51800 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=51800 Leprocaulon Nyl. ex Lamy 2336 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:33 2011-02-02 12:16:33 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Life Habit: lichenized; Thallus: crustose to dwarf fruticose; upper surface: gray, ochraceous-yellow or white, ecorticate, smooth; isidia and cephalodia absent; medulla: white; photobiont: primary one a chlorococcoid alga (Trebouxia), secondary photobiont absent; lower surface: absent or rhizose strands present; hypothallus absent; primary thallus: ± persistent, densely powdery-leprose or crustose-verrucose-subsquamulose, diffuse, unstructured; secondary thallus: subfruticose-dactyliform or dwarf fruticose-caespitose, attached by the whole lower surface or attached basal holdfasts; leprose-sorediate, floccose-tomentose granules or squamule-like structures superficially somewhat similar to phyllocladia of Stereocaulon; pseudopodetia: small, slender, ± erect, ± terete, branching, interwoven, cartilaginous, fragile; Ascomata: absent; Conidiomata: absent; Secondary metabolites: absent, or orcinol depsides, or orcinol depsidones, or ß-orcinol depsides (including atranorin s. l.), or ß-orcinol depsidones, or aliphatic acids, or dibenzofurans and usnic acids, or triterpenoids; Geography: mainly Southern Hemisphere, but also in arctic-alpine to temperate areas of Northern Hemisphere; Substrate: on bryophytes, soil, detritus, or non-calciferous, siliceous rock, in ± sheltered and dry areas, often in crevices.; Notes: It is distinguished from Stereocaulon by the lack of ascomata, the absence of corticate phyllocladia, cephalodia, and pycnidia, and its different chemistry. The primary thallus, and sometimes the entire thallus, resemble that of some species of Lepraria. Although material externally rather similar to L. subalbicans (Lamb) Lamb and Ward occurs in at least in southern California (see Riefner et al. 1995), at present it cannot be readily distinguished from various other sterile crusts; in fact, the rather coarsely granular thallus and at best indistinct pseudopodetia make the placement of that species in Leprocaulon rather questionable. 51801 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=51801 Clavascidium 2337 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:33 2011-02-02 12:16:33 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Life Habit: lichenized; Thallus: squamulose, attached by rhizoidal web, partly with additional rhizines of longitudinally arranged hyphae; squamules: dispersed or loosely aggregated, barely overlapping, adpressed or with ascending margins or ± undulate, rounded or lobed; upper surface: cream or pale brown to dark brown, dull, epruinose, smooth or roughened or fissured (in one sp.); upper cortex: paraplectenchymatous, 20-50 µm thick, composed of angular cells 6-15 µm in diam., with or without an amorphous epinecral layer deriving from dead, collapsed cortical cells; medulla: intricately interwoven hyphae with few to many globose cells (6-13 µm in diam.); photobiont: primary one a chlorococcoid alga, secondary photobiont absent; algal layer: c. 50-100 µm high, horizontally continuous, sharply delimited from the upper cortex, paraplectenchymatous; algal cells: 5-12 µm in diam.; lower cortex: weakly differentiated or lacking, if present composed of roundish-angular cells similar to those of the medulla; rhizohyphae: hyaline or brown; lower surface: pale or blackish; Ascomata: perithecial, laminally immersed in the thallus, pyriform to subglobose; exciple: colorless to yellowish brown or black, 20-35 µm thick, without involucrellum; periphyses: present, interascal filaments absent; hymenial gel I+ reddish (KI+ blue); asci: clavate, thin-walled, non-amyloid, 8-spored; ascospores: biseriate, simple, ellipsoid, hyaline, smooth, without halo; Conidiomata: pycnidial, laminal, of Dermatocarpon-type; conidia: oblong-ellipsoid to subcylindrical, subfusiform or bacilliform; Secondary metabolites: none detected; Geography: Europe, Japan, North and Central America; Substrate: on soil and detritus.; Notes: In anatomy, the genus is similar to Placidium, from which it differs by clavate asci with biseriately arranged ascospores and smaller algal cells. 51802 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=51802 Collemopsidium 2338 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:33 2011-02-02 12:16:33 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Life habit: lichenized; Thallus: immersed or superficial, usually subgelatinous, the hyphae often vertically oriented; photobiont: primary one a cyanobacterium (Gloeocapsa, Hyella, or Nostoc, the cells orange or blue-green), secondary photobiont absent; Ascomata: perithecial, unilocular; exciple: light to dark brown; intercellular spaces in peridium normally melanized; involucrellum: absent or present, hyphae arranged in a textura intricata; hamathecium of sparingly to richly branched and anastomosed and often irregularly thick hyphae, septate, I-; asci: with two functional wall layers and an internal apical beak, fissitunicate, ovoid to subcylindrical, usually stalked, I-, usually 8-spored; ascospores: colorless, oblong to ovoid-fusiform, 1-septate, the upper cell usually broader than the lower, a poorly defined gelatinous perispore sometimes present; Conidiomata: pycnidial; conidiogenous cells ± cylindrical, phialidic; conidia: bacilliform to ellipsoid; Geography: cosmopolitan; Substrate: on calcareous substrata in moist situations, on wet sand, or on calcareous to acid rocks in freshwater or marine habitats.; Notes: In recent works, Pyrenocollema Reinke has been used as a genus for the species treated here, but in the current concept, this is a highly heterogeneous assemblage of species. The type of the genus seems to be a parasite on Nostoc. It has thin, tangentially flattened cell walls at the outer layers of the peridium, which are polygonal in surface view. Another old name under consideration is Magmopsis Nyl., but its type species with unclear biological relation to algae or cyanobacteria has rounded cells in the peridium. The peridium of Collemopsidium is constructed differently; it is composed of irregularly shaped, interwoven cells (textura intricata). In contrast to the type species C. iocarpum, marine species usually have strongly carbonized peridia, at least at the apical parts. At a glance, marine species may be confused with the lichenicolous fungus Stigmidium marinum [not definitely reported from the Sonoran region, but not unlikely] which occurs on littoral Verrucaria species; it has perithecia 0.15-0.2 mm diam., lacks hamathecial filaments, and has the spores constricted at the septum, 10-15 x 4-6 µm. 51803 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=51803 Culbersonia 2339 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:33 2011-02-02 12:16:33 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Notes: Because the genus is monotypic, a generic description would simply recapitulate the specific description given below. 51804 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=51804 Digitothyrea 2340 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:33 2011-02-02 12:16:33 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Life habit: lichenized; Thallus: umbilicate, foliose, fruticose, with deeply divided lobes, gelatinous when wet; surface: black, smooth or covered by numerous globose to scale-like isidia; anatomy: ecorticate, heteromerous, with a compact central strand of periclinally arranged hyphae and reticulate anatomy at the thallus periphery; photobionts: primary one a chroococcoid cyanobacterium, secondary photobiont absent; Ascomata: apothecial, laminal on thallus or marginal, orbicular, half-immersed to sessile or stipitate; margin: distinct to prominent, with thalloid rim; ontogeny: hemiangiocarpous, ascogonia arising in a tangle of generative hyphae beneath the thallus surface; ascoma anatomy: exciple: absent; epithecium: brownish yellow; hypothecium: hyaline; asci: prototunicate, wall thin, nonamyloid, 8-spored but sometimes fewer; ascospores: simple, ellipsoid, broad ellipsoid to globose; 9-15 x 7-9 µm; walls: thin, hyaline; Conidiomata: pycnidial, laminal, immersed; conidia: ellipsoid, bacilliform or globose, c. 3 x 1 µm; Secondary metabolites: not detected; Geography: world wide in arid to semi-arid regions; Substrate: calcareous or siliceous rock.; Notes: The genus differs from Thyrea in its deeply divided, tongue shaped lobes, its sessile to stipitate apothecia and its type of ascoma development starting with a tangle of generative hyphae. 51805 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=51805 Gloeoheppia 2341 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:33 2011-02-02 12:16:33 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Life habit: lichenized; Thallus: umbilicate, squamulose, crustose, subfruticose, subgelatinous when wet, sometimes with marginal soralia; surface: blackish-brown to olive-brown, sometimes grayish pruinose, smooth, granulose, rimose or cracked; anatomy: ecorticate, homoiomerous, hyphae densely reticulate, sometimes with internal air spaces; photobionts: primary one a chroococcoid cyanobacterium, secondary photobiont absent; Ascomata: apothecial, laminal on thallus, orbicular, immersed to sessile; margin: indistinct to distinct, with thalloid rim; ontogeny: hemiangiocarpous, ascogonia arising in a tangle of generative hyphae beneath the thallus surface; ascoma anatomy: exciple: hyaline; epithecium: brownish yellow; hypothecium: hyaline; asci: prototunicate, wall thin, nonamyloid, 8-32-spored; ascospores: simple, ellipsoid, broadly ellipsoid to globose; 5-14 x 4-9.5 µm, wall thin, hyaline; Conidiomata: absent or present, pycnidia laminal, immersed; conidia: cylindrical, c. 3 x 1 µm; Secondary metabolites: not detected; Geography: in arid, semi-arid to warm temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere; Substrate: soil crust over limestone and calcareous rock or on siliceous rock.; Notes: The subgelatinous thallus consistency and the occasional presence of soredia are similar to Peltula and Heppia, but its unstratified anatomy with reticulately arranged hyphae is similar to the Lichinaceae. 51807 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=51807 Hubbsia 2342 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:33 2011-02-02 12:16:33 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Life habit: lichenized; Thallus: subfruticose to subfoliose, fragile, smooth, pruinose, 5-15 cm in diam., up to 2 cm thick; lobe surface: creamy-white to ivory white, with or without soredia; cortex: predominantly of interwoven, in parts somewhat anticlinally arranged, branched hyphae; medulla: white above, byssoid to chalky with brown plectenchyma in basal parts; photobiont: primary one a Trentepohlia, secondary photobiont absent; prothallus: not seen; Ascomata: in synascomata but sometimes solitary, sessile or immersed, lirelliform with branched lirellae, 4-5 x 0.1-0.2 mm; disc: hidden, epruinose; thalline exciple: thin and slightly elevated, with algae and cortex; proper exciple: parathecial; epithecium: 20-25 µm thick with paraphysoids reticulate and richly branched in a brown gel, 1-2 µm diam.; hymenium: 60 µm thick; paraphysoids: reticulate and richly branched, conglutinated, hyaline, 1 µm diam.; hypothecium: distinct, dark-brown (carbonaceous), extending down and gradually disappearing into the medulla; asci: clavate, c. 75 x 13 µm, 8-spored; ascospores: bluntly fusiform to ellipsoid, straight, smooth, 3-4 septate, hyaline, 15-18 x 4-5 µm; Conidiomata: pycnidial, numerous, solitary, lateral, immersed or slightly elevated, pale brown, when elevated 0.6 mm, when immersed 0.2 mm diam.; conidia: filiform, curved, hyaline, 12-14 x <1 µm; Secondary metabolites: orcinol depsides; three other minor substances are probably hydrolysis or methanolysis products; Geography: coastal regions with Mediterranean climates in SW North America; Substrate: on acidic rocks. 51808 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=51808 Lobariella 2343 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:33 2011-02-02 12:16:33 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Life habit: lichenized; Thallus: foliose, circular in outline or irregularly spreading, 4-30 cm wide, loosely adnate to adnate, lobate; lobes: flat to convex, discrete, often loosely imbricate, elongate, mostly >4 mm wide, tips sometimes ascending, eciliate; upper surface: pale tan or gray, dull or somewhat shiny, maculate or not, pseudocyphellate or not; with or without isidia; soredia absent; upper cortex: scleroplectenchymatous (separate hyphae not distinguishable) with a non-pored epicortex; medulla: white, with or without a condroid strand, hyphae walls containing Cetraria-type lichenan; photobiont: either chlorococcoid alga (often with internal cephalodia with a cyanobacterium) or a cyanobacterium; lower cortex: poorly developed prosoplectenchymatous; lower surface: pale tan, tomentose, rhizinate; rhizines simple or sparingly branched, stout, apically with a squarrose tuft; Ascomata: apothecial, lecanorine, laminal, sessile to substipitate; margin: initially inrolled, strongly and irregularly crenate; disc: light brown to brown, eperforate; epithecium: pale brown; hymenium and hypothecium colorless; paraphyses: simple or forked above, apices clavate, pale brown with a dark brown cap; asci: cylindrical, Lecanora-type; 8-spored; ascospores: acicular, colorless, straight to slightly curved, 7-septate at maturity; Conidiomata: pycnidial, brown-black, immersed, punctiform; conidia: simple, bacilliform, colorless; Secondary metabolites: depsides, depsidones and aliphatic acids; Geography: neotropics, from Brazil to central Mexico; Substrate: common on rocks; less common on bark.; Notes: Durietzia was initially proposed as subgenus by Dodge (1964) and is a recent segregate from Lobaria for species that have white dots (maculae and/or pseudocyphellae) on the upper surface (Yoshimura 1998a & b) but this name was previously used (Gyelnik 1940) and consequently is emended here to Lobariella. In contrast to Pseudocyphellaria, which has pseudocyphellae on the lower surface, Lobariella has pseudocyphellae on the upper surface. Lobaria in the restricted sense lacks pseudocyphellae on either surface. Occasionally species of Punctelia, a parmelioid genus with pseudocyphellae on the upper surface, may be mistaken for Lobariella, but the former genus does not have tomentum on the lower surface, usually is more narrow lobed and has simple spores. 51809 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=51809 Moelleropsis 2344 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:33 2011-02-02 12:16:33 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Notes: Because the genus is monospecific, it would be repetitious to have a separate generic description. Another species, Biatora humida Kullh. has been proposed for transfer into this genus, but that is not supported by molecular data (unpublished). 51811 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=51811 Oropogon 2345 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:33 2011-02-02 12:16:33 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Life Habit: lichenized; Thallus: fruticose, caespitose to pendent or rarely somewhat prostrate; branches: terete, occasionally compressed (particularly at nodes along the segments), primarily isotomically dichotomous but sometimes anisotomically dichotomous, lateral branchlets rare; surface: white to gray, gray-black, tan, brown or black, sometimes mottled, generally smooth, pseudocyphellae plane and closed or more often perforate and opening into a hollow thallus center; soredia: present or absent; isidia absent; cortex: prosoplectenchymatous; medulla: composed of rather compact to loose arachnoid to distinctly granular hyphae; often with gaps associated with the pseudocyphellae , and commonly hollow centrally with a thick or thin medullary layer adjacent to the cortex; photobiont: primary one a trebouxioid alga, secondary photobiont absent; Ascomata: apothecial, usually frequent, formed laterally but sometimes appearing terminal due to recurved branch ends, up to 5 mm diam., circular; margin: thalline, persistent, smooth to crenulate or weakly spinulose, concolorous with thallus; disc: concave initially, becoming flat or convex with age, usually black or dark brown; epihymenium: red-brown to dark brown; hymenium: hyaline, 120-240 µm thick; hypothecium: hyaline or pale, over an algal layer; paraphyses: sparsely branched and anastomosing; asci: clavate, thick walled, Lecanora-type, I+ blue; tholus I+ blue; usually one-spored; ascospores: brown, muriform, ellipsoid, with or without an epispore (2-4 µm thick), 70-160 x 23-52 µm; Pycnidia: infrequent, immersed or partially emergent, often dark above; conidia: weakly or unequally bifusiform, mostly 4-7 x 0.5-1 µm; Secondary metabolites: medulla often with some combination of orcinol and ß-orcinol depsides, ß-orcinol depsidones, benzyl esters, aliphatic acids, anthraquinones and /or unknowns; Geography: neotropics and southern and eastern Asia; Substrate: on bark, wood, soil, or detritus.; Notes: When sterile, members of this genus are most likely to be confused with Bryoria, which is much more common in mountainous areas of the Sonoran region. Most species of Oropogon, including the two known to occur in our region, can be distinguished from Bryoria by the distinctly perforate pseudocyphellae. These are occasionally sparse, however, especially in poorly developed or scrappy material. 51812 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=51812 Protopannaria 2346 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:33 2011-02-02 12:16:33 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Life habit: lichenized; Thallus: small-squamulose to granular, often forming crustose mats over the substrate; hypothallus: poorly developed and inconspicuous; upper surface: usually olivaceous to blackish, sometimes gray to dark brown, dull; upper cortex: paraplectenchymatous; medulla: composed of intricately interwoven, lax plectenchyma; photobiont: primary one a Nostoc, secondary photobiont absent; Ascomata: apothecial, common, with strong thalline margin; disc: bright orange-brown to olivaceous or dark brown; hymenium: I+ dark blue; asci: clavate to subcylindrical, without internal apical amyloid structures but with an I+ deep blue external cap, 8-spored; ascospores: simple, colorless, ellipsoid, with prominent rugulose to warted epispore; Conidiomata: pycnidial, pale brown; conidia: simple, bacilliform, colorless; Secondary metabolites: none detected; Geography: widespread in cool to cold temperate to polar habitats, primarily in the Southern Hemisphere; Substrate: on soil.; Notes: The genus is a small, bipolar genus. It was recently erected as a segregate from Pannaria (Jørgensen 2000a), and is similar to Psoroma in many respects except for the apical apparatus of the asci. Molecular data (unpublished) do not support its retention within Pannaria. 51813 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=51813 Stromatella 2347 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:33 2011-02-02 12:16:33 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Life habit: lichenized; Thallus: crustose, squamulose-areolate, gelatinous when wet; surface: black, finely tessellate; anatomy: ecorticate, homoiomerous, paraplectenchymatous; photobionts: primary one a chroococcoid cyanobacterium, secondary photobiont absent; Ascomata: apothecial, laminal on thallus, orbicular, immersed to semi-immersed, margin indistinct to distinct, with crenate or nodulose thalloid rim; ontogeny: hemiangiocarpous, forming pycnoasco-carps from ascogonia beneath pycnidia; ascoma anatomy: exciple: hyaline or brownish-yellow; hypothecium: hyaline or brownish-yellow; epithecium: hyaline or brownish yellow; asci: prototunicate, wall thin, nonamyloid, 8-spored; ascospores: simple, ellipsoid to broadly ellipsoid, 12-26 x 8-11 µm; walls: thin, hyaline; Conidiomata: pycnidial, laminal, immersed; conidia: ellipsoid or bacilliform, c. 3 x 1 µm; Secondary metabolites: none detected; Geography: arid, semi-arid, coastal or inland habitats; Substrate: limestone and calcareous rock.; Notes: The diagnostic feature of the genus Stromatella is the development of ascomata in a stroma. But the genus also has pycnoascomata, where the ascomata develop beneath a pycnidium, and this is similar to Porocyphus. In terms of anatomy Stromatella is most similar to Psorotichia and Porocyphus. 51814 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=51814 Syncesia 2348 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:34 2011-02-02 12:16:34 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Life habit: lichenized; Thallus: crustose, effuse rarely pulvinate, coherent rarely incoherent, usually tomentose rarely dense or byssoid, usually homoiomerous but rarely heteromerous; surface: white to creamy-white to white-brownish; smooth to slightly verrucose or rugose, epruinose or slightly pruinose; prothallus: usually brown when free-growing; soredia: absent; cortex: usually present but sometimes absent, 10-25 µm thick with hyphae interwoven; medulla: usually indistinct, rarely present and then white to dirty white; photobionts: primary one a Trentepohlia, secondary photobiont absent; Ascomata: stromatoid (pseudomonocarpocentral), synascomatal, but when young solitary and apothecioid, circular to elongated in outline, more or less elevated often with constricted base, (0.5-) 1-2 (-3) mm diam; usually with 5-15 discs within the ascomata; disc: circular to elongated, c. 0.1-0.5 mm diam., exposed, pruinose, tomentum often present; exciple: cortex rarely developed, algae often present; proper exciple: parathecial; epithecium: brown or brownish, branched or richly branched hyphae; hymenium: with paraphysoids parallel, sparsely branched, hyaline, 1 µm diam.; hypothecium: dark-brown (carbonaceous), usually extending down to substrate; ascospores: fusiform, rarely linear fusiform, curved sometimes nearly straight, 3-septate, hyaline; Conidiomata: pycnidial, solitary, elevated or immersed, dark-brown; conidia: filiform, curved to semi-circled, hyaline; Secondary metabolites: orcinol depsides, beta-orcinol depsides, aliphatic acids and dibenzofurans; Geography: predominately tropical and subtropical regions of Latin America, including the West Indies and adjacent Central America and northwestern South America and a second area in the Brazilian Highlands of Minas Gerais and São Paulo; Substrate: usually on bark (rarely within bark - endophloeodal), also rarely on rock. 51823 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=51823 Protothelenella Rasanen 2349 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:34 2011-02-02 12:16:34 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Life habit: lichenized, saprophytic or lichenicolous; Thallus: indistinct to crustose, superficial, attached by the whole lower surface; upper surface: membrane-like, evanescent, granular to cracked-areolate; soredia and isidia absent; photobiont: primary one a chlorococcoid alga (Elliptochloris bilobata), secondary photobiont absent; Ascomata: perithecial, sessile to immersed, globose to pear-shaped, pale brown to blackish; exciple: mostly pale brown to pale green towards the base, brown to greenish blue in upper part, of strongly anastomosing, conglutinate hyphae with narrow lumina; involucrellum: absent; hamathecium: composed of perisistent paraphysoids, strongly branched and anastomosed, amyloid; periphysoids absent; asci: bitunicate, fissitunicate dehiscence, thick-walled, with an I+ blue ± layered tholus, 6 (-8)-spored; ascospores: four-celled, submuriform to strongly muriform, ellipsoid to narrowly ellipsoid or fusiform, the outer wall distinctly thicker than the septa, colorless; Conidiomata: not seen; Secondary metabolites: none detected; Geography: Northern Hemisphere; Substrate: on acid substrata including rocks, soil, mosses, plant detritus and on rotten wood or lichenicolous on Solorina, Peltigera and Cladonia squamules.; Notes: The genus is characterized by bitunicate asci with an amyloid tholus. 51824 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=51824 Chromatochlamys Trevisan 2350 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:34 2011-02-02 12:16:34 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Life habit: lichenized; Thallus: crustose, verrucose, attached by the whole lower surface; upper surface: dirty whitish or pale gray to pale brownish, membranous to cracked; soredia and isidia absent; photobiont: primary one a chlorococcoid alga, secondary photobiont absent; Ascomata: perithecial, ± immersed, thick walled, pale to brownish; exciple: globose, colorless to brown; hamathecium: composed of persistent paraphyses, delicate, branched and/or anastomosed, especially towards the base and at the apices; conglutinate periphysoids towards the inner side of the ostiole; asci: bitunicate with fissitunicate dehiscence, thick-walled, with non-amyloid tholus; apex rounded with an obvious ocular chamber, 2 (-8)-spored;; ascospores: submuriform to strongly muriform, cylindrical-ellipsoid or fusiform-elongate, the outer wall scarcely thicker than the septa, colorless to pale brownish; Conidiomata: not seen; Secondary metabolites: none detected; Geography: predominately (sub)mediterranean to cool temperate and boreal; Substrate: encrusting mosses or on non-calciferous rocks. 51825 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=51825 Julella J. H. C. Fabre 2351 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:34 2011-02-02 12:16:34 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Life habit: non-lichenized, saprophytic, or possibly facultatively lichenized; Thallus: superficially absent but within the substrate; photobiont: absent or possibly facultatively Trentepohlia, secondary photobiont absent; Ascomata: perithecial, circular to ellipsoid in outline; involucrellum: present, dark, usually laterally spreading, composed of compacted hyphae and bark cells; ascomatal wall: greenish or brown, K+ greenish, N-, black, not continuous below the hamathecium; hamathecium: richly branched pseudoparaphyses, anastomosing above the asci, non-amyloid; asci: bitunicate, clavate, with tholus, non-amyloid, inner wall thickened towards the apex, ± with a shallow, broad ocular chamber; ascospores: hyaline, ellipsoid to clavate, muriform with eusepta, 7-22 x 13-65 micrometer; walls: not ornamented; Conidiomata: pycnidial, black; conidia: bacilliform, simple, colorless; Secondary metabolites: none detected; Geography: mostly subtropical; Substrate: on bark.; Notes: For the species concept in the genus Julella the publication of Aptroot and van den Boom (1995) is followed. The much narrower species concept proposed by Harris (1995) was tested with the specimens from the Sonoran Desert and found not to be adequate. In the latter species concept much emphasis is laid on the ascus shape and the ascospore arrangement, two very variable characters, even within a single ascoma. The genus is characterized by branched pseudoparaphyses, which are anastomosing above the asci and muriform ascospores. All accepted species are either non-lichenized bark saprophytes or possibly facultatively lichenized. 51826 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=51826 Thelenella Nyl. 2352 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:34 2011-02-02 12:16:34 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Life habit: lichenized; Thallus: crustose, superficial to partially immersed, attached by the whole lower surface; upper surface: membranous to rimose, rimose-areolate to uneven warted; soredia and isidia absent; photobiont: primary one a chlorococcoid alga, secondary photobiont absent; Ascomata: perithecial, ± immersed but appearing as prominent warts, pale to brownish, globose; exciple: colorless below, brownish above and around the ostiole; open involucrellum present in only a few species; hamathecium: composed of persistent paraphyses, richly branched and anastomosed; periphysoids towards the inner side of the ostiole; periphyses absent; asci: bitunicate, fissitunicate dehiscence, thick-walled, with non-amyloid tholus; apex: without an ocular chamber; 2 (-8)-spored; ascospores: submuriform to strongly muriform, colorless, rarely becoming pale yellow-brown, or brown, ellipsoid to narrowly ellipsoid or fusiform; Conidiomata: pycnidial, immersed, of the Roccella-type; conidia: filiform; Secondary metabolites: none detected; Geography: world-wide; Substrate: bark, non-calciferous rocks (often maritime or oceanic habitats).; Notes: It is characterized by its crustose thallus, very thick-walled asci without an ocular chamber, fissitunicate dehiscence, submuriform to strongly muriform ascospores, persistent, branched-anastomosed paraphyses and the presence of periphysoids. The related genus Chromatochlamys is distinguished by asci with an ocular chamber. The similar genus Protothelenella is distinguished by asci with an amyloid tholus and an amyloid hamathecium. 51827 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=51827 Thrombium Wallr. 2353 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:34 2011-02-02 12:16:34 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Life habit: lichenized; Thallus: crustose, areolate, granular or film-like, or evanescent, or endolithic; upper surface: grayish green or yellowish green to brownish; photobiont: primary one a chlorococcoid alga (Leptosira), secondary photobiont absent; algal layer: not well developed; Ascomata: perithecial, immersed or sessile; exciple: pale to medium brown or black, without an involucrellum, lacking ostiolar filaments; interascal filaments: present, persistent, not or sparsely branched; asci: cylindrical or narrowly clavate, thin-walled; apex: slightly thickened, I+ blue, with a narrow cylindrical axial mass; 8-spored; ascospores: hyaline, simple, ellipsoid, thin-walled, smooth, without halo; Conidiomata: not seen; Secondary metabolites: not detected; Geography: widespread but often overlooked; Substrate: soil, detritus, rock.; Notes: "Thrombium" discordans (Nyl. in Hasse) Zahlbr., found on bark of oak in the San Gabriel Range (Hasse 1903), does not belong to the genus. It has perithecioid apothecial ascocarps and non-amyloid asci. 51853 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=51853 Arthopyrenia A. Massal. 2354 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:34 2011-02-02 12:16:34 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Life habit: lichenized or saprobic; Thallus: crustose, mostly immersed in substrate, or byssoid with black subiculum, or absent; photobiont: a trentepohlioid alga or absent; Ascomata: perithecial, circular to ellipsoid in surface view; involucrellum: clypeate, dark brown, composed of compacted hyphae and bark cells; true; ascomatal wall: black, not continuous below the hamathecium; exciple: thin, usually colorless, surrounding center; hamathecium: usually branched, anastomosing, ± moniliform pseudoparaphyses, non-amyloid, or disappearing and than sometimes amyloid; periphysoids: also present; asci: bitunicate, pyriform to clavate, with tholus, non-amyloid, 8-spored; ascospores: usually hyaline but sometimes brownish with age, pyriform to clavate, 1-3-septate with eusepta, 4-16 x 12-50 µm; walls: sometimes ornamented with tiny warts; Conidiomata: pycnidial, blackish; conidia: simple to 1-3-septate, oblong, ovoid, bacilliform or thread-like; Secondary metabolites: absent; Geography: cosmopolitan; Substrate: mostly on bark, but also on non-calcareous rock.; Notes: Sonoran species of this genus have recently been classified in four different genera in three different families (Harris 1995a), but the differences between species of Arthopyrenia are not very discrete and do not warrent a separation at the generic (let alone familial) level. The genus is, in this wide concept, characterized by the branched, but not anastomosing pseudoparaphyses, which may disappear in later stages, and the usually somewhat sole-shaped ascospores, which always have a broader and shorter upper cell and a longer but more slender lower cell. 51855 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=51855 Leptorhaphis Korber 2355 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:34 2011-02-02 12:16:34 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Life habit: non-lichenized, saprobic or weakly lichenized; Thallus: absent or crustose, mostly immersed in substrate, not well delimited; upper surface: whitish gray to greenish, smooth, continuous; photobiont: absent or facultatively a trentepohlioid alga; Ascomata: perithecial, scattered singly or sometimes confluent, circular to ellipsoid, immersed or becoming superficial, ostiolate; involucrellum: dark brown to greenish black, hyphae K-, clypeate, radiating hyphae sometimes extending to form a basal fringe; true; ascomatal wall: black, not continuous below the hamathecium; exciple: pseudoparenchymatous, colorless to pale brown, developed within the involucrellum, inconspicuous or not, continuous below the asci; hamathecium: mostly unbranched pseudoparaphyses, not anastomosing, periphyses and periphysoids absent, hymenial gelatin hemi-amyloid (I+ yellowish orange to bluish green, never deep blue); asci: bitunicate, cylindrical to clavate or pyriform, with tholus, with a quite short-pointed apex, fissitunicate, non-amyloid, 8 (-16)-spored; ascospores: hyaline, filiform, arcurate or sigmoid, 0-3-septate with eusepta, 1.5-3.5 x 20-45 micrometer; walls: not ornamented; Conidiomata: pycnidial, immersed to semi-superficial, hemispherical to spherical; conidia: colorless, producing both macroconidia (almost size and shape of the spores) that are acicular-fusciform, arcuate and smooth and microconidia that are bacilliform to fusiform; Secondary metabolites: absent; Geography: mostly temperate in the Northern Hemisphere; Substrate: only on bark.; Notes: It is separated from other pyrenocarpous genera by its acicular-fusiform ascospores. 51857 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=51857 Tomasellia A. Massal. 2356 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:34 2011-02-02 12:16:34 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Life habit: non-lichenized, saprophytic; Thallus: crustose, mostly immersed in the substrate, inconspicuous, causing a slight bleaching of the bark surface; photobiont: absent; Ascomata: perithecial, circular, ellipsoid or irregular in outline, usually aggregated in pseudostromata; ascomatal wall: black, not continuous below the hamathecium; hamathecium: composed of branched pseudoparaphyses, not anastomosing, non-amyloid; asci: bitunicate, pyriform to clavate, with tholus, non-amyloid, 8-spored; ascospores: hyaline or pale brown, clavate to ellipsoid, 1-3-septate with eusepta, 15-26 x 3-8 µm; walls: not ornamented; Conidiomata: pycnidial, black; conidia: bacilliform, simple, colorless; Secondary metabolites: absent; Geography: cosmopolitan, but most common in the tropics; Substrate: mostly on bark, but also on wood or palm roots.; Notes: Sonoran species of this genus have recently been classified in two different genera in two different families (Harris 1995), but the differences between species of Tomasellia are not very discrete and do not warrent a separation at the generic (let alone family) level. The genus is characterized by the usually aggregated perithecioid ascomata and large-celled, never anastomosing, pseudoparaphyses. It is often confused with Arthonia, which has apothecia with roundish asci that may somewhat resemble compound perithecia. 51865 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=51865 Acrocordia A. Massal. 2357 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:34 2011-02-02 12:16:34 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Life habit: lichenized; Thallus: crustose, thin, mostly immersed in substrate; upper surface: whitish or pale; cortex: lacking; photobiont: primary one a trentepohlioid alga, secondary photobiont absent; Ascomata: perithecial, almost entirely immersed to sessile, black (rarely pink or whitish), compound,; involucrellum: brown-black, hemispherical to globose, surrounding exciple; ascomatal wall: black, continuous below the hamathecium; exciple: ± globose, colorless or pale brownish; hamathecium: branched pseudoparaphyses, anastomosing above the asci, non-amyloid; asci: bitunicate, cylindrical, K/I-; apical dome: with a broad ocular chamber surmounted by a hemispherical, meniscus-like structure, non-amyloid, (4-) 8-spored; ascospores: uniseriate, hyaline, ellipsoid, 1(-3)-septate with a median euseptum, 11-60 x 5.5-23 µm; walls: ornamented with tiny warts; Conidiomata: pycnidial; conidia: formed acrogenously, ellipsoid to narrowly ellipsoid, simple, hyaline; Secondary metabolites: none detected; Geography: mostly temperate on both hemispheres; Substrate: mostly on bark, but also on calcareous rock.; Notes: It is characterized by its cylindrical asci with an unusual ascal tip structure and ellipsoid, 1-septate ascospores with a warted epispore. 51866 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=51866 Anisomeridium (Mull. Arg.) Choisy 2358 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:34 2011-02-02 12:16:34 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Life habit: lichenized or non-lichenized, saprobic; Thallus: crustose, mostly immersed in substrate, lacking a cortex; upper surface: whitish or pale gray; photobiont: primary one trentepohlioid alga or absent, secondary photobiont absent; Ascomata: perithecial, almost entirely immersed to sessile, black (rarely pink or whitish), simple to compound; involucrellum: often present, brown-black, hemispherical to ± globose; ascomatal wall: black, not continuous below the hamathecium, composed of ± cellular hyphae without bark cells; exciple: globose, surrounding the center, colorless or pale brownish; hamathecium: long-celled pseudoparaphyses, slender, branched, anastomosing above the asci, non-amyloid; asci: bitunicate, cylindrical to clavate, with an apical dome and with an indistinct or short and broad ocular chamber, non-amyloid, 4-8 spored; ascospores: uniseriate, hyaline, ellipsoid to clavate-fusiform, 1 (-3)-septate with eusepta, 11-22.5 x 4.5-6.5 µm; walls: occasionally ornamented with tiny warts; Conidiomata: pycnidial, immersed to sessile, ± globose or conical, black; conidia: ovoid to ellipsoid to bacilliform, simple, hyaline; Secondary metabolites: none detected; Geography: cosmopolitan in temperate and tropical regions but most diverse in the tropics; Substrate: usually on bark, but also on calcareous or non-calcareous rock.; Notes: It differs from Arthopyrenia in several features, particularly in the structure of the involucrellum, which is not clypeate. Acrocordia has a different ascal structure and ellipsoid ascospores with a warted epispore. 51868 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=51868 Mycoporum Flotow ex Nyl. 2359 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:34 2011-02-02 12:16:34 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Life habit: non-lichenized, saprobic or rarely lichenized; Thallus: crustose, mostly immersed within the substrate, inconspicuous, causing a slight bleaching effect of the substrate; photobiont: absent or a trentepohlioid alga; Ascomata: perithecial, circular or irregular in outline, often aggregated in pseudostromata; involucrellum: dark brown, overlying the locules, K-, clypeate, composed of compacted hyphae mixed with bark cells; outer and lower edges of locules without a distinct true exciple; ascomatal wall: black, not continuous below the hamathecium; hamathecium: branched, short-celled, ± moniliform pseudoparaphyses, not anastomosing, or only pseudoparenchymatous tissue, often disintegrating at maturity, non-amyloid; asci: bitunicate, globose to pyriform, with tholus, non-amyloid, 8-spored; ascospores: hyaline, ellipsoid to clavate, transversely 3-5-septate to submuriform with eusepta, 10-18 x 4.5-7µm; walls: not ornamented; Conidiomata: unknown; Secondary metabolites: none detected; Geography: mostly temperate; Substrate: on bark, but also on non-calcareous rock.; Notes: The genus is characterized by the globose to pyriform asci and the absence of filamentous hamathecium. Most taxa have multilocular ascomata. 51873 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=51873 Peridiothelia D. Hawksw. 2360 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:34 2011-02-02 12:16:34 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Life habit: non-lichenized, saprophytic; Thallus: crustose, mostly within the substrate; photobiont: absent; Ascomata: perithecial; involucrellum: absent; ascomatal wall: black, cellular, not continuous below the hamathecium; hamathecium: branched pseudoparaphyses, anastomosing above the asci, amyloid; asci: bitunicate, clavate, with tholus, non-amyloid; ascospores: medium to golden brown, clavate to pyriform, 1-septate with an euseptum, 16-35 x 7-13 µm; walls: ornamented with tiny warts; Conidiomata: unknown; Secondary metabolites: none detected; Geography: mostly temperate; Substrate: only on bark.; Notes: The genus is characterized by the 1-septate, medium to golden brown, conspicuously ornamented ascospores. 51895 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=51895 Diploschistes Norman 2361 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:34 2011-02-02 12:16:34 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Life habit: primarily lichenized, but lichenicolous and parasitic stages exist in some species; Thallus: crustose, continuous to cracked-areolate; upper surface: gray-white to gray or yellowish, smooth to verrucose, often pruinose; epinecral layer: thin, gelatinous; medulla: white; of irregularly interwoven hyphae, I+ bluish or I-; photobiont: primary one a Trebouxia, secondary photobiont absent; layer: horizontally continuous; algal cells: 7-18 µm in diam.; lower cortex: absent; lower surface: firmly attached to the substrate with bundles of hyphae penetrating into it; Ascomata: apothecial but at first perithecia-like, later urceolate, lecanoroid, or remaining perithecioid when mature, laminal, immersed, exciple: brown to dark brown; paraphyses: simple, lax; hymenial gel: non-amyloid; lateral paraphyses present, simple, brownish or hyaline; asci: elongate-clavate to subcylindrical, the wall ± evenly thickened when mature, with a somewhat abrupt apical thickening with a thin, internal apical beak or a downward, convex swelling when young, lacking any apical apparatus, the contents I+ orange-red, the walls I-, not fissitunicate; 1-8-spored; ascospores: broadly ellipsoid, brown to dark brown or purplish black, muriform, smooth, lacking a distinct perispore or gelatinous sheath, I- or I+ bluish; Conidiomata: pycnidial, in slightly raised warts, black; conidia: elongate-ellipsoid or bacilliform, 4-7 x 1-1.5 µm; Secondary metabolites: para-depsides and ß-orcinol depsidones; Geography: cosmopolitan, but with the center of distribution in semi-arid subtropical regions; Substrate: soil, moss, detritus or rocks. 51911 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=51911 Glypholecia Nyl. 2362 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:34 2011-02-02 12:16:34 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Notes: Because the genus is monotypic, it would be repetitious to have a separate generic description. 51923 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=51923 Alectoria Ach. 2363 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:34 2011-02-02 12:16:34 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Life Habit: lichenized; Thallus: fruticose, erect, decumbent (prostrate), subpendent or pendent, markedly elongate, attached by a basal holdfast; branches: ± terete, or occasionally somewhat expanded and dorsiventrally compressed, or angular to foveolate towards the base and at branch axils; surface: greenish yellow or occasionally streaked greenish-black, or in one species (A. nigricans) grayish to pinkish or brown-black, continuous, generally smooth, occasionally becoming striately ridged towards base and axils; pseudocyphellae: always present, often conspicuous, fusiform, white, flat to markedly raised; soredia: present or absent; isidia: absent (but pseudocyphellae becoming sorediate and bearing spinules in one species); true lateral spinules: absent; cortex: composed of longitudinal, periclinal, arachnoid, conglutinated hyphae immersed in ± large amount of matrix; medulla: loose, arachnoid; hyphae: longitudinal, distinctly segmented, usually ornamented; cell walls with isolichenan, Cetraria-type lichenan, and sometimes traces of intermediate types of lichenan; photobiont: primary one a trebouxioid alga, secondary photobiont absent; Ascomata: apothecial, lateral, sometimes appearing geniculate owing to the death of the branch distal to them, sessile, slightly stalked, circular; thalline exciple: persistent and often markedly incurved, concolorous with thallus; disc: concave, brown to dark brown or black; exciple: gray or hyaline; hymenium: hyaline below, brown, green, blue-green, gray above, I+ very strongly blue; paraphyses: 1.5-3 micro meters wide, somewhat branched and anastomosing, the tips weakly pigmented, 70-140 micro meters; hypothecium: hyaline or pale, 20-40 micro meters, over an algal layer; asci: clavate-oval, 65-130 x 25-50 micro meters, Lecanora-type; wall: 6-12 micro meters thick; tholus: I+ blue, the ocular chamber and axial body short and broad, 2-4 (-8)-spored; ascospores: simple, broadly ellipsoid, 20-45 x 12-25 micro meters; wall: 3-4 micro meters thick, at first hyaline, becoming pale brownish, grayish to dark brownish or blackish at maturity, smooth, with distinct, pale, gelatinous outermost layer, I-; Conidiomata: pycnidial, usually rare, (sub-) marginal-(sub-)terminal, immersed in thalloid warts; conidia: bacilliform, pleurogenously formed, 7-8 x 0.8 micro meters; Secondary metabolites: cortex usually with usnic acid (except in A. nigricans); medulla and/or cortex often with orcinol and ß-orcinol depsides and depsidones and an unidentified K+ red, C+ green-black metabolite occurs in the cortex of the basal parts of the thalli of most species; Geography: circumbipolar, arctic-alpine to boreal-montane; Substrate: on bark, wood, soil, or detritus.; Notes: Alectoria is readily separable from other genera, including Bryoria and Pseudephebe, by its characteristic yellow-green color (due to usnic acid) in most species, the cortical structure and the abundance and structure of the pseudocyphellae. It differs from most species of Usnea (which are also yellow green due to usnic acid) by the lack of a central strand. According to Tucker and Jordan (1978), the reports of A. ochroleuca (Hoffm.) A. Massal. from southern California by (Orcutt 1907 & 1909, as Usnea ochroleuca Fr.) and Hasse (1913) are based on misidentifications (presumably not species of Alectoria at least in the modern, more restricted sense). 51938 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=51938 Squamarina Poelt 2364 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:34 2011-02-02 12:16:34 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Life habit: lichenized; Thallus: squamulose or placodioid-subfoliose, tightly to somewhat loosely attached, most species 1.5-2.5 cm wide (but some species up to 10 cm wide), usually 1-2 mm thick (some species forming mats up to 2 cm thick); lobes: usually large (compared to those of lobate species of Lecanora), very stiff; center: rimose-areolate to squamulose; upper surface: usually ± greenish yellow when fresh, to brownish or grayish, often at least partly white due to pruina, continuous to rimose, ± smooth; isidia and soredia: absent, phyllidia-schizidia: present or absent; cephalodia: absent; upper cortex: evenly very thick (compared to most lobate species of Lecanora; 50-100 µm or more), sharply delimited, without dead algal cells; inspersed with yellowish granules (soluble in K); medulla: prosoplectenchymatous, thick, chalky; hyphae: strongly conglutinated, ± thick-walled, with wide to narrow lumina; photobiont: primary one a trebouxioid alga, secondary photobiont absent; algal layer: well-delimited, continuous, rather narrow; lower cortex: absent; lower surface: pale or dark; rhizinose strands, varying from taproot-like branched cords with compact medulla and firm outer surface (Squamarina-type) to a looser rhizohyphal felt (Placidium-type), depending on the species; Ascomata: apothecial, usually laminal, circular or irregular, subimmersed to sessile, lecanorine to occasionally biatorine (varying on the same thallus); disc: mostly yellow-brown to red-brown, pruinose or not; thalline margins: prominent or not: thick, similar in structure to that of thallus algal layer: present under hypothecium, often absent from the margin; true exciple: sometimes evident externally, hyaline or ochraceous-yellowish; hymenium: gel hyaline, euamyloid; uppermost part hyaline or ochraceous-yellowish, inspersed with fine granules or (when discs pruinose) covered with coarser granules; paraphyses: septate, not (or scarcely) branched and anastomosing; hypothecium: hyaline or ochraceous-yellowish, thick; asci: ± narrowly clavate, lecanoral; wall: euamyloid; tholus: appearing uniformly amyloid and lacking non-amyloid axial body but with small ocular chamber (Hafellner 1984), and with a regular, narrowly cylindric, deeply amyloid central tube (Timdal 1991; Haugan and Timdal 1992), 8-spored; ascospores: biseriately arranged, simple, ellipsoid or cylindrical-ellipsoid or oblong, 9-15 (-19) x 4.5-7.5 µm; wall: hyaline, smooth, thin, non-halonate, not amyloid; Conidiomata: pycnidial, immersed; conidia: formed acrogenously, filiform, ± curved, c. 15-40 x < 1 µm; Secondary metabolites: cortex with usnic acids (sometimes only traces); medulla with or without beta-orcinol depsidones or (in an undescribed species) terpenoids; Geography: Northern Hemisphere in arid and semi-arid regions; Substrate: bryophytes, soil, detritus, or usually calcium-rich rock.; Notes: For an introduction to the difficult nomenclatural and taxonomic history of this genus, see Ryan and Nash (1997b); in this Flora the present treatment covers only the core group of Squamarina; the species of sect. Petroplaca, which have a Lecanora-type ascus (with distinct non-amyloid axial mass) will be treated in Volume II, potentially as a different genus with the Lecanoraceae. 51940 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=51940 Waynea Moberg 2365 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:34 2011-02-02 12:16:34 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Life habit: lichenized; Thallus: squamulose, heteromerous, without a prothallus; squamules: scattered, raised on one edge; upper surface: olive-green to brown-green; soredia present or absent; isidia absent; upper cortex: paraplectenchymatous; medulla: white, I-; photobiont: primary one a chlorococcoid alga, secondary photobiont absent; lower cortex: absent; Ascomata: apothecial, stipitate with short stalks, margin pale, biatorine; paraphyses: simple or rarely branched, slightly swollen at apices; asci: cylindrical-clavate, with amyloid tholus and fuzzy coat, 8-spored; ascospores: 3-septate, hyaline and non-halonate; Secondary metabolites: none detected; Geography: Mediteranean region of Europe and western North America; Substrate: on bark.; Notes: Originally Waynea was described as a monotypic genus. Subsequently two additional species have been placed in the genus based on careful morphological and anatomical comparisons (Roux et al. 1995), but neither of the other species have yet been found fruiting. Thus, their proper placement requires further confirmation. 51944 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=51944 Candelaria A. Massal. 2366 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:34 2011-02-02 12:16:34 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Life habit: lichenized; Thallus: small foliose, circular to irregular in outline, often forming rosettes, sometimes irregularly coalescing and spreading over its substrate, loosely adnate to adnate, lobate; lobes: usually flat to convex but sometimes subterete, discrete, often loosely imbricate, elongate; apices: horizontal, sometimes ascending or semierect to erect, eciliate; upper surface: lemon yellow to mustard yellow but in shade paling to yellow-green, dull to somewhat shiny, with or without pruina, with or without isidia or soredia; upper cortex: paraplectenchymatous; medulla: white, reticulate; photobiont: primary one a chlorococcoid alga, secondary photobiont absent; lower cortex: paraplectenchymatous, sometimes lacking; lower surface: white to yellow, smooth to somewhat wrinkled, often rhizinate but sometimes with hapters; rhizines: simple or or sparingly branched; Ascomata: apothecial, lecanorine, laminal, sessile; margin: concolorous with the thallus, persistent, smooth or sorediate or lobulate; disc: darker yellow than the thallus; epithecium: yellow-brown, granular; hymenium: colorless below, I+ blue; paraphyses: simple or sparingly branched, cylindrical or submoniliform, sometimes anastomosing below, septate; hypothecium: colorless to pale brown; asci: clavate, Candelaria-type (apical dome I+ blue only in the lower part), 8-64+-spored; ascospores: usually ellipsoid, simple to thinly 1-septate, uni- or biguttulate or with numerous oil-droplets, colorless; Conidiomata: pycnidial, more or less globular, concolorous with the thallus or darker (walls pale), usually appearing as raised warts on thallus surface; conidia: ellipsoid to narrowly ellipsoid, simple, colorless; Secondary metabolites: pulvinic acid derivatives present in colored parts; Geography: world-wide; Substrate: common on rocks or bark, rarely on soil or mosses. 51946 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=51946 Candelina Poelt 2367 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:34 2011-02-02 12:16:34 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Life habit: lichenized; Thallus: placodioid, clearly forming rosettes, adnate to loosely adnate, lobate peripherally; lobes: flat to convex, sometimes with secondary lobes formed centrally; upper surface: bright yellow to golden yellow to red orange, smooth to somewhat rugulose, sometimes somewhat shiny, pseudocyphellae lacking, isidia and soredia lacking; upper cortex: paraplectenchymatous, thin, the direction of the individual hyphae is easily observed; medulla: loose, either white and without granules, or yellow (at least in part) from yellow granules; photobiont: primary one a chlorococcoid alga, secondary photobiont absent; lower cortex: absent centrally or absent throughout, paraplectenchymatous, similar to the upper cortex; lower surface: yellow peripherally but becoming pale yellow centrally, with or without stout hapters peripherally; Ascomata: apothecial, lecanorine, sessile to substipitate; margin: concolorous with the thallus, persistent, smooth to somewhat crenulate; disc: darker yellow than the thallus; epithecium: yellow-brown, granular; hymenium: colorless below, I+ blue; paraphyses: simple, cylindrical or with somewhat swollen tips, sometimes anastomosing below, septate; hypothecium: colorless; asci: clavate, Candelaria-type, 8-spored; ascospores: simple, narrowly ellipsoid to weakly kidney-shaped, colorless; Conidiomata: pycnidial, concolorous with the thallus or darker yellow (walls pale), immersed or appearing as raised warts on the thallus surface; conidia: narrowly ellipsoid, colorless; Secondary metabolites: pulvinic acid derivatives present in colored parts; Geography: from northern South America to southern USA and Namibia in Africa; Substrate: on calcium-free rocks in arid regions and where arid microclimates occur. 51950 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=51950 Toninia A. Massal. 2368 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:34 2011-02-02 12:16:34 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Life habit: lichenized or not, lichenicolous (especially when young) or not; Thallus: absent, endolithic, crustose, or squamulose, attached by the whole lower surface or basal end of squamule; areoles/squamules: dispersed, adjacent, imbricate, or ascending, 2-10 mm wide, rounded to elongated or bullate, with entire, crenulate or lobed margin; upper surface: from white to dark gray, green, or brown, sometimes rose or pale yellow, dull to shiny, epruinose to densely white pruinose, smooth to deeply fissured; vegetative dispersal units lacking; upper cortex: varying from absent to 500 µm thick, containing remnants of algae (chlor-zinc-iodine!), usually consisting of an upper epinecral layer and a lower stainable layer, the latter composed of thick- to rather thin-walled, anticlinally oriented hyphae with shortly thread-like, angular, or rounded lumina, often containing crystals of calcium oxalate, rarely lichen substances; algal layer: 30-100 µm thick, horizontally continuous or rarely discontinuous; medulla: white, of intricately interwoven hyphae, I-, often containing lichen substances and/or calcium oxalate; photobiont: primary one a chlorococcoid alga, secondary photobiont absent, algal cells 10-15 µm diam.; lower cortex: poorly to well developed, composed of periclinally or anticlinally oriented hyphae, sometimes containing calcium oxalate; lower surface: white to brown; Ascomata: apothecial, laminal or marginal, sessile, with a constricted base, simple or rarely somewhat conglomerate, usually weakly concave to weakly convex and marginate when young, later often becoming more convex and immarginate, up to 5 (-10) mm diam., black, usually dull, epruinose or with white pruina of calcium oxalate; exciple: annular, composed of radiating, thick-walled, conglutinated hyphae with rounded to narrowly cylindrical lumina, varying from having a pale or colorless inner part and a darker gray, green, or brown rim, to being dark brown throughout; hypothecium: dark brown to colorless, composed of intricately interwoven hyphae, sometimes containing crystals of calcium oxalate, I-; epithecium: gray (K+ violet, N+ violet), green (K-, N+ violet or K+ violet/brown, N-), reddish brown (K+ red, N-), dull brown (K-, N-), or pale olivaceous brown to colorless (K-, N-) (pigments sometimes mixed), often containing crystals of calcium oxalate, rarely crystals of lichen substances; hymenium: hyaline, I+ blue, 50-80 micrometer high; paraphyses: straight, sparingly branched and anastomosing, not conglutinated, thin-walled, with an apical cell which is distinctly swollen and surrounded by a plus minus well developed gelatinous pigment cap or sometimes containing pigment in the cell wall; asci: clavate, surrounded by a gelatinous, amyloid sheet, with a well developed, amyloid tholus containing a deeper amyloid, conical zone around the axial mass and a well developed, conical, often pointed ocular chamber (Bacidia-type), 8-spored; ascospores: colorless, simple to 7 (-9) septate, broadly ellipsoid to acicular, smooth, without halo; Conidiomata: pycnidial, laminal, immersed or partly protruding, with colorless or pale brown to black ostiole, with short, sparingly branched conidiophores; conidia: acrogenous, filiform, curved; Secondary metabolites: usually none, but in some species terpenoids, depsides, usnic acid, or fatty acids; Geography: arctic to subtropical regions of the world, highest diversity in arid areas; Substrate: soil and rock, often calciferous.; Notes: Many species start their development on the thallus of other lichens. Some remain lichenicolous, but others become autonomous. The hosts referred to below may be visible only at an early stage, and may even be facultative in some species. Only a few secondary metabolites have been identified in Toninia. Most are terpenoids, and some species and subspecies show diagnostic patterns on the chromatograms (see Timdal [1991]). 