1145/2810103.2813659,Demystifying incentives in the consensus computer,Not found,8," Blockchain Financial Systems,"
10.2307/41166320,Managing formation processes in R&D consortia,Not found,8," Blockchain Financial Systems,"
10.1016/j.jfs.2014.11.006,The economics of Bitcoin and similar private digital currencies,Not found,8," Blockchain Financial Systems,"
10.1177/1461444816661553,Infrastructure studies meet platform studies in the age of Google and Facebook,"This article develops the concept of “smaller-scale platforms,” distinguishing them from both large-scale, infrastructural platforms (such as Silicon Valley giants and Chinese infotech monopolies), and small, single-use platforms. To do so, it presents an ethnographic case study of the Chinese-owned, multinational entertainment live-streaming platform, Bigo Live. The article argues that smaller-scale platforms, positioned at the fringe of the internet business ecosystem, are non-infrastructural yet still serve as integral components of the larger, global platform economy and international trade. The ethnography presented shows how smaller-scale platforms target niche and occasionally unconventional markets, offering specialized services within agile, cross-platform, and transnational business sectors. The ethnography also depicts the naturalization of the Chinese “internet thinking” business model, as well as unusual and even extreme events among Chinese expatriate platform personnel, local non-Chinese employees, guilds of live-streamers, the live-streaming audience, and other stakeholders operating within complex geopolitical contexts. Finally, the paper delineates prospective research trajectories stemming from the theorization of smaller-scale platforms, articulating potential inquiries that could enhance scholarly understanding within this field.",8," Blockchain Financial Systems,"
10.1057/jit.2009.19,Design theory for dynamic complexity in information infrastructures: The case of building internet,Not found,8," Blockchain Financial Systems,"
10.1080/13600834.2017.1301036,Contract law 2.0: ‘Smart’ contracts as the beginning of the end of classic contract law,Not found,8," Blockchain Financial Systems,"
10.1109/NCA.2016.7778636,Safety analysis of Bitcoin improvement proposals,Not found,8," Blockchain Financial Systems,"
10.1109/GCCE.2015.7398721,Blockchain contract: A complete consensus using blockchain,Not found,8," Blockchain Financial Systems,"
10.30844/wi_2020_b1,Governance of blockchain-based platforms,"Blockchain technology may disrupt industries by disintermediation. Hence, it challenges market-oriented platforms like Amazon or Facebook as intermediaries. In the case of blockchain-based platforms, if there may be no platform owner as an intermediary, the different sides of a platform will still need to be orchestrated by platform governance. Following this, blockchainbased platforms must also have mechanisms for orchestrating their platform sides. These mechanisms of blockchain-based platforms may differ from traditional platform governance. This research aims to enhance the understanding of governance mechanisms of blockchain-based platforms. For this purpose, a case study is conducted to analyze the governance mechanisms and their manifestations. Therefore, the initial governance mechanisms were taken from research on platforms. As a result, blockchain specific characteristics of governance mechanisms were identified.",8," Blockchain Financial Systems,"
10.1080/07421222.2020.1759974,Decision Problems in Blockchain Governance: Old Wine in New Bottles or Walking in Someone Else’s Shoes?,"Blockchain comes with the promise of being a disruptive technology with the potential for novel ways of interaction in a wide range of applications. Following broader application, scholarly interest in the technology is growing, though an extensive analysis of blockchain applications from a governance perspective is lacking to date. This research pays special attention to the governance of blockchain systems and illustrates decision problems in 14 blockchain systems from four application domains. Based on academic literature, semi-structured interviews with representatives from those organizations, and content analysis of grey literature, common problems in blockchain governance have been singled out and contextualized. Studying their enactment revealed their relevance to major organizational theories in what we labelled “Patrolling the borders,” “External Legitimation,” “Reduction of Discretionality,” and “Temporal Management.” The identification of these problems enriches the scarce body of knowledge on the governance of blockchain systems, resulting in a better understanding of how blockchain governance links to existing concepts and how it is enacted in practice.",8," Blockchain Financial Systems,"
10.1287/mnsc.46.2.186.11926,Theoretical extension of the Technology Acceptance Model: Four longitudinal field studies,Not found,8," Blockchain Financial Systems,"
10.3390/fi10020020,Blockchain and smart contracts for insurance: Is the technology mature enough?,Not found,8," Blockchain Financial Systems,"
10.1007/978-3-662-45472-5_28,Majority is not enough: Bitcoin mining is vulnerable,Not found,8," Blockchain Financial Systems,"
10.1007/s12083-015-0347-x,Difficulty control for blockchain-based consensus systems,Not found,8," Blockchain Financial Systems,"
10.1109/ICSA56044.2023.00011,A Pattern-Oriented Reference Architecture for Governance-Driven Blockchain Systems,"Blockchain technology has been integrated into diverse software applications by enabling a decentralised architecture design. However, the defects of on-chain algorithmic mechanisms, and tedious disputes and debates in off-chain communities may affect the operation of blockchain systems. Accordingly, blockchain governance has received great interest for supporting the design, use, and maintenance of blockchain systems, hence improving the overall trustworthiness. Although much effort has been put into this research topic, there is a distinct lack of consideration for blockchain governance from the perspective of software architecture design. In this study, we propose a pattern-oriented reference architecture for governance-driven blockchain systems, which can provide guidance for future blockchain architecture design. We design the reference architecture based on an extensive review of architectural patterns for blockchain governance in academic literature and industry implementation. The reference architecture consists of four layers. We demonstrate the components in each layer, annotating with the identified patterns. A qualitative analysis of mapping two concrete blockchain architectures, Polkadot and Quorum, on the reference architecture is conducted, to evaluate the correctness and utility of proposed reference architecture.",9," Blockchain Governance & Frameworks,"
10.1111/psj.12212,Polycentric Systems of Governance: A Theoretical Model for the Commons,Not found,9," Blockchain Governance & Frameworks,"
10.1016/j.rser.2018.10.014,Blockchain technology in the energy sector: A systematic review of challenges and opportunities,Not found,9," Blockchain Governance & Frameworks,"
10.3389/fbloc.2021.613115,Organizational Building Blocks for Blockchain Governance: A Survey of 241 Blockchain White Papers,"The rapidly evolving world of Web 3 presents academic scholars with a complex and multifaceted landscape that is challenging to navigate. With its various components such as blockchain technology, cryptocurrencies, smart contracts, and decentralized finance, understanding the intricacies and potential of Web 3 can be overwhelming. Additionally, keeping up with the latest advancements, regulatory frameworks, and real-world use cases poses a significant challenge for scholars aiming to stay at the forefront of this revolutionary paradigm. Advancements in the New World of Web 3: A Look Toward the Decentralized Future serves as the ultimate solution for academic scholars seeking to delve into the depths of Web 3. The book is authored by two experts in blockchain and fintech, Dr. Jane Thomason, and Dr. Elizabeth Ivwurie. This book offers a comprehensive exploration of Web 3‘s main aspects, regulations, risks, and challenges. Dr. Thomason’s recognized expertise and authoritative voice make her the perfect guide to unravel the complexities of Web 3 and its implications for individuals and society. With a meticulous analysis of the blockchain technology stack, cryptography, consensus algorithms, distributed ledgers, and more, this book equips scholars with the necessary knowledge to comprehend the foundational elements of Web 3. By examining real-world use cases across different industries, the authors provide practical insights that demonstrate the transformative potential of Web 3 technologies. Whether it is understanding the classifications of cryptocurrencies, the impact of smart contracts, or the challenges of scaling and interoperability, scholars will find a wealth of valuable information and thought-provoking perspectives within these pages. By immersing themselves in Advancements in the New World of Web 3: A Look Toward the Decentralized Future, academicians can expand their understanding of this decentralized future and remain at the forefront of groundbreaking research. The authors’ combined expertise and comprehensive coverage of the subject matter ensures that readers will gain a deep understanding of the rapidly evolving Web 3 ecosystem. This book serves as an indispensable resource, empowering scholars to navigate the complexities, leverage the opportunities, and contribute to the advancements of Web 3 and its profound impact on society.",9," Blockchain Governance & Frameworks,"
10.1109/MITP.2018.032501742,Blockchain and the internet of things in the industrial sector,Not found,9," Blockchain Governance & Frameworks,"
10.1007/978-3-030-59638-5_3,MULTAV: A Multi-chain Token Backed Voting Framework for Decentralized Blockchain Governance,Not found,9," Blockchain Governance & Frameworks,"
10.1628/jite-2019-0023,Democratic blockchain design,"Democracy requires rules that are designed to prevent the abuse of power and money. Blockchain technology is sometimes heralded as a solution to mitigate the problems associated with voting procedures, such as counting errors, fraud, or the improper use of money to influence the outcome of the collective choice procedure. In this article, I argue that the democratic potential of the blockchain hinges on the specific design of the rules governing the validation of blocks. In support of this argument, I shed light on the governance problems raised by standard protocols such as proof-of-work, proof-of-stake, and on-chain voting.",9," Blockchain Governance & Frameworks,"
10.1016/j.giq.2021.101625,Blockchain governance in the public sector: A conceptual framework for public management,Not found,9," Blockchain Governance & Frameworks,"
10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2019.07.008,"Data governance: A conceptual framework, structured review, and research agenda",Not found,9," Blockchain Governance & Frameworks,"
10.17705/1jais.00518,Governance in the blockchain economy: A framework and research agenda,"Blockchain technology is often referred to as a groundbreaking innovation and the harbinger of a new economic era. Blockchains may be capable of engendering a new type of economic system: the blockchain economy. In the blockchain economy, agreed-upon transactions would be enforced autonomously, following rules defined by smart contracts. The blockchain economy would manifest itself in a new form of organizational design—decentralized autonomous organizations (DAO)—which are organizations with governance rules specified in the blockchain. We discuss the blockchain economy along dimensions defined in the IT governance literature: decision rights, accountability, and incentives. Our case study of a DAO illustrates that governance in the blockchain economy may depart radically from established notions of governance. Using the three governance dimensions, we propose a novel IT governance framework and a research agenda for governance in the blockchain economy. We challenge common assumptions in the blockchain discourse, and propose promising information systems research related to these assumptions.",9," Blockchain Governance & Frameworks,"
10.4324/9781003388418-15,"THE DISTRIBUTIONS OF DISTRIBUTED GOVERNANCE: Power, Instability and Complexity in Polycentric Data Ordering","Distributed data governance seeks to disperse the production, storage and use of digital data. Instead of centralized bodies or mechanisms, distribution aims to enact order through the more or less equal dispersion of power amongst the plurality of ʼnodes’ making up digital networks. Drawing on the case of the blockchain technologies underpinning cryptocurrencies and other experiments in distributed governance, this chapter makes two arguments that contribute to understanding the novelty and implications of this modality of data ordering through the lens of polycentricism. First, it outlines and historically contextualizes as anything but new the key norms, practices and underlying orders governing distributed governance. Second, it maps the increasing complexity and fragility of distributed global data ordering. In contrast to claims of novelty and greater efficacy, distributed data governance is argued to be reproducing and extending the very instabilities and concentrations of power associated with centralized data governance.",9," Blockchain Governance & Frameworks,"
10.4324/9781003449607-9,How to DAO: The Role of Trust and Confidence in Institutional Design,"Decentralized Autonomous Organizations (DAOs) have been used to govern a wide variety of applications, ranging from decentralized finance (DeFi), investment clubs, and crowdfunding campaigns to more socially oriented initiatives such as decentralized social networks and guilds. Depending on their purpose and intent, different DAOs reflect different needs and desires for trust and confidence. In this chapter, we argue that blockchain practitioners should be wary of adopting a one-size-fits-all approach to DAO governance and design. Instead, different solutions should be adopted to achieve the governance structure that is most desirable for each DAO, according to its own purpose and specificity. We distinguish between three macro-categories of DAOs based on their relationship with trust and confidence, to issue recommendations on institutional design: (1) trust-driven which express a lower need for institutional scaffolding; (2) confidence-driven DAOs that require a more extensive institutional scaffolding; and (3) trust and confidence driven DAOs which require some degree of institutional scaffolding. The chapter concludes by underlining the importance of accounting for the relational aspects of a DAO community when designing the institutional structure of a DAO.",9," Blockchain Governance & Frameworks,"
10.1109/Blockchain60715.2023.00055,Decision Models for Selecting Patterns in Governance-driven Blockchain Systems,"Blockchain technology can construct a decentralised architecture design for diverse software applications. Nevertheless, the defects of on-chain algorithmic autonomy and subsequent tedious arguments for fixing the bugs raised concerns about whether blockchain can operate in a trustworthy way. Although multiple architectural patterns for blockchain governance have been summarised, concentrating on different governance dimensions (i.e., decision rights, incentives, and accountability), there is a need for guidance on the adoption of these patterns. In this paper, we present a set of decision models that can assist architects and developers in selecting appropriate patterns, to achieve governance in blockchain systems. This study provides a mapping between governance-related problems and each architectural pattern, and clarifies the trade-offs and conditions. The proposed decision models were evaluated based on expert opinions regarding the usability, correctness, and completeness collected via interviews.",9," Blockchain Governance & Frameworks,"
10.1109/HICSS.2015.95,Algorithmic authority: The case of Bitcoin,"Algorithmic systems increasingly shape information people are exposed to as well as influence decisions about employment, finances, and other opportunities. In some cases, algorithmic systems may be more or less favorable to certain groups or individuals, sparking substantial discussion of algorithmic fairness in public policy circles, academia, and the press. We broaden this discussion by exploring how members of potentially affected communities feel about algorithmic fairness. We conducted workshops and interviews with 44 participants from several populations traditionally marginalized by categories of race or class in the United States. While the concept of algorithmic fairness was largely unfamiliar, learning about algorithmic (un)fairness elicited negative feelings that connect to current national discussions about racial injustice and economic inequality. In addition to their concerns about potential harms to themselves and society, participants also indicated that algorithmic fairness (or lack thereof) could substantially affect their trust in a company or product.",9," Blockchain Governance & Frameworks,"
10.1016/j.dss.2012.03.002,Governance practices and software maintenance: A study of open source projects,Not found,9," Blockchain Governance & Frameworks,"
10.1007/s10997-007-9021-x,"The governance of free/open source software projects: Monolithic, multidimensional, or configurational?",Not found,9," Blockchain Governance & Frameworks,"
10.1080/10438599.2024.2346723,The interplay between governance mechanisms of blockchain platforms,"Research shows that governance is critical to predict the value and success of blockchain platforms. Although prior studies have recognized multiple mechanisms employed in governing blockchain platforms, the combined effects of these mechanisms on platform performance are still poorly understood. In this paper, we examine the interactions among decentralization, consensus mechanisms, and whales ownership concentration mechanisms and their impacts on the market performance of blockchain platforms. We analyze data of 555 and 243 largest market capitalization blockchain platforms using Hierarchical Linear Regression. Our analysis shows support for our hypotheses of the two-way and three-way interactions among the governance mechanisms. With a low degree of decentralization, proof-of-stake and other consensus mechanisms, such as proof-of-authority or the combined proof-of-work and proof-of-stake, are associated with higher market value than the proof-of-work mechanism. The interaction between decentralization and other consensus mechanisms is reinforced when there is low whale ownership concentration, highlighting the important role of the information environment. Our findings are robust to various endogeneity tests, offering important theoretical and practical implications regarding the interplay between consensus mechanisms, decentralization, and whale ownership concentration and their impacts on the market value of blockchain platforms.",9," Blockchain Governance & Frameworks,"
10.1109/GCWkshps45667.2019.9024627,Blockchain for 5G: Opportunities and challenges,Not found,9," Blockchain Governance & Frameworks,"
10.1080/1369118X.2012.659199,Hidden levers of internet control: An infrastructure-based theory of Internet governance,"The targeted digital advertising infrastructures on which the business models of the social media platform economy rest have been the subject of significant academic and political interest. In this paper, we explore and theorise the appropriation of these infrastructures — designed for commercial and political advertising — by the state. In the U.K. public sector bodies have begun to repurpose the surveillance and messaging capacities of these social media platforms, along with the influencer economy, to deliver targeted behaviour change campaigns to achieve public policy goals. We explore how frameworks of behavioural government have aligned with Internet platforms’ extensive infrastructures and the commercial ecologies of professionalised strategic marketing. We map the current extent of these practices in the U.K. through case studies and empirical research in Meta’s Ad Library dataset. Although the networks of power and discourse within the ad infrastructure are indeed acting to shape the capacities of the state to engage in online influence, public bodies are mobilising their own substantial material networks of power and data to re-appropriate them to their own ends. Partly as a result of attempts by Meta to restrict the targeting of protected characteristics, we observe state communications campaigns building up what we term patchwork profiles of minute behavioural, demographic, and location-based categories in order to construct and reach particular groups of subjects. However, rather than a clear vision of a ‘cybernetic society’ of reactive information control, we instead find a heterogeneous and piecemeal landscape of different modes of power.",9," Blockchain Governance & Frameworks,"
10.1109/BRAINS49436.2020.9223280,The Best of Both Worlds: A New Composite Framework Leveraging PoS and PoW for Blockchain Security and Governance,"This paper describes a new consensus and governance model for the blockchain, with the objective of protecting the blockchain project against higher-level governance issues by design. As governance issues can lead to human problems, they can impact the proper functioning of the blockchain, leading to loss of cryptocurrency value, hard forks, and even failure of the project. We choose several fail-safe mechanisms and processes used and tested in existing Proof-of-Stake and Proof-of-Work implementations in combination with one another in order to create a framework in line with the philosophy of decentralization of the blockchain and safe against the most common technical and governance pitfalls of the field. Additionally, this composite framework offers ideal circumstances for the creation and success of Decentralized Autonomous Organizations by giving their creators more incentive to start new projects, and more involvement with the governance of the underlying blockchain.",9," Blockchain Governance & Frameworks,"
10.1016/j.clsr.2017.11.008,Copyright in the blockchain era: Promises and challenges,Not found,9," Blockchain Governance & Frameworks,"
10.1145/1629175.1629210,Designing data governance,Not found,9," Blockchain Governance & Frameworks,"
10.1109/COMST.2016.2535718,Bitcoin and beyond: A technical survey on decentralized digital currencies,Not found,9," Blockchain Governance & Frameworks,"
10.1111/j.1540-6210.2006.00594.x,The effects of E-government on trust and confidence in government,Not found,9," Blockchain Governance & Frameworks,"
10.1002/bse.3763,Blockchain technology in circular economy: Unpacking the potential issues and critical echoes through data triangulation and natural language processing,Not found,9," Blockchain Governance & Frameworks,"
10.1017/9781108609708,Blockchain Regulation and Governance in Europe,Not found,9," Blockchain Governance & Frameworks,"
10.1016/j.techsoc.2024.102681,The paradigm logic of blockchain governance,Not found,9," Blockchain Governance & Frameworks,"
10.1007/978-3-031-15770-7_18,What is Governance of Blockchains? A Comparison of Theoretical and Empirical Findings on a Taxonomy-Level,"Blockchain is an emerging technology with the potential to disrupt and enable collaboration in ecosystem structures that are difficult if not impossible to achieve otherwise. An important aspect of collaboration in blockchain ecosystems is governance. Proper governance also ensures sustainable growth of a blockchain solution. The current body of knowledge features a growing number of contributions on this topic. This is promising as it allows for a meta-view of what entails governance, which has been done with some lenses, usually with an empirical one. This study focuses on comparing the empirical approach with the theoretical approach by looking at existing dimensions and characteristics that define blockchain governance, using an SLR. This resulted in identifying 11/18 dimensions and 18/42 underlying characteristics that were not identified in literature, 3 new and 14/18 overlapping dimensions and 26/42 underlying characteristics. The newly identified dimensions include (1) Incentives, (2) Trust, and (3) Smart Contracts. Future research should focus to extend on the blockchain governance taxonomies so that they can be operationalized. This helps better understanding of what entails blockchain governance from a conceptual level but will also aid blockchain professionals to design their blockchain governance in a sustainable way, taking into account all stakeholders.",9," Blockchain Governance & Frameworks,"
10.1177/0149206318798026,Information Asymmetry in Management Research: Past Accomplishments and Future Opportunities,Not found,9," Blockchain Governance & Frameworks,"
10.5465/AMJ.2007.27169153,The emergence of governance in an open source community,Not found,9," Blockchain Governance & Frameworks,"
10.1080/03085147.2022.2131280,The dynamic imaginaries of the Ethereum project,"This paper inquires into the dynamic imaginaries of the Ethereum project. We present Ethereum as animated by three such imaginaries: the world computer (technical), productive money (economic) and public goods (political). We examine how these imaginaries are materialized, carried forward and evolve through the Ethereum ecosystem, focusing on how Ethereum’s prefigurative logic underpins this dynamism. In our analysis, we pay particular attention to how the imaginaries overlap and often generate contradictions that nonetheless do not seem to undermine the cohesion of the project. We introduce the concept of ‘prefigurative imaginaries’ to describe how prefiguration works to create multiple, mutually entangled but distinct imaginaries.",9," Blockchain Governance & Frameworks,"
10.1007/s10602-013-9144-9,Constitutional craftsmanship and the rule of law,Not found,9," Blockchain Governance & Frameworks,"
10.1080/10580530.2020.1720046,Defining Blockchain Governance: A Framework for Analysis and Comparison,"In this article, we introduce a blockchain governance framework that defines the governance of a blockchain as a combination of six dimensions and three layers. An evaluation through eight expert interviews confirms the perceived usefulness and operational feasibility of the presented framework. Furthermore, the framework, is demonstrated by an application in two case studies. The introduced blockchain governance framework establishes a shared understanding and discussion surrounding the topic of blockchain governance.",9," Blockchain Governance & Frameworks,"
10.1007/978-3-030-00940-3_4,Blockchain in agriculture: A systematic literature review,Not found,9," Blockchain Governance & Frameworks,"
10.1145/3551902.3564802,A Pattern Language for Blockchain Governance,"Blockchain technology has been used to build next-generation applications taking advantage of its decentralised nature. Nevertheless, there are some serious concerns about the trustworthiness of blockchain due to the vulnerabilities in on-chain algorithmic mechanisms, and tedious disputes and debates in off-chain communities. Accordingly, blockchain governance has received great attention for improving the trustworthiness of all decisions that direct a blockchain platform. However, there is a lack of systematic knowledge to guide practitioners to perform blockchain governance. We have performed a systematic literature review to understand the state-of-The-Art of blockchain governance. We identify the lifecycle stages of a blockchain platform, and present 14 architectural patterns for blockchain governance in this study. This pattern language can provide guidance for the effective use of patterns for blockchain governance in practice, and support the architecture design of governance-driven blockchain systems.",9," Blockchain Governance & Frameworks,"
