TABLE 4. General table of measurements of the spicular set of Acarnus species. Values are expressed in minimum–medium–maximum (µm).
Acarnus species Distribution/ Depth (m) Styles Tylotes Tylostyles Subtylostyles Spicules Cladotylotes (length×width) Toxas (length) Acanthostyles Chelae (length) Microxeas
“Innominatus ” species group
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Indian Ocean
A. claudei van Soest, Hooper & Hiemstra, 1991 Holotype MNHN DCL. 524 (South Africa, Cape Town, Mossel Bay and 175–400/ 6–20 130–230/ 3–4 absent absent I.160–230/8 II.80–110/2 I.200–250 II.50–140 III. 50–200/3–5 absent 11–18 absent
Pt. Elisabeth)/-
I.295–361.1–
A. erithacus de Laubenfels, 1927 Paratype LACM # 21416 Pacific Coast of USA, Gulf of California/ 36 355–375.2– 400/7.5– 13.4–17.5 180–226.4– 265/ 2.5– 3.7–5 absent absent I.170–192.9–225/ 5–9.1–15 II.70–74.6–85/ 2.5–2.9–5 450 II.145–191.3– 250 III.40–72.3– absent 10–13.4– 15 absent
100
A. hoshinoi van Soest, Hooper & Hiemstra, 1991 Holotype NTM Z2234 South India and Sri Lanka, Bonaparte Coast/ intertidal 260–450/ 16–25 240–280/ 3–4 absent absent I.195–280/6–15 II.70–140/3–5 I.190–590/ 1–3 II.25–170 III.45–250/ 2–5 absent 6–9–10 absent
A. innominatus Gray, 1867 Holotype BMNH Bk 309 Ocidental Atlantic (Caribbean, Brazil)/- 280–460/ 11–22 180–280/ 4 absent absent I.230–300/6–12 II.80–115/2–3 I.220–450/ 0.5– 1.5 II.35–150/ 1.5–2 III.50– 160/ 2–4 absent 9–24 absent
A. tenuis Dendy, 1896 Lectotype BMNH 1902.10.18.62 (RN974) Australia/ - 152–184– 205/2 96–142– 176/ 2 absent absent I.80–137–152/2 II.absent I. absent II. absent III. absent absent absent absent
A. ternatus Ridley, 1884 Paratype NTMZ. 1584 Indian Ocean (East African, South India and Sri Lanka)/- 288/15 250/ 4 absent absent I.135–166/4 II.absent I up to 800 II.50–150 III.75–110 absent 20 absent
Southern Red
A. thielei Lévi, 1958 Holotype MNHN #A. 107 Sea (Bonaparte Coast, South India and Sri 230–296/ 5–6 206–225/ 2–3 absent absent I.130–180/3–4.5 II.61–79/1–2 I.240–420 II.25–70 III.60–200 absent 7–9 absent
Lanka)/-
A. wolffgangi Keller, 1889 Holotype MNHN DCL.1297 Indian Ocean, Southern Red Sea, Austrália, Indonésia/- 286–300/13 210/2 absent absent I.216/10 II.110/3 I.510–900 II. absent III.80 absent 15–20 absent
“Tortilis ” species group
Indo-West
A. bergquistae van Soest, Hooper & Hiemstra, 1991 Holotype QM GL 706 Pacific (North East Autralia, Indonesia, India, 197–334/ 7–16 183–363/ 3–7 absent absent I.118–212/4–8 II.58–109/3–5 I. absent II.80–265 III.44–110 absent 7–16 absent
Madagascar)/ 10
West Indian I.Three-claded
