This study examines the concept of double standards in the United States (U.S.) foreign policy. It discovers how such standards undermine the effectiveness of U.S. global leadership. The analysis begins with a historical overview and theoretical framework, followed by case studies illustrating how double standards manifest in practice. They are traced particularly in the U.S. response to human rights violations, military interventions, and trade policies. The study explores the consequences of double standards on U.S. credibility and trust among allies and adversaries. It argues that perceived hypocrisy complicates efforts to reach multilateral agreements and fosters domestic backlash. It concludes with policy recommendations that emphasize the need for consistent application of principles, transparent decision-making, and strengthening of multilateral engagement.
", "languages": [ { "id": "eng", "title": { "en": "English" } } ], "publication_date": "2024-09-09", "publisher": "Zenodo", "references": [ { "reference": "Ali Farazmand, ed., Global Encyclopedia of Public Administration, Public Policy, and Governance (Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018), https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-20928-9." }, { "reference": "Alicia Wendlandt Law, \"International Human Rights Sanctions and Their Effectiveness on Regimes,\" The International Journal of Interdisciplinary Global Studies 17, no. 1 (2022): 37\u201351, https://doi.org/10.18848/2324-755X/CGP/v17i01/37-51." }, { "reference": "Anita C. Butera, The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia through the Eyes of Saudi Women (Lanham, MD: The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc, 2022)." }, { "reference": "Ayfer Erdogan, \"Saudi Foreign Policy Doctrine Post-2011: The Iranian Factor and Balance of Threat,\" Digest of Middle East Studies 31, no. 1 (2022): 6\u201324, https://doi.org/10.1111/dome.12256." }, { "reference": "Azmi Bishara, \"Gaza,\" Al-Muntaqa: New Perspectives on Arab Studies 7, no. 1 (2024): 8\u201329." }, { "reference": "Barbara Lippert, Volker Perthes, and Stiftung Wissenschaft Und Politik, \"Strategic Rivalry between United States and China: Causes, Tragectories, and Implications for Europe,\" SWP Research Paper, 2020, https://doi.org/10.18449/2020RP04." }, { "reference": "Benjamin E. Goldsmith, Yusaku Horiuchi, and Kelly Matush, \"Does Public Diplomacy Sway Foreign Public Opinion? Identifying the Effect of High-Level Visits,\" American Political Science Review 115, no. 4 (November 2021): 1342\u201357, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055421000393." }, { "reference": "C Anthony Pfaff, \"Avoiding the Escalatory Trap: Managing Escalation during the Israel-Hamas War,\" The US Army War College Quarterly: Parameters 54, no. 3 (2024): 4, https://doi.org/10.55540/0031-1723.3300." }, { "reference": "Chi Hung Kwan, \"The China\u2013US Trade War: Deep-Rooted Causes, Shifting Focus and Uncertain Prospects,\" Asian Economic Policy Review 15, no. 1 (2020): 55\u201372, https://doi.org/10.1111/aepr.12284." }, { "reference": "David Robertson, A Dictionary of Modern Politics, First edition (London, UK: Routledge, 2015)." }, { "reference": "Fraser J. Harbutt, The Cold War Era, First edition, Problems in American History 6 (Malden, MA: Blackwell Puplishing, 2002)." }, { "reference": "\"Gaza Genocide,\" in Wikipedia, September 6, 2024, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gaza_genocide." }, { "reference": "Innocent-Franklyn Ezeonwuka, \"Championing Western Democracy? WEF Globalists and the United States in Double Standards and Exceptionalism,\" Awka Journal of International Relations (AJIREL) 1, no. 1 (2023): 33\u201367." }, { "reference": "Isa Erbas, \"Constructivist Approach in Foreign Policy and in International Relations,\" Journal of Positive School Psychology 6, no. 3 (2022): 5087\u201396." }, { "reference": "J Andr\u00e9s Gannon and Daniel Kent, \"Keeping Your Friends Close, but Acquaintances Closer: Why Weakly Allied States Make Committed Coalition Partners,\" Journal of Conflict Resolution 65, no. 5 (2021): 