Trait,Authors,Year,Term,Simplified Term,Text Definition,Term Definition Citation,Data Source Citations,
Diet breadth,Banaszak-Cibicka and Dylewski,2021,oligolectic,oligolectic,single plant species or genus,NA,NA,
Diet breadth,Banaszak-Cibicka and Dylewski,2021,polylectic,polylectic,many plant species,NA,NA,
Diet breadth,Braman et al.,2023,oligolectic,oligolectic,specializing on a single plant species or family,NA,NA,
Diet breadth,Braman et al.,2023,polylectic,polylectic,generalists,NA,NA,
Diet breadth,Brasil et al.,2024,oligolectic,oligolectic,NA,NA,Hurd et al. (1974); Hurd (1979); Abrams and Eickwort (1980); Rehan and Richards (2010); Williams et al. (2014),
Diet breadth,Brasil et al.,2024,polylectic,polylectic,NA,NA,Hurd et al. (1974); Hurd (1979); Abrams and Eickwort (1980); Rehan and Richards (2010); Williams et al. (2014),
Diet breadth,Casanelles-Abella et al.,2023,oligolectic and monolectic,oligolectic,species feeding on fewer than five plant genus or a single plant species,Robertson (1927); Cane and Sipes (2006); MŸller and Kuhlman (2008),European trait database,
Diet breadth,Casanelles-Abella et al.,2023,polylectic,polylectic,NA,Robertson (1927); Cane and Sipes (2006); MŸller and Kuhlman (2008),European trait database,
Diet breadth,Casanelles-Abella et al.,2023,monolectic,monolectic,NA,NA,European Bee Traits Database,
Diet breadth,Casanelles-Abella et al.,2023,oligolectic,oligolectic,NA,NA,European Bee Traits Database,
Diet breadth,Casanelles-Abella et al.,2023,polylectic,polylectic,NA,NA,European Bee Traits Database,
Diet breadth,Cecala and Wilson Rankin,2021,generalists,polylectic,collecting pollen of plants from many unrelated families to provision offspring,Cane and Sipes (2006),NA,
Diet breadth,Cecala and Wilson Rankin,2021,specialists,oligolectic,"oligolectic, mesolectic, or monolectic",Cane and Sipes (2006),NA,
Diet breadth,Cecala and Wilson Rankin,2021,cleptoparasite,cleptoparasite,NA,NA,NA,
Diet breadth,Chase et al.,2023,polylectic,polylectic,NA,NA,NA,
Diet breadth,Chase et al.,2023,oligolectic,oligolectic,NA,NA,NA,
Diet breadth,Coutinho et al.,2018,oligolectic,oligolectic,NA,NA,NA,
Diet breadth,Coutinho et al.,2018,oligolectic,polylectic,NA,NA,NA,
Diet breadth,Coutinho et al.,2018,polylectic,polylectic,NA,NA,NA,
Diet breadth,Coutinho et al.,2018,oligolectic,oligolectic,NA,NA,NA,
Diet breadth,Eldekind-Vealey et al.,2024,oligolectic,oligolectic,specializing on a single plant species or family,NA,NA,
Diet breadth,Eldekind-Vealey et al.,2024,polylectic,polylectic,generalists,NA,NA,
Diet breadth,Fauviau et al.,2022,specialist,oligolectic,NA,NA,NA,
Diet breadth,Fauviau et al.,2022,generalist,polylectic,NA,NA,NA,
Diet breadth,Felderhoff et al.,2023,polylectic,polylectic,generalist from a variety of different plant species and families,NA,Westrich (2018),
Diet breadth,Felderhoff et al.,2023,oligolectic,oligolectic,specialized in one to a few plant species or families,NA,Westrich (2018),
Diet breadth,Ferrari and Polidori,2022,polylectic,polylectic,species foraging for pollen from a very wide spectrum of unrelated plants,Cane and Sipes (2006),meta-analysis,
Diet breadth,Ferrari and Polidori,2022,oligolectic,oligolectic,species foraging for pollen from at most one plant family,Cane and Sipes (2006),meta-analysis,
Diet breadth,Ferrari and Polidori,2022,do not collect pollen,parasitic,parasitic species do not collect pollen as food for their brood,Cane and Sipes (2006),meta-analysis,
Diet breadth,Hamblin et al.,2018,oligolectic,oligolectic,NA,NA,NA,
Diet breadth,Hamblin et al.,2018,polylectic,polylectic,NA,NA,NA,
Diet breadth,Hoiss et al.,2012,oligolectic,oligolectic,only one family or genus as a pollen source,NA,European trait database; Westrich (2018); Gogala (1999); Amiet et al. (2001),
Diet breadth,Hoiss et al.,2012,polylectic,polylectic,use of more than one plant family,NA,European trait database; Westrich (2018); Gogala (1999); Amiet et al. (2001),
Diet breadth,Jacobs et al.,2023,polylectic,polylectic,NA,NA,NA,
Diet breadth,Jacobs et al.,2023,oligolectic,oligolectic,NA,NA,NA,
Diet breadth,Kazenel et al.,2024,specialist,oligolectic,NA,NA,cited in supp. Materials,
Diet breadth,Kazenel et al.,2024,generalist,polylectic,NA,NA,cited in supp. Materials,
Diet breadth,Kazenel et al.,2024,parasitic,parasitic,NA,NA,cited in supp. Materials,
Diet breadth,Kratschmer et al.,2018,polylectic,polylectic,no pollen specialization,NA,Westrich (1989); Michener (2007); Scheuchl and Willner (2016),
Diet breadth,Kratschmer et al.,2018,oligolectic,oligolectic,pollen specialization on a plant family or genus,NA,Westrich (1989); Michener (2007); Scheuchl and Willner (2016),
Diet breadth,"Kratschmer et al. (Agriculture, Ecosystems, and Environment)",2018,polylectic,polylectic,pollen generalists: foraging on plants of different families but can show a certain degree of flower constancy,NA,Greenleaf et al (2007); Scheuchl and Willner (2016); Westrich (1989),
Diet breadth,"Kratschmer et al. (Agriculture, Ecosystems, and Environment)",2018,oligolectic,oligolectic,pollen specialists: only foraging on plants from the same genus or family,NA,Greenleaf et al (2007); Scheuchl and Willner (2016); Westrich (1989),
Diet breadth,McCravy et al.,2021,oligolectic,oligolectic,NA,NA,NA,
Diet breadth,McCravy et al.,2022,polylectic,polylectic,NA,NA,NA,
Diet breadth,OckermŸller et al.,2023,parasitic,parasitic,NA,NA,"Sheuchl and Willner (2016), Wiesbauer (2020)",
Diet breadth,OckermŸller et al.,2023,oligolectic,oligolectic,collect pollen from only one plant species or from plants within the same genus or family,NA,"Sheuchl and Willner (2016), Wiesbauer (2020)",
Diet breadth,OckermŸller et al.,2023,polylectic,polylectic,forage on plants of different families (at least more than one),NA,"Sheuchl and Willner (2016), Wiesbauer (2020)",
Diet breadth,Pei et al.,2023,polylectic,polylectic,bees that provision nests with pollen from many plant species across plant families,NA,NA,
Diet breadth,Pei et al.,2023,oligolectic,oligolectic,species that specialize on pollen from within a single plant family,NA,NA,
Diet breadth,Smith et al.,2019,oligolectic,oligolectic,"only collect pollen from a single plant family, genus or species",NA,Bartomeus et al. (2013),
Diet breadth,Smith et al.,2019,polylectic,polylectic,NA,NA,Bartomeus et al. (2013),
Diet breadth,Steffan-Dewenter and Tscharntke,2001,oligolectic,oligolectic,using only one plant family or genus as pollen source,,Westrich (1989),
Diet breadth,Syndenham et al.,2017,pollen specialists,oligolectic,NA,Michener (2007),Westrich (1989),
Diet breadth,Syndenham et al.,2018,pollen generalist,polylectic,NA,Michener (2007),Westrich (1989),
Diet breadth,Tšršk et al.,2022,oligolectic,oligolectic,collect pollen from a single plant family,NA,"Bees, Wasps & Ants Recording Society (BWARS); Bogusch & Straka (2012); Falk (2015); Michez et al. (2019)",
Diet breadth,Tšršk et al.,2022,polylectic,polylectic,collect pollen from several plant families,NA,"Bees, Wasps & Ants Recording Society (BWARS); Bogusch & Straka (2012); Falk (2015); Michez et al. (2019)",
Diet breadth,Villalta et al.,2022,specialist,oligolectic,NA,NA,"Drossart et al. (2019); Fortel et al. (2014); Scheuchl & Willner (2016); D. Genoud, personal communication",
Diet breadth,Villalta et al.,2022,opportunist,polylectic,NA,NA,"Drossart et al. (2019); Fortel et al. (2014); Scheuchl & Willner (2016); D. Genoud, personal communication",
Diet breadth,Weber et al.,2023,polylectic,polylectic,NA,NA,Westrich (2018); Scheuchl and Wilner (2016); Hagen and Aichhorn (2003),
Diet breadth,Weber et al.,2023,parasitic,parasitic,NA,NA,Westrich (2018); Scheuchl and Wilner (2016); Hagen and Aichhorn (2003),
Diet breadth,Weber et al.,2023,oligolectic,oligolectic,NA,NA,Westrich (2018); Scheuchl and Wilner (2016); Hagen and Aichhorn (2003),
Diet breadth,Wray et al.,2014,oligolectic,oligolectic,collect pollen from one to a few genera within a single plant family,Cane and Sipes (2006),Gielens et al. unpub.,
Diet breadth,Wray et al.,2014,polylectic,polylectic,NA,Cane and Sipes (2006),Gielens et al. unpub.,
Diet breadth,Wyver et al.,2023,polylectic,polylectic,Visits a wide range of unrelated plant species for pollen,NA,European Bee Traits Database,
Diet breadth,Wyver et al.,2023,oligolectic,oligolectic,Visits a narrow range of plant species from a single plant family for pollen ,NA,European Bee Traits Database,
Diet breadth,Wyver et al.,2023,clepto- and social parasites,NA,NA,NA,European Bee Traits Database,
Diet breadth,Banaszak-Cibicka and Zmihorski,2012,oligolectic,oligolectic,single plant species or genus,NA,Banaszak (1993); Scheuchl (1995); Schmid-Egger and Scheuchl (1997); Banaszak et al. (2001); Pesenko et al. (2002); Pawlikowski and Celary (2003),
Diet breadth,Banaszak-Cibicka and Zmihorski,2012,polylectic,polylectic,many plant species,NA,Banaszak (1993); Scheuchl (1995); Schmid-Egger and Scheuchl (1997); Banaszak et al. (2001); Pesenko et al. (2002); Pawlikowski and Celary (2003),
Diet breadth,Bartomeus et al.,2013,oligolectic,oligolectic,NA,NA,NA,
Diet breadth,Bartomeus et al.,2013,polylectic,polylectic,NA,NA,NA,
Diet breadth,Bommarco et al.,2010,oligolectic (specialist),oligolectic,bees that collect pollen only from plants within the same plant family,NA,e.g. Westrich (1990); Michener (2000),
Diet breadth,Bommarco et al.,2010,polylectic (generalist),polylectic,bees that collect pollen from different plant families,NA,e.g. Westrich (1990); Michener (2000),
Diet breadth,Buchholz et al.,2020,oligolectic,oligolectic,NA,NA,"Amiet (1996); Amiet et al. (1999, 2001, 2004, 2007); Gokcezade et al. (2010)",
Diet breadth,Buchholz et al.,2020,polylectic,polylectic,NA,NA,"Amiet (1996); Amiet et al. (1999, 2001, 2004, 2007); Gokcezade et al. (2010)",
Diet breadth,Cane et al.,2006,floral generalist,generalist,NA,NA,"Hurd and Linsley (1975); Krombein et al. (1979); Minckley et al. (1999, 2000)",
Diet breadth,Cane et al.,2006,Larrea specialist,Larrea specialist,NA,NA,"Hurd and Linsley (1975); Krombein et al. (1979); Minckley et al. (1999, 2000)",
Diet breadth,Carper et al.,2014,oligolectic,oligolectic,NA,NA,NA,
Diet breadth,Carper et al.,2014,polylectic,polylectic,NA,NA,NA,
Diet breadth,Carrie et al.,2016,oligolectic,oligolectic,diet specialization was definted by the number of plant families bees collect pollen from (polylectic species = several plant families; oligolectic species = one plant family),NA,Settele et al. (2005); Michener (2000); Gathmann and Tscharntke (2002); Bommarco et al. (2010); Fortel et al. (2014); Forrest et al. (2015),