51952 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=51952 Solenopsora 2369 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:34 2011-02-02 12:16:34 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Life Habit: lichenized, not lichenicolous or sometimes possibly on cyanophilic lichens; Thallus: crustose, effigurate, squamulose, or placodioid, attached by the lower surface or by rhizines, appressed or with free lobe tips; areoles/squamules: dispersed or adjacent or imbricate, up to 1.5 mm wide, rounded, crenulate, lobed or with incised margins, blastidia and soralia present or absent; upper surface: white, gray, light green, or light to dark brown; dull or shiny, smooth, pruinose or not; upper cortex: usually well developed and consisting of an upper epinecral layer and a lower stainable layer, the latter composed of irregularly or predominantly anticlinally oriented hyphae, containing remnants of algae (chlor-zinc-iodine!) and often crystals of secondary metabolites; medulla: white, of intricately interwoven hyphae, not amyloid or weakly amyloid; photobiont: primary one a chlorococcoid alga, secondary photobiont absent; algal cells: 10-15 µm in diam.; algal layer: horizontally continuous or interrupted by strands of cortical tissue; lower cortex: present or absent; lower surface: white to pale brown; hypothallus: present or absent; Ascomata: apothecial, lecanorine, circular, laminal to submarginal, subimmersed, sessile, or substipitate, with a more or less prominent, often disappearing thalline margin; up to 1 mm in diam.; disc: medium brown to brownish black, pruinose or not; exciple: pale to medium brown; hypothecium: hyaline to pale brown, lacking crystals; epithecium: pale to medium brown, K-, N-; hymenium: hyaline, amyloid, 40-70 µm high; paraphyses: weakly conglutinated, thin-walled, sparingly branched and anastomosing, often with a swollen apical cell, often with a sharply delimited, brown cell wall pigment in the upper part of the apical cell; asci: clavate, with a well developed, evenly deeply amyloid tholus lacking an ocular chamber (Catillaria-type), 8-spored; ascospores: 1-septate, ellipsoid to shortly bacilliform, often slightly constricted at the septum, hyaline, smooth, 6-20 x 3-6 µm; Conidiomata: pycnidial, laminal, immersed; conidia: pleurogenously formed, shortly bacilliform, 2-6 x c. 1 µm; Secondary metabolites: orcinol and ß-orcinol depsidones, triterpenes and unidentified compounds; Geography: temperate and subtropical regions of the world, center of diversity in Mediterranean Europe and North Africa; Substrate: rock and soil, especially calcareous substrates.; Notes: The Catillaria-type ascus and the pleurogenous, bacilliform conidia place Solenopsora in the Catillariaceae. The genera Catillaria A. Massal. and Placolecis Trevis. differ in having lecideine apothecia. In addition, Placolecis has simple ascospores. Halecania M. Mayrhofer differs in having halonate ascospores. Some Solenopsora species (e.g. S. candicans and S. olivacea) have effigurate, placoidioid thalli, but none of these are known from the Sonoran region. 51954 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=51954 Cladonia P. Browne 2370 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:34 2011-02-02 12:16:34 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Life habit: lichenized; Thallus: composed of primary (basal, horizontal) and secondary (erect) parts; cortex: dense, composed of ± vertically-oriented hyphae; medulla: usually 2-layered; the outer layer: white, composed of ± loose hyphae, containing algal glomerules; the inner layer: hyaline or white, cartilaginous, with conglutinate hyphae surrounding the central canal; Primary thallus: composed of basal squamules, closely adpressed to the substrate, or ascending to erect, rounded to elongate, entire or variously indented, sorediate or esorediate, sometimes persistent, occasionally dominant; upper surface: corticated; lower surface: composed of ecorticate layer of hyphae, hyphae roughly parallel-oriented, radiating in a flabelliform pattern from the basal portio, which is generally attached to the substrate; Secondary thallus: consisting of hollow to rarely solid podetia, growing from upper surface or margins of primary thallus, blunt, pointed, or cup-forming, simple or branched; branch axils: closed or perforate; perforations: occasionally enlarging (forming funnel-like structures often called "open cups") and deforming; surface: variably corticate to ecorticate, generally composed of some combination of continuous cortex, cortical granules, verruculae, soredia, and squamules; photobiont: primary one a Trebouxia, secondary photobiont absent; Ascomata: lecideine apothecia, borne at apices of podetia, on cup rims, at branch apices, or rarely sessile on basal squamules; discs: red, pale or dark brown, darkening with age and sometimes blackening; asci: cylindrical to elongate-clavate; apex: Porpidia type, with strongly amyloid (I+ blue) apical dome, including very narrow weakly amyloid central zone surrounded by a tube-like, strongly amyloid zone; wall: nonamyloid except for outer layer; 8-spored; ascospores: biseriate, ellipsoid to oblong-ellipsoid, simple to rarely one-septate, hyaline, oblong or ovoid, 6-16 (-24) x 2-6 micro meter; Conidiomata: pycnidial, borne at apices of podetia, on cup rims, at branch apices, or on basal squamules, infrequently arising laterally on podetia, red, brown or carbonaceous to blue-black, cylindrical to urn-like (ampullaceous), short-stalked or sessile, often constricted at base; containing hyaline or red gelatin; conidia: sickle-shaped, rarely straight, hyaline, 3-10 (-14) x 0.5-1 micro meter; Secondary metabolites: depsides, depsidones, dibenzofurans and derivatives (incl. usnic acids), terpenoids, aliphatic acids, and quinone pigments; Geography: arctic regions to Antarctica, tundra to tropical forests but widely absent from arid regions; Substrate: on soil, especially acidic humus and sand, rotting wood, tree bases and trunks, mossy or bare rocks.; Notes: It is characterized by punctiform pseudocyphellae on upper surface, perforate apothecia with large, ellipsoid spores, and bifusiform conidia. 51957 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=51957 Coccocarpia Pers. 2371 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:35 2011-02-02 12:16:35 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Life habit: lichenized; Thallus: foliose (rarely dwarf-fruticose), heteromerous, up to 0.23 mm thick, rosette-shaped, roughly circular in outline, 1-8 (-15) cm in diam., tightly to loosely adnate, lobate; lobes: narrow, linear and stellate-radiating or broad-lobed and flabellate or cuneate (rarely terete), contiguous to imbricate or well separated, rarely branched or strongly dichotomously branched, usually flat but in one species terete; apices: usually rotund or ± truncate; margin: often deflexed (in broad lobed species); upper surface: light to dark gray, slate blue, or rarely yellow or yellowish gray (non-Sonoran species), smooth but in larger species often with concentric, curved ridges, with or without pruina, isidia or laciniae; soredia and pseudocyphellae: absent; upper cortex: paraplectenchymatous, with periclinal hyphae running along the length of the lobes, colorless or rarely yellow; pored epicortex: usually present; medulla: white, pale yellow or rarely orange-red; photobiont: primary one a filiform cyanobacterium (Scytonema), secondary photobiont absent; lower cortex: usually present, paraplectenchymatous, composed of periclinal hyphae running in the length direction of the lobes, often merging gradually with the medulla; lower surface: yellowish white to pale tan to black, rhizinate; rhizines: white to gray or blue to black, simple, often projecting beyond the margin, usually dense, often forming a hypothallus, rarely sparse; Ascomata: apothecial, biatorine (or lecideine), gymnocarpous, adnate or sessile; margin: sometimes with white hairs; disc: carneous to reddish or blackish brown or black, usually ± convex; hymenium: hyaline, I+ deep blue; paraphyses: simple or sparsely branched, septate; asci: cylindrical or clavate, with apically thickened wall (I+ blue), 8-spored; ascospores: globose or ellipsoid to fusiform, hyaline, simple, often with two oil droplets; Conidiomata: pycnidial, laminal or marginal, immersed or sessile; conidia: rod-shaped or bacilliform, simple, colorless, 3-6 x 1-1.5 µm; Secondary metabolites: usually absent, but fallacinals, lichexanthones and unknowns occasionally present (non-Sonoran species); Geography: pantropical and subtropical, rarely extending into moist temperate areas; Substrate: mostly on trees but also on rocks and soil (three species are folicolous).; Notes: Coccocarpia was placed in a family of its own by Henssen (1963a), based on the unique ontogeny of the ascocarps. Here apothecial primordia with upright ascogones (and often with projecting trichogynes) are formed in a paraplectenchyma of isodiametric cells. Coccocarpiaceae contain four genera, viz. Coccocarpia, Peltularia, Spilonema and Steinera. The thallus of Degelia species (Pannariaceae) is very similar to that of Coccocarpia. 51958 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=51958 Spilonema Bornet 2372 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:35 2011-02-02 12:16:35 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Notes: Because the genus is monotypic, a generic description would simply recapitulate the specific description given below. 51972 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=51972 Heppia Nageli 2373 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:35 2011-02-02 12:16:35 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Life habit: lichenized; Thallus: squamulose, crustose or peltate; margin: appressed or raised; upper surface: olive, brownish, gray, or blackish, plane to deeply concave, smooth, corrugate or cracked; cortex: when present composed of predominantly anticlinally oriented hyphae; cells: cylindrical, globose or isodiametric; medulla: normally not separated from the algal layer, primarily composed of anticlinally arranged hyphae; photobiont: primary one a filamentous, heterocyst-containing cyanobacterium (Syctonema-like), secondary photobiont absent; lower surface: paler than upper surface, attached to substrate by numerous rhizoidal hyphae; Ascomata: apothecial, immersed; ontogeny: developing from a hyphal web of generative tissue with numerous ascogonia; disc: red or red-brown, urceolate, flat or slightly convex; exciple: sometimes present, then 20-60 µm thick; hymenium: 100-195 µm high; paraphyses: well developed, short-celled at the base, slightly branched in the upper part with characteristically enlarged top cells in older material; subhymenium: 10-60 µm; asci: prototunicate, cylindrical to obovoid, 70-170 x 15-30 µm, (4-)8-spored; ascospores: simple, frequently with a central plasma-bridge, often mistaken as a central septum, ellipsoid to fusiform, 14-32 x 4.5-13 µm; Conidiomata: pycnidial, immersed, solitary, simple to cerebriform in shape, 190-280 µm tall and 150-330 µm wide; conidia: simple, fusiform to bacilliform, terminally produced, hyaline, 2.5-3.5 x 1-1.5 µm; Secondary metabolites: none detected; Geography: predominately in arid and semi-arid regions of the world, but occurring wherever arid microclimates are found; Substrate: acidic or calcareous rocks or soil.; Notes: Although he recognized much of the variation used to distinguish the species below, Wetmore (1970) recognized only one species, H. lutosa, which was circumscribed broadly. Heppia occurs in similar habitats to those in which Peltula occurs. Differences in spore number (8/ascus in Heppia and 16-100+/ascus in Peltula) and ascus structure are definitive ways to tell the genera apart. 51993 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=51993 Omphalora T. Nash & Hafellner 2374 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:35 2011-02-02 12:16:35 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Notes: Because the genus is monotypic, a generic description would simply recapitulate the specific description given below. 51996 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=51996 Psorinia Gotth. Schneider 2375 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:35 2011-02-02 12:16:35 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Notes: The second species, P. lepidotella (Nyl.) Gotth. Schneid., is apparently known only from the type collection. This specimen is in a poor condition, and could not be examined in detail by Schneider (1979), and consequently the generic description encompassing both species is not possible. The description given below is based on the type species, and it would be repetitious to have a separate generic description. 51998 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=51998 Rhizoplaca Zopf 2376 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:35 2011-02-02 12:16:35 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Life habit: lichenized; Thallus: squamulose, pulvinate, or peltate-umbilicate (to foliose or fruticose), monophyllous to strongly polyphyllous; attachment: by a single umbilicus or stalk per thallus or subunit, sometimes also with rhizinose strands; margins: entire to deeply lobed,; upper surface: ± pale greenish yellow, to slightly brownish, or white; often blue-green-black; thallospores: sometimes present along edges; isidia, soredia and similar structures: absent; upper cortex: usually with structure difficult to see, due to gelatinization and to inspersion by granules; medulla: white, loose to ± hollow towards center, but often filled with granular or crystalline material; cell walls: with isolichenan; photobiont: primary one a chlorococcoid alga, secondary photobiont absent; lower cortex: usually thicker (and with thicker and more gelatinized hyphae) than upper one; lower surface: pale to dark brown, to blue-green black near edges; Ascomata: lecanorine apothecia, laminal to marginal, rounded to irregular, immersed to more often sessile or substipitate; exciple: ± hyaline; hymenium: ± hyaline or yellowish to orange; paraphyses: not (or scarcely) branched or anastomosing; asci: ± clavate, Lecanora-type, c. 8-spored; ascospores: non-septate, mostly ± ellipsoid (8-13 x 4-8 µm), but globose (10-12 x 7-10 µm) in one species and ovoid-oblong to crescent-shaped (15-20 x 4-5 µm) in another; wall: hyaline, smooth, non-halonate, without distinctly developed endospore thickening, not amyloid; Conidiomata: pycnidia, laminal or lateral, immersed; conidia: formed acrogenously, filiform, c. 15-40 x < 1 µm, ± curved; Secondary metabolites: upper cortex: with usnic acids; medulla: with aliphatic acids, ± ß-orcinol depsides, ß-orcinol depsidones, or triterpenoids; Geography: circumpolar to temperate in both hemispheres, extending to the tropics in alpine areas, in ± dry areas; Substrate: non-calciferous or weakly to moderately calciferous rocks; some taxa also occurring on soil in cool, open and windy areas.; Notes: The usual lack of distinctly radiating marginal lobes, and the loose medulla and well-developed lower cortex, help to distinguish Rhizoplaca from Lecanora. The systematics and nomenclature of Rhizoplaca were reviewed briefly by Ryan and Nash (1997b), and more comprehensive and definitive treatments are in preparation by us. Information on distribution of chemotypes is given by Leuckert et al. (1976) and McCune (1987), but those treatments included R. subdiscrepans s. lato (and occasionally members of the Lecanora opiniconensis complex) under R. chrysoleuca (or occasionally R. melanophthalma). The here broadly treated taxa R. chrysoleuca and R. melanophthalma are extremely variable, often with several morphotypes or color phases appearing quite distinct when growing side by side, but no attempt is made here to account for the numerous published infraspecific taxa, nor any but the most commonly cited synonyms. Morphs growing loose on soil do not occur in the Sonoran region and are therefore not included in the present account. 52004 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=52004 Hypocenomyce Choisy 2377 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:35 2011-02-02 12:16:35 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Life Habit: lichenized, not lichenicolous; Thallus: crustose or squamulose, attached by the whole lower surface or basal end of squamule; areoles/squamules: dispersed or adjacent or imbricate, up to 2 mm wide, rounded, lobed or with incised margins, soralia present or absent; upper surface: grayish green to dark brown, dull or shiny, smooth, not pruinose; upper cortex: varying from 10 to 130 µm thick, containing remnants of algae (chlor-zinc-iodine!), consisting of an upper epinecral layer and a lower stainable layer, the latter composed of irregularly to anticlinally oriented hyphae and in most species containing secondary metabolites; medulla: white, of intricately interwoven hyphae, I-; algal layer: 40-100 µm thick, horizontally continuous; photobiont: primary one a chlorococcoid alga, secondary photobiont absent; algal cells: 10-15 µm in diam.; lower cortex: absent or poorly developed; lower surface: white to pale brown; Ascomata: apothecial, laminal, marginal, or attached to the lower side of upturned squamules, sessile, with a constricted base, persistently flattened and marginate or becoming convex and immarginate, up to 1 (-2.5) mm in diam.; disc: brown or black, sometimes with bluish white pruina, sometimes gyrose; exciple: colorless to brown in the inner part, brown or green in the rim, sometimes containing crystals of secondary metabolites; hypothecium: hyaline to dark brown, lacking crystals; epithecium: green, light brown, or brownish black; hymenium: hyaline, I+ blue, 40-70 µm high; paraphyses: simple or sparingly branched, weakly conglutinated, apical cell swollen or not, with or without pigment cap; asci: clavate to rhombic, thin-walled, with a poorly to well developed amyloid tholus containing either a deeper amyloid tube, a deeper amyloid flank, a small non-amyloid axial body, or no visible internal structures, 8-spored; ascospores: colorless, simple or 1 (-3)-septate, ellipsoid to fusiform; Conidiomata: pycnidial, sessile, globose to ovate, black, wall brown or dirty green; conidia: formed acrogenously or pleurogenously, subglobose, ellipsoid, bacilliform, or filiform; Secondary metabolites: depsides, depsidones, or benzyl esters in medulla, upper cortex and rarely in exciple and epithecium; Geography: temperate regions of the world, especially in boreal conifer forests; Substrate: bark and wood, mainly of conifers, many species mainly on charred substrates.; Notes: The genus may be heterogeneous. Timdal (1984b) placed the species in four species groups, based mainly on differences in ascus type, exciple, conidia, and secondary chemistry. In some species, e.g. the type species, mature asci are unknown, and the position of the genus within the Lecanorales is still unsettled. 52017 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=52017 Fuscopannaria P. M. Jorg. 2378 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:35 2011-02-02 12:16:35 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Life Habit: lichenized; Thallus: subcrustose to squamulose, resting on a thin blackish hypothallus; upper surface: usually olivaceous to brownish; photobiont: primary one a Nostoc, secondary photobiont absent; Ascomata: apothecial, with or without a thalline margin; hymenium: hemiamyloid, I+ blue-green, turning red-brown; asci: with an amyloid apical plug [tubes in subg. Fuscopannaria or sheets in subg. Micropannaria], 8-spored; ascospores: simple, hyaline, usually ellipsoid, sometimes with distinct epispore with apical thickenings or 'tails'; Conidiomata: pycnidial, pale brown; conidia: simple, bacilliform, colorless; Secondary metabolites: sometimes with atranorin and/or aliphatic acids and terpenoids, or no substances; Geography: widespread in temperate, forested habitats, primarily in the Northern Hemisphere and with a center of distribution along the Pacific coast of North America; Substrate: on soil, rocks and bark.; Notes: This is a difficult genus where the species tend to be superficially very similar, and microscopic studies are often necessary for definite identification. Particularly in the field, they may be difficult to distinguish from Parmeliella species which also has small-squamulose species, most of which are gray-blue with thinner, smoother thallus. Apothecia of Parmeliella invariably lack a thalline margin and have an amyloid hymenium, as well as asci with amyloid apical tubes. On the basis of ascal characters, Fuscopannaria is closer to Psoroma than Pannaria or Parmeliella. 52020 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=52020 Pannaria Delise 2379 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:35 2011-02-02 12:16:35 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Life habit: lichenized; Thallus: subfoliose to foliose, orbicular, growing loosely attached, frequently with a fibrous, well-developed hypothallus that sometimes extends as a blue-black zone around the thallus; lobes: flat to concave, sometimes producing isidia or soredia marginally; upper surface: mostly bluish gray, often smooth, scabrid or pruinose; upper cortex: paraplectenchymatous; photobiont: primary one a Nostoc, secondary photobiont absent; lower surface: naked and whitish, with bluish black rhizohyphae; Ascomata: apothecial, sessile, mainly laminal, usually with a crenulate thalline margin obscuring the proper one; disc: flat, often becoming convex, orange- or reddish brown to black; hymenium: I+ blue in vicinity of asci; asci: apically thickened , but without internal amyloid structures, 8-spored; ascospores: simple, colorless, ellipsoid, often apiculate at one or both end and with conspicuous epispore or epispore; Conidiomata: pycnidial; conidia: straight, bacilliform; Secondary metabolites: pannarin and related substances; Geography: widespread in warm temperate to subtropical, forested habitats; Substrate: on rocks and bark, particularly ones with bryophytes.; Notes: In contrast to the squamulose Parmeliella and Fuscopannaria genera, Pannaria now includes most of the foliose or subfoliose species. The thalline margin of the apothecial discs in Pannaria contrasts with the athalline, proper margin of Parmeliella. Most species of Pannaria contain pannarin and hence are P+ red. 52021 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=52021 Parmeliella Mull. Arg. 2380 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:35 2011-02-02 12:16:35 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Life Habit: lichenized; Thallus: squamulose to ± crustose, sometimes with enlarged peripheral lobes, often resting on a hypothallus of rhizohyphae that may be visible from above; upper surface: bluish or brownish, smooth; photobiont: primary one a cyanobacterium (Nostoc), secondary photobiont absent; Ascomata: apothecial, biatorine; proper exciple: distinct cellular, cells rounded to oblong and 15-20 µm wide, thalline margin lacking; hymenium: I+ blue; paraphyses: simple, not or slightly thickened at apices, pigmented externally; asci: with apical amyloid tubes (or plug), 8-spored; ascospores: simple, colorless, ellipsoid, often apiculate at one or both ends and with a warted or ridged epispore; Conidiomata: pycnidial, rare; conidia: bacilliform; Secondary metabolites: none detected; Geography: widespread in warm temperate to subtropical, forested habitats; Substrate: on soil, rocks and bark in sheltered, humid habitats. 52022 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=52022 Psoroma Michaux 2381 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:35 2011-02-02 12:16:35 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Life habit: lichenized,; Thallus: squamulose, small (up to 0.5 mm wide in Northern Hemispheric material), with interspersed dark bluegreen granules, hypothallus indistinct; upper surface: green gray to yellow-brown or shining cinnamon brown but greenish when wet; isidia and soredia absent; upper cortex: paraplectenchymatous; medulla: white, very thin, often indistinct; photobionts: primary one a chlorococcoid alga (Myrmecia?); secondary photobiont Nostoc, greenish to dark brown, in wart-like cephalodia; lower cortex: paraplectenchymatous; Ascomata: apothecial, common, large, sessile, up to 5 mm wide, often concave with brown disc; thalline margin: raised, persistent, squamulose; hymenium: I+ dark blue; paraphyses: simple or branched near apices, apices not thicked or capitate; asci: narrowly ellipsoid or cylindrical, with internal amyloid apical tubes, apex K/I+ blue, the tholus staining paler, 8-spored; ascospores: simple, colorless, ellipsoid with distinctive, often with 1-2 large oil droplets, often warted epispore, ± apiculate; Conidiomata: pycnidial, pale brown; conidia: simple, bacilliform, colorless; Secondary metabolites: mostly without secondary products; Geography: pantemperate, in Northern Hemisphere but primarily in Southern Hemisphere, extending towards the subtropics in high montane areas; Substrate: on soil, often among mosses; also on bark in the Southern Hemisphere.; Notes: This is primarily a temperate genus occurring in both hemispheres. All species have a green primary photobiont, external cephalodia and ascospores with warted perispores and correspond to what has been called the Psoroma hypnorum group. In the Southern Hemisphere many larger, squamulose or foliose species were placed in this genus, but they are now treated as Pannaria (Jørgensen 2000a). 52023 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=52023 Ahtiana Goward 2382 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:35 2011-02-02 12:16:35 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Life habit: lichenized; Thallus: foliose, ± closely adpressed, to 8 cm across, broadly lobate; lobes: 0.5-10 mm wide; cilia present or absent; upper surface: pale yellow to pale yellow-green, rugose and subplicate, continuous, without pseudocyphellae, maculae, soredia or pustulae; isidia: present or absent; upper cortex: paraplectenchymatous, 15-25 µm thick, composed of c. 3 cell layers; with non-pored epicortex; medulla: white; medullary hyphae: 3-4 µm thick; cell walls: containing Cetraria-type lichenan (medulla I+ blue); photobiont: primary one a trebouxioid alga, secondary photobiont absent; lower cortex: paraplectenchymatous, 15-20 µm thick, composed of 2-3 layers of somewhat brownish cells; lower surface: usually light tan or pale brown (to olive-black), with sparse to abundant simple rhizines to the margins; Ascomata: apothecial, frequent, with prominent thalline exciple, laminal or marginal, sessile, ± circular, up to 13 mm across; disc: brown, non-perforate; exciple: hyaline or grayish, 2-layered; upper layer: 10-30 µm thick, composed of periclinally arranged hyphae; lower layer: 35-50 µm thick, paraplectenchyamtous; hymenium: (including ascogenous layer) 50-60 µm high, uppermost part brown or ochraceous-yellowish; paraphyses: straight, somewhat branched, not (or scarcely) anastomosing; hypothecium: hyaline; asci: narrowly to rather broadly clavate, 45-60 µm high, Lecanora-type; axial body 2-5 µm wide, 8-spored; ascospores: ± uniseriate, simple, globose or subglobose, 4-6 µm diam.; wall: hyaline, smooth, without distinctly developed endospore thickening, not amyloid; Conidiomata: pycnidial, laminal or marginal, emergent, often abundant, black, conspicuous, to 0.2 mm across; conidia: usually bifusiform or occasionally bacilliform, citriform or sublageniform, 5-7 (-9) x c. 1 µm; Secondary metabolites: upper cortex with usnic acid, medulla with aliphatic acids; Geography: montane coniferous forests in western North America; Substrate: on bark or wood.; Notes: It was initially segregated as a monotypic genus from Parmelia, and later two additional species were transferred from Cetraria and Tuckermannopsis. It is characterized by its yellow-green upper cortex (usnic acid), absence of pseudocyphellae, presence of caperatic acid in the medulla and globose ascospores. It differs from Flavoparmelia in having a paraplectenchymatous upper cortex, non-pored epicortex, a medulla lacking depsides and depsidones and with Cetraria-type lichenan (not isolichenan) in the cell walls, and much smaller and ± globose (rather than large and ellipsoid) ascospores. 52026 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=52026 Anzia Stizenb. 2383 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:35 2011-02-02 12:16:35 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Life habit: lichenized; Thallus: foliose, circular in outline or irregularly spreading, 2-30 cm wide, loosely to tightly adnate, lobate; lobes: flat to convex, discrete, often loosely imbricate, elongate, mostly <2 mm wide, tips often ascending, eciliate; upper surface: pale whitish gray, greenish gray or bluish gray, dull or somewhat shiny, emaculate and lacking pseudocyphellae; with or without soredia or isidia; upper cortex: paraplectenchymatous with a non-pored epicortex; medulla: white, with or without a chondroid strand; hyphal walls: containing Cetraria-type lichenan; photobiont: primary one a trebouxioid alga, secondary photobiont absent; lower cortex: absent; lower surface: brown-black, with a continuous or discontinuous, prominent, dense spongiostratum (spongy hypothallus), with or without rhizines; rhizines: simple or or sparingly branched, stout, apically with a squarrose tuft; Ascomata: apothecial, lecanorine, laminal, sessile to substipitate: disc: brown to black, eperforate; epithecium: pale brown; hymenium and hypothecium colorless; paraphyses: simple or forked above, apices clavate, pale brown with a dark brown cap; asci: cylindrical, many (more than 20) spored, Lecanora-type; ascospores: simple, curved; Conidiomata: pycnidial, brown-black, immersed, punctiform; conidia: simple, bacilliform, colorless; Secondary metabolites: depsides, depsidones and aliphatic acids; Geography: world-wide, except Europe, most common in east Asia in temperate to subtropical regions, extending to New Guinea, and Oceania, Central and South America (Andes), eastern North America; Substrate: common on bark of trees and on rocks. 52028 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=52028 Arctoparmelia Hale 2384 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:35 2011-02-02 12:16:35 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: foliose, c. circular in outline, lobate; lobes: usually subirregular; tips: usually subrotund, eciliate; upper surface: pale yellow green to whitish or gray, smooth, plane to rugulose, dull, usually strongly pruinose, with or without soredia, emaculate; pseudocyphellae: absent; upper cortex: palisade plectenchymatous, pored epicortex; medulla: white, cell walls containing Cetraria-type lichenan; photobionts: primary one a Trebouxia, secondary photobiont absent; lower surface: ivory white to light brown or purplish black, velvety, frequently with a gray margin (like mouse fur), attachment by sparse, simple rhizines, cyphellae, pseudocyphellae and tomentum absent; Ascomata: apothecial, imperforate, laminal on thallus, orbicular, cup-shaped, sessile, margin prominent with thalloid rim; exciple gray or hyaline, hypothecium hyaline, epithecium brown or brownish yellow; asci: lecanoral, wall layers apex thickened, apex amyloid, with wide, axial body divergent towards apex; ascospores: c. 8 per ascus, simple, ellipsoid; 10-12 µm long, 4-6 µm wide; wall thin, hyaline; Conidiomata: absent or present, pycnidial, laminal, immersed; conidia: bifusiform, 6 x c. 1 µm; Secondary metabolites: upper cortex with usnic acid and atranorin and chloroatranorin; medulla with an orcinol depsidones and (higher) aliphatic acids; Geography: throughout arctic and northern boreal regions of the Northern Hemisphere and extending southwards in high montane areas; Substrate: mostly on non-calciferous rocks.; Notes: Among the Parmelia generic segregates, Arctoparmelia is most similar to the southern hemispheric Psiloparmelia in cortical chemistry and color of the lobe tips and the lower side, but the later genus has only a rudimentary epicortex, isolichenan in the cell walls and lacks rhizines. Among the yellow-green, non-pseudocyphellate parmelioids occurring in the Sonoran region, Flavoparmelia has broader lobes, larger spores, isolichenan in the cell walls and brown lobe tips on the lower side and the ubiquitous genus Xanthoparmelia has a shiny, epruinose upper surface, Xanthoparmelia-type lichenan in the cell walls, shiny brown or black lobe tips on the lower side, only usnic acid in the upper cortex and a far more complex medullary chemistry. 52030 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=52030 Brodoa Goward 2385 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:35 2011-02-02 12:16:35 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: foliose to subfruticose, closely adnate to semi-erect, cushion-forming, up to c. 6 cm diam., lobate; lobes: rather elongate, ± swollen, stiff, 0.5-1.5 mm wide, contiguous to separate or loosely overlapping; attached by basal holdfasts; upper surface: pale gray to nearly black, generally somewhat shiny (at least towards lobe tips), convex; soredia, isidia, and thallus perforations lacking, but regeneration lobules occasionally present; upper cortex: paraplectenchymatous and covered in a thin polysaccharide-like layer (nonpored epicortex); medulla: white throughout; cell walls containing Cetraria-type lichenan; photobiont: primary one a trebouxioid alga, secondary photobiont absent; lower cortex: palisade plectenchymatous, lacking polysaccharide-like covering; lower surface: tan or black, dull, becoming wrinkled, without rhizines; Ascomata: apothecial, laminal, circular, sessile with a prominent thalline margin; disc: concave, nonperforate, up to 5 mm diam.; exciple: gray or hyaline; epihymenium: brown or ochraceous-yellowish; hymenium: hyaline, usually with unbranched paraphyses; hypothecium: hyaline; asci: clavate, Lecanora-type, 8-spored; ascospores: ellipsoid, obtuse at the poles, colorless, simple, 8-12 x 6-8 µm, wall smooth, without distinct endospore thickening, I-; Conidiomata: pycnidial, black, laminal-lateral, immersed in upper cortex; conidia: normally bifusiform (6 x 1 µm); Secondary products: ß-orcinol depside, orcinol and ß-orcinol depsidones; Geography: arctic and alpine in the Northern Hemisphere; Substrate: on siliceous rocks, not calciferous.; Notes: Brodoa differs from Hypogymnia in that the lower cortex is palisade plectenchymous without a polysaccharide-like layer, the medulla is always solid, the thallus lacks perforations, the spores are larger, and it grows only on rocks in arctic-alpine areas. Apparently it is related to Allantoparmelia, which differs in having a brown upper surface (lacking atranorin) and isolichenan in the cell walls. Superficially it might be confused also with loosely adnate species of Lobothallia, but that crustose to subfoliose genus occurs at low to moderate elevations, is usually K+ yellow then red, and has a very different ascocarp anatomy with larger spores. 52032 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=52032 Bryoria Brodo & D. Hawksw. 2386 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:35 2011-02-02 12:16:35 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: shrubby, erect, decumbent or subpendent to pendent; branching: aniso- or isotomic-dichotomous; branches: ± terete and smooth, often hair-like, occasionally becoming flattened or angular and ± pitted (foveolate) especially on the main branches and towards the base, never markedly expanded and dorsiventrally compressed; surface: continuous, usually dark reddish brown, sometimes pale grayish to yellowish brown, greenish to black, or partly greenish yellow (vulpinic acid); soralia: absent to abundant, tuberculate or fissural; pseudocyphellae: absent to abundant, usually sparse and inconspicuous, sometimes elongate and spiralling around in the main stems, usually fusiform, depressed to somewhat raised; soralia and pseudocyphellae: white to greenish or blackish, or rarely bright greenish yellow; isidia: absent but isidia-like spinules arising in tufts from soralia in a few species; true lateral spinules: present or absent; cortex: composed of periclinal, conglutinate hyphae immersed in moderate or relatively little matrix; medulla: hyphae usually not ornamented; cell walls with Cetraria-type lichenan and often also with isolichenan; photobiont: primary one a trebouxioid alga, secondary photobiont absent; Ascomata: apothecial, infrequent and unknown in some species, lateral, sometimes appearing geniculate, roundish, sessile; thalline exciple: slightly prominent to prominent, persistent to excluded, concolorous with thallus; disc: brown to dark brown, rarely white, sometimes yellowish pruinose; exciple: hyaline; asci: clavate, 25-45 x 9-15 µm, Lecanora-type, the wall 1-1.5 µm thick, (6-) 8-spored; ascospores: broadly ellipsoid to subglobose, simple, hyaline, smooth, without perispore or a distinct endospore thickening, I-, 4-12 (-14) x (2.5-) 4-7.5 µm; Conidiomata: pycnidial, immersed, usually rare; conidia: cylindrical to fusiform, minute; Secondary metabolites: cortex with unknown brown pigments (usnic acid lacking), medulla with orcinol depsides, orcinol depsidones, ß-orcinol depsides, ß-orcinol depsidones, or pulvinic acid derivatives; Geography: in the Northern Hemisphere circumarctic and circumboreal, temperate-montane to alpine and with a few species in mountainous areas in the Southern Hemisphere.; Substrate: on bark, wood, rock or soil.; Notes: The genus is usually easily recognized by its shrubby to vine-like or hair-like, mostly brown to black or grayish thallus, ± terete branches with a loose interior surrounded by arachnoid medullary hyphae. This genus is still very difficult because of challenges doing spot tests (McCune and Rosentreter 1993 and McCune and Goward 1995). In addition, non-sorediate specimens of typically sorediate species occur, and the close intermixing of different species is frequent. Thallus colors are best compared in sunlight, or against a dark or neutral (not pale) background. In separating apparent mixtures, care must also be taken to follow the branches to their basal parts rather than breaking off apical or basal parts that may look quite different from the main parts of the thalli, to which they are connected. Several additional species of Bryoria, as well as the similar genus Sulcaria (S. isidiifera Brodo) have been reported from just north of the Sonoran region in California (Riefner et al. 1995). 52033 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=52033 Bulbothrix Hale 2387 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:35 2011-02-02 12:16:35 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Life habit: lichenized; Thallus: foliose, c. circular in outline, lobate, contiguous, rarely imbricate; lobes: sublinear to subirregular; lobe tips: usually rotund, with bulbate cilia; upper surface: gray, smooth, plane to rugulose, shiny or dull, maculate or not, usually epruinose; with or without isidia, soredia or lobules; pseudocyphellae: absent; upper cortex: pored epicortex, palisade parenchymatous,; medulla: white, loosely packed; cell walls: containing isolichenan; photobionts: primary one a Trebouxia, secondary photobiont absent; lower surface: tan to black, plane to sometimes wrinked, attachment by simple and/or dichotomous rhizines; cyphellae, pseudocyphellae and tomentum absent; Ascomata: apothecial, laminal, orbicular, cup-shaped, subpedicellate or sessile; margin: prominent, with thalloid rim; disc: imperforate, pale to dark brown, coronate with black bulbae around inner margin of thalline exciple or ecoronate; exciple: gray or hyaline; epithecium: brown or brownish yellow; hypothecium: hyaline,; asci: lecanoral, wall layers apex thickened; apex: amyloid, with wide, axial body divergent towards apex, c. 8-spored; ascospores: simple, ellipsoid or bicornute, curved or semilunate, obtuse at the poles; 6-21 x 4-12 µm; walls: thin, hyaline, not amyloid; Conidiomata: absent or present, pycnidial, laminal or marginal, immersed or emergent sessile; conidia: bifusiform or rarely bacilliform, 5-10 (-15) x 1 µm; Secondary metabolites: upper cortex with atranorin (rarely usnic acid accessory) and chloroatranorin; medulla with some combination of orcinol depsides or depsidones, ß-orcinol depsides or depsidones; Geography: predominately pantropical and subtropical with a few species extending to temperate forests and woodlands; Substrate: mostly bark or acidic rock. 52034 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=52034 Canoparmelia Elix & Hale 2388 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:35 2011-02-02 12:16:35 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Life habit: lichenized; Thallus: foliose, c. circular in outline, lobate, sometimes imbricate; lobes: usually subirregular but sometimes sublinear; apices: usually rotund, eciliate; upper surface: pale gray to greenish gray, plane to rugulose, sometimes reticulately ridged, smooth, shiny or dull, sometimes maculate, usually epruinose; without or with soredia, pustules or isidia; pseudocyphellae: absent; upper cortex: pored epicortex, palisade plectenchymatous; medulla: white, loosely packed; cell walls: containing isolichenan; photobionts: primary one a Trebouxia, secondary photobiont absent; lower surface: black, brown peripherally, plane to sometimes wrinked, attachment by simple rhizines but peripherally erhizinate; cyphellae, pseudocyphellae and tomentum absent; Ascomata: apothecial, imperforate, laminal on thallus, orbicular, cup-shaped, sessile; margin: prominent, with thalloid rim; exciple: gray or hyaline; epithecium brown or brownish yellow; hypothecium: hyaline,; asci: lecanoral, wall layers apex thickened, apex amyloid, with wide axial body divergent towards apex, c. 8-spored; ascospores: simple, ellipsoid to broadly ellipsoid, 10-14 micro meter long, 6-8 micro meter wide, wall thin, hyaline; Conidiomata: pycnidial, laminal or rarely marginal, immersed; conidia: bifusiform to rarely bacilliform or fusiform, 7-10 (-15) x 1 micro meter; Secondary metabolites: upper cortex with atranorin (rarely usnic acid accessory) and chloroatranorin; medulla some combination of orcinol depsides, beta-orcinol depsides, beta-orcinol depsidones, (higher) aliphatic acids, anthraquinones, or amino acid derivatives; Geography: predominantly tropical and subtropical to temperate forests and woodland; Substrate: mostly bark or acidic rocks.; Notes: This segregate from Parmelia s. lato and Pseudoparmelia sensu Hale (1976c) is characterized by the relatively narrow, eciliate lobes, a pored epicortex, the presence of isolichenin, and simple rhizines. Superficially it is somewhat similar to Paraparmelia, a Southern Hemispheric genus, that is obligately saxicolous, contains Xanthoparmelia-type lichenin, and has smaller spores. 52036 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=52036 Cetraria Ach. 2389 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:35 2011-02-02 12:16:35 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Life habit: lichenized; Thallus: fruticose; lobes: more or less canaliculate, subtubular or terete, rather broad to narrow, c 0.5-20.0 mm wide; lobe tips: occasionally becoming expanded, rounded to fusiform; margins: with scattered, branched or unbranched projections; surface: dark brown to paler brown, occasionally reddish at base, rather smooth to rough, occasionally markedly foveolate or wrinkled, rather shiny or dull; without soralia, dactyls or lobules; pseudocyphellae: rather abundant on margins; cortex: with non-pored epicortex, strongly white, composed of external pachydermatous paraplectenchymatous hyphae overlying prosoplectenchymatous hyphae,; medulla: white, loosely packed; photobionts: primary one a Trebouxia, secondary photobiont absent; lower cortex: composed of external pachydermatous paraplectenchymatous hyphae overlying prosoplectenchymatous hyphae; pseudocyphellae rather abundant; Ascomata: apothecial, frequent, marginal to laminal, at first concave, later becoming convex, pedicellate; margin: prominent, thalloid; disc: imperforate, dark brown; exciple: hyaline, epithecium: brown or brownish yellow; hypothecium: hyaline; asci: lecanoral, Cetraria-type, with thickened wall layers; apex: amyloid, thickened, with a narrow axial body surrounded by a distinct, strongly amyloid ring structure, 8-spored; ascospores: simple, ellipsoid to broadly ellipsoid; walls: thin, hyaline, not amyloid; Conidiomata: pycnidial, abundant on marginal projections; conidia: citriform, 5-7 x 1 micro meter; Secondary metabolites: aliphatic acids and/or ß-orcinol depsidones; Geography: occurring in temperate/ boreal regions of the Northern Hemisphere, from low altitudes to alpine areas, and also in a few scattered locations in the Southern Hemisphere; Substrate: terricolous or rarely on bark or wood.; Notes: Thirteen segregates of Cetraria s. l. concerning the North American flora has been proposed: Allocetraria, Arctocetraria, Asahinea, Cetrariella, Cetrelia, Esslingeriana, Flavocetraria, Kaernefeltia, Masonhalea, Platismatia, Tuckermannopsis, Tuckneraria and Vulpicida (Randlane et al. 1997). The published and unpublished molecular data reveal that Cetrariella and Vulpicida are the most closely related genera. Cetraria s. str. differs from these two segregates in having oblong citriform conidia, asci of Cetraria-type and a different secondary chemistry (Kärnefelt et al. 1993, Kärnefelt and Thell 2000). 52038 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=52038 Cetrelia Culb. & C. Culb. 2390 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:35 2011-02-02 12:16:35 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Life habit: lichenised; Thallus: foliose, dorsiventral, heteromerous, large (5-25 cm diam.), spreading, loosely attached; lobes: subirregular, 0.5-2.5 cm broad, rounded; without marginal cilia; upper surface: ashy white to gray or tan, with small, punctiform pseudocyphellae, isidiate or sorediate; upper cortex: prosoplectenchymatous [paraplectenchymatous according to Elix (1993)], with a nonpored epicortex, 10-30 micro meter thick; medulla: white, loose; cell walls: containing isolichenan, I-;; photobiont: primary one a Trebouxia, secondary photobiont absent; lower surface: black, shiny, corticate, sometimes punctate, rhizinate; rhizines: simple; Ascomata: apothecial, laminal, occasionally marginal, 0.5-4 mm diam., round, stipitate, submarginal, usually perforate; thalline exciple: persistent; hymenium: colorless; paraphyses: unbranched or little branched; hypothecium: hyaline; asci: cylindrical, Parmelia-type, unitunicate, thick-walled, I+ blue, tholus I+ blue, 8-spored; ascospores: ellipsoid, simple, hyaline, 11-22 (-25) x 6-12 micro meter; Pycnidia: marginal, immersed; conidia: simple, colorless, 5 x 1 micro meter; Secondary metabolites: upper cortex with atranorin and chloroatranorin, medulla with a range of orcinol depsides and depsidones; Geography: temperate to tropical; one species boreal-arctic; Substrate: on bark or wood, less frequently rocks.; Notes: It is characterized by punctiform pseudocyphellae on upper surface, perforate apothecia with large, ellipsoid spores, and bifusiform conidia. It is closely related to Platismatia; distinguished from that genus (at least from P. glauca) by having distinct pseudocyphellae, ± continuously rounded margins, the I- medulla and distinctive medullary chemistry. It may also be mistaken for Parmotrema species, but they lack pseudocyphellae. 52042 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=52042 Evernia Ach. 2391 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:35 2011-02-02 12:16:35 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Life habit: lichenized; Thallus: fruticose, or subfruticose ("elongate-foliose"), semi-erect to erect and caespitose, to subpendent or pendent and beardlike, up to 40-150 (-300) mm long, moderately to very flaccid, soft, and pliant, or sometimes stiffer (with hard and brittle cortex or denser medulla); weakly to richly branched, isotomic to anisotomic; branches: 1-4 mm wide, in cross-section semiterete and angular or strongly flattened and ± dorsiventral; without rhizines, attached by a basal disc or draped over the substrate; upper surface: ochraceous-yellowish to greenish yellow or ± greenish gray (rarely whitish mineral gray), often brownish to black at the tips; matt, epruinose, continuous, broadly wrinkled or ridged; rounded to effigurate pseudocyphellae sometimes present, white; with or without soredia, isidia; cortex: thin, of branched, septate, anticlinal hyphae, cells small and indistinct; medulla: white, thick, lax or dense, without strands; photobiont: primary one a Trebouxia, below at least the upper cortex, secondary photobiont absent; lower cortex: similar to upper one, but sometimes very thin and unpigmented; lower surface: (dorsiventral species) paler than upper (often whitish), grooved, soredia absent or present along marginal rim formed by rolled-down upper surface; Ascomata: apothecial, rare, marginal, lateral or terminal, shortly and stoutly stipitate, concave; disc: red-brown; thalline exciple: prominent, irregular, crenate; outer-ascomatal filaments absent; exciple: hyaline; hypothecium: hyaline; hymenium: hyaline, upper part brown or ochraceous-yellowish; paraphyses: thick, septate, unbranched; ostiolar filaments absent; asci: clavate, Lecanora-type, unitunicate; tholus I+ blue; 8-spored; ascospores: simple, hyaline, thin walled, 7-11 x 4-6 µm, ellipsoid, obtuse at the poles; wall thin, smooth, without distinct endospore thickening, not amyloid; Conidiomata: pycnidial, rare, laminal and marginal, immersed, rounded, blackened around the ostiole; conidiophores: ± type V of Vobis (1980); conidia: acicular, formed pleurogenously; Secondary metabolites: cortex with ß-orcinol depsides and usually usnic acid; medulla with orcinol depsides; Geography: arctic to temperate in the Northern Hemisphere; Substrate: bark, wood, or occasionally calcareous rocky soil or non-calciferous rock.; Notes: It differs from the fructicose genus Ramalina in having simple spores and in usually having a flaccid, often dorsiventral, thallus. Although the foliose genus Pseudevernia can also be caespitose, the latter genus has a canaliculate lower surface, always has a gray upper surface and has stiff thallus. 52043 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=52043 Everniastrum Hale ex Sipman 2392 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:35 2011-02-02 12:16:35 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Life habit: lichenized; Thallus: foliose to subfruticose, lobate, separate, loosely imbricate; lobes: linear-elongate, canaliculate; apices: usually truncate, ciliate; upper surface: light gray to gray, smooth, plane to rugulose, shiny or matt, maculate or not, usually epruinose; with or without isidia or soredia; pseudocyphellae absent; upper cortex: thin, c. 30 µm thick; pored epicortex, paraplectenchymatous; medulla: white, loosely packed, cell walls containing isolichenan; photobionts: primary one a Trebouxia, secondary photobiont absent; lower surface: brown to black, rhizinate or not; rhizines: long, simple, sparse, concolorous; cyphellae, pseudocyphellae and tomentum absent; Apothecia: laminal on thallus, orbicular, cup-shaped, subpedicellate or pedicellate; stipe: hollow; margin: prominent with thalloid rim; disc: imperforate, brown to dark brown; exciple: gray or hyaline; epithecium: brown or brownish yellow; hypothecium: hyaline; asci: lecanoral, wall layers of apex thickened, apex amyloid, relatively large (mean of 50 x 23 µm), c. 8-spored; ascospores: simple, ellipsoid; 10-28 x 4-12 µm; walls: thin, hyaline, not amyloid; Conidiomata: pycnidial, laminal or marginal, immersed or emergent sessile; conidia: bifusiform, 4-10 x 1 µm, or rarely filiform, 13-21 x 1 µm; Secondary metabolites: upper cortex atranorin and chloroatranorin; medulla some combination of orcinol depsides or depsidones, ß-orcinol depsides or depsidones, benzyl esters, or aliphatic acids; Geography: pantropical and extending into subtropical, montane regions, most diverse in Central and South America; Substrate: mostly bark, particularly common on conifers, rarely on rock.; Notes: The use of paraplectenchymatous to describe the upper cortex follows the use of that term by Hale (e.g. see Elix 1993a), but Culberson and Culberson (1981) designated it prosoplechtenchymatous. Because of the relative sparsity of true rhizines, the marginal cilia may sometimes touch the substrate, and consequently some authors have referred them as marginal rhizines. The related genus Cetrariastrum (not in the Sonoran region) has irregularly branched lobes, apothecia with solid stalks, smaller asci and a thicker hypothecium. Within the Sonoran region the only confusable genus is Pseudevernia, that lacks cilia entirely, has smaller ascospores and contains Cetraria-type lichenan in the hyphae cell walls. 52045 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=52045 Flavoparmelia Hale 2393 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:35 2011-02-02 12:16:35 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Life habit: lichenized; Thallus: foliose, c. circular in outline, lobate; lobes: usually subirregular, apices: usually rotund, cilia absent; upper surface: yellow green to yellow (rarely green to blue green), smooth, plane to rugulose, shiny or dull, often with soredia or pustules, emaculate, usually epruinose, pseudocyphellae absent; upper cortex: pored epicortex, palisade plectenchymatous; medulla: white, sometimes lower part pigmented; cell walls: containing isolichenan; photobionts: primary one a Trebouxia, secondary photobiont absent; lower surface: black, frequently with a brown margin, plane to sometimes wrinked, attachment by simple rhizines, cyphellae, pseudocyphellae and tomentum absent; Ascomata: apothecial, imperforate, laminal on thallus, orbicular, cup-shaped, sessile, margin prominent with thalloid rim; exciple: gray or hyaline; epithecium: brown or brownish yellow; hypothecium: hyaline; asci: lecanoral, with thickened wall layers towards the apex; apex: amyloid, with wide, axial body divergent towards apex; 8-spored; ascospores: simple, ellipsoid; 14-20 x 7-10 µm; wall thin, hyaline; Conidiomata: absent or present, pycnidial, laminal, immersed; conidia: bacilliform, bifusiform or fusiform, 6-10 x 1 µm; Secondary metabolites: upper cortex with usnic acid, rarely also atranorin and chloroatranorin; medulla with some combination of orcinol depsides, ß-orcinol depsides, ß-orcinol depsidones, (higher) aliphatic acids, antraquinones or other quinones, secalonic acids or amino acid derivatives; Geography: cosmopolitan outside of polar and moist tropical regions; Substrate: mostly bark or non-calciferous rock.; Notes: This is a segregated from Pseudoparmelia, sensu Hale (1976c) and is characterized by having broad lobes, black lower surface, larger ascospores, short pycnospores, a yellow-green upper surface (usnic acid). 52047 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=52047 Hypogymnia (Nyl.) Nyl. 2394 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:36 2011-02-02 12:16:36 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Life habit: lichenized; Thallus: foliose, small to medium sized, to over 30 cm or more wide, lobate; lobes: hollow or rarely solid, short and irregular to linear and elongate, contiguous or free, erect, appressed, imbricate, or pendulous, tips pointed to rounded, perforate in some species; cilia lacking; upper surface: whitish, pale gray, greenish gray, black-mottled in some species, often browning or blackening in exposed sites, smooth to rugose or verrucose; pseudocyphellae lacking; soredia, schizidia, isidia (non-Sonoran species only), and lobules present or absent; upper cortex: ± columnar paraplectenchymatous; medulla: white or dark or with a white ceiling and dark floor, loosely packed or matted around the lobe cavity; photobiont: primary one a Trebouxia, secondary photobiont absent; lower cortex: paraplectenchymatous; lower surface: black, usually brown toward the lobe tips, sometimes brown throughout, moderately to extremely wrinkled, attachment by scattered or basal holdfasts; rhizines lacking; cyphellae; pseudocyphellae, and tomentum absent but some species with roundish perforations into the lobe cavity,; Ascomata: absent or present, apothecial, imperforate, laminal on thallus, orbicular, cup-shaped, sessile to substipitate or stipitate, the stipe swollen or collapsed and funnel-form, margin prominent as a thin, thalloid, eciliate rim; exciple: gray or hyaline; hypothecium: hyaline; epithecium: brown; asci: Lecanora-type, apex amyloid, with wide, axial body divergent towards apex, 8-spored; ascospores: simple, subspherical to ellipsoid, 3.5-10 µm x 3-6 µm, wall thin, hyaline, smooth; Conidiomata: pycnidial, laminal, immersed to slightly protruding, black, punctiform; conidia: rod-shaped to weakly bifusiform, 4.5-8 x 0.5-1 µm; Secondary metabolites: upper cortex with atranorin and chloroatranorin (or usnic acid in some Asian species); medulla with a combination of orcinol or ß-orcinol depsidones and ß-orcinol depsides; Geography: temperate, montane, and subalpine forests and woodlands to shrub steppe and arctic-alpine tundra; Substrate: mostly bark and wood, less often on acidic rock, mossy rock, or alpine sod. By TLC unknown C7 has the following characteristics: fluoresces reddish or orange in long-wave UV light, is colorless before and after charring, has Rf classes A:4-5 and C:5-6, usually separating into two adjacent spots in C. Unknown C8 is UV-, colorless before charring, light brown after charring, and falls in Rf classes A1-2, B2, and C2. It is most easily seen in solvent C, often being hidden by other spots in solvent A.; Notes: Many species of Hypogymnia occur just north of the area covered by this flora, most commonly H. apinnata, H. enteromorpha, H. inactiva, and H. rugosa. These and other species of the cool temperate to montane west are covered by McCune and Geiser (1997). South of the study area, high mountain areas in Mexico support H. bitteri, a species distributed sporadically along the Cordillera. In their typical forms, all of the Hypogymnia species in western North America are morphologically distinct. Chemical tests (especially the P test) are, however, extremely useful in identifying small, depauperate, or otherwise morphologically ambiguous specimens. Pigmentation of the lobe cavity is a very useful character, but it must be checked well back (1 cm or more) from the lobe tips. The interior of the lobe tips is often white, even in species that develop dark cavities. 52048 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=52048 Hypotrachyna (Vainio) Hale 2395 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:36 2011-02-02 12:16:36 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Life habit: lichenized; Thallus: tightly to loosely adnate, foliose, often dichotomously lobate; lobes: usually sublinear, sometimes subirregular or linear-elongate, sometimes imbricate; axils: sinuous or V-shaped; lobe tips: usually subtruncate, but sometimes rounded, incised or not, cilia absent or rarely short ciliate; upper surface: gray, ivory or yellow green, smooth, plane to rugulose, shiny or dull, sometimes white maculate, usually epruinose, pseudocyphellae absent; upper cortex: pored epicortex, palisade paraplectenchymatous; medulla: white or rarely partially yellow or orange, cell walls containing isolichenan; photobiont: primary one a Trebouxia, secondary photobiont absent; lower surface: black, sometimes with brown tips, plane to sometimes wrinked, rarely subcanaliculate, attachment by dichotomous rhizoid holdfasts, without cyphellae, pseudocyphellae or tomentum; Ascomata: apothecial, imperforate, laminal, orbicular, cup-shaped, sessile or subpedicellate; margin: prominent with thalloid rim; exciple: gray or hyaline; epithecium: brown or brownish yellow; hypothecium: hyaline; asci: lecanoral, apex I+ blue, with wide, axial body divergent towards apex, 8-spored; ascospores: simple, ellipsoid to broadly ellipsoid; wall: thin, hyaline; Conidiomata: pycnidial, laminal to marginal, immersed; conidia: bacilliform or weakly bifusiform, 5-8 x 1 µm; Secondary metabolites: upper cortex with either atranorin and chloroatranorin (gray), lichexanthone (ivory), or usnic acid (yellow-green); medulla with some combination of orcinol depsides, orcinol depsidones, ß-orcinol depsides, ß-orcinol depsidones, (higher) aliphatic acids, rarely triterpenoids, anthraquinones, xanthones, and dibenzofurans; Geography: predominantly tropical, montane to subalpine, but some species also occurring in temperate areas (particularly in maritime influenced regions); Substrate: mostly on bark or acidic rocks, rarely on compacted soil.; Notes: Although all the species in the Sonoran region are gray and have atranorin or rarely lichexanthone or isousnic acid in the upper cortex, there are a few yellow species, particularly in the tropics, with usnic acid in the upper cortex. Previously Hypotrachyna was treated as a section of Parmelia by Vainio (1890) and later raised to a subgenus (Hale and Kurokawa 1964). As it became clear that this large, predominately tropical group of lichens was quite different from the temperate to arctic Parmelia s.s, it was finally raised to the genus level (Hale 1974a), a status that is widely recognized today. Key characters for the genus include subtruncate lobe apices, lack of marginal cilia, dichotomously branched rhizines and bifusiform conidia. 