889\u2013918, https://doi.org/10.1177/0022002720978800." }, { "reference": "James Phillips, \"Biden's $6 Billion Ransom Payment to Iran Fuels Their Terror Machine,\" The Heritage Foundation, September 27, 2023, https://www.heritage.org/middle-east/commentary/bidens-6-billion-ransom-payment-iran-fuels-their-terror-machine." }, { "reference": "James W. Russell, Double Standard: Social Policy in Europe and the United States, Second edition (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2011)." }, { "reference": "Jeremy Alan Brill Booth, \"Where's My Favorite Dictator? An Analysis of the American Empire In Post-Revolution Egypt\" (Thesis, Knoxville, TN, University of Tennessee, 2023), https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/9945." }, { "reference": "Joel Peters and Rob Geist Pinfold, eds., Routledge Handbook on Israel's Foreign Relations (Abingdon, Oxon\u202f; New York, NY: Routledge, 2024)." }, { "reference": "\"Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action,\" in Wikipedia, September 6, 2024, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action&oldid=1244414717." }, { "reference": "Jonathan Brasnett, \"Double Standards in International Relations: How Realpolitik Considerations Deter Muslim-Majority States from Defending Muslims in China\" (PhD Thesis, Ottawa, ON, Universit\u00e9 d'Ottawa/University of Ottawa, 2021), http://dx.doi.org/10.20381/ruor-27013." }, { "reference": "Jonathan Pickering et al., \"The Impact of the US Retreat from the Paris Agreement: Kyoto Revisited?,\" Climate Policy 18, no. 7 (2018): 818\u201327, https://doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2017.1412934." }, { "reference": "Jordy Rocheleau, \"Legitimate Authority as a Jus Ad Bellum Condition: Defense of a Procedural Requirement in Just War Theory,\" Journal of Military Ethics 19, no. 2 (2020): 99\u2013117, https://doi.org/10.1080/15027570.2020.1799486." }, { "reference": "Julie Garey, \"The 2011 Libyan Intervention,\" in The US Role in NATO's Survival After the Cold War, by Julie Garey (Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020), 157\u201390, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-13675-8_6." }, { "reference": "Julie Mertus, Bait and Switch: Human Rights and U.S. Foreign Policy (New York, NY: Routledge, 2004)." }, { "reference": "Karim A.A. Khan, \"Statement of ICC Prosecutor Karim A.A. Khan KC: Applications for Arrest Warrants in the Situation in the State of Palestine,\" International Criminal Court, May 20, 2024, https://www.icc-cpi.int/news/statement-icc-prosecutor-karim-aa-khan-kc-applications-arrest-warrants-situation-state." }, { "reference": "Kenneth Katzman, \"Bahrain: Unrest, Security, and US Policy\" (Congressional Research Service, September 25, 2020), https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/RS/95-1013/176." }, { "reference": "Kristen Hopewell, \"Strategic Narratives in Global Trade Politics: American Hegemony, Free Trade, and the Hidden Hand of the State,\" The Chinese Journal of International Politics 14, no. 1 (2021): 51\u201386, https://doi.org/10.1093/cjip/poaa020." }, { "reference": "Lars Berger, \"The Turning Point That Was Not: The Arab Spring, Realism, and the Circularity of Western Policies toward the Arab World,\" Turning Points: Challenges for Western Democracies in the 21st Century, 2024, 189\u2013208, https://doi.org/10.1515/9783111272900-010." }, { "reference": "M. Moodie and R. O'Rourke, U.S. Role in the World: Background and Issues for Congress (Independently Published, 2019)." }, { "reference": "M. Q. Patton, Qualitative Evaluation and Research Methods, 3rd ed. (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 2002)." }, { "reference": "Mahmood Monshipouri, \"Lessons for Israel's Gaza War In America's Strategic Blunders,\" Middle East Policy 31, no. 2 (2024): 3\u201318, https://doi.org/10.1111/mepo.12744." }, { "reference": "Matthew D Cebul, Allan Dafoe, and Nuno P Monteiro, \"Coercion and the Credibility of Assurances,\" The Journal of Politics 83, no. 3 (2021): 975\u201391, https://doi.org/10.1086/711132." }, { "reference": "Matti Pesu and Ville Sinkkonen, \"Trans-Atlantic (Mis)Trust in Perspective: Asymmetry, Abandonment and Alliance Cohesion,\" Cambridge Review of International Affairs 37, no. 2 (March 3, 2024): 206\u201325, https://doi.org/10.1080/09557571.2023.2225650." }, { "reference": "Md Muddassir Quamar, \"Saudi Arabia's Strategic Partnership with the United States: Fraying at the Margins?,\" Strategic Analysis 46, no. 3 (2022): 293\u2013306, https://doi.org/10.1080/09700161.2022.2081437." }, { "reference": "Michael H. Hunt, Ideology and U.S. Foreign Policy (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2009)." }, { "reference": "Michael Ignatieff, ed., American Exceptionalism and Human Rights (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2005)." }, { "reference": "Michael Mandelbaum, The Four Ages of American Foreign Policy: Weak Power, Great Power, Superpower, Hyperpower (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2022)." }, { "reference": "Richard W Maass, \"Whitewashing American Exceptionalism: Racialized Subject-Positioning and US Foreign Policy,\" International Studies Quarterly 68, no. 3 (2024): sqae085." }, { "reference": "Rizwan Zeb, \"International Non-Proliferation Regime and Organised Hypocrisy,\" Journal of Security & Strategic Analyses 10, no. 1 (2024): 57\u201371, https://doi.org/10.57169/jssa.0010.01.0310." }, { "reference": "Robert J. Art, Timothy W. Crawford, and Robert Jervis, eds., International Politics: Enduring Concepts and Contemporary Issues, Fourteenth edition (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2023)." }, { "reference": "Robert S. Hinck, \"US Hypocrisy and the End of American Exceptionalism? Narratives of the January 6th Attack on the US Capitol From Illiberal National Media,\" American Behavioral Scientist 67, no. 6 (May 2023): 807\u201336, https://doi.org/10.1177/00027642221096335." }, { "reference": "Sarah Maxey, \"The Power of Humanitarian Narratives: A Domestic Coalition Theory of Justifications for Military Action,\" Political Research Quarterly 73, no. 3 (2020): 680\u201395, https://doi.org/10.1177/1065912919852169." }, { "reference": "Shelley A McConnell, \"Nicaragua: The Resurgence of Authoritarian Rule,\" in Latin American Politics and Development (Oxfordshire, UK: Routledge, 2022), 399\u2013417." }, { "reference": "Sidita Kushi and Monica Duffy Toft, \"Introducing the Military Intervention Project: A New Dataset on US Military Interventions, 1776\u20132019,\" Journal of Conflict Resolution 67, no. 4 (2023): 752\u201379, https://doi.org/10.1177/00220027221117546." }, { "reference": "Stan Cox and Priti Gulati Cox, \"Armed by Washington, Israel Trashes the Genocide Convention,\" ScheerPost (blog), March 12, 2024, https://scheerpost.com/2024/03/20/armed-by-washington-israel-trashes-the-genocide-convention/." }, { "reference": "\"States and Companies Must End Arms Transfers to Israel Immediately or Risk Responsibility for Human Rights Violations: UN Experts,\" OHCHR, June 20, 2024, https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2024/06/states-and-companies-must-end-arms-transfers-israel-immediately-or-risk." }, { "reference": "Timothy Dunne, Milja Kurki, and Steve Smith, eds., International Relations Theories: Discipline and Diversity, Fifth edition (New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2021)." }, { "reference": "William C Wohlforth, \"Realism and Great Power Subversion,\" International Relations 34, no. 4 (December 2020): 459\u201381, https://doi.org/10.1177/0047117820968858." }, { "reference": "Yusa Djuyandi, Shafa Ghaisani Salsabila Brahmantika, and Bima Riandy Tarigan, \"The Collapse of Global Governance: When the US Leaves the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA),\" Society 9, no. 2 (December 31, 2021): 504\u201321, https://doi.org/10.33019/society.v9i2.304." } ], "resource_type": { "id": "publication-article", "title": { "de": "Zeitschriftenartikel", "en": "Journal article" } }, "rights": [ { "description": { "en": "The Creative Commons Attribution license allows re-distribution and re-use of a licensed work on the condition that the creator is appropriately