Diet breadth,Carrie et al.,2016,polylectic,polylectic,diet specialization was definted by the number of plant families bees collect pollen from (polylectic species = several plant families; oligolectic species = one plant family),NA,Settele et al. (2005); Michener (2000); Gathmann and Tscharntke (2002); Bommarco et al. (2010); Fortel et al. (2014); Forrest et al. (2015),
Diet breadth,Cohen et al.,2022,oligolectic,oligolectic,Generalists = polylectic. Example species: Dufourea spp.,NA,NA,
Diet breadth,Cohen et al.,2022,polylectic,polylectic,Specialists = oligolectic. Example species: Xylocopa tabaniformis,NA,NA,
Diet breadth,Cohen et al.,2022,variable,variable,When trait varies within taxon. Example species: Lasioglossum spp.,NA,NA,
Diet breadth,Coutinho et al.,2021,oligolectic (pollen specialist),oligolectic,NA,NA,Michener (2000); Menezes et al. (2012); Paula (2014),
Diet breadth,Coutinho et al.,2021,polylectic (pollen generalist),polylectic,NA,NA,Michener (2000); Menezes et al. (2012); Paula (2014),
Diet breadth,Cunningham-Minnick et al.,2020,oligo,oligolectic,represents a species suggested to forage on <=10 plant families,NA,NA,
Diet breadth,Cunningham-Minnick et al.,2020,poly,polylectic,assigned to species that forage on >10 families,NA,NA,
Diet breadth,Dalmazzo,2010,especialistas,specialist,"abejas que colectan de un mismo género, tribu, subfamilia, o familia de plantas",Minckley et al. (1999),NA,
Diet breadth,Dalmazzo,2010,generalistas,generalist,especies que recogen polen de un amplio número de especies pertenecientes a diversos taxones,Minckley et al. (1999),NA,
Diet breadth,Davis and Comai,2022,oligolectic,oligolectic,NA,NA,Scott (2011); Michener (2007),
Diet breadth,Davis and Comai,2022,parasitic,parasitic,NA,NA,Scott (2011); Michener (2007),
Diet breadth,Davis and Comai,2022,polylectic,polylectic,NA,NA,Scott (2011); Michener (2007),
Diet breadth,De Palma et al.,2015,obligately oligolectic,obligately oligolectic,NA,NA,NA,
Diet breadth,De Palma et al.,2015,polylectic/flexible,polylectic,NA,NA,NA,
Diet breadth,Dorian et al.,2022,specialist,specialist,specialists collect pollen from plants belonging to a single family or a few related genera,NA,Fowler (2016),
Diet breadth,Dorian et al.,2022,generalist,generalist,NA,NA,Fowler (2016),
Diet breadth,Forrest et al.,2015,oligolectic (pollen specialist),oligolectic,NA,NA,Krombein et al. (1979),
Diet breadth,Forrest et al.,2015,polylectic (pollen generalist),polylectic,NA,NA,Krombein et al. (1979),
Diet breadth,Fortuin and Gandhi,2021,generalist,generalist,NA,NA,NA,
Diet breadth,Fortuin and Gandhi,2021,specialist,specialist,NA,NA,NA,
Diet breadth,Garibaldi et al.,2015,oligolectic (no),oligolectic,NA,NA,NA,
Diet breadth,Garibaldi et al.,2015,oligolectic (yes),oligolectic,flower visitors that collect pollen from one or a few closely related plant species,NA,NA,
Diet breadth,Geppert et al.,2023,oligolectic,oligolectic,NA,NA,Refs in supplementary,
Diet breadth,Geppert et al.,2023,polylectic,polylectic,NA,NA,Refs in supplementary,
Diet breadth,Graf et al.,2022,generalist,generalist,NA,Martins et al. (2013),NA,
Diet breadth,Graf et al.,2022,specialist,specialist,NA,Martins et al. (2013),NA,
Diet breadth,Graham et al.,2021,oligolectic,oligolectic,NA,NA,NA,
Diet breadth,Graham et al.,2021,polylectic,polylectic,NA,NA,NA,
Diet breadth,Gruver and Caradonna,2021,oligolectic,oligolectic,NA,NA,NA,
Diet breadth,Gruver and Caradonna,2021,polylectic,polylectic,NA,NA,NA,
Diet breadth,Guenat et al.,2018,oligolectic,oligolectic,NA,NA,"Michener (1971, 2000); Pauly (1998); Eardley et al. (2010)",
Diet breadth,Guenat et al.,2018,polylectic,polylectic,NA,NA,"Michener (1971, 2000); Pauly (1998); Eardley et al. (2010)",
Diet breadth,Hall et al.,2019,broadly polylectic,broadly polylectic,NA,Cane and Sipes (2006),NA,
Diet breadth,Hall et al.,2019,mesolectic,mesolectic,NA,Cane and Sipes (2006),NA,
Diet breadth,Hall et al.,2019,oligolectic,oligolectic,NA,Cane and Sipes (2006),NA,
Diet breadth,Hall et al.,2019,polylectic,polylectic,NA,Cane and Sipes (2006),NA,
Diet breadth,Harrison et al.,2018,not oligolectic,NA,NA,NA,NA,
Diet breadth,Harrison et al.,2018,oligolectic,oligolectic,females are known to collect polen from within a single plant family,NA,NA,
Diet breadth,Hoiss et al.,2012,oligolectic,oligolectic,only one family or genus as pollen source,NA,NA,
Diet breadth,Hoiss et al.,2012,polylectic,polylectic,use of more than one plant family... as pollen source,NA,NA,
Diet breadth,Hung et al.,2019,cleptoparasitic,parasitic,limited to pollen resources of their host bees,NA,NA,
Diet breadth,Hung et al.,2021,mesolectic,mesolectic,NA,NA,NA,
Diet breadth,Hung et al.,2019,mesolectic,mesolectic,restricted to or strongly preferring pollen from fewer than five plant families,NA,NA,
Diet breadth,Hung et al.,2021,oligolectic,oligolectic,NA,NA,NA,
Diet breadth,Hung et al.,2019,oligolectic,oligolectic,specialized on a single plant family,NA,NA,
Diet breadth,Hung et al.,2019,polylectic,polylectic,accepting pollen from five or more plant families,NA,NA,
Diet breadth,Hung et al.,2021,polylectic,polylectic,NA,NA,NA,
Diet breadth,Jacquemin et al.,2020,oligolectic,oligolectic,visiting a small number of floral genera from a single plant family,Robertson (1927),NA,
Diet breadth,Jacquemin et al.,2020,polylectic,polylectic,visiting several floral genera from more than one plant familiy,Robertson (1927),NA,
Diet breadth,Kratschmer et al.,2019,oligolectic,oligolectic,pollen specialists: pollen is collected from closely related or single plant taxa,NA,Scheuchel and Willner (2016),
Diet breadth,Kratschmer et al.,2021,oligolectic,oligolectic,"bees are specialized on closely related/single plant taxa (i.e., narrow oligolecty, monolecty cf. Cane and Sipes, 2006)",Cane and Sipes (2006),Scheuchel and Willner (2016); Greenleaf et al. (2007); Westrich (2018),
Diet breadth,Kratschmer et al.,2019,polylectic,polylectic,pollen generalists: pollen is collected on different plant taxa but species can show a certain degree of flower constancy,NA,Scheuchel and Willner (2016),
Diet breadth,Kratschmer et al.,2021,polylectic,polylectic,"bees collect pollen from different plant taxa (i.e., broad polylecty, mesolecty cf. Cane and Sipes, 2006)",Cane and Sipes (2006),Scheuchel and Willner (2016); Greenleaf et al. (2007); Westrich (2018),
Diet breadth,Lane et al.,2021,oligolectic,oligolectic,consistently provision their young with pollen from a single plant family,Linsley and MacSwain (1958),Refs in table,
Diet breadth,Lane et al.,2021,polylectic,polylectic,NA,Linsley and MacSwain (1958),Refs in table,
Diet breadth,Lazarina et al.,2016,oligolectic,oligolectic,visiting a narrow variety of plant species,NA,Petanidou et al. (2013); Müller (2015); Westrich (1989),
Diet breadth,Lazarina et al.,2016,polylectic,polylectic,visiting a wide variety of plant spaces,NA,Petanidou et al. (2013); Müller (2015); Westrich (1989),
Diet breadth,Le Feon et al.,2015,generalist,generalist,polylectic (i.e. collecting pollen from several plant families) and non-oil-collecting species,NA,Refs in paper,
Diet breadth,Le Feon et al.,2015,specialist (oil-collecting),specialist (oil-collecting),collect oil on specific plant species,NA,Refs in paper,
Diet breadth,Le Feon et al.,2015,specialist (oligolectic),specialist,collect pollen from a single plant family,NA,Refs in paper,
Diet breadth,Maas et al.,2021,oligolectic,oligolectic,NA,NA,NA,
Diet breadth,Maas et al.,2021,polylectic,polylectic,NA,NA,NA,
Diet breadth,Main et al.,2019,generalist,generalist,"Forages on a broad range of floral resources (i.e., polylectic)",NA,Brittain and Potts (2011); Otieno et al. (2015),
Diet breadth,Main et al.,2019,specialist,specialist,"Forages on limited resources; requires specific habitat (i.e., oligolectic)",NA,Brittain and Potts (2011); Otieno et al. (2015),
Diet breadth,Mazzeo and Torretta,2015,generalist or polylectic,generalist,NA,NA,NA,
Diet breadth,Mazzeo and Torretta,2015,specialist or oligolectic/monolectic,specialist,NA,NA,NA,
Diet breadth,McCravy et al.,2019,oligolectic,oligolectic,NA,NA,Refs in paper,
Diet breadth,McCravy et al.,2019,polylectic,polylectic,NA,NA,Refs in paper,
Diet breadth,Montoya-Pfeiffer et al.,2020,oligolectic,oligolectic,NA,NA,NA,
Diet breadth,Montoya-Pfeiffer et al.,2020,polylectic,polylectic,NA,NA,NA,
Diet breadth,Moretti et al.,2009,monolectic,monolectic,pollen collecting at a single species,NA,NA,
Diet breadth,Moretti et al.,2009,no lectic status,parasitic,having no pollen collecting requirements (i.e. a cleptoparasite),NA,NA,
Diet breadth,Moretti et al.,2009,oligolectic,oligolectic,pollen collecting restricted to plants within the same plant family,NA,NA,
Diet breadth,Moretti et al.,2009,polylectic,polylectic,pollen collecting on a number of species from different plant families,NA,NA,
Diet breadth,Normandin et al.,2017,oligolectic,oligolectic,NA,NA,Ascher and Pickering (2014),
Diet breadth,Normandin et al.,2017,polylectic,polylectic,NA,NA,Ascher and Pickering (2014),
Diet breadth,Odanaka and Rehan,2019,oligolecty,oligolectic,NA,Kratschmer et al. (2019),NA,
Diet breadth,Odanaka and Rehan,2019,parasitic,parasitic,NA,Kratschmer et al. (2019),NA,
Diet breadth,Odanaka and Rehan,2019,polylecty,polylectic,NA,Kratschmer et al. (2019),NA,
Diet breadth,Papanikolaou et al.,2017,oligolectic,oligolectic,NA,NA,NA,
Diet breadth,Papanikolaou et al.,2017,polylectic,polylectic,NA,NA,NA,
Diet breadth,Passaseo et al.,2020,generalist,generalist,NA,NA,Banaszak-Cibicka and Zmihorski (2012); Geslin et al. (2013),
Diet breadth,Passaseo et al.,2020,specialist,specialist,NA,NA,Banaszak-Cibicka and Zmihorski (2012); Geslin et al. (2013),
Diet breadth,Pisanty and Mandelik,2015,oligolege,oligolectic,single plant family,NA,NA,
Diet breadth,Pisanty and Mandelik,2015,polylege,polylectic,two or more plant families,NA,NA,
Diet breadth,Rhoades et al.,2017,oligolectic,oligolectic,NA,NA,Williams et al. (2010); Kennedy et al. (2013),
Diet breadth,Rhoades et al.,2017,polylectic,polylectic,NA,NA,Williams et al. (2010); Kennedy et al. (2013),
Diet breadth,Ricotta and Moretti,2011,monolectic,monolectic,pollen collecting at a single species,NA,NA,
Diet breadth,Ricotta and Moretti,2011,no lectic status,parasitic,"no feeding specialization having no pollen collecting requirements (i.e., cleptoparasite)",NA,NA,
Diet breadth,Ricotta and Moretti,2011,oligolectic,oligolectic,pollen collecting restricted to plants within the same plant family,NA,NA,
Diet breadth,Ricotta and Moretti,2011,polylectic,polylectic,pollen collecting on a number of species from different plant families,NA,NA,