52049 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=52049 Imshaugia S. F. Meyer 2396 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:36 2011-02-02 12:16:36 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: foliose, adnate to loosely adnate, appressed, 2-8 (-12) cm diam., rosette-forming, lobate; lobes: ± radiating, irregular, 0.5-1.5 (-2.5) mm wide, linear to rounded, discrete or contiguous and imbricate; margins wavy to somewhat dissected, apices subrotund, without cilia; upper surface: ashy whitish gray (becoming cream-colored in herbarium) to greenish gray, sometimes becoming brownish, dull and slightly arachnoid or pruinose under strong magnification (x 50), becoming smooth and somewhat shiny toward periphery, sometimes wrinkled or shallowly pitted towards center; without pseudocyphellae or maculae; with or without isidia (occasionally also becoming sorediate); upper cortex: paraplectenchymatous, 10-20 micrometer thick, covered by a pored epicortex; medulla: white, forming an irregular layer; cell walls containing Cetraria-type lichenan (I+ blue); photobiont: primary one a chlorococcoid alga (Trebouxia or Myrmecia), secondary photobiont absent; lower cortex: similar in thickness and structure to upper one; lower surface: white to light brown; rhizines: scattered and sparse to moderately dense or dense, usually rather short, concolorous with lower surface, simple, tufted or not, extending to the margins but rarely on the margins themselves; Ascomata: apothecial, mostly laminal, rather large, to 7 (-12) mm diam., adnate to sessile or short-pedicellate,with a thalline margin concolorous with thallus; disc: round, ± concave, imperforate, light brownish yellow to yellowish brown or dark brown; true exciple: gray or hyaline; epihymenium: brown or ochraceous-yellowish; ostiolar filaments absent; hymenium: hyaline, with simple or rarely branched paraphyses; hypothecium: hyaline or tinted brown; asci: clavate, Lecanora-type, unitunicate; tholus I+ blue, 8-spored; ascospores: ellipsoid, obtuse at the poles, straight, simple, 4-6 (-9) x 3-4 (-6) micrometer, wall hyaline, thin, smooth, without distinct endospore thickening, I-; Conidiomata: pycnidial, laminal and marginal, to 0.2 mm diam., emergent, globose, black; conidiophores Psora-type; conidia: ampulliform or occasionally bifusiform (3-) 4-5 (-6) x (0.5-) 1 (-1.5) micrometer; Secondary metabolites: cortex atranorin and chloroatranorin; medulla with ß-orcinol depsides or orcinol depside; Geography: circumpolar, temperate-boreal in the Northern Hemisphere; also known from Australia; Substrate: usually on bark or wood of conifers.; Notes: It is distinguished from most other parmelioid genera by its conidiophore type, and by its narrow, often strap-shaped, and ± appressed lobes. It was segregated from Parmeliopsis on the basis of its emergent and partly marginal pycnidia, its short, ellipsoid spores and its short, lageniform to bifusiform conidia; Imshaugia is also distinguished from that genus by its consistently pale lower surface, lack of soredia (at least without first developing isidia), content of lichenan rather than isolichenan in the cell walls, and presence of thamnolic acid (P+) rather than divaricatic acid (P-) in the medulla. Nomenclatural and taxonomic history of Parmeliopsis (syn. Foraminella) and Imshauga is complex and has led to incorrect or misleading information in the literature (Hinds 1999). Both of the species occurring in the Sonoran Region exhibit extremes of morphology and color as annotated by Meyer. 52050 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=52050 Kaernefeltia Thell & Goward 2397 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:36 2011-02-02 12:16:36 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Life habit: lichenized; Thallus: terete-foliose, decumbent or caespitose; lobes: rather broad to narrow, c. 0.5-11.0 mm wide; apices: rounded to fusiform, eciliate; upper surface: pale olive brown to greenish black, rather smooth to rough, occasionally ridged or knobby, rather shiny to dull, occasionally pruinose; isida: sometimes present, flattish, with white cortex; soredia and lobules: absent; pseudocyphellae: sparse, indistinct and immersed; upper cortex: non-pored epicortex, prosoplectenchymatous; medulla: white, loosely packed; photobiont: primary one a Trebouxia, secondary photobiont absent; lower cortex: present or absent; lower surface: pale brown, attached by simple black rhizines; cyphellae, pseudocyphellae and tomentum: absent; Apothecia: frequent, marginal to laminal, at first concave, later becoming convex, pedicellate; margin: prominent with thalloid rim; disc: imperforate, dark olivaceous brown; exciple: hyaline; epithecium: brown or brownish yellow; hypothecium: hyaline; asci: lecanoral, wall layers apex thickened; apex: amyloid, with wide axial body divergent towards apex; 8-spored; ascospores: simple, ellipsoid to broadly ellipsoid, 6-10.5 x 2.5-5 micrometer; walls: thin, hyaline, not amyloid; Conidiomata: pycnidial, laminal or marginal, immersed or emergent sessile; conidia: bifusiform, 5-7 x 1 micrometer; Secondary metabolites: fatty acids; lichesterinic and protolichesterinic acids and 2-3 other low-Rf fatty acids in the medulla; Geography: hypermaritime or temperate /boreal areas of western North America and low to intermediate elevations in Spain; Substrate: bark or wood.; Notes: A lower cortex is only present in K. merrillii. Potentially the second species of Kaernefeltia may be found in the Sonoran region as it is known from farther north in California. 52051 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=52051 Letharia (Th. Fr.) Zahlbr. 2398 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:36 2011-02-02 12:16:36 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Life habit: lichenized; Thallus: fruticose, semi-erect and caespitose to subpendent or pendent, 40-80 (-100) mm long, pliant (to rather stiff and cartilaginous in very coarse specimens), solid, with a basal attachment disc, irregularly and richly branched, branching isotomic to anisotomic; branches: principally radial and irregularly rounded in cross-section, yet at least the main branches usually angular or flattened, 1-2 mm wide; surface: usually intensely green-yellow to yellow ("fluorescent" yellow-green or chartreuse when fresh), the older parts turning light yellowish brown; dull, epruinose, or occasionally slightly yellowish to whitish pruinose on ridges; weakly to often wrinkled or ridged and lacunose or foveolate, especially on the smallest branches; irregularly shaped abraded areas ± present, slightly paler and brighter yellow than the cortex; soredia and/or isidia present or absent; cortex: present on all sides, c. 50 micrometer thick, densely filled with yellowish crystals (soluble in K) apparently concentrated around the cell walls; hyphae in K ± anticlinal, branched, with ± thick-wall, short, roundish cells c. 5.-7.5 micrometer across; medulla: white, arachnoid, solid or with a loosely filled center, with solid medullary strands or filaments: variable in number (c. 5-12), often together, relatively thin in the upper branches, thicker near the base, fusing into a single large strand that almost fills the inside of the branch; loose hyphae: c. 4-7 micrometer wide with lumina 1-2 micrometer wide; hyphae in bundles: strongly conglutinated, narrower, periclinal; cell walls with Cetraria-type lichenan (Common, pers. comm.); photobiont: primary one a Trebouxia, secondary photobiont absent; algal layer: under the cortex on all sides, in rounded groups of up to 20 (-30) cells, each c. 10-20 micrometer diam.; Ascomata: apothecial, sessile to short-stipitate, lateral or terminal, roundish to rather irregular in outline, bowl-shaped when young, ± soon shallow and flattened; disc: deep or dark red-brown to grayish brown; thalline exciple: concolorous with the thallus, prominent, raised or level with the disc, lobulate or cornute on the outer edge, with elongated, attenuate projections similar in structure and appearance to the thallus; exciple: hyaline above, lower layers hyaline or pale yellowish, not strongly gelatinized but the hyphae rather strongly conglutinated and thick-walled, at least partly periclinal to the disc; epihymenium: yellow-brown; hymenium: thin, hyaline to pale yellowish; paraphyses: thick, coherent, strongly conglutinate and difficult to see clearly, septate, not branched or anastomosing; ostiolar filaments absent; asci: broadly clavate, thick-walled, Lecanora-type, amyloid reaction in the tholus moderate (compared to that in Vulpicida), 8-spored; ascospores: biseriate or triseriate, simple, hyaline, narrowly to broadly ellipsoid or subglobose, obtuse at the poles, 5-7 (-8) x (3.5-) 4-5 micrometer, wall smooth, without distinct endospore thickening, not amyloid; Conidiomata: pycnidial, mainly towards the tips or spreading downward somewhat along ridges, scattered or crowded, laminal, immersed, but usually within low, rounded elevations, c. 0.1-0.2 mm diam., internally almost spherical, ostioles dark brown to black, punctiform (< 0.05 mm diam.), conspicuous under moderate magnification of a dissecting microscope [but not appearing as raised black structures as in the illustration by Keissler (1960)]; conidiophores ± type V of Vobis (1980); conidia: borne pleurogenously, on tips of ± elongated projections from conidiogenous cells (see Keissler 1960, fig. 27c), acicular or sublageniform, 8-9 (-10) x < 1 micrometer, straight; Secondary metabolites: cortex always with pulvinic acid derivatives (vulpinic acid), ß-orcinol depside (atranorin), ß-orcinol depsidone (accessory), usnic acids, and aliphatic acids; Geography: cool temperate to temperate, western North America, Europe, southern Asia; Substrate: bark or wood, rarely , rarely on acidic rock; the species are good indicators of the height of the snowpack on tree trunks, since they do not grow under snow.; Notes: This is the most conspicuous lichen genus in the montane forests of California because of the large bushy, brightly colored thallus, which covers branches and tree trunks profusely, at least in areas away from the major cities. Today in many mainland areas of southern California (e.g., the San Gabriel Mountains) the thalli are often few and very small and poorly developed. The thalli, which are somewhat poisonous from the yellow pigment vulpinic acid, and have been known to cause allergic reactions, are often gathered in quantity for crafts or decorations. Preliminary studies by Kroken and Taylor (2000 & 2001) suggest that, based on on-going molecular, chemical, and morphological/anatomical investigations, may support a new taxonomy of the taxa currently treated in Letharia. Although these authors provide a little information on distribution, morphology, and apothecial chemistry of the tentatively named variants, much further study is needed before these variants can be adequately circumscribed and distinguished from each other. 52053 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=52053 Melanelia Essl. 2399 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:36 2011-02-02 12:16:36 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Life habit: lichenized; Thallus: foliose, continuous, lobate; lobes: narrow, sublinear to more rounded, moderately to loosely attached, eciliate; upper surface: pale to dark brown (lacking atranorin, the pigment HNO3-), plane to foveolate, shiny or dull, pruinose or not, with or without isidia, soralia, and lobules; pseudocyphellae: common (but not universal), obscure to very conspicuous; upper cortex: with non-pored epicortex, paraplectenchymatous; medulla: white or rarely pigmented in the lower part, cell wall containing isolichenan; photobiont: primary one a Trebouxia, secondary photobiont absent; lower surface: tan to dark brown or black, shiny to dull, usually moderately to somewhat more densely rhizinate, the rhizines usually concolorous with the lower surface, not or little branched; Ascomata: absent or present, apothecial, laminal, with thalline exciple; asci: clavate and usually 8-spored (in two species, up to 32 spores/ascus); ascospores: simple and hyaline, ellipsoid to ovoid or almost globose, 8-18.5 x 4-11.5 µm; Conidiomata: laminal, blackened and immersed; conidia: acerose to cylindrical or more often bifusiform, 5.5-8 x c. 1 µm; Secondary metabolites: upper cortex with unidentified brown pigment(s) and lacking atranorin; medulla lacking secondary substances, or, commonly with various orcinol para-depsides or ß-orcinol depsidones, less often with aliphatic acids or anthraquinones; Geography: primarily in temperate, boreal or arctic/alpine areas of the Northern Hemisphere, or temperate areas of the Southern Hemisphere; Substrate: bark, wood, or rocks (especially non-calciferous ones), sometimes with or on mosses. 52055 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=52055 Myelochroa (Asah.) Elix & Hale 2400 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:36 2011-02-02 12:16:36 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Life habit: lichenized; Thallus: foliose, ± circular, 5-10 cm diam., loosely adnate to adnate, subdichotomously to irregularly lobate; lobes: usually subirregular, sometimes sublinear, 1-4 mm wide, lobe tips subrotund to rotund, ciliate; cilia: simple, in axils of lobes; upper surface: gray, sometimes with a yellowish tinge or pale greenish white, emaculate or with simple maculae; with or without soredia or isidia; pseudocyphellae: absent; upper cortex: fragile, pored epicortex, palisade plectenchymatous; medulla: at least partially pale yellow, yellow-orange or orange-red; cell walls: containing isolichenan; photobionts: primary one a Trebouxia, secondary photobiont absent; lower surface: black, moderately to densely rhizinate; rhizines: black, simple, sparsely furcated or squarrose; Ascomata: apothecial, laminal, sessile to subpedicellate; disc: imperforate, brown to dark brown; exciple: gray or hyaline; epihymenium: light brown; hypothecium: hyaline; asci: lecanoral, with thickened wall layers apically, with divergent axial body towards apex; apex: amyloid; ascospores: c. 8 per ascus, spores simple, broadly ellipsoid, 8-15 x 5-8 µm; Conidiomata: pycnidial, laminal, immersed; conidia: bacilliform or weakly bifusiform, 4-7 x 1 µm; Secondary metabolites: upper cortex with atranorin, chloroatranorin and secalonic acides; medulla with ß-orcinol depsidones, hopane triterpenes and secalonic acids; Geography: temperate and tropical regions with a distribution center in Japan; Substrate: on bark, rarely rock.; Notes: This genus is segregated from Parmelina, from which it differs in having a yellow or orange medulla, slightly larger ascospores, and at least partly squarrose rhizines. Also it contains secalonic acids and lacks lecanoric acid. Another segregatge, Parmelinopsis, has simple and dichotomously branched rhizines, a white medulla, and lacks secalonic acid derivatives and hopane triterpenes. 52056 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=52056 Neofuscelia Essl. 2401 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:36 2011-02-02 12:16:36 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Life habit: lichenized; Thallus: foliose to subcrustose, lobate, tightly to loosely attached or sometimes totally unattached; lobes: narrow and linear to broader and rounded, eciliate, with or without isidia, soralia unknown (although pustular isidia are not uncommon), without true pseudocyphellae; upper surface: usually some shade of brown, less often greenish black, lacking atranorin, the pigment usually HNO3+ blue-green or (rarely) HNO3+ violet, occasionally HNO3-; plane to rugose, dull to shiny, lightly or not pruinose; upper cortex: with pored epicortex, paraplectenchymatous to palisade plectenchymatous; medulla: white or rarely pigmented, cell wall containing Xanthoparmelia-type lichenan; lower surface: tan to dark brown or black, usually moderately rhizinate, but rhizines sparse or missing in some species, the rhizines usually concolorous with the lower surface, not or very little branched; Ascomata: apothecial, laminal, with thalline exciple, the; asci: clavate, 8-spored; ascospores: simple and hyaline, ellipsoid to almost globose, 7-12.5 x 3.5-6.5 µm; Conidiomata: pycnidial, laminal, blackened and immersed; conidia: bifusiform to acerose, 4-7.5 (-9) x c. 1 µm; Secondary metabolites: upper cortex with unidentified brown pigments (glomellifera brown), medulla with various orcinol depsides or depsidones, ß-orcinol depsides or depsidones, aliphatic acids, or scabrosin derivatives; Geography: temperate regions of both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, with centers of diversity in the south, particularly South Africa; Substrate: rocks (usually acidic ones) or soil, very rare on wood or bark. 52057 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=52057 Nodobryoria Common & Brodo 2402 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:36 2011-02-02 12:16:36 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Life habit: lichenized; Thallus: fruticose, erect and tufted to decumbent or pendent; typically attached to substrate by basal holdfasts; branching: frequently anisotomic; branches: generally angular or flattened in cross-section, slender, up to 2.5-10 (-17) cm long and 0.3-1.0 mm wide at base, 0.1-0.4 mm diam. on main branches, uneven in diam., foveolate and channelled, brittle; lateral branches: rarely abundant, spinulose, not constricted at the base; surface: dull, rarely somewhat shiny, ± dark reddish brown (to greenish when wet), not becoming blackened; soredia and isidia absent; cortex: 2-layered, outer layer distinctly paraplectenchymatous, thin (20-25 µm thick), of periclinal hyphae with short, irregularly shaped (knobby) cells with outer wall thinner than the lumina, interdigitating and forming a jig-saw pattern as seen in surface view, inner layer prosoplectenchymatous; medulla: white; cell walls with isolichenan; photobiont: primary one chlorococcoid alga, secondary one absent; Ascomata: apothecial, common in most species, borne laterally (or subterminally), roundish, sessile, lecanorine; thalline exciple: prominent, ciliate; disc: reddish brown, concave to sometimes markedly convex, outer-ascomatal filaments absent; true exciple: distinct, well-developed, strongly gelatinized, hyaline, with upper layer 30-40 µm thick, lower layer 30-45 µm thick; hymenium: hyaline below and yellow-brown (K-) above, 44-52 µm high; paraphyses: branched, not anastomosing, tips distinctly capitate in K, dark brown; hypothecium: hyaline; asci: Lecanora-type s.l. (Parmelia-type), c. 25-30 x 10-12 (-15) µm, axial body 2.5-3.0 µm wide, 8-spored; ascospores: non-septate, ellipsoid to subspherical, obtuse at the poles, colorless, 8-9 x 5-6 µm; wall: smooth, without distinct endospore thickening, I-; Conidiomata: pycnidial, rather frequent, laminal, immersed to prominent and black, up to 120 µm in diam.; conidia: straight, bifusiform to almost bacilliform, 5-8 x 0.5-0.7 (-1.0) µm; Secondary metabolites: none detected; Geography: cool temperate areas of western North America and Greenland; Substrate: on bark or wood, or soil, detritus, or siliceous rock.; Notes: This genus is distinguished from Bryoria by the color of the thallus, the thin, 2-layered cortex with jig-saw puzzle appearance in surface view, its brown and capitate paraphyses tips, frequent pycnidia, absence of secondary substances, and absence of lichenan. The distinctive cortical structure of Nodobryoria is somewhat difficult to see because of the underlying layers, and seems to be most easily observed at 40x. Kaernefeltia californica, which has often been confused with Nodobryoria (abbreviata), is strictly coastal, and differs in its pale olive-brown to greenish black thallus, mostly 1-layered cortex, grayish olive epihymenium (K+ grayish reddish purple) and pale, clavate paraphyses tips, and in containing fatty acids and lichenan. Likewise, while the thallus surface of Nodobryoria is usually quite dull rather than shiny, but it is slightly lustrous in the Sonoran specimens relative to the very dull appearance given by the pruina that frequently occur on Kaernefeltia californica. Further comparisons of the three species now placed in Nodobryoria are given in Brodo and Alstrup (1981). 52059 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=52059 Parmelia Ach. 2403 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:36 2011-02-02 12:16:36 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Life habit: lichenized; Thallus: foliose, ± circular, lobate; lobes: narrow, sublinear, contiguous, rarely imbricate; apices: truncate, eciliate; upper surface: gray, plane to foveolate, shiny or dull, strongly white, simple or reticulate maculae, pruinose or not; with or without isidia, soralia, or lobules; pseudocyphellae common, frequently elongated and irregularly effigurate (developing from the maculae); upper cortex: non-pored epicortex, prosoplechtenchymatous; medulla: white, loosely packed; cell walls containing isolichenan; photobionts: primary one a Trebouxia, secondary photobiont absent; lower surface: black, attached by simple, furcated or squarrose, black rhizines; cyphellae, pseudocyphellae and tomentum absent; Ascomata: apothecial, laminal on thallus, orbicular, cup-shaped, sessile to pedicellate; margin: prominent with thalloid rim; disc: usually pale to dark brown, imperforate; exciple: gray or hyaline, epithecium: brown or brownish yellow; hypothecium: hyaline; asci: lecanoral, wall layers thickened; apex: amyloid, with wide, divergent axial body; c. 8-spored; ascospores: simple, ellipsoid to broadly ellipsoid, 11-15 x 6-9 µm but larger in many Asian species; wall thin, hyaline, not amyloid; Conidiomata: absent or present, pycnidia laminal or marginal, immersed or emergent sessile; conidia: cylindrical, rarely bifusiform, 5-8 x 1 µm; Secondary metabolites: upper cortex atranorin and chloroatranorin (rarely usnic acid accessory); medulla some combination of orcinol depsides or depsidones, ß-orcinol depsides or depsidones or aliphatic acids; Geography: predominately temperate/boreal to arctic/alpine; Substrate: mostly bark, non-calciferous rock, mosses or humus. 52060 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=52060 Parmelina Hale 2404 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:36 2011-02-02 12:16:36 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Life habit: lichenized; Thallus: foliose, ± circular, adnate to tightly adnate, irregularly to rarely dichotomously lobate; lobes: flat, sublinear to subirregular; tips: subrotund to rotund, ciliate; cilia: simple, primarily in axils; upper surface: gray to gray green, rarely yellowish, commonly maculate, with or without soredia, isidia or pustules; pseudocyphellae absent; upper cortex: pored epicortex, palisade plectenchymatous; medulla: white or lower medulla yellow-orange; cell walls: containing isolichenan; photobionts: primary one a Trebouxia, secondary photobiont absent; lower surface: black or dark brown, rhizinate; rhizines: black, simple to rarely squarrose; Ascomata: apothecial, laminal, sessile to subpedicellate, up to 5 mm diam.; disc: imperforate, brown; exciple: gray or hyaline; epithecium: brown or brownish yellow; hypothecium: hyaline; asci: lecanoral; apex: thickened, amyloid, with divergent axial body, 8-spored; ascospores: simple, ellipsoid, 8-14 x 5-9 µm; Conidiomata: pycnidial, laminal, immersed; conidia: cylindrical or bacilliform to weakly fusiform, 3-8 x 1 µm; Secondary metabolites: upper cortex with atranorin and chloroatranorin; medulla with orcinol depside or aliphatic acids; Geography: pantemperate and relatively cosmopolitan; Substrate: on bark, rarely on rock.; Notes: From the original conception of Parmelina (Hale 1974c), Parmelinopsis was segregated (Elix and Hale 1987) as having apically truncate, emaculate lobes, simple to dichotomously branched rhizines, larger spores and smaller conidia. 52061 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=52061 Parmelinopsis Elix & Hale 2405 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:36 2011-02-02 12:16:36 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Life habit: lichenized; Thallus: small foliose, c. circular in outline, dichotomously to irregularly lobate; lobes: narrow, flat, linear to sublinear, elongate; apices: truncate, sometime crenate, ciliate; cilia: simple or rarely branched; upper surface: gray, commonly emaculate (rarely sparsely maculate), with or without soredia, pustules or isidia, pseudocyphellae absent; upper cortex: pored epicortex, palisade plectenchymatous; medulla: white or rarely partly pale yellow, cell walls containing isolichenan; photobionts: primary one a Trebouxia, secondary photobiont absent; lower surface: black or ivory to pale brown, rhizinate; rhizines: concolorous with lower side, simple to sparsely furcated or dichotomous; Ascomata: apothecial, laminal, sessile or subpedicellate, imperforate; exciple: gray or hyaline; epithecium: brown or brownish yellow; hypothecium: hyaline,; asci: lecanoral, wall layers apex thickened, apex amyloid, axial body divergent towards apex, 8-spored; ascospores: simple, broadly ellipsoid, 9-20 x 6-14 µm; Conidiomata: pycnidial, laminal, immersed; conidia: cylindrical to bacilliform or bifusiform, 3-8 x 0.5-1 µm; Secondary metabolites: upper cortex with atranorin and chloroatranorin; medulla with some combination of orcinol depsides and ß-orcinol depsidones; Geography: pantemperate, subtropical and tropical; Substrate: on bark and rocks.; Notes: From the original conception of Parmelina (Hale 1974c), Parmelinopsis was segregated (Elix and Hale 1987) on the basis of having apically truncate, emaculate lobes, simple to dichotomously branched rhizines, larger spores and smaller conidia. 52062 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=52062 Parmeliopsis (Stizenb.) Nyl. 2406 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:36 2011-02-02 12:16:36 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Life habit: lichenized; Thallus: foliose, rosette-forming (with ± centrifugal growth), to 6 (-10) cm diam., adnate, closely adpressed; lobes: linear (strap-shaped) to sublinear, ± radiating, discrete and divaricate, or contiguous to overlapping; 0.2-1 (-1.5) mm wide, thin; tips: incised, eciliate; upper surface: pale greenish- to grayish- yellow or whitish gray to bluish or slightly greenish, generally dull in center and shiny at lobe margins, without pseudocyphellae or distinct maculae; soralia: present, round, laminal or terminal, 10-20 µm thick; upper cortex: palisade plectenchmatous, covered by pored epicortex; medulla: white, of densely interwoven hyphae; cell walls: containing isolichenan; photobiont: primary one a Trebouxia, secondary photobiont absent; lower cortex: paraplectenchymatous, 5-20 µm thick; lower surface: whitish to pale or dark brown to black, rhizinate; rhizines: moderately dense, usually concolorous with lower surface (to darker), simple or sparsely furcated; Ascomata: rare, apothecial, laminal, sessile or somewhat elevated (shortly pedicellate), with a prominent thalline exciple concolorous with the thallus; disc: concave, becoming plane or convex, imperforate, mostly light brown, rarely to dark brown; true exciple: gray or hyaline; epithecium: 5-30 µm ("pseudoepithecium") pale brown or ochraceous-yellowish; hymenium: hyaline, very gelatinous, 30-50 (-60) µm high, with indistinct, simple paraphyses; hypothecium: hyaline; asci: clavate, Lecanora-type, c. 8-spored; ascospores: simple, slightly to strongly curved, reniform to allantoid, obtuse at the poles, or rarely ellipsoid, with one end more pointed, (6-) 7-12 (-15) x (2) 3-4 (-6) µm; walls: hyaline, smooth, without distinct endospore thickening, not amyloid; Conidiomata: pycnidial, black, laminal, immersed; conidiophores Psora-type (= type II of Vobis); conidia: borne terminally (acrogenously) from joints of conidiogenous hyphae, curved, falcate (sickle-shaped), 15-18 (-30) x (0.5-) 1 (-1.5) µm; Secondary metabolites: some combination of a ß-orcinol para-depside, orcinol depside and/or usnic acid; Geography: boreal-temperate to warm-temperate in the Northern Hemisphere; Substrate: on bark or wood, rarely rock, lowland to montane or alpine.; Notes: This genus is distinguished from most other genera of Parmeliaceae by the conidiophore type (which in most other Parmeliaceae is type V of Vobis, with pleurogenously formed conidia). It differs from its segregate genus Imshaugia in having larger and distinctly curved ascospores, and immersed and always laminal pycnidia with long, falcate conidia; Parmeliopsis also has a palisade plectenchymatous upper cortex, consistently has soredia and lacks isidia, contains isolichenan rather than lichenan in the cell walls, and has divaricatic acid (P-) rather than thamnolic acid (P+) in the medulla (with the cortex often containing usnic acid, which is absent from Imshaugia), and most species have a darkening lower surface. See Hinds (1999) for a summary of the nomenclatural and taxonomic history of Parmeliopsis (syn. For aminella) and Imshaugia; which has contributed to confusing and/or contradictory descriptions in both genera. 52063 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=52063 Parmotrema A. Massal. 2407 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:36 2011-02-02 12:16:36 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Life habit: lichenized; Thallus: adnate to loosely adnate, large foliose, lobate; lobes: usually subirregular to irregular, sometimes imbricate; apices: typically rotund, flat (to subconvex), ciliate or not; upper surface: gray or rarely yellow green, smooth, plane to rugulose, shiny or dull, sometimes white maculate, usually epruinose, epseudocyphellate, with or without soredia, isidia or pustules; upper cortex: pored epicortex, palisade plechenchymatous; medulla: usually white, sometimes pigmented in whole or part; cell walls: containing Cetraria-type lichenan; photobiont: primary one a Trebouxia, secondary photobiont absent; lower surface: black, broad brown (or mottled white and brown) zone peripherally, plane to sometimes wrinkled, attached by simple (rarely branched) rhizines, lacking tomentum; Ascomata: apothecial, laminal, orbicular, cup-shaped, pedicellate; margin: prominent, with thalloid rim; disc: imperforate or commonly perforate; exciple: gray or hyaline; epithecium: brown or brownish yellow; hypothecium hyaline; asci: lecanoral, apically with thickened wall layers and divergent axial body; apex: amyloid; 8-spored; ascospores: simple, ellipsoid, 8-35 x 5-18 µm (typically at the larger end of the range); wall: thick, hyaline; Conidiomata: pycnidial, laminal or marginal, immersed; conidia: sublageniform (3-10 x 1 µm) or filiform (8-20 x 1 µm); Secondary metabolites: some combination of orcinol depsides, orcinol depsidones, ß-orcinol depsides [and atranorin], ß-orcinol depsidones, (higher) aliphatic acids, pulvinic acid derivatives, anthraquinones, xanthones, and dibenzofurans [and usnic acids]; Geography: although cosmopolitan, predominately tropical,; Substrate: mostly on bark or acidic rocks, rarely on compacted soil.; Notes: Until the 1970s (Hale 1974) Parmotrema was usually treated as the section Amphigymnia of Parmelia, although it had been proposed as a separate genus over 100 years earlier. Nevertheless, it has received widespread acceptance in recent years. The circumscription given here follows Elix (1994h) and Hale, and is slightly less inclusive than the circumscription used by Krog and Swinscow (1981). Key characters for the genus include large thalli with broad, rotund lobe apices, broad naked marginal zones on the lower surface, frequent occurrence of marginal cilia, simple rhizines, thick-walled ellipsoid spores, and sublageniform or filiform conidia. 52065 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=52065 Platismatia Culb. & C. Culb. 2408 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:36 2011-02-02 12:16:36 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: foliose, ± rosette-forming or wide-spreading, to subfruticose (suberect), dorsiventral, 5-18 (-23) cm diam.; lobes: broad to narrow, (0.1-) 0.3-2.5 cm wide; lobulae: common; margins: often ascending, wavy, sometimes crisped; cilia absent; upper surface: ashy white, tan, or greenish-brown, or gray, often rugose; pseudocyphellae: absent or present, punctiform; isidia or soredia: present in some species, marginal or laminal, often inconspicuous; upper cortex: well-developed, prosoplectenchymatous, often I+ blue; epicortex non-pored, 15-28 (-32) µm thick; medulla: white, (30-) 65-210 (-280) µm thick; cell walls containing Cetraria-type lichenan (I+ blue) and isolichenan; photobiont: primary one a chlorococcoid alga, secondary photobiont absent; lower cortex: well-developed, (10-) 13-28 (-30) µm thick; lower surface: pale to ± black, often mottled, punctate in some species; rhizines: usually present but few, scattered, simple; Ascomata: apothecial, often absent or rare, marginal or submarginal, roundish; disc: brown, often perforate; thalline exciple: prominent, persistent; usually lacking algae below the hypothecium; exciple: gray or hyaline; hymenium: I+ blue; uppermost part brown or ochraceous-yellowish; paraphyses: not (or scarcely) branched and anastomosing; hypothecium: hyaline, thin, I+ blue, blue-green, lavender, or purple; asci: Lecanora-type, 8-spored; ascospores: subglobose to ellipsoid, obtuse at the poles, simple; walls: hyaline and smooth, without distinct endospore thickening, not amyloid; Conidiomata: pycnidial, often absent, marginal, immersed; conidia: rare, bacilliform, not swollen at apices, 4-7 x 1 µm; Secondary metabolites: cortex with ß-orcinol depsides, medulla with aliphatic acids and a ß-orcinol depsidone in one species; Geography: temperate-boreal in the Northern Hemisphere; Substrate: mostly on bark or wood, rarely on mossy rocks.; Notes: The related genus Cetrelia differs especially in having perforate apothecia with thick, I- hypothecium, with thick zone of algae usually present immediately below it, larger and always ellipsoid spores, and frequent pycnidia with bifusiform conidia. Platismatia differs from Parmotrema in lacking cilia, usually having pseudocyphellae, having having marginal to submarginal apothecia and pycnidia, smaller ascospores, lacking depsides and depsidones in the medulla, and having a non-pored (rather than pored) epicortex. 52066 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=52066 Pseudephebe Choisy 2409 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:36 2011-02-02 12:16:36 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Life habit: lichenized; Thallus: fruticose-filamentous to subfruticose or caespitose, prostrate, closely appressed (under 1 cm tall), sometimes becoming compacted and subcrustose centrally, loosely or ± tightly attached to the substrate by scattered, expanded, disc-like holdfasts (hapters) at unspecialized attachment points along the length of the branches and not merely at the base, base sometimes dying such that the thalli often form rosettes; branching: ± thickly isotomic-dichotomous (often strictly so, but sometimes anisotomic); branches: up to 4-10 (-15) mm long, mostly narrow, up to 0.1-0.5 mm wide (to 1-2 mm wide near base), pliant or brittle, solid, in section rounded to flattened (dorsiventrally compressed) parallel to the substrate; surface: brown to deep black-brown, dull to slightly shiny, usually concolorous except where attached to substrate, even or uneven; lacking pseudocyphellae, true lateral spinules, and vegetative propagules; cortex: 2-layered; outer layer: almost paraplectenchymatous, with cells rectangular to irregular and knobby at the surface, inner layer: prosoplectenchymatous, composed of periclinal, longitudinal hyphae, 75-85 µm thick; medulla: white, hyphae not granular encrusted nor ornamented; cell walls: with Cetraria-type and intermediate-type lichenan, and possibly traces of isolichenan; photobiont: primary one a chlorococcoid alga, secondary photobiont absent; Ascomata: apothecial, sometimes frequent, lateral, roundish, sessile; thalloid margin: concolorous with thallus, slightly prominent to prominent, persistent to pressed back, not incurved, sometimes "ciliate" (with elongated, spine-like projections); disc: dark brown to almost black; exciple: ± distinct, slightly gelatinized, hyaline; hymenium: hyaline below, olive-brown above, turning grayish greenish yellow in K, 75-85 µm tall; paraphyses: branched and anastomosing, the tips not capitate or pigmented; asci: clavate, 20-45 x 6.7-9.0 µm, thick-walled, Lecanora-type, I+ blue, with robust tholus, 8-spored; ascospores: simple, ellipsoid or broadly ellipsoid, hyaline at maturity, smooth, without perispore or a distinct endospore thickening, I-, c. 7-12 x 6-8 µm; Conidiomata: pycnidial, very common, laminal, immersed, with wide ostioles; conidia: bifusiform, simple, colorless; Secondary metabolites: none detected; Geography: circumbipolar and alpine in temperate regions; Substrate: on acidic rock, rarely on old wood or baked soil.; Notes: It is distinguished from rock or soil species of Bryoria by its 2-layered cortex, that has rectangular to irregular and knobby cells at the surface, its low, prostrate habit and its attachment by hapters, lack of isidia, soredia and pseudocyphellae, its frequent pycnidia, and its absence of secondary lichen products (see also Common and Brodo 1995). 52067 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=52067 Pseudevernia Zopf 2410 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:36 2011-02-02 12:16:36 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Life habit: lichenized; Thallus: foliose to subfruticose or caespitose, separate, loosely imbricate, lobate,; lobes: linear, frequently subdichotomously branched; apices: usually subtruncate, eciliate; upper surface: light gray to gray, smooth, plane to rugulose, shiny or dull, maculate or not, usually epruinose; with or without isidia or soredia; pseudocyphellae absent; upper cortex: with a pored epicortex, palisade paraplectenchymatous; medulla: white, loosely packed, cell walls containing Cetraria-type lichenan; photobiont: primary one a Trebouxia, secondary photobiont absent; lower surface: tan to black, sometimes mottled white, naked, channeled revealing part of the medulla between inrolled cortices on either side, erhizinate, attached by basal holdfasts; cyphellae, pseudocyphellae and tomentum absent; Ascomata: apothecial, laminal, orbicular, cup-shaped, subpedicellate or pedicellate; margin: prominent, with thalloid rim; disc: imperforate, brown to dark brown; exciple: gray or hyaline; epithecium: brown or brownish yellow; hypothecium: hyaline; asci: lecanoral, wall layers apex thickened, apex I+ blue, with wide, axial body divergent towards apex, c. 8-spored; ascospores: simple, ellipsoid; 7-10 x 4-6 µm; walls: thin, hyaline, I-; Conidiomata: pycnidial, laminal or marginal, immersed or emergent to sessile; conidia: bifusiform, 5.5-7 x c. 1 µm; Secondary metabolites: upper cortex with atranorin and chloroatranorin; medulla with some combination of orcinol depsides, depsidones, or ß-orcinol depsidones; Geography: temperate Europe to north Africa and Pakistan, NE and SW North America extending to Central America; Substrate: mostly bark, particularly common on conifers.; Notes: Although the name implies a relationship to the common fruticose genus Evernia, the similarity is not very great. In general habit they are perhaps closest. But Evernia is only weakly dorsiventral, has a lax medulla and has a different cortical and medullary chemistry. In the southern part of the Sonoran region, it is more likely to be confused with Everniastrum, that has a similar subfruticose to caespitose growth form. However, the latter genus differs in having marginal cilia (and occasionally short rhizines), a paraplectenchymatous upper cortex, has substantially larger spores and isolichenan in the medullary cell walls. 52071 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=52071 Rimelia Hale & Fletcher 2411 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:36 2011-02-02 12:16:36 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Life habit: lichenized; Thallus: foliose, 4-20 cm wide, loosely adnate to adnate, lobate; lobes: irregular to sublinear, broad, 3-30 mm wide, often lacinate, elongate; apices: usually subrotund to rotund, ciliate (absent in one species); cilia: sparse to dense, simple to sparsely branched, not bulbate; upper surface: gray to dark gray, gray-green or pale green, conspicuously effigurate-maculate forming an intricate reticulate network, becoming cracked along the maculae but lacking true pseudocyphellae, pruinose or not towards the tips; with or without soredia or isidia; upper cortex: pored epicortex, vaulted paraplectenchymatous,; medulla: white, relatively thick, hard and chalky, cell walls containing an intermediate type of lichenan; photobionts: primary one a Trebouxia, seconddary photobiont absent; lower surface: glossy black centrally, brown peripherally, plane to papillate marginally, rhizinate; rhizines: simple but becoming sometimes squarrose, short ones throughout and longer ones in tufted groups; cyphellae, pseudocyphellae and tomentum absent; Ascomata: apothecial, becoming perforate, laminal, orbicular, cup-shaped, substipitate, perforate or imperforate; margin: prominent with thalloid rim, ciliate; exciple: gray or hyaline; epithecium: brown or brownish yellow; hypothecium: hyaline; asci: lecanoral, apex thickened and amyloid, with wide, axial body divergent towards apex, c. 8-spored; ascospores: simple, ellipsoid to broadly ellipsoid, 10-18 x 6-11 µm; wall: thin, hyaline; Conidiomata: pycnidial, laminal, immersed, punctiform; conidia: cylindrical to filiform, 9-16 x 1-1.5 µm; Secondary metabolites: upper cortex with atranorin and chloroatranorin; medulla with some combination of orcinol or beta-orcinol depsidones, beta-orcinol depsides, a xanthone or aliphatic acids; Geography: cosmopolitan with a major center in South America, temperate to tropical forests and woodlands; Substrate: mostly on bark, sometimes on acidic rock.; Notes: Rimelia is a segregate from Parmotrema that was initially recognized as a distinct group by Vainio in 1890, who later raised it to a sectional level [sect. Irregulares (Vainio 1923)]. The reticulate network of maculae on the upper suface is probably its most distinctive feature, which Parmotrema lacks. Parmotrema also does not have as well developed cracks in the upper cortex and has shorter, sublageniform conidia. 52075 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=52075 Vulpicida J.-E. Mattsson & M. J. Lai 2412 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:36 2011-02-02 12:16:36 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Life habit: lichenized; Thallus: foliose and rosette-forming, or subfruticose and caespitose, loosely adnate to loosely attached; lobes: somewhat elongate, averaging to 2-7 (-10) mm wide, moderately thick, usually dorsiventral with raised tips (or terete in one Eurasian species), flat and canaliculate or terete, adnate or raised; marginal projections: present or absent; cilia absent; upper surface: bright to dark yellow, greenish yellow, or almost grayish green, often wrinkled or ± folded, continuous; with or without soredia; isidia and pseudocyphellae absent; upper cortex: paraplectenchymatous, with 3-5 layers of pachydermatous cells; uppermost cells: isodiametric, 3-5 µm diam.; cells of the two lower layers: usually elongated, 5-6 x 2-3 µm, sometimes isodiametric; parts of upper cortex exposed to the sun with usnic acid crystals; epicortex: usually non-pored, smooth and thin, c. 1 µm, brown in some non-Sonoran species; medulla: bright yellow, 20-30 µm thick; hyphae 3-5 µm thick, surface smooth; cell walls: containing Cetraria-type lichenan, I+ blue; photobiont: primary one a trebouxioid alga, secondary photobiont absent; spherical, 3-15 µm diam., in a layer 10-30 µm thick; algae more abundant in young and more exposed parts of the thallus; lower cortex: ± similar to upper one but often less inspersed; lower surface: pale yellow to whitish, central parts black in some species, rhizinate; rhizines: laminal, pale to black, rather sparse, rarely close to the margin, simple or irregularly branched; Apothecia: submarginal or laminal, sessile, roundish; disc: brown, imperforate; thalline margin: prominent, often crenulate; exciple: gray, hyaline, or yellow; hymenium: hyaline below and brown above, with blue IKI reaction in lower part (0.3% iodine solution); paraphyses: not (or scarcely) branched and anastomosing; hypothecium: hyaline; asci: Lecanora-type s.l. (Melanelia-type), broadly to very broadly clavate, 30-40 x 10-15 µm; tholus: well-developed, c. 10 µm high, with moderate to very strong IKI reaction (0.03% iodine solution), with wide ocular chamber and large (4 x 2 µm) axial body; 8-spored; ascospores: simple, hyaline, spherical to subspherical or broadly ellipsoid, c. 4-6 (-7) x (3-) 4-5 (-6) µm, obtuse at the poles, without distinct endospore thickening, not amyloid; Pycnidia: often abundant (but rare or absent in some species), usually on marginal or occasionally laminal projections, 80-170 x 70-120 µm, immersed or emergent and sessile or stalked, generally conspicuous, wall at least partly with black pigment; conidia: formed acrogenously, sublageniform, 6-8 x 1-2 µm or citriform, 3-4 x 1-2 µm; Secondary metabolites: usnic acid, pulvinic acid derivatives, terpenoids or fatty acids; Geography: arctic to boreal or temperate, Northern Hemisphere; Substrate: on bark, wood, soil, detritus, or rock (calciferous or not).; Notes: Vulpicida is a segregate from Cetraria and is distinguished by the distinctly yellow color of the thallus caused by pulvinic acid derivatives in the medulla and usnic acid in the cortex, smooth medullary hyphae, ± globose ascospores, and the absence of cilia and pseudocyphellae. The other yellowish species formerly placed in Cetraria or its segregate Tuckermannopsis but now placed in other genera have usnic acid but lack pulvinic acid derivatives. Other characters used to distinguish Vulpicida from similar genera are the moderately sized asci with often very strong amyloid reaction in the tholus, the strongly gelatinized lower layer of the exciple, the small cortical cells, and the lageniform to citriform conidia. Morphologically the genus is most similar to Tuckermannopsis, but differs in the shape of the asci and conidia. Some of the information presented below on external morphological characters in the individual species (especially colors and dimensions) is based primarily on observations of material from the Sonoran region. 52077 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=52077 Canomaculina 2413 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:36 2011-02-02 12:16:36 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Life habit: lichenized; Thallus: foliose, c. circular in outline, 5-20 cm wide, lobate; lobes: irregular to sublinear, elongat; apices: usually subrotund to rotund, ciliate; cilia: sparse to dense, simple or often branched, often tapered; upper surface: pale gray to gray, gray-green or pale green, pruinose or not towards the tips, conspicuously effigurate-maculate, becoming irregularly cracked but lacking true pseudocyphellae; upper cortex: pored epicortex, palisade plectenchymatous; medulla: white, loosely packed, cell walls containing Cetraria-type lichenan; photobionts: primary one a Trebouxia, secondary photobiont absent; lower surface: pale tan to black, plane to sometimes wrinked, attachment by simple (rarely branched), rhizinate; rhizines: dimorphic (short ones throughout and longer ones in tufted group)s; cyphellae, pseudocyphellae and tomentum: absent;; Ascomata: apothecial, perforate or imperforate, laminal on thallus, orbicular, cup-shaped, sessile; margin: prominent, with thalloid rim, eciliate; exciple: gray or hyaline; epithecium brown or brownish yellow; hypothecium: hyaline; asci: lecanoral, wall layers apex thickened, apex amyloid, with wide, axial body divergent towards apex, c. 8-spored; ascospores: simple, ellipsoid to broadly ellipsoid; 8-20 x 5-12 micro meter; walls: thin, hyaline; Conidiomata: pycnidial, laminal, immersed, punctiform; conidia: filiform, 9-16 x 1 micro meter; Secondary metabolites: upper cortex with atranorin and chloroatranorin or lichexanthone; medulla with some combination of orcinol or beta-orcinol depsidones and (higher) aliphatic acids; Geography: temperate to tropical forests and woodlands; Substrate: mostly bark or acidic rock.; Notes: Although the genus established in 1987, the concept of the genus was expanded by Elix (1997) to include species segregated to Rimeliella by Kurokawa (1991). 52080 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=52080 Pertusaria DC. 2414 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:36 2011-02-02 12:16:36 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Life habit: lichenized; Thallus: crustose, superficial, moderately thick or thin and immersed in substrate, continuous to rimose-cracked, fissured-areolate or warted; upper surface: gray, gray-green, or yellow; smooth or rugulose, dull or shiny; soredia or isidia: present or absent; upper cortex: present but often poorly developed, paraplectenchymatous in better developed specimens but often composed of little more than a thin, gelatinous epinecral layer; medulla: white; of irregularly interwoven hyphae, quite variable in thickness from almost neglible to quite thick in robuster specimens; photobiont: primary photobiont a Trebouxia, secondary photobiont absent; algal layer: horizontally continuous; algal cells 7-18 µm in diam.; lower cortex: absent; lower surface: not distinguishable from the substrate, attached by bundles of hyphae penetrating the substrate; Ascomata: apothecioid, either sessile with an expanded, open disc or almost closed and perithecial like and one to several immersed within a wart; disc: sometimes covered with granular soredia and appearing soralia-like or pruinose; hymenium: hyaline; hamathecium: lax, branched and richly anastomosing paraphysoids, 1.5-2.0 µm thick; asci: ± broadly cylindrical, apex with a broad ocular chamber, thick-walled, outer sheath K/I+ blue, otherwise K/I-, with an inner extensible layer, Pertusaria-type, 1-8-spored; ascospores: non-septate, thick walled, 1- or 2-layered, wall uniform or at times radiated canals to the surface, or ornamented; 60-250 x 20-80 µm; Conidiomata: pycnidial, rare; conidia: straight, acicular or bacilliform, 15-25 x 1-2 µm; Secondary metabolites: some combination of xanthones, ß-orcinol depsides, ß-orcinol depsidones, depsones or fatty acids; Geography: world-wide, particularly in subtropics and temperate regeions; Substrate: soil, moss, detritus, rocks or bark.; Notes: There is a stratification in the development of secondary metabolites; thiophanic acid and other xanthones, which partially screen incoming solar radiation, are best developed near the surface; the depsides, depsidones, depsones and fatty acids, in the medulla below the surface. Thus, in thick specimens the spot tests should be applied on a piece of the upper surface and on an exposed section of the medulla. The xanthones in general react C+ orange and are strongly fluorescent (yellow to orange) in long-wave UV. Specimens can thus be rapidly screened for xanthones with UV light with the caution that specimens with low xanthone concentrations will not necessarily be fluorescent. In short, a UV- specimen may still have low xanthone concentrations (e.g. P. consocians) whereas a UV+ specimen always has xanthones. Because many specimens have very thin medullas, it is not practical to differentiate upper surface and medullary reactions among the spot test given with each species description below. In general the spot test in Pertusaria occur in both the cortex and medulla with the exception of the xanthones (C+) that are often restricted to the cortex. Thus the descriptions do not distinguish between cortex and medulla. Brown spored species, sometimes treated as the genus Melanaria, will be treated in vol. II. 52083 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=52083 Anaptychia Korber 2415 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:36 2011-02-02 12:16:36 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: foliose to subfruticose, small to medium sized, moderately to very loosely attached, lobate; lobes: linear-elongate to shorter and rounded or flabellate; upper surface: dingy white or gray to dark brown, totally bare in some species but other species may have a weak and partial to almost complete pruina, or a tomentum of fine cortical hairs, or larger tapering cortical hairs near lobe ends, or marginal cilia; upper cortex: prosoplectenchymatous; medulla: white; photobiont: primary one a chlorococcoid alga, secondary photobiont absent; lower cortex: lacking or prosoplectenchymatous, but then sometimes only weakly organized and poorly differentiated from the medulla; lower surface: pale or darkening; sparsely to rather densely rhizinate, the rhizines pale or darkening, simple or furcate to densely squarrosely branched; Apothecia: with thalline exciple; asci: subclavate to clavate, 8-spored; ascospores: Physconia-type, brown, 1-septate, 25-46 x 13-23 µm; Pycnidia: blackened and immersed; conidia: bacilliform to short-cylindrical, 3.5-6 x ± 1 µm; Secondary metabolites: terpenoids; apparently lacking typical phenolic substances; Geography: primarily temperate, North America, Europe, Asia and Africa; Substrate: bark or wood, rock or rarely soil.; Notes: Anaptychia (sensu lato, including Heterodermia) has long been recognized by most authors as distinct from Physcia, based largely on the presence of a prosoplectenchymatous upper cortex (rather than paraplectenchymatous) and also by the different types of spores (Kurokawa 1962). Poelt (1965) segregated the genus Heterodermia, leaving in Anaptychia all those species with Physconia-type spores and lacking atranorin in the upper cortex. One genus at times confusable with Anaptychia is Physconia, which shares the distinctive spores and a K- upper cortex. Although these two genera dont seem extremely closely related, for some of their species there is really only one conclusive character that can be used to separate them: a prosoplectenchymatous cortex in Anaptychia, and a paraplectenchymtous or scleroplectenchymatous cortex in Physconia. 52092 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=52092 Heterodermia Trevisan 2416 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:36 2011-02-02 12:16:36 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: foliose to subfruticose, small to medium sized, moderately to very loosely attached, sometimes combining to form extensive, radiating mats, lobate; lobes: linear to sublinear, elongate to shorter, discrete or contiguous; tips rounded or flabellate, sometimes ascending, with or without marginal cilia; cilia: black or pale; upper surface: white, ivory white or gray to dark greenish brown, with or without pruina, with or without soredia or isidia; upper cortex: prosoplectenchymatous, composed of periclinal hyphae; medulla: white or sometimes yellow pigmented; photobiont: primary one a trebouxioid alga, secondary photobiont absent; lower cortex: lacking or prosoplectenchymatous, but sometimes only weakly organized and poorly differentiated from the medulla; lower surface: surface pale or darkening; sparsely to rather densely rhizinate; rhizines: pale or darkening, simple or branched, sometimes protruding beyond the margin as seen from above; Apothecia: present or absent, with a thalline exciple; subhymenium: hyaline; asci: cylindrical, subclavate to clavate, Lecanora-type, 8-spored; ascospores: , smooth, brown, thick walled, 1-septate, 15-54 x 7-25 µm; Pycnidia: blackened and immersed; conidia: bacilliform to short-cylindrical, 4-6 x ± 1 µm; Secondary metabolites: terpenoids; ß-orcinol depsides and ß-orcinol depsidones and various pigments; Geography: primarily pantropical with a few species extending into temperate areas, North America, Europe, Australasia, Asia and Africa; Substrate: bark or wood, rock or rarely soil.; Notes: Kurokawa (1962) published a definitive world monograph of the genus Anaptychia in which 72 predominately tropical species were treated. Subsequently, that genus was recognized as heterogeneous by Poelt (1965), who separated the genus Heterodermia with smooth, thick-walled spores and the constant occurrence of atranorin in the upper cortex from Anaptychia, all species of which have Physconia-type spores and lack atranorin in the upper cortex. All but nine of Kurokawas originally recognized species have been transferred to Heterodermia. This delimitation is now widely accepted, and also by Kurokawa (1998). 52093 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=52093 Hyperphyscia Mull. Arg. 2417 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:36 2011-02-02 12:16:36 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: foliose, small (up to 2 cm diam.), very closely adnate; upper surface: pale gray brown to dark brown, usually epruinose; with or without soredia or isidia; upper cortex: paraplectenchymatous, cells with lumina µm 3-7 diam.; medulla: white or orange or orange-red, composed of loosely interwoven hyphae; photobiont: primary one a trebouxioid alga, secondary photobiont absent; lower cortex: prosoplectenchymatous or rudimentary (integrating with the substrate); lower surface: if evident, then black centrally and paler towards the margin; erhizinate or with sparsely developed, simple ones; Ascomata: apothecia, lecanorine (with thalline exciple), sessile; disc: brown to blackish, epruinose; epihymenium: pale brown; hymenium: hyaline, I+ blue; paraphyses: simple or weakly branched; hypothecium: colorless or red to orange; asci: cylindrical, Lecanora type, 8-spored; ascospores: Pachysporia to Physcia-type, brown, 1-3 septate, rarely submuriform, thick walled; Conidiomata: pycnidia, wall colorless below but brown round the ostiole, immersed; conidia: colorless, filiform, usually longer than 15 µm; Secondary metabolites: none detected or pigments (skyrin); Geography: pantropical and pantemperate; Substrate: common on bark or wood, rarely on mosses over rocks.; Notes: Hyperphyscia is separated from other genera of the Physciaceae by its pycnoconidia, very tightly adnate thallus, sparse development of or complete lack of rhizines and rudimentary (at best) lower cortex. An undescribed species occurring on rock just north of the Sonoran region may also belong to this genus, although it also has affinities to Caloplaca demissa. 52097 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=52097 Physcia (Schreber) Michaux 2418 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:37 2011-02-02 12:16:37 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Life habit: lichenized; Thallus: foliose, often circular in outline, ± loosely adnate, lobate; lobes: discrete or overlapping, short to elongate mostly < 3 mm wide, tips with or without cilia; upper surface: whitish gray or bluish gray to gray, dull or somewhat shiny, sometimes maculate or white pruinose; with or without soredia or isidia; upper cortex: paraplectenchymatous; medulla: white; photobiont: primary one a trebouxoid alga, secondary photobiont absent; lower cortex: proso- or paraplectenchymatous (lumina < 2.5 µm wide or 4-7 µm wide, respectively); lower surface: white, pale gray, pale tan or occasionally pinkish, sparsely to densely rhizinate; rhizines simple or furcate; Ascomata: apothecial, lecanorine, sessile or shortly stipitate: disc: brown to black, sometimes pruinose; epithecium: pale brown; hymenium and hypothecium colorless; paraphyses: simple or forked above, apices clavate, pale brown with a dark brown cap; asci: cylindrical, 8-spored, Lecanora-type; ascospores: brown, 1-septate, Physcia to Pachysporaria type, usually 15-25 µm long; Conidiomata: pycnidial, immersed, walls colorless except for a dark region around the ostiole; conidia: simple, subcylindrical, colorless; Secondary metabolites: cortex always with atranorin, medulla with or without atranorin, zeorin or other triterpenes; Geography: world-wide, found on all continents, particularly common in temperate regions; Substrate: common on bark, wood and rocks; less common on soil and artificial substrates.; Notes: Apart from the fact that most Physcias are substantially smaller than Heterodermias, a major difference is that the upper cortex of Physcia is always paraplectenchymatous whereas the upper cortex of Heterodermia is prosoplectenchymatous. In contrast, Phaeophyscia is similar in size to Physcia, but it never has atranorin in the upper cortex and hence reacts K-. 52099 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=52099 Physconia Poelt 2419 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:37 2011-02-02 12:16:37 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: foliose, small to medium sized, moderately to loosely attached, lobate; lobes: linear and discrete to somewhat more rounded, irregular or flabellate; upper surface: gray to dark brown or reddish brown, with a white to grayish pruina developed on at least part of the thallus (lobe ends) and sometimes continuous; one species with coarse cortical hairs near lobe ends; upper cortex: paraplectenchymatous or scleroplectenchymatous; medulla: white to pale or medium yellow; lower cortex: prosoplectenchymatous, often irregularly so (due to the hyphae being curved and zig-zagging, rather than being straight and more strictly parallel to the long axis of the lobes), sometimes missing at the lobe ends and only weakly organized inward; lower surface: usually becoming dark brown to black at least in older parts (one species remaining pale, white to tan), often paler at the lobe ends; moderately to densely rhizinate; rhizines: usually blackened and squarrosely branched (mostly simple to furcate in one species); Apothecia: with thalline exciple; asci: clavate, 8-spored; ascospores: Physconia-type, brown, 1-septate, 23-38 x 12-21 µm.; Pycnidia: blackened and immersed; conidia: bacilliform to short-cylindrical, 4-6 x ± 1 µm; Secondary metabolites: secalonic acid A, variolaric acid, or scabrosin derivatives, but often in variable concentrations or, in many species, lacking altogether; Geography: primarily temperate or boreal, North America, Europe, Asia, Africa, South America, Australia; Substrate: bark, wood, rock, soil or mosses. 