LITERATURE.RNO  last update 3/19/89. With a few exceptions, papers on
     applications are not included here, the main emphasis being coverage
     of methods.


     GENERAL ARTICLES AND REVIEWS

     Frank J., Verschoor A., Wagenknecht T., Radermacher M., and Carazo J.M.
      (1988).  A new non-crystallographic image-processing technique reveals the
      architecture of ribosomes. TIBS 13, 123-127.  
     Frank J., Radermacher M., Wagenknecht T., Verschoor A. Studying
      ribosome structure by electron microscopy and computer-image
      processing. Methods in Enzymology 164, (1988) pp 3-35.
     Frank J., Radermacher M. Three-dimensional reconstruction on nonperiodic
      Macromolecular assemblies from electron micrographs. in J.K.Koehler ed.
      Advanced techniques in biological electron microscopy III, Springer
      Verlag, Berlin 1986, pp 1-64.
     Frank J., Verschoor A., and Wagenknecht T.  Computer processing of
      electron microscopis images of single macromolecules.  In New Methodologies
      in Studies of Protein Configuration, T.T. Wu, ed., Van Nostrand Reinhold,
      New York 1985, pp 36-89.
     Frank J. The role of correlation techniques in computer image 
      processing.  In P.W. Hawkes, ed., Computer Processing of Electron 
      Microscope Images, Springer Verlag Berlin 1980, pp 187-222. 
     Hoppe W., Hegerl R. Three-dimensional structure determination by electron
      microscopy (nonperiodic specimens). in P.W.Hawkes ed. Computer processing
      of electron microscope images. Topics in current physics, vol.13, Springer
      Verlag Berlin 1980, pp 127-183
     Radermacher M. (1988) Three-dimensional reconstruction from random and non
      random tilt series. Journal of EM techniques 9, 359-394.
     Saxton W.O. (1974) Computer techniques for image processing in electron
      microscopy, in: eds.: Sanders J.V, Goodchild D.J. Proc of the eighth
      Intl. Congr. Electr. microsc., Australian Academy of Science, Canberra
      314-315. 



     THREE-DIMENSIONAL RECONSTRUCTION ALGORITHMS:

     Cormack A.M. (1963) Representation of a Function by its Line Integrals,
      with some Radiological Applications. J.Appl.Phys. 34, 2722-2727 
     Cormack A.M. (1964) Representation of a Function by its Line Integrals,
      with some Radiological Applications II. J.Appl.Phys. 35, 2908-2913 
     Crowther R.A., DeRosier D.J., Klug A. (1970) The reconstruction of a
      three-dimensional structure from projections and its application to
      electron microscopy. Proc.Roy.Soc. Lond. A 317, 319-340 
     Deans S.R. (1983) The radon transform and some of its applications.
      John Wiley and Sons, New York
     DeRosier D.J., Klug A. (1968) Reconstruction of three-dimensional
      structures from electron micrographs. Nature (Lond.) 217, 130-134 
     Dover D.S., Elliot A., Kernaghan A.K. (1981) Three-dimensional
      reconstruction from images of tilted specimens: The paramyosin filament.
      J.Micr. 122, 23-33 
     Finch J.T., Klug A. (1971) Three-dimensional reconstruction of the
                                                                Page 2


