"Anion","Cation","Setup","Refs"
"Alginate","Ca2+","Liquid","Zahorán et al. 2022"
"Aluminate","Ca2+","Solid","Coatman et al 1980"
"Arsenate(III)","Cu2+","Solid","Copisarow 1929"
"Arsenate(III)","Mg2+","Solid","Copisarow 1929"
"Arsenate(V)","Co2+","Solid","Copisarow 1929"
"Arsenate(V)","Cu2+","Solid","Copisarow 1929"
"Borate","Fe3+","Solid","Hazlehurst 1941"
"Borate","Zn2+","Solid","Alp et al. 2021"
"Carbonate","Ba2+","Solid","Ibsen et al. 2014, Copisarow 1929"
"Carbonate","Ba2+","Liquid","Schuszter and De Wit 2016, Getenet et al. 2020, Schuszter et al. 2023."
"Carbonate","Ba2+","Gel","Birkedal and Chen 2020"
"Carbonate","Ba2+, Mg2+","Liquid","Schuszter et al. 2023"
"Carbonate","Ca2+","Solid","Harting 1872, Copisarow 1929, Maselko and Strizhak 2004, More refs Ibsen et al. 2014, Getenet et al. 2020, Getenet et al. 2021, Knoll and Loron 2024."
"Carbonate","Ca2+","Liquid","Harting 1872, Copisarow 1927, Takiguchi et al. 2006, More refs Igarashi et al. 2008, Schuszter and De Wit 2016, Schuszter et al. 2016, Getenet et al. 2020, Schuszter et al. 2023."
"Carbonate","Ca2+","Natural","Cardoso et al. 2016"
"Carbonate","Ca2+","Gel","Birkedal and Chen 2020, Wang and Steinbock, 2022, Batista and Steinbock, 2022."
"Carbonate","Ca2+, Mg2+","Liquid","Schuszter et al. 2023"
"Carbonate","Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe2+, Mn2+,","Natural","Rocha et al. 2021"
"Carbonate","Co2+","Solid","Copisarow 1929, Getenet et al. 2020."
"Carbonate","Co2+","Liquid","Getenet et al. 2020"
"Carbonate","Cu2+","Solid","Ibsen et al. 2014, Maselko and Strizhak 2004, Maselko et al. 2005"
"Carbonate","Cu2+","Gel","Birkedal and Chen 2020"
"Carbonate","Cu2+, Zn2+","Solid","Ibsen et al. 2014"
"Carbonate","Cu2+, Zn2+","Gel","Birkedal and Chen 2020"
"Carbonate","Fe2+","Solid","McMahon 2019"
"Carbonate","Fe2+","Liquid","Angelis et al. 2020, Getenet et al. 2020."
"Carbonate","Fe3+","Liquid","Angelis et al. 2020"
"Carbonate","Ga3+","Liquid","Takács et al. 2019"
"Carbonate","Mg2+","Solid","Getenet et al. 2020"
"Carbonate","Mg2+","Liquid","Getenet et al. 2020, Schuszter et al. 2023."
"Carbonate","Mn2+","Solid","Huld et al. 2023"
"Carbonate","Mn2+","Liquid","Getenet et al. 2020"
"Carbonate","Sr2+","Solid","Ibsen et al. 2014, Copisarow 1929"
"Carbonate","Sr2+","Liquid","Schuszter et al. 2023"
"Carbonate","Sr2+","Gel","Birkedal and Chen 2020"
"Carbonate","Sr2+, Mg2+","Liquid","Schuszter et al. 2023"
"Carbonate","Zn2+","Solid","Ibsen et al. 2014"
"Carbonate","Zn2+","Liquid","Getenet et al. 2020"
"Carbonate","Zn2+","Gel","Birkedal and Chen 2020"
"Carbonate, Hydroxide","Al3+","Solid","Maselko et al. 2014"
"Carbonate, Hydroxide","Ca2+","Solid","Cardoso et al. 2016, Cardoso et al. 2019."