52100 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=52100 Pyxine Fr. 2420 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:37 2011-02-02 12:16:37 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Life habit: lichenized; Thallus: foliose, lobate; lobes: radiating, but sometimes irregular; lobe tips: usually rotund, eciliate; upper surface: white, whitish gray to brownish-gray, leaden to bluish gray or stramineous, ± plane to convex or concave towards the periphery, sometimes reticulately ridged, shiny or dull, usually pruinose; with or without soralia, polysidiangia (= pustulate isidia) or isidia; pseudocyphellae: present in most species; upper cortex: paraplectenchymatous, formed by vertically arranged hyphae; medulla: separated into upper and lower layers, which are very often of different color and show different chemical reactions; photobiont: primary one a Trebouxia, secondary photobiont absent; lower cortex: prosoplectenchymatous, formed by longitudinally arranged hyphae; lower surface: usually black, whitish, brownish or bluish peripherally; attachment: by simple to multiple, furcately divided rhizines; cyphellae, pseudocyphellae and tomentum absent; Ascomata: apothecial, laminal, orbicular, sessile to elevated on a distinct internal stipe; thalline margin: prominent or reflexed, either distinct and persistent (physciaeformis-type), or in young apothecia distinct, then vanishing and giving the apothecia a lecideine appearance (cocoes-type), or lacking such that all apothecia have a lecideine appearance from the beginning (obscurascens-type); exciple: present and persistent, sometimes blackened and/or substituted by a thickening parathecium; epithecium: bluish-black, K+ purple; hypothecium: brown; asci: lecanoral, with thickened apex wall layers (apex I+ blue), with distinct axial body, 8-spored; ascospores: brown, 1-3-septate, thick-walled, mischoblastiomorphic, ellipsoid, 10-23 µm x 4-8 µm; Conidiomata: usually present, pycnidial, laminal, immersed, conidiophore-type VI (Vobis 1980); conidia: ± bacilliform, formed pleurogenously, 3-4 x 0.8-1.2 µm; Secondary metabolites: upper cortex with atranorin and chloroatranorin) or lichexanthone, seldom (only in P. nubila) without acetone-soluble substances; medulla usually with terpenes and pigments [in old-world and Australasian species with norstictic acid (incl. satellites) often present], testacein (Rf-values: A 42, B' 25, C 20, pinkish after treatment with sulfuric acid and heat), a compound first detected in Parmelia testacea and of unknown structure and substance class present in some species; Geography: predominately tropical and subtropical with few species extending to temperate regions; Substrate: mostly bark, acidic rocks or mosses. 52102 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=52102 Tornabea Osthagen 2421 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:37 2011-02-02 12:16:37 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Notes: Because the genus is now regarded as monotypic, a generic description would simply recapitulate the specific description given below. Two other genera have been proposed: Tornabenia Trevis. and Tornabeniopsis Follmann, but the former is a nom. illegit and the latter is nom. inval. (Nimis and Tretiach 1997). 52116 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=52116 Psora Hoffm. 2422 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:37 2011-02-02 12:16:37 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Life Habit: lichenized, not lichenicolous; Thallus: squamulose, attached by the whole lower surface or basal end of squamule; squamules: dispersed, adjacent, imbricate, or ascending, 2-10 mm wide, rounded to elongate, with entire, crenulate or lobed margin, without vegetative dispersal units; upper surface: from grayish or greenish to dark brown, sometimes red or yellow, dull or shiny, epruinose to densely white pruinose, smooth to deeply fissured; upper cortex: varying from 35 to 200 µm thick, containing remnants of algae (chlor-zinc-iodine!), consisting of an upper epinecral layer and a lower stainable layer, the latter composed of thick- to rather thin-walled, anticlinally oriented hyphae with shortly thread-like, angular, or round lumina, often containing lichen substances and/or calcium oxalate; medulla: white, of intricately interwoven hyphae, I-, often containing lichen substances and/ or calcium oxalate; algal layer: 40-80 µm thick, horizontally continuous; photobiont: primary one a chlorococcoid alga, secondary photobiont absent; algal cells: 10-15 µm diam.; lower cortex: poorly to well developed, composed of periclinally or anticlinally oriented hyphae, sometimes containing calcium oxalate or anthraquinones; lower surface: white to brown; Ascomata: apothecial, laminal or marginal, sessile, with a constricted base, simple or rarely somewhat conglomerate, usually convex and immarginate but often plane and indistinctly marginate when young, up to 2 mm diam., brown to black, dull to shiny, epruinose or with yellow or white pruina; exciple: annular, continuous with upper cortex, colorless to pale brown, composed of thick-walled, strongly conglutinated, radiating hyphae; hypothecium: colorless to pale brown, composed of intricately interwoven hyphae densely inspersed by crystals of calcium oxalate and sometimes lichen substances, I-; epithecium: brown, containing brown cell wall pigments and orange crystals of anthraquinones (mainly parietin [polarized light!]), K+ red; hymenium: hyaline, I+ blue, 60-100 µm high; paraphyses: straight, sparingly branched and anastomosing, strongly conglutinated, apical cell slightly swollen; asci: clavate, with a well developed, amyloid tholus containing a deeper amyloid tube and lacking an ocular chamber (Porpidia-type), 8-spored; ascospores: colorless, simple, ellipsoid, smooth, without halo; Conidiomata: pycnidial, laminal, immersed, with colorless or pale brown ostiole, with short, sparingly branched conidiophores; conidia: acrogenous, bacilliform; Secondary metabolites: anthraquinones, depsides, depsidones, aliphatic acids, pulvinic acids, triterpenes, and usnic acids; Geography: arctic to subtropical regions of the world, highest diversity in arid zones; Substrate: soil and rock, often calciferous.; Notes: The circumscription of the genus is based mainly on the following features: squamulose thallus, anthraquinones in the epithecium, calcium oxalate in the hypothecium, Porpidia-type ascus, immersed, laminal pycnidia and acrogenous, bacilliform conidia (Timdal 1984a). Color reactions caused by compounds located in a brown upper cortex or in a medulla filled with calcium oxalate are difficult to observe, and examination by TLC is crucial for the identification of some species. The five brown species lacking secondary metabolites (P. globifera, P. himalayana, P. luridella, P. pseudorussellii, and P. tuckermanii) form a complex in which some specimens are difficult to identify. 52117 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=52117 Psorula Gotth. Schneider 2423 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:37 2011-02-02 12:16:37 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Notes: Psorula differs from Psora mainly in the following characters: lichenicolous life habit, green pigments in the apothecium and pycnidium, absence of anthraxquinones from the epithecium, absence of calcium oxalate from the hypothecium, sessile pycnidia, intricately branched conidiophores, and pleurogenous, narrowly ellipsoid pycnoconidia (see Timdal 1984a). Because the genus is now regarded as monotypic, it would be repetitious to have a separate generic description. Initially a second species, P. scotopholis (Tuck.) Gotth. Schneid. (Schneider 1979), was included in Psorula, but Timdal (1984a) placed that species in Lecanora. 52132 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=52132 Stereocaulon Hoffm. 2424 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:37 2011-02-02 12:16:37 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Life Habit: lichenized; Thallus: fruticose, occasionally reduced and more crust-like, attached by the whole lower surface or by basal holdfasts; surface: grayish, ochraceous-yellowish, olivaceous, brownish, rose or white, contiguous or granular-farinose to spongiose-filamentous, with or without tomentum; photobiont: primary one a chlorococcoid alga, secondary photobiont a cyanobacterium (Nostoc or Stigonema or occasionally Scytonema or Chroococcus) usually present in cephalodia on the pseudopodetia; cephalodia: mostly irregularly globose; lower surface: tomentose to glabrous; primary thallus: usually rudimentary and disappearing early but in some species persistent, composed of basal granular or squamule-like structures (phyllocladia); Pseudopodetia: solid, ± terete, weakly to strongly branched, fruticose in appearance, usually corticate; central axis: cartilaginous, composed of thick-walled, longitudinal hyphae; secondary thallus: shrubby, erect to decumbent, composed of stalks (pseudopodetia), developing from a ± well-developed holdfast in some species,; phyllocladia: or phyllocladioid branchlets: verrucose to granular, cylindrical, squamulose or foliose, containing the algae and a loosely interwoven medulla, sometimes appearing dorsiventral; with or without soredia; Ascomata: apothecial, terminal or lateral, roundish, sessile or substipitate or stipitate; disc: plane to often convex, pale brown to red-brown, dark brown or black, without a thalline margin; exciple: prominent (raised) to ± soon disappearing, sometimes pale and appearing almost thalloid; hymenium: hyaline below, brown, or ochraceous-yellowish above; paraphyses: unbranched, not (or scarcely) anastomosing, apices mainly with a brown cap; hypothecium: hyaline or ochraceous-yellowish (to brown in some species); asci: clavate to cylindrical, unitunicate, tholus I+ blue; in K/I with a blue outer layer, and a blue apical dome with a ± central, darker blue tube, c. 8-spored; ascospores: ellipsoid, hyaline, clavate, or fusiform to cylindrical, acicular, or vermiform, transversely 1-13 septate, (12-) 16-100 (-200) x 2-7 µm, hyaline, smooth, thin walled, without distinctly developed endospore thickening, I-; Conidiomata: sometimes present, terminal or lateral, immersed in the tips of phyllocladia, ovoid to spherical, darkened around ostiole; conidia: formed acrogenously, filiform to cylindrical, straight or curved, simple; Secondary metabolites: orcinol and beta-orcinol depsides, orcinol and beta-orcinol depsidones and aliphatic acids; Geography: arctic-alpine, boreal and montane regions of Northern and Southern Hemispheres; Substrate: on soil, bryophytes, detritus, or non-calciferous, siliceous rock; in cool to cold, humid areas.; Notes: The genus is not likely to be confused with any other, except perhaps Leprocaulon, which has very fine, ecorticate branches and lacks ascomata. 52141 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=52141 Baeomyces Pers. 2425 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:37 2011-02-02 12:16:37 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Life habit: lichenized; Primary thallus: crustose, granular, verrucose or subsquamulose to squamulose, or marginally almost foliose; upper surface: usually brown, gray, or olivaceous, ± continuous; soralia sometimes present; schizidia when present discoid, detachable; cortex: with one or more pseudoparenchymatous layers or of interwoven hyphae running ± parallel to the upper surface; photobiont: primary one a chlorococcoid alga, secondary photobiont absent; forming a zone at least in the primary thallus; lower surface: without special structures; Secondary thallus: composed of short stipes (mostly under 2 cm tall), erect, usually unbranched, solid;; Ascomata: apothecial, borne terminally, 1-several, terminal on stipes, or sometimes almost sessile; disc: pale to dark brown or reddish brown (rarely pinkish), roundish, concave to flat and marginate at first, later swollen and with reflexed margins, often clustered, usually (at least the clusters) distinctly larger than diam. of the stipe; thalline exciple: absent; asci: narrow, unitunicate, thin-walled, the apex truncated, with a single functional wall layer, I-, K/I-, 8-spored; ascospores: ellipsoid, obtuse at the poles, simple to indistinctly 1-septate, without an endospore thickening, 8-14 x 2-4 µm; Conidiomata: pycnidial, immersed in small warts on the thallus; conidia: short, bacilliform; Secondary metabolites: ß-orcinol depsidones; Geography: cosmopolitan, circumpolar, arctic to tropical regions and Australasia; Substrate: acidic rocks or soils, bryophytes, detritus; characteristic of temporary and recently disturbed sites.; Notes: The genus is usually easily recognized (when fertile) by the ± pale brown, often convex and swollen apothecia usually on rather short and slender, solid stipes, arising from ± crustose (to minutely squamulose or lobate) thallus, growing on soil or rock. It differs from Cladonia especially in that the stalks are solid and its basal squamules, if present, are mostly tightly appressed and often fused. If the stipes are absent, the genus might be confused with various other crustose genera with ± pale biatorine apothecia. Species with distinctly pinkish apothecia, an amyloid hymenium, a different ascal structure, and containing depsides rather than depsidones, have now been placed in the genus Dibaeis. The statement by Thomson (1984) that B. roseus (= Dibaeis baeomyces) is the type species of the genus Baeomyces is now incorrect, because that species is the genus type for Dibaeis. 52142 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=52142 Dibaeis Clem. 2426 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:37 2011-02-02 12:16:37 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Life habit: lichenized; Primary thallus: crustose, smooth and continuous (to indistinct or within the substrate) to rimose-areolate, areolate, verrucose or granular, thin to thick (up to 1 mm), pseudocorticate; surface: chalky white (when calcium oxalate crystals present), pale gray, beige, or greenish, continuous or rimose; soredia, schizidia or isidia-like tubercles sometimes present; photobiont: primary one a chlorococcoid alga, secondary photobiont absent; Secondary thallus: podetia sometimes present, arising laminally on the primariy thallus, short (mostly under 2 cm tall), erect, usually unbranched, ± hollow; Ascomata: apothecial, up to 4-7 mm diam., usually occurring on podetia, without a thalline margin; disc: roundish, pink to almost white, plane or soon swollen (dome-shaped to partly irregularly folded, or spherical); proper margin: not or slightly prominent; true exciple: hyaline, not distinct from the interior of the stipe; hymenium gel: I+ blue; paraphyses: not branched or anastomosing, little thickened above; hypothecium: hyaline; asci: cylindrical, thin-walled, unitunicate, with a thin, K/I+ blue apical cap, (4-) 8-spored; ascospores: mainly simple (occasionally indistinctly 1-3-septate), cylindrical-ellipsoid, fusiform, or citriform, obtuse or apiculate at the poles, c. 7-24 (-30) x (2-) 2.7-5 (-8) µm, wall hyaline, smooth or halonate with multilayered appendages, without distinctly developed endospore thickening, I-; Conidiomata: pycnidial, immersed in warts, laminal to lateral; conidia: short bacilliform, formed pleurogenously; Secondary metabolites: thallus, stipes and apothecia with ß-orcinol depsides; Geography: mostly tropical to subtropical in both hemispheres, and one species (D. baeomyces) holarctic and temperate; Substrate: on soil, detritus or non-calciferous, siliceous rock.; Notes: Dibaesis is segregated from Baeomyces on the basis of such characters as apothecial color, amyloidy of the hymenium, ascus type and secondary chemistry (depsides rather than depsidones). Dibaeis is divided into two subgenera: subg. Dibaeis with stalked, clavate to capitate (domed to spherical) apothecia, fusiform to aciculate ascospores and nonlichenized to lichenized stipes, and subg. Apoda with flat, sessile or stalked apothecia, ellipsoid ascospores, and mostly non-lichenized stipes. The subg. Apoda, which includes D. absoluta, is also characterized by a poorly developed horizontal thallus, simple ascospores, and asci showing only weak tendencies of reduction of the amyloid ring. Rambold et al. (1993) placed Dibaeis in a new family Icmadophilaceae, while Tehler (1996) didnt mention Dibaeis but treated Baeomyces and Icmadophila under the family Baeomycetaceae. 52145 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=52145 Anema Nyl. ex Forss. 2427 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:37 2011-02-02 12:16:37 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Life habit: lichenized; Thallus: umbilicate-rosette shaped, squamulose, crustose-squamulose, subfruticose, gelatinous when wet; surface: black, rarely grayish pruinose, smooth, sometimes nodulose or granulose; anatomy: ecorticate, homoiomerous, loose network of hyphae surrounding large photobiont cells; photobionts: primary one a chroococcoid cyanobacterium, secondary photobiont absent; Ascomata: apothecial, laminal on thallus, orbicular, semi-immersed to sessile, margin distinct, with thick thalloid rim; ontogeny: hemiangiocarpous, forming pycnoascocarps from ascogonia beneath the pycnidia; ascoma anatomy: exciple: hyaline; epithecium: brownish yellow; hypothecium: hyaline,; asci: prototunicate, wall thin, nonamyloid, 8-spored; ascospores: simple, ellipsoid, broadly ellipsoid or globose; 8-14 µm long, 4-11 µm wide; walls: thin, hyaline; Conidiomata: pycnidial, laminal, immersed; conidia: ellipsoid or bacilliform, c. 3 x 1 µm; Secondary metabolites: none detected; Geography: arid, semi-arid to warm temperate regions; Substrate: limestone and calcareous rock.; Notes: Species of the Phylliscum macrosporum group are similar. Formally, the separation is based on the gelatinous sheath coloration of the photobiont cells which may not be a reliable character. Species of the Phylliscum demangeonii group differ in the lack of paraphyses and possess tapered ascus tips. Paulia is also similar but lacks an exciple and the ascomata arise from a web of generative hyphae. 52154 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=52154 Paulia Fee 2428 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:37 2011-02-02 12:16:37 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Life habit: lichenized; Thallus: umbilicate-rosette shaped, squamulose, subfruticose, fruticose, gelatinous when wet; surface: black, rarely grayish pruinose, smooth, uneven, sometimes tessellate; anatomy: ecorticate, homoiomerous, composed of a loose hyphal network surrounding large photobiont cells; photobionts: primary one a chroococcoid cyanobacterium, secondary photobiont absent; Ascomata: apothecial, laminal on thallus or terminal, orbicular, immersed to semi-immersed; margin: thalloid, indistinct to distinct; ontogeny: hemiangiocarpous, ascogonia arising in a tangle of generative hyphae beneath the thallus surface; ascoma anatomy: exciple: absent; epithecium: hyaline or brownish yellow; hypothecium: hyaline; asci: prototunicate, wall thin, nonamyloid, 8-spored; ascospores: simple, ellipsoid, broadly ellipsoid to globose; 9.5-21.5 x 6-14 µm; walls: thick with age, hyaline; Conidiomata: pycnidial, laminal, immersed; conidia: ellipsoid or bacilliform, c. 3-5 x 1 µm; Secondary metabolites: none detected; Geography: world-wide in arid, semi-arid to semi-humid regions, rarely in warm temperate regions; Substrate: mainly limestone, but also siliceous rock.; Notes: Species of Phylliscum, Phyllisciella and Anema are similar in anatomy and external appearance, but their ascomata arise beneath pycnidia and they have a thin exciple. In Phyllisciella the conidia are filiform. Species of the Phylliscum demangeonii group lack paraphyses and have tapered ascus tips. In Anema the apothecia have a prominent thalline margin. 52157 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=52157 Porocyphus Korber 2429 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:37 2011-02-02 12:16:37 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Life habit: lichenized; Thallus: crustose, placodioid, subfruticose, gelatinous when wet; surface: blackish, smooth or uneven, sometimes granulose; anatomy: ecorticate, homoiomerous, fan-shaped or paraplectenchymatous hyphal arrangement; photobionts: primary one a filamentous (Rivulariaceae) or chroococcoid cyanobacterium, secondary photobiont absent; Ascomata: apothecial, laminal on thallus or terminal, orbicular, immersed to sessile, margin indistinct to prominent, with thin thalloid rim, sometimes evanescent; ontogeny: hemiangiocarpous, forming pycnoascocarps from ascogonia beneath pycnidia; ascoma anatomy: exciple: hyaline, faintly yellowish-brown to brownish; epithecium: brownish yellow; hypothecium hyaline to faintly yellowish-brown; asci: prototunicate, wall thin, nonamyloid, 8-spored; ascospores: simple, ellipsoid to broadly ellipsoid; 8-24 x 5-13 µm; walls: thin, hyaline; Conidiomata: pycnidial, laminal, immersed; conidia: ellipsoid, c. 3 x 1 µm; Secondary metabolites: not detected; Geography: world wide in arid to humid regions; Substrate: calcareous and siliceous rocks.; Notes: The filamentous nature of the cyanobiont is often hard to observe, and it seems likely that single celled cyanobacteria may also occur. Psorotichia and Lemmopsis are very similar in external appearance, but they differ in the type of ascoma ontogeny and possess more robust paraphyses. 52161 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=52161 Synalissa Fr. 2430 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:37 2011-02-02 12:16:37 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Life habit: lichenized; Thallus: umbilicate, subfruticose, fruticose, gelatinous when wet; surface: black, dark brown-red, sometimes grayish pruinose, smooth or rough; anatomy: ecorticate, homoiomerous, loose network of hyphae surrounding photobiont cells, central hyphal strands often present in basal parts; photobionts: primary one a chroococcoid cyanobacterium, secondary photobiont absent; Ascomata: apothecial, sometimes appearing perithecioid, terminal, orbicular, sessile to stipitate, margin distinct to prominent, with thick thalloid rim; ontogeny: hemiangiocarpous, formed from ascogonia free beneath the thallus surface; ascoma anatomy: exciple: absent or hardly developed, hyaline; epithecium: hyaline or brownish yellow; hypothecium: hyaline or pale brownish-yellow; asci: prototunicate, wall thin, non-amyloid, 8-32-spored; ascospores: simple, broad ellipsoid or globose; 7-12 x 6-9 µm; walls: thin, hyaline; Conidiomata: pycnidial, laminal, immersed; conidia: ellipsoid or bacilliform, c. 3 x 1 µm; Secondary metabolites: none detected; Geography: arid, semi-arid to warm temperate regions; Substrate: limestone, calcareous, or siliceous rocks.; Notes: Species of Peccania are similar; however, they have a distinct central strand, red patches in the hymenium and filiform conidia. Some Lichinella species are also similar; however, they have a fountain-like arrangement of the hyphae and thallinocarpous ascomata. 52164 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=52164 Thyrea A. Massal. 2431 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:37 2011-02-02 12:16:37 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Life habit: lichenized; Thallus: umbilicate, squamulose, subfruticose, foliose, gelatinous when wet; surface: black, sometimes grayish pruinose, smooth, granulose, papillose, sometimes isidiate; anatomy: ecorticate, heteromerous, with compact or loose central strand of periclinally arranged hyphae and reticulate anatomy at thallus periphery; photobionts: primary one a chroococcoid cyanobacterium, secondary photobiont absent; Ascomata: absent or present, apothecial, laminal on thallus or marginal, orbicular, immersed to semi-immersed, margin indistinct to distinct, with thalloid rim; ontogeny: hemiangiocarpous, forming pycnoascocarps from ascogonia beneath pycnidia; ascoma anatomy: exciple hyaline, hypothecium hyaline, epithecium pale brownish yellow; asci: prototunicate, wall thin, non-amyloid, 8-spored; ascospores: simple, ellipsoid, broadly ellipsoid or globose; 5-15 x 3-14 µm; walls: thin, occasionally thickened, hyaline; Conidiomata: absent or present, pycnidia laminal or marginal, immersed; conidia: ellipsoid or bacilliform, c. 3 x 1 µm; Secondary metabolites: none detected; Geography: cosmopolitan, in arid to semi-humid, tropical, subtropical and warm temperate regions; Substrate: limestone and calcareous rock, rarely siliceous rock.; Notes: Thyrea differs from Digitothyrea in having immersed to semi-immersed, small apothecia, in its sparsely or unbranched thalli and its type of ascoma ontogeny. Foliose species of Lichinella are similar in external appearance, but can be separated from Thyrea by their polysporous asci and thallinocarpous type of ascomata. 52166 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=52166 Lemmopsis 2432 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:37 2011-02-02 12:16:37 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Life habit: lichenized; Thallus: crustose, granulose, gelatinous when wet; surface: blackish, rough; anatomy: ecorticate, paraplectenchymatous; photobiont: primary one a chroococcoid cyanobacterium, secondary photobiont absent; Ascomata: absent or present, apothecial, laminal on thallus, orbicular, sessile; margin: distinct to prominent, with thalloid rim, evanescent with age; ontogeny: hemiangiocarpous, ascogonia arising in a tangle of generative hyphae beneath the thallus surface; ascoma anatomy: exciple: yellow, yellowish brown or hyaline; epithecium: brownish yellow; asci: prototunicate; walls: thin, nonamyloid; 8-spored; ascospores: simple, ellipsoid to broadly ellipsoid, 10-28 x 7-15 micrometer; walls: thin, hyaline; Conidiomata: pycnidial, laminal, immersed; conidia: ellipsoid, c. 3 x 1 micrometer; Secondary metabolites: not detected; Geography: in arid, semi-arid to warm temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere; Substrate: on limestone, caliche or calcareous soil.; Notes: The genus is most similar to Psorotichia which has a distinctly thinner exciple or lacks an exciple completely. In Porocyphus the ascomata arise beneath pycnidia and the paraphyses are usually more slender. 52167 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=52167 Peltula Nyl. 2433 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:37 2011-02-02 12:16:37 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Life habit: lichenized; Thallus: peltate, crustose, squamulose, or suffruticose (rarely cylindrical); margins: entire, minutely lobate to sometimes effigurate; upper surface: olive green to olive brown, rarely black; with or without soredia; upper cortex: usually absent but with an epinecral layer; medulla: white, with numerous airspaces, composed of globose or elongated hyphae; photobionts: primary one an unicellular cyanobacterium (Chroococcidiopsis or Myxosarcina), secondary photobiont absent; lower cortex: normally well developed, pseudoparenchymatous; lower surface: usually paler than the upper surface, attached by an umbilicus, rhizohyphal weft or rhizines; Ascomata: apothecial, lecanorine, completely immersed or with a raised rim; disc: punctiform or widely opened; hymenium: 90-300 µm high; paraphyses: sometimes anastomosing, rarely branched, 1-3.5 µm thick; subhymenium: 16-70 µm; asci: clavate to obclavate, unitunicate-rostrate (lecanoralean type), 60-170 x 10-30 µm; walls: red or blue in iodine (blue after K pretreatment); 16->100-spored; ascospores: simple, hyaline, globose to ellipsoid, 3-12 x 2-6 µm; Conidiomata: pycnidial, solitary to cerebriform, immersed; conidia: oval to fusiform, hyaline, 1.5-4.3 x 0.5-2.5 µm; Secondary metabolites: none detected in North American material; Geography: predominately in arid and semi-arid regions of the world, but occurring wherever arid microclimates are found; Substrate: acidic or calcareous rocks or soil. 52168 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=52168 Pseudopeltula 2434 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:37 2011-02-02 12:16:37 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Life habit: lichenized; Thallus: umbilicate, squamulose, placodioid, subgelatinous when wet; surface: olive or sometimes grayish pruinose, smooth or rimose; anatomy: ecorticate, homoiomerous, densely reticulate; photobionts: primary one a chroococcoid cyanobacterium, secondary photobiont Stigonema or absent; Ascomata: absent or present, apothecial, laminal on thallus, orbicular, sometimes irregular, immersed to semi-immersed, margin indistinct to distinct, with thalloid rim; ascoma anatomy: exciple: hyaline; epithecium: brownish yellow; hypothecium: hyaline; asci: prototunicate, wall thin, non-amyloid, 8-spored; ascospores: simple, rarely one-septate, ellipsoid; 9.5-14 µm x 6-8.5 µm; walls: thin, hyaline, rarely pale brownish; Conidiomata: pycnidial, laminal, immersed; conidia: bacilliform, c. 3 x 1 µm; Secondary metabolites: none detected; Geography: arid, semi-arid regions in SW North America and Central America; Substrate: soil crusts over calcareous and volcanic rock.; Notes: The presence of multiply divided hymenia is considered diagnostic of Pseudopeltula. In other characteristics it is similar to Gloeoheppia. 52177 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=52177 Schismatomma Flotow & Korber ex A. Massal. 2435 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:37 2011-02-02 12:16:37 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Life habit: lichenized; Thallus: crustose, coherent but when in bark usually incoherent, 0.05-0.2 mm wide; surface: white to whitish-gray to gray brownish-gray, smooth or finely rugose, epruinose; soredia present or absent; cortex: inconspicuous or missing; medulla: absent or indiscernible; photobionts: primary one a Trentepohlia, secondary photobiont absent; Ascomata: apothecioid, numerous, solitary, elongated or circular in outline, sessile rarely immersed with base usually not constricted, between (0.15-) 0.5 (-1.3) mm diam.; disc: exposed, convex to nearly flat, rarely concave, pruinose rarely epruinose but pruina may disappear with age in some species; exciple: present but usually poorly developed and on old ascomata often dislocated; cortex: absent; algae: missing or sporadically present; proper exciple: a thin parathecium, rarely inconspicuous, plectenchyma in most species of loosely intertwined hyphae or in some species with hyphae anticlinally arranged; epithecium: brown; hymenium: up to 80 µm thick, paraphysoids unbranched or only sparsely branched, hyaline; hypothecium: dark-brown (carbonaceous) rarely pale brown or hyaline, extending down to substrate; asci: clavate, 50-80 x 10-15 µm; ascospores: fusiform or acicular-fusiform, hyaline, 3-septate; walls: smooth; Conidiomata: pycnidial, solitary, immersed or slightly sessile, black or brown, c. 0.05-0.15 mm diam.; conidia: bacilliform rarely filiform, curved, hyaline or rarely pale brownish olive-green; Secondary metabolites: aliphatic acids, beta-orcinol depsides; Geography: subtropical to temperate regions; Substrate: on bark.; Notes: Tehler (1993a) reported only one species in Schismatomma for California. Several other species formerly placed in Schismatomma were excluded from the genus, but were not recombined to their proper genera because their taxonomic placement was unknown. One of those species, Schismatomma pluriloculare (Zahlbr.) Zahlbr., occurs in the Sonoran region and thus is provisionally treated here. 52178 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=52178 Sclerophyton Eschw. 2436 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:37 2011-02-02 12:16:37 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Life habit: lichenized; Thallus: crustose, effuse, rimose, up to 0.2 mm thick; upper cortex: white to yellowish, smooth to verrulose; lacking but with an epinecral layer with some scattered, hyaline hyphae; interwoven hyphae with hyaline tips, or with epinecral layer embedded in a yellow-brown gelatinous substance; medulla: white and cretaceous, plectenchymatous, interspersed with granules and crystals of unknown nature (K soluble); photobiont: primary one a trentepohlioid alga, secondary photobiont absent; lower cortex: absent; lower surface: pale or blackish, attached by rhizoidal web, partly with additional rhizines of longitudinally arranged hyphae; prothallus: often present, thin, smooth, black; Ascomata: perithecioid, up to 0.4 mm diam., immersed, rounded, oval, or elongate, not aggregated into stroma-like structures; thalline margin: undifferentiated; disc: plane, black; proper exciple: up to 10 µm thick, hyaline to pale below; hypothecium: hyaline to pale below, fusing with the medulla; hymenium: up to 150 µm thick, I+ blue, K/I+ pale blue; asci: bitunicate with fissitunicate dehiscence, c. 80 x 17 µm, endoascus: two layered, both layers hemiamyloid (K/I+ blue), but with thin, strongly amyloid band in the internal endoascus, with ± distinguishable ring structure and small ocular chamber, 8-spored; ascospores: simple, septate or muriform, constricted at one or more septa, thick-walled, oblong-ovoid to elongate-fusiform, the upper apex rounded and narrowing to lower end, hyaline to dark brown, usually with thick gelatinous sheath, 24-33 (-35) x 5-7 (-8) µm, 6-8 (-9) septate; Conidiomata: pycnidial, punctiform, laminal, immersed or subimmersed, unilocular, with colorless walls or reddish brown in the upper part; conidia: filiform and curved or rarely straight; Pycnidia: not seen; Spot tests: thallus and medulla K- or K+ yellowish, C-, KC-, P-; Secondary metabolites: beta-orcinol depsides or depsidones and/or pigments; Geography: SW North America, the Carribean, Brazil, western and SW Europe; Substrate and ecology: on bark; Substrate: on bark or rocks.; World and Sonoran distribution: only known from one coastal locality in Orange County in southern California. 52181 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=52181 Dendrographa Darbish. 2437 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:37 2011-02-02 12:16:37 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Life habit: lichenized; Thallus: fruticose, erect, repeatedly branched with branch tips ecorticate, sometimes anastomosing, often with lateral ecorticate branchlets breaking through the cortex; lobe surface: brown to creamy-grayish to pale gray; soredia and isidia absent; cortex: with hyphae periclinally arranged, 50-80 µm thick; medulla: white, byssoid or coalescent; photobiont: primary one a Trentepohlia, secondary photobiont absent; Ascomata: apothecioid, numerous to absent, solitary, erumpent, lateral, circular in outline, sessile with constricted base; disc: exposed, convex or rarely flat, white with a pruinose layer, smooth; thalloid exciple: whitish and formed by the disintegrating of the cortex but margin may be intact on the under side of the ascomata (algae excluded at least in the upper part); proper exciple: a thin parathecium, not well developed; epithecium: 25-60 µm thick with brownish, intertwined, richly branched paraphysoids; hymenium: 100-120 µm thick with paraphysoids that are c. 1 µm diam, hyaline and sparsely branched; hypothecium: dark-brown (carbonaceous); asci: clavate, 70-80 x 15-18 µm, 8-spored; ascospores: fusiform, curved, smooth, 3-septate, hyaline; Conidiomata: pycnidial, black, solitary, lateral, immersed or rarely elevated, 0.1 mm diam; conidia: filiform, semicircular to almost straight, hyaline; Secondary metabolites: ß-orcinol depsides, one unknown depside and one other unknown substance; Geography: coastal regions with Mediterranean climates in SW North America; Substrate: on bark and rock. 52182 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=52182 Dirina Fr. 2438 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:37 2011-02-02 12:16:37 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Life habit: lichenized; Thallus: crustose, effuse sometimes slightly bullate, rimose; surface: usually creamy-white, smooth, usually slightly pruinose, soredia often developed; cortex: with anticlinally arranged hyphae; medulla: white, chalky; photobiont: primary one a Trentepohlia, secondary photobiont absent; prothallus: when free-growing byssoid, brown; when contiguous crust-like and black; Ascomata: apothecioid, numerous to absent, solitary, circular in outline, sessile or immersed; disc: exposed, convex or rarely flat, white with a smooth, pruinose layer; thalline exciple: often undulating or strongly undulating, with algae and cortex; proper exciple: a thin parathecium; epithecium: brown with intertwined and branched paraphysoids; hymenium: 50-140 µm thick; paraphysoids: parallel, sparsely branched, hyaline, 1 µm diam.; hypothecium: dark-brown (carbonaceous), not extending down to the substrate; asci: clavate, 70-120 x 15 µm; ascospores: fusiform, curved, hyaline, 3-septate; walls: smooth; Conidiomata: solitary, immersed, dark-brown, 0.1 mm diam; conidia: filiform, curved or semi-circled, hyaline, 10-16 µm long less than 1 µm thick; Secondary metabolites: orcinol depsides; Geography: coastal regions of Mediterranean and subtropical climates; Substrate: on bark or rock. 52186 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=52186 Roccella DC. 2439 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:37 2011-02-02 12:16:37 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Life habit: lichenized; Thallus: fruticose, pendent, sparsely dichotomously branched, main and terminal branches flattened or terete, branches 2-5 -(10) mm thick and usually 5-15 cm long; lobe surface: creamy white-grayish to grayish-brown, smooth or wrinkled, sparsely pruinose or epruinose; soredia (often in soralia) present or absent, isidia absent; cortex: hyphae anticlinally arranged, 40-70 µm thick; medulla: loose above, byssoid or chalky; below plectenchymatous in area of the basal plate (holdfast) and often (yellowish) brown; photobionts: primary one a Trentepohlia, seconddary photobiont absent; attachment: by holdfasts, including an hypomedulla which is usually brown to dark brown (sometimes with a yellowish tinge); Ascomata: apothecioid, lateral, circular in outline, immersed or sessile with constricted base, up to 2.5 mm diam.; disc: exposed, white with a rimose, pruinose layer; exciple: initially with algae and a cortex, later the algae often displaced and the cortex eroded; proper exciple: a thin parathecium, sometimes inconspicuous; epithecium: 40-50 µm, brown, with paraphysoids intertwined, sparsely branched; hymenium: 70-90 µm high; paraphysoids: sparsely branched, hyaline, 1-2 µm diam.; hypothecium: distinct, dark brown (carbonaceous), not extending down into medulla; asci: clavate, 60-85 x 12-14 µm; ascospores: fusiform, curved, smooth, 3-septate, hyaline; Conidiomata: pycnidial, solitary, immersed, black, 0.1 mm diam.; conidia: filiform, curved, 16-21 x <1 µm; Secondary metabolites: orcinol and beta-orcinol depsides, aliphatic acids; Geography: a pantropical genus and extending into adjacent temperate regions, especially those with Mediterranean climates; Substrate: on bark or rock.; Notes: In the checklist of North American lichens Esslinger and Egan (1995) list as many as nine species of Roccella, all of which have been reported from California (Darbishire 1898; Hasse 1913; Tuckerman 1882). Some of the names such as Roccella fuciformis, R. phycopsis and R. tinctoria are European species, that have been incorrectly reported from North America. The other species, Roccella babingtonii, R. decipiens, R. difficilis, R. fimbriata, R. montagnei and R. peruensis, are all part of a difficult species complex with a distribution that extends down to mediterranean Chile in South America and include adjacent islands such as the Galapagos and with an offshoot into the Caribbean region. They may even have a global distribution. This treatment agrees with Hale and Cole (1988) that only two taxa from that species complex should be recognized from California, although different names are used here. A third taxon, R. portentosa, is reported from southern Baja California Sur. 52187 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=52187 Roccellina Darbish. 2440 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:37 2011-02-02 12:16:37 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Life habit: lichenized; Thallus: crustose or sometimes nearly subfruticose, effuse, smooth to slightly verrucose; surface: creamy white to white-grayish to brown to green-brown, epruinose to slightly pruinose; soralia often developed (in species outside the Sonoran region); isidia not seen; cortex: with mixed and intertwined hyaline hyphae in a brownish gelatinous substance; medulla: white, chalky with or without brown hypomedulla in lower parts; photobionts: primary one a Trentepohlia, secondary photobiont absent; Ascomata: apothecioid, numerous, solitary to aggregated, circular in outline, sessile, 0.8-1.2 mm diam.; disc: exposed, convex or flat, pruinose, white-gray; exciple: entire or slightly undulating to strongly undulating; epithecium: brown or brownish; hymenium: hyaline; hypothecium: extending down to the substrate; asci: clavate, 70-110 µm, 8-spored; ascospores: fusiform, curved, smooth, 3-septate, hyaline, 25-31 x 4-5 µm; Conidiomata: pycnidial, solitary, immersed, dark-brown; conidia: filiform, curved or semi-circled, hyaline, 9-17 µm long less than 1 µm thick; Secondary metabolites: beta-orcinol depsides and depsidones, dibenzofurans, aliphatic acids; Geography: coastal regions of Mediterranean and subtropical climates; Substrate: on bark or rock. 52188 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=52188 Schizopelte Th. Fr. 2441 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:38 2011-02-02 12:16:38 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Notes: Because the genus is monotypic, a generic description would simply recapitulate the specific description given below. 52189 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=52189 Sigridea Tehler 2442 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:38 2011-02-02 12:16:38 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Life habit: lichenized; Thallus: crustose, effuse; surface: white, 0.1-0.5 mm thick, smooth to rugose to verrucose, epruinose or finely pruinose; soredia absent; cortex: usually present but sometimes absent, 10-25 µm thick; hyphae interwovenly arranged, hyaline; medulla: very thin sometimes indiscernible; photobiont: primary one a Trentepohlia, secondary photobiont absent; Ascomata: apothecioid, numerous, solitary, circular in outline, sometimes undulating, elevated with constricted base, (0.2) 0.5-1 (1.6) mm diam.; disc: exposed, pruinose; exciple: cortex and algae usually present but sometimes absent; proper exciple: parathecial, but sometimes thin; epithecium: brown or brownish, branched or richly branched hyphae; hymenium: 70-100 µm thick with paraphysoids parallel, sparsely branched, hyaline, 1 µm diam.; hypothecium: dark-brown (carbonaceous), extending down to substrate; asci: clavate, 50-80 x 10-15 µm, 8-spored; ascospores: fusiform, curved, 3-septate, hyaline; Conidiomata: pycnidial, solitary, immersed or slightly elevated, dark brown; conidia: bacilliform, curved, simple, hyaline; Secondary metabolites: beta-orcinol depsides; Geography: predominantely subtropical regions and occurring in some mediterranean areas; Substrate: on bark. 52198 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=52198 Thelopsis Nyl. 2443 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:38 2011-02-02 12:16:38 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Life habit: lichenized; Thallus: crustose, superficial or immersed, thin, homiomerous, effuse; prothallus: absent; upper surface: various shades of gray or orange-red, smooth; photobiont: primary one a trentepohlioid alga, secondary photobiont absent; Ascomata: perithecial, globose, partially immersed to sessile, ± tough, pale reddish brown to black, not friable; involucrellum: absent; true exciple: hyaline to brownish black, 30-60 µm wide, upper and inner parts paraplectenchymatous; hamathecium: paraphyses thread-like, unbranched, persistent; hymenium: hyaline, I+ blue changing to red-brown; asci: narrowly cylindrical, tapering apically, unitunicate, thin-walled, without apical thickening or apparatus, multispored; ascospores: ellipsoid to shortly fusiform, hyaline, 1-3 septate to submuriform, 13-120 x 2-20 µm; Conidiomata: pycnidial, very rare, pale; conidia: thread-like, straight or slightly curved; Secondary metabolites: none detected; Geography: Mediterranean regions of Europe and southern North America; Substrate: species occurring on either bark, calcareous or acidic rocks, or detritus.; Notes: Among the perithecioid genera with trentepohlioid algae occurring in the Sonoran region, Thelopsis is most similar to Topelia. In Thelopsis and exciple is lacking and the spores are usually only transversely septate, rarely submuriform and always occur as more than 8 per ascus; whereas, in Topelia a well developed exciple is present and the spores are soon muriform and are 8 per ascus. The only other pyrenocarpous genus in the region with a large number of spores per ascus is Trimmatothele, but its spores are always simple and its photobiont is a chlorococcoid green alga. 52199 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=52199 Topelia P. M. Jorg. & Vezda 2444 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:38 2011-02-02 12:16:38 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Life habit: lichenized; Thallus: crustose, superficial or immersed, often inconspicuous and poorly developed; upper surface: various shades of white, gray, green, or orange to pink; occasionally with isidia or schizidia; photobiont: primary one a trentepohlioid alga, secondary photobiont absent; Ascomata: perithecioid but in some species expanding an appearing apothecioid, immersed to subimmersed in the thallus; involucrellum: absent; true; exciple: hyaline to brownish black, 30-60 µm wide, upper and inner parts paraplectenchymatous; hamathecium: composed of short-celled, stiff periphyses (up to 45 x 2 µm); hymenium: hyaline or pale brown, I+ blue-green, rapidly changing to red-brown; paraphyses: slender, c. 200 x 1.5-2 µm, flexuose, not branched and without apical thickening; asci: narrowly cylindrical, 100-180 x 12-18 µm, tapering apically, unitunicate, thin-walled, without apical thickening or apparatus, 8-spored; ascospores: broadly ellipsoid to ovoid, hyaline, muriform with eusepta, 2-20 x 13-120 µm; Conidiomata: pycnidial, ± sessile; conidia: bacilliform, macro- and micro- may be present; Secondary metabolites: none detected; Geography: Mediterranean regions of Europe and across southern USA and the Caribbean; Substrate: species occurring on either bark or rocks, especially calcareous ones.; Notes: Among the perithecioid genera occurring in the Sonoran region, Topelia is most similar to Thelenella and Thelopsis. Thelenella differs by lacking periphyses, having an I- hymenium and richly branched, anastomosing paraphyses and having thick-walled asci. In contrast, the ascocarps, hymenium and asci of Thelopsis are very similar to Topelia, but the exciple and spores are different. In Thelopsis and exciple is lacking and the spores are usually only transversely septate, rarely submuriform and always occur as more than 8 per ascus; whereas, in Topelia a well developed exciple is present and the spores are soon muriform and are 8 per ascus. 52204 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=52204 Pseudocyphellaria Vainio 2445 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:38 2011-02-02 12:16:38 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Life habit: lichenized; Thallus: foliose, dorsiventral, lobed, often very large, spreading, orbicular and ± rosette-forming and radiate, or irregularly laciniate, or ± dichotomously or irregularly branched, or polyphyllous, rarely ± monophyllous, loosely to tightly adnate; lobes: narrow and strap-shaped or broad, ± dichotomously branching with distinctly bifurcate apices which may be rounded, pointed or truncate, often imbricate; margins: entire or variously incised or folded, often free and ascending; upper surface: blackish, brown, olive, green, blue-green, gray, ochraceous, yellow, or white, continuous, smooth or wrinkled, sometimes ± scabrid or hairy, sometimes shallowly foveolate, with faint or marked reticulum of interconnecting ridges, shiny or matt, often conspicuously maculate, with or without pseudocyphellae, isidia, phyllidia or soredia; cephalodia present or absent; goniocysts absent; margins often with conspicuous, elongate or verruciform pseudocyphellae; upper cortex: paraplectenchymatous, anticlinally arranged, ± isodiametric, thick-walled cells; medulla: loose, white or yellow; photobiont: primary photobiont a cyanobacterium (Nostoc), or chlorococcoid alga (Dictyochloropsis or Chlorella-like); accessory photobiont (Nostoc) present in some green algal species; lower cortex: paraplectenchymatous, anticlinally arranged, ± isodiametric, thick-walled cells; lower surface: glabrous or usually ± tomentose, the tomentum pale to dark, thick and felted to indistinctly pubescent, always pseudocyphellate; pseudocyphellae: white or yellow, sparse to frequent, ± immersed in tomentum to raised-conical, round to irregular, the margins distinct or indistinct; attached to substrate by rhizoids which often form a mat; Ascomata: apothecial, often absent but abundant in a few species, roundish, emergent, becoming sessile to substipitate, marginal or laminal, hemiangiocarpic; disc: brown or red-brown, dull or shining, sometimes white-pruinose, round, usually concave; thalline exciple: well developed, prominent or slightly prominent, entire or crenate-striate, phyllidiate, isidiate or sorediate in some species, smooth to verrucose or areolate-scabrid, hairy or maculate; true exciple: hyaline to yellow-brown; hymenium: hyaline and brown or olivaceous above; hypothecium: pale or dark, hyaline to ochraceous, brown or violet; paraphyses: unbranched, not anastomosing; asci: clavate, Peltigera-type, unitunicate, with amyloid (I+ blue) cap in tholus, 8-spored; ascospores: oblong-fusiform, fusiform, fusiform-ellipsoid, obtuse or apiculate at the poles, simple then polarbilocular to transversely 1-3 (-5)-septate, wall hyaline becoming pale to dark brownish, grayish, or blackish, smooth, 20-38 (-43) x 6-11 µm; Conidiomata: pycnidial, laminal-lateral, immersed, Lobaria-type, globose or ovoid, 0.2-0.6 mm diam., walls dark brown at ostiole, paler below; conidia: straight, cylindrical, bacilliform, or bifusiform, 3-5 x 0.7-1 µm; Secondary metabolites: orcinol depsides, ß-orcinol depsides (including atranorin) or depsidones, terphenylquinones, pulvinic acid derivatives, usnic acids; triterpenoids (hopanes, stictanes, lupanes, and fernenes); Geography: temperate (primarily Southern Hemisphere) to tropical; Substrate: on bark, wood, soil, detritus, or non-calciferous, siliceous rock, in humid, sheltered, oceanic woodlands.; Notes: It is characterized by the presence of pseudocyphellae on lower (and sometimes upper) surface, emergent apothecia with colorless or brown, 1-3 septate or polarbilocular spores, and a diverse chemistry. 52206 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=52206 Nephroma Ach. 2446 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:38 2011-02-02 12:16:38 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Life habit: lichenized; Thallus: foliose, continuous and rosette-forming or rarely fragmentary, 3-10 cm wide, loosely adnate, lobate; lobes: irregular, broadly elongate, marginally entire or indented, with or without lobules; apices: usually subrotund to rotund, often ascending, eciliate; upper surface: gray brown to brown or yellow- green (non-Sonoran species), pruinose or not, with or without soredia or isidia; upper cortex: pseudoparenchymatous, 10-30 µm thick; cortex: pseudoparenchymatous, 20-40 µm thick; medulla: white or yellow, with loose hyphae, 40-260 µm thick; photobionts: primary one either a chlorococcoid alga (Coccomyxa) or cyanobacterium (Nostoc); secondary photobiont of Nostoc present in internal cephalodia in chlorococcoid species; lower surface: pale brownish to brown or yellow-green, glabrous, pubescent or tomentose; rhizinae, cyphellae and pseudocyphellae absent; Ascomata: apothecial, sessile or immersed on the lower surface at tips of lobes, orbicular or reniform, cup-shaped, sessile, margin: prominent with thalloid rim; disc: pale brown or red-brown to dark brown; exciple: hyaline or light brown, 20-30 µm thick, epithecium: brown or brownish yellow; hymenium: colorless, 60-90 µm tall; paraphyses: unbranched; hypothecium: hyaline; asci: simplified "Peltigera"-type, c. 8-spored; ascospores: subfusiform to fusiform, pale brown, 3-septate, thin walled, 10-18 x 6-10 µm; Conidiomata: pycnidial, marginal, semi-immersed, punctiform, ostiole dark; conidia: bacilliform, 9-16 x 1 µm; Secondary metabolites: hopane triterpenoids, depsides and pigments; Geography: cosmopolitan, polar, boreal-montane and coastal, temperate forests; both Northern and Southern Hemispheres; Substrate: commonly on bark, acidic rock or soil.; Notes: It is similar chemically and morphologically to Peltigera but lacks the veins found on the lower surface of the latter genus. The presence of a lower cortex in Nephroma also distinguishes it from Peltigera. Among all foliose genera in this region, the presence of apothecia on the lower surface of the lobes in Nephroma is unique. 52208 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=52208 Massalongia Korber 2447 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:38 2011-02-02 12:16:38 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Habit: lichenized; Thallus: squamulose at least initially, becoming small foliose in one species, 1-3 cm diam., rosette-forming on smooth substrates, lobate; lobes: roundish and scattered initially, becoming aggregated and in one species elongate; upper surface: red brown to brown when dry, pale brown to deep green when wet, smooth, nodulose or sometimes with globose to cylindrical isidia; soredia lacking; upper cortex: paraplectenchymatous, composed of 3-8 rows of cells; medulla: white with loosely interwoven hyphae; photobiont: primary one a cyanobacterium (Nostoc occurring in colonies throughout the medulla), secondary photobiont absent; lower cortex: absent, but longitudinally oriented, ± densely interwoven hyphae delimit the lower side; lower surface: brownish white, rhizinate; rhizines brown, sparse to densely tufted, at base of the lobes; Ascomata: apothecial, rather rare, laminal or marginal, up to 2 mm diam., sessile to substipitate; margin: proper, paraplectenchymatous, sometimes tomentose, with or without supporting tissue (pseudoexciple); disc: flat, red-brown, smooth, paler marginally; hymenium: brown above, K-, colorless below, I+ blue; paraphyses: septate, simple or branched, 3-5 micrometer wide, apically ± swollen and pigmented; ontogeny: hemiangiocarpic development; asci: cylindrical, Peltigera-type (with apically thickened walls, I+ blue), 8-spored; ascospores: polymorphous (broadly ellipsoid initially, becoming narrowly ellipsoid to fusiform), hyaline, 1-(-3) septate; Conidiomata: pycnidial, brown above, pale below, immersed; conidia: bacilliform to weakly bifusiform, colorless, simple, 2.5-6 x 1 micrometer; Spot tests: all negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected; Geography: temperate to arctic regions of the Northern Hemisphere, Australasia and South America; Substrate: mosses or sandstone.; Notes: The genera Massalongia, Koerberia, Placynthium and Vestergrenopsis are all small, rosette-shaped, cyanobacterial-containing lichens that may may appear superficially similar. Vestergrenopsis has 12-16 spores per ascus and the other genera 8 spores or less per ascus. Koerberia has acicular, 0-1 septate spores whereas Massalongia and Placynthium have broader spores that are 1-3 septate. The photobiont in Massalongia is Nostoc whereas Placynthium has a photobiont belonging to the Rivulariaceae or Scytonemataceae. 52211 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=52211 Koerberia A. Massal. 2448 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:38 2011-02-02 12:16:38 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: foliose, rosette-shaped, lobate; lobes: stellately radiating, becoming striate; upper surface: dark olive green, composed of only one or two discontinuous layers of cells (not a real cortex); with or without isidia or lacinae, soredia absent; photobiont: primary one a filiform cyanobacterium (Scytonema), commonly with intercalary heterocysts, secondary photobiont absent; lower surface: pale olive, pseudoparenchymatous with short celled longitudinally extended hyphae; Ascomata: apothecial, usually deep red-brown, sessile, with a thalline margin or proper margin formed by a pseudoexciple; hymenium: generally 50-100 micrometer, I+ deep blue; paraphyses: simple or sparsely branched, end cells thickened; ontogeny: hemiangiocarpic; asci: cylindrical or clavate, with apically thickened wall, 8-spored; ascospores: simple or once septate at maturity, colorless, ellipsoid, fusiform or acicular; Conidiomata: pycnidial, laminal, ostiole brown; conidia: rod-shaped, produced laterally and/or terminally; Secondary metabolites: none detected; Geography: southern and SW Europe, northern Africa as well as SW North America; Substrate: on moist siliceous rocks or on the bark of trees in somewhat closed woodland.; Notes: The distinctive olive-green color separates Koerberia from small Collema or Leptogium species. 52212 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=52212 Leptochidium Choisy 2449 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:38 2011-02-02 12:16:38 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Notes: Superficially Leptochidium is similar to large species of Leptogium and Collema, both of which contain Nostoc as the photobiont. Collema does not have either an upper or lower cortex. Leptochidium is the only genus of the three to have white hairs on the upper surface, although one group of Leptogium species (sect. Mallodium) has either very short, white hairs or white tomentum on the lower surface and occasionally the margins (e.g. L. hirsutum). 52213 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=52213 Placynthium (Ach.) Gray 2450 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:38 2011-02-02 12:16:38 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Life habit: lichenized; Thallus: squamulose, sometimes apparently small foliose or crustose, thallus margin often effigurate, stellate to flabellate, sometimes a bluish prothallus present, not gelatinous when wet; upper surface: dark olive, brownish or blackish, sometimes grayish pruinose, smooth, uneven, granulose, nodulose or covered by isidia; anatomy: indistinctly corticate and stratified; photobionts: a filamentous cyanobacterium, Scytonema or species of Rivulariaceae, secondary photobiont absent; lower surface: usually blackish due to the presence of a hypothallus composed of interwoven bluish-black hyphae, rarely pale and hypothallus lacking; Ascomata: apothecial, laminal on thallus, orbicular, half-immersed to sessile or stipitate; margin: distinct to prominent, without thalloid rim or rarely with thalloid margin; exciple: thin or thick, of radiating hyphae; epithecium: dark violaceous to brownish, hymenium: often violaceous; hypothecium: hyaline to brownish; asci: lecanoral, apex thickened, with amyloid tube, (4-) 8-spored; ascospores: simple when immature, septate when mature, ellipsoid or elongate-fusiform to broadly ellipsoid; 7-53 x 3.5-9 µm; wall: thin, hyaline; Conidiomata: pycnidial, laminal, immersed, dark colored; conidia: dumbbell-shaped, ellipsoid or bacilliform, c. 2.5-5 (-8) x 1 µm; Secondary metabolites: none detected; Geography: cosmopolitan, usually in wet microhabitats, sometimes in exposed situations; Substrate: calcareous or siliceous rock, rarely bark or soil.; Notes: The foliose genera Koerberia and Vestergrenopsis are superficially similar, but they, of course have a lower surface that is pale. In addition, they have a pale, striate upper surface and lecanorine apothecia. Parmeliella is similar in the presence of a blackish hypothallus but has Nostoc as photobiont. Well developed thallus margins are essential for proper species determinations. Placynthium flabellosum is known from northern California and may eventually be found in the Sonoran region. 