      stacked-disk aggregate of tobacco mosaic virus protein from electron
      micrographs. Phil.Trans.R.Soc.Lond.B, 261, 211-219 
     Gilbert P. (1972) Iterative methods for the three-dimensional
      reconstruction of an object from projections. J.Theor.Biol. 36, 105-117 
     Goitein M. (1972) Three-dimensional density reconstruction from a series
      of two-dimensional projections. Nucl.Instr.Meth. 101 509-518 
     Gordon R., Bender   ,Herman G.T. (1970) Algebraic reconstruction
      techniques (ART) for three-dimensional electron microscopy and x-ray
      photography.J.Theor.Biol. 29, 471-481 
     Guckenberger R.(1982) , Determination of a common origin in the
      micrographs of tilt series in three-dimensional electron microscopy.
      Ultramicroscopy 9,167-174, 
     Harauz G., van Heel M. (1986) Exact filters for general
      three-dimensional reconstruction. Optic 73, 146-156 
     van Heel M. (1986) Noise limited three-dimensional reconstructions.
      Optik, 73, 83-86. 
     Herman G.T. (1979) (ed.) Image reconstruction from  projections. Topics
      in applied physics 32, Springer Verlag Berlin. 
     Hoppe W.,Langer R., Knesch G., Poppe Ch., (1968)
      Proteinkristallstrukturanalyse mit Elektronenstrahlen. Naturw. 55,
      333-336 
     Hoppe W., (1969) Das Endlichkeitspostulat und das Interpolationstheorem
      der dreidimensionalen elektronenmikroskopischen Analyse aperiodischer
      Strukturen. Optik 29, 617-621
     Hoppe W., Schramm H.J., Sturm M., Hunsmann N., Ga mann J., (1976),
      Three-dimensional electron microscopy of individual biological objects.
      Part I. Methods. Z.Naturf. 31a, 645-655 
     Kam Z., (1980) The reconstruction of structure from electron micrographs
      of randomly oriented particles. J.Theor.Biol 82, 15-39
     Provencher S.W., Vogel R.H. (1988) Three-dimensioanl reconstruction
      from electron micrographs of disodered specimens I (Method),
      Untramicroscopy 25, 209-222. 
     Radermacher M., Hoppe W.,(1978) 3-D reconstruction from conically tilted
      projections. Proc.9th.Intl.Congr.El.Micr., 1, 218-219, 
     Radermacher M.,Hoppe W. (1980) Properties of 3-D reconstructions from
      projections by conical tilting compared to single axis tilting. Proc.
      7th Europ. Congr. el.micr. Den Haag 1 132-133 
     Radermacher M. (1980) Dreidimensionale Rekonstruktion bei kegelformiger
      Kippung im Elektronenmikroskop. PHD Thesis, Technische Universitat
      Muenchen. 
     Radermacher M., Wagenknecht T., Verschoor A., Frank J. (1986a) A new 3-D
      reconstruction scheme applied to the 50S ribosomal subunit of E.coli. J.
      Microsc. 141 RP1-RP2 
     Radermacher M., Wagenknecht T., Verschoor A., Frank J., (1987a) Three-
      dimensional reconstruction from a single-exposure random conical tilt
      series applied to the 50S ribosomal subunit of Eschericia coli. J.
      Microsc. 146, 113-136
     Radon J., (1917) Ueber die Bestimmung von Funktionen durch ihre
      Integralwerte laengs gewisser Mannigfaltigkeiten. Berichte ueber
      die Verhandlungen der Koeniglich Saechsischen Gesellschaft der
      Wissenschaften zu Leipzig, Math.Phys. Klasse 69 (262-277) 
     Saxberg B.E.H., Saxton W.O. (1981) Quantum noise in 2D projections and
      3D reconstructions. Ultramicroscopy 6, 85-90 
     Smith P.R., Peter T.M., Bates R.H.T. (1973) Image reconstruction from a
      finite number of projections. J.Phys. A, 6, 361-382 
                                                                Page 3


     Unwin P.N.T., (1974) Electron microscopy of the stacked disk aggregate
      of tobacco mosaic virus protein. I. Three-dimensional image
      reconstruction. J.Mol.Biol. 87, 641-656 
     Vainshtein B.K. (1971) Finding the structure of objects from
      projections. Sov.Phys.Crystallogr. 15, 781-787 
     Vainsthein B.K. Orlov S.S. (1972) Theory of the recovery of functions 
      from their projections. Soviet Physics - Chryst. 17 253-257
     Vogel R.H., Provencher S.W., von Bonsdorff C.-H., Adrian M., Dubochet J. 
      (1986) Envelope structure of Semliki Forest virus reconstructed from 
      cryo-electron micrographs. Nature 320, 533-535
     Vogel R.H. and Provencher S.W. (1988) Three-dimensional reconstruction from
      electron micrographs of disordered specimens. 
      Ultramicroscopy 25, 223-240.