10.1109/TETC.2019.2949510,Blockchain Mutability: Challenges and Proposed Solutions,Not found,9," Blockchain Governance & Frameworks,"
10.1016/j.future.2018.05.046,On blockchain and its integration with IoT. Challenges and opportunities,Not found,9," Blockchain Governance & Frameworks,"
10.1108/SAJBS-07-2022-0252,"Using blockchain for global governance: past, present and future","Purpose: This paper examines the current state of blockchain governance research. The study’s findings also propose a conceptual framework for the use of blockchain in governance and global governance and provide a global look at how public and private sectors alike are implementing new technologies. Design/methodology/approach: The study is qualitative as well as quantitative in nature. The authors used Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) to gather data for the study. Furthermore, a bibliometric analysis using VOSviewer visualization tool and R Studio was carried out to attain the research objectives. Findings: Many scholars and practitioners from around the world are interested in the topic, according to the analysis. This is a multidisciplinary study, so researchers have looked at how the blockchain can be used to govern countries, public utilities and global facilities, including corporations. There are numerous examples of how technology has been used in global governance, and the authors found that governments, as well as corporations around the world, have implemented technology in a variety of areas that affect the public and other stakeholders. Practical implications: This study makes numerous contributions. In the first place, it presents the complex concept of blockchain in an easier to understand way. The numerous governmental and commercial initiatives that have made use of blockchain are also highlighted. As a result, the use of technology in corporate and social governance will continue to grow. Finally, the research will inform the academic community on the current state of the topic and potential future directions. Originality/value: As a result of this research, academics and scholars can better understand the potential of blockchain in various governance models, ranging from developed to developing economies. The general public, as well as organizations, will benefit from the decentralized nature of the blockchain in a variety of ways related to their day-to-day governance. To the best of authors’ knowledge, this is a first kind of research on blockchain in governance using PRISMA and bibliometrics tools.",9," Blockchain Governance & Frameworks,"
10.1145/4372.4373,Security without identification: Transaction systems to make big brother obsolete,Not found,9," Blockchain Governance & Frameworks,"
10.1016/j.is.2022.102090,Defining blockchain governance principles: A comprehensive framework,"Blockchain eliminates the need for trusted third-party intermediaries in business by enabling decentralised architecture design in software applications. However, the vulnerabilities in on-chain autonomous decision-makings and cumbersome off-chain coordination lead to serious concerns about blockchain's ability to behave in a trustworthy and efficient way. Blockchain governance has received considerable attention to support the decision-making process during the use and evolution of blockchain. Nevertheless, the conventional governance frameworks do not apply to blockchain due to its distributed architecture and decentralised decision process. These inherent features lead to the absence of a clear source of authority in blockchain ecosystem. Currently, there is a lack of systematic guidance on the governance of blockchain. Therefore, in this paper, we present a comprehensive blockchain governance framework, which elucidates an integrated view of the degree of decentralisation, decision rights, incentives, accountability, ecosystem, and legal and ethical responsibilities. The above aspects are formulated as six high-level principles for blockchain governance. We demonstrate a qualitative analysis of the proposed framework, including case studies on five extant blockchain platforms, and comparison with existing blockchain governance frameworks. The results show that our proposed framework is feasible and applicable in a real-world context.",9," Blockchain Governance & Frameworks,"
10.1109/E-TEMS57541.2023.10424629,Blockchain Civic Tech for Smarter Cities: Governance Challenges from a Multistakeholder Ecosystem Perspective,Not found,9," Blockchain Governance & Frameworks,"
10.1016/j.jss.2022.111576,A systematic literature review on blockchain governance,"Blockchain has been increasingly used as a component to enable decentralisation in software architecture for a variety of applications. Blockchain governance has received considerable attention to ensure the safe and appropriate use and evolution of blockchain, especially after the Ethereum DAO attack in 2016. However, there are no systematic efforts to analyse existing governance solutions. To understand the state-of-the-art of blockchain governance, we conducted a systematic literature review with 37 primary studies. The extracted data from primary studies are synthesised to answer identified research questions. The study results reveal several major findings: (1) governance can improve the adaptability and upgradability of blockchain, whilst the current studies neglect broader ethical responsibilities as the objectives of blockchain governance; (2) governance is along with the development process of a blockchain platform, while ecosystem-level governance process is missing, and; (3) the responsibilities and capabilities of blockchain stakeholders are briefly discussed, whilst the decision rights, accountability, and incentives of blockchain stakeholders are still under studied. We provide actionable guidelines for academia and practitioners to use throughout the lifecycle of blockchain, and discuss future trends to support researchers in this area.",9," Blockchain Governance & Frameworks,"
10.1145/3424771.3424796,Patterns for Blockchain Data Migration,Not found,9," Blockchain Governance & Frameworks,"
10.1111/1468-2230.12303,The governance of blockchain financial networks,Not found,9," Blockchain Governance & Frameworks,"
10.14763/2014.2.286,Bitcoin: A regulatory nightmare to a libertarian dream,Not found,9," Blockchain Governance & Frameworks,"
10.1016/j.elerap.2018.03.005,The limits of trust-free systems: A literature review on blockchain technology and trust in the sharing economy,"At the tip of the hype cycle, trust-free systems based on blockchain technology promise to revolutionize interactions between peers that require high degrees of trust, usually facilitated by third party providers. Peer-to-peer platforms for resource sharing represent a frequently discussed field of application for “trust-free” blockchain technology. However, trust between peers plays a crucial and complex role in virtually all sharing economy interactions. In this article, we hence shed light on how these conflicting notions may be resolved and explore the potential of blockchain technology for dissolving the issue of trust in the sharing economy. By means of a dual literature review we find that 1) the conceptualization of trust differs substantially between the contexts of blockchain and the sharing economy, 2) blockchain technology is to some degree suitable to replace trust in platform providers, and that 3) trust-free systems are hardly transferable to sharing economy interactions and will crucially depend on the development of trusted interfaces for blockchain-based sharing economy ecosystems.",9," Blockchain Governance & Frameworks,"
10.1016/j.compind.2020.103290,"Blockchain in healthcare: A systematic literature review, synthesizing framework and future research agenda",Not found,9," Blockchain Governance & Frameworks,"
10.1016/j.techsoc.2020.101284,Blockchain as a confidence machine: The problem of trust & challenges of governance,Not found,9," Blockchain Governance & Frameworks,"
10.3389/fbloc.2023.1125088,"Political, economic, and governance attitudes of blockchain users","We present a survey to evaluate crypto-political, crypto-economic, and crypto-governance sentiment in people who are part of a blockchain ecosystem. Based on 3,710 survey responses, we describe their beliefs, attitudes, and modes of participation in crypto and investigate how self-reported political affiliation and blockchain ecosystem affiliation are associated with these. We observed polarization in questions on perceptions of the distribution of economic power, personal attitudes towards crypto, normative beliefs about the distribution of power in governance, and external regulation of blockchain technologies. Differences in political self-identification correlated with opinions on economic fairness, gender equity, decision-making power and how to obtain favorable regulation, while blockchain affiliation correlated with opinions on governance and regulation of crypto and respondents’ semantic conception of crypto and personal goals for their involvement. We also find that a theory-driven constructed political axis is supported by the data and investigate the possibility of other groupings of respondents or beliefs arising from the data.",9," Blockchain Governance & Frameworks,"
10.1287/mnsc.1060.0553,"Motivation, governance, and the viability of hybrid forms in open source software development",Not found,9," Blockchain Governance & Frameworks,"
10.1080/01972243.2020.1795958,Cryptocurrencies and the emergence of blockocracy,"Blockocracies are a coherent, distinctive and novel organizational form bound by a collective ledger and a cryptocurrency. We frame our analysis of blockocracies against Weber’s enduring description of bureaucracy, identifying those features of Weberian bureaucracies that are present, absent or marginalized in blockocracies. In contrast to bureaucracy’s monocratic authority structure, authority in blockocracies is centered on four distinct layers. In each layer, there is governance of the code and governance by the code, and in the latter we distinguish between endogenous and exogenous rules. We also compare the “blockocrat” with Weber’s depiction of the bureaucrat.",9," Blockchain Governance & Frameworks,"
10.1080/00207543.2018.1533261,Blockchain technology and its relationships to sustainable supply chain management,Not found,9," Blockchain Governance & Frameworks,"
10.1145/3359134,“This place does what it was built for”: Designing digital institutions for participatory change,Not found,9," Blockchain Governance & Frameworks,"
10.1177/0263276417746464,The Social Life of Bitcoin,Not found,9," Blockchain Governance & Frameworks,"
10.14763/2016.3.427,The invisible politics of bitcoin: Governance crisis of a decentralised infrastructure,"Bitcoin is a decentralised currency and payment system that seeks to eliminate the need for trusted authorities. It relies on a peer-to-peer network and cryptographic protocols to perform the functions of traditional financial intermediaries, such as verifying transactions and preserving the integrity of the system. This article examines the political economy of Bitcoin, in light of a recent dispute that divided the Bitcoin community with regard to a seemingly simple technical issue: Whether or not to increase the block size of the Bitcoin blockchain. By looking at the socio-technical constructs of Bitcoin, the article distinguishes between two distinct coordination mechanisms: Governance by the infrastructure (achieved via the Bitcoin protocol) and governance of the infrastructure (managed by the community of developers and other stakeholders). It then analyses the invisible politics inherent in these two mechanisms, which together display a highly technocratic power structure. On the one hand, as an attempt to be self-governing and self-sustaining, the Bitcoin network exhibits a strong market-driven approach to social trust and coordination, which has been embedded directly into the technical protocol. On the other hand, despite being an open source project, the development and maintenance of the Bitcoin code ultimately relies on a small core of highly skilled developers who play a key role in the design of the platform.",9," Blockchain Governance & Frameworks,"
10.1051/matecconf/201822301010,Complex Adaptive Blockchain Governance,Not found,9," Blockchain Governance & Frameworks,"
10.1108/S0733-558X20240000089007,"HASH, BASH, CASH: HOW CHANGE HAPPENS IN DECENTRALIZED WEB3 CULTURES",Not found,9," Blockchain Governance & Frameworks,"
10.1038/s41558-018-0321-8,Bitcoin emissions alone could push global warming above 2°C,Not found,9," Blockchain Governance & Frameworks,"
10.1007/s12027-020-00617-7,"Regulating Blockchain, DLT and Smart Contracts: a technology regulator’s perspective",Not found,9," Blockchain Governance & Frameworks,"
10.1177/1476127016652606,"Peer production, the commons, and the future of the firm",Not found,9," Blockchain Governance & Frameworks,"
10.1145/3343147.3343170,An auditable and secure model for permissioned blockchain,Not found,9," Blockchain Governance & Frameworks,"
10.1007/978-3-319-98651-7_13,A data governance framework for platform ecosystem process management,Not found,9," Blockchain Governance & Frameworks,"
10.1109/BCCA58897.2023.10338883,Towards Citizen-Centric Services using Blockchain-Powered Digitalization of Public Sector Processes,Not found,9," Blockchain Governance & Frameworks,"
10.1109/ICSESS.2018.8663721,Towards Governance and Dispute Resolution for DLT and Smart Contracts,Not found,9," Blockchain Governance & Frameworks,"
10.3390/info13060305,Quadratic Voting in Blockchain Governance,Not found,9," Blockchain Governance & Frameworks,"
10.1287/isre.1100.0323,"Platform evolution: Coevolution of platform architecture, governance, and environmental dynamics",Not found,9," Blockchain Governance & Frameworks,"
10.1108/SCM-03-2018-0143,Blockchain and supply chain management integration: a systematic review of the literature,Not found,9," Blockchain Governance & Frameworks,"
10.3390/app11209372,Systematic literature review of challenges in blockchain scalability,Not found,9," Blockchain Governance & Frameworks,"
10.1109/ICSE-C.2017.142,Blockchain-oriented software engineering: Challenges and new directions,Not found,9," Blockchain Governance & Frameworks,"
10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2903554,Blockchain in Industries: A Survey,Not found,9," Blockchain Governance & Frameworks,"
10.1145/3209281.3209321,"The governance of blockchain systems from an institutional perspective, a matter of trust or control?",Not found,9," Blockchain Governance & Frameworks,"
10.1177/0170840606067250,Neither market nor hierarchy nor network: The emergence of bazaar governance,Not found,9," Blockchain Governance & Frameworks,"
10.1504/IJCIS.2019.098835,Blockchain governance,Not found,9," Blockchain Governance & Frameworks,"
10.1177/1461444816639975,Between coordination and regulation: Finding the governance in Internet governance,Not found,9," Blockchain Governance & Frameworks,"
10.5210/fm.v10i2.1207,The social structure of free and open source software development,Not found,9," Blockchain Governance & Frameworks,"
10.1007/978-3-030-54414-0_2,Blockchain governance: De facto (X)or designed?,"Governance of blockchain technologies has not been historically prioritized beyond technological dimensions, and relatively little literature exists on the prescriptive governance of blockchain platforms. Existing governance frameworks, such as IT governance, may not be suitable or easily applied to the novel context of blockchain; instead, the authors of this chapter argue it may be more appropriate to adopt a grounded approach to the development of governance theory for blockchains. Situating their discussion of blockchain governance within existing, external power structures-legal, political, economic, environmental, and social-the authors outline an internal governance framework for the blockchain system itself. Taking an inclusive, question-led approach, this internal governance framework aims to ensure that areas of risk are identified, and determine how conflict and crisis related to blockchain technology-and blockchain-enabled forms of organization and interactions-can be handled.",9," Blockchain Governance & Frameworks,"
10.1080/10350330.2013.777594,"""When perhaps the real problem is money itself!"": The practical materiality of Bitcoin",Not found,9," Blockchain Governance & Frameworks,"
10.1007/978-3-642-13244-5_11,Governance in Open Source Software development projects: A comparative multi-level analysis,Not found,9," Blockchain Governance & Frameworks,"
10.1109/TDSC.2016.2616861,"Security and Privacy in Decentralized Energy Trading Through Multi-Signatures, Blockchain and Anonymous Messaging Streams",Not found,9," Blockchain Governance & Frameworks,"
10.1109/EMR.2023.3280130,The Seven Capital Sins in the Governance of Blockchain Ecosystems,Not found,9," Blockchain Governance & Frameworks,"
10.2753/MIS0742-1222240302,A design science research methodology for information systems research,Not found,9," Blockchain Governance & Frameworks,"
10.1007/s10997-007-9022-9,Governance of open source software: State of the art,Not found,9," Blockchain Governance & Frameworks,"
10.1080/03085147.2019.1678262,The senatorial governance of Bitcoin: making (de)centralized money,Not found,9," Blockchain Governance & Frameworks,"
10.1177/00027649921955326,The ethnography of infrastructure,Not found,9," Blockchain Governance & Frameworks,"
10.1007/978-3-319-78375-8_3,"Ouroboros praos: An adaptively-secure, semi-synchronous proof-of-stake blockchain",Not found,10," Consensus and Scalability,"
10.1109/SP.2017.45,Scalable Bias-Resistant Distributed Randomness,Not found,10," Consensus and Scalability,"
10.1007/978-3-319-63688-7_11,Bitcoin as a transaction ledger: A composable treatment,Not found,10," Consensus and Scalability,"
10.4230/LIPIcs.DISC.2017.1,Blockchain consensus protocols in the wild,Not found,10," Consensus and Scalability,"
10.1145/3561278.3561293,The Study of Decentralized Autonomous Organization (DAO)in Social Network,Not found,10," Consensus and Scalability,"
10.1007/3-540-44647-8_31,Secure and efficient asynchronous broadcast protocols,Not found,10," Consensus and Scalability,"
10.1109/ICC.2017.7996830,Identity management using blockchain for cognitive cellular networks,Not found,10," Consensus and Scalability,"
10.1109/COINS54846.2022.9854972,How centralized is decentralized? Comparison of wealth distribution in coins and tokens,"Rapidly growing distributed ledger technologies (DLTs) have recently received attention among researchers in both industry and academia. While a lot of existing analysis (mainly) of the Bitcoin and Ethereum networks is available, the lack of measurements for other crypto projects is observed. This article addresses questions about tokenomics and wealth distributions in cryptocurrencies. We analyze the time-dependent statistical properties of top cryptocurrency holders for 14 different distributed ledger projects. The provided metrics include approximated Zipf coefficient, Shannon entropy, Gini coefficient, and Nakamoto coefficient. We show that there are quantitative differences between the coins (cryptocurrencies operating on their own independent network) and tokens (which operate on top of a smart contract platform). Presented results show that coins and tokens have different values of approximated Zipf coefficient and centralization levels. This work is relevant for DLTs as it might be useful in modeling and improving the committee selection process, especially in decentralized autonomous organizations (DAOs) and delegated proof-of-stake (DPoS) blockchains.",10," Consensus and Scalability,"
10.4230/LIPIcs.DISC.2017.39,Hybrid consensus: Efficient consensus in the permissionless model,Not found,10," Consensus and Scalability,"
10.1371/journal.pone.0202202,Evolutionary dynamics of cryptocurrency transaction networks: An empirical study,Not found,10," Consensus and Scalability,"
10.1145/3605768.3623539,The Vulnerable Nature of Decentralized Governance in DeFi,"Decentralized Finance (DeFi) platforms are often governed by Decentralized Autonomous Organizations (DAOs) which are implemented via governance protocols. Governance tokens are distributed to users of the platform, granting them voting rights in the platform's governance protocol.Many DeFi platforms have already been subject to attacks resulting in the loss of millions of dollars in user funds. In this paper we show that governance tokens are often not used as intended and may be harmful to the security of DeFi platforms. We show that (1) users often do not use governance tokens to vote, (2) that voting rates are negatively correlated to gas prices, (3) voting is very centralized. We explore vulnerabilities in the design of DeFi platform's governance protocols and analyze different governance attacks, focusing on the transferable nature of voting rights via governance tokens. Following the movement and holdings of governance tokens, we show they are often used to perform a single action and then sold off. We present evidence of DeFi platforms using other platforms' governance protocols to promote their own agenda at the expense of the host platform.",10," Consensus and Scalability,"
10.1111/j.1539-6924.2009.01230.x,"Trust, confidence, and the 2008 global financial crisis",Not found,10," Consensus and Scalability,"
10.1007/3-540-39200-9_18,CAPTCHA: Using hard AI problems for security,Not found,10," Consensus and Scalability,"
10.1145/2976749.2978309,Making smart contracts smarter,"FunRedisp is a function dispatch refactoring tool to reduce the overall invocation gas consumption of Solidity smart contracts. It initially extracts all external functions in a contract at the source code level. After identifying the functions which are highly likely to be invoked among these functions by a pre-trained TextCNN model, FunRedisp moves them to the front of the function dispatch at the bytecode level. FunRedisp saves about 125.17 units of gas per contract transaction on the 50 real-world smart contracts, which are randomly selected from Ethereum. The time overhead for refactoring each contract is only 0.37 seconds on average, demonstrating its effectiveness and efficiency.",10," Consensus and Scalability,"
10.1016/j.giq.2017.09.007,Blockchain in government: Benefits and implications of distributed ledger technology for information sharing,Not found,10," Consensus and Scalability,"
10.1109/ICC.2018.8422547,Decentralized Caching for Content Delivery Based on Blockchain: A Game Theoretic Perspective,Not found,10," Consensus and Scalability,"
10.1145/2976749.2978389,A secure sharding protocol for open blockchains,Not found,10," Consensus and Scalability,"
10.1016/j.bushor.2018.03.006,Blockchain tokens and the potential democratization of entrepreneurship and innovation,Not found,10," Consensus and Scalability,"
10.3390/FI11120258,Blockchain: Current challenges and future prospects/applications,Not found,10," Consensus and Scalability,"
10.1145/3140649.3140656,Towards blockchain-based auditable storage and sharing of iot data,Not found,10," Consensus and Scalability,"
10.1007/978-3-319-67816-0_17,Securing proof-of-stake blockchain protocols,Not found,10," Consensus and Scalability,"
10.1145/2991561.2998465,A decentralised sharing app running a smart contract on the ethereum blockchain,Not found,10," Consensus and Scalability,"
10.1371/journal.pone.0086197,Do the rich get richer? An empirical analysis of the Bitcoin transaction network,"Velasco discusses contemporary literature on Bitcoin and distinguish between technical and social research, in an effort to provide a basis for identifying native social structures within this digital assemblage. The chapter is particularly interested in digital research sprouted from the technical affordances of digital objects, yet directed towards socio-political enquiries. With this as a guidance, Velasco develops indicators and a method to map some of the entities of the Bitcoin network on a geographical canvas. The chapter presents this method in detail, and discusses what it is able to show and what are its attached limitations. Ultimately, Velasco argues that many digital methods share unavoidable constraints for social research, embedded in their own digital objects: digital grammar, framework design intentions and epistemological clauses.",10," Consensus and Scalability,"
10.1007/978-3-031-56478-9_5,Decentralization of DAOs: A Fundamental Analysis,"This paper addresses a significant gap in the current understanding of decentralization within Decentralized Autonomous Organizations (DAOs). While many theoretical discussions generalize governance models, there is a lack of in-depth analysis of the unique governance structures and their inherent decentralization mechanisms in individual DAOs. To bridge this gap, the paper presents two primary contributions. First, it offers a foundational analysis of potential points of failure in decentralization within DAOs. Second, the study introduces a “decentralization layer system”, a new framework aimed at guiding future quantitative analyses of decentralization. This system is based on two pillars: a critical evaluation of governance structures and a stratification approach to identify distinct layers within these structures. The paper further demonstrates the application of this framework by analyzing the governance models of several DAOs, including Uniswap, Compound, and ApeCoin. Through these analyses, the paper provides insights into the strengths and vulnerabilities of each DAO’s decentralization mechanisms, offering a comprehensive perspective on DAO governance.",10," Consensus and Scalability,"
10.1007/978-3-030-95947-0_12,How Decentralized is Decentralized Governance Really? - A Network Analysis of ERC20 Platforms,"Blockchain technology offers a vast amount of possible applications, which include the decentralization of platforms among many others. That decentralization can enable decentralized governance of platforms, which in turn may lead to a decentralized governance structure in which the rights to make decisions about the platform are decentralized. It remains unclear how decentralized the platform governance really is solely based on its possibility and intention to decentralize. We analyze how decentralized the governance structures of in reality occurring platforms are. For this we collected data of 16 platforms which are based on the Ethereum blockchain. These platforms were analyzed in terms of token and transaction distribution as well as transaction behavior. This allowed us to examine the distribution of platform resources associated with the governance structure. As a result, we could identify that not yet decentralized governance structures becomes more decentralized. Additionally, we enhance the knowledge on the development of the decentralization of platform resources.",10," Consensus and Scalability,"
10.1109/TIFS.2016.2623588,Bitcoin Block Withholding Attack: Analysis and Mitigation,Not found,10," Consensus and Scalability,"