52214 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=52214 Polychidium (Ach.) Gray 2451 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:38 2011-02-02 12:16:38 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Life habit: lichenized; Thallus: minutely shrubby, ± dichotomously branched, often hemispherical, heteromerous; branches: filamentous, dendroid and often complex, ± terete, with thicker secondary branches towards base and thinner, anastomosing branches at apices; surface: dark, greenish blue to brownish, often shiny towards lobe tips; cortex: well developed, cellular, 1-several cells thick, surrounding a central medullary strand of hyphae; medulla: loosely interwoven, often paraplectenchymatous towards the base; photobiont: primary one a Nostoc or Scytonema, secondary photobiont absent; Ascomata: apothecial, mostly lateral, orange, red-brown or brown, with a sunken disc; exciple: often with pitted, thick-walled cells; paraphyses: unbranched, septate; apices capitate; asci: broadly cylindrical; apices thickened, I+ blue, 8-spored; ascospores: colorless, polymorphic, ellipsoid to spindle-shaped, simple to 1- or 2-septate, thin- or thick-walled; Conidiomata: pycnidial, brown, lateral; conidiogenous cells generally short; conidia: bacilliform; Secondary metabolites: none detected; Geography: North and South America, high altitude areas in tropical E Africa, the Pacific region and Europe; Substrate: on bark or moss.; Notes: The genus is rather distinctive because of its small fruticose growth form with dichotomously branched, terete, corticate lobes. Dwarf fruticose species of Leptogium also have corticate lobes, but these are often wrinkled. Fruticose species of Lichinella lack any cortex and the hymenium is covered by single-celled cyanobacteria and the asci are polyspored and thin-walled. The fruticose species of Peccania possess single-celled cyanobacteria, the lobes lack any cortex, the upper parts of the hymenium is conspicuously reddish-brown colored, the conidia are large and filiform and the asci are thin-walled. In Ephebe and Zahlbrucknerella the fruticose-filamentous thallus lobes are usually adpressed and ecorticate. However, in Zahlbrucknerella there are hyphal strands surrounding the photobiont trichomes. Both, Ephebe and Zahlbrucknerella have thin-walled, often polysporous asci. Thermutis velutina grows on rock and its lobes are smaller and more slender, and its asci are thin-walled. In Spilonema revertens and S. paradoxum the lobes are ecorticate, more irregularly branched and fastened to the substrate by a bluish-black hypothallus. 52219 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=52219 Kirschsteiniothelia D. Hawksw. 2452 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:38 2011-02-02 12:16:38 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Life habit: non-lichenized, saprophytic; Thallus: endosubstratic to absent, or a superficial subiculum (a net-like array of hyphae under the perithecia); photobiont: absent; Ascomata: perithecial, usually arising singly, scattered or loosely aggregated, erumpent, ± superficial when mature, usually with an applanate base; involucrellum: absent; ascomatal wall: black, conspicuously cellular (pseudoparenchymatous), continuous and built-up of specialized large cells, which are in part radially arranged below the hamathecium (in the corners); hamathecium: branched pseudoparaphyses, cellular, anastomosing above the asci, non-amyloid or rarely amyloid; asci: bitunicate, fissitunicate, cylindrical, with tholus, non-amyloid, 4 (-8)-spored; ascospores: blackish brown, ellipsoid to clavate, 1-septate with one euseptum, 12.5-55 x 5.5-20 micrometer; walls: sometimes ornamented with tiny warts; Conidiomata: hyphal; conidia: brown, septate, formed on the subiculum; Secondary metabolites: absent; Geography: mostly temperate; Substrate: mostly on bark but also frequently on wood.; Notes: The genus is characterized by the blackish brown, 1-septate ascospores and the wide, large-cellular exciple. In many respects the genus is similar to Peridiothelia (see Table 1, p. 51 in Hawksworth (1985b), but the pseudoparenchyma of the exciple are substantially smaller in Peridiothelia and its center is I+ blue (versus I- in Kirschsteiniothelia). The hyphomycete anamorphs known for Kirschsteiniothelia are not known in Peridiothelia. 52222 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=52222 Distopyrenis Aptroot 2453 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:38 2011-02-02 12:16:38 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Life habit: non-lichenized, saprophytic; Thallus: absent or immersed in the substrate; photobiont: absent; Ascomata: perithecial, simple; involucrellum: dark brown to black, composed of fungal hyphae interspersed with bark cells; ascomatal wall: black, continuous below the hamathecium; true; exciple: brown, entire below the perithecial cavity; hamathecium: unbranched paraphyses, amyloid (IKI+ blue); asci: bitunicate, cylindrical, ocular chamber rounded, tholus non-amyloid; ascospores: brown, ellipsoid, 1-septate with a median distoseptum, 12-17 x 5-9 µm; walls: not ornamented; Conidiomata: pycnidial; conidia: filiform, hyaline; Secondary metabolites: absent; Geography: SE U.S.A. to the neotropics; Substrate: only on bark.; Notes: It is characterized by the brown, 1-septate distoseptate ascospores and the unbranched paraphyses; differing from all other genera of the Pyrenulaceae in the consistently 1-septate, brown ascospores. 52226 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=52226 Pyrenula Ach. 2454 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:38 2011-02-02 12:16:38 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Life habit: lichenized or non-lichenized, saprophytic;.; Thallus: crustose, usually immersed but sometimes superficial, sometimes areolate, occasionally with pseudocyphellae or pockets of crystals, often surrounded by a hypothallus; photobiont: primary one a trentepohlioid alga or absent, secondary photobiont absent; Ascomata: perithecial, black, often aggregated in pseudostromata; involucrellum: dark brown to black, clypeate, composed of fungal hyphae interspersed with bark cells and often K+ reddish or violet crystals; ascomatal wall: black, usually continuous below the hamathecium, often partly immersed in the thallus; true; exciple: brown to pale brown, entire or not developed below the perithecial cavity, colorless or orange crystals often dense at the wall lining the locule; hamathecium: initially branched, anastomosed, sparsely septate paraphysoids; then replaced by unbranched paraphyses, not anastomosing, non-amyloid, hemiamyloid or amyloid; periphyses delveloped along the ostiolar canal; asci: bitunicate, clavate to cylindrical, long-stalked, with tholus, thickened at the apex with an internal apical beak, non-amyloid; ascospores: brown, ellipsoid to fusiform, transversely 2-30-septate, or muriform, with distosepta and often additional eusepta, 9-200 x 4-55 µm; walls: not ornamented; Conidiomata: pycnidial, black; conidia: filiform, simple, hyaline; Secondary metabolites: lichexanthone, or anthraquinones, or absent; Geography: cosmopolitan, but most diverse in the tropics; Substrate: mostly on bark, but also on non-calcareous rock.; Notes: the genus is in its current delimitation characterized by the combination of clypeate ascomata and brown, distoseptate ascospores and simple paraphyses. 52230 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=52230 Porina Mull. Arg. 2455 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:38 2011-02-02 12:16:38 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Life habit: lichenized; Thallus: crustose, superficial or immersed, often surrounded by a prothallus, often inconspicuous; upper surface: various shades and combinations of white, gray, green, orange to pink, or brown; occasionally with isidia or schizidia; photobiont: a trentepohlioid alga or Phycopeltis; Ascomata: perithecial, often partly immersed in the thallus, occasionally with hairs or bristles; involucrellum: always present but sometimes inconspicuous; true; exciple: colored or not; yellowish to brownish, orange, reddish or black, often continuous below the hamathecium; hamathecium: composed of unbranched or sparingly branched paraphyses; paraphyses: not anastomosing, non-amyloid; periphyses: present in a; asci: cylindrical or sometimes elongate-ellipsoid or narrowly obclavate, functionally unitunicate, without conspicuous tholus, uniformly thin-walled, often with a tiny refractive apical ring, non-amyloid, 8-spored; ascospores: 2-3 seriate, hyaline, fusiform to filiform, ellipsoid, bifusiform, or oblong, transversely 3-35 septate to muriform with eusepta, 13-120 x 2-20 µm; walls: not ornamented, with or without a gelatinous sheath; Conidiomata: pycnidial, immersed to ± sessile; conidia: bacilliform, rarely with macroconidia; Secondary metabolites: absent or not characterized; Geography: cosmopolitan, but most diverse in the tropics; Substrate: mostly on bark, but also on living leaves, bryophytes, soil and on calcareous or siliceous rock.; Notes: The new (different) systems of generic segregates within Porina as proposed by Harris (1995) and Hafellner and Kalb (1995) are not followed here, because several taxa are known that transcend the proposed borders (McCartney and Malcolm 1997). The genus is characterized by a combination of trentepohlioid photobiont (or Phycopeltis in many foliicolous species), perithecial ascomata with a hamathecium of usually simple paraphyses, uniformly thin-walled, functionally unitunicate asci, and colorless, euseptate and multiseptate to muriform ascospores. 52237 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=52237 Pseudopyrenula Mull. Arg. 2456 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:38 2011-02-02 12:16:38 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Life habit: lichenized or non-lichenized and saprophytic; Thallus: crustose, mostly immersed in the substrate; photobiont: a trentepohlioid alga or absent; Ascomata: perithecial, semi-immersed; Involucrellum: pseudostromatic, blackened, sometimes forming a clypeus; ascomatal wall: black, continuous below the hamathecium; true; exciple: black; hamathecium: composed of branched pseudoparaphyses, anastomosing between and above the asci, non-amyloid, but often yellowish colored (with anthraquinones); asci: bitunicate, cylindrical, with tholus, non-amyloid, 8-spored; ascospores: hyaline, ellipsoid to fusiform, 3-septate with distosepta and occasionally also eusepta, 18-55 x 5.5-17 µm; walls: not ornamented.; Conidiomata: pycnidial; conidia: filiform; Secondary metabolites: lichexanthone in the thallus and/or anthraquinones in the ascomata or absent; Geography: mostly tropical; Substrate: only on bark.; Notes: The genus is characterized by its hyaline, 3-septate ascospores with diamond-shaped lumina due to its irregular distoseptum thickening and its anastomosing hamathecium filaments, in combination with uniloculate ascomata and an immersed to absent thallus. 52239 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=52239 Strigula Fr. 2457 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:38 2011-02-02 12:16:38 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Life habit: lichenized; Thallus: crustose, mostly immersed in the substrate; photobiont: primary one a trentepohlioid alga or Phycopeltis, secondary photobiont absent; Ascomata: perithecial, globose, in upper part conical; involucrellum: present in some species, blackish brown; true; ascomatal wall: black, not continuous below the hamathecium; exciple: dark or pale brown or colorless; hamathecium: composed of branched pseudoparaphyses, anastomosing above the asci, amyloid; asci: bitunicate, cylindrical, with tholus, non-amyloid; ascospores: hyaline, ellipsoid, transversely 1-20-septate to muriform, with eusepta, 2-20 x 8-70 µm; walls: not ornamented; Conidiomata: pycnidial, globose or conical, at least partially immersed; conidia: hyaline, simple to transversely septate to muriform, always with gelatinous appendages, including both macro- (1 or more septate, oblong to fusiform) and microconidia (simple, ellipsoid or narrowly ellipsoid); Secondary metabolites: none detected; Geography: cosmopolitans, but most diverse in the tropics; Substrate: mostly foliicolous, but also on bark, calcareous or non-calcareous rocks.; Notes: The species of this genus occur commonly in the tropics as epiphylls. It is separated from Anisomeridium and Arthopyrenia by the appendaged conidia, the thin, anstomosing hamathecium filaments and the often multiseptate ascospores. 52253 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=52253 Agonimia Zahlbr. 2458 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:38 2011-02-02 12:16:38 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Life Habit: lichenized; Thallus: smooth or granular to finely digitate or minutely squamulose; upper surface: green, grayish green, olivaceous or brownish; anatomy: paraplectenchymatous throughout, composed of ± papillate cells; photobiont: primary one a chlorococcoid alga, secondary photobiont absent; algal cells: 5-11 micro meters in diam., distributed over most of thallus; Ascomata: perithecial, subglobose or pyriform to barrel-shaped, often between squamules or granules, superficial to half-immersed, without an involucrellum; exciple: thick, paraplectenchymatous, ± distinctly 3-layered, black externally, paler or colorless internally, outer surface matt or subnitid, plicate-rugose or smooth; periphyses: present, simple or sparingly branched; interascal filaments absent; hymenial gel I+ blue or orange-red; asci: clavate, thin-walled (I-), with slightly thickened apex that lacks an ocular chamber, (1-) 2- or (4-) 8-spored; ascospores: strongly muriform, hyaline to pale brownish, ellipsoid to elongate-ellipsoid; Conidiomata: pycnidial (known only in one species) small, black; conidia: bacilliform; Secondary metabolites: none detected; Geography: temperate regions of the world; Substrate: soil, detritus, mosses, bark of old trees.; Notes: The genus is closely related to Polyblastia, from which it is separated by ± papillate cortical cells and multi-layered perithecial walls. 52254 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=52254 Catapyrenium Flotow 2459 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:38 2011-02-02 12:16:38 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Life Habit: lichenized; Thallus: squamulose, composed of irregularly arranged squamules or rosulate; attached by a rhizohyphal weft, tufts of rhizohyphae, rhizines, or basal ends of squamules; squamules: dispersed, rounded, contiguous or imbricate, loosely or closely adnate; margins: sometimes ascending, lobed, and/or incised; upper surface: brownish or greenish gray or brown, dull, smooth or minutely scabrose, often whitish pruinose; isidia and soredia: absent (but isidia-like lobules present in one species); upper cortex: paraplectenchymatous, thin (10-30 micro meter thick), composed of rounded-subangular cells 5-8 micro meter in diam., poorly delimited from algal layer, with or without an amorphous epinecral layer; medulla: white, of intricately interwoven hyphae, filamentous or with many spherical cells to subparaplectenchymatous; photobiont: primary one a chlorococcoid alga, secondary photobiont absent; algal cells: 5-12 micro meter in diam.; algal layer: usually 50-100 micro meter high, horizontally continuous, unevenly delimited above and below; lower cortex: paraplectenchymatous or composed of more densely packed, globular medullary cells, or lacking; rhizohyphae (if present at all): colorless or brown; lower surface: pale to black, bare or with loose to dense rhizohyphal weft, hyphal tufts or true rhizines; Ascomata: perithecial, laminal, immersed, subglobose or broadly pyriform, without involucrellum; exciple: hyaline, brownish or brown-black; interascal filaments: absent; hymenial gel: amyloid (I+ orange-red or blue, always blue after pretreatment with K); ostiolar filaments (periphyses): present, simple or sparsely branched; asci: clavate, thin-walled, wall non-amyloid, apically not or slightly thickened, without ocular chamber, 8-spored; ascospores: biseriately arranged, ellipsoid, ovoid to clavate or subfusiform, simple, hyaline, thin-walled, smooth, without halo; Conidiomata: pycnidial (known only from one species), immersed, of Dermatocarpon-type; conidia: short cylindrical; Secondary metabolites: none detected; Geography: arid, semi-arid or arctic-alpine regions of the world and wherever arid microclimates are found; Substrate: soil, detritus, mosses and bark. 52256 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=52256 Endocarpon Hedwig 2460 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:38 2011-02-02 12:16:38 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Life Habit: lichenized; Thallus: squamulose to subfoliose, fruticose in one species; squamules: scattered to contiguous or imbricate, 0.5-10 mm (rarely more) wide, plane to concave or convex, rounded or variously lobed, closely appressed to the substrate or ascending (to erect), attached by folds of the lower side, basal ends of squamules, rhizines, or rhizohyphal wefts; upper surface: various shades of brown, smooth or rugulose to shallowly rimose, dull, lacking isidia and soredia; upper cortex: paraplectenchymatous, 10-100 µm thick, composed of roundish-angular cells, with or without an amorphous epinecral layer; medulla: white (yellow in one species), of intricately interwoven hyphae, filamentous to subparaplectenchymatous; photobiont: primary one a green alga (Stichococcus), secondary photobiont absent; algal cells 5-14 µm in diam.; algal layer: irregularly dispersed or in vertical columns; forming a continuous or discontinuous layer; lower cortex: (sub)paraplectenchymatous or lacking; rhizohyphae colorless or brown; lower surface: pale to carbonaceous, bare, or with rhizohyphal weft, or with rhizines; Ascomata: perithecial, laminal, immersed, broadly pyriform to subglobose, without involucrellum; exciple: hyaline, brown or brown-black to carbonaceous; interascal filaments: evanescent; hymenial gel: amyloid (I+ reddish or blue, KI+ blue); hymenial alga: present, globose to cuboid or elongate; ostiolar filaments (periphyses): present, simple to moderately branched, their walls becoming gelatinized in wet condition; asci: bitunicate, thin-walled, clavate or cylindro-clavate, usually bisporous (rarely mono- or tetrasporous), wall non-amyloid; ascospores: colorless or pale to dark brown, broadly ellipsoid to elongate-ellipsoid to subcylindrical; distal ascospore: mostly shorter and broader than the proximal one, thin-walled, smooth, without halo; Conidiomata: pycnidia, of Staurothele-type, laminally immersed; conidiogenous layer: simple to convoluted; conidia: bacilliform; Secondary metabolites: none detected; Geography: world-wide, mainly temperate; Substrate: soil, detritus, mosses, rocks, rarely bark. 52262 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=52262 Placidiopsis Beltram. 2461 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:38 2011-02-02 12:16:38 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Life habit: lichenized, although may appear lichenicolous when superficially growing on algal/lichen crusts; Thallus: squamulose, attached by a loose rhizohyphal web, a central bundle of rhizohyphae or rhizines; upper surface: continuous, pale to dark brown or greenish gray, dull, smooth or very minutely scabrose, partly with pruina deriving from disintegration of epinecral layer; soredia and isidia absent; upper cortex: absent or as in Catapyrenium, epinecral layer amorphous, composed of dead collapsed cortical cells; medulla: white, filamentous to subparaplectenchymatous; photobiont: primary one a chlorococcoid alga, secondary photobiont absent; lower surface: pale to blackish; Ascomata: perithecial, laminal, broadly pyriform or subglobose, immersed, without or with a small apical involucrellum in one species; exciple: hyaline, brown or brown-black; interascal filaments: absent or soon disappearing (present in early stages of development); ostiolar filaments: present, simple or distally sparsely furcate; asci: clavate, non-amyloid, thin-walled, apically slightly thickened, with a small indentation (ocular chamber), 8-spored; ascospores: ellipsoid, ovoid or subfusiform, hyaline, 2-celled; walls: thin, smooth, without halo; Conidiomata: not seen; Secondary metabolites: none detected; Geography: in arid, semi-arid and arctic-alpine regions of the Northern Hemisphere; Substrate: on soil, detritus, bryophytes, calciferous or non-calcareous rocks or algal/lichen crusts.; Notes: It is closely related to Catapyrenium s. str., from which it is separated by its septate ascospores and the type of ascus apex. 52265 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=52265 Staurothele Norman 2462 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:38 2011-02-02 12:16:38 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Life habit: lichenized; Thallus: crustose, sometimes embedded in substrate and nearly invisible, or smooth or rimose-areolate to bullate areolate, sometimes with radiating marginal areoles, some species very dendroidly arranged; upper surface: gray or various shades of brown, smooth; upper cortex: lacking or rudimentary, algae often found within upper thallus layers; medulla: white; photobiont: primary one an alga (Stichococcus), seconddary photobiont absent; cells: irregularly distributed throughout; lower cortex: absent; hypothallus: present or absent (most North American species); Ascomata: perithecial, simple (without a separate involucrellum) or compound (with darker involucrellum covering the exciple to the base), or subcompound (with a small involucrellum limited to the ostiole region), either embedded in substrate, sessile on the substrate, or within areoles of thicker thalli; apical ostioles: present; periphyses: present; paraphyses: lacking; hymenial gelatin: usually I+ blue in 2-spored species, I+ yellow or red in 8-spored species; hymenium: containing photobiont (Stichococcus mirabilis Lagerheim) which may be spherical or elongate; asci: saccate, verrucarioid, without a distinct ocular chamber, 1-(-8)-spored (when 2-spored the distal spore is usually larger than the basal one); ascospores: hyaline or becoming brown, muriform, with many cells; Conidiomata: pycnidial, laminal, of Dermatocarpon-type; conidia: bacilliform, simple, colorless; Secondary metabolites: none detected; Geography: widespread in temperate to polar regions wherever open rock surfaces occur; sometimes submerged; Substrate: on or in various rocks (including calcareous and siliceous rocks) and made-made substrates (bricks, mortar, etc.). 52266 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=52266 Thelidium A. Massal. 2463 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:38 2011-02-02 12:16:38 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Life habit: lichenized; Thallus: crustose, immersed or superficial, continuous or areolate, or nearly lacking, with or without a dark hypothallus; upper surface: pale grayish to blackish brown; photobiont: primary one a chlorococcoid alga, secondary photobiont absent; Ascomata: perithecial, immersed in thallus or in pits in limestone, or prominent to superficial, subglobose to pyriform; involucrellum: present or absent; exciple: pale or dark, formed of tangentially compressed cells; periphyses: simple to branched; interascal filaments absent; hymenial gel I+ orange-red, KI+ blue; asci: clavate, wall apically thickened, often with a small ocular chamber, non-amyloid, 8-spored; ascospores: biseriate, 1- to 3-septate, occasionally up to 5-septate or with 1-2 longitudinal septa, ellipsoidal to oblong-ellipsoid or ovate, colorless, smooth, non-halonate; Conidiomata: not observed; Secondary metabolites: none detected; Geography: world-wide, mainly temperate; Substrate: usually on rock (mostly limestone), rarely on other substrates, never maritime.; Notes: The genus is closely related to Verrucaria and Polyblastia and only separated by ascospore septation. The spores in Thelidium are mainly 2-celled. 52267 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=52267 Trimmatothele Norman ex Zahlbr. 2464 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:39 2011-02-02 12:16:39 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Life habit: lichenized; Thallus: crustose, superficial or immersed, thin, becoming warty or areolate when well developed, homiomerious, effuse; prothallus: absent; upper surface: pale lime to dark gray or brown-black, smooth; photobiont: chlorococcoid green alga; Ascomata: perithecioid, hemispherical to spherical, brown to black, + immersed, 0.1-0.4 mm wide; ostiole: minute, inconspicuous; involucrellum: absent; true exciple: brown to black, 20-30 µm wide; hamathecium: periphyses: present; hymenial gel I- or I+ yellowish,K/I+ blue; paraphyses: absent or disappearing; hymenium: hyaline, hypothecium: hyaline to pale brown; asci: Verrucaria-like, narrowly cylindrical, tapering apically, thin-walled, up to ca. 180 µm long, multispored; ascospores: ellipsoid, hyaline, simple, 2.5-4.5 x 2-3 µm; Conidiomata: not observed; Secondary metabolites: none detected; Geography: oceanic influenced parts of Europe and California, USA; Substrate: species occurring on either on bark or rocks, including limestone and marl.; Notes: The only other pyrenocarpous genus in the region with a large number of spores per ascus is Thelopsis, but its spores become one-septate and its photobiont is a trentepoid yellow-green alga. The genus has not been revised recently, in part due to lack of adequate collections. A fourth species (T. versipellis Zahlbr.) was originally attributed to the genus, but was transferred to Trimmatothelopsis in the Dermatocarpaceae (Zschacke 1934) due to the presence of paraphyses. As far as we know the latter genus does not occur in North America. 52269 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=52269 Placidium 2465 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:39 2011-02-02 12:16:39 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Life habit: lichenized; Thallus: squamulose; squamules: almost leafy, appressed or with margins free from the substrate; upper surface: various shades of brown, smooth, dull or shiny; upper cortex: paraplectenchymatous, 30-130 µm thick, composed of large (6-20 µm), angular, strongly conglutinated cells with the separating hyphal walls ± thickened above, often overlain by an epinecral layer; medulla: white, composed of irregularly interwoven filamentous hyphae (prosoplectenchymatous), or with ± numerous globular cells; photobiont: primary one a Myrmecia, secondary photobiont absent; algal layer: horizontally continuous, sharply delimited from the upper cortex; algal cells: 7-18 µm in diam.; lower cortex: paraplectenchymatous or composed of more densely aggregated globular cells or lacking; lower surface: pale to black, usually attached by a weft of hyaline or brownish rhizohyphae, with additional true rhizines in a few species; Ascomata: perithecial, laminal, immersed, broadly pyriform or subglobose, without involucrellum; exciple: hyaline or yellowish or brown; interascal filaments: absent; hymenial gel: amyloid, I+ reddish or blue, always blue after pretreatment with K; ostiolar filaments: present; asci: ± cylindrical, thin-walled (I-), without a tholus, 8-spored; ascospores: uniseriate at least when young, ellipsoid to subglobose, obtuse at the poles, aseptate; wall: hyaline, smooth, without thickenings, halo or sculpturing; Conidiomata: pycnidial, Dermatocarpon-type (Harada 1993), multilocular; conidia: oblong-ellipsoid or bacilliform; Secondary metabolites: none detected; Geography: world-wide, but mainly in temperate regions; Substrate: soil, moss, detritus, rock or bark. 52270 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=52270 Placopyrenium 2466 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:39 2011-02-02 12:16:39 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Life habit: lichenized, in some cases lichenicolous in young developmental stages; Thallus: thickly crustose, rimose-areolate, sometimes placodioid, or subsquamulose; areoles: flat or convex to almost bullate; upper surface: smooth, dull or subnitid, whitish-gray pruinose, or naked and brown; upper cortex: paraplectenchymatous, composed of small roundish-angular cells; medulla: white, subparaplectenchymatous; lower and lateral cortices: where present as in upper cortex; photobiont: primary one a chlorococcoid alga, secondary photobiont absent; algal layer: continuous; the algal cells: ± in columns; lower surface: attached with ± constricted bases or stipes, or rhizine-like structures; rhizohyphae: lacking; Ascomata: perithecial, laminal, immersed, subglobose; exciple: colorless or brown to black; involucrellum: lacking (or a very reduced apical lid); interascal filaments: absent; ostiolar filaments: present; asci: clavate, wall not amyloid, 8-spored; ascospores: biseriate, ellipsoid or oblong-ovoid, hyaline, simple or 1-, rarely 3-septate, non-halonate, smooth; Conidiomata: pycnidial, laminal, immersed, Dermatocarpon-type; conidia: subcylindrical to bacilliform; Secondary metabolites: none detected; Geography: world-wide, particularly in temperate, semi-arid regions; Substrate: calciferous or non-calcareous rock. 52276 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=52276 Dictyonema C. Agardh 2467 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:39 2011-02-02 12:16:39 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: usually not evident as a distinct structure, but basidiomata originating from tangled hyphae which in some species form a dark greenish, crust-like growth that may be visible even when basidiomata are absent; Basidiomata: "crustose" (forming a matt-like cover of appressed or erect branched fibrils) to "foliose", often forming semicircular brackets, which are sessile, standing out from the substrate, or resupinate (partly attached, partly lifted up and bent backwards), single or united in rosettes, soft or paper-like, small or to 20 (-25) cm diam.; upper surface: blue- to gray-green, gray to dark or olive green, or whitish or yellowish, often with concentric markings, sometimes unevenly thickened or sulcate (grooved) or zoned, smooth to frequently roughened, or becoming villose, hispid or fibrillose (appearing "combed" hairy or shaggy) due to irregularly to radially arranged filaments of the photobiont; photobiont: primary one a cyanobacterium (Scytonema or sometimes Chroococcus or similar genera), secondary photobiont absent, usually in a well-developed layer in the basidiomata, the filaments surrounded by a coating of longitudinally arranged hyphae; lower surface: smooth and even, to warty or granular, without gills or pores; hymenophores (hymenium-bearing parts) soon or eventually produced, scattered to reticulate or forming low concentric bands, dehiscent, white, cream or buff, smooth to ± tomentose, continuous or broken up; basidiomata anatomy: with monomitic hyphal system, consisting only of diploid (dikaryotic) generative hyphae (giving rise to other hyphal types and to the hymenium) which are thin- to thick-walled, hyaline or yellowish, septate, irregularly branched or at times dichotomous, with or without clamp connections , 3-11 (-13) µm diam.; without sterile bodies (cystidia and gleocystidia); hymenium organized into an irregular but definite palisade layer with thick increments of basidia and basidioles (immature basidia); basidia: in bundles, clavate or subcylindrical, not constricted, 15-30 x 5-9 µm, bearing four slender, slightly curved sterigmata (spore-producing structures); basidiospores: simple, hyaline or yellowish brown, ellipsoid to subcylindrical or almost boat-shaped, smooth, I-, 6-10 x 2.8-5 µm, thin-walled, non-amyloid; Secondary metabolites: none detected; Geography: mostly tropical or subtropical, but some species occurring in boreal-temperate areas; Substrate: trees, mossy rocks and soil.; Notes: Although this genus lacks a true thallus (in the sense of a distinctly developed "vegetative plant body"), some authors have referred to the basidioma, which contains the photobiont, as being the thallus. 52280 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=52280 Leprocaulon albicans (Th. Fr.) Nyl. ex Hue 2468 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:39 2011-02-02 12:16:39 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: fruticose, without persistent primary thallus, extensively covering the substrate in a continuous or discontinuous pattern, sometimes low and congested-pulvinate and forming a dense crust-like growth; central axis: well differenttiated, cloudy and opaque, yellowish-gray, composed of longitudinally parallel hyphae 2.5-3.0 micrometer diam. with outer wall thinner than lumina; outer mantle 15-25 micrometer thick, of lax hyphae 2.5-3.0 micrometer diam., running chiefly longitudinally, enclosing scattered groups of algae; surface: white, whitish gray, bluish white or cream-colored, without distinct yellowish tinge, chalky, subtly whitish arachnoid-tomentose or partly glabrous, brown or brownish towards base, where often ± dying; pseudopodetia: (2-) 1 (-2.5) cm long, 0.2-0.3 mm thick, crowded-caespitose, erect or interwoven, terete, not dorsiventral; sparingly branched (not dichotomously), not dendroid-plumose; without root-like basal structures; phyllocladial granules: distinctly developed, subglobose, 0.10-0.25 mm diam., chalky-whitish to grayish, dull, subtly powdery but not sorediate, with central mass of algae, without medulla, surrounded by a cloudy and semi-opaque tissue of loosely interwoven and floccose hyphae forming an envelope 12-30 um thick; Spot tests: thallus K- to + faint to distinct yellow, C-, KC-, P+ persistent intense yellow (strains I and III), orange-yellow (strain I) or P+ intense orange-red to scarlet-red (strain II); UV- or (strain III [non-Sonoran]) + blue-white; Secondary metabolites: atranorin (sometimes minor), fatty acids (including rangiformic acid in strains I and II), plus (strain I) psoromic acid chemosyndrome, (strain II) protocetraric acid, or (strain III [non-Sonoran]) squamatic and baeomycesic acids.; Substrate and ecology: on detritus with mosses, or over mosses, on open rock faces or in rock crevices, sometimes on soil among grasses between rocks, in quite exposed situations or in moderately shaded places; World distribution: North America in the west and South America; Sonoran distribution: California, Arizona and Chihuahua, 1800-2250 m (all Strain 1). 52282 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=52282 Leprocaulon gracilescens (Nyl.) Lamb & Ward 2469 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:39 2011-02-02 12:16:39 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: morphologically and anatomically indistinguishable from that of L. albicans (see preceeding description); Spot tests: thallus K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P+ persistent, rather pale yellow (rarely P-), UV-; Secondary metabolites: atranorin, unidentified fatty acids, rangiformic acid (accessory).; Substrate and ecology: on soil, or detritus with mosses, over volcanic or other acidic rocks, or in rock crevices, mainly Arctic-alpine; World distribution: western North America, South America and South Africa; Sonoran distribution: eastern and central parts of Arizona, 1830-3100 m.; Notes: Lamb and Ward (1974) suggested that this taxon might be considered as a chemically deficient phase of L. albicans; they gave no rationale for their maintenance of it as a separate species in spite of lumping the other chemotypes as chemical strains, but the distribution pattern of L. gracilescens is somewhat different (common in South Africa and warm temperate areas; absent from the Arctic). The occurrence of rangiformic acid is apparently rare in Sonoran specimens. One specimen from Arizona (Pima Co., 1710 m), tentatively included under this species, contains (in addition to atranorin and unidentified fatty acids), an unidentified substance (Rf 5 in solvent C, purplish and UV- after charring). 52283 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=52283 Leprocaulon microscopicum (Vill.) Gams ex D. Hawksw. 2470 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:39 2011-02-02 12:16:39 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: producing a weakly developed turf or a sorediate crust; primary thallus persistent, granulose-sorediate; central axis: with hyphae parallel, conglutinated, 2.5-3.0 micrometer diam., outer wall thinner than lumina; surface: yellowish-white to often pale greenish or occasionally slightly bluish; subtly arachnoid-tomentose, towards the base glabrous and darkened (brown-blackish or aeruginose-bluish), in herbarium usually developing very fine, azure-blue to whitish, downy mold-like covering (composed of crystals of unknown composition); outer mantle: with hyphae slightly wider than those of axial strand, loosely interwoven; pseudopodetia: usually at least partly well developed, crowded, ± erect, 2-4 (-6) mm high, 0.1-0.2 mm thick, slender, filiform, usually simple in the lower portion, in the upper portion sparingly branched; phyllocladial granules: ± completely covering the surface, mealy-powdery, sorediate, disintegrating and turning green, 35-100 micrometer in diam.; hyphae: slightly over 0.3 micrometer in diam., loosely interwoven; Spot tests: thallus K- or indistinct yellowish, C-, KC+ yellow, P- or indistinct yellowish, UV-; Secondary metabolites: usnic acid and zeorin; rangiformic acid, unidentified fatty acid, and three unidentified substances (all accessory).; Substrate and ecology: on thin soil, detritus, or moss, especially in shaded areas or in crevices associated with ± dry sides of cliff faces and walls, most frequent in coastal sites; World distribution: western North America, Europe, Asia Minor, N. Africa, Macaronesia, Australia; Sonoran distribution: rare in Arizona at c. 2000 m; common in southern California, Baja California and Baja California Sur, at 15-360 m.; Notes: The mold-like covering, similar to that found in various other lichens containing terpenoids along with usnic acid [e.g., many Vermilacinia spp.], is a very distinctive feature of this species, and starts becoming evident (at least under a dissecting microscope) within 5 years or less in the herbarium (much less than the 50 years or more suggested by Lamb and Ward 1974); it should not be confused with occasional true fungal molds (which sometimes occur on specimens of other species, but can usually be distinguished by the presence of tiny globular conidiophores). The color of the thallus in L. microscopicum is rather variable, in our area often more greenish or bluish then yellowish, but is rarely as distinctly whitish or bluish as in L. albicans and L. gracilescens, and (in contrast to some material from other parts of the world) Sonoran specimens consistently contain usnic acid as shown by TLC. The only specimens reported from the Sonoran Region (southern California) by Lamb and Ward (1974) were of Deficient phase IV (containing only usnic acid and zeorin), but we have found occasional specimens from the southern California coast containing atranorin (one also with rangiformic acid and an unknown substance) or various unidentified terpenoids or fatty acids. 52285 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=52285 Clavascidium umbrinum (Breuss) Breuss 2471 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:39 2011-02-02 12:16:39 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: squamulose; squamules: 2-4 mm wide, 200-300 µm thick, roundish or slightly lobed,; upper surface: medium to dark brown, dull; upper cortex: paraplectenchymatous, 20-50 µm thick,; medulla: ± filamentous with hyphae divided into a varying number of spherical cells, with a conspicuous brown basal layer of more densely aggregated spherical cells,; lower cortex: no true developed; lower surface: pale or blackish; rhizohyphae: brown, 4-5.5 µm in diam.; also attached with a few additional brown rhizines; Perithecia: broadly pyriform, up to 0.4 mm broad, with blackish brown walls; asci: clavate, c. 50-70 x 15-25 µm; ascospores: biseriate, ellipsoid, 13-17 x 6-8 µm; Pycnidia: laminal, immersed; conidia: oblong-ellipsoid, 3-4.5 x 1.5 µm; Spot tests: all negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: on soil; World distribution: scattered in Europe and North America where most records are from the periphery of the Great Plains; Sonoran distribution: rarther rare in Arizona, California, Chihuahua and Baja California.; Notes: Characteristic features of the species are its brown basal layer (of varying thickness) and dark perithecial walls. The thallus is rather thin and fragile. 52286 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=52286 Collemopsidium elegans (R. Sant.) Grube & B. D. Ryan 2472 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:39 2011-02-02 12:16:39 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: superficial, thin (up to c. 25 µm thick); surface: brown, matt when dry, shiny and translucent when wet; with abundant carbonaceous ridges and punctae (jugae); jugae: convex, branched and irregularly stellate, typically 0.1 x 0.2-0.5 mm, flattening and broadening at the thallus margin to form a distinct edge; photobiont: a cyanobacterium, Hyella; cells: orange; Perithecia: immersed in the black ridges, 0.1-0.3 mm diam., flattened and circular, with deeply depressed ostioles, base blackened; involucrellum: carbonized, extending part way down over the exciple and spreading; exciple: hyaline to pale; hamathecium: much-branched paraphysoids, persistent; asci: obclavate to subcylindrical, c. 8-spored; ascospores: narrowly ovoid, hyaline, 1-septate, cells unequal in size, 11.5-18 (-20) x 3.5-7 µm; Pycnidia: immersed in the black ridges; conidia: not observed; Spot tests: all negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: on siliceous or ultramafic rocks in the littoral zone; World distribution: Europe, North and South America; Sonoran distribution: southern California (Santesson 1992).; Notes: The species is well characterized by the superficial ridges, which often give the thallus an effigurate appearance. 52287 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=52287 Collemopsidium halodytes (Nyl.) Grube & B. D. Ryan 2473 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:39 2011-02-02 12:16:39 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: superficial and to nearly 100 µm thick; surface: yellow-brown to dull brown, often glossy, scabrid in sheltered sites, subgelatinous; photobiont: a cyanobacterium, Hyella; cells: orange, small, up to 12 um in diam.; Perithecia: 0.2-0.25 (-0.3) mm diam., sessile on siliceous rocks, flattened, with a black ring around the ostiole (resembling life savers, especially when wet) and a pale base, globose and immersed on calcareous substrate 12-20 (-27) x 5-8 (-10) µm; involucrellum: sometimes distinct; asci: ovoid to subcylindrical, c. 8-spored; ascospores: narrowly ovoid, hyaline, 1-septate, cells unequal in size,; Pycnidia: 60-80 µm diam; conidia: bacilliform to ellipsoid, 2.5-3.5 x 0.5-1 um; Spot tests: all negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: on siliceous rocks, also superficial on limestone and shells (barnacles, limpets, etc.) in the littoral zone; World distribution: widespread in Northern Hemisphere; Sonoran distribution: coastal California [reported from central part, but likely to also occur in southern part].; Notes: This widespread, morphologically variable taxon needs further study and may include several species. 52288 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=52288 Collemopsidium sublitoralis (Leight.) Grube & B. D. Ryan 2474 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:39 2011-02-02 12:16:39 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: entirely immersed or very sparse; surface: apparently white or whitish green; photobiont: a cyanobacterium, Hyella; cells: orange; Perithecia: to 0.2-0.6 (-1.5) mm diam. [on soft chalk, half-immersed by erosion of the substratum, to 1 mm on limestone and then subsessile (even on hard rock)]; black; ostioles not prominent; involucrellum: brown-black, extending part way down over the exciple and spreading; exciple: hyaline to pale brown, to 200 µm diam.; hamathecium: much-branched paraphysoid network, somewhat persistent; asci: subcylindrical to cylindrical, c. 8-spored; ascospores: narrowly ovoid, hyaline, 1-septate, cells unequal in size, 12-20 (-24) x 5-7 (-10) µm; Spot tests: all negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: on calcareous rocks amongst seaweeds in the sublittoral zone, especially ridges uncolonized by barnacles, and on shells (barnacles and limpets); World distribution: Europe, west coast in North America, and New Zealand; Sonoran distribution: coastal California [reported from central part; may also occur in southern part].; Notes: In many treatments prior to 1992 this species was treated as a synonym of C. halodytes. Santesson (1992) distinguishes the species on the basis of the immersed thallus. However, C. sublitoralis has a whitish thallus and larger, more prominent perithecia. This species is not yet reported from the area, but it is likely to occur. 52290 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=52290 Digitothyrea divergens (Henss.) Moreno & Egea 2475 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:39 2011-02-02 12:16:39 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology lobes: predominantly erect, 0.5-1 mm wide, repeatedly branched; branchlets: diverging, rarely broadened or furcate at tips; upper surface: black, rough due to numerous small globose isidia (50-250 µm) that may become scale-like (up to 0.5 mm wide); lower surface: furrowed; Apothecia: not seen in Sonoran samples; elsewhere, marginal, stipitate, lecanorine, up to 1 mm wide, with persisting thalline margin; disc: dark red, open; exciple: lacking; hymenium: up to 100 µm high, amyloid; paraphyses: distinctly septate, sparingly branched and anastomosing, apical cells indistinctly thickened; hypothecium: ± inverse cone-shaped, elongated as a stipe into the central strand; asci: 8-spored, sometimes fewer; ascospores: simple, hyaline, broadly ellipsoid, often poorly developed, 12-14 x 7-8 µm; walls: thin; Pycnidia: immersed, marginal, ± globose, c. 0.15 mm wide; conidia: cylindrical, hyaline, 2.5-4 x 1 µm; Spot tests: all negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: on volcanic rocks, with D. polyglossa on steep rock faces rocky slopes; (presumably coastal to) montane; World distribution: Kenya, Cape Verde Islands, South Yemen, Socotra Island, SW North America; Sonoran distribution: Baja California Sur and Sonora.; Notes: It is difficult to separate from D. polyglossa, see notes below. 52291 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=52291 Digitothyrea polyglossa (Nyl.) Morreno & Egea 2476 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:39 2011-02-02 12:16:39 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: foliose (to fruticose), umbilicate, deeply branched rosettes or cushions, lobules usually flat on the substrate, central lobules in very polyphyllous thalli ± erect, 0.5-1.5 mm wide, stretched, sparingly branched, often with broadened or furcate tips,; upper surface: black, with coarse globose isidia (50-250 µm) that usually become scale-like (c. 0.5 mm),; lower surface: furrowed; Apothecia: rare, sessile to stipitate, marginal, rarely on laminal folds, lecanorine, 0.25-0.6 mm wide, with a persisting thalline margin; disc: dark red; exciple: lacking; hymenium: up to 140 µm high, hyaline, amyloid; paraphyses: distinctly septate, sparingly branched and anastomosing, apical cells indistinctly thickened; hypothecium: ± inverse cone-shaped, up to 70 µm high, hyaline; asci: 8-spored; ascospores: rarely well developed, simple, hyaline, broadly ellipsoid, sometimes curved, 9.5-14 x 4.5-9.5 µm; walls: thin; Pycnidia: immersed, ± globose, c. 0.25 mm wide; pycnidial wall: convoluted with age; conidia: cylindrical, hyaline, 2.5-4 x 1 µm; Spot tests: all negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: on (calcareous) volcanic rocks, limestone or siliceous rock; on steep, sheltered or shaded rock faces, in clefts and along seepage tracks; coastal to montane; World distribution: SW North and Central America; Sonoran distribution: obviously confined to strictly Sonoran Desert habitats in Arizona, Sonora, Sinaloa and Baja California Sur, not extending northwards onto the Colorado Plateau or high altitudes in southern Arizona.; Notes: It is distinguished from D. divergens by the predominatly flat rosettes with fewer lobules, and the more sparingly branched and slightly broader lobes with less pronounced diverging tips that are often broadened or shortly furcate. 52292 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=52292 Gloeoheppia polyspora Henssen 2477 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:39 2011-02-02 12:16:39 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology squamules: (0.25-) 0.5-2 (-3) mm wide, densely aggregated; surface: blackish brown when dry, dirty brownish olive or brownish yellow when moistened; attachment: by rhizoidal strands or small, indistinct umbilicus; Apothecia: semi-immersed to sessile, zeorine, up to 0.5 mm wide, with persisting thalline margin; disc: at first punctiform, later open, often depressed, brownish; exciple: distinct, of strongly gelatinized hyphae, 12.5-20 µm wide, hyaline; epihymenium: yellowish-brown; hymenium: up to 125 µm high, hyaline, iodine reaction variable; paraphyses: distinctly septate, branched and anastomosing, apical cells thickened (3.5-5 µm); asci: 16-32-spored; ascospores: small, simple, hyaline, broadly ellipsoid to globose, 5 (-7.5) x 5 µm; walls: thin; Pycnidia: immersed, globose, 0.075-0.1 mm wide; pycnidial wall: convoluted with age; conidia: cylindrical, hyaline, 3 x 1 µm; Spot tests: all negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: on granite, rhyolite, rarely on calcareous crusts over siliceous rock (caliche) or limestone; on sheltered or shaded boulders in rocky slopes, wash -es etc.; coastal to montane; World distribution: SW North America; Sonoran distribution: central and southern Arizona; Baja California Sur, Sonora and Sinaloa.; Notes: It grows intermingled with other crustose-squamulose species (e.g. Phloeopeccania spp.) and sometimes it is hard to separate. Moistening identifies the subgelatinous nature of the thallus because of a distinct change in color from blackish brown to lighter brownish olive or brownish yellow. 52294 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=52294 Hubbsia californica (RSsSnen) W.A. Weber 2478 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:39 2011-02-02 12:16:39 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: subfruticose to subfoliose, solid; lobes: marginal parts c. globular; central parts often with ± terete but c. dorsivental towards the tips, lumbricoid (worm-like), appressed branches; lobe surface: creamy-white to ivory white, smooth; soredia absent; medulla: white with lowermost parts brown or yellowish brown; Ascomata: numerous, lirelliform with branched lirellae; hymenium: 60 µm high; paraphysoids: reticulately and richly branched, conglutinated, hyaline, c. 1 µm in diam.; asci: clavate, c. 75 x 13 µm, 8-spored; ascospores: fusiform, 3-4 septate, hyaline, 15-18 x 4-5 µm; Spot tests: cortex K-, C+ red, KC+ red, P-; medulla K-, C+ red, KC+ red, P-; Secondary metabolites: erythrin and lecanoric acid (both major); montagnetol and orsellinic acid (both minor); three other minor substances are probably hydrolysis or methanolysis products.; Substrate and ecology: on vertical rocks and cliffs near the ocean; individuals often growing in masses covering several square meters; World and Sonoran distribution: only known from a few localities on the Baja California mainland and on Guadalupe Island.; Notes: Hubbsia californica is characterized by its solid thallus with lumbricoid lobes in the central parts and the complete absence of soredia. 52295 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=52295 Hubbsia parishii (Hasse) Tehler, Lohtander, Myllys & Sundin 2479 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:39 2011-02-02 12:16:39 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: subfruticose to subfoliose, hollow, approximately globular also in central parts; lobe surface: creamy white to ivory white,; soredia: coarse in maculiform soralia, becoming confluent in the central parts of thallus; medulla: white with lowermost parts brown; Ascomata: absent or sparse, lirelliform with branched lirellae; hymenium: 60 µm high; paraphysoids: reticulately and richly branched, conglutinated, hyaline, c. 1 µm in diam.; asci: clavate, c. 75 x 13 µm, 8-spored; ascospores: fusiform, 3-4 septate, hyaline, 16-17 x 4-5 µm; Spot tests: cortex K-, C+ red, KC+ red, P-; medulla K-, C+ red, KC+ red, P-; Secondary metabolites: erythrin and lecanoric acid (major), montagnetol and orsellinic acid (minor) and three other minor unknowns that are probably hydrolysis or methanolysis products.; Substrate and ecology: on vertical rocks and cliffs near the ocean; individuals occasionally growing in masses covering several square meters but near the ocean preferring sheltered crevices and often beneath overhangs; World and Sonoran distribution: the Channel Islands of southern California south to central Baja California.; Notes: Hubbsia parishii is characterized by its hollow thallus lobes and usual presence of soredia. 52296 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=52296 Lobariella crenulata (Hook. in Kunth) Yoshim. 2480 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:39 2011-02-02 12:16:39 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: foliose, circular in outline or irregularly spreading, up to 15 cm wide, loosely adnate to adnate, lobate; lobes: flat to convex, discrete, loosely imbricate, short linear, 2-5 mm long, mostly 0.5-2 mm wide, tips truncate, strongly crenulate; upper surface: pale gray to ash colored (ochre in herbarium), dull or somewhat shiny, emaculate; pseudocyphellae punctiform to sublinear, up to 1.3 mm long and 0.12 mm wide; without soredia or isidia; upper cortex: paraplectenchymatous, c. 35 micrometer thick, composed of 4-5 layers, lumina 2-4 micrometer diam., brown; medulla: white, c. 200 micrometer thick, often with internal cephalodia; lower cortex: c. 20-25 micrometer thick, composed of 3-4 layers, pale brown; lower surface: pale brown, densely short (>10 [or 25] micrometer long) tomentose, moderately rhizinate; rhizines: simple, up to 0.1 mm long, concolorous with lower surface; Apothecia: laminal, stipitate, up to 8 mm diam., margin crenulate; disc: red brown; epithecium: brown, c. 10 micrometer thick; hymenium: hyaline below, c. 120 micrometer thick, I+ blue; subhymenium colorless, c. 40 micrometer thick; hypothecium c. 20 micrometer thick; paraphyses: simple, cylindrical, septate; asci: obclavate, 8-spored; ascospores: acicular, 7-septate at maturity, colorless, 70-90 x 5 micrometer; Pycnidia: immersed, punctiform, upper portion blackish brown; conidia: not seen; Spot tests: upper surface K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P-; medulla K-, C-, KC+ rose, P-; Secondary metabolites: cortex with substance "A"; medulla with gyrophoric acid (major) and 4-O-methyl gyrophoric acid (minor).; Habitat and ecology: on bark or rock in very humid microclimates; World distribution: Mexico to northern Chile, northern New Zealand and Pacific Islands from Easter Island to Hawaii; Sonoran distribution: Sierra Madre Occidental region of central Sinaloa. 52297 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=52297 Lobariella exornata (Zahlbr.) Yoshim. 2481 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:39 2011-02-02 12:16:39 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: foliose, circular in outline or irregularly spreading, up to 10 cm wide, loosely adnate to adnate, irregularly lobate; lobes: flat to convex, discrete, loosely imbricate, short linear, 2-5 mm long, mostly 0.5-2 mm wide, tips rounded, entire or weakly crenulate; upper surface: pale gray to ash colored (pale brown in herbarium), dull or somewhat shiny, emaculate; pseudocyphellae irregularly rounded to sublinear, up to 0.7 mm long and 0.13 mm wide, isidiate; isidia: laminal, cylindrical, simple; soredia absent; upper cortex: paraplectenchymatous, 20-30 micrometer thick, composed of 4-5 layers, lumina up to 7 micrometer diam., pale brown; medulla: white, 100-110 micrometer thick, often with internal cephalodia; lower cortex: c. 20-25 micrometer thick, composed of 3-4 layers, pale brown; lower surface: brown to brownish black centrally, densely short (>8 [or 35] micrometer long) tomentose, moderately rhizinate; rhizines: simple, up to 1.2 mm long, pale brown initially and darkening with age; Apothecia: rare, laminal, stipitate, up 3 mm diam., margin weakly lobate, often densely isidiate; disc: reddish to blackish brown; epithecium: reddish brown, c. 10 micrometer thick; hymenium: hyaline below, c. 100-120 micrometer thick, I+ blue; subhymenium pale brown, 20-30 micrometer thick; hypothecium colorless, c. 20 micrometer thick; paraphyses: simple, cylindrical, septate; asci: obclavate, 8-spored; ascospores: acicular, 7-septate at maturity, colorless, 90-105 x 8-9 micrometer; Pycnidia: not seen; Spot tests: upper surface K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P-; medulla K-, C-, KC+ rose, P-; Secondary metabolites: cortex with substance "A"; medulla with gyrophoric acid (major).; Habitat and ecology: on bark or rock in very humid microclimates; World distribution: Mexico to Brazil, including the West Indies; Sonoran distribution: Sierra Madre Occidental region of central Sinaloa.; Notes: Lobariella exornata is only tentatively identified for the Sonoran region, although it does occur at the northern end of the Sierra Madre Oriental in Tamaulipas. 52298 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=52298 Lobariella subexornata (Yoshim.) Yoshim. 2482 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:39 2011-02-02 12:16:39 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: foliose, circular in outline or irregularly spreading, up to 15 cm wide, loosely adnate, lobate; lobes: flat to convex, irregular, loosely imbricate, mostly 0.5-2 mm wide, tips rounded, entire or weakly crenulate; upper surface: ashy colored to whitish ochre (olive ochre in herbarium), dull or somewhat shiny, emaculate; pseudocyphellae irregularly punctiform to sublinear, up to 1.5 mm long and 0.05 mm wide, isidiate; isidia: laminal to marginal, hemispherical initially, becoming dorsiventral, simple or branched; soredia absent; upper cortex: paraplectenchymatous, c. 30 micrometer thick, composed of c. 4 layers, lumina up to 7 micrometer diam., pale brown to brown externally; medulla: white, 85-150 micrometer thick, often with internal cephalodia; lower cortex: c. 20 micrometer thick composed of 2-3 layers, pale brown; lower surface: brown to brownish black centrally, densely ( up to 200 micrometer long) tomentose, moderately rhizinate; rhizines: simple, up to 2 mm long, pale brown initially and darkening with age; Apothecia: rare, laminal, stipitate, up 3 mm diam., margin weakly lobate, often densely isidiate; disc: reddish to blackish brown; epithecium: reddish brown, c. 10 micrometer thick; hymenium: hyaline below, c. 100-120 micrometer thick, I+ blue; subhymenium pale brown, c. 20-30 micrometer thick; hypothecium colorless, c. 20 micrometer thick; paraphyses: simple, cylindrical, septate; asci: obclavate, 8-spored; ascospores: acicular, 7-septate at maturity, colorless, 90-105 x 8-9 micrometer; Pycnidia: not seen; Spot tests: upper surface K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P-; medulla K-, C-, KC+ rose, P-; Secondary metabolites: cortex with pseudocyphellarin A; medulla with gyrophoric acid (major), 4-O-methyl gyrophoric acid (minor) and unknowns.; Habitat and ecology: on bark or rock in very humid microclimates; World distribution: central Mexico to Brazil, including the West Indies and Hawaii; Sonoran distribution: Sierra Madre Occidental region of Sinaloa. 