content: Signal to signal ratio? Ok, I'm studying some computery things and have begun wondering about frames. Specifically, I wonder how much of a frame is ... desired? data. It's not "noise" -- it's usable, but it's not why your compies are talking. Let me unpack a bit. Every frame has two 48-bit MAC addresses, a type (I have no idea how big the type is), some data in a packet, and a 32-bit FCS. The data in the packet has two IP addresses of either 32 or 128-bits, some data in a segment, and "some other stuff". (I'll admit my ignorance...) The segment has two 16-bit port numbers, a 4-bit sequence number, a 4-bit acknowledgement, a 4-bit checksum, 4-bits(?) of flags, and then the data. We're up to 432 bits of addressing and verification, for... ? I have no idea how many bits of data. It might help if I knew how big a frame is, but I might be missing stuff... In a related question, I'm curious about how "big" the signal is. Like... the strength of each bit. While I can imagine that a CPU at this point is nearly sorting individual electrons, I don't imagine networks are. (Or photons, if you're fibery...) What's the amperage?