10.1007/978-3-662-48051-9_2,"Trends, tips, tolls: A longitudinal study of bitcoin transaction fees",Not found,10," Consensus and Scalability,"
10.1007/978-3-319-48478-5,Business innovation through blockchain: The B3 perspective,Not found,10," Consensus and Scalability,"
10.1109/MITP.2017.3051335,Can Blockchain Strengthen the Internet of Things?,Not found,10," Consensus and Scalability,"
10.1145/3243734.3243848,Ouroboros genesis: Composable proof-of-stake blockchains with dynamic availability,Not found,10," Consensus and Scalability,"
10.1145/2833312.2833321,Bitcoin meets strong consistency,Not found,10," Consensus and Scalability,"
10.1145/571637.571640,Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance and Proactive Recovery,Not found,10," Consensus and Scalability,"
10.1109/ACCESS.2017.2779263,"Decentralized Consensus for Edge-Centric Internet of Things: A Review, Taxonomy, and Research Issues","With the exponential rise in the number of devices, the Internet of Things (IoT) is geared toward edge-centric computing to offer high bandwidth, low latency, and improved connectivity. In contrast, legacy cloud-centric platforms offer deteriorated bandwidth and connectivity that affect the quality of service. Edge-centric Internet of Things-based technologies, such as fog and mist computing, offer distributed and decentralized solutions to resolve the drawbacks of cloud-centric models. However, to foster distributed edge-centric models, a decentralized consensus system is necessary to incentivize all participants to share their edge resources. This paper is motivated by the shortage of comprehensive reviews on decentralized consensus systems for edge-centric Internet of Things that elucidates myriad of consensus facets, such as data structure, scalable consensus ledgers, and transaction models. Decentralized consensus systems adopt either blockchain or blockchainless directed acyclic graph technologies, which serve as immutable public ledgers for transactions. This paper scrutinizes the pros and cons of state-of-The-Art decentralized consensus systems. With an extensive literature review and categorization based on existing decentralized consensus systems, we propose a thematic taxonomy. The pivotal features and characteristics associated with existing decentralized consensus systems are analyzed via a comprehensive qualitative investigation. The commonalities and variances among these systems are analyzed using key criteria derived from the presented literature. Finally, several open research issues on decentralized consensus for edge-centric IoT are presented, which should be highlighted regarding centralization risk and deficiencies in blockchain/blockchainless solutions.",10," Consensus and Scalability,"
10.1109/SP.2018.000-5,"OmniLedger: A Secure, Scale-Out, Decentralized Ledger via Sharding",Not found,10," Consensus and Scalability,"
10.1109/TII.2017.2709784,Enabling Localized Peer-to-Peer Electricity Trading among Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles Using Consortium Blockchains,Not found,10," Consensus and Scalability,"
10.1109/MCOM.2018.1701095,When mobile blockchain meets edge computing,Not found,10," Consensus and Scalability,"
10.1109/ICAISC58445.2023.10199938,Transparent Fundraiser for Projects Using Blockchain Technology,"The evolving developments in blockchain technology have helped in deriving a path through which the community can achieve to develop a healthy platform that is transparent and trustworthy for both investors as well as startups. It is with the help of core logic for handling mechanisms and the brain of blockchain, also known as smart-contract that it utilizes in achieving this goal. The paper presents the implementation of such a logic which helps in achieving the solution to the issues faced by earlier-generation ICOs. The work involves the addition of an extra layer of a smart contract wherein the funds will be stored instead of going directly to the owner's account. The money gets transferred only upon receiving majority votes from the investors on the withdrawal request made by the owner. This ensures the money is spent well and the owner doesn't run away with all the stored money.",10," Consensus and Scalability,"
10.3389/fbloc.2023.1298330,"Decentralized token economy theory (DeTEcT): token pricing, stability and governance for token economies","This paper presents a pioneering approach for simulation of economic activity, policy implementation, and pricing of goods in token economies. The paper proposes a formal analysis framework for wealth distribution analysis and simulation of interactions between economic participants in an economy. Using this framework, we define a mechanism for identifying prices that achieve the desired wealth distribution according to some metric, and stability of economic dynamics. The motivation to study tokenomics theory is the increasing use of tokenization, specifically in financial infrastructures, where designing token economies is in the forefront. Tokenomics theory establishes a quantitative framework for wealth distribution amongst economic participants and implements the algorithmic regulatory controls mechanism that reacts to changes in economic conditions. In our framework, we introduce a concept of tokenomic taxonomy where agents in the economy are categorized into agent types and interactions between them. This novel approach is motivated by having a generalized model of the macroeconomy with controls being implemented through interactions and policies. The existence of such controls allows us to measure and readjust the wealth dynamics in the economy to suit the desired objectives.",10," Consensus and Scalability,"
10.1145/98163.98167,Implementing Fault-Tolerant Services Using the State Machine Approach: A Tutorial,Not found,10," Consensus and Scalability,"
10.1109/SDS49854.2020.9143877,A Decentralized Voting Mechanism: Engaging ERC-20 token holders in decision-making,"This paper presents a Blockchain-based voting mechanism that has the potential to disrupt current voting systems and fuel the development of decentralized governance. More specifically, the paper presents a study on the design and deployment of a Solidity smart contract that can interact with any Ethereum-based token (ERC-20) in order to help decentralized organizations to run public voting campaigns while at the same time engaging tokens holders in decision making. The use case scenarios outlined in the paper demonstrate with success the effectiveness of the proposed approach.",10," Consensus and Scalability,"
10.1007/978-3-642-40084-1_6,SNARKs for C: Verifying program executions succinctly and in zero knowledge,Not found,10," Consensus and Scalability,"
10.1145/322186.322188,Reaching Agreement in the Presence of Faults,Not found,10," Consensus and Scalability,"
10.1109/SP.2014.37,Permacoin: Repurposing bitcoin work for data preservation,Not found,10," Consensus and Scalability,"
10.1007/978-3-662-48000-7_29,Proofs of space,"Permissionless blockchain systems are highly dependent on probabilistic decision models, for example, the block addition process. If it were possible to use blockchain systems as pseudo-random number generators, they could be used to select, for example, new block proposers. The first step in this process is to embed random number seeds in the blockchain for use in pseudo-random number generation. This paper proposes transient random number seeds (TRNS), which produce random number seeds as part of each transaction. TRNS, belonging to each recipient in a transaction and are confidential, tamper-resistant, unpredictable, collision-resistant, and publicly verifiable. TRNS enable recipients to produce pseudo-random numbers to participate in any process where the blockchain system depends on random selection. The TRNS protocol is highly scalable with constant computational complexity and space complexity linear in the number of transactions per block.",10," Consensus and Scalability,"
10.1007/3-540-45748-8_5,Kademlia: A peer-to-peer information system based on the XOR metric,Not found,10," Consensus and Scalability,"
10.1007/978-3-319-56614-6_22,Analysis of the blockchain protocol in asynchronous networks,"The world is moving along with the technical advancement where smart home and smart cities are creating smart lifestyle and Internet of things (IoT) is being one of the most popular technologies in this decade. IoT is making life better by connecting devices and producing billions of data. But for the heterogeneous connectivity, smaller size, memory, storage and less security measurement, it is easy to hack and manipulate the IoT devices. To have a safe and secured connection, it is a must to ensure the data security in IoT too. This research proposes a novel method to secure the IoT devices using blockchain technology.",10," Consensus and Scalability,"
10.1109/JIOT.2017.2740569,Blockchain-Based Dynamic Key Management for Heterogeneous Intelligent Transportation Systems,Not found,10," Consensus and Scalability,"
10.4324/9780429029530-8,The logics of technology decentralization – the case of distributed ledger technologies,"Decentralization is heralded as the most important technological design aspect of distributed ledger technologies (DLTs). In this chapter we’ll analyze the concept of decentralization, with the goal to understand the social, legal, and economic forces that produce more or less decentralized techno-social systems. We first give an overview of decentralization as a political ideology and as an ideal and natural endpoint in the development of digital technologies. We then move beyond this discourse and treat decentralization, its extent, its mode, and the systems which it can refer to as the products of particular economic, political, and social dynamics around and within these techno-social systems. We then point at the concrete forces that shape the actual degree of (de)centralization. Through this, we show that the extent to which a techno-social system is (de)centralized at any given moment should not be measured by its distance from an ideological ideal of total decentralization but should be seen as the sum of all the social, economic, political, and legal forces that impact a techno-social system.",10," Consensus and Scalability,"
10.1007/978-3-030-32101-7_8,Measuring Ethereum-Based ERC20 Token Networks,"Decentralized Finance (DeFi) platforms are often governed by Decentralized Autonomous Organizations (DAOs) which are implemented via governance protocols. Governance tokens are distributed to users of the platform, granting them voting rights in the platform's governance protocol.Many DeFi platforms have already been subject to attacks resulting in the loss of millions of dollars in user funds. In this paper we show that governance tokens are often not used as intended and may be harmful to the security of DeFi platforms. We show that (1) users often do not use governance tokens to vote, (2) that voting rates are negatively correlated to gas prices, (3) voting is very centralized. We explore vulnerabilities in the design of DeFi platform's governance protocols and analyze different governance attacks, focusing on the transferable nature of voting rights via governance tokens. Following the movement and holdings of governance tokens, we show they are often used to perform a single action and then sold off. We present evidence of DeFi platforms using other platforms' governance protocols to promote their own agenda at the expense of the host platform.",10," Consensus and Scalability,"
10.1007/978-3-319-96661-8_45,Network Analysis of ERC20 Tokens Trading on Ethereum Blockchain,Not found,10," Consensus and Scalability,"
10.1145/3132747.3132757,Algorand: Scaling Byzantine Agreements for Cryptocurrencies,Not found,10," Consensus and Scalability,"
10.1145/2810103.2813621,Nonoutsourceable scratch-off puzzles to discourage bitcoin mining coalitions,Not found,10," Consensus and Scalability,"
10.1145/2976749.2978399,The Honey Badger of BFT protocols,Not found,10," Consensus and Scalability,"
10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2896108,A Survey on Consensus Mechanisms and Mining Strategy Management in Blockchain Networks,"The past decade has witnessed the rapid evolution in blockchain technologies, which has attracted tremendous interests from both the research communities and industries. The blockchain network was originated from the Internet financial sector as a decentralized, immutable ledger system for transactional data ordering. Nowadays, it is envisioned as a powerful backbone/framework for decentralized data processing and data-driven self-organization in flat, open-access networks. In particular, the plausible characteristics of decentralization, immutability, and self-organization are primarily owing to the unique decentralized consensus mechanisms introduced by blockchain networks. This survey is motivated by the lack of a comprehensive literature review on the development of decentralized consensus mechanisms in blockchain networks. In this paper, we provide a systematic vision of the organization of blockchain networks. By emphasizing the unique characteristics of decentralized consensus in blockchain networks, our in-depth review of the state-of-the-art consensus protocols is focused on both the perspective of distributed consensus system design and the perspective of incentive mechanism design. From a game-theoretic point of view, we also provide a thorough review of the strategy adopted for self-organization by the individual nodes in the blockchain backbone networks. Consequently, we provide a comprehensive survey of the emerging applications of blockchain networks in a broad area of telecommunication. We highlight our special interest in how the consensus mechanisms impact these applications. Finally, we discuss several open issues in the protocol design for blockchain consensus and the related potential research directions.",10," Consensus and Scalability,"
10.1109/ICDEW53142.2021.00022,Measuring Decentralization in Bitcoin and Ethereum using Multiple Metrics and Granularities,Not found,10," Consensus and Scalability,"
10.1109/LWC.2018.2820009,Evolutionary game for mining pool selection in blockchain networks,Not found,10," Consensus and Scalability,"
10.1007/978-3-030-59638-5_2,Comparison of Decentralization in DPoS and PoW Blockchains,Not found,10," Consensus and Scalability,"
10.1007/978-3-662-53357-4_10,Cryptocurrencies without proof of work,Not found,10," Consensus and Scalability,"
10.1007/978-3-662-53357-4_1,Stressing out: Bitcoin “stress testing”,Not found,10," Consensus and Scalability,"
10.1145/2229012.2229022,On bitcoin and red balloons,Not found,10," Consensus and Scalability,"
10.1145/3366423.3380215,Traveling the token world: A graph analysis of Ethereum ERC20 token ecosystem,Not found,10," Consensus and Scalability,"
10.1109/CVCBT50464.2020.00005,The Decentralized Financial Crisis,Not found,10," Consensus and Scalability,"
10.1109/TVT.2018.2866365,Computation offloading and content caching in wireless blockchain networks with mobile edge computing,Not found,10," Consensus and Scalability,"
10.1109/SP.2015.13,The miner's dilemma,Not found,10," Consensus and Scalability,"
10.1287/orsc.2020.1379,Blockchain governance-A new way of organizing collaborations?,Not found,11," Blockchain in Public Sector,"
10.1007/978-3-031-23495-8_2,Legal Service Delivery and Support for the DAO Ecosystem,Not found,11," Blockchain in Public Sector,"
10.1016/j.im.2022.103596,User incentive mechanism in blockchain-based online community: An empirical study of steemit,"The rise of blockchain technology has brought innovations in various business domains and spawned a new form of organization—the decentralized autonomous organization (DAO). Steemit is recognized as one of the earliest blockchain-based online communities, and a typical example of DAO. By endowing community members with new roles, the decentralization of blockchain-based communities brings changes to the design of user incentive mechanisms. However, few studies have paid attention to the user incentive mechanism when users play the dual roles of social participant and community owner. On the basis of social capital theory and psychological ownership theory, this study explores Steemit's incentive mechanism by evaluating the impact of these dual roles on user active participation behavior. The study adopts a two-way fixed effect negative binomial regression to test the research model. The results show that users’ social capital, share capital, social feedback, and economic feedback positively affect their active participation behavior. At the same time, social feedback and economic feedback play moderating roles on the effects of the dual capitals. Overall, this research provides both theoretical insights and practical implications for understanding, designing, and governing blockchain-based online communities.",11," Blockchain in Public Sector,"
10.1007/s10669-018-9703-8,Cryptocurrency: governance for what was meant to be ungovernable,"Cryptocurrencies have the potential to revolutionize the exchange of information and money through blockchain and distributed ledger technologies. Despite the promise of such underlying technologies, their reliance upon distributed consensus processes to approve software updates raises the potential for governance failures to destabilize a given cryptocurrency. These governance failures, known as ‘hard forks,’ can separate a cryptocurrency into two rival camps. Where such events can destabilize a given cryptocurrency’s value, and instill distrust in the capacity of a cryptocurrency to survive as a reliable vehicle of exchange, it is imperative for the cryptocurrency community to improve their governance processes and limit the potential for hard forks to occur. While the distributed nature of cryptocurrency governance makes any traditional governing process unlikely to succeed, anticipatory approaches that establish thresholds and metrics to determine when software reform is necessary may help alleviate the governance failures presented by many hard forks.",11," Blockchain in Public Sector,"
10.1109/BalkanCom61808.2024.10557210,STAMP: Blockchain and DAO-based Student Attendance Management Platform,"Optimizing administrative functions and enhancing the learning experience are ongoing priorities in education. Modernizing student attendance methods is critical for gauging student engagement and academic success. The traditional attendance systems face various challenges ranging from labor-intensive processes to security and privacy concerns. To address these challenges, we propose a blockchain and Decentralized Autonomous Organization (DAO)-based STudent Attendance Management Platform (STAMP). Leveraging blockchain and DAO principles, we establish a decentralized validation and governance mechanism, incentivizing accurate reporting and transferring attendance tracking responsibility from educators to students. Through Proof of Concept (PoC) implementation, we showcase the practical applicability of the proposed system.",11," Blockchain in Public Sector,"
10.4018/978-1-6684-9919-1.ch007,The evolution of web 3 and decentralized governance,"In this chapter, the authors give a theoretical overview of the landscape of decentralized autonomous organizations (DAOs) as the native organizational structure of Web 3. The authors place this new formation in the existing theoretical framework of transaction cost economics and new institutional economics analyzing their governance from economic and legal perspectives. They argue that DAOs are so-called hybrid organizations, which embrace features from the free market and from hierarchical organizations. DAOs show characteristics of hybrids such as pooling resources, coordinating operations by contracts and facing competition in their coordination. However, their changing nature imposes challenges in their identification.",11," Blockchain in Public Sector,"
10.1287/orsc.1070.0281,Alternative origins to interorganizational trust: An interdependence perspective on the shadow of the past and the shadow of the future,Not found,11," Blockchain in Public Sector,"
10.1177/0170840605054594,"Trust, contract and relationship development",Not found,11," Blockchain in Public Sector,"
10.1007/978-3-030-37110-4_2,Ping-Pong Governance: Token Locking for Enabling Blockchain Self-governance,"Updating blockchain-based protocols remains a significant challenge. If the community does not come to an agreement, a hard-fork can occur, splitting the blockchain’s community. Previous protocols have provided mechanisms to establish community consensus through the protocol itself, but these protocols either facilitate substantial, infrequent updates, or they allow more frequent but only minor changes. This work offers a mechanism that allows clients to vote by locking tokens, making the clients’ tokens temporarily unavailable in exchange for their vote. This design introduces an economic cost to voting, allowing us to measure both breadth and depth of support. Since there is an economic cost to voting, we wish to make non-contentious issues cheap to pass, but still allow the community to establish agreement on larger, more disputatious proposals. We achieve this property by a ping-pong governance model. An issue is tentatively accepted when it achieves enough votes within a fixed period. The proposal then enters a review period, where the opponents must gather enough votes to veto it. The supporters then have their own opportunity to overrule the veto. This process continues with new voting rounds until one side is unable to exceed the needed threshold, settling the issue. Our simulations show that this model allows the community to come to agreement quickly on popular changes, but still come to resolution when the community is more divided. Finally, we define the ideal properties of a blockchain governance protocol, and evaluate different governance protocols under these criteria.",11," Blockchain in Public Sector,"
10.1007/978-3-031-35317-8_54,DAO Tokens: The Role for the Web 3.0 Industry and Pricing Factors,"The paper discusses the factors influencing the pricing of cryptocurrency tokens for decentralized autonomous organization (DAO) projects. The formation and development of DAOs are among the promising applications of blockchain technology. DAO Project participants who own governance tokens can influence important decisions regarding project development through a voting function. The authors demonstrate the prospects for using DAO tokens as a tool for developing the Web 3.0 industry and conduct econometric modeling of the factors influencing the pricing of DAO tokens on panel data of the top 10 DAO projects in the industry. The analysis results show that the trading dynamics of DAO tokens depend more on the internal factors of development of this sector of the blockchain industry and only partially on the price quotes of traditional financial assets. However, the modeling results during the period of growth of the blockchain industry and DAO segment in 2021 differ somewhat from the modeling results for the period of blockchain industry stagnation in 2022. In 2022, DAO projects show greater dependence on traditional financial markets, demonstrating a more mature state of the DAO segment in the blockchain industry.",11," Blockchain in Public Sector,"
10.1287/mnsc.1090.0995,Formal contracts in the presence of relational enforcement mechanisms: evidence from technology development projects,Not found,11," Blockchain in Public Sector,"
10.1080/19416520.2012.691646,The Two Facets of Collaboration: Cooperation and Coordination in Strategic Alliances,Not found,11," Blockchain in Public Sector,"
10.1371/journal.pone.0169556,Buzz Factor or Innovation Potential: What explains cryptocurrencies' returns?,Not found,11," Blockchain in Public Sector,"
10.1257/aer.101.2.526,"The economics of credence goods: An experiment on the role of liability, verifiability, reputation, and competition",Not found,11," Blockchain in Public Sector,"
10.1111/j.1540-6261.1961.tb02789.x,"COUNTERSPECULATION, AUCTIONS, AND COMPETITIVE SEALED TENDERS","In auction theory, a core is a stable outcome where no subgroup of participants can achieve better results for themselves. Core-competitive auctions aim to generate revenue that is achievable in a core. They are particularly important because they not only generate optimized revenue for the seller, but also provide an efficient and stable environment for participants. We generalize the design of core-competitive auctions to encompass partially observable networked markets (PONM). Unlike traditional auctions, which often deal with scenarios of limited trading activity, our approach to core-competitive auctions for PONM captures the nature of real-world transaction markets, which is a large linking world for the economic entities and commodities circulate among the entities in the market. Our generalizing the auction market to PONM can much improve the liquidity of the auction, and is especially meaningful for the web economics. Specifically, we quantify the upper and lower bounds of the minimum core revenue in PONM, and further prove that there does not exist any truthful auction for PONM which is efficient and core-competitive. Governed by this impossible result, we identify the criteria that the allocation rule for PONM should meet. Based on these criteria, we propose a new class of auction mechanisms for PONM that is individually rational, incentive-compatible, and core-competitive.",11," Blockchain in Public Sector,"
10.2307/25148667,Why should I share? Examining social capital and knowledge contribution in electronic networks of practice,Not found,11," Blockchain in Public Sector,"
10.4018/979-8-3693-4159-9.ch026,Supply chain governance using DAO,"Supply chain management is practised as an intricate net of numerous policies and mechanisms set in order to fully allow industries to work together for the customers. The decision making process needs to be quick and succinct in order to facilitate effective action. Currently, many organisations find it difficult to successfully navigate the chain and might delay the decision making process, which leads to huge losses. This application makes it possible to simplify the consensus reaching process with the involvement of stakeholders. The decisions are taken with the detailed input of some of the members at each level of the chain so that a realistic view is available for the major stakeholders to reach a meaningful decision. A DAO was considered to be suitable for this application due to its capability to aid versatile use-cases in general crypto-governance.",11," Blockchain in Public Sector,"
10.1145/3322640.3328780,Why blockchains need the law: Secondary rules as the missing piece of blockchain Governance,Not found,11," Blockchain in Public Sector,"
10.1016/S0048-7333(03)00050-7,"Community, joining, and specialization in open source software innovation: A case study",Not found,11," Blockchain in Public Sector,"