     TWO-DIMENSIONAL AVERAGING AND ALIGNMENT


     Frank J., Chiu W., and Degn L. (1988) The characterization of structural
      variations within a crystal field. Ultramicroscopy 26, 345-360.
     Frank J., Goldfarb W., Eisenberg D., Baker T.S., (1978) Reconstruction
      of glutamine synthetase using computer averaging. Ultramicroscopy 3,
      283-290 
     Frank J., Goldfarb W., (1980) Methods for averaging of single molecules
      and lattice fragments. in.: eds.: Baumeister W., Vogel W., Electron
      microscopy at molecular dimensions. 261-269, Springer Berlin 
     Frank J., Verschoor A., Boublik M.,(1981) Computer averaging of 40S
      ribosomal subunits, Science 214, 1353-1355.      
     Frank J. (1982) New methods for averaging non-periodic objects and distorted
      crystals in biologic electron microscopy. Optik 63, 67-69
     Henderson R.H., Baldwin J.M., Downing K.H., Lepault J., Zemlin F. (1986)
      Structure of purple membrane from Halobacterium halobium: recording,
      measurement and evaluation of electron micrographs at 3.5 A resolution.
      Ultramicroscopy 19, 147-178 (lattice unbending introduced).
     Kessel M., Radermacher M., and Frank J. (1985) The structure of the
      stalk layer of a brine pond microorganism: correlation averaging applied
      to a double layered lattice structure. J. Microscopy 139, 63-74.
     Mannella C.A., Frank J. (1984) Negaitve staining characteristics of
      arrays of mitochondrial pore protein: use of correspondence analysis
      to classify different staining patterns. Ultramicroscopy 13, 93-102.
     Mannella C.A., Ribeiro A., Frank J. (1986) Structure of the channels
      in the outer mitochondrial membrane. Biophys. J. 49, 307-318.
     Saxton W.O., Frank J. (1977) Motif detection in quantum noise-limited
      electron micrographs by cross-correlation. Ultramicroscopy 2, 219-227
     Saxton W.O., Baumeister W. (1982) J. Microscopy 127, 127.
     Saxton W.O., Baumeister W., Hahn M. (1984) Three-dimensional reconstruction
      of imperfect two-dimensional crystals. Ultramicroscopy 13, 57-70. 
     Steinkilberg M., Schramm J., (1980) Eine verbesserte
      Drehkorrelationsmethode fur die Strukturbestimmung biologischer
      Makromolekule durch Mittelung elektronenmikroskopischer Bilder.
      Hoppe-Seyler's Z.Physiol.Chem. 361,1363-1369 


     TRANSFER FUNCTION ETC.

                                                                Page 4


     Frank J., Bu ler P., Langer R., Hoppe W., (1970) Einige Erfahrungen mit
      der rechnerischen Analyse und Synthese von elektronenmikroskopischen 
      Bildern hoher Auflosung. Ber. d. Bunsenges. phys. Chem. 74, 1105-115
     Frank J. (1973) The envelope of electron microscopic transfer functions
      for partially coherent illumination. Optik 38: 519-536 
     Thon F. (1966) Defocus dependence of the phase contrast in the electron
      microscopic image. Z.Naturf.21 a: 476-478 
     Thon F. (1971) Phase contrast electron microscopy. In Valdre U (ed)
      Electron microscopy in material science. Academic New York 571-625 
     Typke D., Radermacher M., (1982) Determination of the phase of complex
      atomic acattering amplitudes from light-optical diffractograms of
      electron microscope images. Ultramicroscopy 9, 131-138, (1982) 
     Wade R.H., Frank J. (1977) Electron microscope transfer functions for
      partially coherent axial illumination and chromatic defocuse spread.
      Optik  49, 81-92.

     MULTIVARIATE STATISTICAL ANALYSIS AND CLASSIFICATION

     Bezdek J.C. (1984), Pattern Recognition with fuzzy objective function
      algorithms, Plenum Press, New York and London.
     Bretaudiere J.P., Frank J. (1986) Reconstitution of molecule images
      analysed by correspondence analysis: a tool for structural interpretation.
      J. Microscopy 144, 1-14.
     Everitt B.S. (1979) Unresolved problems in cluster analysis,
      Biometrics 35, 169-181.
     Frank J., van Heel M., (1982) Correspondence analysis of aligned images
      of biological particles J.Mol.Biol. 161, 134-137 
     Frank J., Bretaudiere J.P., Carazo J.M., Verschoor A., Wagenknecht T.
      (1988) Classification of images of biomolecular assemblies: a study
      of ribosomes and ribosomal subunits of E. coli. J. Microscopy 150,
      99-115.
     van Heel M.,Frank J., (1981) Use of multivariate statistics in 
      analysing the images of biological macromolecules. Ultramicroscopy 6 
      187-194
     van Heel M. (1984) Multivariate statistical classification of noisy
      images (randomly oriented biological macromolecules). Ultramicroscopy
      13, 165-184.
     Jain A.K. (1986) Cluster Analysis, in "Handbook of Pattern Recognition
      and Image Processing", Young T.Y. and Fu K.-S. Eds., Academic
      Press Inc., London.
     Jain A.C., Indrayan A. and Goel L.R. (1986) Motecarlo comparison
      of six hierarchical clustering methods on random data,
      Pattern Recognition 19, 95-99.
     Lebart L., Morineau A., Warwick K.M., Multivariate descriptive statistical
      analysis. Wiley series in probability and mathematical statistics. 
      John Wiley and Sons, New York 1984
     Milligan, G.W. and Cooper, M.C. (1985) An examination of procedures 
      for determining the number of clusters in a data set, Psychometrika,
      50:159-179.
     Moreau J.V. and Jain A.K. (1986) How many clusters?. IEEE Int. Conf. on
      Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 634-636.
     Radermacher M., Frank J., (1985) Use of nonlinear mapping in multivariate
      image analysis of molecule projections. Ultramicroscopy 17 117-126,
      Erratum (1986) Ultramicroscopy 19, 75. 
     Sammon J.W. IEEE Trans. Computers C-18 (1969) 401ff
                                                                Page 5