"Carbonate, Phosphate","Ca2+","Solid","Leduc 1911"
"Carbonate, Phosphate, Silicate","Ca2+","Solid","Leduc 1911"
"Carbonate, Phosphate, Sulfate","Ca2+","Solid","Leduc 1911"
"Chitosan","Ba2+","Liquid","Kumar et al. 2021"
"Chitosan","Ca2+","Liquid","Kumar et al. 2021"
"Chitosan","K+","Liquid","Kumar et al. 2021"
"Chitosan","Na+","Liquid","Kumar et al. 2021"
"Chlorite, Thiourea","Pb2+","Solid","Udovichenko et al. 2008"
"Chromate","Ag+","Solid","Copisarow 1929"
"Chromate","Ba2+","Solid","Copisarow 1929"
"Citric acid","Skim milk","Liquid","Nasir et al. 2022"
"Hexacyanoferrate(II)","Cu2+","Solid","Leduc 1911"
"Hexacyanoferrate(II)","Cu2+","Liquid","Traube 1867, Pfeffer 1877, Morse 1914, Beutner 1913."
"Hexacyanoferrate(II)","Fe3+","Solid","Coatman et al. 1980, Bormashenko et al. 2006, Bormashenko et al. 2015, Frenkel et al. 2017."
"Hexacyanoferrate(II)","Fe3+","Liquid","Pfeffer 1877"
"Hexacyanoferrate(III)","Al3+","Solid","Lillie and Johnston 1919"
"Hexacyanoferrate(III)","Cd2+","Solid","Lillie and Johnston 1919, Iverson 1967."
"Hexacyanoferrate(III)","Co2+","Solid","Lillie and Johnston 1919, Iverson 1967."
"Hexacyanoferrate(III)","Cr2+","Solid","Lillie and Johnston 1919, Iverson 1967."
"Hexacyanoferrate(III)","Cu2+","Solid","Lillie and Johnston 1919, Iverson 1967."
"Hexacyanoferrate(III)","Fe3+","Solid","Lillie and Johnston 1919, Iverson 1967."
"Hexacyanoferrate(III)","Ni2+","Solid","Lillie and Johnston 1919, Iverson 1967."
"Hexacyanoferrate(III)","Pb2+","Solid","Lillie and Johnston 1919, Iverson 1967."
"Hexacyanoferrate(III)","Sn2+","Solid","Lillie and Johnston 1919, Iverson 1967."
"Hexacyanoferrate(III)","Zn2+","Solid","Lillie and Johnston 1919, Iverson 1967."
"Hydroxide","Al3+","Liquid","Maselko et al. 2014"
"Hydroxide","Ca2+","Liquid","Batista and Steinbock 2015"
"Hydroxide","Chitosan","Liquid","Kumar et al. 2020"
"Hydroxide","Co2+","Liquid","Batista and Steinbock 2015, Batista and Steinbock 2015, Wang et al. 2017, Wang and Steinbock 2021."
"Hydroxide","Cu2+","Liquid","Batista and Steinbock 2015, Batista and Steinbock 2015, Wang and Steinbock 2021."
"Hydroxide","Fe2+","Liquid","Batista and Steinbock 2015, Batista and Steinbock 2015, Barge et al. 2015, Weingart et al. 2023."
"Hydroxide","Fe2+, RNA","Liquid","Helmbrecht et al. 2023."
"Hydroxide","Fe2+, Fe3+","Liquid","Barge et al. 2015, Barge et al. 2020, Dickson et al. 2022."
"Hydroxide","La3+","Liquid","Pampalakis 2019"
"Hydroxide","Mg2+","Liquid","Batista and Steinbock 2015, Batista and Steinbock 2015."
"Hydroxide","Mn2+","Liquid","Batista and Steinbock 2015, Batista and Steinbock 2015, Ding et al. 2016."
"Hydroxide","Ni2+","Liquid","Batista and Steinbock 2015, Wang et al. 2020, Wang and Steinbock 2021, More refs Nogueira et al. 2023a, Nogueira et al. 2023b, Cooper et al. 2023."
"Hydroxide","Tb3+","Liquid","Pampalakis 2019"
"Hydroxide","VO2+","Liquid","Batista and Steinbock 2015"
"Hydroxide","Zn2+","Liquid","Batista and Steinbock 2015, Knoll et al. 2019, Wang and Steinbock 2021."