52299 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=52299 Moelleropsis nebulosa (Hoffm.) Gyelnik 2483 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:39 2011-02-02 12:16:39 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Life habit: lichenized; Thallus: crustose, leprarioid, thin to thick, granular to effuse, becoming irregularly cracked with age; granules: crowded, ellipsoid, corticate, 0.03-0.1 mm diam.; upper surface: blue-gray to gray-blue-black, smooth to roughened; upper cortex: poorly differentiated; photobiont: primary one a species of Nostoc, secondary photobiont absent; Apothecia: sessile or often sunken between thallus granules that may form a thalline exciple, up to 1 mm diam.; disc: becoming convex, pinkish brown to brown, with an irregular, granular thalline margin; proper exciple: paraplectenchymatous, composed of radiating hyphae, up to 100 µm thick; hymenium: I+ blue-green turning brown, up to 100 µm high; paraphyses: simple, straight, septate, conglutinate, externally brown; hypothecium: pale brown, of intricately interwoven hyphae; asci: apically thickened, narrowly cylindrical, thin-walled; apex with an I+ blue apical dome, 8-spored; ascospores: simple, colorless, ellipsoid, smooth, sometimes attenuated at one end with a single large oil droplet, 10-15 (-20) x 5-8 µm; Pycnidia: unknown; Spot tests: all negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: on sandy, well-drained soil, frequently as a short-lived pioneer species on disturbed soil; World distribution: temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere, rare; Sonoran distribution: thus far only known in the Channel Islands on Santa Cruz in southern California.; Notes: Potentially M. nebulosa may be confused with Fuscopannaria cyanolepra, a species that also occurs on soil. The latter species has a more striking plumbeous color and has corticated, olive-brown squamules centrally. A second subspecies, M. nebulosa ssp. frullaniae Maass is known from eastern Canada and southwestern Europe, but has not been found in the Sonoran region. 52301 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=52301 Oropogon bicolor Essl. 2484 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:39 2011-02-02 12:16:39 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: caespitose, up to 12 cm long; branching: isotomically dichotomous, internodes mostly 3-6 (-9) mm long; branches: terete, main ones up to 1 mm diam., rarely with scattered lateral and terminal spinules; surface: tan to brown or dark brown, with black areas that are usually more frequent and merging together in old parts, occasionally mostly black, smooth; soredia: very rare, granular, associated with the pseudocyphellae; pseudocyphellae: usually frequent and conspicuous, open to the hollow thallus center; medulla: white to dingy off-white, very rarely with yellow pigmented areas, granular, hollow and thin, often patchy in older parts; Apothecia: not seen in Sonoran material, elsewhere infrequent, lateral, up to 4 mm diam.; margin: entire to weakly crenulate, sometimes eroded; disc: concave to plane or slightly convex; hymenium: 145-205 µm thick; asci: clavate, 1-spored; ascospores: ellipsoid, muriform, brown, 105-135 (150) x 30-42 µm; Pycnidia: not seen; Spot tests: cortex K-, C-, KC-, P-; medulla K- or K+ dingy orange, C-, KC- or KC+ faintly rose, P- or P+ orange; Secondary metabolites: medulla with fumarprotocetraric acid (major to trace) and protocetraric acid (trace) and unknowns (trace or absent).; Substrate and ecology: on pine bark in montane oak-pine forests; World distribution: northern South America along the Andes to Bolivia, the Carribean and Central America to Mexico; Sonoran distribution: only known from one locality in the Sierra Madre Occidental in southern Sinaloa.; Notes: This species was initially published as Alectoria fusconitida, but that name is rejected as a nomen nudum. The mottled thallus surface, and the thin, hollow medulla distinguishes this species from all others, especially when fumarprotocetraric acid is present, giving the medulla a P+ orange reaction. This species sometimes lacks medullary substances, however, and is one of only two species known to do so (the other being the Venezuelan species O. byssaceus Essl., which has a loose, cottony, well-filled medulla, and can be readily distinguished from P- specimens of O. bicolor). Only one, rather sparse collection of this species was seen, very near the limit for inclusion in this work. 52302 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=52302 Oropogon lopezii Esslinger 2485 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:39 2011-02-02 12:16:39 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: pendent, up to 30 (-34) cm long; branching: mainly isotomically dichotomous with occasional anisotomic dichotomies, internodes 6-18 (-25) mm long; branches: terete, main ones up to 0.7 mm in diam.; surface: gray-white to gray-brown or pure brown, smooth; pseudocyphellae: usually frequent, open to delimited hollow areas or voids in the medulla; medulla: white, hyphal to rather granular, with interspersed areas of solid-filled medulla and hollow medulla or voids; Apothecia: not seen in Sonoran material, elsewhere common, lateral, up to 4 mm diam.; margin: entire to strongly crenate, in larger apothecia usually with white pseudocyphellae; disc: ± flat to convex or reflexed; hymenium 125-160 µm thick; asci: clavate, 1-spored; ascospores: ellipsoid, brown, muriform, 74-97 x 23-32 µm; Pycnidia: not seen; Spot tests: cortex K- or K+ faint dingy yellow, C-, KC- or KC+ very faint rose, P- or P+ yellow-orange to red-orange (see discussion below); medulla K- or K+ dingy yellow, C-, KC+ rose, P+ orange to red-orange; Secondary metabolites: medulla (and sometimes the cortex) with protocetraric acid (major) and sometimes trace unknowns.; Substrate and ecology: on conifers in montane oak-pine forests; World distribution: northern South America, the Carribean and Central America to Mexico; Sonoran distribution: only known from one locality in the Sierra Madre Occidental in southern Sinaloa.; Notes: If the perforate pseudocyphellae are overlooked, this species might be mistaken for a large, pendent Bryoria, a genus that occurs more commonly to the north. The dark, mostly brown forms of O. lopezii (like the single Sonoran specimen seen) may lack cortical spot tests, although usually the palest terminal branches will react with P. These brown specimens are likely to be confused with O. halei Essl., which is always brown, but differs by having a distinctly hollow medulla and unusual discs of medullary tissue which delimit the area behind the pseudocyphellae. 52303 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=52303 Protopannaria pezizoides (Weber) P. M Joerg. & S. Ekman 2486 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:39 2011-02-02 12:16:39 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: small-squamulose, forming compact mats over the substrate; hypothallus: poorly developed and inconspicuous; squamules: small, up to 1 mm wide and up to 200 µm thick, often imbricate; upper surface: gray, bluish gray to dark brown (when wet), sometimes with a reddish tinge; upper cortex: paraplectenchymatous, 40-50 µm thick; medulla: composed of intricately interwoven, lax plectenchyma, 20-40 µm thick and merging into the hypothallus below; photobiont: a cyanobacterium (Nostoc, forming clumps); Apothecia: common, often aggregated, up to 2 mm in diam., flat to convex, with a strong crenulate thalline margin; disc: bright orange-brown to dark brown; exciple: subparaplectenchymatous, up to 40 µm thick; hymenium: I+ dark blue, up to 150 µm high; paraphyses: simple, septate, slightly clavate at apices; asci: clavate to subcylindrical, 8-spored.; ascospores: simple, colorless, ellipsoid, 25-30 x 9-12 µm (including the distinct, warted epispore; otherwise 19-25 x 8-10 µm); Conidiomata: pycnidial; Spot tests: all reactions negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: on damp mosses or soil, mainly in montane regions; World distribution: widespread in the cool, temperate regions of the Southern and Northern Hemispheres, mountains of East Africa; Sonoran distribution: high elevations in Douglas fir and spruce-fir zones above 2500 m in the mountains of central and eastern Arizona.; Notes: It is characterized by the numerous, conspicuous brightly colored apothecia with a pertsistant granular thalline margin, and the often brownish, nearly crustose thallus, though often confused with Psoroma hypnorum, a species found in similar habitats, which is easily distinguish on its greenish squamulose thallus and large, convex apothecia with squamulose thalline margin. Protopannaria pezizoides contains a cyanobacterium and hence is very dark bluish brown when wet; whereas P. hypnorum is bright green when wet due to its chlorococcoid alga. 52304 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=52304 Stromatella bermudana (Riddle) Henssen 2487 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:40 2011-02-02 12:16:40 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: crustose-areolate; areoles: 0.5-2 mm wide, up to 0.75 mm thick, ± angular,; surface: black, tessellate due to vertical growth of slender, elongated, densely aggregated lobules [50-75(-100) µm long]; anatomy: densely reticulate, almost paraplectenchymatous; lower side: attached to the substrate by thick bundles of rhizohyphae; Apothecia: immersed to sessile, zeorine, 1-3 per areole, up to 0.75 mm wide; disc: dark reddish, flat, sometimes umbonate, thalline margin persisting, thin, often somewhat crenulate or nodulose; exciple: thin but distinct, up to 15 µm wide, faintly yellowish-brown colored; epihymenium: reddish-brown; hymenium: up to 125 µm high, hyaline, amyloid; paraphyses: distinctly septate, sparingly branched and anastomosing, apically often richly branched and cells distinctly moniliform, up to 5 µm wide and yellowish-brown colored; hypothecium: sometimes elongated as a stipe; asci: 8-spored; ascospores: simple, hyaline, broadly ellipsoid, (12.5-) 15-17.5 (-20) x 7.5 (-10) µm; walls: thin; Pycnidia: immersed, globose to broadly pyriform, 0.075-0.1 mm in diam.; conidia: cylindrical, 3 x 1 µm; Spot tests: all negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: on limestone in sheltered, steep or exposed faces of boulders in rocky slopes in chaparral and woodlands; World distribution: SW North America and Bermuda; Sonoran distribution: limestone deposits in central Arizona and southern California.; Notes: The Sonoran material matches all features of S. bermudana except that stroma were not found. The species also resembles species of Psorotichia and Porocyphus from which it is distinguished by the tessellate surface of its areoles (best seen at a higher magnification, 40x) and the rather large size of its areoles. Paulia gibbosa has a similar tessellate surface and surface areoles of the same size, but differs in its loosely reticulate anatomy with larger photobiont cells (>10 µm), the larger, bulging, peltate squamules (4-6.5 mm wide), the smaller apothecia (up to 0.3 mm wide) and its type of ascoma development. 52305 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=52305 Syncesia depressa (Tuck.) Tehler 2488 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:40 2011-02-02 12:16:40 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: crustose, tomentose, non-rimose; surface: creamy to white, 0.01-0.06 mm thick, smooth, slightly pruinose, soredia absent; prothallus absent; cortex: not developed; medulla: indistinct; Ascomata: stromatoid (pseudomonocarpocentric), very rarely apothecioid, in synascomata, up to 1.6 mm in diam.; individual discs: flat or slightly convex, 0.05-0.3 mm diam, usually ± tomentose; thalline exciple: level with the disc, without cortex and algae; proper exciple: present, thin; epithecium: light brown to brown, 20-30 µm thick; hymenium: hyaline, 70-80 µm high; paraphysoids: hyaline, sparsely branched, parallel, c. 1 µm in diam.; asci: clavate, 60-70 x 10-15 µm, 8-spored; ascospores: fusiform, hyaline, 3-septate, 41-48 x 4 µm; Pycnidia: not seen; Spot tests: thallus K+ yellow-reddish (K- if norstictic in very low concentration), C-, KC-, P+ orange; UV+ cream-colored; Secondary metabolites: norstictic acid.; Substrate and ecology: in bark, growing on trees and shrubs; World distribution: known from a few localities in Curaçao, Colombia, Venezuela, and Florida, USA; Sonoran distribution: one locality in Sinaloa, near Mazatlán. 52359 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=52359 Protothelenella sphinctrinoidella (Nyl.) H. Mayrh. & Poelt 2489 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:40 2011-02-02 12:16:40 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: indistinct, thin; upper surface: membrane-like, evanescent, pale gray, greenish when wet; prothallus: absent; Perithecia: 0.1-0.3 mm diam., sessile to slightly immersed, black, rounded to pyriform, discrete, very rarely 2-4 contiguous; exciple: dull greenish above (K+ violaceous), paler below, 15-20 µm thick; asci: cylindrical, 8-spored; ascospores: colorless, submuriform, elongate or narrowly ellipsoid, 22-33 x 7-10 µm; Pycnidia: not seen; Spot tests: all negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: encrusting dead mosses and dead lichen thalli, rarely on acid soil and plant detritus in upper montane to alpine habitats; World distribution: mountains of central Europe, northern Europe, North America; Sonoran distribution: only known from one locality in Apache National Forest in Arizona at 3000 m.; Notes: This species is characterized by an indistinct thallus, small sessile black perithecia with a dull greenish exciple and elongate submuriform ascospores. Another species known from North America is Protothelenella sphinctrinoides (Nyl.) H. Mayrhofer & Poelt, which is distinguished by larger partly immersed perithecia and larger muriform ascospores. 52366 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=52366 Julella lactea (A. Massal.) M. E. Barr 2490 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:40 2011-02-02 12:16:40 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: continuous, immersed in the substrate; upper surface: whitish, smooth dull; photobiont: absent; Perithecia: hemispherical, black, semi-immersed in the thallus, c. 0.4-1 mm diam.; involucrellum: dark brown; exciple thin, pale brown; ascomatal wall: black, absent below the hamathecium; hamathecium: branched pseudoparaphyses, anastomosing above the asci; filaments: c. 1 micrometer wide, not inspersed with oil droplets; asci: cylindrical to clavate, c. 70-90 x 20-23 micrometer, thick-walled, with 2-6, irregularly arranged ascospores; ascospores: hyaline, long ellipsoid to clavate, densely muriform, 22-28 x 9-13 micrometer; walls: not ornamented, with a c. 2-4 micrometer wide gelatinous sheath; Pycnidia: not seen; Spot tests: all negative, UV negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: on bark of various woody plants, including Euphorbia and Rhus; World distribution: pantropical or possibly nearly cosmopolitan; Sonoran distribution: collected several times in California (including the Channel islands), Baja California and in Sonora. 52370 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=52370 Julella vitrispora (Cooke & Harkness) M. E. Barr 2491 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:40 2011-02-02 12:16:40 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: continuous, immersed in the substrate; upper surface: whitish, dull, smooth; photobiont: absent; Perithecia: hemispherical, black, semi-immersed in the thallus, c. 0.5-1 mm diam.; involucrellum: dark brown; exciple: thin; Ascomatal wall: black, absent below the hamathecium; hamathecium: branched pseudoparaphyses, anastomosing above the asci; filaments: c. 1 micrometer wide, not inspersed with oil droplets; asci: clavate, c. 70-100 x 20-25 micrometer, thick-walled, with 8, irregularly arranged ascospores; ascospores: hyaline, long ellipsoid to broadly fusiform, densely muriform, 25-40 x 8-13 micrometer; walls: not ornamented, without or with a c. 2-4 micrometer wide gelatinous sheath; Pycnidia: not seen; Spot tests: all negative, UV negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: on bark of various woody plants, including Salvia, Jatropha, Lonicera, Quercus, Bursera; World distribution: pantropical or possibly nearly cosmopolitan; Sonoran distribution: rather common; recorded from California (including the Channel Islands), Baja California Sur and Sonora. 52371 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=52371 Julella sericea (A. Massal.) Coppins 2492 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:40 2011-02-02 12:16:40 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: continuous, effuse, immersed in the substrate; upper surface: pale gray or yellowish gray, glossy, smooth; photobiont: absent; Perithecia: hemispherical, black, semi-immersed in the thallus, c. 0.2-0.5 mm diam.; involucrellum: dark brown; true exciple: 200-400 micrometer diam.; ascomatal wall: black, absent below the hamathecium; hamathecium: branched pseudoparaphyses, anastomosing above the asci; filaments: c. 1 micrometer wide, not inspersed with oil droplets; asci: clavate, thick-walled, c. 70-100 x 17-23 micrometer, with 8, irregularly arranged ascospores; ascospores: hyaline, long ellipsoid to narrowly ovoid, submuriform, 14-20 x 6-10 (15-25 x 10-15 excluding perispore - in Purvis et al. [1992]) micrometer; walls: not ornamented, without or with a c. 2-3 micrometer wide gelatinous sheath; Pycnidia: black; conidia: bacilliform, 8-10 x 1-1.5 mu; Spot tests: all negative, UV negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: on bark of various woody plants, mostly on Abies, Acer and Quercus; World distribution: pantropical or possibly nearly cosmopolitan; Sonoran distribution: common in southern Arizona, furthermore collected in Chihuahua, Sinaloa and Baja California Sur. 52377 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=52377 Thelenella hassei (Zahlbr.) H. Mayrh. 2493 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:40 2011-02-02 12:16:40 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: thin, superficial, membranous to rimose; upper surface: greenish to olive-gray, smooth; prothallus: absent; Perithecia: immersed, dispersed, 0.3 to 0.5 mm diam.; ostiole: dark brown; involucrellum: absent; exciple: colorless below, brownish above; hamathecium: composed of persistent paraphyses, richly branched and anastomosed; periphysoids towards the inner side of the ostiole; periphyses absent; asci: cylindrical, 4- to 8-spored; ascospores: brown, muriform, with 6-8 lateral and 2-3 longitudinal septa, ellipsoid to narrowly ellipsoid, 25-40 x 10-17 µm; Pycnidia: not seen; Spot tests: all negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: on bark (Juglans californica and Prunus ilicifolia); World distribution: southern California and Mediterranean Europe; Sonoran distribution: the Santa Monica Range and Catalina Island in southern California.; Notes: This species is characterized by its relatively thin thallus and brown ascospores. In contrast, Thelenella modesta has colorless ascospores. 52379 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=52379 Thelenella inductula (Nyl.) H. Mayrh. 2494 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:40 2011-02-02 12:16:40 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: relatively thick, superficial, rimose-areolate to uneven warted; upper surface: ochre-brown to bright reddish brown; smooth to rough, dull; prothallus: indistinct; Perithecia: dispersed to crowded, globose to slightly pear-shaped, 0.2 to 0.5 mm diam.; ostiole brown; involucrellum: absent; exciple: colorless below, brownish above; hamathecium: composed of persistent paraphyses, richly branched and anastomosed; periphysoids towards the inner side of the ostiole; periphyses absent; asci: cylindrical, 4- to 8-spored; ascospores: colorless, muriform, with 6-8 lateral and 2-3 longitudinal septa, narrowly ellipsoid, 24-36 x 9-13 µm; Pycnidia: immersed; conidia: filiform, colorless, 13-15 x 0.6-0.8 µm; Spot tests: all negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: lava, granite, schist; dry and exposed slopes with low vegetation; World distribution: SW Europe, Macaronesia and SW North America; Sonoran distribution: Santa Monica Range in southern California and Chiricahua National Monument in Arizona.; Notes: Thelenella inductula is characterized by its relatively thick, rimose- areolate, ochre brown to bright reddish brown thallus and colorless ascospores. The other saxicolous species in the area, Thelenella weberi, is distinguished by the presence of an open involucrellum and its larger ascospores. 52381 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=52381 Thelenella modesta (Nyl.) Nyl. 2495 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:40 2011-02-02 12:16:40 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: thin to thick, superficial, membranous, rimose to deeply cracked-areolate; upper surface: yellow-gray to pink or red-brown, fading to pale gray or gray in the herbarium; smooth to uneven-warted; prothallus: absent; Perithecia: dispersed; ostiole dark-brown; involucrellum: absent; exciple: colorless below, brownish above; hamathecium: composed of persistent paraphyses, richly branched and anastomosed; periphysoids towards the inner side of the ostiole; periphyses absent; asci: cylindrical, 4- to 8-spored; ascospores: colorless, rarely becoming pale yellow-brown when overmature, muriform, with 7-9 lateral and 2-3 longitudinal septa, ellipsoid to narrowly ellipsoid, 25-42 x 11-17 µm; Pycnidia: immersed; conidia: filiform, colorless, 11-14 x 0.6-0.8 µm; Spot tests: all negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: bark (on smooth bark of Quercus agrifolia and Juglans californica in southern California); World distribution: temperate and mediterranean Europe, mediterranean northern Africa, North America and Australia; Sonoran distribution: San Gabriel Mountains and the Santa Monica Range in southern California.; Notes: This species is characterized by its rimose to deeply cracked-areolate, yellow-gray to pink or red-brown thallus and muriform colorless ascospores. Thelenella hassei is distinguished by its brown ascospores. 52387 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=52387 Thelenella weberi H. Mayrh. 2496 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:40 2011-02-02 12:16:40 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: thick, superficial, rimose-areolate; upper surface: ochre to gray-brown, dull; prothallus: absent; Perithecia: immersed but appearing as prominent half-globose warts, dispersed; involucrellum: dark-brown, open, 20-40 µm wide; exciple: colorless below, pale brownish above; hamathecium: composed of persistent paraphyses, richly branched and anastomosed; periphysoids towards the inner side of the ostiole; periphyses absent; ostiole: dark-brown to blackish brown; asci: cylindrical, 8-spored; ascospores: colorless, muriform, with 7-11 lateral and 3 longitudinal septa, narrowly ellipsoid to subcylindrical, 35-47 x 14-19 µm; Pycnidia: immersed; conidia: filiform, colorless, 15-22 x 0.8-1 µm; Spot tests: all negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: on sandstone and tuff in maritime influenced habitats; World distribution: SW North America; Sonoran distribution: southern California on San Nicolas Island and Baja California on Guadalupe Island.; Notes: This species is characterized by its perithecia appearing as prominent half-globose warts, an open involucrellum and large colorless muriform ascospores. The subantarctic distributed Thelenella kerguelena is distinguished by its smaller and cylindrical ascospores. 52390 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=52390 Thrombium epigaeum (Pers.) Wallr. 2497 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:40 2011-02-02 12:16:40 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: crustose, effuse, film-like, smooth or slightly uneven, or evanescent; upper surface: grayish, greenish or yellowish green to brownish, subgelatinous when wet; Perithecia: almost globose, up to 0.45 mm in diam., fully immersed with only the ostioles showing as black dots; exciple: dark brown or black, laterally 20-30 µm thick, lacking periphyses; paraphyses: simple, few to many, c. 2.5 µm thick; asci: subcylindrical, 130-170 x 17-25 µm, 8-spored; ascospores: simple, (sub-)biseriate, narrowly ellipsoid, c. 18-26 x 7-10 µm; Spot tests: all negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: on loamy or sandy soil, mosses or detritus, in sheltered places from lowlands to alpine regions; World distribution: widespread, often in holarctic regions of Eurasia, North and South America, and New Zealand; Sonoran distribution: NW Baja California and Guadalupe Island. 52392 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=52392 Thrombium aoristum (Nyl.) Arnold 2498 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:40 2011-02-02 12:16:40 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: crustose, thin and indistinct; upper surface: greenish, subgelatinous when wet; Perithecia: almost globose, up to 0.45 mm diam., fully immersed with only the ostioles showing as black dots; exciple: pale except for the apex, laterally 20-30 µm thick; periphyses: lacking; paraphyses: simple, few to many, c. 1.5 µm thick; asci: subcylindrical, 70-80 x 16-20 µm, 8-spored; ascospores: simple, (sub-) biseriate, ellipsoid, c. 16-20 x 7-8 µm; Spot tests: all negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: on argillaceous or sandy soil in open habitats; World distribution: hitherto only known from France; Sonoran distribution: the Santa Monica Mountains in southern California. 52641 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=52641 Arthopyrenia analepta (Ach.) A. Massal. 2499 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:40 2011-02-02 12:16:40 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: discontinuous, mostly immersed in the substrate; upper surface: gray, smooth; photobiont: absent; Perithecia: hemispherical, black, superficial on the thallus, 0.2-0.4 mm diam.; ascomatal wall: black, absent below the hamathecium; hamathecium: mostly unbranched pseudoparaphyses, branched above the asci; filaments: c. 3 µm wide below, smaller above, not inspersed with oil droplets; asci: cylindrical, c. 50 x 10 µm, with 8, irregularly arranged ascospores; ascospores: hyaline, clavate, 1-septate with a submedian euseptum, 16-20 x 6-7 µm; walls: not ornamented, without a gelatinous sheath; Spot tests: all negative, UV negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: on bark of Rhus diversiloba; World distribution: northern temperate or possibly nearly cosmopolitan; Sonoran distribution: only found once on the Channel Islands of southern California. 52649 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=52649 Arthopyrenia lyrata R. C. Harris 2500 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:40 2011-02-02 12:16:40 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: continuous, immersed in the substrate; upper surface: white to rarely yellowish gray, smooth; photobiont: trentepohlioid; Perithecia: hemispherical, black, semi-immersed in the thallus, 0.2-0.5 mm diam.; ascomatal wall: black, absent below the hamathecium; hamathecium: mostly unbranched pseudoparaphyses, not anastomosing; filaments: up to c. 3 µm wide below, not inspersed with oil droplets; asci: cylindrical to clavate, c. 80-120 x 11-20 µm, with 8, irregularly arranged ascospores; ascospores: hyaline, long ellipsoid, 1-septate with a median euseptum, 16-25 x 5-8 µm, with median endospore thickenings in each cell, often breaking into part spores when old; walls: ornamented with warts, without a gelatinous sheath; Spot tests: all negative, UV negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: on bark of various woody plants, most common in the area on Quercus; World distribution: probably restricted to (sub-) tropical America; Sonoran distribution: a rather common species, with numerous collections from southern California (Channel Islands), Baja California Sur and Sinaloa. 52655 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=52655 Arthopyrenia plumbaria (Stizenb.) R. C. Harris 2501 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:40 2011-02-02 12:16:40 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: continuous, immersed in the substrate; upper surface: pale gray, smooth; photobiont: absent; Perithecia: hemispherical, black, semi-immersed in the thallus, 0.2-0.5 mm diam.; ascomatal wall: black, absent below the hamathecium; hamathecium: mostly unbranched pseudoparaphyses, not anastomosing; filaments: up to c. 3 µm wide below, not inspersed with oil droplets; asci: cylindrical, c. 50-75 x 10-15 µm, with 8, uniseriately arranged ascospores; ascospores: hyaline, long ellipsoid to fusiform, 1-septate with a median euseptum, 15-18 x 4.5-6 µm, with median endospore thickenings in each cell; walls: not ornamented, without a gelatinous sheath; Spot tests: all negative, UV negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: on bark of various woody plants; World distribution: tropical to temperate areas of western North America; Sonoran distribution: commonly collected in southern California, including the Channel Islands.; Notes: The species was originally described from the region, and among the studied material was an isotype, which may be the only remaining type specimen. It was not studied by Harris (1973 & 1995a) but agrees with his concept of the species, except that it is non-lichenized. The specimen reported from California as Arthopyrenia cinereopruinosa (Schaer.) A. Massal. probably also belongs to this species. 52659 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=52659 Arthopyrenia antecellans (Nyl.) Arnold 2502 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:40 2011-02-02 12:16:40 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: continuous, immersed in the substrate,; upper surface: whitish to gray, smooth; photobiont: absent; Perithecia: hemispherical, black, superficial on the thallus, 0.2-0.3 mm diam.; ascomatal wall: black, absent below the hamathecium; hamathecium: branched pseudoparaphyses, not anastomosing, dehiscent or becoming unclear; filaments: c. 3 µm wide, not inspersed with oil droplets; asci: pyriform, c. 60-70 x 18-22 µm, with 8, irregularly arranged ascospores; ascospores: hyaline but overmature ones brownish, clavate, 3-septate (starting with a supramedian euseptum), 25-30 x 6-9 µm; walls: roughly ornamented with warts, without a gelatinous sheath; Spot tests: all negative, UV negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: on bark of various woody plants, especially conifers like Abies and Picea; World distribution: northern temperate or possibly nearly cosmopolitan; Sonoran distribution: recorded in eastern Arizona and Baja California Sur. 52660 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=52660 Arthopyrenia punctiformis (Pers.) A. Massal. 2503 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:40 2011-02-02 12:16:40 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: absent or continuous, immersed in the substrate; upper surface: gray, smooth; photobiont: absent; Perithecia: hemispherical, black, superficial on the thallus or bark, 0.15-0.4 mm diam; ascomatal wall: black, absent below the hamathecium; hamathecium: unbranched pseudoparaphyses, not anastomosing; filaments: c. 2 µm wide, cells often swollen (moniliform), not inspersed with oil droplets, but becoming slimy or oily; asci: pyriform, c. 45-55 x 15-25 µm, with 8, irregularly arranged ascospores; ascospores: hyaline, clavate, 1-septate with a supramedian euseptum, 18-22 x 5-6 µm; walls: not ornamented, with a 1-2 µm thick gelatinous sheath; Spot tests: all negative, UV negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: on bark of various woody plants, including Acer, Jatropha, Quercus, Punica and Rhus; World distribution: northern temperate or possibly cosmopolitan; Sonoran distribution: one of the most common corticolous pyrenocarps in the region, collected in California (including the Channel Islands), Arizona, Baja California, Baja California Sur and Sinaloa. 52661 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=52661 Arthopyrenia rhyponta (Ach.) A. Massal. 2504 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:40 2011-02-02 12:16:40 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: consisting of a filamentous layer on the substrate (a subiculum); upper surface: black; photobiont: absent; Perithecia: hemispherical, black, immersed in the subiculum, 0.15-0.3 mm diam.; ascomatal wall: black, absent below the hamathecium; hamathecium: unbranched pseudoparaphyses, not anastomosing; filaments: up to c. 3 µm wide below, cells often swollen (moniliform), not inspersed with oil droplets; asci: pyriform, c. 50-60 x 22-27 µm, with 8, irregularly arranged ascospores; ascospores: hyaline but becoming brown when old,, clavate, 3-septate (starting with a supramedian euseptum), 20-23 x 6-9 µm, often breaking into part spores; walls: not ornamented, with a 2-3 µm wide gelatinous sheath; Spot tests: all negative, UV negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: on bark of Populus tremuloides; World distribution: northern temperate or nearly cosmopolitan; Sonoran distribution: only collected once in Arizona. 52664 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=52664 Leptorhaphis atomaria (Ach.) Szat. 2505 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:40 2011-02-02 12:16:40 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: continuous, smooth, immersed in the substrate, not well delimited; upper surface: whitish gray, smooth; photobiont: absent or associated with Trentepohlia; Perithecia: hemispherical, black, circular, scattered singly, semi-immersed in the thallus, 0.1-0.2 mm diam.; involucrellum: greenish brown, composed of leptodermatous cells; true; ascomatal wall: black, absent below the hamathecium; exciple: colorless to dark brown, continuing below the hymenium; hymenium I+ bluish; hamathecium: mostly unbranched pseudoparaphyses, not anastomosing; filaments: c. 2 micrometer wide, not inspersed with oil droplets; asci: pyriform, c. 40-55 x 10-28 micrometer, with 8, irregularly arranged ascospores; ascospores: hyaline, fusiform to bacilliform, curved, sometimes sigmoid, 1-3 septate with a median euseptum, 24-28 x 2.5-3.5 micrometer; walls: not ornamented, without a gelatinous sheath; Pycnidia: black; Spot tests: all negative, UV negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: on bark of Populus; World distribution: temperate in Northern Hemisphere; Sonoran distribution: only collected in southern Arizona.; Notes: The specimen had been incorrectly identified as the related Leptorhaphis epidermidis (Ach.) Th. Fr., which differs by its ellipsoid ascomata and its different host preference (Betula instead of Populus). 52676 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=52676 Tomasellia americana (Minks ex Willey) R. C. Harris 2506 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:40 2011-02-02 12:16:40 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: continuous, smooth, immersed in the substrate, whitish; photobiont: absent; Perithecia: hemispherical, black, immersed in groups of 1-5 below clypeus, c. 0.1-0.2 mm diam.; ascomatal wall: black, absent below the hamathecium; hamathecium: composed of branched pseudoparaphyses, not anastomosing, filaments c. 2 µm wide, not inspersed with oil droplets; asci: pyriform, c. 50-70 x 15-20 µm, with 8, irregularly arranged ascospores; ascospores: hyaline, clavate, 3-septate (starting with a constricted, submedian euseptum), 15-17 x 3-4.5 µm; walls: not ornamented, without a gelatinous sheath; Spot tests: K-, C-, KC-, P-, UV negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: on bark of Platanus; World distribution: very rare, apparently endemic in North America (California, Louisiana and Massachusetts); Sonoran distribution: only collected once in southern California. 52700 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=52700 Acrocordia conoidea (Fr.) Korber 2507 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:40 2011-02-02 12:16:40 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: continuous to rimose, areolated with the margins of the areoles often upturned, not immersed in the substrate; upper surface: pale sand-colored brown; photobiont: a trentepohlioid alga; Perithecia: hemispherical, black, immersed in the thallus, 0.4-0.8 mm diam.; ascomatal wall: black, continuous below the hamathecium; hamathecium: branched pseudoparaphyses, anastomosing above the asci; filaments: c. 1 micro meters wide, not inspersed with oil droplets; asci: cylindrical, c. 120 x 12 µm, with 8, uniseriately arranged ascospores, tip with a conspicuous tholus; ascospores: hyaline, broadly ellipsoid, 1-septate with a median euseptum, 14-18 x 7-9 micro meters; walls: ornamented with tiny warts, without a gelatinous sheath; Pycnidia: frequent to numerous, 0.14-0.20 mm diam.; conidia: ellipsoid to narrowly ellipsoid, simple, hyaline; Spot tests: all negative, UV negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: on calcareous, disintegrating, sandstone and shale; World distribution: mostly temperate in the Northern Hemisphere; Sonoran distribution: only known from the Channel Islands in California.; Notes: The related Acrocordia cavata (Ach.) R. C. Harris, that occurs on bark, has been erroneously reported from the area, as Arthopyrenia sphaeroides (Wallr.) Zahlbr. 52705 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=52705 Anisomeridium anisolobum (Mull. Arg.) Aptroot 2508 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:40 2011-02-02 12:16:40 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: continuous, immersed in the substrate; upper surface: whitish, smooth; photobiont: usually a trentepohlioid alga, but absent in Sonoran material; Perithecia: hemispherical, black, semi-immersed in the thallus, 0.3-0.5 mm diam.; perithecial wall: black, continuous below the hamathecium; hamathecium: branched pseudoparaphyses, anastomosing above the asci; filaments: c. 1 µm wide, not inspersed with oil droplets; asci: clavate, c. 75-100 x 10-15 µm, with 8, irregularly arranged ascospores; ascospores: hyaline, ovoid, 1-septate with a submedian euseptum, 15-17 x 7-8 µm; walls: slightly ornamented with warts when old, without a gelatinous sheath; Pycnidia: not observed; Spot tests: all negative, UV-; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: on bark of various woody plants; World distribution: pantropical; Sonoran distribution: only found in Baja California Sur and Sinaloa, but there not rare.; Notes: It is a common, pantropical species, which is especially abundant in coastal regions. Remarkably, the Sonoran Desert material was not lichenized. 52707 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=52707 Anisomeridium biforme (Borrer) R. C. Harris 2509 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:40 2011-02-02 12:16:40 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: continuous, not immersed in the substrate, effuse or delimited by a thin, blackish hypothallus; upper surface: whitish to greenish gray, smooth; photobiont: a trentepohlioid alga; Perithecia: hemispherical, black, semi-immersed in the thallus, 0.3-0.6 mm diam.; perithecial wall: black, with a well differentiated involucrellum, 50-100 µm thick; lower wall: pale or colorless, continuous below the hamathecium; hamathecium: branched pseudoparaphyses, anastomosing above the asci; filaments: c. 1 µm wide, not inspersed with oil droplets; asci: cylindrical, c. 70-100 x 10 µm, with 8, uniseriately arranged ascospores; ascospores: hyaline, ovoid, 1-septate with a slightly submedian euseptum, 13-15 x 5-6 µm, not ornamented, without a gelatinous sheath; Pycnidia: two types: 100-200 µm diam. or 40-100 µm diam.; conidia: respectively either subglobose to ellipsoid macroconidia, 2.3-4 x 1.8-2.7 µm or globose microconidia, 1-1.5 µm diam.; Spot tests: all negative, UV-; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: on bark of various woody plants; World distribution: nearly cosmopolitan; Sonoran distribution: SW Arizona and California, including the Channel Islands, but there not rare. 52718 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=52718 Anisomeridium quadricoccum R. C. Harris 2510 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:41 2011-02-02 12:16:41 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: continuous, immersed in the substratum; upper surface: whitish, smooth; photobiont: a trentepohlioid alga; Perithecia: hemispherical, c. 0.2 mm diam., immersed in bark, below black, often fused clypeus of 0.4-0.7 mm diam.; perithecial wall: pale, continuous below the hamathecium, ostiole white; hamathecium: branched pseudoparaphyses, anastomosing above the asci; filaments: c. 1 µm wide, not inspersed with oil droplets; asci: clavate, c. 70-90 x 13-16 µm, with 8, irregularly arranged ascospores, tip with a conspicuous tholus; ascospores: hyaline, narrowly ovate, 3-septate (starting with a median euseptum), 15-17 x 6-7 µm; wall: not ornamented, without a gelatinous sheath; Pycnidia: not observed; Spot tests: all negative, UV-; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: on bark of various woody plants; World distribution: possibly nearly endemic; so far known only from the USA (Florida and Georgia) and Mexico (Baja California Sur); Sonoran distribution: . only recorded twice from Baja California Sur.; Notes: It is a rare species, which only recently has been described. 52720 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=52720 Anisomeridium subprostans (Nyl.) R. C. Harris 2511 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:41 2011-02-02 12:16:41 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: continuous, immersed in the substrate; upper surface: whitish or absent, smooth; photobiont: a trentepohlioid alga or absent; Perithecia: hemispherical, black, superficial or semi-immersed in the thallus, 0.2-0.5 mm diam.; perithecial wall: black, continuous below the hamathecium; hamathecium: branched pseudoparaphyses, anastomosing above the asci; filaments: c. 1 µm wide, not inspersed with oil droplets; asci: clavate, c. 75-95 x 10-13 µm, with 8, irregularly arranged ascospores; ascospores: hyaline, narrowly ovoid, 1-septate with a slightly submedian euseptum, 14-20 x 5-6 µm, not ornamented, without a gelatinous sheath; Spot tests: all negative, UV-; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: on bark of various woody plants; World distribution: pantropical or possibly nearly cosmopolitan, abundant especially in coastal regions; Sonoran distribution: recorded from Baja California Sur (several times), southern California and Sinaloa.; Notes: Remarkably, the Sonoran Desert material was partly lichenized and partly not (Aptroot 1997). 52731 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=52731 Mycoporum californicum (Zahlbr.) R. C. Harris 2512 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:41 2011-02-02 12:16:41 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: continuous, smooth, immersed in the substrate, whitish; photobiont: absent; Perithecia: hemispherical, black, immersed in groups of 1-5 below clypeus, 0.3-0.7 mm diam.; ascomatal wall: black, absent below the hamathecium; hamathecium: pseudoparenchymatous, without filaments, inspersed with and dissolving into oil droplets; asci: pyriform, c. 60-75 x 15-25 µm, with 8, irregularly arranged ascospores; ascospores: hyaline, clavate, 3-septate (starting with a supramedian euseptum), 17-22 x 5-7 µm; walls: not ornamented, without a gelatinous sheath; Spot tests: K-, C-, KC-, P-, UV negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: on bark of various woody plants; World distribution: possibly endemic in western North America; Sonoran distribution: only found in southern California, including the Channel Islands. 52733 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=52733 Mycoporum eschweileri (Mull. Arg.) R. C. Harris 2513 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:41 2011-02-02 12:16:41 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: continuous, smooth, immersed in the substrate, whitish; photobiont: absent; Perithecia: hemispherical, black, immersed in groups of 1-10 below clypeus, c. 0.4-0.7 mm diam.; ascomatal wall: black, absent below the hamathecium; hamathecium: pseudoparenchymatous, without filaments, inspersed with and dissolving into oil droplets; asci: pyriform, c. 50-60 x 15-20 µm, with 8, irregularly arranged ascospores; ascospores: hyaline, clavate, 1-septate with a supramedian euseptum, 17-25 x 5-8 µm; walls: not ornamented, without a gelatinous sheath; Spot tests: K-, C-, KC-, P-, UV negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: on bark of various woody plants, including Eucalyptus, Machaerocereus, Nicotiana, Pachycereus, Pseudotsuga; World distribution: pantropical and extending norhward into southern temperate areas; Sonoran distribution: one of the most common pyrenocarps on bark, with numerous records from southern California (including the Channel Islands), Baja California, Baja California Sur and Sinaloa.; Notes: A common, pantropical species, which is especially abundant in coastal regions (Harris 1975). It is accepted here in a broad sense, including Tomasellia lactea (Ach.) R.C. Harris, which is only characterized by larger, though overlapping ascospore dimensions. These two taxa were recently classified in Mycoporum (Harris 1995). The occurrence on cacti and barely woody plants like Nicotiana is remarkable. 52739 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=52739 Mycoporum hippocastani (DC.) Coppins 2514 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:41 2011-02-02 12:16:41 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: absent or immersed in the substrate,; upper surface: grayish; photobiont: absent; Perithecia: hemispherical, ± circular in outline, unilocular, black, semi-immersed in the bark, 0.1-0.2 mm diam.; ascomatal wall: black, absent below the hamathecium; hamathecium: pseudoparenchymatic tissue, lacking filaments, not inspersed with oil droplets; asci: globose, c. 17-25 µm diam., 40-45 µm tall, with 8, irregularly arranged ascospores; ascospores: hyaline, clavate, 3-septate (starting with a median euseptum), becoming submuriform, 14-15 x 5-6 µm; walls: not ornamented, without a gelatinous sheath; Spot tests: all negative, UV negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: on bark of Quercus (in Europe often on Aesculus); World distribution: temperate in the Northern Hemisphere; Sonoran distribution: only collected in southern Arizona, on Quercus.; Notes: The distantly related Mycoporum compositum (A. Massal.) R. C. Harris has been erroneously reported from the area; it has a filamentous hamathecium and is lichenized. It may be confused with Arthopyrenia species that have 1 (-3)-septate spores. 52757 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=52757 Peridiothelia fuliguncta (Norman) D. Hawksw. 2515 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:41 2011-02-02 12:16:41 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: absent or continuous, smooth, immersed in the substrate, whitish; photobiont: absent; Perithecia: hemispherical, black, superficial on the substrate, 0.2-0.4 mm diam.; ascomatal wall: black, absent below the hamathecium; hamathecium: branched pseudoparaphyses, anastomosing above the asci; filaments: c. 2 µm wide, not inspersed with oil droplets; asci: clavate, c. 60-75 x 15-20 µm, with 8, irregularly arranged ascospores; ascospores: medium to golden brown, clavate to pyriform, 1-septate with a supramedian euseptum, (16-) 17-22 (-25) x (6-) 7-9 (-10) µm; walls: soon becoming ornamented with warts, without or with a c. 2 µm wide gelatinous sheath; Spot tests: all negative, UV negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: on bark of various woody plants, e.g. Bursera, Lysiloma and Prunus; World distribution: primarily north temperate, previously only known from Europe and Canada; Sonoran distribution: rather commonly collected in southern Arizona, Baja California Sur and Sinaloa.; Notes: Although it was previously reported to be restricted to Tilia (Hawksworth 1985b), it has subsequently also been found on other tree species (Aptroot 1995 & 1997). The collections from Bursera, Lysiloma and Prunus are additional host records. 52876 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=52876 Diploschistes actinostomus (Ach.) Zalhbr. 2516 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:41 2011-02-02 12:16:41 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: rimose-areolate; areoles: 0.5-1.5 mm in diam., plane, thin; upper surface: whitish gray to gray, smooth, shiny or dull, epruinose; Ascomata: perithecioid, immersed, up to 3 mm in diam.; disc: blackish, plane; proper exciple: up to 70 µm thick; hymenium: 120-160 µm high; asci: cylindrical to subclavate, 4-8-spored; ascospores: brown, muriform, ellipsoid, 16-32 x 10-20 µm; transverse septa 4-6, longitudinal septa 1-3 per transverse segment; Pycnidia: immersed; conidia: bacilliform, 4-7 x 1.0 µm; Spot tests: K-, C+ red, KC-, P-, UV-; Secondary metabolites: lecanoric acid (major), diploschistesic and orsellinic acids (both minor).; Substrate and ecology: on siliceous rocks; World distribution: subcosmopolitan in relatively open habitats in arid, semi-arid and Mediterranean areas; Sonoran distribution: scattered in mountains at c. 500- 2400 m in Arizona, Chihuahua, and Sonora, and about sea level at the coast in Baja California and California.; Notes: Diploschistes actinostomus is characterized by the perithecioid ascomata, the presence of lecanoric acid and the whitish gray to gray thallus. A similar species is D. caesioplumbeus which differs in having larger ascospores and darker thallus. Poorly developed thalli of D. actinostomus may be similar to D. euganeus which is readily distinguished by the absence of secondary metabolites and the broadly ellipsoid ascospores. 52877 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=52877 Diploschistes aeneus (Mull. Arg.) Lumbsch 2517 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:41 2011-02-02 12:16:41 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: rimose-areolate; areoles: 0.4-1.8 mm in diam., plane, thin; upper surface: grayish brown to brown, smooth, shiny or dull, epruinose; Ascomata: perithecioid, immersed, up to 2.5 mm in diam.; disc: blackish, plane; proper exciple: up to 70 µm thick; hymenium: 100-130 µm high; asci: cylindrical to subclavate, 4-6-spored; ascospores: brown, muriform, broadly ellipsoid, 16-26 x 8-18 µm; transverse septa 4-6, longitudinal septa 1-3 per transverse segment; Pycnidia: not seen; Spot tests: K-, C+ red, KC-, P-, UV-; Secondary metabolites: lecanoric acid (major) and orsellinic acid (minor).; Substrate and ecology: on siliceous rocks; World distribution: North and South America, southwestern Europe, and East Asia; Sonoran distribution: scattered in southern California and Arizona, Baja California (Guadalupe Island, Baja California Sur, Chihuahua and Sonora, occurring in mountainous regions at 270 to 2240 m.; Notes: Diploschistes aeneus has perithecioid ascomata, a brownish thallus, contains lecanoric acid, and has broadly ellipsoid spores. It may be confused with D. badius, a species that also has a brownish thallus, but can be distinguished by the presence of gyrophoric acid and the thicker thallus. 52878 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=52878 Diploschistes arabiensis Lumbsch 2518 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:41 2011-02-02 12:16:41 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: rimose-areolate; areoles: 0.5-1.0 mm in diam., plane, thin; upper surface: white or whitish gray, rough, dull, slightly grayish and whitish pruinose; Ascomata: perithecioid, immersed to semi-immersed, up to 2.0 mm in diam.; disc: blackish, plane; proper exciple: up to 70 µm thick; hymenium: 120-140 µm high; asci: cylindrical to subclavate, 6 (-8)-spored; ascospores: brown, muriform, ellipsoid, 23-29 x 15-19 µm; transverse septa 5-6, longitudinal septa 2-3 per transverse segment; Pycnidia: not seen; Spot tests: K-, C-, KC-, P-, UV-; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: on siliceous rocks; World distribution: Arabia and western North America; Sonoran distribution: rare, at 1600-2200 m in Arizona (and adjacent Colorado and Utah).; Notes: Diploschistes arabiensis is characterized by the lack of secondary metabolites and a relatively thick, whitish thallus. A similar species is D. euganeus which differs in having a thinner, more grayish thallus, unridged apothecia, and the predominantly 8-spored asci. 52879 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=52879 Diploschistes badius Lumbsch & Elix 2519 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:41 2011-02-02 12:16:41 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: rimose-areolate; areoles: 0.6-2.0 mm in diam., plane, thick; upper surface: reddish brown to brown, smooth, shiny or dull, epruinose; Ascomata: perithecioid, immersed, up to 0.8 mm in diam.; disc: blackish, plane; proper exciple: up to 65 µm thick; hymenium: 120-140 µm high; asci: cylindrical to subclavate, 6-8-spored; ascospores: brown, muriform, broadly ellipsoid, 16-26 x 8-18 µm; transverse septa 4-6, longitudinal septa 1-2 per transverse segment; Pycnidia: not seen; Spot tests: K-, C+ red, KC-, P-, UV-; Secondary metabolites: gyrophoric and lecanoric acids (both major) and orsellinic acid (minor).; Substrate and ecology: on siliceous rocks; World distribution: endemic to southwestern North America; Sonoran distribution: rare, in mountainous regions at an elevation of c. 1300-2700 m in Arizona, Baja California Sur, Chihuahua and Sonora.; Notes: This species can be readily identified by the presence of gyrophoric acid, the brownish thallus, and the perithecioid ascomata. Diploschistes badius is similar to D. aeneus and the differences between the two species are discussed under the latter. 52882 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=52882 Diploschistes diacapsis (Ach.) Lumbsch 2520 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:41 2011-02-02 12:16:41 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: rimose- to verrucose-areolate; areoles: 0.5-2.5 mm in diam., plane to subconvex, thick; upper surface: whitish to whitish gray, rough, dull, scarcely to abundantly grayish or whitish pruinose; Ascomata: urceolate, sessile, slightly pruinose, up to 2.5 mm in diam.; disc: blackish, concave; proper exciple: up to 80 µm thick; hymenium: 110-180 µm high; asci: subclavate to cylindrical, 4-8-spored; ascospores: brown, muriform, broadly ellipsoid, 20-38 x 9-17 µm; transverse septa 3-6; longitudinal septa 1-2 per transverse segment; Pycnidia: immersed; conidia: bacilliform, 4-6 x 1.0-1.5 µm; Spot tests: K+ yellow to red, C+ red, KC-, P-, UV-; Secondary metabolites: diploschistesic and lecanoric acids (both major) and orsellinic acid (minor).; Substrate and ecology: on soil in open habitats; World distribution: subcosmopolitan in open habitats with Mediterranean to arid climate; Sonoran distribution: common in semi-arid exposed habitats and coastal areas at 5-250 m (and up to 800 m) in Baja California and southern California, and in open bushlands or open pine forests at an elevation of c. 1600-1800 m in Arizona and Chihuahua.; Notes: Diploschistes diacapsis is a terricolous species which is readily identified by the K+ yellow to red reaction of the thallus due to the presence of diploschistesic acid as major constituent, the whitish pruinose thallus, (4-) 8-spored asci, and the ascospore size. A similar species is D. muscorum which differs in having always 4-spored asci, being a juvenile parasite on Cladonia spp., and having a thinner thallus. North American records of D. ocellatus belong to D. diacapsis. Diploschistes ocellatus does not occur in the western Hemisphere, it is easily distinguished from D. diacapsis by the lecanoroid ascomata and the presence of norstictic acid. 52885 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=52885 Diploschistes muscorum (Scop.) R. Sant. 2521 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:41 2011-02-02 12:16:41 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: rimose-to verrucose-areolate; areoles: 0.2-0.6 mm in diam., plane to subconvex, thin or thick; upper surface: white or whitish gray, rough; shiny or dull, scarcely or abundantly grayish or whitish pruinose; Ascomata: urceolate, sessile, slightly pruinose, up to 1.8 mm in diam.; disc: blackish, concave; proper exciple: up to 70 µm thick; hymenium: 80-120 µm high; asci: subclavate to cylindrical, 4-spored; ascospores: brown, muriform, ellipsoid, 18-32 x 6-15 µm; transverse septa 4-6, longitudinal septa 1-2 per transverse segment; Pycnidia: not seen; Spot tests: K+ yellow to red, C+ red, KC-, P-, UV-; Secondary metabolites: diploschistesic and lecanoric acids (both major) and orsellinic acid (minor).; Substrate and ecology: on soil or mosses, juvenile parasitic on Cladonia spp; World distribution: cosmopolitan in relatively open habitats in Mediterranean, temperate and polar regions and extending to high altitudes in the tropics; Sonoran distribution: common, occurs in the studied area at an elevation of c. 250-4100 m in Arizona, Baja California, California and Chihuahua.; Notes: The terricolous or muscicolous Diploschistes muscorum can be identified by the combination of 4-spored asci, juvenile parasitism, and the presence of lecanoric and diploschistesic acids. Similar species include D. diacapsis (distinction see under that species) and D. scruposus. The latter species is a saxicolous and is not lichenicolous. It has an epruinose thallus, (4-) 8-spored asci, and may or may not contain diploschistesic acid. 52886 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=52886 Diploschistes scruposus (Schreber) Norman 2522 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:41 2011-02-02 12:16:41 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: rimose-to verrucose-areolate; areoles: 0.4-1.5 mm in diam., plane to subconvex, thin or thick; upper surface: greenish or brownish gray, smooth, shiny or dull, epruinose; Ascomata: urceolate, sessile, slightly pruinose, up to 2.0 mm in diam.; disc: blackish, concave; proper exciple: up to 75 µm thick; hymenium: 100-140 µm high; asci: subclavate to cylindrical, (4-) 8-spored; ascospores: brown, muriform, ellipsoid, 25-40 x 10-20 µm; transverse septa 4-7, longitudinal septa 1-3 per transverse segment; Pycnidia: immersed; conidia: bacilliform, 4-6 x 1.0 µm; Spot tests: K- or + yellow to red, C+ red, KC-, P-, UV-; Secondary metabolites: diploschistesic acid (major or absent), lecanoric acid (major), and orsellinic acid (minor).; Substrate and ecology: usually on siliceous rocks; World distribution: cosmopolitan in relatively open habitats in Mediterranean, temperate and polar regions and extending to high altitudes in the tropics; Sonoran distribution: common, at an elevation of c. 0-2700 m in Arizona, Baja California, California and Chihuahua.; Notes: The saxicolous Diploschistes scruposus is characterized by an epruinose thallus and ureolate ascomata. A similar species is D. muscorum and the differences are discussed under that name. 52887 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=52887 Diploschistes caesioplumbeus (Nyl.) Vain. 2523 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:41 2011-02-02 12:16:41 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: rimose-areolate; areoles: 0.4-1.5 mm in diam., plane, thin or thick; upper surface: gray to dark gray, smooth, shiny or dull, epruinose; Ascomata: perithecioid, immersed, up to 1.6 mm in diam., disc: blackish, plane; proper exciple: up to 70 µm thick; hymenium: 130-170 µm high; asci: subclavate, 4-8-spored; ascospores: muriform, brown, broadly ellipsoid, 28-45 x 12-25 µm; transverse septa 4-9, longitudinal septa 2-5 per transverse segment; Pycnidia: not seen; Spot tests: K-, C+ red, KC-, P-, UV-; Secondary metabolites: lecanoric acid (major) and diploschistesic and orsellinic acids (both minor).; Substrate and ecology: on siliceous rocks; World distribution: temperate Europe, Mediterranean area, and western North America; Sonoran distribution: locally abundant in mountainous areas of Arizona, Baja California and Baja California Sur, California, Chihuahua, Sinaloa and Sonora at 650-2300 m, also occurring at the coast in Baja California and California.; Notes: Diploschistes caesioplumbeus is characterized by the relatively large ascospores, the perithecioid ascomata, and the dark grayish thallus. It may be confused with the morphologically similar D. actinostomus which has smaller spores. 