A. deweerdtae van Soest, Hooper & Hiemstra, 1991 Holotype ZMA POR. 8761 (Bonaire, Curaçao, Barbados, NorthEast 400–566/ 5–6 290–350/ 3–5 absent absent cladomes 190–279/5–8 Four-claded 105– 128/2–4 I.160–400 II.40–180 III. absent absent 15–20 absent
Colombia)/ 5 II.67–86/1–2
A. oaxaquensis AguilarCamacho, Carballo & Cruz-Barraza, 2013 Holotype MNC N 1.01/689 Mexican Tropical Pacific/ 4 192.5–325/ 3–10 105–268/ 2–5 absent absent I.125–162.5/3–5 II.62.5–82.5/2–3 I.35–170 II.57.5–90 III. absent absent 17.5–25 absent
A. sabulum AguilarCamacho, Carballo & Cruz-Barraza, 2013 Holotype McNM 1.01/690 Pacific Coast of USA, Cortezian/ 3 200–263.5– 315/2.5–7.5– 10 150–167.5– 190/2–2.5–3 absent absent I.100–119.5–150/ 3.7–4.2–5 II.67.5–70.6–80/ 2.5–2.6–3 I.11.5–145.7– 165 II.25–45.5–80 III.30–31.2–35 absent 10–13.1– 15 absent
A. topsenti Dendy, 1922 Syntype BM 1921.11.7.84 Western Indian Ocean/ 60 204–287/ 3–12 Amphitylotes 205–262/ 2–3.5 absent absent I. absent II.53–97/3–8 I. absent II. absent III.32–191/1–4 absent 9–12 absent
Atlantic,
Pacific and
Indian Oceans
(North Atlantic
A. tortilis Topsent, 1892 QM GL 706 (fragment NTM Z1538) Ocean, Western India, Western and Northern 214–550/ 3-16 Amphitylotes 222–440/ 3.5–7 absent absent I.151–225/3–5 II.58–109/2.5–4 I. absent II. 15–265/1–2 III.44–130/1–5 absent 7–22 absent
Madagascar,
Torres Strait
Northern Great
Barrier Reef)/ 10
A. toxeata Boury-Esnault, 1973 Holotype MNHN DNBE 1037 Brazil/ 50 378–727/ 12-16 213–472/ 3–9 absent absent I.250–395/3–9 II.56–162/3 I.500–945 II.28–265 III. absent absent 12–14 absent
A. tupiniquim sp. nov. Holotype UFBA 2453-POR Brazil/ 11 370–653– 900/7.5–10– 15 270–400– 560/2.5– 5.6–7.5 127.5– 155.8– 177.5/ 2.5–3.5–5 absent I.127.5–184.8– 232.5/5–5.8–7.5 II.65–80.5–100/ 2.5–2.8–5 I.200–239.3– 310/2.0–2.1–2.5 II.47.5–66.8– 80/0.8–1.3–1.6 III. absent absent 12.5– 15.8–17.5 absent
“Souriei ”species group
A. bicladotylotus Hoshino, 1981 Holotype AR-1-10 Indo-West Pacific (Japan, Indonesia, Maldives, Seychelles)/ 195–341– 385/8–10–12 205–267– 300/3–4.7–6 absent absent I.140–160–175/ 4–5.5–7 II.80–88–95/ 3–4–5 I.130–210/ 2–3 II.60–110/ 1–2 III. absent 80–90–95/ 3–4–5 15 absent
A. caledoniensis Hooper & Lévi, 1993 Holotype QM G300724 intertidal zone Tropical Southwestern Pacific, SouthWest coast of the Noumea lagoon /23 absent 304–330– 365/3–5–6 absent 321–354–423/ 4–7–10 I.122–165–192/ 1–2–3 II.68–111–152/ 2–2.4–3.5 I.185–269–386/ 0.4–1.1–1.8 II.52–93–141/ 0.5–0.9–1.2 III. absent 95–111–129/ 2–3–4 14–18– 22 absent
