TIME

Description

Abstract (English)

It is best to start answering the question of what time is right away, since this is the title of the book. To do this, it is worth taking the example from Chapter 6, The Flow of Time, which says that, just as an observer in a moving train imagines that he himself is motionless, and the entire space surrounding the carriage is moving backwards, the same error occurs with our idea of time: in fact, it is we who are “moving” and observing from “our window” less complex objects moving backwards creates what we call the flow of time from the future to the past. The rest of the text, the remaining chapters in fact describe what kind of movement this is and what these “less complex” objects are.

In the 17^th century, the efforts of prominent naturalists led to the division of one single natural philosophy into natural sciences and philosophy. There was no single theme for them that could be a criterion to both explain the results of individual experiments and try to explain the world as a whole. This paper attempts to use scientific and mathematical research as a basis for finding some general principles, which can be used to explain the phenomenon of time and the laws of nature, and, given the uniqueness of our world, to incorporate the influence of the observer, the human being, in the picture of the universe. It turned out possible to reassemble scientific and philosophical subjects under the unified concepts of natural philosophy owing to the findings of modern science.

I would like to note, that if it were possible to deal with complex topics in familiar everyday terms, the definition of time, the place of man in nature, and so on and so forth – all these concepts would have been clearly defined in ancient times, at the dawn of civilization, at least by philosophers of Ancient Greece, and if they had missed something, representatives of the German classical philosophy would have put them all in their proper places. However, there are as many different answers to the “accursed questions of existence” as there are people who ask them. Therefore, to design formulae, draw conclusions and give unambiguous, objective answers this paper does not use the preferences of one philosopher or philosophical school, but rather relies on the achievements of thousands of natural scientists, which have an important peculiarity – accumulation of new knowledge based of previous scientific thought and its verification by experiment. The paper also consistently builds a framework of notions that are common to all phenomena of our world.

Given the diversity of scientific disciplines addressed in the book, brief descriptions of chapter are given below to facilitate following of general the principles that lead to building physical, chemical, biological constructs.

Chapter 1 provides a few general examples of description of one and the same event from perspectives of different levels of complexity. From a higher level, an event may be assigned a free parameter that depends, e.g., on the observer. This principle is called TGS.

Further, Chapter 2 will present arithmetic relations based on the hierarchy of complexity. I would like to draw attention to the fact that the singularities of prime numbers are derived here (the issue of prime numbers is broadly covered in popular science literature).

The Annex to Chapter 2 contains a discussion of the use of mathematical axioms, which happen to be analogous to “observer influence” in physics. I would like to draw attention to the conclusion about the relative nature of the concept of “infinity”.

 Chapter 3 presents constructs that lead to the definition of space, as complexity increases. Therefore, three-dimensional space is not a separate entity, but a consequence of relationships of a certain level of complexity.

The Annex to Chapter 3 gives a brief overview of some conclusions of Professor Kulakov’s Theory of Physical Structures used in this paper.

Chapter 4 shows how the condition of further complexity increase leads to the emergence of new parameters that consistently define the field, local physical points, and their interaction under Newton’s laws (which in this case are derived rather than postulated).

The Annex to Chapter 4 focuses on the implications of the logical non-closed nature of Newton’s second law.

Chapter 5 studies further increase in complexity, the effect of which on the “Newtonian” relations leads to emergence of a free parameter of entropy.

The Annex to this chapter shows that it is possible to derive, rather than postulate, the first and second laws of thermodynamics.

It is only in Chapter 6 that we approach the complexity in which the “time” parameter is defined. We introduce layers of time which are different for each level of complexity; so, for the “Newtonian” level there is a layer of reversible parameter of time, for the “entropic” level there is a layer of differentiating position of the system, and so on.

The Annex to Chapter 6 describes the causes of the formation of “arrows of time”, such as thermodynamic, light, and others.

In Chapter 7, the notions of increasing complexity that were used earlier are formulated in the form of a single condition, a kind of universal “Narsh Law” *)[1]. The TGS principle turns out to be a condition of its uniqueness.

Chapter 8 describes the formulation of physical, in the general case, natural laws, as a consequence of existence of different levels of complexity. The principle of symmetry appears when parameters of different levels of complexity are examined. The physical laws of conservation are derived from the concepts of space as a level of complexity and TGS principles.

Chapter 9 examines the impact of complex relations (above the level of space) on simpler, “pre-spatial” relations. This leads to the concepts of uncertainty of position in space, a fundamentally unavoidable probability in the description, quantization of low-level relations. Then, the unusual nature of parameters of the microcosm turns out to be a consequence of simpler relations rather than the concept of size.

The Annex to Chapter 9 is an attempt to describe the relationship that leads to gravity.

Chapter 10 shows the relativity of ideas about causality, determinism, and objectivity.

Chapter 11 focuses on further increase in complexity. It shows that the idea of information is the best match for the parameter at the next level, where the DNA/population system is defined.

In Chapter 12, further complexity is achieved through rapid inertia-free (electrochemical signals in the brain) search of low-level relationship options for further increase in complexity. This results in the formation of consciousness and society as an integral part of this level.

It is only natural for Chapter 13 to use previous findings about the personality as a parameter of the complexity level for studying the issue of individual freedom.

Chapter 14 explores the specific features and possible successes of the humanities and philosophy from the perspective of the complexity hierarchy.

Chapter 15 summarizes the earlier conclusions in order to provide a potential answer to the most common philosophical questions.

Finally, Chapter 16 makes a natural step toward considering hypothetical, more complex (for us) levels of personal, social organization, up to absolute complexity.

The Conclusion outlines the main points and key takeaways of the paper, pointing out the potential predictions that arise from this conceptualization of natural and social relations.