52888 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=52888 Diploschistes euganeus (A. Massal.) Steiner 2524 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:41 2011-02-02 12:16:41 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: rimose-areolate; areoles: 0.3-1.5 mm in diam., plane, thin; upper surface: whitish gray, smooth, shiny or dull, epruinose; Ascomata: perithecioid, immersed to semi-immersed, up to 1.8 mm in diam.; disc: blackish, plane; proper exciple: up to 90 µm thick; hymenium: 100-140 µm high; asci: subclavate, (6-) 8-spored; ascospores: brown, muriform, broadly ellipsoid, 16-32 x 10-20 µm; transverse septa 3-6, longitudinal septa 1-4 per transverse segment; Pycnidia: not seen; Spot tests: K-, C-, KC-, P-, UV-; Secondary metabolites: none observed.; Substrate and ecology: on siliceous rocks; World distribution: subcosmopolitan in relatively open habitats. Mainly in semi-arid and arid regions, but also extending into the temperate zone; Sonoran distribution: rare, in Baja California at 150 m and Chihuahua at 1600 m.; Notes: Diploschistes euganeus is characterized by the broadly ellipsoid ascospores and the thin thallus lacking secondary metabolites. The distinction from the similar D. arabiensis is discussed under that name. 53051 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=53051 Glypholecia scabra (Pers.) Mull. Arg. 2525 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:41 2011-02-02 12:16:41 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Life habit: lichenized; Thallus: peltate-subumbilicate to ± areolate in appearance but all attached together; thalli c. 1-3 mm wide, 0.3-0.8 (-1.2) mm thick, usually monophyllous, attached with a broad, central stipe, appressed, rarely almost crustose, often with deep cracks between them; sometimes lobate; lobes: broadly rounded, up to 5 mm, partly ascending, concave or slightly convex, the margins rolled under; upper surface: white or bluish white when dry, reddish brown when moist, spottily to densely pruinose; upper cortex: paraplectenchymatous, 40-50 µm thick, grayish, the outer 7-11 µm reddish or yellowish brown; cells indistinct, thick-walled, 2-3(-5) µm diam.; epinecral layer irregular, up to 50 µm thick; medulla: chalky, densely filled with calcium oxalate crystals; hyphae: very loose, arachnoid, thick-walled, 3.5-4.5 µm wide, becoming thicker towards the lower side; photobiont: primary one a Trebouxia, secondary photobiont absent; algal layer: 50-75 µm thick with ± continuous layer, algae 8-14 µm diam; lower cortex: lacking; lower surface: pale, sordid whitish to somewhat brownish, or light yellowish brown near the margin, matt, smooth to finely powdery-roughened, cracked here and there, without rhizines; umbilicus: very wide; Ascomata: apothecial, common, compound, forming multiple structures, the individual apothecia punctiform to circular or elongate, each with a proper exciple; with a pruinose net between, 0.7-1 (-2.5) mm diam.; disc: epruinose, scabrid, red-brown to dark brown, becoming slightly higher than the thallus surface; cortex between discs: similar in structure to that of thallus; 'exciple': composed of parallel hyphae, I+ blue, 20-25 µm thick; epihymenium: yellow-brown; hymenium: 100 µm, hyaline, I+ blue; hypothecium: 40-50 µm thick, I+ blue; paraphyses: in water rather indistinct, with coherent tips, in HCl distinct, septate, 2-2.5 um wide, the tips clavate, 3.5-4 µm; algal layer below the apothecia strongly interrupted; asci: clavate, Acarospora-type, with tholus I+ slightly blue, without axial structures, without distinct ocular chamber, 55-65 x 15-17µm, c. (50-) 100-spored; ascospores: spherical, 3.5-4 µm diam.; wall: hyaline, thick; Pycnidia: very rare, 150 µm deep, 100 µm wide, simple, flask-shaped; conidiophores 10 µm long; conidia: c. 2 x 1 µm; Spot tests: upper cortex and medulla K-, C+ red, KC+ red (at least upper medulla), P-; Secondary metabolites: gyrophoric acid (an orcinol tridepside).; Substrate and ecology: in arid to semi-arid regions, on calcareous slate and siliceous limestone, on steep surfaces, ± exposed, usually on the end surface of larger boulders; World distribution: Arctic to cool temperate regions; Europe, northern Africa; southern Asia, North America; Sonoran distribution: Arizona, on limestone, 1900-2230 m (several collections from the Grand Canyon; see Boykin and Nash [1994] for specimen data).; Notes: The compound apothecia and the subfoliose, umbilicate thallus distinguish this genus from Acarospora. In a sense the species is part of a transition group between the crustose growth form and foliose; the lack of a lower cortex and multiple attachment structures (e.g. rhizines) argues against calling it foliose. 53098 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=53098 Alectoria lata (Taylor) Lindsay 2526 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:41 2011-02-02 12:16:41 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: caespitose [to subpendent in non-Sonoran material], occasionally prostrate and entangled, stiff, 1.5-2 cm long [usually 5-8 cm long in non-Sonoran material], apparently dying at the base [looser and more irregular, often with persistent base, in non-Sonoran material]; branching: mainly isotomic dichotomous from the base, sometimes becoming anisotomic dichotomous towards the apices, sometimes with short perpendicular lateral branches; axils: mostly acute; ultimate branchlets sometimes curved but not distinctly drooping; branches: terete [usually somewhat angular in cross-section in non-Sonoran region material], not flattened, even to uneven in diam., 0.5-1.5 (-2.0) mm diam.; surface: grayish green to pale greenish yellow throughout [in non-Sonoran material, more distinctly yellow or green, without grayish cast, and sometimes streaked greenish-black, especially towards the base]; soralia: absent; true lateral spinules absent;; pseudocyphellae: white, raised, ± abundant and conspicuous, mostly ellipsoid and 0.1-0.2 mm long [in non-Sonoran region material, elongate fusiform and mainly 0.5-1.0 mm long], without isidia-like spinules; Apothecia: frequent, lateral but sometimes appearing geniculate due to the death or disintegration of the branch distal to the ascocarps, (0.6-) 2-4 mm in diam. [to 10 mm elsewhere]; thalline exciple: concolorous with thallus, incurved; disc: light yellowish brown to grayish yellowish brown [brown to black in non-Sonoran material], concave to plane; asci: clavate-oval, 2-spored; ascospores: ellipsoid, simple, 35-45 x 18-24 micro meters; Pycnidia: not seen; Spot tests: cortex K- or sometimes K+ red, C- or sometimes C+ green-black, KC+ yellow, P-, UV-; medulla K-, C-, KC+ red, CK-, P-, UV+ ice-blue; Secondary metabolites: cortex: with usnic acid and occasionally a K+ red unknown; medulla with alectoronic acid.; Substrate and ecology: on pine bark in oak-pine and oak-pine-cypress forests, elsewhere also on soil or rock, usually at high altitudes; World distribution: western North America (central Mexican highlands northward along the Sierra Madre Occidental, then disjunct to the Cascade range in Pacific NW), Central America (Guatemala) and eastern Asia; Sonoran distribution: Chihuahua and Sinaloa, 1800-2300 m.; Notes: Although the material from the Sonoran region differs in some respects from the description given by Brodo and Hawksworth (1977), it clearly fits A. lata in chemistry, ascospores, and various other features. The species was originally described from Mexico and was previously reported from Chihuahua. It differs from A. sarmentosa, with which it can sometimes be confused, by its caespitose habit, its generally more abundant ascocarps and its larger spores. It differs from A. mexicana in chemistry (C-, with alectoronic rather than olivetoric acid; both KC+ red), and in its mainly acute axils, and ± concave discs. Brodo and Hawksworth (1977) described A. mexicana as being ± pendent and 10-12 (-22) cm long, but an examination of a set of Beharrel collections from Oaxaca suggests that the species can be much shorter and caespitose. The ASU exsiccati, distributed as A. mexicana, from Chihuahua, contain alectorialic rather than olivetoric acid, and are included here under A. lata. 53101 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=53101 Alectoria sarmentosa (Ach.) Ach. 2527 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:41 2011-02-02 12:16:41 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: pendent, flaccid except at the base, 20-40 (-80) cm long, with a persistent base; branching: mainly isotomic dichotomous, frequent from the base, axils acute or obtuse, often rounded; branches: terete often becoming compressed and angular to foveolate towards the base and at the axils, 0.5-2.0 (-2.5) mm diam.; surface: greenish gray to bright golden yellow, sometimes becoming striately blackened in parts; lateral spinules: absent; soredia: in irregularly tuberculate soralia, rare in North American material; pseudocyphellae: white, abundant, conspicuous, raised, elongate fusiform to ovoid and tuberculate, clearly delimited, usually c. 1 mm long; Apothecia: often abundant, lateral; thalline exciple: concolorous with thallus, usually persistent; disc: orange-yellow to dark brown or black, 2-3 (-5) mm in diam.,; asci: clavate-ovoid, 2-3 (-4)-spored; ascospores: ellipsoid, simple, 23-35 (-48) x (12-) 15-20 (-25) µm; Pycnidia: sometimes frequent, mainly apical, up to c. 2.0 mm diam., black and shining; conidia: not seen; Spot tests: cortex K-, C-, KC+ yellow, P-, UV- (sometimes K+ red, C+ green-black near the base); medulla K- (rarely K+ yellow), C- or slowly becoming yellow, KC+ red or KC-, P- (rarely P+ yellow), UV+ ice-blue or UV-; Secondary metabolites: cortex with usnic acid, and occasionally an unidentified K+ red, C+ green-black substance; medulla usually with alectoronic acid (major), thamnolic, squamatic and barbatic acids (all accessory) but a common chemotype lacks all secondary metabolites except usnic acid.; Substrate and ecology: on a variety of conifers, particularly in moist, lowland forests along the west coast, less often inland; World distribution: central and northern Europe, North America and South America (Patagonia); Sonoran distribution: probably extinct, reported from collections in the San Bernardino Mountains of southern California in 1929. 53245 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=53245 Squamarina lentigera (Weber) Poelt 2528 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:41 2011-02-02 12:16:41 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: tightly adnate, up to 3 cm across, up to 1-2 mm thick, ± distinctly rosetted, not imbricated, not mat forming; thallus center: areolate; lobes: 2-4 mm long, 0.5-2 (-3) mm wide, coarsely crenate-incised; edges: raised and thickened; areoles: plane to convex, 0.5-1 mm across, sometimes strongly wrinkled to verrucose (partly due to abundant apothecial primordia); upper surface: pale or light greenish yellow to grayish greenish yellow, mostly epruinose except on lobe edges, or appearing yellowish white from pruina, especially on lobe edges and spottily in thallus center, sometimes wrinkled, especially in thallus center; upper cortex: c. 50 µm thick, ± gelatinized, of mostly anticlinal hyphae; epinecral layer c. 10 µm thick; medulla: with grayish granules (insoluble in K); algal layer: c. 30 µm thick [up to 50 µm or more in non-Sonoran material], ± continuous; algae c. 10-12 µm diam.; lower surface: pale, rarely darkening; rhizinose strands: rather few and inconspicuous, 0.5 mm long, Psora-type (intermediate between Squamarina-type and rhizohyphal felt); Apothecia: usually common and crowded in thallus center, up to 1 mm diam., but often smaller; disc: epruinose, plane to slightly convex, moderate orangish yellow, yellowish brown or with pinkish-orange tinges, sometimes darkened by parasites, plane to convex; thalline margin: 0.1 mm wide, entire, pruinose, soon excluded; amphithecial hyphae: radially arranged; algal layer: mainly below hypothecium, thick, continuous; true exciple: not evident externally; hymenium: c. 65-75 µm high, uppermost c. 10-20 µm pigmented; paraphyses: ± loosely coherent, c. 2-2.5 µm thick; tips: hyaline, little thickened; hypothecium: of unoriented hyphae; asci: narrowly clavate, c. 35-45 x 10-12 µm, 8-spored; ascospores: mostly immature, in ascus ellipsoid, 10 x 4.5 µm [mature spores in non-Sonoran material c. 8-12 x 5-6 µm]; Pycnidia: uncommon or inconspicuous; ostioles: yellowish to dark olivaceous brown; conidia: c. 18-35 x < 1 µm [based on non-Sonoran material]; Spot tests: cortex: K+ yellow or K-, C-, KC+ yellow, P-; medulla: K-, KC-, C-, P- or P+ yellow; Secondary metabolites: cortex: with usnic acid (major), and sometimes also isousnic acid (minor); medulla: with or without psoromic acid chemosyndrome or various unidentified substances; psoromic and non-psoromic chemotypes present in the Sonoran region and other warm areas; reports of atranorin (e.g., by Hale 1979) are apparently based on misidentification of isousnic acid.; Substrate and ecology: on sandy, calcareous soil in arid areas, montane; World distribution: Europe, Asia, North America; Sonoran distribution: northern Arizona, 910-1615 m.; Notes: Although the map in Hale (1979) suggests that the species extends into southern California, I have seen no material of Squamarina s. str. from that state. As discussed by Ryan and Nash (1997b), Röser (1996) and Feige et al. (1997), this species includes specimens with P+ yellow medulla (psoromic acid), which in China has gone under the name of S. kanusensis. Although the species can be rather variable and sometimes problematic (especially in more northern parts of North America), the limited amount of Sonoran material seems to be rather uniform and quite similar in morphology and anatomy to most European material. 53251 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=53251 Waynea californica Moberg 2529 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:41 2011-02-02 12:16:41 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: squamulose, heteromerous, irregular, consisting of small thalli (up to 0.5 mm wide) joining to form larger patches within which at least some convex squamules are raised on one edge; upper surface: olive-green to brown-green, ± glossy, paler spots develop into globular knob-like outgrowths that later form soredia in cup-like soralia; upper cortex: paraplectenchymatous, 20-30 µm thick, with thick-walled cells c. 5 µm diam.; medulla: white, composed of loosely interwoven hyphae particularly in lower part, hyphae with crenulate wall, I-; photobiont: a green alga, Myrmecia-type; cells: globose, 5-10 µm diam.; lower surface: black centrally and paler towards the margin; erhizinate or with sparsely developed, simple rhizines; Apothecia: up to 0.5 mm diam., short stalked, bluish gray, biatorine, margin slightly paler; exciple: distinct, cells anticlinal and elongated, 3-4 µm wide and thick walled (lumina 1-2 µm in water); epihymenium: colorless, K- or faintly K+ violet, N-; hymenium: hyaline, up to 80 µm tall, more or less conglutinated; paraphyses: simple or rarely branched, colorless, 1.5-3 µm thick, with slightly swollen apices; hypothecium: colorless, indistinctly delimited; asci: cylindrical-clavate, with an amyloid fuzzy coat and a thick I+ blue apical dome in young apothecia, 8-spored; ascospores: hyaline, fusiform or slightly thicker on one side, 3-septate, thick walled; Pycnidia: not seen; Spot tests: cortex and medulla K-, C-, KC- and P-; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: on bark of oaks, especially Quercus agrifolia in maritime habitats; World and Sonoran distribution: coastal California from Monterey County to the Channel Islands. 53261 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=53261 Candelaria concolor (Dickson) Stein 2530 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:42 2011-02-02 12:16:42 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: small foliose, up to 1 cm wide or coalescing to form extensive colonies, tightly adnate to adnate, lobate; lobes: dorsiventral to subterete, loosely imbricate, narrow, 0.1-0.5 (-1.2) mm wide; upper surface: lemon yellow to mustard yellow, paling to yellow green in shade, smooth to somewhat coarse, sorediate; soredia: granular, blastidious, marginal to submarginal or at lobe tips; upper cortex: c. 10-30 µm thick; medulla: white, very thin; lower cortex: c. 20 µm thick; lower surface: white to pinkish, somewhat shiny; rhizines: simple, white; Apothecia: rare, laminal or appearing terminal, sessile, up to c. 1 mm diam.; margin: smooth but often sorediate or lobulate; disc: darker yellow than the thallus; epithecium: c. 5-10 µm thick; hymenium: c. 60-90 µm tall; paraphyses: simple, cylindrical to submoniliform with up to 5 µm wide tips; hypothecium: c. 50 µm thick; asci: clavate, >30-spored; ascospores: uni- or biguttulate, colorless, 7-10 x 4-6 µm; Pycnidia: common, appearing as raised warts on the thallus surface, concolorous with upper surface or darker; conidia: ellipsoid to narrowly ellipsoid, 2-3 x 1,5 µm; Spot tests: upper surface K- (or + deeper yellow), C-, KC-, P-; medulla K-, C-, KC-, P-; Secondary metabolites: calycin (major) and pulvinic dilactone (minor).; Habitat and ecology: on rock or bark, often in relatively eutrophicated habitats; World distribution: pan-arctic and southwards into north temperate regions, extending farther south in maritime areas; also occurring in subantarctic regions and Australasia; Sonoran distribution: one of the most common of small foliose lichens throughout the region from coastal regions to at least 3000 m in Arizona, southern California, Chihuahua, Sinaloa, Sonora, Baja California and Baja California Sur.; Notes: In var. effusa the thallus is very rudimentary. Most material collected in California and previously identified as C. concolor belongs to Candelaria sp. 53262 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=53262 Candelaria fibrosa (Fr.) Mull. Arg. 2531 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:42 2011-02-02 12:16:42 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: small foliose, up to 4 cm wide, adnate, lobate; lobes: dorsiventral, imbricate, c. 0.5-2 mm wide, often with secondary lobes, margin ± crenulate; upper surface: lemon yellow to mustard yellow, smooth to somewhat wrinkled; soredia and isidia: absent; upper cortex: c. 5-20 µm thick; medulla: white, thin; lower cortex: c. 10-35 µm thick; lower surface: white to pinkish, white; rhizines: abundant, simple; Apothecia: common, laminal, sessile, up 2 mm diam.; margin: smooth, often with white or yellow cilia; disc: darker yellow than the thallus; epithecium: c. 10 µm thick; hymenium: c. 60-90 µm tall; paraphyses: simple or branched near the tips, cylindrical to submoniliform with up to 5 µm wide tips; hypothecium: 30-45 µm thick; asci: clavate, >30-spored; ascospores: uni- or biguttulate, colorless, 7-11 x 4-6 µm; Pycnidia: common, immersed, concolorous with upper surface or slightly darker; conidia: ellipsoid, to narrowly ellipsoid 2-3.5 x 1.5 µm; Spot tests: upper surface K- (or + deeper yellow), C-, KC-, P-; medulla K-, C-, KC-, P-; Secondary metabolites: calycin (major) and pulvinic dilactone (minor).; Habitat and ecology: on bark, often in very humid microclimates, such as martime regions; World distribution: pantropical and extending into some warm temperate regions; Sonoran distribution: in oak forests up to at least 2000 m in southern Arizona, Chihuahua and Sinaloa.; Notes: This species is characterized by the lack of soredia or isidia. 53263 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=53263 Candelaria pacifica Westberg in ed. 2532 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:42 2011-02-02 12:16:42 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: small foliose, up to 1 cm wide or coalescing to form extensive colonies, adnate to ascending to erect, often with a shrubby appearance; lobes: dorsiventral but often convex and twisted, imbricate, narrow 0.1 -0.6 mm wide; upper surface: lemon yellow to orange yellow, in shade paling to yellow green, smooth to somewhat coarse; soredia: granular, blastidious, marginal or from the lobe tips and from the lower side of the lobes; upper cortex: c. 10-45 µm thick (may reach through the whole thallus); medulla: white, very thin; lower cortex: lacking or partly lacking, c. 5-20 µm thick; lower surface: arachnoid at least in parts, white or more often greenish when algal layer is exposed, sparsely rhizinate; rhizines: short, white and simple; Apothecia: fairly common, laminal, sessile, up to c. 1 mm diam.; margin: smooth but often sorediate or lobulate; disc: concolorous with or darker yellow than thallus; epithecium: c. 5-10 µm thick; hymenium: c. 45-85 µm tall; paraphyses: simple, cylindrical or with somewhat swollen, up to 3 µm wide tips; hypothecium 50-70 µm thick; asci: clavate, 8-spored; ascospores: oblongnarrowly ellipsoid, often somewhat curved, with numerous oil-droplets, colorless, 11-16 x 4-6 µm; Pycnidia: common, appear as raised orange warts on the surface; conidia: ellipsoid, 2.5-3.5 x 1.5 µm; Spot tests: upper surface K- (or + deeper yellow-reddish), C-, KC-, P-; medulla K-, C-, KC-, P-; Secondary metabolites: not investigated but probably similar to the other Candelaria species (i.e. containing calycin and pulvinic dilactone).; Habitat and ecology: on bark or wood, rarely on rocks; World distribution: known from westernmost North America up to Washington and Idaho; Sonoran distribution: mainly on twigs of exposed trees and shrubs at low elevations in the desert up to at least 1500 m in open woodlands in southern California and Baja California.; Notes: Candelaria pacifica is apparently an undescribed species, that differs from C. concolor in spore number and in the production of soredia from the lower side, which mostly lacks a cortex. Its erect habit with convex and often twisted lobes, together with the contrasting greenish color of the soredia produced from the lower side, gives this undescribed species a rather characteristic appearance. The lobe morphology is, however, rather variable and the thalli may sometimes form isidiate-sorediate crusts in a similar way to C. concolor. Candelaria pacifica is used as an interim name here because material from Europe has also proved to be similar. Thus, the synonyms of C. concolor need further investigation before the nomenclatural status of this taxon can be resolved (Westberg, in prep.) 53291 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=53291 Candelina mexicana (de Lesd.) Poelt 2533 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:42 2011-02-02 12:16:42 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: placodioid, clearly forming rosettes, 2-3 cm wide, loosely adnate, lobate peripherally; lobes: convex often folded, up to 5 mm long, and 0.5-1.5 mm wide; upper surface: bright yellow to golden yellow, smooth to somewhat rugulose; upper cortex: 10-20 µm thick; medulla: yellow throughout, inspersed with yellow granules; lower cortex: 20-30 µm thick under lobes but absent centrally; lower surface: yellow peripherally but becoming pale yellow centrally; hapters: sometimes present, stout, peripheral; Apothecia: occasional, sessile, up to 1.4 mm wide; margin: smooth, becoming crenulate with age, occasionally lobulate; disc: darker yellow than the thallus; epithecium: c. 5 µm thick; hymenium: c. 50-65 µm tall; paraphyses: simple, cylindrical or with somewhat swollen, up to 3 µm wide tips; hypothecium: c. 70-90 µm thick; asci: clavate, 8-spored; ascospores: narrowly ellipsoid to weakly kidney-shaped, (9-) 11-16.5 x 3.5-5 µm; Pycnidia: frequent, spherical to broadly ellipsoid, immersed or appearing as raised warts on the thallus surface; conidia: narrowly ellipsoid, 2-3 x 1.5 µm; Spot tests: upper surface K+ reddish C-, KC-, P-; medulla K+ reddish, C-, KC-, P-; Secondary metabolite: calycin.; Substrate and ecology: on calcium free rocks and boulders in open montane habitats; World distribution: northern South America to southwestern USA; Sonoran distribution: relatively rare but conspicuous, extending from 1000 m. to at least 2200 m. in the foothills and mountains of Arizona, Chihuahua, Sonora and Baja California Sur. 53292 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=53292 Candelina submexicana (de Lesd.) Poelt 2534 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:42 2011-02-02 12:16:42 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: placodioid, clearly forming rosettes, 2-4 cm wide, tightly to loosely adnate, lobate peripherally; lobes: flat to convex and then sometimes folded, up to c. 6 mm long and 0.3-1.5 mm wide; upper surface: bright yellow to golden yellow to red orange, smooth to somewhat rugulose, sometimes somewhat shiny; upper cortex: 10-20 µm thick; medulla: white, not inspersed with granules; lower cortex: 20-30 µm thick under lobes tips but absent centrally or absent throughout; lower surface: yellow peripherally but becoming pale centrally; hapters: sometimes present, stout, peripheral; Apothecia: common, sessile to substipitate, up to 1.5 mm wide; margin: smooth, becoming crenulate with age; disc: darker yellow than the thallus, sometimes with a greenish tinge; epithecium: c. 5 micro meter thick; hymenium: c. 45-55 micro meter tall; paraphyses: simple, cylindrical or with somewhat swollen, up to 4 micro meter wide tips; hypothecium: c. 60-70 micro meter thick; asci: 8-spored; ascospores: narrowly ellipsoid to weakly kidney-shaped, 11-15 x 4-5 micro meter; Pycnidia: frequent, globular to broadly ellipsoid, immersed or appearing as raised warts on the thallus surface; conidia: narrowly ellipsoid, 2-3 x 1.5 micro meter; Spot tests: upper surface K+ reddish C- KC- P-; medulla K+ reddish, C-, KC-, P-; Secondary metabolite: calycin.; Substrate and ecology: on calcium free rocks and boulders in open habitats; World distribution: central Mexico to southwestern USA; Sonoran distribution: one of the more conspicuous and common lichens in the interior desert and extending up to at least 2600 m in the mountains of Arizona, Chihuahua, Sonora, Sinaloa, Baja California and Baja California Sur.; Notes: Candelina submexicana is morphologically very variable. The variation ranges from more or less crustose forms with flat and tightly adnate lobes to subfoliose forms with convex lobes similar to C. mexicana. The two species are easily separated by the color of the medulla. 53316 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=53316 Toninia aromatica (Sm.) A. Massal. 2535 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:42 2011-02-02 12:16:42 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Life habit: lichenized, lichenicolous or not; Thallus: squamulose; squamules: up to 4 mm diam., dispersed or adjacent, rounded or usually more irregular, weakly concave to weakly convex; upper surface: pale gray, olivaceous, or medium to dark brown, epruinose or partly to entirely pruinose, dull, smooth, lacking pores and pseudocyphellae, often with maculae in convex parts; upper cortex: up to 90 µm high, lacking calcium oxalate; margin: concolorous with upper surface; Apothecia: up to 1.5 mm diam., plane and marginate, sometimes becoming convex and immarginate, epruinose or faintly pruinose; exciple: dark reddish brown throughout; hypothecium: dark reddish brown; epithecium: bright to dark green (K-, N+ violet); asci: clavate, 8-spored; ascospores: ellipsoid to bacilliform, 1-3 septate, 12-22.5 x 4-5.5 µm; Pycnidia: laminal, immersed; conidia: filiform; Spot tests: all negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Host: crustose green algae-lichens or rarely cyanolichens; Substrate and ecology: on soil and rock in open habitats, up to 1370 m; World distribution: widely distributed in the Northern Hemisphere, Australia, and New Zealand; Sonoran distribution: locally common on the coast, rare inland, in California, Baja California, Baja California Sur and Sonora. 53319 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=53319 Toninia candida (Weber) Th. Fr. 2536 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:42 2011-02-02 12:16:42 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Life habit: lichenized, lichenicolous at least when young; Thallus: squamulose, rosulate, up to 40 mm diam.; squamules: up to 5 mm diam., more less scattered and rounded when young, later adjacent or sometimes slightly imbricate, marginal squamules weakly concave to weakly convex, forming ± radiating lobes, central squamules more rounded and convex; upper surface: white, entirely covered by farinose pruina, dull, smooth, lacking pores and pseudocyphellae; upper cortex: up to 60 µm high, containing calcium oxalate; margin: concolorous with upper surface; Apothecia: up to 2 mm diam., remaining ± plane and marginate, densely pruinose; exciple: dark gray in the rim, reddish brown in inner part; hypothecium: reddish brown; epithecium: gray (K+ violet, N+ violet); asci: clavate, 8-spored; ascospores: fusiform, 1-septate, 15-24 x 3-4 µm; Pycnidia: not seen; Spot tests: all negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Host: cyanolichens, especially Collema; Substrate and ecology: on calciferous rock on steep to overhanging rock walls, usually somewhat shady, in pinyon-juniper woodland and conifer forests at 1650-2130 m; World distribution: widely distributed in the temperate region of the Northern Hemisphere; Sonoran distribution: uncommon in Arizona. 53320 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=53320 Toninia cinereovirens (Schaerer) A. Massal. 2537 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:42 2011-02-02 12:16:42 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Life habit: lichenized, lichenicolous or not; Thallus: squamulose; squamules: up to 3 mm diam., scattered to adjacent or weakly proliferating, rounded to elongated, often lobed, weakly concave to weakly convex; upper surface: olivaceous brown to grayish brown or dark brown, epruinose, dull or slightly shiny, smooth or with shallow fissures, lacking pores and pseudocyphellae; upper cortex: up to 100 µm high, lacking calcium oxalate; margin: usually somewhat darker than the upper surface; Apothecia: up to 1 mm diam., plane and marginate or sometimes becoming convex and immarginate, epruinose or faintly pruinose; exciple: dark brown in the rim, pale brown to colorless in inner part; hypothecium: pale brown to colorless; epithecium: bright to dark green (K-, N+ violet); asci: clavate, 8-spored; ascospores: ellipsoid to bacilliform, 1-3 septate, 13.5-30.5 x 3-4.5 µm; Pycnidia: laminal, immersed or partly protruding; conidia: filiform; Spot tests: all negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Host: cyanolichens; Substrate and ecology: on acidic rock in open habitats or in Madrean oak and pine forests, at 1600-1830 m; World distribution: widely distributed in the temperate region of the Northern Hemisphere, Kenya, Peru; Sonoran distribution: rare in southeastern Arizona and Chihuahua. 53321 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=53321 Toninia lutosa (Ach.) Timdal 2538 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:42 2011-02-02 12:16:42 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Life habit: lichenized, lichenicolous or not; Thallus: squamulose; squamules: up to 3 (-5) mm diam., scattered to adjacent, rounded, plane to moderately convex, sometimes with a central depression; upper surface: white to pale gray, partly to entirely covered by farinose pruina, dull, with deep, regular fissures, lacking pores and pseudocyphellae; upper cortex: up to 220 µm high, containing calcium oxalate; margin: concolorous with upper surface or white; Apothecia: up to 1.3 mm diam., ± plane and marginate, epruinose or faintly pruinose; exciple: dark reddish brown in the rim, paler in inner part; hypothecium: pale brown to colorless; epithecium: reddish brown (K+ red, N-); asci: clavate, 8-spored; ascospores: ellipsoid to bacilliform, 1-3 septate, 12-20 x 3-4.5 µm; Pycnidia: laminal, immersed; conidia: filiform; Spot tests: all negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Host: cyanolichens; Substrate and ecology: on soil and calciferous rock in coastal scrub up to 1070 m and in interior pinyon-juniper woodland, up to 2200 m; World distribution: scattered in arid areas in the temperate region of the Northern Hemisphere, Namibia; Sonoran distribution: rare in Arizona and Baja California. 53322 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=53322 Toninia massata (Tuck.) Herre 2539 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:42 2011-02-02 12:16:42 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Life habit: lichenized, lichenicolous or not; Thallus: squamulose; squamules: up to 2 mm diam., scattered to adjacent or rarely indistinctly imbricate, rounded or irregularly lobed, weakly convex to bullate; upper surface: olivaceous or grayish green to brown, epruinose or partly covered by farinose pruina, usually shiny, often with regular, shallow fissures, lacking pores and pseudocyphellae; upper cortex: up to 80 µm high, lacking calcium oxalate; margin: concolorous with upper surface; Apothecia: up to 1.5 (-2) mm diam., plane and marginate when young, later convex and immarginate, epruinose; exciple: dark gray in the rim, pale brown to medium brown in inner part; hypothecium: pale or reddish brown to colorless; epithecium: gray (K+ violet, N+ violet); asci: clavate, 8-spored; ascospores: fusiform, 1-septate, 10-16.5 x 3.5-4.5 µm; Pycnidia: not seen; Spot tests: all negative; Secondary metabolites: none or undetermined terpenoids (chemotype D).; Host: cyanolichens; Substrate and ecology: on soil in open habitats and in pinyon-juniper woodlands, up to 1530 m; World distribution: Mediterranean Europe, Macaronesia, Russia, western North America; Sonoran distribution: rare in Arizona and Baja California.; Notes: This rarely collected species resembles T. sedifolia, but differs in having more flattened squamules which never have a white margin, a more shiny and finely fissured upper cortex, shorter spores, and in usually containing terpenoids (chemotype D). 53325 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=53325 Toninia philippea (Mont.) Timdal 2540 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:42 2011-02-02 12:16:42 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Life habit: lichenized, not lichenicolous; Thallus: rimose to granular or areolate; areoles: up to 0.8 (-1.2) mm diam., adjacent, angular, plane to moderately convex; upper surface: yellowish to reddish brown, epruinose, dull, smooth, lacking pores and pseudocyphellae; upper cortex: up to 40 µm high, lacking calcium oxalate; margin: concolorous with upper surface; Apothecia: up to 0.7 mm diam., remaining ± plane and marginate or plane and marginate when young, later convex and immarginate, epruinose or faintly pruinose; exciple: greenish brown to dark green in the rim, pale brown to reddish brown in inner part; hypothecium: dark reddish brown; epithecium: bright to dark green (K-, N+ violet); asci: clavate, 8-spored; ascospores: ellipsoid, 1-septate, 10-15.5 x 4.5-6 µm; Pycnidia: laminal, immersed or partly protruding; conidia: filiform; Spot tests: all negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Host: none; Substrate and ecology: on sandstone in pinyon-juniper woodland at 1890 m; World distribution: widely distributed, but scattered, in the Northern Hemisphere; Sonoran distribution: northern Arizona (single locality). 53327 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=53327 Toninia ruginosa (Tuck.) Herre 2541 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:42 2011-02-02 12:16:42 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Life habit: lichenized, lichenicolous or not; Thallus: squamulose; squamules: up to 5 mm diam., adjacent or sometimes forming a ± continuous crust, rounded or irregularly lobed, weakly convex to bullate; upper surface: reddish brown or olivaceous brown to dark brown, epruinose, dull or shiny, smooth or with shallow fissures, lacking pores and pseudocyphellae; upper cortex: up to 100 µm high, lacking calcium oxalate; margin: concolorous with upper surface; Apothecia: up to 1.5 mm diam., remaining ± plane and marginate or plane and marginate when young, later convex and immarginate, epruinose or faintly pruinose; exciple: dark reddish brown in the rim, paler in inner part; hypothecium: pale brown to colorless; epithecium: reddish brown (K+ red, N-); asci: clavate, 8-spored; ascospores: narrowly ellipsoid to acicular, 1-7 (9) septate, 12-42 x 3-4.5 µm; Pycnidia: laminal, immersed; conidia: filiform; Spot tests: all negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Host: cyanolichens; Substrate and ecology: on soil and rock in open habitats and woodlands, up to 2470 m; World distribution: widely distributed in temperate western North America, rare in western Europe, Greenland, and Tadzhikistan; Sonoran distribution: rather common in Arizona, California, Baja California, Baja California Sur and Chihuahua.; Notes: Two subspecies were recognized by Timdal (1991), one widely distributed and one restricted to coastal California and Baja California. Intermediate specimens occur in the area of overlap. 53328 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=53328 Toninia sculpturata (H. Magn.) Timdal 2542 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:42 2011-02-02 12:16:42 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Life habit: lichenized, lichenicolous; Thallus: squamulose; squamules: up to 1.5 (-3) mm diam., scattered to adjacent, rounded, weakly to strongly convex; upper surface: pale yellow, epruinose or partly covered by farinose pruina, dull, with deep, regular fissures, lacking pores and pseudocyphellae; upper cortex: up to 300 µm high, lacking calcium oxalate; margin: concolorous with upper surface; Apothecia: up to 1 mm diam., plane and marginate when young, later convex and immarginate, faintly pruinose or densely pruinose; exciple: medium brown in the rim, pale brown to colorless in inner part; hypothecium: pale brown to colorless; epithecium: medium brown (K-, N-); asci: clavate, 8-spored; ascospores: ellipsoid to bacilliform, 1-septate, 10.5-17.5 x 5-6 µm; Pycnidia: laminal, immersed; conidia: filiform; Spot tests: all negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Host: cyanolichens. 1950 m; Substrate and ecology: on calciferous rock, on boulder in open pinyon-juniper woodland at 1950 m; World distribution: scattered in arid areas in the temperate region of the Northern Hemisphere; Sonoran distribution: northern Arizona (single locality). 53329 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=53329 Toninia sedifolia (Scop.) Timdal 2543 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:42 2011-02-02 12:16:42 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Life habit: lichenized, lichenicolous or not; Thallus: squamulose; squamules: up to 3 mm diam., scattered to adjacent or irregularly imbricate, rounded or elongated, weakly convex to bullate; upper surface: olivaceous green to grayish green or olivaceous brown to grayish brown, epruinose to partly (rarely entirely) covered by farinose pruina, dull or faintly shiny, smooth or sometimes with a few shallow fissures, lacking pores and pseudocyphellae; upper cortex: up to 60 µm high, containing calcium oxalate; margin: concolorous with upper surface or white; Apothecia: up to 3 mm diam., plane and marginate when young, later convex and immarginate, epruinose or faintly pruinose or densely pruinose; exciple: dark gray in the rim, medium brown to dark reddish brown in inner part; hypothecium: reddish brown; epithecium: gray (K+ violet, N+ violet); asci: clavate, 8-spored; ascospores: fusiform, 1-septate, 12-24 x 3-5 µm; Pycnidia: not seen; Spot tests: all negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected in Sonoran material but some terpenoids found elsewhere.; Host: cyanolichens; Substrate and ecology: on soil and in fissures of often calciferous rock in open habitats and woodlands, up to 2380 m; World distribution: widely distributed throughout the Northern Hemisphere, more scattered in the Southern Hemisphere; Sonoran distribution: rather common in Arizona and California, rare in Baja California. 53330 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=53330 Toninia squalida (Ach.) A. Massal. 2544 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:42 2011-02-02 12:16:42 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Life habit: lichenized, lichenicolous or not; Thallus: squamulose; squamules: up to 3 mm diam., adjacent or forming a continuous crust, irregularly lobed, weakly concave to weakly convex; upper surface: medium brown to dark brown, epruinose, dull, often with shallow, irregular fissures, lacking pores and pseudocyphellae; upper cortex: up to 100 µm high, lacking calcium oxalate; margin: concolorous with upper surface; Apothecia: up to 1.5 mm diam., plane and marginate when young, later convex and immarginate, epruinose; exciple: dark brown to dark green in the rim, pale brown to colorless in inner part; hypothecium: pale brown to colorless; epithecium: bright to dark green (K-, N+ violet); asci: clavate, 8-spored; ascospores: acicular, 3-7-septate, 23-41.5 x 2.5-4.5 µm; Pycnidia: laminal, immersed; conidia: filiform; Spot tests: all negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Host: cyanolichens; Substrate and ecology: on soil and rock in confer woodlands and forests, at 2150-2950 m; World distribution: widely distributed in the temperate and arctic regions of Northern Hemisphere; Sonoran distribution: rare in Arizona and Chihuahua. 53331 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=53331 Toninia subdiffracta Timdal 2545 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:42 2011-02-02 12:16:42 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Life habit: lichenized, lichenicolous or not; Thallus: squamulose; squamules: up to 4 mm diam., scattered when young, later ± adjacent, rounded or becoming slightly elongated, weakly to moderately convex; upper surface: white to pale gray, often with a green tinge, ± entirely covered by granular pruina, dull, with shallow fissures, lacking pores and pseudocyphellae; upper cortex: up to 50 µm high, containing calcium oxalate; margin: concolorous with upper surface; Apothecia: up to 1.5 (-2.5) mm diam., remaining ± plane and marginate, faintly pruinose or densely pruinose; exciple: dark gray in the rim, reddish brown in inner part; hypothecium: reddish brown; epithecium: gray (K+ violet, N+ violet); asci: clavate, 8-spored; ascospores: fusiform, 1-septate, 14.5-21 x 3.5-5 µm; Pycnidia: not seen; Spot tests: all negative; Secondary metabolites: none or undetermined terpenoids (chemotype D).; Host: cyanolichens; Substrate and ecology: on soil and rock, mainly on steep to overhanging rock walls, usually somewhat shady, at 1620-1920 m; World distribution: rare in Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah; Sonoran distribution: northern Arizona. 53332 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=53332 Toninia submexicana de Lesd. 2546 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:42 2011-02-02 12:16:42 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Life habit: lichenized, lichenicolous or not; Thallus: squamulose; squamules: up to 3 mm diam., scattered to adjacent or irregularly imbricate, rounded to elongated, often lobed, weakly concave to weakly convex; upper surface: dark olive-brown, epruinose, shiny, smooth, lacking pores and pseudocyphellae; upper cortex: up to 70 µm high, lacking calcium oxalate; margin: concolorous with upper surface; Apothecia: up to 1 mm diam., remaining ± plane and marginate, epruinose; exciple: dark gray in the rim, pale to colorless in inner part; hypothecium: pale brown to colorless; epithecium: gray (K+ violet, N+ violet); asci: clavate, 8-spored; ascospores: bacilliform to acicular, (1-) 3-septate, 17-42.5 x 3.5-5 µm; Pycnidia: laminal, immersed; conidia: filiform; Spot tests: all negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Host: cyanolichens; Substrate and ecology: on soil and rock in ± open habitats, up to 1250 m; World distribution: southwestern North America and South America; Sonoran distribution: rather common in southern Arizona, coastal California, Baja California, Baja California Sur, Chihuahua, Sinaloa, and Sonora. 53334 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=53334 Toninia talparum Timdal 2547 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:42 2011-02-02 12:16:42 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Life habit: not lichenized, lichenicolous; Thallus: absent; Apothecia: up to 1 mm diam., remaining ± plane and marginate or plane and marginate when young, later convex and immarginate, epruinose; exciple: greenish brown in rim, usually paler in inner part; hypothecium: pale brown to colorless; epithecium: bright to dark green (K-, N+ violet); asci: clavate, 8-spored; ascospores: ellipsoid, 1-septate, 10-14.5 x 4-5.5 µm; Pycnidia: not seen; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Host: Lecania; Substrate and ecology: on crustose lichens over soil and rock in open habitats, up to 1280 m; World and Sonoran distribution: locally rather common in California (extending north of the Sonoran area) and Baja California. 53335 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=53335 Toninia tristis (Th. Fr.) Th. Fr. 2548 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:42 2011-02-02 12:16:42 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Life habit: lichenized, lichenicolous or not; Thallus: squamulose; squamules: up to 4 (-8) mm diam., scattered to adjacent, rounded, weakly convex to bullate; upper surface: castaneous brown to dark brown, epruinose, dull or shiny, smooth or with shallow fissures, with scattered punctiform impressions developing into pores, lacking pseudocyphellae; upper cortex: up to 160 µm high, lacking calcium oxalate; margin: concolorous with upper surface; Apothecia: up to 1.5 (-4) mm diam., remaining ± plane and marginate or plane and marginate when young, later convex and immarginate, epruinose; exciple: medium brown to dark brown (sometimes with a green tinge) in the rim, usually paler inner part; hypothecium: colorless to pale brown or reddish brown; epithecium: bright to dark green (K-, N+ violet) or medium brown (K-, N-); asci: clavate, 8-spored; ascospores: ellipsoid to fusiform, simple or 1-septate, 8-24 x 3-5.5 µm; Pycnidia: laminal, immersed, often below pores; conidia: filiform; Spot tests: all negative; Secondary metabolites: various terpenoid patterns (chemotype 1, 4, or 6 of Timdal 1992, plus undescribed chemotypes 8 and 9).; Host: cyanolichens; Substrate and ecology: on soil and rock, at 400-1950 m; World distribution: widely distributed in the Northern Hemisphere, Peru; Sonoran distribution: Arizona, Baja California Sur, Chihuahua and Sonora.; Notes: Nine subspecies were recognized by Timdal (1991) and two additional ones are described here. They are distinguished mainly by anatomical (spore septation, spore size, pigments), chemical (terpenoid patterns), ecological (soil and/or rock), and phytogeographical features. The subspecies are well separated, and intermediate specimens are not known. Five subspecies occur in the Sonoran area. 53337 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=53337 Toninia weberi Timdal 2549 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:42 2011-02-02 12:16:42 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Life habit: lichenized, not lichenicolous; Thallus: areolate; areoles: up to 1 mm diam., adjacent, rounded to angular, plane to moderately convex; upper surface: dark brown, often with a gray tinge, epruinose, dull or somewhat shiny, smooth or with shallow, irregular fissures, lacking pores and pseudocyphellae; upper cortex: up to 50 µm high, lacking or containing calcium oxalate; margin: concolorous with upper surface; Apothecia: up to 0.8 mm diam., plane and marginate when young, becoming convex and immarginate, epruinose; exciple: dark gray in the rim, reddish brown in inner part; hypothecium: reddish brown; epithecium: gray (K+ violet, N+ violet); asci: clavate, 8-spored; ascospores: ellipsoid, 1-septate, 10-14 x 4.5-6.5 µm; Pycnidia: laminal, immersed; conidia: filiform; Spot tests: all negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Host: none; Substrate and ecology: on sandstone at 1680 m; World distribution: scattered in arid areas of Asia (China and Iran) and North America (Arizona, Colorado and New Mexico); Sonoran distribution: northern Arizona (single locality). 53338 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=53338 Toninia australis Timdal 2550 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:42 2011-02-02 12:16:42 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Life habit: lichenized, lichenicolous or not; Thallus: squamulose; squamules: up to 2 mm diam., scattered to adjacent, ± rounded, plane to moderately convex; upper surface: pale to dark gray or olivaceous to medium brown, epruinose or partly pruinose, dull or shiny, smooth or with shallow fissures, lacking pores and pseudocyphellae; upper cortex: up to 100 µm high, lacking or containing calcium oxalate; margin: concolorous with upper surface; Apothecia: up to 1.2 mm diam., plane and marginate when young, later often convex and immarginate, epruinose or faintly pruinose; exciple: dark reddish brown in the rim, paler in inner part; hypothecium: pale brown to colorless; epithecium: reddish brown (K+ red, N-); asci: clavate, 8-spored; ascospores: ellipsoid, 1-septate, 10-19.5 x 3-5 µm; Pycnidia: laminal, immersed; conidia: filiform; Spot tests: all negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Host: cyanolichens; Substrate and ecology: on soil in open habitats near the coast, up to 380 m; World distribution: southern Africa, Australia, New Zealand, southernmost South America and Baja California; Sonoran distribution: rare in Baja California.; Notes: The species is morphologically quite similar to poorly developed specimens of T. sedifolia. The epithecial pigment and the spore shape are the main distinguishing characters. There are three other chemotypes of Toninia australis elsewhere. 53339 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=53339 Toninia hosseusiana Gyelnik 2551 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:42 2011-02-02 12:16:42 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Life habit: lichenized, lichenicolous or not; Thallus: squamulose; squamules: up to 3 mm diam., scattered to adjacent, rounded or irregular to weakly elongated, plane to moderately convex; upper surface: white, entirely covered by farinose to granulose pruina, dull, smooth, lacking pores and pseudocyphellae; upper cortex: up to 30 µm high, containing calcium oxalate; margin: concolorous with upper surface; Apothecia: up to 2 mm diam., ± plane and marginate, sometimes becoming convex and immarginate, faintly to densely pruinose; exciple: dark reddish brown in the rim, paler in inner part; hypothecium: pale brown to colorless; epithecium: reddish brown (K+ red, N-); asci: clavate, 8-spored; ascospores: bacilliform to acicular, (1-) 3 septate, 29-37 x 2.5-3.5 µm; Pycnidia: laminal, immersed; conidia: filiform; Spot tests: all negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Host: cyanolichens; Substrate and ecology: on acidic rock on steep to overhanging rock wall in Madrean oak-pine forest at 1800 m; World distribution: Mexico (Chihuahua and Oaxaca) and South America (Argentina, Peru, and Venezuela); Sonoran distribution: Chihuahua (single locality in Barranca del Cobre).; Notes: The spores are unusually long in the Chihuahuan specimen. Based on measurement of 65 spores in material from Oaxaca and South America, Timdal (1991) described the spores as narrowly ellipsoid to bacilliform, 16.5-26.5 x 3.5-5 µm. South American material sometimes contain terpenoids. The species is morphologically quite similar to T. subdiffracta; they differ mainly in the pigments in the apothecium, in spore shape, and in secondary chemistry. 53340 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=53340 Toninia nashii Timdal 2552 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:43 2011-02-02 12:16:43 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Life habit: lichenized, not lichenicolous; Thallus: granular to areolate; areoles: up to 2 mm diam., irregular and often forming a ± continuous crust; upper surface: grayish brown, ecorticate, scurfy, epruinose, dull, lacking pores and pseudocyphellae; upper cortex: lacking; margin: concolorous with upper surface; Apothecia: up to 1 mm diam., remaining ± plane and marginate or plane and marginate when young, later convex and immarginate, epruinose; exciple: brownish black in the rim, reddish brown in inner part; hypothecium: reddish brown to dark brown; epithecium: medium brown, (K-, N-); asci: clavate, 8-spored; ascospores: bacilliform, slightly curved, (3-) 7-septate, 24.5-34.5 x 3-4 µm; Pycnidia: not seen; Spot tests: all negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Host: none; Substrate and ecology: on sandstone in open habitat at the coast, at c. 180 m; World and Sonoran distribution: California (San Miguel Island, single locality).; Notes: Toninia nashii differs from the other crustose species of Toninia in having a medium brown, K-, N- epithecium and long, slightly curved, mainly 7-septate spores. Toninia mesoidea (Nyl.) Zahlbr. and T. philippea have a green, K-, N+ violet epithecium; the former more shortly bacilliform (13-17.5 x 5-6.5 µm), 3-septate spores, the latter ellipsoid, 1-septate spores. Toninia pennina (Schaer.) Gyelnik and T. weberi have a gray, K+ violet, N+ violet epithecium and ellipsoid, 1-septate spores. It is possible that the thallus described above belongs to a host lichen, not T. nashii. In that case, the most similar species would be T. subfuscae (Arnold) Timdal, which differs in having a greenish, K-, N+ violet epithecium and shorter (9.5-16 4-5.5 µm), 1- to 3-septate spores. 53341 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=53341 Toninia wetmorei Timdal 2553 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:43 2011-02-02 12:16:43 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Life Habit: lichenized, probably lichenicolous; Thallus: squamulose; squamules: up to 3 mm diam., adjacent, rounded to irregular, moderately convex; upper surface: pale yellowish gray, epruinose, dull, smooth, lacking pores and pseudocyphellae; upper cortex: up to 20 µm high, containing crystals dissolving in K, lacking calcium oxalate; margin: concolorous with upper surface; Apothecia: up to 1 mm diam., plane to weakly convex, with a narrow, indistinct margin, faintly pruinose; exciple: dark brown in the rim, paler in inner part; hypothecium: olivaceous brown in upper part, dark brown in lower part; epithecium: pale olivaceous brown (K-, N-) to colorless, containing crystals dissolving in K; asci: clavate, 8-spored; ascospores: narrowly ellipsoid, simple or 1-septate, 12-15.5 x 3.5-4.5 µm; Pycnidia: not seen; Secondary metabolites: gyrophoric acid, usnic acid, undetermined terpenoids.; Host: probably cyanolichens; Substrate and ecology: on rock in open oak forest at 1400 m; World and Sonoran distribution: Baja California Sur (single locality).; Notes: Within Toninia, the species shows several unique characters: a pale olivaceous brown (K-, N-) to colorless epithecium, presence of crystals dissolving in K in the epithecium, and presence of gyrophoric acid and usnic acid in the thallus. There are no apparently closely related species, and it is difficult to place it in any of the informal subgroups of Toninia proposed by Timdal (1991). In the two other yellow species of Toninia, T. gobica Golubk. (Mongolia) and T. sculpturata, the pigment is a cell wall pigment which is insolvable in acetone. 53344 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=53344 Solenopsora chihuahuana B. D. Ryan & Timdal 2554 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:43 2011-02-02 12:16:43 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: squamulose; squamules: up to 1.5 mm diam., concave to plane, deeply lobed, usually with the major part of the underside free from the substrate; upper surface: light green to light brown, more or less pruinose towards the lobe tips; margins: not thickened; vegetative diaspores: absent; upper cortex: up to 45 µm thick, composed of anticlinally oriented hyphae covered by crystals which are, at least partly, insoluable in K, containing scattered remnants of algae (chlor-zinc-iodine!), with a thin epinecral layer; medulla: containing crystals which are, at least partly, not dissolving in K, I+ faintly blue; algal layer: continuous; lower cortex: poorly developed; lower surface: whitish; rhizines absent; hypothallus: absent; Apothecia: up to 1 mm diam., more or less immersed when young, becoming sessile and often constricted at the base, plane and marginate when young, becoming more or less convex and immarginate, medium to dark brown, pruinose; ascospores: ellipsoid, 1-septate, hyaline, 9-12 x 3.5-5 µm; Pycnidia: immersed; conidia: shortly bacilliform, 3-4 x c. 1 µm; Spot tests: K-, C-, KC-, P+ orange (medulla) or P- (cortex); Secondary metabolites: pannarin, zeorin, and un-determined secondary products.; Substrate and ecology: on or among cyanolichens on a steep to overhanging rock face, in Madrean oak-pine forest at 1800 m (single locality); World and Sonoran distribution: Barranca del Cobre, Chihuahua.; Notes: Solenopsora chihuahuana has flattened to concave squamules in contrast to the convex squamules of S. crenata, and the spores of S. chihuahuana are substantially shorter than those of S. crenata. Neither of the species are as brittle as the upright S. cladonioides (below). 53345 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=53345 Solenopsora cladonioides B. D. Ryan & Timdal 2555 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:43 2011-02-02 12:16:43 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: squamulose, often forming small cushions; squamules: up to 1.5 mm diam., concave or plane, brittle, ascending from the base; upper surface: light green to light brown, epruinose; upper cortex: poorly developed, containing crystals which are, at least partly, not dissolving in K; medulla: lacking; algal layer: forming major part of squamule, consisting of algal colonies interspersed by strands of chondroid hyphae, containing crystals which are, at least partly, not dissolving in K, I-; lower cortex: similar to upper cortex; lower surface: pale brown to white; rhizines: absent; hypothallus: absent; vegetative diaspores: absent; Apothecia: up to 1 mm diam., constricted at the base, sometimes substipitate, plane and marginate when young, sometimes becoming convex and immarginate, medium brown to brownish black, pruinose; ascospores: ellipsoid, 1-septate, hyaline 9-11 x 4-4.5 µm; Pycnidia: immersed; conidia: shortly bacilliform, 2.5-3 x c. 1 µm; Spot tests: K-, C-, KC-, P+ orange; Secondary metabolites: pannarin, zeorin, and undetermined secondary products.; Substrate and ecology: on soil in open habitats, in Vizcaino subdivision of Sonoran desert and in Californian coastal scrub, up to 500 m; World and Sonoran distribution: California and Baja California, rare.; Notes: Solenopsora cladonioides has upright squamules that are reminiscent of basal Cladonia squamules. Furthermore, its algal layer forms a major portion of the squamules and is inspersed with strands of chondroid hyphae. Its medulla is more clearly defined than in other Solenopsora species. 53346 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=53346 Solenopsora crenata (Herre) Zahlbr. 2556 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:43 2011-02-02 12:16:43 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: squamulose; squamules: up to 1 mm diam., thick, convex, crenulate or minutely lobed, appressed or at most with free lobe tips; upper surface: white to light gray or pale yellowish-brownish, epruinose or pruinose; vegetative diaspores: absent; upper cortex: well developed, up to 100 µm thick, stainable layer composed of mainly anticlinally oriented hyphae interspersed with algal remnants (chlor-zinc-iodine!) and crystals which, at least partly, do not dissolve in K, with a thick epinecral layer; medulla: I+ faintly blue, containing crystals which, at least partly, do not dissolve in K; algal layer: discontinuous, interrupted by conical strands of upper cortex; lower cortex: thick, white, poorly defined from medulla; lower surface: pale brown to white, rhizines: absent; hypothallus: absent; Apothecia: up to 1 mm diam., sessile, becoming constricted at the base, plane and marginate when young, becoming convex and immarginate, dark brown, pruinose; ascospores: narrowly ellipsoid to shortly bacilliform, 1-septate, hyaline 13-21 x 4-5 µm; Pycnidia: immersed; conidia: shortly bacilliform, 3-3.5 x c. 1 µm; Spot tests: K-, C-, KC-, P+ orange; Secondary metabolites: pannarin, zeorin, and undetermined secondary products.; Substrate and ecology: on soil and rock in open habitats near the coast, up to 150 m; World distribution: southern and central coast of California; Sonoran distribution: Channel Islands, southern California, rare.; Notes: Solenopsora crenata is characterized by its small, white to light gray, crenulate to minutely lobed squamules. It is morphologically similar to S. carpatica, but that species has more ascending squamules and shorter spores. 