credited." }, "icon": "cc-by-icon", "id": "cc-by-4.0", "props": { "scheme": "spdx", "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode" }, "title": { "en": "Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International" } } ], "subjects": [ { "subject": "diplomatic relations" }, { "subject": "double standards" }, { "subject": "global leadership" }, { "subject": "international institutions" }, { "subject": "U.S. foreign policy" } ], "title": "The Impact of Double Standards on the Effectiveness of U.S. Global Leadership" }, "parent": { "access": { "owned_by": { "user": "1036301" }, "settings": { "accept_conditions_text": null, "allow_guest_requests": false, "allow_user_requests": false, "secret_link_expiration": 0 } }, "communities": { "default": "e49d31bd-27e2-4399-88d0-c935c07c7c17", "entries": [ { "access": { "member_policy": "open", "members_visibility": "public", "record_submission_policy": "open", "review_policy": "closed", "visibility": "public" }, "children": { "allow": false }, "created": "2024-02-02T20:49:25.426000+00:00", "custom_fields": {}, "deletion_status": { "is_deleted": false, "status": "P" }, "id": "e49d31bd-27e2-4399-88d0-c935c07c7c17", "links": {}, "metadata": { "curation_policy": "Nuts About Leadership is a peer-reviewed journal dedicated to advancing scholarship in leadership and futures studies, with a focus on decision-making processes, organizational behavior, and strategic foresight. Our curation policy ensures that published content meets rigorous academic standards while fostering innovative and practical contributions to the field. Below are the key guidelines for readers, authors, and reviewers.
\nThe journal publishes original research, book reviews, and theoretical articles that explore leadership, strategic foresight, organizational culture, and decision-making. We prioritize interdisciplinary approaches that bridge theory and practice, offering insights for academics, practitioners, and policymakers.
\nManuscript Types: We accept original research articles (5,000–8,000 words), book reviews (1,000–2,000 words), and theoretical essays (3,000–5,000 words).
\nFormatting: Submissions must follow Chicago style, double-spaced, in 12-point Times New Roman font, with 1-inch margins.
\nOriginality: Manuscripts must be original, unpublished, and not under consideration elsewhere. Plagiarism checks are conducted using industry-standard software.
\nAbstract and Keywords: Include a 150–200-word abstract and 4–6 keywords with each submission.
\nSubmission Process: Submit manuscripts via the journal’s online portal. Include a cover letter with author details and a statement of contribution to the field.
\nLanguage: All submissions must be in English, with clear and concise writing. Non-native speakers are encouraged to have their work proofread before submission.
\nDouble-Blind Review: All submissions undergo a double-blind peer review by at least two independent reviewers with expertise in leadership or futures studies.
\nReview Criteria: Manuscripts are evaluated based on originality, methodological rigor, theoretical contribution, practical relevance, and clarity of writing.
\nReview Timeline: Initial reviews are typically completed within 6–8 weeks. Authors will receive detailed feedback and a decision (accept, revise, or reject).
\nReviewer Responsibilities: Reviewers must provide constructive, unbiased feedback, disclose conflicts of interest, and maintain confidentiality of the manuscript.
\nEthical Standards: Authors must adhere to ethical guidelines, including proper citation, transparency in data collection, and disclosure of funding or conflicts of interest.
\nData Availability: Authors are encouraged to provide access to datasets or supplementary materials to support transparency and reproducibility.
\nCorrections and Retractions: Errors or ethical breaches identified post-publication will be addressed through corrections or retractions, as appropriate.
\nFrequency: The journal publishes quarterly, with special issues announced periodically.
\nOpen Access: All articles are freely accessible on the journal’s website to promote knowledge dissemination. Authors retain copyright under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license.