10.1111/isj.12494,A configurational perspective on design elements and user governance engagement in blockchain platforms,"Blockchain technology offers the potential to create an open, decentralised governance structure that empowers stakeholders to participate in decentralised engagement. However, how blockchain platforms configure their design elements to establish and maintain decentralised systems with high levels of user governance engagement requires further research. This study investigates the key design elements of blockchain platforms and their ideal configurations for promoting user governance engagement. Due to the complex and interdependent nature of the design elements, we adopt a configurational perspective accompanied by a fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) to uncover complex nonlinear relationships among key conditions that are relevant to decentralised governance. Our research identifies five key design elements that facilitate distributed governance (Access to decision rights, Process visibility, Protocol automation, Incentives for developers/miners, and Incentives for other stakeholders) based on existing blockchain governance literature. We analyse 14 unique blockchain platform cases that adopted on-chain governance. Our fsQCA results reveal three ideal types of blockchain governance configurations that are sufficient for high generative user governance engagement: Centralised incentive model, Impartial incentive model, and Automation-driven model, whereas achieving high evaluative governance engagement requires the presence of all the design elements (Comprehensive model). Also, we found Access to decision rights and Protocol automation are necessary conditions for generative governance engagement, and Access to decision rights together with Process visibility is a combined necessary condition for evaluative governance engagement. Relevant theoretical and practical implications for platform designers as well as methodological implications for applying QCA to emerging IS phenomena are discussed.",11," Blockchain in Public Sector,"
10.1109/ICCCN.2017.8038512,A perspective on blockchain smart contracts: Reducing uncertainty and complexity in value exchange,Not found,11," Blockchain in Public Sector,"
10.1109/BLOC.2019.8751242,On the effectiveness of multi-token economies,Not found,11," Blockchain in Public Sector,"
10.1002/smj.249,Do formal contracts and relational governance function as substitutes or complements?,Not found,11," Blockchain in Public Sector,"
10.5465/AMJ.2008.35732527,"Toward an integrative perspective on alliance governance: Connecting contract design, trust dynamics, and contract application",Not found,11," Blockchain in Public Sector,"
10.1108/SCM-09-2018-0309,Blockchain technology: implications for operations and supply chain management,Not found,11," Blockchain in Public Sector,"
10.1016/j.infoandorg.2018.02.005,Working and organizing in the age of the learning algorithm,"Learning algorithms, technologies that generate responses, classifications, or dynamic predictions that resemble those of a knowledge worker, raise important research questions for organizational scholars related to work and organizing. We suggest that such algorithms are distinguished by four consequential aspects: black-boxed performance, comprehensive digitization, anticipatory quantification, and hidden politics. These aspects are likely to alter work and organizing in qualitatively different ways beyond simply signaling an acceleration of long-term technology trends. Our analysis indicates that learning algorithms will transform expertise in organizations, reshape work and occupational boundaries, and offer novel forms of coordination and control. Thus, learning algorithms can be considered performative due to the extent to which their use can shape and alter work and organizational realities. Their rapid deployment requires scholarly attention to societal issues such as the extent to which the algorithm is authorized to make decisions, the need to incorporate morality in the technology, and their digital iron-cage potential.",11," Blockchain in Public Sector,"
10.1016/j.jom.2014.09.009,Revisiting the interplay between contractual and relational governance: A qualitative and meta-analytic investigation,Not found,11," Blockchain in Public Sector,"
10.1016/j.bcra.2023.100166,Governance of decentralized autonomous organizations that produce open source software,"Decentralized autonomous organizations (DAOs) have found use in the governance of open source software (OSS) projects. However, the governance of an OSS producing DAO should match the particularities of OSS production while also overcoming the existing challenges of decentralized governance. The existing decentralized governance frameworks do not include all the governance activities of OSS projects. Therefore, this study presents a governance framework for DAOs that produce OSS. The framework is built upon a total of 34 articles on DAO and OSS governance. The framework was evaluated in three leading DAOs that produce OSS. The evaluation underscores the significance of the framework and proves the potential of the systematic categorization of governance mechanisms. Finally, we list emerging governance practices in various governance domains in this developing field.",11," Blockchain in Public Sector,"
10.5465/amr.2011.0436,"What's ""new"" about new forms of organizing?",Not found,11," Blockchain in Public Sector,"
10.3390/su11010167,Sustainable growth and token economy design: The case of Steemit,"Cryptocurrency blockchain technology is attracting worldwide attention, and the number of initial coin offerings (ICOs) is increasing rapidly. This new economic trend, called cryptoeconomics, can program human behavior through incentive design. A cryptocurrency-based incentive system is not only transparent, but also allows businesses to substitute initial investment costs with cryptocurrency tokens until they are on a sustainable growth trajectory in terms of network effects. This study aims to propose a process for building a desirable model of a token economy, based on the case of Steemit-a blogging and social networking website that is creating high values due to its efficient token economy model. We suggest the following design process of a token economy model: (1) Determine token-business fit, (2) determine the chance of success, (3) determine the properties of token, (4) give tokens intrinsic value, (5) establish strategies to raise token value, (6) establish operational strategies of token economy system, (7) establish strategies for token liquidation, and (8) continue modifying the operational base. Considering cryptoeconomics is still at an early stage, it is expected that the guidelines on the token economy model suggested in this paper will lay a significant foundation for the development of cryptoeconomics research.",11," Blockchain in Public Sector,"
10.5465/annals.2014.0001,Cooperation across disciplines: A multilevel perspective on cooperative behavior in governing interfirm relations,Not found,11," Blockchain in Public Sector,"
10.1016/j.techfore.2022.121806,Blockchain and the emergence of Decentralized Autonomous Organizations (DAOs): An integrative model and research agenda,"Decentralized autonomous organizations (DAOs) are blockchain-based organizations fed by a peer-to-peer (P2P) network of contributors. Their management is decentralized without top executive teams and built on automated rules encoded in smart contracts, and their governance works autonomously based on a combination of on-chain and off-chain mechanisms that support community decision-making. A growing body of literature has emerged exploring DAOs. However, there is a considerable lack of clarity about this organizational design and its theoretical conceptualization. To this end, we undertake an integrative literature review that reveals three main principles—decentralized, automated and autonomous organizations—and the following four theoretical perspectives mainly adopted to examine this novel organizational form: transaction cost theory, institutions for collective action, agency theory, and socio-materiality. By extending these theories, we propose an integrative model of DAO for research and theory building. Our contribution provides conceptual clarity and proposes a framework for future research directions.",11," Blockchain in Public Sector,"
10.1002/smj.775,Choice and performance of governance mechanisms: Matching alliance governance to asset type,Not found,11," Blockchain in Public Sector,"
10.1177/0149206313491289,The Many Futures of Contracts: Moving Beyond Structure and Safeguarding to Coordination and Adaptation,Not found,11," Blockchain in Public Sector,"
10.5465/amp.2018.0066,Contracting in the smart era: The implications of blockchain and decentralized autonomous organizations for contracting and corporate governance,"The study investigated the impact of adopting blockchain technology on Saudi organizations’ accounting and auditing functions to provide a deep understanding of its benefits and determine the level of awareness of this technology. The study surveyed all theories of adopting Blockchain, such as agency, information, institutional, and network theories. All of these theories confirmed the ability of blockchain technology to minimize costs through transparency, trust, information dissemination, eliminating transaction costs, and smart contracts. The study used the structured questionnaire’s primary data and the Alpha Cronbach test to validate the questionnaire’s reliability. Using the least square regression models to test the study’s hypotheses, the results confirmed that blockchain technology positively and moderately affected the accounting functions, as the adjusted R square recorded 47.9 %. In addition, the results provided reasonable evidence that blockchain technology positively affected auditing functions as the adjusted R square- recorded 60.1 %. The study also confirmed that blockchain technology could significantly enhance Saudi organizations’ efficiency, accuracy, and security of financial transactions. In addition, the study confirmed that blockchain technology is a valuable tool for real-time data management and risk reduction, potentially changing the way accounting and auditing work in the future. The study made incremental contributions to the current literature as it confirmed the positive role of blockchain technology in enhancing the quality of accounting and auditing functions. However, applying that technology in Saudi organizations is still early. However, the study provided insightful findings to several stakeholders, including regulators, practitioners, and academics.",11," Blockchain in Public Sector,"
10.1002/smj.4250150912,Trustworthiness as a Source of Competitive Advantage,Not found,11," Blockchain in Public Sector,"
10.36680/J.ITCON.2020.029,"A conceptual digital business model for construction logistics consultants, featuring a sociomaterial blockchain solution for integrated economic, material and information flows","In this paper, a new digital business model for independent construction logistics consultants, which features the conceptualization of a sociomaterial blockchain solution for integrated information, material and economic flows, is proposed. Theoretically, we offer an understanding of the economic flow, stress the optimization of construction logistics through flow integration, analyse current approaches to understanding blockchain, adopt sociomateriality to envision a suitable blockchain solution, and consider the way blockchain can constitute part of the value proposition of a related digital business model. Methodologically, we systematically reviewed the literature on blockchain-related construction research, and conducted empirical studies on independent logistics consultants in the Swedish context for more than a year. On the one hand, the literature review reveals that core blockchain properties can generate value for construction logistics (e.g. shared ledger structure and reduction of accounting rework) – however, apart from visions and prototypes, there currently exist no use cases, and potential implementational constraints and security issues are limitedly considered. One the other hand, the empirical findings show that independent construction logistics consultants in the sociomaterial Swedish context are suitable candidates for the proposed digital business model. By combining the literature and empirical insights, a permissioned private proof-of-authority blockchain solution integrating the supply chain flows in a generic sociomaterial setting is conceptualized. This solution is then embedded in the value proposition of a digital business model for an independent construction logistics consultant. The proposition includes, among others, improved process management and increased productivity, while the consultants’ competitive advantage through innovation is facilitated. Other business model segments, like key resources, are also updated via the blockchain solution, while some, like channels, are not significantly affected. To not hinder the realization of this digital business model, issues like the lack of blockchain awareness, and the existing power balances within sociomaterial constellations, have to be addressed.",11," Blockchain in Public Sector,"
10.1287/orsc.1040.0074,Learning to contract: Evidence from the personal computer industry,Not found,11," Blockchain in Public Sector,"
10.1177/1534484305278283,Writing Integrative Literature Reviews: Guidelines and Examples,Not found,11," Blockchain in Public Sector,"
10.1186/s41469-018-0038-1,Bitcoin and the rise of decentralized autonomous organizations,"Following the publication of this article [1], it was noted that the author list was incomplete and was missing the following three authors.",11," Blockchain in Public Sector,"
10.1002/smj.581,Strategic alliance contracts: Dimensions and determinants of contractual complexity,Not found,11," Blockchain in Public Sector,"
10.5465/amr.2019.0186,Humans and technology: Forms of conjoined agency in organizations,"We are in a digital economy, and the ever-increasing use of digital products in our daily lives has left us wanting a superlative customer experience [1, 2]. An engaging customer experience results from a conscious embodiment of several factors across multiple disciplines. In this paper, I set the stage for an interdisciplinary research program to study the interactional effects of two seminal constructs in management value co-creation and organisational routines. This research is critical for furthering our understanding of digital product design.",11," Blockchain in Public Sector,"
10.1145/355112.355122,Reputation systems,Not found,11," Blockchain in Public Sector,"
10.1177/0165551517748290,Can social news websites pay for content and curation? The SteemIt cryptocurrency model,Not found,11," Blockchain in Public Sector,"
10.1080/09537325.2024.2337347,Blockchain governance: a bibliometric study and content analysis,Not found,11," Blockchain in Public Sector,"
10.1177/1056492617734942,Questioning Centralized Organizations in a Time of Distributed Trust,Not found,11," Blockchain in Public Sector,"
10.1016/j.techfore.2020.120254,"Blockchain, business and the fourth industrial revolution: Whence, whither, wherefore and how?",Not found,11," Blockchain in Public Sector,"
10.1002/smj.813,"Relational mechanisms, formal contracts, and local knowledge acquisition by international subsidiaries",Not found,11," Blockchain in Public Sector,"
10.5465/AMR.1998.1255632,The relational view: Cooperative strategy and sources of interorganizational competitive advantage,Not found,11," Blockchain in Public Sector,"
10.1007/978-3-319-64677-0_18,Blockchain technology as s support infrastructure in e-Government,Not found,11," Blockchain in Public Sector,"
10.1002/smj.1968,The architecture of collaboration,Not found,11," Blockchain in Public Sector,"
10.1080/13662710801970142,The role of participation architecture in growing sponsored open source communities,"Over the past several years, there has been ongoing dialog within our academic journals and the profession regarding the value of examining extreme, unconventional, or unsettling contexts in management research. These conversations have highlighted that perhaps more than ever, we as a society are facing unprecedented grand and perplexing challenges, and conducting research in unconventional or extreme settings can reveal complex dynamics or relationships that we may not understand otherwise. Less discussed, however, are methodological considerations for conducting research in unique contexts. As such, we aim to extend the explicit discussion of effective strategies for scholars who consider the perspectives and workplace realities of unusual or unconventional populations. We bring together a collection of reflective essays rooted in the authors’ experiences of collecting data from extreme contexts or unusual samples. We highlight how these rich experiences in the field required the authors to modify or extend methodological conventions with the goal of guiding scholars pursuing research in similarly unconventional contexts.",11," Blockchain in Public Sector,"
10.1109/ICCI61671.2024.10485140,A Framework for Democratizing Open-Source Decision-Making using Decentralized Autonomous Organization,"The open Source Software (OSS) became the backbone of the most heavily used technologies, including operating systems, cloud computing, AI, Blockchain, Bigdata Systems, IoT, and many more. Although the OSS individual contributors are the primary power for developing the OSS projects, they do not contribute to the OSS project's decisionmaking as much as their contributions in the OSS Projects development. This paper proposes a framework to democratize the OSS Project's decision-making using a blockchain-related technology called Decentralized Autonomous Organization (DAO). Using DAO, contributors get incentive tokens as a reward in return for contributions. The earned tokens can be used in the process of decision-making governance. This governance model tends to allow OSS individual contributors to have a public voice in the OSS project's development roadmap in particular, and the OSS decision making governance in general.",11," Blockchain in Public Sector,"
10.1016/j.procs.2023.10.434,Specificity of Decentralized Autonomous Organizations as the Implementation of Blockchain Technology,"Decentralized Autonomous Organization (DAO) is a new form of organization, the innovation of which consists in the use of blockchain technology to record the applicable rules governing the project as well as the rights and obligations of its members, usually investors. Moreover, the method of financing the project is also new here, since tokens (cryptocurrency), which are acquired by investors for the capital contributed, are most frequently used. Management in DAO is previously unheard of (until the creation of DAO-2016), since there are no governing bodies, and all decisions are made by the voting of all members of the organization. In the article, an attempt is made to assess the DAO management process, having previously analyzed blockchain technology and the specificity of this new form of organization. The own research was conducted on a selected DAO project, when analyzing the management process implemented by voting by the members of this organization from its launch (May 2022) to 11 May 2023. The obtained results confirmed the dominance of majority shareholders in DAO votes, although the method of voting (Qudratic voting) used in the project under study to protect the rights of small shareholders significantly reduced this impact. The unusual unanimity of decision-makers was also noted (as much as 65% of unanimous votes), which, as it turned out, could be the result of information campaigns conducted before each vote by groups of small investors deeply involved in the project. These activities should also translate into the accuracy of the decisions made, and thus the quality of the DAO management process.",11," Blockchain in Public Sector,"
10.1016/j.pmcj.2020.101131,When Blockchain meets Online Social Networks,Not found,11," Blockchain in Public Sector,"
10.1287/orsc.1070.0307,Information technology and the changing fabric of organization,"Technology has been an important theme in the study of organizational form and function since the 1950s. However, organization science's interest in this relationship has declined significantly over the past 30 years, a period during which information technologies have become pervasive in organizations and brought about significant changes in them. Organizing no longer needs to take place around hierarchy and the collection, storage, and distribution of information as was the case with ""command and control"" bureaucracies in the past. The adoption of innovations in information technology (IT) and organizational practices since the 1990s now make it possible to organize around what can be done with information. These changes are not the result of information technologies per se, but of the combination of their features with organizational arrangements and practices that support their use. Yet concepts and theories of organizational form and function remain remarkably silent about these changes. Our analysis offers five affordances-visualizing entire work processes, real-time/flexible product and service innovation, virtual collaboration, mass collaboration, and simulation/synthetic reality-that can result from the intersection of technology and organizational features. We explore how these affordances can result in new forms of organizing. Examples from the articles in this special issue ""Information Technology and Organizational Form and Function"" are used to show the kinds of opportunities that are created in our understanding of organizations when the ""black boxes"" of technology and organization are simultaneously unpacked. © 2007 INFORMS.",11," Blockchain in Public Sector,"
10.1007/s11704-023-3113-x,The governance technology for blockchain systems: a survey,"After the Ethereum DAO attack in 2016, which resulted in significant economic losses, blockchain governance has become a prominent research area. However, there is a lack of comprehensive and systematic literature review on blockchain governance. To deeply understand the process of blockchain governance and provide guidance for the future design of the blockchain governance model, we provide an in-depth review of blockchain governance. In this paper, first we introduce the consensus algorithms currently used in blockchain and relate them to governance theory. Second, we present the main content of off-chain governance and investigate two well-known off-chain governance projects. Third, we investigate four common on-chain governance voting techniques, then summarize the seven attributes that the on-chain governance voting process should meet, and finally analyze four well-known on-chain governance blockchain projects based on the previous research. We hope this survey will provide an in-depth insight into the potential development direction of blockchain governance and device future research agenda.",11," Blockchain in Public Sector,"
10.1016/j.technovation.2022.102610,A conceptual model and case study of blockchain-enabled social media platform,"Nowadays, with the emergence of Web 3.0 and the metaverse, we collectively witnessed the explosive development of the decentralised autonomous organisation and the blockchain business model. Particularly, the advancement of technologies has further given birth to a novel form of social platform as blockchain-enabled social media (i.e., SocialFi), which is growing both in size and number of users. Accordingly, the rapid development of these blockchain-enabled social media firms illustrates the requirement to better understand the reasons behind this increase and the innovative practices and strategies of firms in this emerging field. Using the case of Pixie – the world's first fully functional decentralised photo and video sharing social network based on blockchain technology, this insight paper identifies a conceptual model of blockchain-enabled social media that is useful for illustrating the successful business strategy and operations of firms. Particularly, the identified model employs four pillars of innovation as fundamental technologies, governance and operations, incentive mechanism design, and organisational structure and performance. Based on this crypto economy social media model, the study further presents the main challenges, discusses the implications based on agency theory, as well as highlights several directions for future research associated with blockchain-enabled social media.",11," Blockchain in Public Sector,"
10.1145/3411170.3411248,Evaluating Posts on the Steemit Blockchain: Analysis on Topics Based on Textual Cues,Not found,11," Blockchain in Public Sector,"
10.1093/rof/rfw074,Corporate governance and blockchains,Not found,11," Blockchain in Public Sector,"
10.3389/fbloc.2024.1426802,Blockchain for local communities: an exploratory review of token economy aspects,"Blockchain for local communities are blockchain-based applications that support the participation of people in the social and economic life of their local community. These applications leverage tokenization to enable socio-economic processes involving transactions of values where community members take part actively and intentionally. In this field, mechanisms that regulate the functioning of blockchains need to be redirected towards collaborative and social purposes that often differ from the logics on which mainstream cryptocurrencies are based. In order to redesign these mechanisms, sound examination of their system of tokenization and of dynamics of their token economy is required. This paper provides an exploratory review of token economy elements found within cases of blockchain for local community economies, which is an under-explored domain in the relevant literature. The analysis considers 9 projects for systems that incentivize or reward participation, or implement community currency schemes. The dimensions analyzed encompass the type of goals and communities, the blockchains adopted, and token economy design aspects such as: token types, their distribution and incentive mechanisms, the associated platform/wallet functionalities, and the project governance models. We have observed a variety of combinations of these elements being used to facilitate new forms of value circulation. However, there is a tension between the aspiration to introduce transformative systems and the need to ensure the stability of the economic framework. The highly experimental nature of these initiatives requires continuous monitoring of their emergence and development.",11," Blockchain in Public Sector,"
10.5465/AMR.2007.26585739,Contract design as a firm capability: An integration of learning and transaction cost perspectives,Not found,11," Blockchain in Public Sector,"
10.1109/TSMC.2018.2854904,"Blockchain and Cryptocurrencies: Model, Techniques, and Applications",Not found,11," Blockchain in Public Sector,"
10.1108/MF-10-2018-0510,Blockchain and contract theory: modeling smart contracts using insurance markets,Not found,11," Blockchain in Public Sector,"
10.1002/smj.4250130702,Structuring cooperative relationships between organizations,Not found,11," Blockchain in Public Sector,"
10.1002/smj.890,Shadow of the contract: How contract structure shapes interfirm dispute resolution,Not found,11," Blockchain in Public Sector,"
10.1109/EuroSP.2017.37,Redactable Blockchain - Or - Rewriting History in Bitcoin and Friends,Not found,11," Blockchain in Public Sector,"
10.1016/j.chb.2013.10.002,An investigation of information sharing and seeking behaviors in online investment communities,Not found,11," Blockchain in Public Sector,"