A. guentheri (Dendy, 1896) Holotype R.N. 473 Australia/- absent 280/3 absent absent I and II.absent I. and II. absent III. about 80/ 1.5 absent about 12 absent
A. levii (Vacelet, 1960) Holotype St. K204 Western Mediterranean (Corsica)/ 47-55 315–480/ 6–9 260–460/ 3–4.5 absent absent I.180–210/4.5–6 II.100–140/2–4 I.75–195/1.5 II.20–140/ 0.5–3 III. absent 55–115/3–5 13–16 absent
A. michoacanensis AguilarCamacho, Carballo & Cruz-Barraza, 2013 Holotype MCNM 1.01/688 Mexican Tropical Pacific/ 8 207.5–277/ 5–8 155–260/ 2.5–5 absent absent I.112.5–135/2.5–3 II.absent I.152–210 II.42–92.5 III. absent 47.5–72.5/ 4–5.5 11.3– 12.5 absent
A. microxeatus Nascimento & Pinheiro, 2023 Holotype 2986 Brasil/ intertidal 374–395.9– 424/12–21.1– 30 190–211– 249/2–3.1–5 absent absent I.141–244–293/ 5–9.8–12 II.90–96.1–105/ 2–3.1–5 I.222–435.6– 656 II.50–128.9–313 III.35–55.2–80 61–77.7–98/ 2–3.4–5 10–10.7– 12 29–52.4– 202/5–7.8–12
A. nicoleae van Soest, Hooper & Hiemstra, 1991 Holotype ZMA Por. 08768 Ocidental Atlantic (Caribbean, Brazil)/- 240–381/ 5–7 119–380/ 3–7 absent absent I.140–205/3–5 II.70–117/1–2 I.140–330 II.40–300 III.50–90/2–4 55–115/1–5 14–21 absent
A. peruanus van Soest, Hooper & Hiemstra, 1991 Holotype USNM 23264 Mexican Tropical Pacific, Central Peru/ on wave washed rocks 244–371/ 9–12 211–282/ 3–4 absent absent I.121–141/ 4–5 II.66–75/3 I.47.5–72.5/ 4–5.5 II.35–40 III. absent 82–97/4 13–17 absent
A. primigenius Hiemstra & Hooper, 1991 Holotype ZMA Por 07693 Southern Indonesia, Sumbawa/ 18 99–166–240 /4–5.5–6 Anisotylotes 137–156– 184/2.5 absent absent I.54–62.5–67/5 II.absent I. absent II. absent III.44–30–46/ 1.5–3–4 60–66–68/5 14–17.5– 21.5 absent
A. radovani (BouryEsnault, 1973) Holotype MNHN D.NBE 963 Ocidental Atlantic (Carribean, Brazil)/ 51 Atlantic Ocean absent 350–473/ 3–4 absent absent I.210–218/4.5–6 II. absent I.230–309/1.5 II.143–204/ 1.5–3 III.78– 104/3–6 80–213/3–9 19–22 absent
A. souriei (Lévi, 1952) Holotype DCL. 1259 (Europe, Gulf of Guinea Islands, Caribbean, Brazil)/ 0.2-25 180–230/ 3–10 210–270/ 3 absent absent I.105–160/5 II. absent I.190 II.150 III.80 I.100–165 II.67–80 14 absent
A. tener Tanita, 1963 MNHN, DT. 1890 Japan, Central Pacific (Gambier Isl.)/- 260–340/ 8–10 180–320/ 2.5–5 absent absent I.130–190/5–6 II. absent I. absent II. absent III.70–110/2 80–130/4–6 12–14 absent
A. hooperi sp. nov. Holotype MNRJ 3942 Brazil/ 2.5-60 319–442.8– 505/ 7.9–10–13.3 266–345– 425/5.3–6– 7.9 absent absent I.172–210.7–260/ 8–8.9–10.6 II.79–97.8–122/ 2.6–3.3–5.3 I.133–209.5– 532 II.34.5–109.6– 218.1 66.5–97.7– 109/2.9–3.4–4.8 29.2– 34.4–39.9 absent