Diet breadth,Rodriguez et al.,2021,oligolectic,oligolectic,NA,NA,NA,
Diet breadth,Rodriguez et al.,2021,polylectic,polylectic,NA,NA,NA,
Diet breadth,Rollin et al.,2015,oligolectic,oligolectic,specialized on a particular pollen taxon,Michener (2007),refs in paper,
Diet breadth,Rollin et al.,2015,polylectic,polylectic,forage on various unrelated kinds of flowers for pollen,Michener (2007),refs in paper,
Diet breadth,Sobieraj-Betlinska et al.,2022,oligolectic,oligolectic,NA,NA,NA,
Diet breadth,Sobieraj-Betlinska et al.,2022,polylectic,polylectic,NA,NA,NA,
Diet breadth,Syndeham et al.,2016,pollen specialist (no),specialist,NA,NA,NA,
Diet breadth,Syndeham et al.,2016,pollen specialist (yes),specialist,NA,NA,NA,
Diet breadth,Tonietto et al.,2017,not oligolectic,NA,NA,NA,NA,
Diet breadth,Tonietto et al.,2017,oligolectic,oligolectic,NA,NA,NA,
Diet breadth,Turo et al.,2021,generalist,generalist,NA,NA,NA,
Diet breadth,Turo et al.,2021,specialist,specialist,NA,NA,NA,
Diet breadth,Williams et al.,2010,generalist,generalist,NA,NA,NA,
Diet breadth,Williams et al.,2010,specialist,specialist,NA,NA,NA,
Diet breadth,Wilson and Jamieson,2019,generalist,generalist,collecting pollen from many plant families,NA,Gibbs et al.,
Diet breadth,Wilson and Jamieson,2019,specialist,specialist,collecting or preferring pollen from one plant family,NA,Gibbs et al.,
Diet breadth,Woodcock et al.,2014,oligolectic,oligolectic,NA,NA,NA,
Diet breadth,Woodcock et al.,2014,polylectic,polylectic,NA,NA,NA,
Diet breadth,Wray et al.,2014,oligolectic,oligolectic,NA,NA,NA,
Diet breadth,Wray et al.,2014,polylectic,polylectic,NA,NA,NA,
Nesting biology,Banaszak-Cibicka and Dylewski,2021,cavity,cavity,NA,NA,NA,
Nesting biology,Banaszak-Cibicka and Dylewski,2021,soil,below-ground,NA,NA,NA,
Nesting biology,Banaszak-Cibicka and Dylewski,2021,hive,cleptoparasite,NA,NA,NA,
Nesting biology,Braman et al.,2023,cavity,cavity,built in pithy stems and dead wood,NA,NA,
Nesting biology,Braman et al.,2023,litter,litter,"built in leaf litter, grass, the organic layer above soil, or vacated rodent dens",NA,NA,
Nesting biology,Braman et al.,2023,softwood,wood,built in wood that has been heavily decayed but still holds shape,NA,NA,
Nesting biology,Braman et al.,2023,occupied,kleptoparasite,"not built, but rather, the maternal bee lays her egg in another bee species' nest",NA,NA,
Nesting biology,Brasil et al.,2024,cavity,cavity,NA,NA,Hurd et al. (1974); Hurd (1979); Abrams and Eickwort (1980); Rehan and Richards (2010); Williams et al. (2014),
Nesting biology,Brasil et al.,2024,ground,below-ground,NA,NA,Hurd et al. (1974); Hurd (1979); Abrams and Eickwort (1980); Rehan and Richards (2010); Williams et al. (2014),
Nesting biology,Brasil et al.,2024,cavity,cavity,NA,NA,Hurd et al. (1974); Hurd (1979); Abrams and Eickwort (1980); Rehan and Richards (2010); Williams et al. (2014),
Nesting biology,Casanelles-Abella et al.,2023,below-ground,below-ground,NA,NA,NA,
Nesting biology,Casanelles-Abella et al.,2023,above-ground,above-ground,NA,NA,NA,
Nesting biology,Cecala and Wilson Rankin,2021,above-ground nesting,above-ground,including cavity-renting and -excavating species nestin gin stems or wood,NA,NA,
Nesting biology,Cecala and Wilson Rankin,2021,below-ground,below-ground,soil excavators and burrow renters,NA,NA,
Nesting biology,Chase et al.,2023,ground nesting,below-ground,NA,NA,NA,
Nesting biology,Chase et al.,2023,cavity renting,,NA,NA,NA,
Nesting biology,Chase et al.,2023,cavity excavating,,NA,NA,NA,
Nesting biology,Chase et al.,2023,diverse nesting,,bee species that utilize multiple nesting strategies,NA,NA,
Nesting biology,Chase et al.,2023,subsocial,subsocial,NA,NA,NA,
Nesting biology,Chase et al.,2023,primitively eusocial,primitively eusocial,NA,NA,NA,
Nesting biology,CortŽs-G—mez et al.,2023,above,above-ground,NA,NA,NA,
Nesting biology,CortŽs-G—mez et al.,2023,under,below-ground,NA,NA,NA,
Nesting biology,Coutinho et al.,2018,above-ground nesting,above-ground,NA,NA,NA,
Nesting biology,Coutinho et al.,2018,below-ground nesting,below-ground,NA,NA,NA,
Nesting biology,Dalmazzo et al.,2024,ground nesting,below-ground,"species nest below ground, in the soil",NA,"Michener (2007); Dalmazzo & Roig-Alsina (2015, 2018)",
Nesting biology,Dalmazzo et al.,2024,above ground,above-ground,"above-ground nesting species neset in various types of above-ground cavities (e.g., plant stems or trunk and decomposing wood)",NA,"Michener (2007); Dalmazzo & Roig-Alsina (2015, 2018)",
Nesting biology,Davies and Davis,2023,above,above,NA,NA,NA,
Nesting biology,Davies and Davis,2023,below,below,NA,NA,NA,
Nesting biology,Davies and Davis,2023,both,both,NA,NA,NA,
Nesting biology,Eldekind-Vealey et al.,2024,cavity,cavity,built in pithy stems and dead wood,NA,NA,
Nesting biology,Eldekind-Vealey et al.,2024,litter,litter,"built in leaf litter, grass, the organic layer above soil, or vacated rodent dens",NA,NA,
Nesting biology,Eldekind-Vealey et al.,2024,softwood,wood,built in wood that has been heavily decayed but still holds shape,NA,NA,
Nesting biology,Eldekind-Vealey et al.,2024,soil,soil,NA,NA,NA,
Nesting biology,Eldekind-Vealey et al.,2024,occupied,kleptoparasite,"not built, but rather, the maternal bee lays her egg in another bee species' nest",NA,NA,
Nesting biology,Everaars et al.,2018,wood nesting,wood,nesting in dead wood and other cavities,NA,NA,
Nesting biology,Everaars et al.,2018,soil nesting,below-ground,nesting in the upper soil layer,NA,NA,
Nesting biology,Fauviau et al.,2022,above ground,above-ground,NA,NA,NA,
Nesting biology,Fauviau et al.,2022,below ground,below-ground,NA,NA,NA,
Nesting biology,Felderhoff et al.,2023,subterranean,below-ground,NA,NA,Westrich (2018),
Nesting biology,Felderhoff et al.,2023,aboveground,above-ground,NA,NA,Westrich (2018),
Nesting biology,Felderhoff et al.,2023,both,variable,NA,NA,Westrich (2018),
Nesting biology,Ferrari and Polidori,2022,above,above-ground,"nests are built above the ground level (i.e. cavities, hollow stems)",Danforth et al. (2019),meta-analysis,
Nesting biology,Ferrari and Polidori,2022,below,below-ground,"nests are built below the ground level (i.e. excavated in bare soils, underground cavities)",Danforth et al. (2019),meta-analysis,
Nesting biology,Ferrari and Polidori,2022,do not build nest,parasitic,parasitic species do not build their own nests,Danforth et al. (2019),meta-analysis,
Nesting biology,Glenny et al.,2023,belowground,below-ground,NA,NA,Harmon-Threatt (2020); Michener (2007); Durney (2018),
Nesting biology,Glenny et al.,2023,belowground-cavity,belowground-cavity,NA,NA,Harmon-Threatt (2020); Michener (2007); Durney (2018),
Nesting biology,Glenny et al.,2023,aboveground-cavity,aboveground-cavity,NA,NA,Harmon-Threatt (2020); Michener (2007); Durney (2018),
Nesting biology,Glenny et al.,2023,parasitic-belowground,parasitic-belowground,NA,NA,Harmon-Threatt (2020); Michener (2007); Durney (2018),
Nesting biology,Glenny et al.,2023,parasitic-aboveground,parasitic-aboveground,NA,NA,Harmon-Threatt (2020); Michener (2007); Durney (2018),
Nesting biology,Hahs et al.,2023,below-ground,below-ground,NA,NA,Hinners et al. (2012); Normandin et al. (2017); Threlfall et al. (2015),
Nesting biology,Hahs et al.,2023,above-ground,above-ground,NA,NA,Hinners et al. (2012); Normandin et al. (2017); Threlfall et al. (2015),
Nesting biology,Hahs et al.,2023,parasite,parasite,NA,NA,Hinners et al. (2012); Normandin et al. (2017); Threlfall et al. (2015),
Nesting biology,Hamblin et al.,2018,above ground,above-ground,NA,NA,NA,
Nesting biology,Hamblin et al.,2018,below ground,below-ground,NA,NA,NA,
Nesting biology,Harmon-Threatt and Anderson,2023,below ground,below-ground,NA,NA,NA,
Nesting biology,Harmon-Threatt and Anderson,2023,at or near soil surface,at or near soil surface,NA,NA,NA,
Nesting biology,Harmon-Threatt and Anderson,2023,above ground,above-ground,NA,NA,NA,
Nesting biology,Hoiss et al.,2012,below-ground,below-ground,NA,NA,European trait database; Westrich (2018); Gogala (1999); Amiet et al. (2001),
Nesting biology,Hoiss et al.,2012,above-ground,above-ground,NA,NA,European trait database; Westrich (2018); Gogala (1999); Amiet et al. (2001),
Nesting biology,Jacobs et al.,2023,ground-nesting,below-ground,NA,NA,NA,
Nesting biology,Jacobs et al.,2023,above and ground-nesting,above and ground-nesting,NA,NA,NA,
Nesting biology,Kratschmer et al.,2018,ground nesting,below-ground,excavate nests in the ground,NA,Westrich (1989); Michener (2007); Scheuchl and Willner (2016),
Nesting biology,Kratschmer et al.,2018,above-ground,above-ground,"nesting in cavities, plant stems, dead wood or build on structures (ing. Bombus spp.)",NA,Westrich (1989); Michener (2007); Scheuchl and Willner (2016),
Nesting biology,"Kratschmer et al. (Agriculture, Ecosystems, and Environment)",2018,ground nesting,below-ground,excavate nests in the ground,NA,Greenleaf et al (2007); Scheuchl and Willner (2016); Westrich (1989),
Nesting biology,"Kratschmer et al. (Agriculture, Ecosystems, and Environment)",2018,above-ground,above-ground,"nesting in cavities, plant stems, dead wood or build on structures (ing. Bombus spp.)",NA,Greenleaf et al (2007); Scheuchl and Willner (2016); Westrich (1989),
Nesting biology,"Kratschmer et al. (Agriculture, Ecosystems, and Environment)",2018,parasitic,parasitic,females lay their eggs in nests of certain host species,NA,Greenleaf et al (2007); Scheuchl and Willner (2016); Westrich (1989),
Nesting biology,Marcacci et al.,2022,ground,below-ground,NA,NA,Michener (2007),
Nesting biology,Marcacci et al.,2023,cavity,cavity,NA,NA,Michener (2007),
Nesting biology,Marcacci et al.,2024,parasitic,parasitic,NA,NA,Michener (2007),
Nesting biology,McCravy et al.,2023,aboveground,above-ground,NA,NA,NA,
Nesting biology,McCravy et al.,2024,belowground,below-ground,NA,NA,NA,
Nesting biology,Morales-Alba et al.,2021,cualquier cavidad,cavity,NA,NA,NA,
Nesting biology,Morales-Alba et al.,2021,suelo,below-ground,NA,NA,NA,
Nesting biology,Morales-Alba et al.,2021,madera,wood,NA,NA,NA,
Nesting biology,OckermŸller et al.,2023,ground nesting,ground-nesting,"excavate their nest below ground (e.g., Halictus) and often require bare ground",NA,"Sheuchl and Willner (2016), Wiesbauer (2020)",
Nesting biology,OckermŸller et al.,2023,above-ground,above-ground,"use pre-existing cavities (incl. Bombus), plant stems, dead wood or snail shells to build their nest",NA,"Sheuchl and Willner (2016), Wiesbauer (2020)",