"Ice (water)","Ice (water)","Liquid","Cartwright et al. 2013, Testón-Martínez et al. 2024."
"Low carbon steel","Low carbon steel","Corrosion","Brau et al., 2018 Brau et al., 2019"
"Hydrated methane","Hydrated methane","Natural","Fu et al. 2021"
"Hydrated xenon","Hydrated xenon","Gas","Fu et al. 2020"
"Oleic acid, Diisopropylamine","Fe3+","Solid","Pampalakis 2016"
"Oleic acid, Diisopropylamine","Fe3+","Liquid","Pampalakis 2016"
"Oleic acid, Diisopropylamine","Cu2+","Solid","Pampalakis 2016"
"Oleic acid, Diisopropylamine","Mn2+","Solid","Pampalakis 2016"
"Oxalate","Ba2+","Solid","Copisarow 1929"
"Oxalate","Ba2+","Liquid","Balog et al. 2020"
"Oxalate","Ca2+","Solid","Copisarow 1929"
"Oxalate","Ca2+","Liquid","Balog et al. 2020"
"Oxalate","Co2+","Liquid","Tóth-Szeles et al. 2016, Balog et al. 2020."
"Oxalate","Cu2+","Solid","Tóth et al. 2012"
"Oxalate","Cu2+","Liquid","Balog et al. 2020"
"Oxalate","Ni2+","Liquid","Balog et al. 2020"
"Oxalate","Sr2+","Solid","Copisarow 1929"
"Oxalate","Sr2+","Liquid","Baker et al. 2009, Balog et al. 2020."
"Oxalate","Zn2+","Liquid","Balog et al. 2020"
"Oxide","Fe3+","Natural","Silva-Bedoya et al. 2021"
"Oxide, Hydroxide","Fe3+","Natural","Barge et al. 2016"
"Phosphate","Ba2+","Solid","Ibsen et al. 2014"
"Phosphate","Ba2+","Gel","Birkedal and Chen 2020"
"Phosphate","Ca2+","Solid","Zeleny et al. 1988, Ibsen et al. 2014, Copisarow 1929."
"Phosphate","Ca2+","Liquid","Pfeffer 1877, Angelis and Pampalakis 2020, Angelis et al. 2022, Zahorán et al. 2023."
"Phosphate","Ca2+","Gel","Hughes et al. 2017, Hughes et al. 2018, More refs Hughes et al. 2020, Birkedal and Chen 2020, Fogde et al. 2021, Hughes et al. 2021, Fogde et al. 2023."
"Phosphate","Cu2+","Solid","Maselko et al. 2003"
"Phosphate","Cu2+","Liquid","Póppity-Tóth et al. 2018, Rauscher et al. 2018."
"Phosphate","Fe3+","Solid","Hazlehurst 1941"
"Phosphate","Ga3+","Liquid","Takács et al. 2019"
"Phosphate","Li+","Liquid","Emmanuel et al. 2020, Emmanuel et al. 2022."
"Phosphate","Sr2+","Solid","Ibsen et al. 2014"
"Phosphate","Sr2+","Gel","Birkedal and Chen 2020"
"Phosphate","Zn2+","Solid","Ibsen et al. 2014"
"Phosphate","Zn2+","Gel","Birkedal and Chen 2020"
"Phosphate, Acetyl phosphate","Ca2+","Liquid","Wang et al 2019"
"Phosphate, Acetyl phosphate","Co2+","Liquid","Wang et al 2019"
"Phosphate, Acetyl phosphate","Cu2+","Liquid","Wang et al 2019"
"Phosphate, Acetyl phosphate","Fe2+","Liquid","Wang et al 2019"
"Phosphate, Acetyl phosphate","Fe2+, Fe3+","Liquid","Wang et al 2019"
"Phosphate, Acetyl phosphate","Mn2+","Liquid","Wang et al 2019"
"Phosphate, Acetyl phosphate","Ni2+","Liquid","Wang et al 2019"
"Phosphate, Acetyl phosphate","Zn2+","Liquid","Wang et al 2019"
"Phosphate, Alginate","Ca2+","Liquid","Zahorán et 2022"
"Phosphate, Pyrophosphate","Ca2+","Liquid","Hughes et al. 2021"
"Polyoxometalate (POM)","Phen. Salt, Imid. Salt","Solid","Ritchie et al. 2009, Cooper and Cronin 2009, Boulay et al. 2012."