10.1145/3560107.3560108,The Implementation of New Public Governance Through Blockchain: A Delphi-based analysis,"Collaborative public service delivery and blockchain are perceived as important themes for developing public services. Thus far, each topic has generally been discussed separately. Additionally, most research on blockchain is conceptual and empirical work seems scarce to date. This paper seeks to theoretically and empirically substantiate the potentials and challenges of using blockchain to enable the paradigm of New Public Governance. Therefore, a theoretical analysis and a subsequent Delphi-based evaluation are conducted to map the theoretical ideals of New Public Governance against expert perceptions and experiences towards blockchain. Experts from public administrations, IT service providers, and science, who are all specialized in blockchain, contributed to this study. As this qualitative study demonstrates, blockchain can support public and nonpublic stakeholders in their efforts to create public services in co-producing networks. Furthermore, according to the findings of this research, stronger consideration of the mutual alignment between governance, process, and technology level requires more attention.",11," Blockchain in Public Sector,"
10.1016/j.future.2017.08.020,A survey on the security of blockchain systems,Not found,12," Blockchain Governance & Commons,"
10.1145/2382570.2382575,"Axiomatization of socio-economic principles for self-organizing institutions: Concepts, experiments and challenges",Not found,12," Blockchain Governance & Commons,"
10.1016/j.autcon.2019.02.005,"Blockchain in the built environment and construction industry: A systematic review, conceptual models and practical use cases",Not found,12," Blockchain Governance & Commons,"
10.1080/17530350.2019.1589553,Decentralization: an incomplete ambition,Not found,12," Blockchain Governance & Commons,"
10.1257/aer.100.3.641,Beyond markets and states: Polycentric governance of complex economic systems,"The growing literature on energy commons suggests that reimagining energy as a common resource is critical for transitioning away from fossil fuel-based systems. However, conceptual and empirical fragmentation in this literature limits our understanding of energy commoning practices. Through a systematic review of 85 articles, we aim to unify the field by analyzing it across three dimensions: material, institutional, and cultural. Materially, we find a focus on energy production, distribution, and use, with less attention to renewable resource harvesting, upstream (e.g., mining), and downstream (e.g., waste management) operations. Institutionally, the emphasis is on local, community-driven initiatives and participatory governance, with limited exploration of multi-scale approaches and other institutional logics. Culturally, the research is centered on Western contexts, highlighting a need for broader geographic and theoretical perspectives. From our analysis, we identify five paradoxes in the literature: 1) inclusivity and exclusivity, 2) a Western focus and the pluriverse, 3) decentralization alongside the need for coordinated governance, 4) a focus on generation and distribution as well as a whole value chain approach, and 5) viewing commons as an alternative to capitalism while acknowledging their co-optation by capitalist systems. We propose pathways to navigate these paradoxes, suggesting integrated approaches to advance research and practice toward just and sustainable energy transitions. Future research should focus on how energy commons can be scaled, challenge prevailing structures, and be managed across the full value chain to ensure equitable and sustainable futures.",12," Blockchain Governance & Commons,"
10.1016/j.plas.2024.100132,"Decentralized project delivery on the crypto commons: Conceptualization, governance mechanisms, and future research directions","This paper presents a first conceptualization for decentralized project delivery through the combination of blockchain technology and common pool resource governance theory, also known as the ”crypto commons”. While previous literature on project delivery models identifies the use of decentralized governance, there is not yet a holistic conceptualization nor a specific overview of governance applications that can be applied. To develop the concept, we use a literature review to synthesize fourteen blockchain governance mechanisms useful for managing the crypto-commons. Subsequently, we use systematic combining to identify twenty-two specific applications for decentralized project delivery in the construction industry, one of the largest project-based industries. Each application is briefly reviewed, and examples of their relevance to realize decentralized project delivery models are provided. We discuss the potential for novel forms of project delivery, but also the need for future research on the applications, as well as on the system level implications, the system design challenges, and the implementation barriers in the specific context of the construction industry. Overall, the concepts and mechanisms presented provide a theoretical foundation upon which future researchers can use to design novel decentralized project delivery models.",12," Blockchain Governance & Commons,"
10.1002/asi.24393,Loosen control without losing control: Formalization and decentralization within commons-based peer production,"This study considers commons-based peer production (CBPP) by examining the organizational processes of the free/libre open-source software community, Drupal. It does so by exploring the sociotechnical systems that have emerged around both Drupal's development and its face-to-face communitarian events. There has been criticism of the simplistic nature of previous research into free software; this study addresses this by linking studies of CBPP with a qualitative study of Drupal's organizational processes. It focuses on the evolution of organizational structures, identifying the intertwined dynamics of formalization and decentralization, resulting in coexisting sociotechnical systems that vary in their degrees of organicity.",12," Blockchain Governance & Commons,"
10.5751/ES-03704-150438,A review of design principles for community-based natural resource management,Not found,12," Blockchain Governance & Commons,"
10.1257/jep.14.3.137,Collective action and the evolution of social norms,Not found,12," Blockchain Governance & Commons,"
10.2753/MIS0742-1222260103,Decentralization in wikipedia governance,"What types of governance arrangements make some self-governed online groups more vulnerable to disinformation campaigns? We present a qualitative comparative analysis of the Croatian and Serbian Wikipedia editions to answer this question. We do so because between at least 2011 and 2020, the Croatian language version of Wikipedia was taken over by a small group of administrators who introduced far-right bias and outright disinformation. Dissenting editorial voices were reverted, banned, and blocked. Although Serbian, Bosnian, and Serbo-Croatian Wikipedias share many linguistic and cultural features, and faced similar threats, they seem to have largely avoided this fate. Based on a grounded theory analysis of interviews with members of these communities and others in cross-functional platform-level roles, we propose that the convergence of three features-high perceived value as a target, limited early bureaucratic openness, and a preference for personalistic, informal forms of organization over formal ones-produced a window of opportunity for governance capture on Croatian Wikipedia. Our findings illustrate that online community governing infrastructures can play a crucial role in systematic disinformation campaigns and other influence operations.",12," Blockchain Governance & Commons,"
10.3390/info11110509,Understanding the blockchain oracle problem: A call for action,Not found,12," Blockchain Governance & Commons,"
10.1145/3313831.3376660,The Blockchain and the Commons: Dilemmas in the Design of Local Platforms,Not found,12," Blockchain Governance & Commons,"
10.1109/CIG.2019.8848111,Blockchain games: A survey,Not found,12," Blockchain Governance & Commons,"
10.18352/ijc.305,Design principles for global commons: Natural resources and emerging technologies,Not found,12," Blockchain Governance & Commons,"
10.1061/JMENEA.MEENG-5428,Motivating Reliable Collaboration for Modular Construction: Shapley Value-Based Smart Contract,"Establishing a fair benefit distribution system for construction projects, in which participants often need to work together in a highly uncertain and interrelated environment, is challenging. There is a lack of objective mechanism for construction projects to motivate reliable workflow automatically and instantly. The objective of this study is to develop Shapley value-based smart contracts to automatically assign fair rewards/penalties to motivate task-level collaborations. The research first developed a simulation model to quantify subcontractors' marginal contributions under different coalitional scenarios. Then, the simulation results were aggregated using Shapley value to determine each participant's reasonable rewards/penalties. Lastly, the payment was encoded in the smart contract and then deployed in the blockchain to self-enforce consensus executions. The results showed that Shapley value-based smart contracts exhibited incentives to motivate reliable contributions and enable peer negotiations to realize task-level production. The contributions of this study to the body of knowledge are (1) quantify subcontractors' marginal contributions to the project, and (2) determine how to distribute fair collaborative outcomes when project participants can perform at different levels of effort. The incentives embedded in smart contracts can reshape project participants' collaborative behaviors toward desired outcomes, enabling a self-manage, self-govern, and self-adjust decentralized autonomous organization.",12," Blockchain Governance & Commons,"
10.1145/3290607.3312896,Lithopia: Prototyping blockchain futures,Not found,12," Blockchain Governance & Commons,"
10.25300/MISQ/2018/14015,The sustainability of polycentric information commons,Not found,12," Blockchain Governance & Commons,"
10.3389/fbloc.2021.577680,Analysis of the Potentials of Blockchain for the Governance of Global Digital Commons,,12," Blockchain Governance & Commons,"
10.2307/1562247,"Coase's penguin, or, linux and the nature of the firm",Not found,12," Blockchain Governance & Commons,"
10.1145/3173574.3174032,Making sense of blockchain applications: A typology for HCI,Not found,12," Blockchain Governance & Commons,"
10.14763/2020.4.1530,Digital commons,Not found,12," Blockchain Governance & Commons,"
10.1108/S0733-558X20240000089005,A PROGRESSIVE WEB3: FROM SOCIAL COPRODUCTION TO DIGITAL POLYCENTRIC GOVERNANCE,"This paper critically evaluates the political economy of Web3 and offers a neo-institutional model to explain qualitative observations of contemporary digital social movements. By starting to develop a sociological model of Web3 rooted in micro-organizational practices, including trust mediation and social coproduction, this paper re-evaluates assumptions of scarcity, economic value, and social belonging. It concludes by introducing a novel research program to study digital polycentric governance that focuses on community self-governance of digital common pool resources (DCPRs) and looks forward to empirical research using on-chain datasets from decentralized autonomous organizations (DAOs).",12," Blockchain Governance & Commons,"
10.1126/science.284.5412.278,"Revisiting the commons: Local lessons, global challenges",Not found,12," Blockchain Governance & Commons,"
10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3052019,Blockchain for Public Services: A Systematic Literature Review,Not found,12," Blockchain Governance & Commons,"
10.3390/fi15120382,Review of Blockchain Tokens Creation and Valuation,"Blockchain and tokens are relatively new research areas insufficiently explored from both technical and economic perspectives. Even though tokens provide benefits such as easier market access, increased liquidity, lower transaction costs, and automated transactional process, their valuation and price determination are still challenging due to factors such as a lack of intrinsic value, volatility, and regulation making trading risky. In this paper, we address this knowledge gap by reviewing the existing literature on token creation and valuation to identify and document the factors affecting their valuation, investment, and founding, as well as the most promising domains of applicability. The study follows the PRISMA methodology and uses the Web of Science database, defining clear research questions and objective inclusion criteria for the articles. We discuss token technical development, including creating, issuing, and managing tokens on an Ethereum blockchain using smart contracts. The study revealed several key factors that significantly impact the field of tokenomics: demand and supply, social incentives, market conditions, macroeconomics, collective behavior, speculation, and inclusion in index funds. The most relevant use cases of blockchain and tokens are related to the digitization of virtual and physical assets, accountability, and traceability usual in smart grids or supply chains management, social governance, and art and gamification including metaverse.",12," Blockchain Governance & Commons,"
10.1016/j.aei.2020.101094,Do you need a blockchain in construction? Use case categories and decision framework for DLT design options,"Blockchain and other forms of Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) provide an opportunity to integrate digital information, management, and contracts to increase trust and collaboration within the construction industry. DLT enables direct peer-to-peer transactions of value across a distributed network by providing an immutable and transparent record of these transactions. Furthermore, there is potential for business process optimization and automation on the transaction level through the use of smart contracts, which are code protocols deployed on supported DLT systems. However, DLT research in the construction industry remains at a theoretical level; there have been few implementation case studies to date. One potential reason for this is a knowledge gap between use-case ideas and the DLT technical system implementation. This paper aims to reduce this gap by (1) reviewing and categorizing proposed DLT use cases in construction literature, (2) providing an overview of DLT and its design options, (3) proposing an integrated framework to match DLT design options with desired characteristics of a use case, and (4) analysing the use cases using the new framework. Together, the use case categories and proposed decision framework can guide future implementers toward more connected and structured thinking between the technological properties of DLT and use cases in construction.",12," Blockchain Governance & Commons,"
10.1016/j.techfore.2017.05.025,Blockchain and value systems in the sharing economy: The illustrative case of Backfeed,Not found,12," Blockchain Governance & Commons,"
10.35490/EC3.2021.185,NO1S1-A BLOCKCHAIN-BASED DAO PROTOTYPE FOR AUTONOMOUS SPACE,Not found,12," Blockchain Governance & Commons,"
10.1017/S0003055400125973,The Organization of Government in Metropolitan Areas: A Theoretical Inquiry,Not found,12," Blockchain Governance & Commons,"
10.1145/3152771.3156168,The promise of blockchain technology for interaction design,Not found,12," Blockchain Governance & Commons,"
10.3389/fbloc.2023.1287249,Decentralized autonomous organization design for the commons and the common good,"The current internet economy is characterised by a historically unprecedented bundling of private sector power over infrastructures. This situation is harmful for overcoming problems where collective action is needed, such as for governing digital commons. Organisations that run on collectively owned decentralised infrastructure are able to overcome this centralisation of power. These common decentralised autonomous organisations (DAOs) could help in fostering digitally enabled collective action. However, currently we have no clear view of how a DAO designed for commons governance would operate and be governed. By creating a conceptual prototype of a DAO governing a common, we provide a clear path of how common DAOs should mature and which tools are needed to create them. In this research, we created a governance framework for common DAOs by combining 16 works on technology for commons governance. The framework reveals that common DAO governance consists of three areas: 1) Governance structure, 2) Enabling technology, and 3) Community governance. We provide governance mechanisms that together describe an implementation of Ostrom’s common governance principles in a DAO. This work is a synthesis of previous research on technology for collective action. The proposed framework aids in standardising DAO governance for the common good and may contribute to a large scale roll-out of commons DAOs.",12," Blockchain Governance & Commons,"
10.1145/3428662.3428793,Blockchains for the Governance of Common Goods,"This paper analyses the use of blockchain technology to support the governance of commons-pool resources, as studied by Elinor Ostrom. It argues that the technological guarantees of blockchain technology - -in terms of ex-ante automation and ex-post verification - -can replace the traditional requirements of monitoring and sanctioning. Despite its own limitations and challenges, this novel approach to governance could provide new opportunities for experimentation in the context of commons-pool resources.",12," Blockchain Governance & Commons,"
10.1126/science.162.3859.1243,The tragedy of the commons,Not found,12," Blockchain Governance & Commons,"
10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.10.070,Incorporating seller/buyer reputation-based system in blockchain-enabled emission trading application,Not found,12," Blockchain Governance & Commons,"
10.1145/3173574.3173737,GeoCoin: Supporting ideation and collaborative design with smart contracts,Not found,12," Blockchain Governance & Commons,"
10.2307/2082975,A grammar of institutions,Not found,12," Blockchain Governance & Commons,"
10.3138/jsp.44-4-001,Defining and characterizing open peer review: A review of the literature,Not found,12," Blockchain Governance & Commons,"
10.1111/jcom.12082,Laboratories of Oligarchy? How the Iron Law Extends to Peer Production,Not found,12," Blockchain Governance & Commons,"
10.1007/s11245-018-9626-5,Now the Code Runs Itself: On-Chain and Off-Chain Governance of Blockchain Technologies,Not found,12," Blockchain Governance & Commons,"
10.1145/3064857.3064862,New value transactions: Understanding and designing for distributed autonomous organisations,Not found,12," Blockchain Governance & Commons,"
10.1016/j.future.2017.09.023,From blockchain consensus back to Byzantine consensus,Not found,13," Trust and Power in Blockchain,"
10.1093/ijlit/eax003,Beyond bitcoin: An early overview on smart contracts,Not found,13," Trust and Power in Blockchain,"
10.1017/S174413742100093X,Blockchain networks as constitutional and competitive polycentric orders,"Institutional economists have analyzed permissionless blockchains as a novel institutional building block for voluntary economic exchange and distributed governance, with their unique protocol features such as automated contract execution, high levels of network and process transparency, and uniquely distributed governance. But such institutional analysis needs to be complemented by polycentric analysis of how blockchains change. We characterize such change as resulting from internal sources and external sources. Internal sources include constitutional (protocol) design and collective-choice processes for updating protocols, which help coordinate network participants and users. External sources include competitive pressure from other cryptocurrency networks. By studying two leading networks, Bitcoin and Ethereum, we illustrate how conceptualizing blockchains as competing and constitutional polycentric enterprises clarifies their processes of change.",13," Trust and Power in Blockchain,"
10.1017/S1744137418000243,Getting off the ground: The case of bitcoin,Not found,13," Trust and Power in Blockchain,"
10.1111/j.1468-0491.2011.01550.x,"Polycentricity: From Polanyi to Ostrom, and Beyond",Not found,13," Trust and Power in Blockchain,"
10.1017/9781108692915.008,"Property Rights, Knowledge Commons, and Blockchain Governance",Not found,13," Trust and Power in Blockchain,"
10.1016/j.joule.2018.04.016,Bitcoin's Growing Energy Problem,"[Figure presented] The electricity that is expended in the process of mining Bitcoin has become a topic of heavy debate over the past few years. It is a process that makes Bitcoin extremely energy-hungry by design, as the currency requires a huge amount of hash calculations for its ultimate goal of processing financial transactions without intermediaries (peer-to-peer). The primary fuel for each of these calculations is electricity. The Bitcoin network can be estimated to consume at least 2.55 gigawatts of electricity currently, and potentially 7.67 gigawatts in the future, making it comparable with countries such as Ireland (3.1 gigawatts) and Austria (8.2 gigawatts). Economic models tell us that Bitcoin's electricity consumption will gravitate toward the latter number. A look at Bitcoin miner production estimates suggests that this number could already be reached in 2018.",13," Trust and Power in Blockchain,"
10.1080/1097198X.2017.1391370,Potential roles of blockchain in fighting poverty and reducing financial exclusion in the global south,Not found,13," Trust and Power in Blockchain,"
10.23919/PICMET59654.2023.10216831,Decentralized Blockchain Governance and Transaction Costs in Digital Transformation: The Case of the DAO Revisited,Not found,13," Trust and Power in Blockchain,"
10.1017/S1744137417000200,Blockchains and the economic institutions of capitalism,"Blockchains are a new digital technology that combines peer-to-peer network computing and cryptography to create an immutable decentralised public ledger. Where the ledger records money, a blockchain is a cryptocurrency, such as Bitcoin; but ledger entries can record any data structure, including property titles, identity and certification, contracts, and so on. We argue that the economics of blockchains extend beyond analysis of a new general purpose technology and its disruptive Schumpeterian consequences to the broader idea that blockchains are an institutional technology. We consider several examples of blockchain-based economic coordination and governance. We claim that blockchains are an instance of institutional evolution.",13," Trust and Power in Blockchain,"
10.1016/0304-405X(76)90026-X,"Theory of the firm: Managerial behavior, agency costs and ownership structure",Not found,13," Trust and Power in Blockchain,"
10.22495/rgcv14i3p5,TRANSFORMING CORPORATE GOVERNANCE: EXPLORING TOKENIZATION’S IMPACT ON TRANSPARENCY AND OWNERSHIP — A RESEARCH AGENDA,Not found,13," Trust and Power in Blockchain,"
10.1145/3290605.3300609,Programmable donations: Exploring Escrow-based Conditional Giving,Not found,13," Trust and Power in Blockchain,"
10.1111/meta.12277,Blockchain Technology as an Institution of Property,Not found,13," Trust and Power in Blockchain,"
10.1016/j.respol.2019.03.015,Configurations of platform organizations: Implications for complementor engagement,Not found,13," Trust and Power in Blockchain,"
10.1162/DAED_a_00362,"Degrees of freedom, dimensions of power",Not found,13," Trust and Power in Blockchain,"
10.4337/9781849809054,Robust political economy: Classical liberalism and the future of public policy,Not found,13," Trust and Power in Blockchain,"
10.3389/fbloc.2022.869665,Government by Code? Blockchain Applications to Public Sector Governance,"Studies of blockchain governance can be divided into analyses of the governance of blockchains (such as rules and power dynamics within a given network) and governance by blockchains (such as how blockchains can be implemented to improve self-governance of community-based peer production networks). Less emphasis has been placed on applications of distributed ledgers to public sector governance. Our review clarifies that the decentralization and distributive features that enable blockchains to link up loosely connected private organizations and public agencies to improve efficiency and transparency of government transactions. However, most blockchain applications lack clear advantages over the conventional digital recording of information. In addition, our review highlights that blockchain applications in public sector governance are potentially vast, though in most instances, the existing applications have not extended much beyond limited-scale pilots. We conclude with a call for the construction of indexes of public sector implementations of blockchains, as none yet exist, as well as for additional research to understand why governments have not deployed blockchains more widely.",13," Trust and Power in Blockchain,"
10.1017/S1744137421000138,Uncertainty and dispute resolution for blockchain and smart contract institutions,"Smart contracts have been proposed as a means of revolutionizing transacting between human actors and contributing to blockchain platforms substituting for many current institutions. However, the technical nature of blockchain platforms and smart contracts requires levels of certainty and foresight sufficient for contracts to be complete. We examine the technical and economic characteristics of blockchains and smart contracts to identify sources of uncertainty that may pose challenges to the ability of these technologies to displace existing institutional arrangements, in particular, the courts and other arbitration arrangements. Despite the development of alternative automated blockchain institutions such as the Kleros dispute resolution system, the case for smart contracts and blockchain applications to supplant real-world institutions remains weak. Inherent incompleteness due to limits to information availability, human cognition, and communication means that traditional contract governance institutions will continue to complement blockchain smart contract governance arrangements. The more complex and unique the transaction, the higher the value at risk, the harder to anticipate and precisely specify contingencies and measure and observe outcomes. Furthermore, the longer the time frame between agreement and execution, the less likely it is that smart contracting will be more efficient than traditional contracting.",13," Trust and Power in Blockchain,"
10.1007/978-981-33-6470-7_5,Decentralized Governance for Smart Contract Platform Enabling Mobile Lite Wallets Using a Proof-of-Stake Consensus Algorithm,"Permissionless blockchain-enabled smart contracts that use the proof-of-stake (PoS) algorithm for validation of transactions have scalability and on-chain governance as a primary concern. We consider smart contracts that use lite mobile wallets with support of the unspent transaction output protocol (UTXO) and simple payment verification (SPV) to increase the number of transaction throughput. Furthermore, we investigate in this paper to which extent it is possible to change the parameters of the blockchain using smart contracts in hot parameter swaps at runtime for enabling continuous soft forks. The leading smart contract solution Ethereum does not have the functionality to change blockchain parameters and requires hard forks multiple times, and thus, Ethereum smart contracts are not scalable for large industrial applications. This whitepaper fills the gap by presenting the Qtum’s decentralized-governance protocol (DGP) that aims for managing essential blockchain parameters using smart contracts for enabling frequent soft forks. Compared with the Ethereum alternative, we explore the Qtum utility advantages and current Qtum smart contract future development plans integrating dedicated x86 hardware development for industry case applications.",13," Trust and Power in Blockchain,"