\nArchiving: Published articles are archived on the journal’s website and in reputable academic databases to ensure long-term accessibility.
\nReaders can access all published papers on the journal’s website. We encourage engagement through comments and sharing via social media. To stay updated, subscribe to our newsletter or follow our announcements on leadership and foresight events.
\nFor questions or additional details, contact the Editor-in-Chief, Dr. Alireza Hejazi.
", "description": "Nuts About Leadership is an online peer-reviewed journal dedicated to advancing the field of leadership and futures studies. The journal serves as a platform to explore cutting-edge knowledge in leadership development and future-oriented strategies.", "organizations": [ { "name": "Nuts About Leadership" } ], "page": "Nuts About Leadership is a peer-reviewed academic journal dedicated to advancing the study and practice of leadership, with a focus on strategic foresight, organizational behavior, and decision-making. Our mission is to foster interdisciplinary scholarship that bridges theoretical insights with practical applications, serving academics, practitioners, and policymakers in the field of leadership and futures studies.
\nOur mission is to publish high-quality, innovative research that deepens understanding of leadership dynamics and equips leaders to navigate complex, future-oriented challenges. We envision a global community of scholars and practitioners collaborating to shape effective leadership strategies for a rapidly changing world.
\nThe journal covers a wide range of topics, including:
\nLeadership theories and models
\nStrategic foresight and futures studies
\nOrganizational culture and change management
\nDecision-making processes and ethics
\nLeadership in diverse and global contexts
\nWe welcome original research, theoretical essays, and book reviews that contribute to these areas with rigor and relevance.
\nLed by Editor-in-Chief Dr. Alireza Hejazi, our editorial board comprises distinguished scholars and practitioners in leadership and related disciplines. The team ensures that all published content meets the highest standards of academic integrity and practical impact.
\nOur readership includes:
\nAcademics: Researchers and professors seeking cutting-edge scholarship in leadership and futures studies.
\nPractitioners: Leaders, managers, and consultants applying evidence-based strategies in organizations.
\nStudents: Graduate and undergraduate students exploring leadership theories and practices.
\nPolicymakers: Individuals shaping organizational or societal strategies with a focus on long-term impact.
\nRigorous Peer Review: Our double-blind peer-review process ensures impartial and thorough evaluation.
\nOpen Access: All articles are freely available, maximizing reach and impact under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license.
\nInterdisciplinary Focus: We encourage submissions that integrate diverse perspectives, fostering innovative approaches to leadership.
\nGlobal Reach: Our online platform and academic database archiving ensure worldwide accessibility.
\nFounded in 2024, Nuts About Leadership emerged from a need for a dedicated platform to explore leadership through the lens of strategic foresight. Since its inception, the journal has published impactful research and built a reputation for excellence in the field.
\nFor inquiries, submission details, or collaboration opportunities, contact the Editor-in-Chief, Dr. Alireza Hejazi. Visit our website for the latest articles, submission guidelines, and updates.
", "title": "Nuts About Leadership", "type": { "id": "organization" }, "website": "https://nutsaboutleadership.wordpress.com" }, "revision_id": 28, "slug": "nal", "updated": "2025-07-30T06:37:36.718800+00:00" } ], "ids": [ "e49d31bd-27e2-4399-88d0-c935c07c7c17" ] }, "id": "13731702", "pids": { "doi": { "client": "datacite", "identifier": "10.5281/zenodo.13731702", "provider": "datacite" } } }, "pids": { "doi": { "client": "datacite", "identifier": "10.5281/zenodo.13731703", "provider": "datacite" }, "oai": { "identifier": "oai:zenodo.org:13731703", "provider": "oai" } }, "revision_id": 8, "stats": { "all_versions": { "data_volume": 70108026.0, "downloads": 268, "unique_downloads": 237, "unique_views": 728, "views": 753 }, "this_version": { "data_volume": 1505160.0, "downloads": 6, "unique_downloads": 2, "unique_views": 381, "views": 396 } }, "status": "published", "swh": {}, "updated": "2024-09-08T07:33:02.660049+00:00", "versions": { "index": 1, "is_latest": false } }