"Polyoxometalate (POM)","Phen. Salt, Phen. Dimer salt, Ruth., Meth.","Liquid","Cooper et al. 2011, Cooper et al. 2011, Cooper et al. 2012."
"Polyoxometalate (POM)","Polyoxometalate (POM)","Solid","Points et al. 2016"
"Portland cement","Portland cement","Solid","Cardoso et al. 2017"
"Salicylate","Cetyl trimethyl ammonium","Liquid","Tanaka et al. 2024"
"Silicate","Ag+","Solid","Glauber 1651, Clunies Ross 1910, Lüppo-Cramer 1911, Busupalli and Patel 2022."
"Silicate","Al3+","Solid","Herrera 1903, Clunies Ross 1910, Collins et al. 1998, More refs Collins et al. 1999, Kaminker et al. 2014, Sainz-Díaz et al. 2021, Rieder et al. 2022."
"Silicate","Al3+","Liquid","Kaminker et al. 2014"
"Silicate","Au3+","Solid","Glauber 1651, Zissi et al. 2020"
"Silicate","Ba2+","Solid","Clunies Ross 1910, Cartwright et al. 2011."
"Silicate","Ca2+","Solid","Herrera 1903, Clunies Ross 1910, Coatman et al. 1980, More refs Cartwright et al. 2011, Cartwright et al. 2011, Cartwright et al. 2011, Balkös et al. 2002, Pantalone et al. 2008, Pantaleone et al. 2009, Pratama et al. 2011, Parmar et al. 2012, Rieder et al. 2022, Escamilla-Roa et al. 2022, Kubodera et al. 2023, Holler et al. 2023, Knoll and Loron 2024."
"Silicate","Ca2+","Liquid","Kaminker et al. 2012, Haudin et al. 2015, Hussein et al. 2016, More refs Balog et al. 2019, Angelis et al. 2019, Mengulluoglu et al. 2024."
"Silicate","Ca2+","Paste","Jones and Walter 1998, Jones 2002, Jones 2012."
"Silicate","Ca2+, Fe2+","Solid","Zhao and Sakurai 2017, Kubodera et al. 2023."
"Silicate","Cd2+","Solid","Clunies Ross 1910"
"Silicate","Ce3+","Solid","Clunies Ross 1910"
"Silicate","Co2+","Solid","Clunies Ross 1910, Damerell and Brock 1949, Coatman et al. 1980, More refs Cartwright et al. 2002, Jones and Walter 1998, Cartwright et al. 2011, Cartwright et al. 2011, Lüppo-Cramer 1911, Jones 2002, Jones 2012, Balköse et al. 2002, Yokoi and Kuroda 2005, Parmar et al. 2009, Parmar et al. 2011, Glaab et al. 2012, Glaab et al. 2016, Glaab et al. 2017, García-Ruiz et al. 2017, Ding et al. 2019, Ding et al. 2019, Ding et al. 2020, Kubodera et al. 2023."
"Silicate","Co2+","Liquid","Haudin et al. 2014, Haudin et al. 2015, Haudin et al. 2015, More refs Haudin and De Wit 2015, Wagatsuma et al. 2017, Haudin et al. 2017, Brau et al. 2018, Ziemecka et al. 2020, Rocha et al. 2021, Spanoudaki et al. 2021, Rocha et al. 2022a, Ding et al. 2022, Rocha et al. 2022b, Ding et al. 2024."
"Silicate","Co2+, Fe2+","Solid","Kubodera et al. 2023"
"Silicate","Cr3+","Solid","Clunies Ross 1910"
"Silicate","Cu2+","Solid","Glauber 1651, Herrera 1903, Clunies Ross 1910, More refs Makki et al. 2009, Lüppo-Cramer 1911, Balköse et al. 2002, Yokoi and Kuroda 2005, Collins et al. 1999, Duan et al. 2005, García-Ruiz et al. 2017, Escamilla-Roa et al. 2019, Castellini et al. 2021, Patel and Busupalli 2023, Kubodera et al. 2023, Testón-Martínez et al 2023 Patel et al 2024."