10.1177/21582440211002526,When Ostrom Meets Blockchain: Exploring the Potentials of Blockchain for Commons Governance,Not found,13," Trust and Power in Blockchain,"
10.5465/AMJ.2007.24160888,Theory building from cases: Opportunities and challenges,"Small enterprises with fewer than 50 employees form the backbone of the economy in many countries and significantly contribute to gross domestic product, employment, and exports. Given their importance and role in economic development, economies can benefit from a strong, productive, innovative, growing small enterprises sector. Employees play an essential role in the development of small enterprises. For this reason, it is important to examine the extent to which small enterprise owners pay attention to human resource management and its development. Previous research on human resource management has mainly focused on large enterprises, while there is little evidence on how small enterprises manage and develop their employees. This paper analyses the approach to human resource management in two small Croatian enterprises. Based on six semi-structured qualitative interviews conducted with three different groups of employees – the senior manager, the middle manager, and the senior staff, two qualitative case studies were conducted to gain a deeper understanding of the approach to managing and developing employees in small enterprises. The findings suggest that small enterprise managers know the importance of their employees and the need to support their future development. Although small enterprises implement and adapt human resource management practices according to their capabilities and limitations, it is evident that fostering and empowering employees is embedded in their organizational culture.",13," Trust and Power in Blockchain,"
10.1016/j.respol.2019.103865,Blockchain and the evolution of institutional technologies: Implications for innovation policy,Not found,13," Trust and Power in Blockchain,"
10.1017/S1744137420000259,Spectrum anarchy: Why self-governance of the radio spectrum works better than we think,Not found,13," Trust and Power in Blockchain,"
10.1002/jsc.2143,Blockchain for good?,Not found,13," Trust and Power in Blockchain,"
10.1002/poi3.365,"Prospects of blockchain governance: Understanding key public values, principles, challenges, and opportunities","The article elaborates on the potential of blockchain technology to transform governance in different sectors of economy. The research primarily relies on rich empirical data that have been collected from semistructured interviews and focus group studies with professional blockchain developers. In this regard, the article aims to answer the following questions: How could blockchain governance conceptually work? How could one illustrate schematically key principles of its implementation? What are the key features of blockchain governance? Why are they important? What benefits could the concept bring to different sectors of economy if its potential is realized? What are the typical barriers and limitations of blockchain governance? What could be recommended to overcome them?.",13," Trust and Power in Blockchain,"
10.1108/JEPP-03-2019-0013,Markets for rules: the promise and peril of blockchain distributed governance,Not found,13," Trust and Power in Blockchain,"
10.1016/j.jce.2003.08.005,The new comparative economics,Not found,13," Trust and Power in Blockchain,"
10.14763/2021.2.1549,Smart contracts,Not found,13," Trust and Power in Blockchain,"
10.1016/j.infsof.2023.107149,A system-based view of blockchain governance,"Context: Governance is crucial in achieving the success and sustainability of blockchain systems. However, blockchain governance is multi-faceted, complex, dynamic, and challenging due to its decentralized nature and automatically enforced rules and mechanisms. Objectives: This study aims to advance the theory of blockchain governance and support practitioners to deepen the researchers’ and practitioners’ understanding of blockchain governance. Methods: The study is a systematic literature review of 75 articles that applies systems theory to conceptualize blockchain governance as a system and parsimoniously organize its interrelated elements into a conceptual model. Results: The paper proposes a holistic definition and a conceptual model of blockchain governance. Blockchain governance encompasses technical and social means to make decisions on the different levels (e.g., individual, community, organizational, national, international) related to actors, roles, rights, incentives, responsibilities, rules, and the business, technological, legal, and regulatory aspects of a blockchain system during its whole lifecycle. Conclusion: The system-based model of blockchain governance can serve as a reference framework and structured foundation for analyzing, discussing, and developing the governance of blockchain systems.",13," Trust and Power in Blockchain,"
10.3389/fbloc.2020.00031,Can Distributed Ledger Technologies Promote Trust for Charities? A Literature Review,"Orientation: Nonprofit organisations (NPOs) play a key role in resolving the challenges and inequalities prevalent in South Africa; however, turbulent events have led to existential concerns for many NPOs. It is important to understand how NPOs can augment their organisational resilience to mitigate existential concerns. Research purpose: Organisational resilience literature is in the nascent phase, and it is not yet clear how organisational resilience may be achieved. The objective of this article is to peruse relevant literature and propose an adaptive capacities conceptual framework for NPOs to enhance organisational resilience. Motivation for the study: A perusal of relevant literature was undertaken to identify the adaptive capacities of NPOs. One hundred and thirty-seven peer-reviewed articles were identified from electronic databases including EBSCO Host, Google Scholar, JSTOR, and Academic Search Complete. A thematic analysis of the literature reviewed resulted in 15 adaptive capacity themes that underwrite the proposed conceptual framework. Research design, approach and method: A perusal of relevant literature was undertaken to identify the adaptive capacities of NPOs. Common themes occurring from the literature reviewed resulted in three broad adaptive capacity categories that underwrite the proposed conceptual framework. Main findings: Nonprofit organisational resilience may be achieved by developing the interconnected adaptive capacities identified within the broad categories that are as follows: culture, leadership and people; tactical administration; and tactical planning and restructuring. Practical/managerial implications: Barriers to organisational resilience are connected to managers’ beliefs that no benefit is gained from a resilience outlook. The proposed framework could assist to reduce this barrier. Contribution/value-add: The conceptual model proposed provides a holistic view to enhance nonprofit organisational resilience and contribute to the academic literature on organisational resilience theory, which is in the nascent phase.",13," Trust and Power in Blockchain,"
10.4018/978-1-7998-7363-1.ch004,Blockchanging politics: Opening a trustworthy but hazardous reforming era,"There has been a fundamental change in the genesis of political-economic trust, with the arrival of a decentralized but structured way to reach consensuses and automatically implementing decisions through self-executable contracts. Blockchain technology (BT) is a distributed, consensus-based, and secure way for individuals to make enforceable censorship-resistant quantifiable agreements. Every vote is a transaction, and BT is paving the way for decentralizing politics, defending privacy, and streamlining voting procedures. It has the potential to provide much more granular governance that hopefully will preserve freedom and defend democracy. However, especially in an embarrassing post-COVID-19 world, BT's centralization can, instead, pave the way for citizens' control, turning cryptographic protocols into an authoritarian digital corset tightened by some to menace the privacy and freedom of many.",13," Trust and Power in Blockchain,"
10.1002/jsc.2150,Disrupting governance with blockchains and smart contracts,"Blockchain as an engine for auto-enforceable smart contracts could disrupt traditional governance structures by reducing bureaucracy through lower transaction costs, solving principal–agent issues, and subsequent moral hazard. While machine consensus can radically reduce transaction costs and disrupt traditional governance structures, there is a gap between initial conceptualizations of blockchains and their first instantiations. First use cases show that as circumstances change, protocols can become inappropriate for the new environment and require modification. Modification of blockchain code happens through majority consensus, but reaching consensus in a distributed multi-stakeholder network with sometimes unaligned interests is complex, potentially introducing new agency issues.",13," Trust and Power in Blockchain,"
10.1146/annurev.soc.31.041304.122159,Agency theory,Not found,13," Trust and Power in Blockchain,"
10.1111/gove.12035,What is governance?,"Freedom of information (FOI) laws are known to expose governmental weaknesses, but do they improve the structural workings of public administration, professionalizing governance? This study examines FOI's effect on a cornerstone of effective governance—bureaucratic hiring. Using coarsened matching methods to compare over 5400 municipalities in Brazil—approximately half possessing FOI regulations and half without—we identify significant reductions in discretionary patronage-based appointments. Municipalities with FOI regulations reduce both higher level “political control” and lower-level “electoral rewards” hires. Our explanation, tentatively supported by a comparison of early versus late FOI adopters, centers on sequencing: in the short term, leaders view FOI as a supplement to administrative control and thus reduce higher-level hires. As FOI becomes more institutionalized and exposures more probable, leaders reduce lower-level hires. Contributing to scholarship on transparency and bureaucracies, our results enjoin policymakers to double-down on commitments to FOI policies.",13," Trust and Power in Blockchain,"
10.1017/9781316091340,Institutional and Organizational Analysis: Concepts and Applications,Not found,13," Trust and Power in Blockchain,"
10.1093/cje/beu067,Bitcoin and the legitimacy crisis of money,Not found,13," Trust and Power in Blockchain,"
10.1080/01436597.2017.1298438,Will blockchain emerge as a tool to break the poverty chain in the Global South?,Not found,13," Trust and Power in Blockchain,"
10.1017/S1744137420000272,Blockchain and institutional complexity: An extended institutional approach,Not found,13," Trust and Power in Blockchain,"
10.1145/357172.357176,The Byzantine Generals Problem,Not found,13," Trust and Power in Blockchain,"
10.1002/nml.21452,Crypto-giving and surveillance philanthropy: Exploring the trade-offs in blockchain innovation for nonprofits,"A blockchain is a smart electronic database, distributed to all users, immutably tracking every transaction that has ever taken place between nodes on a network. The technology is being used by some nonprofits to address various operational challenges, including attaching automated conditions to charitable donations facilitated by programmable “crypto-giving” platforms. Drawing from analysis of technical documents provided by active crypto-giving projects, this review considers how these platforms enable radical shifts in sectoral power relations through “surveillance philanthropy”. This algorithmic surveillance ensures project funding fully reflects the interests of donors, while potentially restricting nonprofits in meeting the dynamic and complex needs of project beneficiaries. The paper considers the benefit trade-offs from crypto-giving platforms in three areas of utilization: (a) new forms of donor engagement and fundraising, (b) new tools for organizational governance, and (c) novel provision of development assistance. Despite the possible efficiency and transparency benefits of crypto-giving platforms, more research and practitioner engagement is required to ensure the sector's funding is secure and sustainable, without entailing significant risks for proposed beneficiaries.",13," Trust and Power in Blockchain,"
10.1017/S1744137418000462,Blockchain technology and the governance of foreign aid,Not found,13," Trust and Power in Blockchain,"
10.1007/s11138-018-0423-6,Cryptodemocracy and its institutional possibilities,Not found,13," Trust and Power in Blockchain,"
10.1111/j.1468-0335.1937.tb00002.x,The Nature of the Firm,Not found,13," Trust and Power in Blockchain,"
10.4337/9781788975001,Understanding the Blockchain Economy: An Introduction to Institutional Cryptoeconomics,Not found,13," Trust and Power in Blockchain,"
10.1145/3132259,Bitcoin's academic pedigree,Not found,13," Trust and Power in Blockchain,"
10.3389/fbloc.2020.00005,Blockchain Applications and Institutional Trust,"In the current discussions around Blockchain and distributed ledger technologies, we find a lack of theory to conceptualize and understand application scenarios. In this paper we propose to conceptualize distributed ledger technologies as trust mechanisms. Whereas, previously one had to rely on a trusted third party (e.g., notary), now one must trust a complex software system—the Blockchain and distributed ledger application—as well as the parties that host the software system and ensure its effectiveness. Based on theories of e-commerce, business networks, and trust, we explore relations between trust and Blockchain design. We analyze three case studies of Blockchain applications in the diamond industry. In each case we study two complementary research questions: (1) how does the blockchain application influence trust, and (2) how do trust based requirements affect the design of a blockchain application? We formulate two propositions and find dynamic interactions between trust requirements, blockchain application design, and transaction trust.",13," Trust and Power in Blockchain,"
10.1016/j.neucom.2020.03.116,A neural blockchain for a tokenizable e-Participation model,"Currently, Distributed Ledger Technologies (DLTs) and, especially, Blockchain technology represent a great opportunity for public institutions to improve citizen participation and foster democratic innovation. These technologies facilitate the simplification of processes and provide secure management of recorded data, guaranteeing the transmission and public transparency of information. Based on the combination of a Blockchain as a Service (BaaS) platform and G-Cloud solutions, our proposal consists of the design of an e-Participation model that uses a tokenizable system of the actions and processes undertaken by citizens in participatory processes providing incentives to promote greater participation in public affairs. In order to develop a sustainable, scalable and resilient e-Participation system, a new blockchain concept, which organizes the blocks as a neural system, is combined with the implementation of a virtual token to reward participants. Furthermore, this virtual token is deployed through a smart contract that the block itself produces, containing information about the transaction and all the documents involved in the process. Finally, our Neural Distributed Ledger (NDL) framework facilitates the interconnection of blockchain networks in a transparent, certified, secure, auditable, scalable and traceable way.",13," Trust and Power in Blockchain,"
10.5465/AMR.2010.45577790,Open versus closed innovation: A model of discovery and divergence,Not found,14," Blockchain Platform Ecosystems,"
10.1111/etap.12254,Digital Entrepreneurship: Toward a Digital Technology Perspective of Entrepreneurship,Not found,14," Blockchain Platform Ecosystems,"
10.1111/jpim.12105,Industry platforms and ecosystem innovation,Not found,14," Blockchain Platform Ecosystems,"
10.1287/orsc.14.2.209.14992,"Open source software and the ""private-collective"" innovation model: Issues for organization science",Not found,14," Blockchain Platform Ecosystems,"
10.1016/j.techfore.2019.04.030,Blockchain-based platforms: Decentralized infrastructures and its boundary conditions,"Blockchain technology has been receiving much public attention recently, promising to disintermediate transactions through decentralized governance and distributed data-infrastructures. However, the majority of the previous studies have focused on the technical aspects, and overlooked blockchain investigation from a managerial perspective. In this paper, based on platform-ecosystem, transaction cost economics, and open-source literature, we contrast and compare blockchain-based platforms and centralized platforms; in other words, decentralized versus centralized governance modes. We base our conceptual analysis on three dimensions—transaction cost, cost of technology, and community involvement—, exploring the conditions under which blockchain-based platforms are more advantageous than centralized platforms. We first compare gains from lower opportunism and uncertainty costs thanks to protocols and smart contracts in blockchain technology versus the costs of higher coordination and complexity of (re)writing those contracts. Second, we compare the gains from immutability and transparency in blockchain-based platforms versus the technological costs of verification and storage of a distributed ledger. Finally, we compare intrinsic and extrinsic motivations of the communities around centralized and blockchain-based platforms in the short and medium term.",14," Blockchain Platform Ecosystems,"
10.1162/154247603322493212,Platform competition in two-sided markets,Not found,14," Blockchain Platform Ecosystems,"
10.1002/smj.2066,Platform competition: Strategic trade-offs in platform markets,Not found,14," Blockchain Platform Ecosystems,"
10.25300/MISQ/2017/41.1.13,Platform ecosystems: How developers invert the firm,Not found,14," Blockchain Platform Ecosystems,"
10.1016/j.respol.2014.03.006,Bridging differing perspectives on technological platforms: Toward an integrative framework,Not found,14," Blockchain Platform Ecosystems,"
10.1177/0149206320916755,Decentralized Governance of Digital Platforms,"Over the past decade, the rise of blockchain technology has led to the emergence of a growing number of decentralized platforms that are governed less by platform owners and more through community efforts. The emergence of blockchain platforms offers a unique opportunity to examine alternative structures for platform governance and to develop a theory around the value of centralized, semi-decentralized, and decentralized governance. Drawing on mechanism design theory, we evaluate the tradeoffs between centralization and decentralization and hypothesize semi-decentralization as a higher performing governance structure. Empirical evidence from the blockchain industry shows that decentralization has an inverted U-shaped relationship with platforms’ market capitalization, developer attention, and development activity. We further examine factors driving the decentralization of platform governance and find that digital platforms of the infrastructure layer—relative to those of the application layer—have a tendency to become more decentralized. This tendency, nevertheless, can be offset by experienced leaders to achieve semi-decentralization. Overall, this study contributes new insights on the characteristics, antecedents, and consequences of effective platform governance.",14," Blockchain Platform Ecosystems,"
10.1145/2145204.2145396,Social coding in GitHub: Transparency and collaboration in an open software repository,Not found,14," Blockchain Platform Ecosystems,"
10.1016/j.dss.2008.10.005,Determinants of open source software project success: A longitudinal study,Not found,14," Blockchain Platform Ecosystems,"
10.1257/jel.44.2.367,"Decentralization, hierarchies, and incentives: A mechanism design perspective",Not found,14," Blockchain Platform Ecosystems,"
10.1177/0008125619883618,Designing Governance Mechanisms in Platform Ecosystems: Addressing the Paradox of Openness through Blockchain Technology,Not found,14," Blockchain Platform Ecosystems,"
10.5465/amp.2011.0105,Architectural leverage: Putting platforms in context,Not found,14," Blockchain Platform Ecosystems,"
10.1093/rfs/hhz131,Initial coin offerings: Financing growth with cryptocurrency token sales,Not found,14," Blockchain Platform Ecosystems,"
10.1111/j.1756-2171.2006.tb00036.x,Two-sided markets: A progress report,Not found,14," Blockchain Platform Ecosystems,"
10.1287/orsc.1110.0678,Let a thousand flowers bloom? An early look at large numbers of software app developers and patterns of innovation,Not found,14," Blockchain Platform Ecosystems,"
10.1287/isre.1100.0318,Digital infrastructures: The missing IS research agenda,Not found,14," Blockchain Platform Ecosystems,"
10.1057/s41265-016-0033-3,The digital platform: A research agenda,Not found,14," Blockchain Platform Ecosystems,"
10.1002/smj.821,Value creation in innovation ecosystems: How the structure of technological interdependence affects firm performance in new technology generations,Not found,14," Blockchain Platform Ecosystems,"
10.1287/mnsc.1100.1215,Open platform strategies and innovation: Granting access vs. devolving control,Not found,14," Blockchain Platform Ecosystems,"
10.1257/000282805774669880,The economics of governance,Not found,14," Blockchain Platform Ecosystems,"
10.1287/orsc.14.6.633.24866,From a Firm-Based to a Community-Based Model of Knowledge Creation: The Case of the Linux Kernel Development,"We propose a new model of knowledge creation in purposeful, loosely coordinated, distributed systems, as an alternative to a firm-based one. Specifically, using the case of the Linux kernel development project, we build a model of community-based, evolutionary knowledge creation to study how thousands of talented volunteers, dispersed across organizational and geographical boundaries, collaborate via the Internet to produce a knowledge-intensive, innovative product of high quality. By comparing and contrasting the Linux model with the traditional/commercial model of software development and firm-based knowledge creation efforts, we show how the proposed model of knowledge creation expands beyond the boundary of the firm. Our model suggests that the product development process can be effectively organized as an evolutionary process of learning driven by criticism and error correction. We conclude by offering some theoretical implications of our community-based model of knowledge creation for the literature of organizational learning, community life, and the uses of knowledge in society.",14," Blockchain Platform Ecosystems,"
10.1287/mnsc.1050.0400,Two-sided network effects: A theory of information product design,Not found,14," Blockchain Platform Ecosystems,"
10.1111/j.1365-2575.2012.00406.x,Balancing platform control and external contribution in third-party development: The boundary resources model,Not found,14," Blockchain Platform Ecosystems,"
10.1002/smj.2904,Towards a theory of ecosystems,Not found,14," Blockchain Platform Ecosystems,"
10.1287/mnsc.2017.2757,"Innovation, openness, and platform control",Not found,14," Blockchain Platform Ecosystems,"
10.1177/1527476418796632,Data Colonialism: Rethinking Big Data’s Relation to the Contemporary Subject,Not found,15," Blockchain Scalability and Energy,"
10.1109/QRS-C.2018.00034,Blockchain and Scalability,"Bitcoin has shown great utility around the world with the drastic increase in its value and global consensus method of proof-of-work (POW). Over the years after the revolution in the digital transaction space, we are looking at major scalability issue with old POW consensus method and bitcoin peak limit of processing only 7 transactions per second. With more companies trying to adopt blockchain to modify their existing systems, blockchain working on old consensus methods and with scalability issues can't deliver the optimal solution. Specifically, with new trends like smart contracts and DAPPs, much better performance is needed to support any actual business applications. Such requirements are pushing the new platforms away from old methods of consensus and adoption of off-chain solutions. In this paper, we discuss various scalability issues with the Bitcoin and Ethereum blockchain and recent proposals like the lighting protocol, sharding, super quadratic sharding, DPoS to solve these issues. We also draw the comparison between these proposals on their ability to overcome scalability limits and highlighting major problems in these approaches. In the end, we propose our solution to suffice the scalability issue and conclude with the fact that with better scalability, blockchain has the potential to outrageously support varied domains of the industry.",15," Blockchain Scalability and Energy,"
10.1109/CAIS.2018.8441990,Web 3.0: The Decentralized Web Blockchain networks and Protocol Innovation,Not found,15," Blockchain Scalability and Energy,"
10.3389/fbloc.2020.00022,Climate Crises and Crypto-Colonialism: Conjuring Value on the Blockchain Frontiers of the Global South,Not found,15," Blockchain Scalability and Energy,"
10.1145/3657054.3661165,Governance in the Blockchain Era: The Smart Social Contract,"Since the emergence of bitcoin, 14 years ago, cryptocurrencies and the blockchain technology that underpins these virtual currencies have experienced a rapid growth, with a plethora of applications emerging. While most popular applications of blockchain technology are in the business field, its main features – such as decentralization or enhanced security – make it suitable to redesign social, cultural and political realities such as the social contract that regulates the relationship between states and citizens. Blockchain-based applications have the potential to change social values and the social contract itself. This paper aims to discover if smart contracts and blockchain technology can bind the social contract between the state and its citizens in such a way as to reduce corruption and increase efficiency of service delivery. Further, the emergence of a new type of social contract will be investigated: the smart social contract. This new concept aspires to enhance Jean Jacques Rousseau’s social contract with the benefits inherent in blockchain technology. It involves an automatic execution of the obligations that a government assumes through a certain program, determined by consensus by all the members of society. In case of non-fulfillment of the obligations, the persons /institutions responsible are sanctioned appropriate penalties. We implement and evaluate a prototype of a smart social contract in Solidity, finding that the contract is capable of automatic execution upon the achievement of predetermined conditions, such as the fulfillment of an obligation by a local government official.",15," Blockchain Scalability and Energy,"