Nesting biology,OckermŸller et al.,2023,parasitic,parasitic,lay eggs in other bee species' nests,NA,"Sheuchl and Willner (2016), Wiesbauer (2020)",
Nesting biology,Pei et al.,2023,ground-nesting,ground-nesting,dug nests in ground substrate,,NA,
Nesting biology,Pei et al.,2023,ground-cavity,cavity,bumble bees that generally nested in or on pre-existing ground cavities,NA,NA,
Nesting biology,Pei et al.,2023,cavity-nesting,cavity,"species that nest in wood, pithy stem, or other cavities",NA,NA,
Nesting biology,Pei et al.,2023,hive,hive,for honey bees,NA,NA,
Nesting biology,Ramos-Fabiel et al.,2022,ground-nesters,ground-nesting,NA,NA,Frankie et al. (1993); Michener (2006); Neff (2008),
Nesting biology,Ramos-Fabiel et al.,2023,aerial (cavity) nesters,cavity,NA,NA,Frankie et al. (1993); Michener (2006); Neff (2008),
Nesting biology,Ribeiro et al.,2024,cavity/overground,cavity,NA,NA,NA,
Nesting biology,Ribeiro et al.,2024,not build,parasitic,NA,NA,NA,
Nesting biology,Ribeiro et al.,2024,soil,ground-nesting,NA,NA,NA,
Nesting biology,Schmolke et al.,2023,above,above-ground,nesting in existing above-ground cavities using soil/mud to build cell partitions,NA,NA,
Nesting biology,Schmolke et al.,2023,below,below-ground,excavating nests in the soil,NA,NA,
Nesting biology,Schmolke et al.,2023,leafcutting,stem,nesting in existing above-ground cavities using leaf pieces to line nest cells,NA,NA,
Nesting biology,Steffan-Dewenter and Tscharntke,2001,soil-nesting,below-ground,NA,NA,Westrich (1989),
Nesting biology,Syndenham et al.,2015,belowground,below-ground,NA,Michener (2007),Westrich (1989),
Nesting biology,Syndenham et al.,2016,aboveground,above-ground,NA,Michener (2007),Westrich (1989),
Nesting biology,Tšršk et al.,2022,soil,below-ground,NA,NA,"Bees, Wasps & Ants Recording Society (BWARS); Bogusch & Straka (2012); Falk (2015); Michez et al. (2019)",
Nesting biology,Tšršk et al.,2022,herbaceous plant stem,stem,NA,NA,"Bees, Wasps & Ants Recording Society (BWARS); Bogusch & Straka (2012); Falk (2015); Michez et al. (2019)",
Nesting biology,Tšršk et al.,2022,deadwood and wood,wood,NA,NA,"Bees, Wasps & Ants Recording Society (BWARS); Bogusch & Straka (2012); Falk (2015); Michez et al. (2019)",
Nesting biology,Villalobos et al.,2018,cavity,cavity,NA,NA,NA,
Nesting biology,Villalobos et al.,2018,soil,below-ground,NA,NA,NA,
Nesting biology,Villalobos et al.,2018,rotten wood,wood,NA,NA,NA,
Nesting biology,Villalobos et al.,2018,eusocial,eusocial,having a wide range of cooperative organizations forming large colonies,Brady et al. (2006),NA,
Nesting biology,Villalobos et al.,2018,solitary,solitary,"work their nests with no co-operation among individuals, although nests may be aggregated",Gathmann and Tscharntke (2002),NA,
Nesting biology,Villalobos et al.,2018,kleptoparasite,parasitic,"do not build or provision their own nests, but instead they lay their eggs on the nest of other species",Rozen (2003),NA,
Nesting biology,Villalta et al.,2022,ground-nesting,ground-nesting,NA,NA,"Drossart et al. (2019); Fortel et al. (2014); D. Genoud, personal communication",
Nesting biology,Villalta et al.,2022,cavities,cavity,NA,NA,"Drossart et al. (2019); Fortel et al. (2014); D. Genoud, personal communication",
Nesting biology,Villalta et al.,2022,dead stem,stem,NA,NA,"Drossart et al. (2019); Fortel et al. (2014); D. Genoud, personal communication",
Nesting biology,Villalta et al.,2022,carder,carder,NA,NA,"Drossart et al. (2019); Fortel et al. (2014); D. Genoud, personal communication",
Nesting biology,Weber et al.,2023,below-ground,below-ground,NA,NA,Westrich (2018); Scheuchl and Wilner (2016); Hagen and Aichhorn (2003),
Nesting biology,Weber et al.,2023,above-ground,above-ground,NA,NA,Westrich (2018); Scheuchl and Wilner (2016); Hagen and Aichhorn (2003),
Nesting biology,Weber et al.,2023,both,variable,NA,NA,Westrich (2018); Scheuchl and Wilner (2016); Hagen and Aichhorn (2003),
Nesting biology,Weber et al.,2023,parasitic,parasitic,NA,NA,Westrich (2018); Scheuchl and Wilner (2016); Hagen and Aichhorn (2003),
Nesting biology,Wu et al.,2018,above-ground,above-ground,NA,NA,Wu (1965); Kremen and M'Gonigle (2015),
Nesting biology,Wu et al.,2018,below-ground,below-ground,NA,NA,Wu (1965); Kremen and M'Gonigle (2015),
Nesting biology,Xie et al.,2023,below ground,below-ground,NA,NA,NA,
Nesting biology,Xie et al.,2023,above ground,above-ground,NA,NA,NA,
Nesting biology,Xie et al.,2023,polylectic,polylectic,NA,NA,NA,
Nesting biology,Xie et al.,2023,oligolectic,oligolectic,NA,NA,NA,
Nesting biology,Banaszak-Cibicka and Zmihorski,2012,cavity,cavity,NA,NA,Banaszak (1993); Scheuchl (1995); Schmid-Egger and Scheuchl (1997); Banaszak et al. (2001); Pesenko et al. (2002); Pawlikowski and Celary (2003),
Nesting biology,Banaszak-Cibicka and Zmihorski,2012,soil,soil,NA,NA,Banaszak (1993); Scheuchl (1995); Schmid-Egger and Scheuchl (1997); Banaszak et al. (2001); Pesenko et al. (2002); Pawlikowski and Celary (2003),
Nesting biology,Bartomeus et al.,2013,cavity,cavity,NA,NA,NA,
Nesting biology,Bartomeus et al.,2018,large cavities,cavity,NA,NA,NA,
Nesting biology,Bartomeus et al.,2018,ground,ground,NA,NA,NA,
Nesting biology,Bartomeus et al.,2013,hole,hole,NA,NA,NA,
Nesting biology,Bartomeus et al.,2018,pre-existing holes in wood,pre-existing holes in wood,NA,NA,NA,
Nesting biology,Bartomeus et al.,2013,soil,soil,NA,NA,NA,
Nesting biology,Bartomeus et al.,2013,stem,stem,NA,NA,NA,
Nesting biology,Bartomeus et al.,2018,stems,stem,NA,NA,NA,
Nesting biology,Bartomeus et al.,2018,decaying wood,wood,NA,NA,NA,
Nesting biology,Bartomeus et al.,2013,wood,wood,NA,NA,NA,
Nesting biology,Bruninga-Socolar et al.,2022,large cavity,cavity,large-cavity nesting bees use old rodent burrows or similar cavities that can be either above- or belowground,NA,Frison (1921); Sakagami and Michener (1962); Michener (1966); Medler (1967); Rozen (1967); Michener (1978); Cameron et al. (1996); Hoebeke and Wheeler (1999); Pesenko and Astafurova (2006); Michener (2007); Packer et al. (2007); Dumesh and Sheffield (2012); Smith et al. (2012); Gibbs et al. (2017),
Nesting biology,Bruninga-Socolar et al.,2022,ground,ground,NA,NA,Frison (1921); Sakagami and Michener (1962); Michener (1966); Medler (1967); Rozen (1967); Michener (1978); Cameron et al. (1996); Hoebeke and Wheeler (1999); Pesenko and Astafurova (2006); Michener (2007); Packer et al. (2007); Dumesh and Sheffield (2012); Smith et al. (2012); Gibbs et al. (2017),
Nesting biology,Bruninga-Socolar et al.,2022,stem/hole,variable,"stem/hole nesters use preexisting cylindrical cavities, typically in logs or plant stems of various ages (hole nesters), or excavate fresh pithy stems to construct nests (stem nesters)",NA,Frison (1921); Sakagami and Michener (1962); Michener (1966); Medler (1967); Rozen (1967); Michener (1978); Cameron et al. (1996); Hoebeke and Wheeler (1999); Pesenko and Astafurova (2006); Michener (2007); Packer et al. (2007); Dumesh and Sheffield (2012); Smith et al. (2012); Gibbs et al. (2017),
Nesting biology,Buchholz et al.,2020,aboveground cavity,above-ground cavity,NA,NA,"Amiet (1996); Amiet et al. (1999, 2001, 2004, 2007); Gokcezade et al. (2010)",
Nesting biology,Buchholz et al.,2020,aboveground cavity and tunnel,aboveground cavity and tunnel,NA,NA,"Amiet (1996); Amiet et al. (1999, 2001, 2004, 2007); Gokcezade et al. (2010)",
Nesting biology,Buchholz et al.,2020,kleptoparasite,cleptoparasite,NA,NA,"Amiet (1996); Amiet et al. (1999, 2001, 2004, 2007); Gokcezade et al. (2010)",
Nesting biology,Buchholz et al.,2020,tunnel,tunnel,NA,NA,"Amiet (1996); Amiet et al. (1999, 2001, 2004, 2007); Gokcezade et al. (2010)",
Nesting biology,Cabral Borges et al.,2020,ant,ant nest,species that nest in association with a pre-existent ant nest,NA,refs included in dataset CSV,
Nesting biology,Cabral Borges et al.,2020,cavity,cavity,species that nest in a pre-existent or excavated cavity in tree trunks or branches,NA,refs included in dataset CSV,
Nesting biology,Cabral Borges et al.,2020,exposed,exposed,species with exposed nests that are constructed around tree trunks or branches or around human-made structures,NA,refs included in dataset CSV,
Nesting biology,Cabral Borges et al.,2020,cavity/human-made,human-made structure,"species that nest in a pre-existent or excavated cavity in human-made structures such as walls, bricks and fences",NA,refs included in dataset CSV,
Nesting biology,Cabral Borges et al.,2020,soil,soil,species with subterranean nests in excavated or pre-existent cavities belowground,NA,refs included in dataset CSV,
Nesting biology,Cabral Borges et al.,2020,soil/termite,termite nest,"species that nest belowground, in association with subterranean termite nests",NA,refs included in dataset CSV,
Nesting biology,Cabral Borges et al.,2020,termite,termite nest,species that nest in association with pre-existent termite nests,NA,refs included in dataset CSV,
Nesting biology,Cabral Borges et al.,2020,soil/cavity/human-made,variable,species that nest belowground and in pre-existent natural or human-made nests,NA,refs included in dataset CSV,
Nesting biology,Cabral Borges et al.,2020,exposed/cavity,variable,species that nest in exposed areas and in cavities,NA,refs included in dataset CSV,
Nesting biology,Cane et al.,2006,above-ground cavity,above-ground cavity,NA,NA,"Hurd and Linsley (1975); Krombein et al. (1979); Minckley et al. (1999, 2000)",
Nesting biology,Cane et al.,2006,subterranean,below-ground,NA,NA,"Hurd and Linsley (1975); Krombein et al. (1979); Minckley et al. (1999, 2000)",
Nesting biology,Carper et al.,2014,cavity,cavity,NA,NA,NA,
Nesting biology,Carper et al.,2014,hive,hive,NA,NA,NA,
Nesting biology,Carper et al.,2014,soil,soil,NA,NA,NA,
Nesting biology,Carper et al.,2014,pithy stems,stem,NA,NA,NA,
Nesting biology,Carper et al.,2014,wood,wood,NA,NA,NA,
Nesting biology,Carrie et al.,2016,above-ground,above-ground,NA,NA,Settele et al. (2005); Michener (2000); Gathmann and Tscharntke (2002); Bommarco et al. (2010); Fortel et al. (2014); Forrest et al. (2015),
Nesting biology,Carrie et al.,2016,below-ground,below-ground,NA,NA,Settele et al. (2005); Michener (2000); Gathmann and Tscharntke (2002); Bommarco et al. (2010); Fortel et al. (2014); Forrest et al. (2015),
Nesting biology,Cohen et al.,2022,above ground,above-ground,"All nest types, from cavity nests to tunnels burrowed into wood",NA,NA,
Nesting biology,Cohen et al.,2022,below ground,below-ground,NA,NA,NA,
Nesting biology,Cohen et al.,2022,both,variable,NA,NA,NA,
Nesting biology,Coutinho et al.,2021,above-ground,above-ground,NA,NA,Stockhammer (1966); Michener (2000); Almeida (2008),
