Published February 7, 2025 | Version v1
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Hybrid electromagnetic toroidal vortices

  • 1. University of Electronic Science and Technology of China

Description

The ubiquitous occurrence of toroidal vortices or vortex rings in fluid-dynamic scenarios in nature has garnered significant attention of scientific frontier, whilst, the electromagnetic counterparts of which were only proposed recently with two distinct manifestations: vector toroidal pulses and scalar phase toroidal vortices. Herein, we theoretically propose a novel form of electromagnetic toroidal vortex solutions, that uniquely integrate both scalar and vector characteristics, challenging the prevailing notion of their mutual exclusivity. We also present the experimental generation of the hybrid toroidal vortex pulses by a compact coaxial horn emitter augmented with a radial metasurface, and we experimentally observe the formation of an electromagnetic vortex street within these pulses. These pulses reveal the connection between transverse orbital angular momentum, topological skyrmion textures, and spatiotemporal field. These attributes introduce new dimensions in topologically complex structured waves, opening avenues for enhanced free-space information transmission, topologically nontrivial light-matter interaction and microscopy techniques.

Notes

Funding provided by: National Natural Science Foundation of China
ROR ID: https://ror.org/01h0zpd94
Award Number: 62171081

Funding provided by: Aeronautical Science Foundation of China
Award Number: 2023Z062080002

Funding provided by: Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province
Award Number: 2022NSFSC0039

Funding provided by: Ministry of Education
ROR ID: https://ror.org/01kcva023
Award Number: RG157/23

Funding provided by: National Natural Science Foundation of China
ROR ID: https://ror.org/01h0zpd94
Award Number: 61901086

Funding provided by: National Natural Science Foundation of China
ROR ID: https://ror.org/01h0zpd94
Award Number: U2341207

Funding provided by: Ministry of Education
ROR ID: https://ror.org/01kcva023
Award Number: RT11/23

Methods

Theoretical, simulated, and measured results: calculated by matlab code, simulated by CST software, measured in anechoic chamber.

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Additional details

Related works

Is source of
10.5061/dryad.95x69p8vx (DOI)