     Smith S.P. and Jain A.K. (1984) Testing for uniformity in multidimensional
      data, IEEE Trans. on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence,
      PAMI-6, 73-81.

     RESOLUTION CRITERIA

     Frank J., Verschoor A., Boublik M.,(1981) Computer averaging of 40S
      ribosomal subunits, Science 214, 1353-1355      
     van Heel M., Keegstra W., Schutter W., van Bruggen E.J.F. (1982) in:
      Life Chemistry Reports Suppl. 1, The structure and function of
      invertebrate respiratory proteins. EMBO workshop, Leeds. Ed.: Wood E.J.
      69-73
     van Heel M. (1987) Similarity measures between images. Ultramicroscopy
      21, 95-100. 
     Saxton W.O. Baumeister W., (1982) The correlation averaging of a
      regularly arranged bacterial envelope protein. J.Micr. 127 127-138 
     Radermacher M., Frank J., Manella C.A. (1986c) Correlation averaging:
      Lattice separation and resolution assessment. (G.W.Bailey,Ed.) Proc 44th
      annual meeting EMSA 140-143 
     Unser M., Trus B.L., Steven A.C. (1987) The spectral signal-to-noise
      ratio. Ultramicroscopy 23, 39-52.


     REPRESENTATION

     Gouraud H. (1971) Continuous shading of curved surfaces. IEEE Trans.
      Comp. C-20, 6,623-629 
     Jimenez J., Santisteban A., Carazo J.M., Carrascosa J.L., (1986) 
      Computer graphic display method for visualizing three-dimensional bio-
      logical objects. Science 232, 1065-1172.
     Lee W.H., (1978) Computer generated holograms: Techniques  and 
      applications. in: ed. E.Wolf, Progress in optics, 16, North Holland,
      Amsterdam
     Radermacher M.,Frank J.,(1984) Representation of three-dimensional
      reconstructed objects in electron microscopy by surfaces of equal
      density.  J.Microsc. 136,Pt.1, 77-85, (Oct.1984) 
     Sher L.D., Barry C.D., (1985) The use of an oscillating mirror for 
      three-dimensional displays. in: ed.: T.T. Wu, New methologies in 
      studies of protein configuration. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York



     RADIATION DAMAGE AND LOW-DOSE TECHNIQUES

     Glaeser R.M. (1975) Radiation damage and biological electron microscopy.
      in: Physical aspects of electron microscopy and microbeam analysis,
      Eds.B.Siegel, D.R.Beaman (Wiley N.Y.) 205-229 
     Herrmann K.-H. Krahl D. (1982) Electronic image recording in
      conventional electron microscopy. In: ed.: Cosslett V.E. Advances in
      optical and electron microscopy. Academic Press, London 
     Kessel M., Frank J., Goldfarb W., (1980) Averages of glutamine synthetase
      molecules as obtained with various stain and electron dose conditions.
      J.Supramolecular Structure 14 405-422. 
     Knauer V., Schramm H.J., Hoppe W. (1978) A minimal dose technique in
      3D-electron microscopy. Proc. 9th. Intl. Congr. Electr. Micr. 2, 4-5 
                                                                Page 6


     Lepault J., Booy F.P. Dubochet J. (1983) Electron microscopy of frozen
      biological suspensions. J. Micr. 129, 89-102 
     Williams R.C., Fisher H.W., (1970) Electron microscopy of Tobacco Mosaic
      Virus under conditions of minimal beam exposure. J.Molec.Biol. 52, 121