Nesting biology,Coutinho et al.,2021,below-ground,below-ground,NA,NA,Stockhammer (1966); Michener (2000); Almeida (2008),
Nesting biology,Coutinho et al.,2021,mixed,variable,NA,NA,Stockhammer (1966); Michener (2000); Almeida (2008),
Nesting biology,Cunningham-Minnick et al.,2020,ground,below-ground,"includes bees that nest within, as well as on the surface, of the soil",NA,NA,
Nesting biology,Cunningham-Minnick et al.,2020,hive,hive,NA,NA,NA,
Nesting biology,Cunningham-Minnick et al.,2020,wood,wood,"includes cavity nesting and pith-excavating bees, as well as bees that bore into wood grain (i.e., Xylocopa)",NA,NA,
Nesting biology,Dalmazzo,2010,cavidades preexistentes,cavity,"nidifican en cavidades y huecos formados en troncos, ramas, cañas y construcciones",Michener (2007),NA,
Nesting biology,Dalmazzo,2010,el suelo,below-ground,NA,Michener (2007),NA,
Nesting biology,Dorian et al.,2022,above-ground,above-ground,NA,NA,Harmon-Threatt (2020),
Nesting biology,Dorian et al.,2022,below-ground,below-ground,NA,NA,Harmon-Threatt (2020),
Nesting biology,Ekroos et al.,2013,above ground,above-ground,NA,NA,Persson (2011),
Nesting biology,Ekroos et al.,2013,below ground,below-ground,NA,NA,Persson (2011),
Nesting biology,Evans et al.,2018,above ground,above-ground,NA,NA,"Hobbs (1966, 1967, 1968); Michener (2000); Sheffield et al. (2008)",
Nesting biology,Evans et al.,2018,below ground,below-ground,NA,NA,"Hobbs (1966, 1967, 1968); Michener (2000); Sheffield et al. (2008)",
Nesting biology,Evans et al.,2018,cleptoparasitic,cleptoparasite,NA,NA,"Hobbs (1966, 1967, 1968); Michener (2000); Sheffield et al. (2008)",
Nesting biology,Figueroa et al.,2021,above-ground,above-ground,NA,NA,NA,
Nesting biology,Figueroa et al.,2021,below-ground,below-ground,NA,NA,NA,
Nesting biology,Forrest et al.,2015,above-ground,above-ground,NA,NA,"Krombein (1967); Michener (2000); Cane, Griswold & Parker (2007); Sheffield et al. (2011)",
Nesting biology,Forrest et al.,2015,below-ground,below-ground,NA,NA,"Krombein (1967); Michener (2000); Cane, Griswold & Parker (2007); Sheffield et al. (2011)",
Nesting biology,Forrest et al.,2015,mixed,variable,NA,NA,"Krombein (1967); Michener (2000); Cane, Griswold & Parker (2007); Sheffield et al. (2011)",
Nesting biology,Fortuin and Gandhi,2021,cavity nesting,cavity,NA,NA,NA,
Nesting biology,Fortuin and Gandhi,2021,occupied nests (cleptoparasites),cleptoparasite,NA,NA,NA,
Nesting biology,Fortuin and Gandhi,2021,litter nesting,litter,NA,NA,NA,
Nesting biology,Fortuin and Gandhi,2021,softwood nesting,soft wood,NA,NA,NA,
Nesting biology,Fortuin and Gandhi,2021,soil nesting,below-ground,NA,NA,NA,
Nesting biology,Geppert et al.,2023,above ground,above-ground,NA,NA,Refs in supplementary,
Nesting biology,Geppert et al.,2023,below ground,below-ground,NA,NA,Refs in supplementary,
Nesting biology,Giannini,2020,cavity,cavity,NA,NA,NA,
Nesting biology,Giannini,2020,exposed,exposed,NA,NA,NA,
Nesting biology,Giannini,2020,soil,below-ground,NA,NA,NA,
Nesting biology,Giannini,2020,termite,termite nest,NA,NA,NA,
Nesting biology,Giannini,2020,multi,variable,NA,NA,NA,
Nesting biology,Graf et al.,2022,above ground,above-ground,NA,Martins et al. (2013),NA,
Nesting biology,Graf et al.,2022,soil,soil,NA,Martins et al. (2013),NA,
Nesting biology,Graham et al.,2021,cavity,cavity,NA,NA,NA,
Nesting biology,Graham et al.,2021,ground,below-ground,NA,NA,NA,
Nesting biology,Gruver and Caradonna,2021,above-ground nesting,above-ground,NA,NA,NA,
Nesting biology,Gruver and Caradonna,2021,ground nesting,below-ground,NA,NA,NA,
Nesting biology,Guenat et al.,2018,cavity nesting,cavity,NA,NA,"Michener (1968, 1971); Eardley et al. (2010)",
Nesting biology,Guenat et al.,2018,soil nesting,soil,NA,NA,"Michener (1968, 1971); Eardley et al. (2010)",
Nesting biology,Gutiérrez-Chacón et al.,2020,above ground,above-ground,NA,NA,NA,
Nesting biology,Gutiérrez-Chacón et al.,2020,below ground,below-ground,NA,NA,NA,
Nesting biology,Hall et al.,2019,bare ground,bare ground,NA,NA,Michener (2007),
Nesting biology,Hall et al.,2019,ground,ground,NA,NA,Michener (2007),
Nesting biology,Hall et al.,2019,hollow branch,stem,NA,NA,Michener (2007),
Nesting biology,Hamblin et al.,2017,cavity,cavity,NA,NA,NA,
Nesting biology,Hamblin et al.,2017,ground,below-ground,NA,NA,NA,
Nesting biology,Hamblin et al.,2017,stem/wood,variable,NA,NA,NA,
Nesting biology,Harrison et al.,2018,cavities,cavity,NA,NA,NA,
Nesting biology,Harrison et al.,2018,soil burrows,soil burrows,NA,NA,NA,
Nesting biology,Harrison et al.,2018,plant stems,stem,NA,NA,NA,
Nesting biology,Harrison et al.,2018,wood,wood,NA,NA,NA,
Nesting biology,Hass et al.,2018,above-ground nesting,above-ground,NA,NA,Michener (2007),
Nesting biology,Hass et al.,2018,below-ground nesting,below-ground,NA,NA,Michener (2007),
Nesting biology,Hoiss et al.,2012,above ground,above-ground,NA,NA,NA,
Nesting biology,Hoiss et al.,2012,below ground,below-ground,NA,NA,NA,
Nesting biology,Hung et al.,2019,nesting aboveground,above-ground,NA,NA,NA,
Nesting biology,Hung et al.,2019,nesting underground,below-ground,NA,NA,NA,
Nesting biology,Hung et al.,2019,nesting opportunistically either above or underground,variable,NA,NA,NA,
Nesting biology,Kammerer et al.,2021,ground nesters,below-ground,NA,NA,NA,
Nesting biology,Kammerer et al.,2021,cavity/stem nesters,stem,NA,NA,NA,
Nesting biology,Kratschmer et al.,2019,above-ground nesting,above-ground,"nesting in pre-existing cavities, plant stems, dead wood",NA,Scheuchel and Willner (2016),
Nesting biology,Kratschmer et al.,2019,parasitic,cleptoparasite,females lay their eggs in nests of specific host species,NA,Scheuchel and Willner (2016),
Nesting biology,Kratschmer et al.,2019,ground nesting,below-ground,excavate nest in the ground,NA,Scheuchel and Willner (2016),
Nesting biology,Kratschmer et al.,2021,aboveground nesting,above-ground,"require preexisting cavities, dead wood, or plant stems",NA,Scheuchel and Willner (2016); Greenleaf et al. (2007); Westrich (2018),
Nesting biology,Kratschmer et al.,2021,ground nesting,below-ground,excavate nests in the ground,NA,Scheuchel and Willner (2016); Greenleaf et al. (2007); Westrich (2018),
Nesting biology,Lazarina et al.,2016,cleptoparasitic,cleptoparasite,NA,NA,Müller (2015); Westrich (1989),
Nesting biology,Lazarina et al.,2016,ground-nesting,ground,NA,NA,Müller (2015); Westrich (1989),
Nesting biology,Lazarina et al.,2016,various nesting preferences,variable,NA,NA,Müller (2015); Westrich (1989),
Nesting biology,Le Feon et al.,2015,above ground,above-ground,nest in various types of above-ground cavities (e.g. in plant stems or wood),NA,Refs in paper,
Nesting biology,Le Feon et al.,2015,below ground,below-ground,nest in the soil,NA,Refs in paper,
Nesting biology,Lichtenberg et al.,2017,nesting in ground (yes),below-ground,NA,NA,NA,
Nesting biology,Lichtenberg et al.,2017,nesting in ground (no),NA,NA,NA,NA,
Nesting biology,Main et al.,2019,cavity-nesters,cavity,"Nests aboveground in tunnels and cavities (e.g., trees, fallen logs, boxes)",NA,Brittain and Potts (2011); Otieno et al. (2015),
Nesting biology,Main et al.,2019,cleptoparasites,cleptoparasite,No nest; occupy nests of other bees; parasitic,NA,Brittain and Potts (2011); Otieno et al. (2015),
Nesting biology,Mazzeo and Torretta,2015,above-ground nesting,above-ground,"included species that nest in pre-existing cavities (e.g. many species of Megachile) and species which make the burrows themselves (e.g. Xylocopa, Lithurgis)",NA,NA,
Nesting biology,Mazzeo and Torretta,2015,below-ground nesting,below-ground,NA,NA,NA,
Nesting biology,McCravy et al.,2019,aboveground,above-ground,NA,NA,Refs in paper,
Nesting biology,McCravy et al.,2019,belowground,below-ground,NA,NA,Refs in paper,
Nesting biology,Montoya-Pfeiffer et al.,2020,aboveground,above-ground,NA,NA,NA,
Nesting biology,Montoya-Pfeiffer et al.,2020,belowground,below-ground,NA,NA,NA,
Nesting biology,Munyuli,2014,cavity nesters,cavity,NA,NA,NA,
Nesting biology,Munyuli,2014,hive+house wall nesters,variable,NA,NA,NA,
Nesting biology,Munyuli,2014,termite mounts+underground nesters,variable,NA,NA,NA,
Nesting biology,Nooten et al.,2020,ground nesting,below-ground,substrate used: ... soil,NA,Refs in paper,
Nesting biology,Nooten et al.,2020,stem nesting,stem,substrate used: wood or pithy stems,NA,Refs in paper,
Nesting biology,Normandin et al.,2017,cavity above ground,above-ground cavity,NA,NA,Ascher and Pickering (2014),
Nesting biology,Normandin et al.,2017,cavity below ground,below-ground cavity,NA,NA,Ascher and Pickering (2014),
Nesting biology,Normandin et al.,2017,cleptoparasites,cleptoparasite,NA,NA,Ascher and Pickering (2014),
Nesting biology,Normandin et al.,2017,ground,ground,NA,NA,Ascher and Pickering (2014),
Nesting biology,Normandin et al.,2017,social parasite,social parasite,NA,NA,Ascher and Pickering (2014),
Nesting biology,O'Brien and Arathi,2019,cavity,cavity,NA,NA,Michener (1974),
Nesting biology,O'Brien and Arathi,2019,parasitic,cleptoparasite,NA,NA,Michener (1974),
Nesting biology,O'Brien and Arathi,2019,ground,ground,NA,NA,Michener (1974),
Nesting biology,O'Brien and Arathi,2019,cavity/hive boxes,hive,NA,NA,Michener (1974),
Nesting biology,O'Brien and Arathi,2019,stem,stem,NA,NA,Michener (1974),
Nesting biology,O'Brien and Arathi,2019,cavity,cavity,NA,NA,Michener et al. (1974),
Nesting biology,O'Brien and Arathi,2019,parasitic,cleptoparasite,NA,NA,Michener et al. (1974),
Nesting biology,O'Brien and Arathi,2019,ground,ground,NA,NA,Michener et al. (1974),
Nesting biology,O'Brien and Arathi,2019,cavity/hive boxes,hive,NA,NA,Michener et al. (1974),
Nesting biology,O'Brien and Arathi,2019,stem,stem,NA,NA,Michener et al. (1974),
Nesting biology,Odanaka and Rehan,2019,ground,below-ground,NA,Kratschmer et al. (2019),NA,
Nesting biology,Odanaka and Rehan,2019,stem,stem,NA,Kratschmer et al. (2019),NA,
Nesting biology,Passaseo et al.,2020,cavity,cavity,NA,NA,Banaszak-Cibicka and Zmihorski (2012); Geslin et al. (2013),
Nesting biology,Passaseo et al.,2020,ground,ground,NA,NA,Banaszak-Cibicka and Zmihorski (2012); Geslin et al. (2013),
Nesting biology,Passaseo et al.,2020,hive,hive,NA,NA,Banaszak-Cibicka and Zmihorski (2012); Geslin et al. (2013),
Nesting biology,Persson et al.,2015,above-ground,above-ground,NA,NA,NA,
Nesting biology,Persson et al.,2015,below-ground,below-ground,NA,NA,NA,
Nesting biology,Pisanty and Mandelik,2015,aboveground,above-ground,NA,NA,NA,
Nesting biology,Pisanty and Mandelik,2015,belowground,below-ground,NA,NA,NA,