"Silicate","Cu2+","Liquid","Thouvenel-Romans et al. 2004, Thouvenel-Romans and Steinbock 2003, Pagano et al. 2007, More refs Makki et al. 2012, Thouvenel-Romans et al. 2005, Roszol et al. 2013, Roszol and Steinbock 2011, Makki and Steinbock 2011, Haudin et al. 2015, Pagano et al. 2007, Rauscher et al. 2018, Escamilla-Roa et al. 2019, Rocha et al. 2021, Wang and Steinbock 2023."
"Silicate","Cu2+, Fe2+","Solid","Kubodera et al. 2023"
"Silicate","Fe2+","Solid","Glauber 1651, Clunies Ross 1910, Hazlehurst 1941, More refs Parmar et al. 2010, Glaab et al. 2016, García-Ruiz et al. 2017, Glaab et al. 2017, McMahon 2019, Kotopoulou et al. 2020, Weber and Barge 2021, Escamilla-Roa et al. 2022, Kubodera et al. 2023, Marlin et al. 2024."
"Silicate","Fe2+, Amino Acids","Solid","Borrego-Sánchez et al. 2022"
"Silicate","Fe2+","Liquid","Clément and Douady 2010,  Carman et al. 2024."
"Silicate","Fe2+, Amino Acids","Liquid","Borrego-Sánchez et al. 2022"
"Silicate","Fe2+, Mg2+","Liquid","Carman et al. 2024"
"Silicate","Fe3+","Solid","Glauber 1651, Clunies Ross 1910, Hazlehurst 1941, More refs Parmar et al. 2010, Glaab et al. 2016, Glaab et al. 2017, García-Ruiz et al. 2017, Knoll et al. 2022."
"Silicate","Hg+","Solid","Glauber 1651, Clunies Ross 1910."
"Silicate","Hg2+","Solid","Clunies Ross 1910"
"Silicate","Mg2+","Solid","Clunies Ross 1910, Tanimoto and Duan 2005, García-Ruiz et al. 2017, More refs Sainz-Díaz et al. 2018, Escamilla-Roa et al. 2022, Aslanbay Guler et al. 2023."
"Silicate","Mg2+","Liquid","Sainz-Díaz et al. 2018, Aslanbay Guler et al. 2022, Aslanbay Guler et al. 2023, More refs Ding et al. 2024, Carman et al. 2024."
"Silicate","Mg2+","Gel","Aslanbay Guler et al. 2022"
"Silicate","Mg2+","Paste","Jones and Walter 1998, Jones 2002, Jones 2012."
"Silicate","Mn2+","Solid","Clunies Ross 1910, Cartwright et al. 2011, Cartwright et al. 2011, More refs Lüppo-Cramer 1911, Duan et al. 2005, Huld et al. 2023."
"Silicate","Mn2+","Liquid","Rocha et al. 2021, Ding et al. 2024."
"Silicate","Mn2+, Cu2+","Liquid","Wang et al. 2021, Kumar et al. 2022, Siev et al. 2024."
"Silicate","Ni2+","Solid","Clunies Ross 1910, Cartwright et al. 2011, Cartwright et al. 2011, Balköse et al. 2002."
"Silicate","Ni2+","Paste","Jones and Walter 1998, Jones 2002, Jones 2012."
"Silicate","Pb2+","Solid","Glauber 1651, Herrera 1903, Clunies Ross 1910."
"Silicate","Sn4+","Solid","Glauber 1651"
"Silicate","Sr2+","Solid","Clunies Ross 1910, Cartwright et al. 2011."
"Silicate","[UO2]2+","Solid","Clunies Ross 1910, Lüppo-Cramer 1911."
"Silicate","Y3+","Solid","Clunies Ross 1910"
"Silicate","Zn2+","Solid","Clunies Ross 1910, Balköse et al. 2002, Cartwright et al. 2011, More refs Cartwright et al. 2011, García-Ruiz et al. 2017. Balköse et al. 2002."