10.3389/fbloc.2023.1109544,"Algorithmic governance, code as law, and the blockchain common: Power relations in the blockchain-based society","“Code is law” became a buzz term in Web3 and blockchain reality. Despite the term being already used much earlier by Lawrence Lessig in the year 2000 in his book titled “Code and Other Laws of Cyberspace,” when the internet and Web2 were emerging, the rise of smart contracts and complex algorithmic power made the term genuinely resonate with the (idealised) Web3 reality. The entrainment of technological solutionism in the brains of members of society gives an impression that a world governed by algorithms will be a fairer one. However, research has shown that many members of society are not standard statistical representations of the majority and whilst algorithmic governance leaves room for “standard deviation,” individuals that fall outside this standard deviation are, in fact, very disadvantaged. There are numerous research papers as well as popular science books that address the issue of algorithmic bias and unfairness in Web 2. The proponents of blockchain and web3 technology argue that with a DAO-governed, decentralised society, problems of biased algorithmic governance are solved as power and decision-making are decentralised, and members use their governance tokens to collectively decide on the law encoded in the smart contracts that are the ultimate law enforcement apparatus. Web3 promises a shift of power from governments and corporations to people and token holders, arguing it will make a Web3-governed society fairer. This paper is based on decoding this promise and using Althusser’s model of a state apparatus to show how the power relations changed in Web2 and Web3 realities. It shows that Web3 promises of the code becoming the law were already present in the Web2 discourse and discovers a model of an ideological apparatus power struggle between states and Web2 giants. Next, the power relations in the blockchain society are researched, starting from the idealised model of decentralised, token-holder governed power, which regulates the governments and corporations, to a discussion on what the actual power relations and struggles might result from encoding the law in the smart contract. Research shows that in Web3, “code is law” society. There will be power struggles and opposition on a vertical and horizontal level. The vertical struggle is the power enforcement (originally in the hands of the state in Althusser’s (1970) model between the code and individuals, governments and corporations not willing to conform with the code-enforced law or falling outside the standard deviation of statistics-based AI algorithms hence being disadvantaged by the smart contract enforced laws. The horizontal power struggle is based on what Althusser describes as the ideological apparatus. Here, the struggle is based on a fight between individuals (the society), corporations, and the state for code-modifying resources and/or leverage over the governance token holders. Overall, the paper argues and shows that blockchain-based “code is law” reality does not solve the issue of unequal power relations within societies but only as any technological revolution shifts the power relations and power struggles between existing and new actors. Unlike the founder of Polkadot, Gavin Wood states that blockchain, DAOs, smart contracts, and Web3 overall do not result in the new social sphere with revolutionised power relations. Where Web3 is now is much more similar to where Web1 and Web2 were 25–30 years ago—Creating a new space for social interactions and discourse yet being stuck within the same social sphere and uneven power relations that have governed our societies for centuries.",15," Blockchain Scalability and Energy,"
10.1109/TPDS.2018.2881735,CrowdBC: A blockchain-based decentralized framework for crowdsourcing,"Crowdsourcing systems which utilize the human intelligence to solve complex tasks have gained considerable interest and adoption in recent years. However, the majority of existing crowdsourcing systems rely on central servers, which are subject to the weaknesses of traditional trust-based model, such as single point of failure. They are also vulnerable to distributed denial of service (DDoS) and Sybil attacks due to malicious users involvement. In addition, high service fees from the crowdsourcing platform may hinder the development of crowdsourcing. How to address these potential issues has both research and substantial value. In this paper, we conceptualize a blockchain-based decentralized framework for crowdsourcing named CrowdBC, in which a requester's task can be solved by a crowd of workers without relying on any third trusted institution, users' privacy can be guaranteed and only low transaction fees are required. In particular, we introduce the architecture of our proposed framework, based on which we give a concrete scheme. We further implement a software prototype on Ethereum public test network with real-world dataset. Experiment results show the feasibility, usability, and scalability of our proposed crowdsourcing system.",16," DAO Crowdsourcing and Tokenomics,"
10.1080/13527266.2016.1270344,The role of respect in the effects of perceived ad interactivity and intrusiveness on brand and site,Not found,16," DAO Crowdsourcing and Tokenomics,"
10.1586/erd.09.11,Microfluidic diagnostics: Time for industry standards,Not found,16," DAO Crowdsourcing and Tokenomics,"
10.3389/fbloc.2020.00033,Blockchain for Organizing Effective Grass-Roots Actions on a Global Commons: Saving the Planet,"An overwhelming majority of experts has been flagging for decades that “Saving the Planet” requires immediate, persistent and drastic action to curb a variety of catastrophic risks over the 21st century. However, despite compelling evidence and a range of suggested solutions, transnational coordination of effective measures to protect our biosphere continues to fall short. To remedy, we propose a novel platform for addressing the central issue of affording trust, transparency and truth while minimizing administrative overheads. This will empower an even loosely organized, global grass-roots community to coordinate a large-scale project on a shared goal (“Commons”) spanning the digital and real world. The Web3 concept is based on the swiftly emerging “Blockchain” and related cryptographic, distributed and permissionless technologies. “Wisdom of the crowds” mechanisms involving competitive parallelization and prediction markets are enabled by formalized reputation and staking to incentivize high-quality work, fair validation and best management practice. While these mechanisms have been (mostly separately) applied to science, business, governance, web, sensor, information and communication technologies (ICT), our integrative approach around Blockchain-enabled ‘operating principles and protocols’ sets the basis for designing novel forms of potentially crowdfunded Decentralized Autonomous Organizations (DAOs).",16," DAO Crowdsourcing and Tokenomics,"
10.3389/fbloc.2021.631648,"Unchaining Collective Intelligence for Science, Research, and Technology Development by Blockchain-Boosted Community Participation","Since its launch just over a decade ago by the cryptocurrency Bitcoin, the distributed ledger technology (DLT) blockchain has followed a breathtaking trajectory into manifold application spaces. This study aper analyses how key factors underpinning the success of this ground-breaking “Internet of value” technology, such as staking of collateral (“skin in the game”), competitive crowdsourcing, crowdfunding, and prediction markets, can be applied to substantially innovate the legacy organization of science, research, and technology development (RTD). Here, we elaborate a highly integrative, community-based strategy where a token-based crypto-economy supports finding best possible consensus, trust, and truth by adding unconventional elements known from reputation systems, betting, secondary markets, and social networking. These tokens support the holder’s formalized reputation and are used in liquid-democracy style governance and arbitration within projects or community-driven initiatives. This participatory research model serves as a solid basis for comprehensively leveraging collective intelligence by effectively incentivizing contributions from the crowd, such as intellectual property work, validation, assessment, infrastructure, education, assessment, governance, publication, and promotion of projects. On the analogy of its current blockbusters like peer-to-peer structured decentralized finance (“DeFi”), blockchain technology can seminally enhance the efficiency of science and RTD initiatives, even permitting to fully stage operations as a chiefless decentralized autonomous organization (DAOs).",16," DAO Crowdsourcing and Tokenomics,"
10.1111/poms.12813,The Influence of Intellectual Property Rights on Poaching in Manufacturing Outsourcing,Not found,16," DAO Crowdsourcing and Tokenomics,"
10.1086/700070,"Scientific autonomy, public accountability, and the rise of “peer review” in the cold war United States",Not found,16," DAO Crowdsourcing and Tokenomics,"
10.1039/c2lc40511c,A glowing future for lab on a chip testing standards,Not found,16," DAO Crowdsourcing and Tokenomics,"
10.1021/acs.analchem.8b00826,High-Content Optical Codes for Protecting Rapid Diagnostic Tests from Counterfeiting,Not found,16," DAO Crowdsourcing and Tokenomics,"
10.1147/JRD.2019.2900651,Crypto anchors,Not found,16," DAO Crowdsourcing and Tokenomics,"
10.5465/AMJ.2009.43669892,Constructing markets and shaping boundaries: Entrepreneurial power in nascent fields,Not found,16," DAO Crowdsourcing and Tokenomics,"
10.3390/su10113926,"How blockchain can shape sustainable global value chains: An Evidence, Verifiability, and Enforceability (EVE) Framework",Not found,16," DAO Crowdsourcing and Tokenomics,"
10.1016/j.jnca.2019.102471,Sidechain technologies in blockchain networks: An examination and state-of-the-art review,"In the last decade, blockchain has emerged as one of the most influential innovations in software architecture and technology. Ideally, blockchains are designed to be architecturally and politically decentralized, similar to the Internet. In recent times, however, blockchain-based systems have faced stumbling blocks in the form of challenges related to scalability, privacy, security, etc. Several new methods have been proposed both by the research and professional communities to mitigate these challenges. One such recent advancement proposed is the use of sidechains. A sidechain is a secondary blockchain connected to the main blockchain with a two-way peg. Sidechains may have their own consensus protocols, which could be completely different from the mainchain's protocol. Theoretically, a sidechain can add new functionalities, improve privacy, and security of traditionally vanilla blockchains. To this date, however, little is known or discussed regarding factors related to design choices, feasibility, limitations and other issues in adopting the sidechain technology. Moreover, there is a lack of studies discussing how and where it can effectively be integrated into blockchains to remedy current issues in a clear context. Hence, this paper provides the first comprehensive review of the state-of-the-art sidechains and platforms, identifying current advancements and analyzing their impact from various viewpoints, highlighting their limitations and discussing possible remedies for the overall improvement of the blockchain domain.",16," DAO Crowdsourcing and Tokenomics,"
10.3390/mi10120886,Efficient development of integrated lab-on-a-chip systems featuring operational robustness and manufacturability,"The majority of commercially oriented microfluidic technologies provide novel point-of-use solutions for laboratory automation with important areas in the context of the life sciences such as health care, biopharma, veterinary medicine and agrifood as well as for monitoring of the environment, infrastructures and industrial processes. Such systems are often composed of a modular setup exhibiting an instrument accommodating rather conventional actuation, detection and control units which interfaces with a fluidically integrated ""Lab-on-a-Chip"" device handling (bio-)sample(s) and reagents. As the complex network of tiny channels, chambers and surface-functionalised zones can typically not be properly cleaned and regenerated, these microfluidic chips are mostly devised as single-use disposables. The availability of cost-efficient materials and associated structuring, functionalisation and assembly schemes thus represents a key ingredient along the commercialisation pipeline and will be a first focus of this work. Furthermore, and owing to their innate variability, investigations on biosamples mostly require the acquisition of statistically relevant datasets. Consequently, intermediate numbers of consistently performing chips are already needed during application development; to mitigate the potential pitfalls of technology migration and to facilitate regulatory compliance of the end products, manufacture of such pilot series should widely follow larger-scale production schemes. To expedite and de-risk the development of commercially relevant microfluidic systems towards high Technology Readiness Levels (TRLs), we illustrate a streamlined, manufacturing-centric platform approach employing the paradigms of tolerance-forgiving Design-for-Manufacture (DfM) and Readiness for Scale-up (RfS) from prototyping to intermediate pilot series and eventual mass fabrication. Learning from mature industries, we further propose pursuing a platform approach incorporating aspects of standardisation in terms of specification, design rules and testing methods for materials, components, interfaces, and operational procedures; this coherent strategy will foster the emergence of dedicated commercial supply chains and also improve the economic viability of Lab-on-a-Chip systems often targeting smaller niche markets by synergistically bundling technology development.",16," DAO Crowdsourcing and Tokenomics,"
10.3390/su10103652,"Blockchain practices, potentials, and perspectives in greening supply chains","Blockchain technology is an inchoate technology whose current popularity is peaking. Some of the most pervasive blockchain technology use cases exist for supply chains. Sustainable, and especially green, supply chains can benefit from blockchain technology, but there are also caveats. The sustainability and environmental management research and academic literature is only starting to investigate this emergent field. This paper seeks to help advance the discussion and motivate additional practice and research related to green supply chains and blockchain technology. This viewpoint paper provides insight into some of the main dimensions of blockchain technology, an overview of the use cases and issues, and some general research areas for further investigation.",16," DAO Crowdsourcing and Tokenomics,"
10.3389/fbloc.2020.586525,Open Platform Concept for Blockchain-Enabled Crowdsourcing of Technology Development and Supply Chains,"We outline the concept of an open technology platform that builds upon a publicly accessible library of fluidic designs, manufacturing processes, and experimental characterization, as well as virtualization by a “digital twin” based on modeling, simulation, and cloud computing. Backed by the rapidly emerging Web3 technology “Blockchain,” we significantly extend traditional approaches to effectively incentivize broader participation by an interdisciplinary “value network” of diverse players. Ranging from skilled individuals (the “citizen scientist” and the “garage entrepreneur”) and more established research institutions to companies with their infrastructures, equipment, and services, the novel platform approach enables all stakeholders to jointly contribute to value creation along more decentralized supply chain designs including research and technology development (RTD). A blockchain-enabled token economy efficiently leverages the “Wisdom of the Crowds” and secures “trust” and transparency by reputation systems requiring “skin in the game” from contributors. Prediction markets are created for guiding decision making, planning, and allocation of funding; competitive parallelization of work and its validation from independent participants substantially enhances quality, credibility, and speed of project outcomes in the real world along the entire path from RTD, fabrication, and testing to eventual commercialization. This novel, Blockchain-backed, open platform concept can be led by a corporation, academic entity, a loosely organized group, or even “chieflessly” within a smart-contract encoded Decentralized Autonomous Organization (DAO). The proposed strategy is particularly attractive for highly interdisciplinary fields like microfluidic Lab-on-a-Chip systems in the context of manifold applications in the Life Sciences. As an exemplar, we outline the centrifugal “Lab-on-a-Disc” technology. Rather than engaging in all sub-disciplines themselves, many smaller, highly innovative actors can focus on strengthening the product component distinguishing their unique selling point (USP), e.g., a particular bioassay, detection scheme, or application scenario. In this effort, system integrators access underlying commons like fluidic design, manufacture, instrumentation, and software from a more resilient and diversified supply chain, e.g., based on a verified pool of community-endorsed or certified providers.",16," DAO Crowdsourcing and Tokenomics,"
10.1039/c004239k,Collective wisdom,Not found,16," DAO Crowdsourcing and Tokenomics,"
10.1039/c2lc20937c,Standards for connecting microfluidic devices?,Not found,16," DAO Crowdsourcing and Tokenomics,"
10.1109/OJCS.2021.3072661,From Technology to Society: An Overview of Blockchain-Based DAO,"Decentralized Autonomous Organization (DAO) is believed to play a significant role in our future society governed in a decentralized way. In this article, we first explain the definitions and preliminaries of DAO. Then, we conduct a literature review of the existing studies of DAO published in the recent few years. Through the literature review, we find out that a comprehensive survey towards the state-of-the-art studies of DAO is still missing. To fill this gap, we perform such an overview by identifying and classifying the most valuable proposals and perspectives closely related to the combination of DAO and blockchain technologies. We anticipate that this survey can help researchers, engineers, and educators acknowledge the cutting-edge development of blockchain-related DAO technologies.",17," Blockchain in Government,"
10.1109/LT.2018.8368494,"Blockchain for government services-Use cases, security benefits and challenges",Not found,17," Blockchain in Government,"
10.1007/978-981-99-3648-9_4,How to Organize Web3 Participants? Decentralized Autonomous Organizations,"This chapter introduces how to organize Web3 participants, which include Web3 educators, investors, developers, and other users who are interested in Web3. Decentralized autonomous organizations (DAOs) are believed to play a significant role in our future Web3-featured society governed in a decentralized way. In this chapter, we first explain the definitions and preliminaries of DAO. Then, we conduct a literature review of the existing studies of DAO published in the recent few years. Through the literature review, we find out that a comprehensive overview of the state-of-the-art studies of DAO is still missing. To fill this gap, we perform such an investigation by identifying and classifying the most valuable proposals and perspectives closely related to the combination of DAO and blockchain technologies. We anticipate that this chapter can help researchers, engineers, and educators acknowledge the cutting-edge development of DAO.",17," Blockchain in Government,"
10.1109/PST.2016.7906988,A brief survey of Cryptocurrency systems,Not found,17," Blockchain in Government,"
10.1109/Blockchain60715.2023.00034,Unveiling Vulnerabilities in DAO: A Comprehensive Security Analysis and Protective Framework,"Decentralized Autonomous organizations (DAOs) have emerged as blockchain technology evolves beyond cryptocurrencies. Despite being the first project in this ecosystem, The DAO encountered a significant exploit due to inadequate implementation; nevertheless, it still paved the way for future projects. While decentralized autonomous organizations continue to thrive, there is a shortage of academic papers analyzing the associated risks. Therefore, this paper aims to comprehensively examine the current vulnerabilities in these organizations by systematically analyzing past attack incidents. 54 real-world events spanning from 2016 to July 2023 have been collected for identifying and summarizing major attack vectors. The results showcase that flash loan attacks, oracle manipulation, governance takeovers, and reentrancy issues are the critical vulnerabilities within this field. For further protection, this research also provides both general and specific countermeasures against each vulnerability, serving as an evaluation framework for both existing and future projects.",17," Blockchain in Government,"
10.1016/j.clsr.2017.03.016,E-residency and blockchain,Not found,17," Blockchain in Government,"
10.1109/ICUFN.2018.8436987,Blockchain Based Billing System for Electric Vehicle and Charging Station,Not found,17," Blockchain in Government,"
10.1109/TII.2017.2786307,Consortium blockchain for secure energy trading in industrial internet of things,Not found,17," Blockchain in Government,"
10.28945/5186,UNVEILING ROADBLOCKS AND MAPPING SOLUTIONS FOR BLOCKCHAIN ADOPTION BY GOVERNMENTS: A SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW,"Aim/Purpose Blockchain technology (BCT) has emerged as a potential catalyst for transforming government institutions and services, yet the adoption of blockchain in governments faces various challenges, for which previous studies have yet to provide practical solutions. Background This study aims to identify and analyse barriers, potential solutions, and their relations in implementing BC for governments through a systematic literature review (SLR). The authors grouped the challenges based on the Technology-Organisation-Environment (TOE) framework while exercising a thematic grouping for the solutions, followed by a comprehensive mapping to unveil the relationship between challenges and solutions. Methodology This study employs the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020 methodology, combined with the tollgate method, to improve the quality of selected articles. The authors further administer a three-level approach (open coding, axial coding, and selective coding) to analyse the challenges and solutions from the articles. Contribution The authors argue that this study enriches the existing literature on BC adoption, particularly in the government context, by providing a comprehensive framework to analyse and address the unique challenges and solutions, thus contributing to the development of new theories and models for future research in BC adoption in government settings and fostering deeper exploration in the field. Findings The authors have unveiled 40 adoption challenges categorised using the TOE framework. The most prevalent technological challenges include security concerns and integration & interoperability, while cultural resistance, lack of support and involvement, and employees’ capability hinder adoption at the organisational level. Notably, the environmental dimension lacks legal and standard frameworks. The study further unveils 28 potential solutions, encompassing legal frameworks, security and privacy measures, collaboration and governance, technological readiness and infrastructure, and strategic planning and adoption. The authors of the study have further mapped the solutions to the identified challenges, revealing that the establishment of legal frameworks stands out as the most comprehensive solution. Recommendations Our findings provide a big picture regarding BC adoption for governments for Practitioners around the globe. This study charts the problems commonly encountered by government agencies and presents proven solutions in their wake. The authors endeavour practitioners, particularly those in governments, to embrace our findings as the cornerstone of BC/BCT adoption. These insights can aid practitioners in identifying existing or potential obstacles in adopting BC, pinpointing success factors, and formulating strategies tailored to their organisations. Recommendations Researchers could extend this study by making an in-depth analysis of chalfor Researchers lenges or solutions in specific types of countries, such as developed and developing countries, as the authors believe this approach would yield more insights. Researchers could also test, validate, and verify the mapping in this study to improve the quality of the study further and thus can be a great aid for governments to adopt BC/BCT fully. Impact on Society This study provides a comprehensive exploration of BC adoption in the government context, offering detailed explanations and valuable insights that hold significant value for government policymakers and decision-makers, serving as a bedrock for successful implementation by addressing roadblocks and emphasising the importance of establishing a supportive culture and structure, engaging stakeholders, and addressing security and privacy concerns, ultimately enhancing the efficiency and effectiveness of BC adoption in government institutions and services. Future Research Future research should address the limitations identified in this study by expanding the scope of the literature search to include previously inaccessible sources and exploring alternative frameworks to capture dynamic changes and contextual factors in BC adoption. Additionally, rigorous scrutiny, review, and testing are essential to establish the practical and theoretical validity of the identified solutions, while in-depth analyses of country-specific and regional challenges will provide valuable insights into the unique considerations faced by different governments.",17," Blockchain in Government,"
10.1137/0218012,Knowledge complexity of interactive proof systems,"Enabling private sector trust stands as a critical policy challenge for the success of the EU Data Governance Act and Data Act in promoting data sharing to address societal challenges. This paper attributes the widespread trust deficit to the unmanageable uncertainty that arises from businesses’ limited usage control to protect their interests in the face of unacceptable perceived risks. For example, a firm may hesitate to share its data with others in case it is leaked and falls into the hands of business competitors. To illustrate this impasse, competition, privacy, and reputational risks are introduced, respectively, in the context of three suboptimal approaches to data sharing: data marketplaces, data collaboratives, and data philanthropy. The paper proceeds by analyzing seven trust-enabling mechanisms comprised of technological, legal, and organizational elements to balance trust, risk, and control and assessing their capacity to operate in a fair, equitable, and transparent manner. Finally, the paper examines the regulatory context in the EU and the advantages and limitations of voluntary and mandatory data sharing, concluding that an approach that effectively balances the two should be pursued.",17," Blockchain in Government,"