Nesting biology,Poulsen and Rasmussen,2020,ground nesting,below-ground,"refers to a taxon that is nesting below ground surface in cavities, burrows, or similar",NA,NA,
Nesting biology,Poulsen and Rasmussen,2020,wood nesting,wood,refers to a taxon that is nesting inside pre-existing or self-excavated tree stems or sticks,NA,NA,
Nesting biology,Rollin et al.,2015,endogeic,endogeic,nest in the ground,Oertli et al. (2005); Michener (2007),refs in paper,
Nesting biology,Rollin et al.,2015,hypergeic,hypergeic,"nest in a variety of structures above ground, e.g. in natural cavities (branches and twigs of trees and bushes, spaces under rocks, etc.)",Oertli et al. (2005); Michener (2007),refs in paper,
Nesting biology,Roquer-Beni et al.,2021,above ground,above-ground,NA,NA,BWARS; Westrich (1989); Westrich (2018); Michez et al. (2019),
Nesting biology,Roquer-Beni et al.,2021,below ground,below-ground,NA,NA,BWARS; Westrich (1989); Westrich (2018); Michez et al. (2019),
Nesting biology,Samnegard et al.,2015,above-ground,above-ground,NA,NA,Refs in appendix,
Nesting biology,Samnegard et al.,2015,below-ground,below-ground,NA,NA,Refs in appendix,
Nesting biology,Shi et al.,2022,above-ground,above-ground,NA,NA,NA,
Nesting biology,Shi et al.,2022,below-ground,below-ground,NA,NA,NA,
Nesting biology,Sobieraj-Betlinska et al.,2022,above-ground,above-ground,NA,NA,NA,
Nesting biology,Sobieraj-Betlinska et al.,2022,below-ground,below-ground,NA,NA,NA,
Nesting biology,Sobieraj-Betlinska et al.,2022,cleptoparasitic,cleptoparasite,NA,NA,NA,
Nesting biology,Sobieraj-Betlinska et al.,2022,mixed,variable,NA,NA,NA,
Nesting biology,Steinert et al.,2020,above-ground,above-ground,NA,NA,Carreck (2016); Westrich (1990),
Nesting biology,Steinert et al.,2020,below-ground,below-ground,NA,NA,Carreck (2016); Westrich (1990),
Nesting biology,Stemkovski et al.,2020,above-ground,above-ground,NA,NA,Pardee (2018),
Nesting biology,Stemkovski et al.,2020,below-ground,below-ground,NA,NA,Pardee (2018),
Nesting biology,Syndeham et al.,2016,above ground,above-ground,NA,NA,NA,
Nesting biology,Syndeham et al.,2016,below ground,below-ground,NA,NA,NA,
Nesting biology,Tonietto et al.,2017,aboveground,above-ground,NA,NA,NA,
Nesting biology,Tonietto et al.,2017,ground,below-ground,NA,NA,NA,
Nesting biology,Turo et al.,2021,cavity nesting (non-pith),cavity,NA,NA,NA,
Nesting biology,Turo et al.,2021,parasitic,cleptoparasite,NA,NA,NA,
Nesting biology,Turo et al.,2021,ground nesting,ground,NA,NA,NA,
Nesting biology,Turo et al.,2021,human cultivated,human-made structure,NA,NA,NA,
Nesting biology,Turo et al.,2021,pith nesting,stem,NA,NA,NA,
Nesting biology,Wilson and Jamieson,2019,cavity,cavity,NA,NA,Gibbs et al.,
Nesting biology,Wilson and Jamieson,2019,ground,ground,NA,NA,Gibbs et al.,
Nesting biology,Wilson and Jamieson,2019,hard wood,hard wood,NA,NA,Gibbs et al.,
Nesting biology,Wilson and Jamieson,2019,managed hives,hive,NA,NA,Gibbs et al.,
Nesting biology,Wilson and Jamieson,2019,soft wood,soft wood,NA,NA,Gibbs et al.,
Nesting biology,Wilson and Jamieson,2019,stem,stem,NA,NA,Gibbs et al.,
Sociality,Banaszak-Cibicka and Dylewski,2021,solitary,solitary,NA,NA,NA,
Sociality,Banaszak-Cibicka and Dylewski,2021,eusocial,eusocial,NA,NA,NA,
Sociality,Banaszak-Cibicka and Dylewski,2021,cleptoparasitic,cleptoparasite,NA,NA,NA,
Sociality,Braman et al.,2023,solitary,solitary,NA,NA,NA,
Sociality,Braman et al.,2023,communal,communal,NA,NA,NA,
Sociality,Braman et al.,2023,eusocial,eusocial,NA,NA,NA,
Sociality,Braman et al.,2023,kleptoparasite,kleptoparasite,NA,NA,NA,
Sociality,Brasil et al.,2024,solitary,solitary,NA,NA,Hurd et al. (1974); Hurd (1979); Abrams and Eickwort (1980); Rehan and Richards (2010); Williams et al. (2014),
Sociality,Brasil et al.,2024,eusocial,eusocial,NA,NA,Hurd et al. (1974); Hurd (1979); Abrams and Eickwort (1980); Rehan and Richards (2010); Williams et al. (2014),
Sociality,Casanelles-Abella et al.,2023,solitary,solitary,non-social bees that do not show any type of social organization,NA,NA,
Sociality,Casanelles-Abella et al.,2023,social,social,NA,NA,NA,
Sociality,Cecala and Wilson Rankin,2021,solitary,eusocial,NA,NA,NA,
Sociality,Cecala and Wilson Rankin,2021,cleptoparasite,cleptoparasite,NA,NA,NA,
Sociality,Chase et al.,2023,solitary,solitary,NA,NA,NA,
Sociality,CortŽs-G—mez et al.,2023,solitary,solitary,NA,NA,NA,
Sociality,CortŽs-G—mez et al.,2023,eusocial,eusocial,NA,NA,NA,
Sociality,CortŽs-G—mez et al.,2023,parasocial,parasocial,NA,NA,NA,
Sociality,Coutinho et al.,2018,solitary,solitary,NA,NA,NA,
Sociality,Coutinho et al.,2018,social,social,NA,NA,NA,
Sociality,Dalmazzo et al.,2024,social,social,species showing eusocial and semi-social behavior,NA,"Michener (2007); Dalmazzo & Roig-Alsina (2015, 2018)",
Sociality,Dalmazzo et al.,2024,solitary,solitary,species showing behavior other than eusocial or semi-social,Michener (2007),"Michener (2007); Dalmazzo & Roig-Alsina (2015, 2018)",
Sociality,Davies and Davis,2023,social,social,NA,NA,NA,
Sociality,Davies and Davis,2023,solitary,solitary,NA,NA,NA,
Sociality,Davies and Davis,2023,multiple,multiple,NA,NA,NA,
Sociality,de Bello et al.,2007,solitary,solitary,NA,NA,NA,
Sociality,de Bello et al.,2007,social,social,NA,NA,NA,
Sociality,de Bello et al.,2007,variable,variable,NA,NA,NA,
Sociality,Eldekind-Vealey et al.,2024,solitary,solitary,NA,NA,NA,
Sociality,Eldekind-Vealey et al.,2024,communal,communal,NA,NA,NA,
Sociality,Eldekind-Vealey et al.,2024,eusocial,eusocial,NA,NA,NA,
Sociality,Eldekind-Vealey et al.,2024,kleptoparasitic,kleptoparasitic,NA,NA,NA,
Sociality,Fauviau et al.,2022,social,social,NA,NA,NA,
Sociality,Fauviau et al.,2022,solitary,solitary,NA,NA,NA,
Sociality,Felderhoff et al.,2023,social,social,NA,NA,Westrich (2018),
Sociality,Felderhoff et al.,2023,solitary,solitary,NA,NA,Westrich (2018),
Sociality,Felderhoff et al.,2023,parasitic,parasitic,NA,NA,Westrich (2018),
Sociality,Ferrari and Polidori,2022,solitary,solitary,species in which all females reproduce and provide for its own nest,Danforth et al. (2019),meta-analysis,
Sociality,Ferrari and Polidori,2022,solitary,social,species in which not all females reproduce; breed in colonies,Danforth et al. (2019),meta-analysis,
Sociality,Ferrari and Polidori,2022,solitary,parasite,species in which females lay their eggs in nests of host species,Danforth et al. (2019),meta-analysis,
Sociality,Glenny et al.,2023,eusocial,eusocial,NA,NA,Harmon-Threatt (2020); Michener (2007); Durney (2018),
Sociality,Glenny et al.,2023,solitary,solitary,NA,NA,Harmon-Threatt (2020); Michener (2007); Durney (2018),
Sociality,Glenny et al.,2023,social,social,NA,NA,Harmon-Threatt (2020); Michener (2007); Durney (2018),
Sociality,Glenny et al.,2023,parasitic-social,parasite,NA,NA,Harmon-Threatt (2020); Michener (2007); Durney (2018),
Sociality,Glenny et al.,2023,parasitic-solitary,parasite,NA,NA,Harmon-Threatt (2020); Michener (2007); Durney (2018),
Sociality,Hahs et al.,2023,solitary,solitary,NA,NA,Hinners et al. (2012); Normandin et al. (2017); Threlfall et al. (2015),
Sociality,Hahs et al.,2023,other,social,NA,NA,Hinners et al. (2012); Normandin et al. (2017); Threlfall et al. (2015),
Sociality,Hamblin et al.,2018,solitary,solitary,NA,NA,NA,
Sociality,Hamblin et al.,2018,eusocial,eusocial,NA,NA,NA,
Sociality,Hamblin et al.,2018,parasitic,parasitic,NA,NA,NA,
Sociality,Hoiss et al.,2012,social,social,NA,NA,European trait database; Westrich (2018); Gogala (1999); Amiet et al. (2001),
Sociality,Hoiss et al.,2012,solitary,solitary,NA,NA,European trait database; Westrich (2018); Gogala (1999); Amiet et al. (2001),
Sociality,Jacobs et al.,2023,social,social,NA,NA,NA,
Sociality,Jacobs et al.,2023,solitary,solitary,NA,NA,NA,
Sociality,Jacobs et al.,2023,primitive social,primitive social,NA,NA,NA,
Sociality,Kazenel et al.,2024,social,social,NA,NA,cited in supp. Materials,
Sociality,Kazenel et al.,2024,solitary,solitary,NA,NA,cited in supp. Materials,
Sociality,Kazenel et al.,2024,parasitic,parasitic,NA,NA,cited in supp. Materials,
Sociality,Kendall et al. ,2022,obligate solitary,solitary,bee species that provision their own nest cells. This group includes species that live communally or in aggregations.,Michener (2007),NA,
Sociality,Kendall et al. ,2022,primitively eusocial,primitively eusocial,"species that have nonpermanent colonies, generally founded by a single female",Michener (2007),NA,
Sociality,Kendall et al. ,2022,highly eusocial,highly eusocial,"species that have permanent colonies, which reproduce through groups or swarms",Michener (2007),NA,
Sociality,Kratschmer et al.,2018,solitary,solitary,fertile females nest and breed alone,NA,Westrich (1989); Michener (2007); Scheuchl and Willner (2016),
Sociality,Kratschmer et al.,2018,parasitic,parasitic,fertile females lay their eggs in nests of certain host species,NA,Westrich (1989); Michener (2007); Scheuchl and Willner (2016),
Sociality,"Kratschmer et al. (Agriculture, Ecosystems, and Environment)",2018,solitary,solitary,females nest and breed alone,NA,Greenleaf et al (2007); Scheuchl and Willner (2016); Westrich (1989),
Sociality,"Kratschmer et al. (Agriculture, Ecosystems, and Environment)",2018,eusocial,eusocial,female nesting and breeding in colonies (unfertile workers and fertile females),NA,Greenleaf et al (2007); Scheuchl and Willner (2016); Westrich (1989),
Sociality,Kratschmer et al. (Urban Ecosystems),2018,primitively eusocial,primitively eusocial,fertile females establish the nest and 1st generation of workers initializing division of labor,NA,Westrich (1989); Michener (2007); Scheuchl and Willner (2016),
Sociality,Kueneman et al.,2023,facultatively social,facultatively social,NA,NA,NA,
Sociality,Kueneman et al.,2023,highly eusocial,highly eusocial,NA,NA,NA,
Sociality,Kueneman et al.,2023,primitively eusocial,primitively eusocial,NA,NA,NA,
Sociality,Kueneman et al.,2023,solitary,solitary,NA,NA,NA,
Sociality,Marcacci et al.,2025,social,social,NA,NA,Michener (2007),
Sociality,Marcacci et al.,2026,solitary,solitary,NA,NA,Michener (2007),
Sociality,McCravy et al.,2019,solitary,solitary,NA,NA,NA,
Sociality,McCravy et al.,2020,social,solitary,NA,NA,NA,
Sociality,Morales-Alba et al.,2021,social,social,NA,NA,NA,
Sociality,Morales-Alba et al.,2021,solitario,solitary,NA,NA,NA,
Sociality,OckermŸller et al.,2023,solitary,solitary,nest and breed on their own,NA,"Sheuchl and Willner (2016), Wiesbauer (2020)",
Sociality,OckermŸller et al.,2023,parasitic,parasitic,NA,NA,"Sheuchl and Willner (2016), Wiesbauer (2020)",