"Silicate","Zn2+","Liquid","Makki et al. 2012, Roszol and Steinbock 2011, More refs Makki et al. 2014, Pagano et al. 2008, Bentley et al. 2016."
"Silicate","Zr4+","Solid","Clunies Ross 1910"
"Silicate","Natural polymetalic sulfate","Solid","McMahon et al. 2021"
"Silicate, Amino Acids","Fe2+","Solid","Hooks et al. 2020, Borrego-Sánchez et al. 2022"
"Silicate, Carbonate","Ba2+","Liquid","Noorduin et al. 2013, Knoll et al. 2021."
"Silicate, Carbonate","Ca2+","Liquid","Omran 2023"
"Silicate, Carbonate","Ca2+","Solid","Knoll and Loron 2024"
"Silicate, Carbonate","Ca2+, Mg2+","Solid","Omran et al. 2023"
"Silicate, CO2","Ca2+","Solid","Escamilla-Roa et al. 2022"
"Silicate, CO2","Fe2+","Solid","Escamilla-Roa et al. 2022"
"Silicate, CO2","Mg2+","Solid","Escamilla-Roa et al. 2022"
"Silicate, Decanol","Ca2+","Solid","Holler et al. 2023"
"Silicate, Hydroxide","Fe2+","Solid","Barge et al. 2016"
"Silicate, Hydroxide","Fe3+","Solid","Barge et al. 2016"
"Silicate, Phosphate","Ca2+","Solid","Punia et al. 2016, Punia et al. 2020."
"Silicate, Phosphate","Ca2+, Mg2+","Liquid","Aslanbay Guler et al 2023, Aslanbay Guler et al 2024"
"Silicate, Phosphate","Ca2+, Mg2+, diatoms","Liquid","Aslanbay Guler et al 2024"
"Silicate, Phosphate","Ca2+, Mg2+, microalgae","Liquid","Aslanbay Guler et al 2023"
"Silicate, Phosphate","Fe2+","Solid","Barge et al. 2012"
"Silicate, Salicylate","Mn2+","Solid","Rosett 1917"
"Silicate, Sulfide","Fe2+","Liquid","Mielke et al. 2010, Mielke et al. 2011, McGlyenn et al. 2012."
"Stannate","Co2+","Solid","Copisarow 1929"
"Stannate","Cu2+","Solid","Copisarow 1929"
"Stannate","Mg2+","Solid","Copisarow 1929"
"Sulfate","Ba2+","Solid","Copisarow 1929"
"Sulfate","Ca2+","Solid","Copisarow 1929"
"Sulfate","Ca2+","Natural","You et al., 2021"
"Sulfate","Sr2+","Solid","Copisarow 1929"
"Sulfate","Zn2+","Electrochemical","Spanoudaki et al. 2021"
"Sulfate, Hydroxide","Fe2+, Fe3+","Liquid","Barge et al. 2016"
"Sulfide","Cu2+","Gel","Zouheir et al. 2021"
"Sulfide","Fe2+","Liquid","Russell et al. 1989, Russell and Hall 1997, Stone and Goldstein 2004, More refs Russell and Hall 2006, Makki and Steinbock 2012, Batista et al. 2014, Barge et al. 2014, Barge et al. 2014, Barge et al. 2015, Barge and White 2017, Möller et al. 2017"
"Sulfide, Carbon","Yeast","Gel","Cosmidis and Templeton, 2016"
"Sulfide, Carbonate","Fe2+, Ni2+","Liquid","Chin et al. 2020"
"Tetramethylbenzidine","Ag+","Liquid","Wang and Steinbock 2019"
"Thiolate","Cd2+","Solid","Bernini et al. 2021"
"Tungstate","Ag+","Solid","Patel and Busupalli 2023"
"Tungstate","Co2+","Solid","Pimentel et al. 2020, Patel and Busupalli 2023."
"Tungstate","Cu2+","Solid","Patel and Busupalli 2023"
"Tungstate","Ni2+","Solid","Patel and Busupalli 2023"