10.1002/jsc.2151,Building the blockchain world: Technological commonwealth or just more of the same?,"Blockchain technologies are reconfiguring the global economy, though often in contradictory ways. Blockchain technologies are disrupting key economic and financial sectors. Some blockchain applications allow for democratization of finance, services, agriculture, and governance, yet they may also deepen inequality and weaken democracy. We need new understandings of the countervailing tendencies of blockchain technologies and the contingencies that shape their deployment.",17," Blockchain in Government,"
10.1007/3-540-48184-2_32,A digital signature based on a conventional encryption function,"A new digital signature based only on a conventional encryption function (such as DES) is described which is as secure as the underlying encryption function -- the security does not depend on the difficulty of factoring and the high computational costs of modular arithmetic are avoided. The signature system can sign an unlimited number of messages, and the signature size increases logarithmically as a function of the number of messages signed. Signature size in a ‘typical’ system might range from a few hundred bytes to a few kilobytes, and generation of a signature might require a few hundred to a few thousand computations of the underlying conventional encryption function.",17," Blockchain in Government,"
10.1109/BigData52589.2021.9671494,A Complete Privacy-Preserving Credit Score System Using Blockchain and Zero Knowledge Proof,"As an essential means of privacy protection technology, zero-knowledge proof has gradually been applied into various fields with the development of blockchain technology, such as the Internet of Vehicles and Bitcoin. Personal comprehensive credit score as a measure to promote social governance is closely related to personal privacy. Although there are currently credit score calculation systems for various application scenarios, these systems almost ignore user privacy protection, which leads to user information leakage or abuse. The combination of zero-knowledge proof and personal credit score calculation has been studied by a number of researchers at the present stage. However, all data are provided by users directly in the current schemes, which did not consider the data authenticity under the situation that users provided false data. In this paper, we utilize zero-knowledge proof to design a novel privacy protection scheme for personal credit score calculation, taking into account the authenticity verification of multi-dimensional user data. In addition, our scheme also proposes the concept of a universal verification platform based on blockchain for personal credit scores. This platform has more substantial applicability and versatility for any qualified institution that requires querying and verifying user's credit scores. At the end of the paper, we conducted a security analysis and performance evaluation for the overall scheme.",17," Blockchain in Government,"
10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2936094,"A survey of blockchain from the perspectives of applications, challenges, and opportunities",Not found,17," Blockchain in Government,"
10.1145/3211933.3211950,A blockchain-based flight data recorder for cloud accountability,"Procurement is an important governance tool that is used by the government and development agencies globally to manage and fulfil their complex development plans. However, corruption is a persistent and pervasive issue that hinders ethical progress and it can have a detrimental effect on the outcome of the proposed project that involves more than a few stakeholders. The implementation of Blockchain based e-procurement has been suggested as the potential solution due to its underlying characteristics of immutability and disintermediation. Blockchain technology utilizes distributed consensus, offering evident advantages to procurement by using the digital identities of the stakeholders in the bidding process and maintaining the privacy and security of the contract. This paper systematically maps and implements the existing literature to comprehend the utilization of Blockchain technology in the procurement domain and its potential to mitigate corruption in tender-based environments in smart cities by using digital identities.",17," Blockchain in Government,"
10.1016/j.jpdc.2019.12.019,Blockchain 3.0 applications survey,Not found,17," Blockchain in Government,"
10.1109/SP.2014.36,Zerocash: Decentralized anonymous payments from bitcoin,"Human intelligence tasks (HITs), such as labeling images for machine learning, are widely utilized for crowdsourcing human knowledge. Centralized crowdsourcing platforms face challenges of a single point of failure and a lack of service transparency. Existing blockchain-based crowdsourcing approaches overlook the low scalability problem of permissionless blockchains or inconveniently rely on existing ground-truth data as the root of trust in evaluating the quality of workers' answers. We propose a blockchain-based crowdsourcing scheme for ensuring dual fairness (i.e., preventing false reporting and free riding) and improving on-chain efficiency concerning on-chain storage and smart contract computation. The proposed scheme does not rely on trusted authorities but rather depends on a public blockchain to guarantee dual fairness. An efficient and publicly verifiable truth discovery scheme is designed based on majority voting and cryptographic accumulators. This truth discovery scheme aims at inferring ground truth from workers' answers. The ground truth is further utilized to estimate the quality of workers' answers. Additionally, a novel blockchain-based protocol is designed to further reduce on-chain costs while ensuring truthfulness. The scheme has O(n) complexity for both on-chain storage and smart contract computation, regardless of the number of questions, where n denotes the number of workers. Formal security analysis is provided, and extensive experiments are conducted to evaluate its effectiveness and performance.",17," Blockchain in Government,"
10.3390/jrfm16070330,Decoding Decentralized Autonomous Organizations: A Content Analysis Approach to Understanding Scoring Platforms,"This paper evaluates the scoring platforms for decentralized autonomous organization (DAO), examining their methodologies and highlighting their strengths and limitations. Using content analysis, we scrutinize the scoring methodologies of the Prime Rating, DAO Meter, and DeFi Safety platforms, evaluating code, documentation, security, team composition, governance, and regulatory compliance. We analyze the underlying assumptions and data sources relied upon by these platforms, using a content analysis approach. Our investigation furnishes valuable information for stakeholders, aiming to evaluate or enhance DAO scoring methodologies used by scholars and practitioners in the finance and blockchain fields. By contributing to a more rigorous understanding of DAO performance assessment, this paper supports informed decision making and promotes the development of a dependable and efficient scoring system for the decentralized financial ecosystem.",17," Blockchain in Government,"
10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3239814,A Secure and Privacy-Preserving E-Government Framework Using Blockchain and Artificial Immunity,Not found,17," Blockchain in Government,"
10.1007/978-3-030-20948-3_14,Blockchain usage for government-issued electronic IDs: A survey,Not found,17," Blockchain in Government,"
10.1108/IJLMA-08-2023-0172,"Blockchain-based governance models in e-government: a comprehensive framework for legal, technical, ethical and security considerations","Purpose: This study aims to evaluate blockchain as an e-government governance model. It assesses its alignment with legal frameworks, emphasizing robustness against disruptions and adherence to existing laws. Design/methodology/approach: The paper explores blockchain’s potential in e-government, focusing on legal, ethical and governance aspects. It conducts an in-depth analysis of blockchain’s integration into data governance, emphasizing legal compliance and resilient security protocols. Findings: The study comprehensively evaluates blockchain’s implementation, covering privacy, interoperability, consensus mechanisms, scalability and regulatory alignment. It highlights governance’s critical role in ensuring legal compliance within blockchain paradigms. Research limitations/implications: Ethical and legal concerns arising from blockchain adoption remain unresolved. The study underscores how blockchain challenges its core principles of anonymity and decentralization in e-government settings. Practical implications: The framework outlined offers potential for diverse technological environments, albeit raising ethical and legal queries. It emphasizes governance’s pivotal role in achieving legal compliance in blockchain adoption. Social implications: Blockchain’s impact on legal and ethical facets necessitates further exploration to align with its core principles while addressing governance in e-government settings. Originality/value: This study presents a robust framework for assessing blockchain’s viability in e-government, emphasizing legal compliance, despite ethical and legal intricacies that challenge its fundamental principles.",17," Blockchain in Government,"
10.1109/SP.2013.34,Zerocoin: Anonymous distributed e-cash from bitcoin,"Blockchain is a decentralized distributed ledger that combines multiple technologies, including chain data structures, P2P networks, consensus algorithms, cryptography, and smart contracts. This gives the blockchain the characteristics of decentralization, immutability, and traceability. However, blockchain stores smart contracts and transactions in blocks publicly, which poses the risk of data leakage and misuse. For example, by mining and analyzing blockchain transaction information, attackers can correlate transactions with user information, resulting in the disclosure of user privacy. Many current reviews focus on the privacy of permissionless blockchains or cryptocurrencies, requiring more in-depth investigations and detailed categorical analysis. To fill this gap, this work comprehensively reviews the latest and traditional methods related to identity, transaction, and smart contract privacy within permissioned and permissionless blockchains. Additionally, we summarize the existing problems, threats, and challenges of data management in different blockchain architectures. Last, we discuss future research directions for blockchain privacy protection technology, which can offer feasible ideas for researchers to explore further.",17," Blockchain in Government,"
10.2308/isys-51804,Toward blockchain-based accounting and assurance,Not found,17," Blockchain in Government,"
10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2988579,Blockchain for Industry 4.0: A comprehensive review,Not found,17," Blockchain in Government,"
10.3390/s22166260,Decentralized Personal Data Marketplaces: How Participation in a DAO Can Support the Production of Citizen-Generated Data,"Big Tech companies operating in a data-driven economy offer services that rely on their users’ personal data and usually store this personal information in “data silos” that prevent transparency about their use and opportunities for data sharing for public interest. In this paper, we present a solution that promotes the development of decentralized personal data marketplaces, exploiting the use of Distributed Ledger Technologies (DLTs), Decentralized File Storages (DFS) and smart contracts for storing personal data and managing access control in a decentralized way. Moreover, we focus on the issue of a lack of efficient decentralized mechanisms in DLTs and DFSs for querying a certain type of data. For this reason, we propose the use of a hypercube-structured Distributed Hash Table (DHT) on top of DLTs, organized for efficient processing of multiple keyword-based queries on the ledger data. We test our approach with the implementation of a use case regarding the creation of citizen-generated data based on direct participation and the involvement of a Decentralized Autonomous Organization (DAO). The performance evaluation demonstrates the viability of our approach for decentralized data searches, distributed authorization mechanisms and smart contract exploitation.",17," Blockchain in Government,"
10.1109/ICCCNT56998.2023.10307145,A Fair and Scalable Consensus Algorithm for NFT-Based Decentralized Autonomous Organization for Digital Art,"Blockchain is an emerging technology that finds applications across various industries by providing secure transaction records that cannot be tampered with. It operates as a decentralized and open ledger, offering additional benefits such as traceability and immutability, which greatly contribute to its desirability. Two important blockchain applications include Non-Fungible Tokens (NFT) Marketplaces and Decentralized Autonomous Organizations (DAOs). NFTs are unique digital assets like artwork or music that can be bought and sold using cryptocurrency, ensuring both security and efficiency. On the other hand, DAOs are transparent organizations that make decentralized decisions. In our work, we have developed an integrated NFT marketplace and DAO that leverages NFT ownership to determine the weights of choices. The implementation is based on Ethereum ERC-721 tokens. However, the Proof of Stake (POS) consensus algorithm used in Ethereum 2.0 lacks fairness. To tackle this issue, we introduce the Delegated Reputation-based Proof of Elapsed Time consensus algorithm (DRPoET). Evaluations conducted on an Ethereum testbed demonstrate that our integrated DAO benefits from fair weights and improved transaction latency and fairness compared to the POS algorithm.",17," Blockchain in Government,"
10.1109/ICOSEC58147.2023.10275875,Fully On-Chain DAO to Invest in NFTs,"Decentralized autonomous organization (DAO) utilizes blockchain technology and smart contracts to invest in Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs). The proposed DAO is entirely on-chain, where members can join to pool their funds transparently and securely. The structure of this decentralized platform will be distributed, allowing its members to propose and vote on investment decisions. The DAO's predefined investment strategy will focus on NFTs with a proven track record of successful growth or high potential for future. Additionally, before making any investments, extensive research investigations will be performed. Another potential feature of the proposed DAO platform is the ability to promote stakeholder participation through pre-defined NFTs, assuring active participation from members of the platform. The proposed DAO has the potential to transform NFT investing by promoting a more democratic and inclusive approach. Small investors who would otherwise be unable to participate in the NFT market might do so through this platform by pooling the financial resources. This proposed system incorporates blockchain technology to increase transparency and security, reduce the risk of fraudulent behavior or bad decision-making. This research work articulates the proposed DAO's technological and governance features by providing a road map for its effective development and implementation.",17," Blockchain in Government,"
10.1109/ICSS55994.2022.00048,A Smart Contract-based Service Platform for Trustworthy Crowd Funding and Crowd Innovation,"Crowd funding and crowd innovation can boost creativity of creators at a low cost. However, how to protect rights and benefits of relative stakeholders during the process in a credible way remains a problem. By introducing fungible tokens, non-fungible tokens and on-chain governance based on blockchain, we propose a set of smart contracts supporting crowd funding and crowd innovation to better reward participants and govern the process in a trusted way. Furthermore, based on these smart contracts, we abstract and encapsulate a series of common operations and implement a service platform for trustworthy crowd funding and crowd innovation.",17," Blockchain in Government,"
10.1257/jep.29.2.213,"Bitcoin: Economics, technology, and governance","As the world of information and communication expands at a dizzying rate, more and more of our everyday routines are moving online, where they can be performed with greater ease and efficiency. Cryptocurrencies are digital representations of valuable intangibles utilised in a variety of online applications and networks, from social media and online gaming to virtual economies and peer-to-peer systems. In recent years, virtual currency’s adoption has skyrocketed across a wide range of platforms. Cryptocurrency is a decentralised digital currency that uses an encrypted peer-to-peer network to facilitate digital trade. In its role as a disruptive technology, Bitcoin, the first and most popular cryptocurrency, is challenging the status quo of traditional financial payment methods that have remained mostly unchanged for decades. Even though cryptocurrencies aren’t going to replace fiat currency anytime soon, they have the potential to alter the way in which Internet-enabled global markets interact with one another by removing the restrictions surrounding standard national currencies and exchange rates. This article delves at the wide-ranging effects of Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies on current banking structures and the possible disruptions they could cause in the future. To better comprehend the economic ramifications of cryptocurrencies and block chain technology and how they can affect future economic systems, this study is a great resource for policymakers, financial professionals, and academics.",17," Blockchain in Government,"
10.1007/s13198-020-00971-2,Novel blockchain reference model for government services: Dubai government case study,"Blockchain, a Distributed Ledger Technology, is a disruptive and revolutionary technology that enables transacting data in a decentralized structure without the need for trusted central authorities. Many industries have taken steps to unleash the potential of blockchain technology, including the government sector, and early adopters are exploring the use of blockchain as one of the critical capabilities needed to create new business models and to radically transform government services and functions. However, despite this interest in adopting Blockchain technology, there is a lack of Blockchain frameworks or reference models/architecture that addresses government services in literature. In this paper, we propose a novel blockchain model that can be adopted by governments to establish government-led blockchain ecosystem for government services. The blockchain model is proposed based on the outcomes of our analysis of permissioned blockchain platform, and analysis of blockchain powered housing rentals use case that is being implemented by the Dubai Government. The proposed blockchain model outcomes includes a blockchain governance structure, participants and roles definition, and network architecture design which explains the deployment options and components. We also explain the model lifecycle and blockchain services, and we shed the light on the security and performance of the model. The study also includes exploring many blockchain use cases used by governments through proofs of concept or prototypes. Our analysis of Hyperledger Fabric design features shows the platform’s relevance to government services and use cases. The Hyperledger Fabric analysis also identifies the platform’s actors, services, processes and data structure of Hyperledger Fabric.",17," Blockchain in Government,"
10.1080/19331681.2022.2028695,Imagineering a new way of governing: the blockchain and res publica,Not found,17," Blockchain in Government,"
10.1186/s40852-018-0086-3,Blockchain government - A next form of infrastructure for the twenty-first century,Not found,17," Blockchain in Government,"
10.1109/INFCOMW.2019.8845133,LikeStarter: A Smart-contract based Social DAO for Crowdfunding,"Crowdfunding has become a popular form of collective funding, in which small donations or investments, made by groups of people, support the development of new projects in exchange of free products or different types of recognition. Social network sites, on the other hand, promote user cooperation and currently are at the basis of any individuals cyber-interactions. In this paper, we present LikeStarter, a blockchain-based decentralized platform that combines social interactions with crowdfunding mechanisms, allowing any user to raise funds while becoming popular in the social network. Being built over the Ethereum blockchain, LikeStarter is structured as a Decentralized Autonomous Organization (DAO), that fosters crowdfunding without the intervention of any central authority, and recognizes the active role of donors, enabling them to support artists or projects, while making profits.",17," Blockchain in Government,"
10.1111/auar.12280,Thinking Outside the Block: Projected Phases of Blockchain Integration in the Accounting Industry,Not found,17," Blockchain in Government,"
10.1007/978-3-031-39764-6_3,Gamified DAOs as Blockchain-Based Catalysts for Prosocial and Environmentally Oriented Cities,"This paper explores the role of gamification in decentralized autonomous organizations (DAOs) that are run through rules encoded as computer programs called smart contracts rather than being managed by people. DAOs operate on a decentralized blockchain network and allow for secure and transparent decision-making processes without the need for intermediaries. Token holders typically govern them with voting rights to make decisions and allocate resources within the organization. In the context of ever-growing cities, previous research has shown that prosocial behavior and a positive mental attitude toward the environment are not always related. People without motivation tend not to take meaningful and valuable actions for their societies. Over the past decade, gamification has offered new strategies and tactics for encouraging and sustaining positive change. More recently, advances in blockchain technology have enabled the rise of DAOs. Therefore, this research aims to review and discuss the potential of gamification to support DAOs aiming at prosocial and pro-environmental transformations in cities, as well as the role of blockchain as a technology that fosters such societal improvements and enables organizations to better align with sustainability goals.",17," Blockchain in Government,"
10.1016/B978-0-12-815032-0.00007-X,Privacy and security aspects of E-government in smart cities,Not found,17," Blockchain in Government,"
10.1145/3441692,A Survey of State-of-The-Art on Blockchains,Not found,17," Blockchain in Government,"
10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2870644,Decentralized Applications: The Blockchain-Empowered Software System,"Blockchain technology has attracted tremendous attention in both academia and capital market. However, overwhelming speculations on thousands of available cryptocurrencies and numerous initial coin offering scams have also brought notorious debates on this emerging technology. This paper traces the development of blockchain systems to reveal the importance of decentralized applications (dApps) and the future value of blockchain. We survey the state-of-the-art dApps and discuss the direction of blockchain development to fulfill the desirable characteristics of dApps. The readers will gain an overview of dApp research and get familiar with recent developments in the blockchain.",17," Blockchain in Government,"
10.1007/978-3-319-71075-4_19,The seconomics (security-economics) vulnerabilities of Decentralized Autonomous Organizations,"Traditionally, security and economics functionalities in IT financial services and protocols (FinTech) have been perceived as separate objectives. We argue that keeping them separate is a bad idea for FinTech “Decentralized Autonomous Organizations” (DAOs). In fact, security and economics are one for DAOs: we show that the failure of a security property, e.g. anonymity, can destroy a DAOs because economic attacks can be tailgated to security attacks. This is illustrated by the examples of “TheDAO” (built on the Ethereum platform) and the DAOed version of a Futures Exchange. We claim that security and economics vulnerabilities, which we named seconomics vulnerabilities, are indeed new “beasts” to be reckoned with.",17," Blockchain in Government,"
10.1109/CLOUD.2018.00057,A Privacy-Preserving Voting Protocol on Blockchain,Not found,17," Blockchain in Government,"
10.1109/SVCC56964.2023.10164922,Autonomous Lending Organization on Ethereum with Credit Scoring,"We propose the Autonomous Lending Organization on Ethereum (ALOE) system, which enables unsecured borrowing of funds on Ethereum. We incorporate a credit scoring approach that extends in the DeFi world the one that is used by traditional banks in order to quantify the risk of a borrower defaulting on a loan. As part of the loan process, first, we have a registration phase, where a notary verifies the real identity of a borrower and delegates to a set of auditors the task of storing a share of the real identity of a borrower to an Ethereum account while preserving anonymity. In the next phase, the Credit Bureau Smart Contract connects lenders to borrowers and updates credit scores. We automatically compute and update credit scores on-chain using the k-nearest neighbors algorithm.",17," Blockchain in Government,"
10.1016/j.dsm.2022.03.002,Blockchain-based reporting protocols as a collective monitoring mechanism in DAOs,"As a recent decentralized business model, Distributed Autonomous Organization (DAO) challenges the management paradigms of conventional organizations and represents the future of democracy-based systems. However, DAOs are facing challenges that can be divided into two categories, including policy-based and technical challenges. Detecting misbehaving nodes is a crucial challenge that is considered in both categories. Designing mechanisms to report malicious behaviors while maintaining anonymity is essential for the survival and efficiency of DAOs. In this paper, we clarify the problem, and introduce Blockchain-Based Anonymous Reporting (BBAR) as a collective monitoring mechanism in DAOs with its requirements and implementation methods.",17," Blockchain in Government,"
10.1145/3410699.3413798,MOATcoin: Exploring challenges and legal implications of smart contracts through a gamelike DApp experiment,"In this paper we present MOATcoin, a gamelike experiment that enabled us to practically investigate the open issues related to the governance and legal facets of smart contract based decentralized applications. After presenting the MOATcoin system architecture, we first tackle the problems of decentralized governance, its limits and the shift of trust that it entails; then, we explore the possible legal implications of the given scenario and, particularly, the consequences of code-written contracts. Finally, we offer taxonomical remarks on the concepts of ""token""and ""coin""and offer an insight from a regulatory perspective.",17," Blockchain in Government,"
10.1109/IPCCC55026.2022.9894306,Optimal Incentive Mechanisms for Fair and Equitable Rewards in PoS Blockchains,Not found,18, Blockchain Technical Implementations.
10.1109/DAPPS52256.2021.00006,Incentives against power grabs or how to engineer the revolution in a pooled proof of stake system,Not found,18, Blockchain Technical Implementations.
10.1145/2940716.2940773,Blockchain mining games,Not found,18, Blockchain Technical Implementations.
10.1145/1095809.1095816,BAR fault tolerance for cooperative services,Not found,18, Blockchain Technical Implementations.