Sociality,OckermŸller et al.,2023,social,social,(eu-)social bees nest and breed in colonies for one or more years,NA,"Sheuchl and Willner (2016), Wiesbauer (2020)",
Sociality,Pei et al.,2023,eusocial,eusocial,"species that are structured with a main egg-laying female and working castes, including many primitively eusocail Halictid bees",Michener (2007),NA,
Sociality,Pei et al.,2023,solitary,solitary,species that provision nests alone,Michener (2007),NA,
Sociality,Pei et al.,2023,communal/semisocial,communal/semisocial,NA,Michener (2007),NA,
Sociality,Querejeta et al.,2023,social,social,NA,NA,NA,
Sociality,Querejeta et al.,2023,solitary,solitary,NA,NA,NA,
Sociality,Ramos-Fabiel et al.,2019,solitary,solitary,NA,NA,Frankie et al. (1993); Michener (2006); Neff (2008),
Sociality,Ramos-Fabiel et al.,2020,parasocial,parasocial,NA,NA,Frankie et al. (1993); Michener (2006); Neff (2008),
Sociality,Ramos-Fabiel et al.,2021,social,social,NA,NA,Frankie et al. (1993); Michener (2006); Neff (2008),
Sociality,Ribeiro et al.,2024,solitary,solitary,NA,NA,NA,
Sociality,Ribeiro et al.,2024,eusocial,eusocial,NA,NA,NA,
Sociality,Ribeiro et al.,2024,parasocial,parasocial,NA,NA,NA,
Sociality,Ribeiro et al.,2024,cleptoparasite,parasitic,NA,NA,NA,
Sociality,Smith et al.,2019,social,social,NA,NA,Bartomeus et al. (2013),
Sociality,Smith et al.,2019,solitary,solitary,NA,NA,Bartomeus et al. (2013),
Sociality,Steffan-Dewenter and Tscharntke,2001,parasitic,parasitic,NA,NA,Westrich (1989),
Sociality,Steffan-Dewenter and Tscharntke,2001,social,social,NA,NA,Westrich (1989),
Sociality,Syndenham et al.,2019,social,social,NA,Michener (2007),Westrich (1989),
Sociality,Syndenham et al.,2020,solitary,solitary,NA,Michener (2007),Westrich (1989),
Sociality,Tšršk et al.,2022,solitary,solitary,NA,NA,"Bees, Wasps & Ants Recording Society (BWARS); Bogusch & Straka (2012); Falk (2015); Michez et al. (2019)",
Sociality,Tšršk et al.,2022,parasite,parasite,NA,NA,"Bees, Wasps & Ants Recording Society (BWARS); Bogusch & Straka (2012); Falk (2015); Michez et al. (2019)",
Sociality,Tšršk et al.,2022,eusocial,eusocial,NA,NA,"Bees, Wasps & Ants Recording Society (BWARS); Bogusch & Straka (2012); Falk (2015); Michez et al. (2019)",
Sociality,Villalta et al.,2022,social,social,presence of a reproductive caste,NA,"Drossart et al. (2019); Amiet et al. (2010, 2007, 2004, 2001, 1999); Fortel et al. (2014);  D. Genoud, personal communication",
Sociality,Villalta et al.,2022,solitary,solitary,NA,NA,"Drossart et al. (2019); Amiet et al. (2010, 2007, 2004, 2001, 1999); Fortel et al. (2014);  D. Genoud, personal communication",
Sociality,Villalta et al.,2022,polymorphic,variable,NA,NA,"Drossart et al. (2019); Amiet et al. (2010, 2007, 2004, 2001, 1999); Fortel et al. (2014);  D. Genoud, personal communication",
Sociality,Villalta et al.,2022,kleptoparasite,parasitic,NA,NA,"Drossart et al. (2019); Amiet et al. (2010, 2007, 2004, 2001, 1999); Fortel et al. (2014);  D. Genoud, personal communication",
Sociality,Wu et al.,2018,social,social,primitively social to eusocial,NA,Wu (1965); Kremen and M'Gonigle (2015),
Sociality,Wu et al.,2018,solitary,solitary,NA,NA,Wu (1965); Kremen and M'Gonigle (2015),
Sociality,Wu et al.,2018,parasitic,parasitic,NA,NA,Wu (1965); Kremen and M'Gonigle (2015),
Sociality,Xie et al.,2023,eusocial,eusocial,NA,Michener (2007),NA,
Sociality,Xie et al.,2023,subsocial,subsocial,NA,Michener (2007),NA,
Sociality,Xie et al.,2023,solitary,solitary,NA,Michener (2007),NA,
Sociality,Alvarenga et al.,2020,eusocial,eusocial,NA,NA,NA,
Sociality,Alvarenga et al.,2020,non-eusocial,non-eusocial,NA,NA,NA,
Sociality,Banaszak-Cibicka and Zmihorski,2012,parasitic,cleptoparasite,NA,NA,Banaszak (1993); Scheuchl (1995); Schmid-Egger and Scheuchl (1997); Banaszak et al. (2001); Pesenko et al. (2002); Pawlikowski and Celary (2003),
Sociality,Banaszak-Cibicka and Zmihorski,2012,eusocial,eusocial,NA,NA,Banaszak (1993); Scheuchl (1995); Schmid-Egger and Scheuchl (1997); Banaszak et al. (2001); Pesenko et al. (2002); Pawlikowski and Celary (2003),
Sociality,Banaszak-Cibicka and Zmihorski,2012,solitary,solitary,NA,NA,Banaszak (1993); Scheuchl (1995); Schmid-Egger and Scheuchl (1997); Banaszak et al. (2001); Pesenko et al. (2002); Pawlikowski and Celary (2003),
Sociality,Bartomeus et al.,2013,eusocial,eusocial,NA,NA,NA,
Sociality,Bartomeus et al.,2018,eusocial,eusocial,NA,NA,NA,
Sociality,Bartomeus et al.,2013,facultative social,facultatively social,NA,NA,NA,
Sociality,Bartomeus et al.,2018,facultative social,facultatively social,NA,NA,NA,
Sociality,Bartomeus et al.,2013,solitary,solitary,NA,NA,NA,
Sociality,Bartomeus et al.,2018,solitary,solitary,NA,NA,NA,
Sociality,Beyer et al.,2021,non-social,non-social,NA,NA,NA,
Sociality,Beyer et al.,2021,social,social,NA,NA,NA,
Sociality,Bommarco et al.,2010,social,social,NA,NA,Michener (2000),
Sociality,Bommarco et al.,2010,solitary,solitary,NA,NA,Michener (2000),
Sociality,Buchholz et al.,2020,cuckoo,cleptoparasite,NA,NA,"Amiet (1996); Amiet et al. (1999, 2001, 2004, 2007); Gokcezade et al. (2010)",
Sociality,Buchholz et al.,2020,social,social,NA,NA,"Amiet (1996); Amiet et al. (1999, 2001, 2004, 2007); Gokcezade et al. (2010)",
Sociality,Buchholz et al.,2020,solitary,solitary,NA,NA,"Amiet (1996); Amiet et al. (1999, 2001, 2004, 2007); Gokcezade et al. (2010)",
Sociality,Cabral Borges et al.,2020,cleptoparasitic,cleptoparasite,NA,NA,refs included in dataset CSV,
Sociality,Cabral Borges et al.,2020,eusocial,eusocial,"Apini, Bombini, and Meliponini tribes that present obligatory cooperative brood care",NA,refs included in dataset CSV,
Sociality,Cabral Borges et al.,2020,solitary,solitary,NA,NA,refs included in dataset CSV,
Sociality,Carper et al.,2014,parasitic,cleptoparasite,NA,NA,NA,
Sociality,Carper et al.,2014,eusocial,eusocial,NA,NA,NA,
Sociality,Carper et al.,2014,solitary,solitary,NA,NA,NA,
Sociality,Carper et al.,2014,subsocial,sub-social,NA,NA,NA,
Sociality,Carrie et al.,2016,social,social,"included species that live in a colony characterized by cooperative brood care, therefore including eusocial and primitively social species",NA,Settele et al. (2005); Michener (2000); Gathmann and Tscharntke (2002); Bommarco et al. (2010); Fortel et al. (2014); Forrest et al. (2015),
Sociality,Carrie et al.,2016,solitary,solitary,included species that care only for their own offspring,NA,Settele et al. (2005); Michener (2000); Gathmann and Tscharntke (2002); Bommarco et al. (2010); Fortel et al. (2014); Forrest et al. (2015),
Sociality,Cohen et al.,2022,parasitic,cleptoparasite,Bees that invade nests of other species. Example species: Nomada edwardsii,NA,NA,
Sociality,Cohen et al.,2022,social,social,Eusocial bees or primitively eusocial bees. Example specis: Apis mellifera,NA,NA,
Sociality,Cohen et al.,2022,solitary,solitary,"Bees that forage, nest, and reproduce individually for the majority of their lifespan. Example species: Megachile apicalis",NA,NA,
Sociality,Coutinho et al.,2021,social,social,NA,NA,"Michener (1969, 2000); Almeida (2008)",
Sociality,Coutinho et al.,2021,solitary,solitary,NA,NA,"Michener (1969, 2000); Almeida (2008)",
Sociality,Cunningham-Minnick et al.,2020,parasitic,cleptoparasite,NA,NA,NA,
Sociality,Cunningham-Minnick et al.,2020,social,social,NA,NA,NA,
Sociality,Cunningham-Minnick et al.,2020,solitary,solitary,NA,NA,NA,
Sociality,Dalmazzo,2010,eusociales,eusocial,especies que presentan colonias con división del trabajo en castas y cooperación de dos o más generacions de hembras adultas,Michener (2007),NA,
Sociality,Dalmazzo,2010,solitarias,solitary,NA,Michener (2007),NA,
Sociality,Davis and Comai,2022,kleptoparasitic,cleptoparasite,NA,NA,Scott (2011); Michener (2007),
Sociality,Davis and Comai,2022,social,social,NA,NA,Scott (2011); Michener (2007),
Sociality,Davis and Comai,2022,solitary,solitary,NA,NA,Scott (2011); Michener (2007),
Sociality,Davis and Comai,2022,multiple,variable,NA,NA,Scott (2011); Michener (2007),
Sociality,De Palma et al.,2015,not obligately solitary,not obligately solitary,NA,NA,NA,"highly eusocial, primitively eusocial, solitary/primitively eusocial, polymorphic, social parasites"
Sociality,De Palma et al.,2015,obligately solitary,obligately solitary,NA,NA,NA,"solitary, solitary or communal, communal, cleptoparasitic"
Sociality,Figueroa et al.,2021,social,social,NA,NA,NA,
Sociality,Figueroa et al.,2021,solitary,solitary,NA,NA,NA,
Sociality,Forrest et al.,2015,cleptoparasitic,cleptoparasite,NA,NA,Michener (2000),
Sociality,Forrest et al.,2015,social,social,NA,NA,Michener (2000),
Sociality,Forrest et al.,2015,solitary,solitary,NA,NA,Michener (2000),
Sociality,Fortel et al.,2014,social,social,NA,NA,cited in refs,
Sociality,Fortel et al.,2014,solitary,solitary,NA,NA,cited in refs,
Sociality,Fortuin and Gandhi,2021,social,social,NA,NA,NA,
Sociality,Fortuin and Gandhi,2021,solitary,solitary,NA,NA,NA,
Sociality,Garibaldi et al.,2015,not social,non-social,NA,NA,NA,
Sociality,Garibaldi et al.,2015,social,social,"colony building, including all eusocial as well as semi-social species",NA,NA,
Sociality,Geppert et al.,2023,social,social,NA,NA,Refs in supplementary,
Sociality,Geppert et al.,2023,solitary,solitary,NA,NA,Refs in supplementary,
Sociality,Giannini,2020,cleptoparasitic,cleptoparasite,NA,NA,NA,
Sociality,Giannini,2020,social,social,NA,NA,NA,
Sociality,Giannini,2020,solitary,solitary,NA,NA,NA,
Sociality,Graf et al.,2022,highly eusocial,highly eusocial,NA,Martins et al. (2013),NA,
Sociality,Graf et al.,2022,primitive eusocial,primitively eusocial,NA,Martins et al. (2013),NA,
Sociality,Graf et al.,2022,solitary,solitary,NA,Martins et al. (2013),NA,
Sociality,Graham et al.,2021,eusocial,eusocial,NA,NA,NA,
Sociality,Graham et al.,2021,facultative,facultatively social,NA,NA,NA,
Sociality,Graham et al.,2021,solitary,solitary,NA,NA,NA,
Sociality,Gruver and Caradonna,2021,parasitic,cleptoparasite,NA,NA,NA,
Sociality,Gruver and Caradonna,2021,eusocial,eusocial,NA,NA,NA,
Sociality,Gruver and Caradonna,2021,noneusocial,non-eusocial,NA,NA,NA,
Sociality,Guenat et al.,2018,social,social,NA,NA,"Michener (1971, 2000); Eardley et al. (2010)",
Sociality,Guenat et al.,2018,solitary,solitary,NA,NA,"Michener (1971, 2000); Eardley et al. (2010)",
Sociality,Gutiérrez-Chacón et al.,2020,social,social,NA,NA,NA,
Sociality,Gutiérrez-Chacón et al.,2020,solitary,solitary,NA,NA,NA,
Sociality,Hall et al.,2019,primitively eusocial,primitively eusocial,NA,Michener (1969),NA,
Sociality,Hall et al.,2019,semi-social,semi-social,guard bee present,Michener (1969),NA,
Sociality,Hall et al.,2019,solitary,solitary,NA,Michener (1969),NA,
Sociality,Hall et al.,2019,sub-social,sub-social,no guard bee at nest entrance,Michener (1969),NA,
Sociality,Hamblin et al.,2017,social,social,NA,NA,NA,
Sociality,Hamblin et al.,2017,solitary,solitary,NA,NA,NA,
Sociality,Harrison et al.,2018,social,social,NA,NA,NA,
Sociality,Harrison et al.,2018,solitary,solitary,NA,NA,NA,
Sociality,Hoiss et al.,2012,social,social,NA,NA,NA,
Sociality,Hoiss et al.,2012,solitary,solitary,NA,NA,NA,
Sociality,Hopfenmüller et al.,2014,social (large),social,NA,NA,Westrich (1990),
Sociality,Hopfenmüller et al.,2014,social (small),social,NA,NA,Westrich (1990),
Sociality,Hopfenmüller et al.,2014,solitary,solitary,NA,NA,Westrich (1990),
Sociality,Hung et al.,2021,cleptoparasitic,cleptoparasite,NA,NA,NA,
Sociality,Hung et al.,2019,cleptoparasitic,cleptoparasite,reproducing in nest of either eusocial or non-eusocial host bee,NA,NA,
Sociality,Hung et al.,2019,eusocial,eusocial,possessing clear reproductive caste differentiation,NA,NA,
Sociality,Hung et al.,2021,non-eusocial,non-eusocial,NA,NA,NA,
Sociality,Hung et al.,2019,non-eusocial,non-eusocial,"without reproductice caste differentiation (i.e., each female produces own offspring)",NA,NA,
Sociality,Hung et al.,2021,primitively eusocial,primitively eusocial,NA,NA,NA,
Sociality,Jacquemin et al.,2020,cleptoparasites,cleptoparasite,lay their eggs in nests built and supplied with pollen by host species,Goulson (2010),NA,
Sociality,Jacquemin et al.,2020,communal,communal,females share a common nest entrance but supply their own cells,Goulson (2010),NA,
Sociality,Jacquemin et al.,2020,primitively eusocial,primitively eusocial,live in small colonies in which the females go through a solitary phase or may switch between roles as workers or queens,Goulson (2010),NA,
Sociality,Jacquemin et al.,2020,social parasite,social parasite,mated females or workers are adopted by host speies colonies,Goulson (2010),NA,
Sociality,Jacquemin et al.,2020,solitary,solitary,all females are fertile and individually build their nest,Goulson (2010),NA,
Sociality,Jacquemin et al.,2020,solitary+primitively eusocial,solitary and primitively eusocial,have a polymorphic sociality,Goulson (2010),NA,
Sociality,Jauker et al.,2013,social,social,live in a colony characterized by cooperative brood care,NA,Westrich (1989),
Sociality,Jauker et al.,2013,solitary,solitary,cares only for her own offspring,NA,Westrich (1989),
Sociality,Kammerer et al.,2021,eusocial,eusocial,NA,NA,NA,
Sociality,Kammerer et al.,2021,solitary,solitary,NA,NA,NA,
Sociality,Kratschmer et al.,2019,parasitic,cleptoparasite,females lay their eggs in nests of specific host species,NA,Scheuchel and Willner (2016),
Sociality,Kratschmer et al.,2019,eusocial,eusocial,division of tasks: egg-laying females and females that collect resources,NA,Scheuchel and Willner (2016),
Sociality,Kratschmer et al.,2021,eusocial,eusocial,nest and breed alone,NA,Scheuchel and Willner (2016); Greenleaf et al. (2007); Westrich (2018),
Sociality,Kratschmer et al.,2021,solitary,solitary,"divide tasks (egg-laying, foraging) between castes",NA,Scheuchel and Willner (2016); Greenleaf et al. (2007); Westrich (2018),
Sociality,Kratschmer et al.,2019,solitary,solitary,nest establishment and resource collection by each female alone,NA,Scheuchel and Willner (2016),
Sociality,Le Feon et al.,2015,social,social,NA,Michener (2007),Refs in paper,
Sociality,Le Feon et al.,2015,solitary,solitary,NA,Michener (2007),Refs in paper,
Sociality,Martins et al.,2015,eusocial,eusocial,NA,NA,Refs in paper,
Sociality,Martins et al.,2015,solitary,solitary,NA,NA,Refs in paper,
Sociality,Mazzeo and Torretta,2015,parasitic,cleptoparasite,NA,NA,NA,
Sociality,Mazzeo and Torretta,2015,social,social,NA,NA,NA,
Sociality,Mazzeo and Torretta,2015,solitary,solitary,NA,NA,NA,
Sociality,McCravy et al.,2019,social,social,NA,NA,Refs in paper,
Sociality,McCravy et al.,2019,solitary,solitary,NA,NA,Refs in paper,
Sociality,Montoya-Pfeiffer et al.,2020,cleptoparasite,cleptoparasite,NA,NA,NA,
Sociality,Montoya-Pfeiffer et al.,2020,semi-social,semi-social,NA,NA,NA,
Sociality,Montoya-Pfeiffer et al.,2020,social,social,NA,NA,NA,
Sociality,Montoya-Pfeiffer et al.,2020,solitary,solitary,NA,NA,NA,
Sociality,Moretti et al.,2009,social,social,colony founded by single individual on annual cycle (primitive eusocial) or a year-round colony (advanced eusocial),NA,NA,
Sociality,Moretti et al.,2009,solitary,solitary,NA,NA,NA,
Sociality,Moretti et al.,2009,variable,variable,NA,NA,NA,
Sociality,Munyuli,2014,social,social,NA,NA,NA,
Sociality,Munyuli,2014,solitary,solitary,NA,NA,NA,
Sociality,Nooten et al.,2020,parasitic,cleptoparasite,NA,NA,refs in paper,
Sociality,Nooten et al.,2020,social,social,NA,NA,refs in paper,
Sociality,Nooten et al.,2020,solitary,solitary,NA,NA,refs in paper,
Sociality,Nooten et al.,2020,subsocial,subsocial,bees known to have prolonged parental care and mother-offspring interaction,NA,refs in paper,
Sociality,Normandin et al.,2017,cleptoparasite,cleptoparasite,NA,NA,Ascher and Pickering (2014),
Sociality,Normandin et al.,2017,communal,communal,NA,NA,Ascher and Pickering (2014),
Sociality,Normandin et al.,2017,eusocial,eusocial,NA,NA,Ascher and Pickering (2014),
Sociality,Normandin et al.,2017,solitary,solitary,NA,NA,Ascher and Pickering (2014),
Sociality,O'Brien and Arathi,2019,parasite,cleptoparasite,NA,NA,Michener (1974),
Sociality,O'Brien and Arathi,2019,parasite,cleptoparasite,NA,NA,Michener et al. (1974),
Sociality,O'Brien and Arathi,2019,eusocial,eusocial,NA,NA,Michener (1974),
Sociality,O'Brien and Arathi,2019,eusocial,eusocial,NA,NA,Michener et al. (1974),
Sociality,O'Brien and Arathi,2019,social,social,NA,NA,Michener (1974),
Sociality,O'Brien and Arathi,2019,social forms,social,NA,NA,Michener et al. (1974),
Sociality,O'Brien and Arathi,2019,solitary,solitary,NA,NA,Michener (1974),
Sociality,O'Brien and Arathi,2019,solitary,solitary,NA,NA,Michener et al. (1974),
Sociality,O'Brien and Arathi,2019,"solitary, social forms","solitary, social forms",NA,NA,Michener et al. (1974),
Sociality,Odanaka and Rehan,2019,cleptoparasitic,cleptoparasite,NA,Kratschmer et al. (2019),NA,
Sociality,Odanaka and Rehan,2019,social,social,NA,Kratschmer et al. (2019),NA,
Sociality,Odanaka and Rehan,2019,solitary,solitary,NA,Kratschmer et al. (2019),NA,
Sociality,Papanikolaou et al.,2017,cleptoparasite,cleptoparasite,NA,NA,NA,
Sociality,Papanikolaou et al.,2017,communal,communal,NA,NA,NA,
Sociality,Papanikolaou et al.,2017,primitively eusocial,primitively eusocial,NA,NA,NA,
Sociality,Papanikolaou et al.,2017,social parasite,social parasite,NA,NA,NA,
Sociality,Papanikolaou et al.,2017,solitary,solitary,NA,NA,NA,
Sociality,Passaseo et al.,2020,clepto-parasite,cleptoparasite,NA,NA,Yuko et al. (2009); Banaszak-Cibicka and Zmihorski (2012); Magnacca and Brown (2012),
Sociality,Passaseo et al.,2020,eusocial,eusocial,NA,NA,Yuko et al. (2009); Banaszak-Cibicka and Zmihorski (2012); Magnacca and Brown (2012),
Sociality,Passaseo et al.,2020,solitary,solitary,NA,NA,Yuko et al. (2009); Banaszak-Cibicka and Zmihorski (2012); Magnacca and Brown (2012),
Sociality,Pei et al.,2022,cleptoparasitic,cleptoparasite,parasitic bee species that parasitize the collected resources of host bees,NA,,
Sociality,Pei et al.,2022,communal/semisocial,communal/semisocial,species documented to exhibit flexible sociality or aggregate nests,Michener (2007),NA,
Sociality,Pei et al.,2022,eusocial,eusocial,"species that have a division of labor with a main egg-laying female(s), including primitively eusocial Halictid species",Michener (2007),NA,
Sociality,Pei et al.,2022,solitary,solitary,species who provision their own nests,Michener (2007),NA,
Sociality,Pisanty and Mandelik,2015,primitively eusocial,primitively eusocial,NA,NA,NA,
Sociality,Pisanty and Mandelik,2015,solitary,solitary,NA,NA,NA,
Sociality,Rader et al.,2014,social,social,NA,NA,NA,
Sociality,Rader et al.,2014,solitary,solitary,NA,NA,NA,
Sociality,Ricotta and Moretti,2011,social,social,NA,NA,NA,
Sociality,Ricotta and Moretti,2011,solitary,solitary,NA,NA,NA,
Sociality,Ricotta and Moretti,2011,variable,variable,NA,NA,NA,
Sociality,Rollin et al.,2015,parasitic,cleptoparasite,mostly kleptoparasitic bees (cuckoo bees) which enter the nest of a host and lay eggs in existing cells,Michener (2007),Refs in paper,
Sociality,Rollin et al.,2015,gregarious,gregarious,"breed individually like solitary bees but nest close to conspecifics, sometimes at high densities over a limited area (mostly observed in ground nesting species)",Michener (2007),Refs in paper,
Sociality,Rollin et al.,2015,primitively eusocial,primitively eusocial,"live in small colonies composed of a queen, the only egg-laying female which also initializes th nest, and of worker females which perform current tasks including foraging, cell provisioning, and nursing",Michener (2007),Refs in paper,
Sociality,Rollin et al.,2015,solitary,solitary,construct their own nest and provide offspring with food without any help from conspecifics,Michener (2007),Refs in paper,
Sociality,Roquer-Beni et al.,2021,social,social,NA,NA,BWARS; Westrich (1989); Westrich (2018); Michez et al. (2019),
Sociality,Roquer-Beni et al.,2021,solitary,solitary,NA,NA,BWARS; Westrich (1989); Westrich (2018); Michez et al. (2019),
Sociality,Sobieraj-Betlinska et al.,2022,cleptoparasitic,cleptoparasite,NA,NA,NA,
Sociality,Sobieraj-Betlinska et al.,2022,eusocial,eusocial,NA,NA,NA,
Sociality,Sobieraj-Betlinska et al.,2022,solitary,solitary,NA,NA,NA,
Sociality,Staton et al.,2022,eusocial,eusocial,NA,NA,Falk (2017),
Sociality,Staton et al.,2022,primitively eusocial,primitively eusocial,NA,NA,Falk (2017),
Sociality,Staton et al.,2022,solitary or brood parasite,solitary or brood parasite,NA,NA,Falk (2017),
Sociality,Tonietto et al.,2017,cleptoparasite,cleptoparasite,NA,NA,NA,
Sociality,Tonietto et al.,2017,eusocial,eusocial,NA,NA,NA,
Sociality,Tonietto et al.,2017,non-eusocial,non-eusocial,NA,NA,NA,
Sociality,Williams et al.,2010,social,social,NA,NA,NA,
Sociality,Williams et al.,2010,solitary,solitary,NA,NA,NA,
Sociality,Wilson and Jamieson,2019,cleptoparasite,cleptoparasite,NA,NA,Gibbs et al.,
Sociality,Wilson and Jamieson,2019,communal,communal,NA,NA,Gibbs et al.,
Sociality,Wilson and Jamieson,2019,eusocial,eusocial,NA,NA,Gibbs et al.,
Sociality,Wilson and Jamieson,2019,solitary,solitary,NA,NA,Gibbs et al.,
Sociality,Wilson and Jamieson,2019,subsocial,sub-social,NA,NA,Gibbs et al.,
Sociality,Woodcock et al.,2014,social,social,NA,NA,NA,
Sociality,Woodcock et al.,2014,solitary,solitary,NA,NA,NA,