53362 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=53362 Cladonia acuminata (Ach.) Norrlin 2557 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:43 2011-02-02 12:16:43 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Primary thallus: squamulose, persistent, sinuate to crenate-edged, narrowly lobed, becoming involute-concave, ascending; squmules: 2-5 mm long and 0.3-2 mm wide, esorediate or sparsely granulose-sorediate on the margins and underside; podetia: simple or fastigiately branched toward apices; sterile branches: blunt; fertile branches: ± dilated, 15-45 mm tall, up to 3 mm wide, cupless; surface: basally verruculose, areolate to squamulose; podetial squamules: similar to primary squamules, narrowly lobed; upper surface of podetia: decorticate and subfarinose to granular sorediate; Apothecia: dark brown to reddish-brown, up to 3 mm diam, perforate, lobate, or conglomerate, bulging over edge of the podetia; ascospores: oblong, 10-16 x 3 micro meter; Pycnidia: on basal squamules or at tips of podetia, urn-shaped to ovoid, constricted at base, containing hyaline gelatin; conidia: 5-8 x 0.5 micro meter; Spot tests: K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P+ orange, UV-; Secondary metabolites: atranorin, norstictic acid (major), connorstictic acid (minor or accessory); elsewhere chemistry more variable (Ahti 2000), often including psoromic acid.; Habitat and ecology: on mineral to humus-rich soil, preferably calcareous, and on thin soil over rocks; World distribution: Asia, Europe, North America and South America, mainly in the boreal forest region; Sonoran distribution: central Arizona (Gila Co.).; Notes: This species is expected to occur on base-rich soils in higher elevations in the mountains. 53371 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=53371 Cladonia asahinae J. W. Thomson 2558 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:43 2011-02-02 12:16:43 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Primary thallus: squamulose, persistent or disappearing, glaucescent green or glaucescent blue-green to olivaceous or brown above, often pruinose along margins; squamules: 2-3 mm long, 1-2 mm wide, esorediate or with granular soredia beneath margins; podetia: produced from upper side of primary squamules, borne singly or with several podetia emerging from one squamule, cup-forming, 5-35 mm tall; cups: 3-8 mm wide, flaring abruptly; surface: farinose to granularly sorediate; soredia: giving rise to isidioid-flattened squamules toward bases; Apothecia: on margins of cups, 1-4 mm wide, brown; ascospores: not observed; Pycnidia: at cup margins, pyriform, constricted at base, with hyaline gelatin; conidia: not observed; Spot tests: K- or K+ dingy yellowish, changing to brownish, C-, KC-, P+ red, UV-; Secondary metabolites: fumarprotocetraric, rangiformic and/or norrangiformic acids (north of the Sonoran area chemotypes with lichesterinic and/or protolichesterinic acid or fumarprotocetraric acid alone are also known).; Habitat and ecology: on twigs, rotting stumps, tree bases, thin soil, and sometimes over sand dunes, generally at lower elevations, mainly occurring in temperate, oceanic habitats; World distribution: Asia (Ural Mountains), Europe, North America (west) and South America (southern portion) and Antarctica; Sonoran distribution: southern California; reported from Los Angeles and Santa Barbara Counties by Hammer (1995).; Notes: Cladonia asahinae is generally included in the so-called C. chlorophaea complex and is characterized by presence of aliphatic acids (rangiformic or lichesterinic acid complexes, both identified with TLC if concentrations are sufficient [Culberson et al. 1986; Hennings 1983; Holien and Tønsberg 1985]). The lichesterinic acid chemotype is more frequent in California (Hammer 1995). Brodo and Ahti (1997) included some material without these acids, relying on morphology alone. Hennings (1983) and Hammer (1995) suggested that the chemotypes may sometimes be distinguishable by morphology or thallus color. This species is very common on the coast of Pacific Northwest, where one can learn to recognize it with some difficulty by its brownish, broadly cupped podetia, that are finely to coarsely sorediate or granulose and that tend to have toothed cup rims. However, C. asahinae is still a very poorly known and much overlooked species. 53373 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=53373 Cladonia bacilliformis (Nyl.) Gluck 2559 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:43 2011-02-02 12:16:43 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Primary thallus: squamulose, persistent; squamules: 0.2-0.3 mm wide, up to 3 mm long, entire to crenate-lobate, yellowish above, sorediate; podetia: up to 20 (-25) mm tall, usually shorter, conspicuously yellow-green, unbranched, without cups or with age forming very narrow cups, occasionally with proliferations arising from cup margins; surface: sorediate; soredia: farinose, at base only slightly corticate; Apothecia: infrequent, 0.5-1 mm wide, pale brown; ascospores: fusiform, 9-12 x 2.5-4 micro meter; Pycnidia: on primary squamules or at tips of podetia, ovoid to cylindrical, containing hyaline gelatin; conidia: 5-6 x 0.5 micro meter; Spot tests: K-, C-, KC+ yellow P-, UV-; Secondary metabolites: usnic and barbatic acid.; Habitat and ecology: on rotting pine wood in open woodlands, mainly in boreal habitats; World distribution: Asia, Europe, North America and southern South America; Sonoran distribution: Arizona.; Notes: This is species is similar to C. coniocraea and C. macilenta in structure but has a bright yellow green color (usnic acid is abundant) and the soredia are plentiful down to the base of podetia. 53376 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=53376 Cladonia borealis S. Stenroos 2560 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:43 2011-02-02 12:16:43 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Primary thallus: squamulose, persistent; squamules: 4-5 mm long, 2-3 mm wide, crenate-lobate, upturned or involute, with dying bases ochraceous; podetia: 10-40 mm tall, yellowish green, cup-bearing; cups: up to 1 cm wide, regular to slightly asymmetrical; margins: entire; surface: mostly corticate, esorediate, not granulose but occasionally squamulose; cortex: continuous to chinky-areolate, often appearing as rough scales on the podetia; Apothecia: common, up to 6 mm wide, red; ascospores: fusiform, 9-10 x 3 micro meter; Pycnidia: common, on cup margins, ovoid to conical, at base constricted or not, with red gelatin; conidia: 6-8 x 1 micro meter; Spot tests: K-, KC+ yellow, P-, UV- (or UV+ weak bluish-white); Secondary metabolites: thallus with barbatic and usnic acids; apothecial discs with rhodocladonic acid as a red pigment.; Habitat and ecology: on mossy boulders and rocks (including lava) and thin acidic soils in well-lighted habitats at high elevations, mainly arctic to boreal; World distribution: Antarctica, Asia, Europe, North America and South America; Sonoran distribution: Arizona at high elevations.; Notes: Stenroos (1989a & b) segregated C. borealis from C. coccifera on the basis of secondary chemistry and subtle morphological differences. The primary squamules of the material studied here were evanescent rather than persistent, and the podetia were shorter than in Stenroos's description. Some specimens with the chemistry of C. borealis (barbatic and usnic acids) approach C. coccifera (zeorin and usnic acid), which is very rare in the Sonoran region. The podetia of C. borealis are esorediate, unbranched, cup-forming, with scarlet apothecia on the margins of the cups. Partially corticate specimens of C. pleurota may be confused with C. borealis, but C. pleurota is always sorediate. 53383 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=53383 Cladonia cariosa (Ach.) Sprengel 2561 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:43 2011-02-02 12:16:43 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Primary thallus: squamulose, persistent; squamules: 1-4 mm long, 1-2 mm wide, crenulately lobate along margins, greenish-gray with bluish tinge, sometimes with pruina toward lobe tips; podetia: 5-35 mm tall, up to 8 mm wide, branched, twisted from the base upward, fissured longitudinally along the length; branches: anastomosing, without cups; surface: mostly corticated; cortex: continuous or breaking up and disappearing in places, esorediate; Apothecia: constantly present from early stages, chestnut brown to darker, larger than podetial support, solitary; ascospores: ellipsoid, 10.5-18 x 3.5-5.5 micro meter; Pycnidia: uncommon, on primary squamules or on tiny appressed podetial squamules, obconical, with hyaline jelly; conidia: 0.5-1 x 3-4 micro meter; Spot tests: K+ yellowish changing to dingy brown or K+ persistent yellow, C-, KC-, P+ deep yellow, rarely changing to red, or P-, UV-; Secondary metabolites: atranorin only or with additional fumarprotocetraric acid (as minor substance).; Habitat and ecology: on thin soil and roadcuts, usually in damp microhabitats; World distribution: Asia, Europe, North America and South America (south), mainly temperate, western North America; Sonoran distribution: common in Arizona at mid to high elevations. 53384 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=53384 Cladonia carneola (Fr.) Fr. 2562 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:43 2011-02-02 12:16:43 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Primary thallus: squamulose, persistent or evanescent; squamules: 2-3 mm long, 0.5-1 mm wide, deeply, irregularly laciniate; podetia: (3-) 5-20 (-50) mm tall, 2-4 mm wide, pale yellow, cup-bearing; cups: 2-9 mm wide, flaring abruptly; margins: dentate; surface: corticate at the very base, otherwise farinose sorediate, granulose below cups or on inner surfaces of cups; Apothecia: fairly common, 0.5-5 mm wide, pale brown; ascospores: fusiform, 12-16.5 x 3.5-5 micro meter; Pycnidia: very common, dark brown to black, conical to cylindrical, blunt to somewhat pointed, with hyaline gelatin; conidia: 3-4 x 0.5-1 micro meter; Spot tests: K-, C- (unless barbaric present), KC+ yellow, P-, UV-; Secondary metabolites: usnic acid with accessory barbatic and isousnic acids and zeorin.; Habitat and ecology: on rotten conifer wood and acidic humus in moist habitats; World distribution: Antarctica, Asia, Europe, North America; South America (south), mainly boreal; Sonoran distribution: Arizona, Chihuahua and Channel Islands.; Notes: Cladonia carneola is widespread in the western United States. The pale yellow color and P- reaction of C. carneola distinguish it from other sorediate, cup-bearing species. However, specimens with low concentrations of usnic acid appear greenish rather than pale yellow and may be confused with C. pleurota. The pale brown or beige apothecia in C. carneola distinguish it from similar species, but the color may be confused with the darker brown apothecia of species such as C. fimbriata. One useful, but often overlooked character in C. carneola is the regular arrangement of small, usually pointed, black pycnidia along the cup margins. These pycnidia sometimes resemble a corona around the edge of the cup. 53386 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=53386 Cladonia cenotea (Ach.) Schaerer 2563 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:43 2011-02-02 12:16:43 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Primary thallus: squamulose, persistent; squamules: 1-10 mm long, 1-2 mm wide, palmate-lobate, laciniate, with accessory isidioid lobules reiterating and resembling the original squamules; esorediate or granular sorediate beneath margins, sometimes disintegrating into a soredial mass; podetia: 13-65 (-80) mm tall, gray to green, irregularly tubular, sparingly to much branched from margins of funnel-like openings, which may give rise to one or more proliferations from margins; surface: ecorticate, sorediate from base to apices, with soredia toward base growing into elongate (1-2 mm) sinuate-edged squamules, soredia above these squamules granular to farinose; Apothecia: infrequent, 1-3 mm diam, dark brown; ascospores: oblong to ellipsoid, (5-) 7-17 x 3-5 micro meter; Pycnidia: at margins of funnel-like openings, cylindrical to conical, with red gelatin; conidia: 3-8 x 0.5-1 micro meter; Spot tests: K-, C-, KC-, P-, UV+ ice blue; Secondary metabolites: thallus with squamatic acid (in other regions also thamnolic acid chemotype [P+ yellow] present); apothecia with barbatic acid.; Habitat and ecology: growing in deep shade on rotting stumps or partially buried, rotting wood, usually in north-facing situations; World distribution: Africa, Asia, Europe, North America and South America (southern part); Sonoran distribution: rare in Arizona.; Notes: This species is distinguishable by the abundant farinose soredia and open axils. The Arizona material is atypical, as it scarcely forms funnel-like axils. 53387 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=53387 Cladonia cervicornis (Ach.) Flotow 2564 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:43 2011-02-02 12:16:43 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Primary thallus: squamulose, persistent, forming large cushions; squamules: 3-6 mm long, 2-5 mm wide, entire to irregularly crenate-lobed to irregularly digitate lobed; podetia: scarce to common, 14-55 mm tall, greenish gray, cup-bearing; cups: 2-9 mm wide, entire or with blunt to finger-like proliferations along margins, often simple and without proliferations but infrequently bearing one to three tiers of proliferations from center; surface: smoothly corticate, squamulose or esquamulose, esorediate, slightly arachnoid in young parts; Apothecia: uncommon, up to 3.5 mm diam, dark brown; ascospores: narrowly fusiform, 10-16 x 2-3 micro meter; Pycnidia: common, at cup margins, subglobose to ovoid, with hyaline gelatin; conidia: 3-4 x 0.5-1 micro meter; Spot tests: K- or K+ dingy yellow changing to brownish, C-, KC-, P+ brick red, UV-; Secondary metabolites: fumarprotocetraric acid, occasionally with atranorin.; Habitat and ecology: on soil or over duff; World distribution: northern Africa, Asia, Europe and North America; mainly Mediterranean to temperate; Sonoran distribution: eastern Arizona, Baja California, and southern California.; Notes: Persistent primary squamules and usually poorly developed, short podetia distinguish this subspecies from subsp. verticillata, which is present further north in western North America (Hammer 1995). Specimens of C. cervicornis from California containing atranorin (in Santa Barbara and Amador Counties) were discussed in Hammer and Ahti (1990); their taxonomic status is still uncertain. Cladonia cervicornis probably includes more than two taxa in western North America, and is in need of further study. Here C. cervicornis is reported as new to Mexico. 53388 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=53388 Cladonia chlorophaea (Florke ex Sommerf.) Sprengel 2565 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:43 2011-02-02 12:16:43 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Primary thallus: squamulose, persistent or disappearing; squamules: 3-6 mm long, 2-4 mm wide, irregularly crenate-lobate; podetia: 2-15 (-45) mm tall, brownish green to gray, stout to more or less slender, cup-bearing; cups: 2-6 mm wide; surface: ecorticate, granulose to sorediate, largely bare on old podetia; soredia: coarse, intergrading with granules and isidioid structures, sometimes forming podetial squamules; Apothecia: uncommon, 2-4 mm in diam., brown; ascospores: oblong, 9-17 x 3.5-4.5 micro meter; Pycnidia: common, ovoid to turbinate, often constricted at base, with hyaline gelatin; conidia: 5-9 x 1 micro meter; Spot tests: K- or K+ dingy yellowish-brownish, C-, KC-, P+ red, UV-; Secondary metabolite: fumarprotocetraric acid.; Habitat and ecology: on rotten wood, tree trunks, mineral soil or humus; World distribution: all continents, mainly temperate to boreal; Sonoran distribution: Arizona, southern California, Baja California and Chihuahua.; Notes: This species is very similar to C. pyxidata, and especially juvenile or senescent specimens can be impossible to identify with certainty. Some authors are inclined to unite C. chlorophaea and C. pyxidata, because it is difficult to make a clear-cut distinction between them, even though the presence or absence of soredia (actually granules) should distinguish the two. The chem.ically more variable Cladonia grayi complex (not present in the Sonoran region) and the C. humilis complex should be recognized as distinct in any case. 53389 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=53389 Cladonia coccifera (L.) Willd. 2566 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:43 2011-02-02 12:16:43 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Primary thallus: squamulose, persistent; squamules: 3-10 mm long, 2-5 mm wide, sparsely divided into roundish lobes, glaucescent green above, white or towards the base orange below; margins: esorediate; podetia: 7-35 mm tall, stalk 1-2 mm thick, greenish, yellowish or whitish gray, cup-bearing; cups: 4-7 (-15) mm wide, generally symmetrical base, usually single, occasionally prolixferating from the margins (or rarely centers) to form another cup; surface: areolate-corticate at the base; fertile podetia: with a fairly continuous cortex that may extend to the cup margins; sterile podetia: with the upper part of podetium densely covered by bullate granules (also inside the cups) and irregular scaly plates (elevated areolae), often in part squamulose, esorediate; surface structures: disintegrating and exposing the medulla; Apothecia: infrequent, red, up to 4 mm wide; ascospores: fusiform to oblong, 6-12 x 2.5-3.4 micro meter; Pycnidia: on cup margins, common, broadly pyriform, constricted at base, black to red, with red gelatin; conidia: 3 x 0.5 micro meter; Spot tests: K-, C- & KC+ yellow, P-, UV-; Secondary metabolites: thallus with usnic acid, zeorin (visible as tiny needle crystals on surface of older herbarium specimens), accessory isousnic acid and porphyrilic acid, plus unidentified aliphatic acids; apothecia and pycnidia with rhodocladonic acid.; Habitat and ecology: on humus-rich soils, occasionally on wood, in mountain woodlands; World distribution: arctic to temperate regions in Asia, Europe, North and South America (along the Andes); Sonoran distribution: Sinaloa/Durango border, very rare.; Notes: This species is very similar to C. pleurota in morphology and chemistry, but C. pleurota is clearly (coarsely) sorediate rather than merely granulose. Fertile specimens of both species may be corticate so that they may be difficult to distinguish. Highly squamulose specimens are also difficult to interpret. See also the discussions under C. borealis and C. pleurota. 53390 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=53390 Cladonia coniocraea auct. 2567 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:43 2011-02-02 12:16:43 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Primary thallus: squamulose, persistent; squamules: 3-9 mm long, 2-5 mm wide, deeply laciniate to palmately lobed, sparingly to abundantly sorediate along margins of underside; podetia: 8-45 mm tall, 1-2 mm wide, green to gray-green, unbranched or sparingly branched; apices: subulate or bearing very small (up to 2 mm wide), shallow cups; surface: ecorticate and sorediate above, lower portions corticate; cortex: thinning or almost lacking, not reaching high up on podetia or to cup interiors; soredia: farinose; Apothecia: rare, up to 1.5 mm diam, brown; ascospores: ellipsoid, 10-16 x 3-5 micro meter; Pycnidia: inferquent, on tips of podetia, ovoid, with hyaline gelatin; conidia: 4-8 x 0.5-1.5 micro meter; Spot tests: K- or K+ dingy yellow to brownish, KC-, C-, P+ orange to brick red, UV-; Secondary metabolites: fumarprotocetraric acid complex (the minor satellite convirensic acid probably less frequent than in C. ochrochlora).; Habitat and ecology: on rotting wood and tree bases, rarely on bare soil; World distribution: Asia, Europe and North America; temperate-boreal; Sonoran distribution: Arizona, Baja California, and Chihuahua.; Notes: Cladonia coniocraea and C. ochrochlora are morphologically very similar, and some authors are inclined to unite them. The present treatment is provisional. The squamules of C. coniocraea are always deeply incised, whereas the margins of the squamules of C. ochrochlora can be nearly entire. Cladonia coniocraea is usually found without cups, but C. ochrochlora rarely lacks them completely. The base of the podetium in C. coniocraea is only thinly corticate, while the cortex of C. ochrochlora is thick, extends beyond the immediate base, and is often longitudinally rugose. The soredia of the present taxon are usually farinose, rarely occurring in small, diffuse soralia; soredia in C. ochrochlora are variable, but are usually larger than those of C. coniocraea, and often largely occur in well defined, erumpent soralia. The podetia of C. coniocraea are greenish rather than gray, fairly slender, usually not more than 1.5 mm diam., and are usually straight. The podetia of C. ochrochlora have a grayish tint, are generally thicker, and are often somewhat branched and twisted (Hammer 1993). The nomenclatural status of the names C. coniocraea and C. ochrochlora is open; their retention requires conservation. Other species easily confused with C. coniocraea include C. norvegica, C. bacilliformis, and C. macilenta (barbatic acid chemotype), but they all react P- rather than red. The thamnolic acid chemotype of C. macilenta is distingished by a P+ yellow reaction. See also notes under C. subulata. 53401 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=53401 Cladonia deformis (L.) Hoffm. 2568 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:43 2011-02-02 12:16:43 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Primary thallus: squamulose, persistent; squamules: up to 5 mm long and 3 mm wide, crenulate to crenate-lobate, esorediate, yellowish brown at base; podetia: 15-40 mm tall and up to 4 mm wide, yellowish green to gray, dying base orange brown, cup-bearing; cups: 2-4 mm wide, rarely flaring; margin: entire or regularly dentate, sometimes with proliferations; surface: with a persistent cortex a quarter to half the length of the podetium, longitudinally rugose to chinky-areolate; cortex: intermixed with soredia and upper 1/3 to 2/3 of podetium totally covered by soredia; soredia: farinose; Apothecia: infrequent, up to 5 mm diam, red; ascospores: fusiform, 8-10 x 2.5-3.5 micro meter; Pycnidia: scarce, at cup margins, ovoid, with red gelatin; conidia: 8-11 x 1 micro meter; Spot tests: K-, C-, KC+ yellow, P-, UV-; Secondary metabolites: thallus with usnic acid, isousnic acid and zeorin (visible as needle crystals on old herbarium specimens); apothecial discs with rhodocladonic acid as a red pigment.; Habitat and ecology: on humus or rotting wood; World distribution: Antarctica, Australasia, Europe, North America and southern South America; Sonoran distribution: upper elevations of eastern Arizona (Apache Co.).; Notes: See discussion under the more frequent Cladonia sulphurina, which can be very similar to C. deformis. 53402 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=53402 Cladonia didyma (Fee) Vainio 2569 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:43 2011-02-02 12:16:43 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Primary thallus: squamulose, persistent; squamules: 1-2 x 1-1.5 (4) mm, crenate to irregularly crenulate to lobulate-laciniate, esorediate, with shiny upper side; podetia: up to 5 cm tall (usually much shorter), 1.0-1.5 mm wide, green to glaucescent, or brownish, subulate, without cups, unbranched to sparingly branched; surface: ecorticate to slightly corticate at base, esorediate (but sometimes granulose in part), microsquamulose; microsquamules: fragile, projecting downward, inner stereome translucent, pale to dark brown; Apothecia: fairly common, 0.5-4 mm wide, red; ascospores: fusiform, 10-13 x 5micro meter; Pycnidia: common, turbinate, short-stalked, with red gelatin; conidia: falciform, 5-7 x 1 micro meter; Spot tests: K- or K+ yellow, C- & KC- (or C+ & KC+ yellow if barbatic acid present), P- or P+ yellow, UV-; Secondary metabolites: thallus with two major chemotypes: (1) didymic and barbatic acids (rarely only one of them) or (2) didymic and thamnolic acids (rarely with accessory barbatic acid) with only the first one known in the Sonoran area; apothecial discs with rhodocladonic acid as a red pigment.; World distribution: Africa, Asia, Australasia, North America and South America; Sonoran distribution: only known from one location in the Sierra Madre Occidental region of Sinaloa.; Notes: This species is common further south in Mexico. It is very similar to C. macilenta (they may grow together!) but the latter species has farinose soredia, while C. didyma has rough microsquamules or granules and is not clearly sorediate. The thamnolic acid chemotype, which is the more frequent one in Mexico (see maps in Ahti [2000], pp. 196-197), was commonly recognized earlier as a distinct species (e.g., Thomson 1967, usually under the name C. vulcanica. For more data on the chemical variability of this species see Ahti (2000), p. 195. 53404 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=53404 Cladonia dimorpha S. Hammer 2570 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:43 2011-02-02 12:16:43 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Primary thallus: squamulose, persistent; squamules: 2-4 x 1-3 mm, subentire to lobed; podetia: 5-35 mm tall, ashy white to glaucescent green, cup-forming; cups: 4-10 mm wide, with long (up to 2 cm), slender, branching and anastomosing proliferations from margins; surface: mostly smoothly corticate, esorediate, or in part verruculose or squamulose; Apothecia: rare, at tips of proliferations, 0.3-3.2 mm diam, dark brown; ascospores: oblong to fusiform, 10-16 x 4-5 micro meter; Pycnidia: common, on cup margins, pyriform, constricted at base, short-stalked, with hyaline gelatin; conidia: 3-8 x 0.5-1micro meter; Spot tests: K-, C-, KC-, P+ red, UV-; Secondary metabolite: fumarprotocetraric acid.; World distribution: western North America and the West Indies; Sonoran distribution: southern California (Santa Barbara Co.).; Notes: Cladonia dimorpha is similar in habit to C. pyxidata, but the cup margins produce long, fissured proliferations that are similar to those of C. furcata. When the proliferations are not developed (in juvenile podetia), the species are difficult to separate. However, in the Sonoran region the ranges of the two species probably do not overlap. 53409 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=53409 Cladonia fimbriata (L.) Fr. 2571 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:43 2011-02-02 12:16:43 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Primary thallus: squamulose, persistent; squamules: up to 6 mm long and 4 mm wide, unevenly dentate to crenate-lobate or sinuate, coarsely sorediate (especially under margins), sometimes breaking into masses of soredia; podetia: 6-30 (-40) mm tall, 1-2 mm wide, green to whitish gray, unbranched, with trumpet-shaped cups forming at apices; cups: 2-6 mm wide; margins: entire or minutely dentate; surface: ecorticate or persistently corticated at the base (sometimes cortex extending up to cup bases); soredia: abundant, farinose, sometimes enlarging, later disintegrating and exposing the white medulla; Apothecia: uncommon, brown, up to 1.5 mm diam; ascospores: oblong, 8-14 x 3-4.4 micro meter; Pycnidia: at cup margins, subglobose, with hyaline gelatin; conidia: 7-8 x 1.5-2.5 micro meter; Spot tests: K- or K+ dingy yellow to dingy brown, C-, KC-, P+ brick red, UV-; Secondary metabolite: fumarprotocetraric acid.; Habitat and ecology: on wood, tree trunks, soil or mosses over rocks, usually in deep shade; mainly temperate-boreal; World distribution: on all continents; Sonoran distribution: Arizona, southern California, Baja California and Chihuahua.; Notes: This species is widespread in Arizona but rare elsewhere in the Sonoran Region. Earlier reports from southern California belong either to Cladonia subfimbriata, which has narrower, dentate cups (sometimes cups are missing) and more elongate, whitish podetia, or C. nashii, which has very short podetia with wide cups, like those in C. humilis (see discussion under that species). Cladonia fimbriata is characterized by the green (grayish when exposed so sun), thick, persistent layer of very fine soredia on podetia. The cups are generally symmetrical and often bear fimbriate proliferations on the margin. 53410 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=53410 Cladonia firma (Nyl.) Nyl. 2572 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:43 2011-02-02 12:16:43 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Primary thallus: squamulose, persistent, conspicuous; squamules: up to 25 mm long and 10 mm wide, glaucescent green to olivaceous above, bluish gray below (lobe tips: often white!), clearly thick (about 400 micro meter), irregularly crenate-lobate; lobe ends: strongly incurved; podetia: very rare, up to 15 mm tall, cup-forming; cups: 2-4 mm wide, rarely proliferating from center; surface: smoothly corticate to verruculose, esorediate, rarely squamulose, sometimes bearing abundant squamules along cup margins; Apothecia: rare, 1-2.5 mm wide, dark brown; ascospores: oblong-ellipsoid, 14-17 x 2-4 micro meter; conidia: rare, not observed; Spot tests: K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P+ red, UV-; Secondary metabolites: atranorin and fumarprotocetraric acid; Habitat and ecology: on soil, primarily in Mediterranean regions; World distribution: Africa, Asia and Europe, western North America; Sonoran distribution: not known from the area but occurring in adjacent California.; Notes: Cladonia firma was discussed and first reported from North America in Hammer (1991). It is restricted to a few localities in San Luis Obispo Co., southern California, where it is locally abundant. It is expected to be more widespread because it is easily overlooked due to its poor production of podetia. It is distinguished by its large, thick squamules, which are green above, bluish below and contain atranorin (K+ yellow). The taxonomic status of the North American C. firma is somewhat uncertain. 53413 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=53413 Cladonia furcata (Hudson) Schrader 2573 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:43 2011-02-02 12:16:43 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Primary thallus: squamulose, usually disappearing; squamules: up to 4 mm long and 3 mm wide, irregularly lobate to crenate-lobate; podetia: (8-) 15-80 (-95) mm tall, 0.5-5 mm wide, pale or bluish gray to dark brown, subulate, without cups or, occasionally, forming cup-like axils, dichotomously branched; branches: with longitudinal fissures; axils: open or closed; surface: smoothly corticated; cortex: chinky, areolate; squamules: present or absent, up to 3 mm long, esorediate; Apothecia: frequent, brown, up to 1.5 mm diam, subglobose, usually clustered at tips of branches; ascospores: fusiform to oblong, 5-15 x 3-5 micro meter; Pycnidia: common, at tips of podetia, urn-like, constricted at base, with hyaline gelatin; conidia: 3-8 x 0.5-1 micro meter; Spot tests: K- or K+ dingy yellow to dingy brown, C-, KC-, P+ red (test medulla!), UV-; Secondary metabolites: fumarprotocetraric acid (in other areas, like in the eastern United States and Hidalgo, Mexico, atranorin may additionally be locally frequent).; Habitat and ecology: on soil or among mosses, or rarely on rotting wood, mainly temperate; World distribution: all continents except Antarctica; Sonoran distribution: eastern Arizona (high elevation) and Baja California (coastal).; Notes: Cladonia furcata in western North America is generally comparable to, but does not exactly match specimens from Europe, eastern North America or South America. Although it is quite variable in the region, specimens of C. furcata here more closely resemble specimens from New Zealand (Hammer, pers. obs.). Cladonia furcata is distinguished by branched, brownish to bluish gray, corticate podetia. The morphologically similar C. scabriuscula resembles C. furcata, but the apices of C. scabriuscula are granulose and microsquamulose and even slightly sorediate. 53416 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=53416 Cladonia gracilis (L.) Willd. 2574 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:44 2011-02-02 12:16:44 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Primary thallus: squamulose, persistent, entire to crenate lobate; squamules: 1-3 mm wide, 1-5 mm long, esorediate; podetia: green to brownish-green, 35-80 mm tall, cup-bearing; cups: 4-8 mm wide, flaring rapidly from podetial support, proliferating from margins, occasionally with proliferations from center; surface: corticate, esorediate, occasionally shiny, cortex smooth, continuous to subcontinuous; Apothecia: common, up to 7 mm wide, dark brown; ascospores: narrowly ovoid, 10-15 x 3-4.5 micro meter; Pycnidia: common, on cup margins, ovoid, usually not constricted at base, with hyaline gelatin; conidia: 6-7 x 0.5-1 micro meter; Spot tests: K-, C-, KC-, P+ red, UV-; Secondary metabolite: fumarprotocetraric acid.; Habitat and ecology: on rotting wood and acidic forest floor at high elevations, mainly boreal; World distribution: Asia, Europe and North America; Sonoran distribution: only known from one location in the Chiricahua Mountains of SE Arizona.; Notes: This is a common species of the Canadian boreal forest with a southern outlier in mountains of Arizona. It is distinguished by the constant presence of brownish green, esorediate podetia that are rather large and have wide cups. 53420 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=53420 Cladonia humilis (With.) J. R. Laundon 2575 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:44 2011-02-02 12:16:44 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Primary thallus: squamulose, persistent; squamules: 3-10 mm long, 1-3 mm wide; margins: entire or irregularly lobate; podetia: 5-12 (35) mm tall, pale gray to glaucescent green, cup-forming; cups: 2-8 mm wide, gradually flaring, short-stalked (stalk may be shorter than cup); surface: cortex: continuous at base and persistent half the length of podetium, giving way abruptly to farinose soredia; margins: entire to irregularly dentate, proliferations absent; Apothecia: very rare, long-stalked, brown; ascospores: not observed; Pycnidia: rare, at cup margins, subglobose; conidia: not observed; Spot tests: K+ yellow, changing to dingy yellow, C-, KC-, P+ brick red, UV-; Secondary metabolites: two chemotypes: (1) atranorin and fumarprotocetraric acid, (2) bourgeanic acid and fumarprotocetraric acid.; Habitat and ecology: on thin soil in exposed localities; World distribution: Africa, Asia, Australasia, Europe, North America and South America; Sonoran distribution: SE Arizona and southern California.; Notes: Cladonia humilis is comparable to C. asahinae, C. chlorophaea, C. fimbriata and C. nashii, but it is different in several respects. The podetial cortex is persistent, gray and smooth, and may continue past the flaring base of the cup. The podetia of C. humilis are characteristically stout, with relatively wide cups. The characteristic presence of atranorin or bourgeanic acid distinguishes C. humilis from species other than C. nashii, which has hardly any cortex on the podetial stalk. The bourgeanic acid chemotype is sometimes recognized as a distinct species (C. conista), but at least in the Sonoran area it does not seem to be distinguishable morphologically, and it is therefore included in C. humilis. The atranorin chemotype seems to be more frequent in the Sonoran region, but in Arizona only the bourgeanic acid chemotype was recorded. 53428 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=53428 Cladonia macilenta Hoffm. 2576 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:44 2011-02-02 12:16:44 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Primary thallus: squamulose, persistent; squamules: 1-6 mm long, 2-5 mm wide, sometimes with granular soredia; podetia: 2-30 mm tall, 1-4 mm wide, grayish to whitish green, unbranched to sparingly branched, subulate or blunt, not cup-forming; surface: sorediate, with disappearing cortex on upper portions, but basally thickly corticate (also below apothecia); soredia: coarse at base, sometimes intergrading with isidioid structures; Apothecia: scarce, 0.5-3 mm wide, red; ascospores: oblong, 8-13 x 3-4 micro meter; Pycnidia: common, on primary squamules or tips of podetia, ovoid to cylindrical, with red gelatin; conidia: 3-8 x 0.5-1 micro meter; Spot tests: K+ bright yellow, persistent, or K-, C+ & KC+ canary yellow, or C- & KC-, P+ orange, or P-, UV-; Secondary metabolites: thallus with two major chemotypes: (1) thamnolic, barbatic (inconstant), and didymic (accessory) acids; (2) barbatic acid, didymic acid (accessory); many minor accessory metabolites also present (Ahti 2000); apothecial discs with rhodocladonic acid as a red pigment.; Habitat and ecology: on dead wood, tree bases, or sometimes over soil or rocks; World distribution: all continents (Antarctica uncertain); mainly temperate to boreal; Sonoran distribution: Arizona, southern California, Baja CalIfornia, and Sinaloa.; Notes: Cladonia macilenta is often divided into two species, called C. macilenta and C. bacillaris (the nomenclature is in need of clarification) based on the presence or absence of thamnolic acid (revealed by K and P reactions). They are here regarded as chemotypes, following Christensen (1987) and Ahti (2000), although some authors claim that they have subtle morphological differences. The barbatic acid chemotype seems to be the only one in inland areas of the Sonoran region, while the thamnolic chemotype is more frequent in the coastal lowlands. 53431 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=53431 Cladonia macrophyllodes Nyl. 2577 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:44 2011-02-02 12:16:44 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Primary thallus: squamulose, persistent; squamules: 8-15 mm long, 2-8 mm wide, crenate-lobate; upper surface: with waxy-appearing bumps several mm diam; podetia: infrequent, 9-25 (-30) mm tall, glaucous gray, senescent parts strongly blackening, cup-forming; cups: up to 7 mm wide, bearing one or more tiers of proliferations from center; surface: corticated, thickly verruculose to continuous-chinky, medullary layer emerging among chinks sometimes with a pinkish tinge; Apothecia: infrequent, up to 1.5 mm diam, brown; ascospores: fusiform, 9-15 x 2.5-3.5 micro meter; Pycnidia: on basal squamules or on cup margins, pyriform, not restricted at the base, ostiole not apparent, with hyaline gelatin; conidia: 7-8 x 1 micro meter; Spot tests: K+ yellow to dingy yellow, changing to brownish, C-, KC-, P+ red, UV-; Secondary metabolites: atranorin and fumarprotocetraric acid.; Habitat and ecology: on soil and in rock crevices in acidic habitats; locally abundant at high elevations; World distribution: Europe, Asia, North America and South America; Sonoran distribution: eastern and northern Arizona.; Notes: Cladonia macrophyllodes typically grows in acidic, high-mountain habitats and can be recognized by its large, gray squamules. The podetia are usually sparse or poorly developed, but when well developed the cups are wider than in any other species in the Sonoran region. It may be very similar to C. symphycarpia, which usually contains norstictic or psoromic acids besides atranorin. The latter species prefers base-rich habitats. 53437 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=53437 Cladonia multiformis G. Merr. 2578 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:44 2011-02-02 12:16:44 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Primary thallus: squamulose, evanescent; squamules: 1-4 mm long, up to 0.5 mm wide, digitately lobed, esorediate; podetia: glaucescent to usually more or less brown, 30-70 mm tall, 1-2 mm wide, occasionally bearing many cups; cups: successsively proliferating from cup margins to produce new cups, with sieve-like perforations in the interiors; fertile podetia: more richly branching and without cups but producing many flattened branchlets with lateral slits; surface: smoothly corticate to slightly areolate, often somewhat shiny, esorediate, somewhat squamulose; Apothecia: common, numerous but small (up to 1 mm) at ends of the long, apical proliferations, dark brown; ascospores: not observed; Pycnidia: mainly produced on short teeth at cup margins, conical to subspherical, often somewhat constricted at base, with hyaline gelatin; conidia: not observed; Spot tests: K- or K+ yellowish changing to dingy brown, C-, KC-, P+ red, UV-; Secondary metabolites: fumarprotocetraric acid and occasionally accessory ursolic acid.; World distribution: North America, mainly eastern, extending along Rocky Mountains south to Coahuila, Mexico, but not to the west coast, essentially boreal; Sonoran distribution: rare, in spruce-fir forest in eastern Arizona.; Notes: This species is easily recognized by its unique sieve-like cups. However, it is often only seen in fertile state, when no cups are present, and then it is extremely similar to some morphs of Cladonia furcata. The main axes of fertile C. multiformis are largely flattened in cross-section, while in C. furcata they are invariably round. The ranges of the two species hardly overlap in western North America. 53442 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=53442 Cladonia ochrochlora Florke 2579 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:44 2011-02-02 12:16:44 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Primary thallus: squamulose, persistent; squamules: 5-10 mm long, 2-5 mm wide, irregularly, crenate-lobate, esorediate or granularly sorediate; podetia: 15-52 mm tall, up to 4 mm wide, greenish gray, unbranched or sparingly dichotomously branched, subulate, developing cups at the apices; cups: shallow, irregular, 1-3 mm wide, corticated interiorly; surface: corticated below, usually completely sorediate in the upper half of their length; cortex: smooth, continuous from basal portions upwards, thinning above, becoming chinky-areolate and giving rise in places to discrete soralia; soralia: 0.5-1 mm diam., soredia: farinose to granular, but corticate patches and squamules (up to 5 mm long) sometimes occurring among soredia; Apothecia: infrequent, on cup margins, pale to dark brown; ascospores: ellipsoid to oblong, (8-) 14-16.5 x 2.5-6 micro meter; Pycnidia: frequent, on cup margins, ovoid, sometimes slightly constricted at base, with hyaline gelatin; conidia: 3-8 x 0.5-1 micro meter; Spot tests: K- or K+ dingy yellow to dingy brown, C-, KC-, P+ red, UV-; Secondary metabolites: fumarprotocetraric acid and accessory convirensic acid.; Habitat and ecology: on old wood or thin soil over rotting wood, also on moss covered rocks, particularly at damp sites; World distribution: all continents except Antarctica; Sonoran distribution: Arizona, southern California, Chihuahua and Sinaloa.; Notes: See discussion under C. coniocraea. In western North America C. ochrochlora varies from the type and may represent an undescribed taxon. 53444 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=53444 Cladonia parasitica (Hoffm.) Hoffm. 2580 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:44 2011-02-02 12:16:44 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Primary thallus: squamulose, persistent; squamules: up to 2.5 mm long and 1 mm wide, ascending, flat to involute, laciniate to irregularly incised, forming crust-like mats, abundantly granular sorediate or coarsely coralloid-lobulate; podetia: fairly common but often sparse, 3-15 mm tall, usually dark brown, occasionally gray, without cups, unbranched or very sparingly branched from blunt apices; tips and axils: usually open; surface: usually granularly sorediate to squamulose, rugose, sometimes totally or partly corticated; Apothecia: fairly common on tips of podetia, rarely sessile on primary squamules, aggregated to form up to 1.5 mm wide glomerules, dark brown; ascospores: oblong to fusiform, 7-14 x 2.5-3.5 micro meter; Pycnidia: common, on primary or podetial squamules, or at tips of podetia, barrel-formed, constricted at base, with hyaline gelatin; conidia: 5-9 x 1 micro meter; Spot tests: K+ deep yellow, C & KC- (but + yellow where barbatic acid present), P+ deep yellow, UV-; Secondary metabolites: thamnolic acid and (restricted to apothecia) barbatic acid.; Habitat and ecology: on rotting pine or oak wood; World distribution: Asia, Europe, North America (mainly in the East) and the West Indies; Sonoran distribution: Arizona, rare.; Notes: This is probably the first correct report of Cladonia parasitica from western North America (although it is common on the east coast of North America). It is easily overlooked because it is commonly without podetia, but it can be recognized by its very dense colonies of tiny, sorediate, finely dissected squamules that react P+ yellow. It grows on old pine or oak logs. 53447 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=53447 Cladonia peziziformis (With.) J. R. Laundon 2581 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:44 2011-02-02 12:16:44 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Primary thallus: squamulose, evanescent or occasionally persistent; squamules: very small (0.5-2 x 0.5-1 mm), undivided to somewhat laciniate, forming flat crusts; podetia: often abundant, 5-15 (22) mm tall, 0.5-1.5 mm thick, pale gray, usually unbranched or with some apical branchlets, in part flattened; surface: longitudinally grooved and cracked, almost continuously areolate-corticate and verruculose, esorediate, often slightly squamulose at the base; Apothecia: constantly present, 1-3 mm wide, dark brown to pale ochraceous; ascospores: oblong, 7-13 x 2-2.5 micro meter; Pycnidia: common, on primary squamules, ampullaceous to ovoid, constricted at base, with hyaline gelatin; conidia: 7-8 x 1 micro meter; Spot tests: K- or K+ dingy brown, C-, KC-, P+ red, UV-; Secondary metabolite: fumarprotocetraric acid.; Habitat and ecology: on bare soil banks; collected at 1700 m; World distribution: Asia, Australasia, Europe, North America and South America; Sonoran distribution: only known from the Barranca del Cobre (Copper Canyon) region of western Chihuahua.; Notes: This species can be recognized by its constantly fertile, small and slender, continuously corticate podetia and its tiny primary squamules. It is common in the eastern United States, but largely absent from the West. The Chihuahua record is an extension of its range to the Mexican mountains in the south. 53450 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=53450 Cladonia pleurota (Florke) Schaerer 2582 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:44 2011-02-02 12:16:44 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Primary thallus: squamulose, evanescent or rarely persistent; squamules: 1-5 mm long, 0.5-4 mm wide, on lower side ochraceous toward bases; podetia: greenish to whitish yellow, sometimes with bluish tint, up to 2.5 cm tall, cup-bearing; cups: up to 10 mm wide; margins: usually subentire, more rarely with teeth or proliferations; surface: with a thick cortex, sometimes rugose (especially toward base), variably sorediate; soredia: usually in upper portions of podetia including cup interiors, granular or in part farinose; Apothecia: infrequent, red, borne on cup margins; ascospores: oblong, 8-12 x 2.5-3 micro meter; Pycnidia: common, on cup margins (rarely on primary squamules), ovoid, with red gelatin; conidia: 6-8 x 1 micro meter; Spot tests: K-, C-, KC+ faintly yellow, P-, UV- or faintly whitish; Secondary metabolites: thallus with usnic and isousnic acids, zeorin (present as abundant, very tiny needle crystals over surface in older herbarium specimens), occasionally porphyrilic acid (UV+); apothecial discs with rhodocladonic acid as a red pigment.; Habitat and ecology: on rotting wood, soil or duff, largely temperate-boreal; World distribution: all continents; Sonoran distribution: Arizona.; Notes: Cladonia pleurota is mostly restricted to inland localities at intermediate to high elevations. It is sometimes confused with C. carneola, which is brighter yellow and has abundant, very fine soredia down to the base of podetium, denticulate cup margins, and ochraceous apothecia. This species should be compared with C. coccifera, which has the same chemistry but is not sorediate (Stenroos 1989a & 1989b). See also the discussion under C. borealis. 53451 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=53451 Cladonia pocillum (Ach.) Grognot 2583 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:44 2011-02-02 12:16:44 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Primary thallus: squamulose to subfoliose, mat-forming, 1-4 cm wide, persistent; squamules: flattened, adnate on the substrate, upturned around edges, comparatively thick (300-1000 micro meter); lobes: 2-5 mm wide, margins subentire to crenate-lobate, fused, esorediate; upper side: greenish to olivaceous to copper to castaneous, often glossy and cracked; medulla: conspicuously white, with chalk-like structure (use razor blade!); lower side: cottony-fibrillose; podetia: common but sometimes scarce even on well-developed thalli, dark brown to greenish brown, 0.5-1.5 cm tall, cup-forming; cups: 3-6 mm wide; surface: corticate, areolate, verruculose, esorediate, microsquamulose (forming phyllidia with age) toward the base and also inside the cups; Apothecia: fairly common on the podetia, up to 3 mm wide, brown; ascospores: not observed; Pycnidia: common on cup margins, pyriform, with hyaline gelatin; conidia: 6-7 x 1 micro meter; Spot tests: K- or K+ dingy yellowish, changing to brownish, C-, KC-, P+ red, UV-; Secondary metabolite: fumarprotocetraric acid.; Habitat and ecology: on thin soil or duff, sometimes over pebbles or muscicolous; calciphilous, mostly cold to temperate arid regions; World distribution: on all continents; Sonoran distribution: Arizona and Chihuahua.; Notes: Cladonia pocillum is distinguished by thick, glossy, brown primary squamules, which are fused together, almost resembling a foliose lichen. The lower surface of the squamules is cottony. The short (< 1 cm) podetia with numerous peltate squamules on the insides of the cups also characterize this species. It is difficult to distinguish C. pocillum from depauperate collections of C. pyxidata. In montane localities C. chlorophaea may develop characters that resemble C. pocillum, particularly where the soredia have become corticate or where they have been shed. Specimens of C. fimbriata and C. chlorophaea from montane localities often consist of squamules only, which further confuses their identity. The specific status of C. pocillum is actually in doubt, because it is suspected to be only a sturdy morph of the C. pyxidata complex, that grows on base-rich soils and accumulates calcium oxalate. It may be an ecotype. 53458 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=53458 Cladonia pulvinella S. Hammer 2584 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:44 2011-02-02 12:16:44 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Primary thallus: squamulose, persistent; squamules: 7-12 mm long, 3-8 mm wide, entire to irregulary crenate-lobate to shallow subdigitately lobate; esorediate or with granular, soredia-like structures forming beneath margins; veins: appearing toward base on the lower side; podetia: 3-10 (20) mm tall, whitish green to gray, cup-forming; cups: 1-8 mm wide,; surface: lacking a cortex, or with immediate basal area corticate, granulose, soft-appearing, with pillow-like schizidia (80-200 micro meter diam) occurring immediately above base giving rise to small peltate squamules and isidioid structures, rarely enlarging to form podetial squamules, abundantly covered with granulose soredia and peltate squamules; margins: producing numerous (5-23) blunt, digitate proliferations, or proliferations expanding to form cups, rarely giving rise to further proliferations; Apothecia: rare, borne singly along cup margins or at tips of proliferations, dark reddish brown; ascospores: not seen; conidia: rare, not seen; Spot tests: K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P+ orange, changing to red, UV-; Secondary metabolites: atranorin, bourgeanic acid, fumarprotocetraric acid, but according to Ahti (2000) atranorin sometimes absent (and bourgeanic acid may be difficult to identify due to low concentration).; Habitat and ecology: on bare soil banks; World distribution: Europe and North America; probably also West Indies and South America; Sonoran distribution: Arizona and southern California, and Baja California (Guadalupe Island).; Notes: Cladonia pulvinella possesses large (to 200 µm), loosely corticate structures that fill the cup interiors and which resemble soredia. Although C. hammeri has similar granules on its surface, it lacks bourgeanic acid. The presence of C. pulvinella in the study area is somewhat uncertain, although it was reported from Los Angeles Co., California by Hammer (1995) and Baja California by Ahti (2000); the records from Arizona and Baja California are based on Ahtis identification based on morphology. Because of the recognition of C. hammeri in this treatment, all material needs to be re-examined and analyzed with chromatography to identify the simultaneous presence of bourgeanic acid and atranorin, which is diagnostic of C. pulvinella, even though (Ahti 2000) included material without atranorin. In any case, C. pulvinella is found further north in California (see Hammer 1991 & 1995) and is expected to occur in the Sonoran Region. See further the discussion under C. hammeri. 53459 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=53459 Cladonia pyxidata (L.) Hoffm. 2585 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:44 2011-02-02 12:16:44 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Primary thallus: squamulose, persistent; squamules: 2-5 mm long, 1-3 mm wide, entire or irregularly crenate-lobate; lobes: mostly ascending, lower side brownish white; medulla: fairly thin (less than 250 micro meter); podetia: 3-20 mm tall, greenish gray to brown, cup-bearing; cups: 8-12 mm wide, usually simple; margins: entire or with short proliferations; surface: corticate or ecorticate, dull, cortex verruculose, breaking into granules or giving rise to isidioid, schizidioid or phyllidioid structures (also occurring in the cup interiors, appearing as appressed squamules); Apothecia: common, up to 8 mm wide, on c. 3 mm long stalks on cup margins, reddish brown to darker; ascospores: oblong-ellipsoid, 12-16.5 x 3.5-4.5 micro meter; Pycnidia: very common, on cup margins, ovoid, constricted or not at base, with hyaline gelatin; conidia: 3.5-9 x 0.5-1.5 micro meter; Spot tests: K- or K+ dingy yellowish changing to dingy brown, C-, KC-, P+ red, UV-; Secondary metabolite: fumarprotocetraric acid.; Habitat and ecology: on soil, especially acidic mineral soil and thin soil over rocks, more rarely over wood, mainly arctic to temperate; World distribution: on all continents; Sonoran distribution: Arizona, southern California, Baja California, Baja California Sur and Chihuahua.; Notes: Cladonia pyxidata is comparable to C. pocillum, but its primary squamules are thinner, more ascending and almost dull, and the lower side is not clearly pure white. The almost stalkless cup of C. pyxidata, which widens gradually from the base, is a diagnostic character. The peltate squamules in the cup interiors of C. pyxidata may also occur in mature specimens of C. chlorophaea, C. dimorpha, C. hammeri and C. pulvinella. However, they are characteristic even in young specimens of C. pyxidata. See also the discussion under C. chlorophaea. 53466 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=53466 Cladonia scabriuscula (Delise) Nyl. 2586 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:44 2011-02-02 12:16:44 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Primary thallus: squamulose, soon disappearing; squamules: 7-10 mm long, 5-7 mm wide, irregularly lobed to deeply laciniate; podetia: (9-) 14-32 (-60) mm tall, 1-2 mm thick, glaucous gray to brown, dichotomously branched; axils: open, more rarely closed; tips: subulate, never cup-forming; surface: corticate, cortex thinning above base, scattered areolate to slightly raised-verruculate, giving rise to podetial squamules; squamules: abundant, 2-5 mm long, bearing granular material beneath, at apices granular-sorediate; Apothecia: infrequent, 0.5-2.0 mm wide, brown; ascospores: oblong to ellipsoid, 11-17 x 4-6 micro meter; Pycnidia: common, at tips of podetia, urn-shaped, constricted at base, with hyaline gelatin; conidia: 5-8 x 1-1.5 micro meter; Spot tests: K- or K+ dingy yellow to dingy brown, C-, KC-, P+ red, UV-; Secondary metabolite: fumarprotocetraric acid.; Habitat and ecology: on thin soil on road cuts and among mosses, usually terricolous, not seen on wood, in mainly coastal and oceanic habitats; World distribution: Asia, Australasia, Europe, North America, South America and sub-Antarctica; Sonoran distribution: Baja California and southern California.; Notes: Cladonia scabriuscula is morphologically similar to C. furcata. The podetia of C. scabriuscula can have sorediate tips, but intermediate forms may have scurfy to verruculose tips, and these characteristics may intergrade. Most of specimens from western North America are characterized by scurfy, non-squamule-forming bits of cortex at the apices. Cladonia scabriuscula is more frequent than C. furcata in the area, but has been overlooked in the past. In some populations these species are almost impossible to distinguish, but the details of their total distributions in the world are poorly known. 53471 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=53471 Cladonia squamosa Hoffm. 2587 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:44 2011-02-02 12:16:44 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Primary thallus: squamulose, persistent; squamules: 2-6 mm long, 1-3 mm wide, deeply incised, narrow-lobed to coralloid; upper surface: light grayish-green; lower surface: white, esorediate, involute or flattened; podetia: (4-) 20-70 mm tall, greenish gray to dark brown, unbranched to much-branched; apices and axils: perforated; surface: esorediate; cortex: at base rarely continuous, breaking up above base and giving rise to abundant podetial squamules; squamules: subdigitately lobed, up to 6 mm long, upturned, imbricate, obscuring apical openings, sometimes appearing granulose; Apothecia: uncommon, pruinose, later brown, in groups around margins of openings, 2-3 mm diam; ascospores: oblong to ellipsoid, (5-) 7-17 x 3-5 micro meter; Pycnidia: on tips of podetia (rarely on basal squamules), barrel-shaped, slightly constricted at base, with pale red or hyaline gelatin; conidia: 3-8 x 0.5-1 micro meter; Spot tests: K- or K+ yellow, C-, KC- or KC+ yellow, P- or P+ yellow, UV+ ice blue or UV-; Secondary metabolites: two major chemotypes known: (1) squamatic acid (K-, P-) and (2) thamnolic acid (K and P+ yellow); both contain additional barbatic acid in apothecia, only the second is recorded in our region but the first is also expected.; Habitat and ecology: on mossy rocks, rotting wood or tree bases, primarily in temperate regions; World distribution: on all continents; Sonoran distribution: Chihuahua (Parque Recreativo El Creel).; Notes: This species is frequent further south in Mexico (Ahti 2000) and also further north (Hammer 1995). More records are expected from the moister parts of the mountain forests in the Sonoran region. Cladonia squamosa is distinguished by its highly squamulose, brown to gray podetia. The thamnolic acid chemotype was previously identified as C. subsquamosa (e.g. Thomson 1967), but the name is illegitimate (see below under C. subsquamosa Kremp.). There seems to be no morphological character to support its distinction as a species, although its geographic distribution is somewhat different from C. squamosa s. str. 53475 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=53475 Cladonia subradiata (Vainio) Sandst. 2588 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:44 2011-02-02 12:16:44 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Primary thallus: squamulose, persistent to evanescent; squamules: 2-4 x 1-2 mm, crenulate to laciniate, esorediate to granular below and at margins; podetia: whitish gray, 0.8-3 cm long, 0.4-1 mm thick, unbranched or sparingly branched; tips: blunt to acute in young podetia, mature podetia forming cups; cups: 0.6-3 (-4) mm wide, shallow, producing hymenium-tipped prolixferations along margins, occasionally deformed and laterally flattened; surface: thinly corticate at base, sorediate (but mostly covered by soredioid or isidioid structures) inside cups and below hymenial discs, also with slightly elongated, tiny (or larger) microsquamules (0.1-0.2 mm long) and granules towards base; Apothecia: uncommon, dark brown (but the more frequent primordia pale brown), 2-3 mm wide; ascospores: fusiform, 10-12 x 2 micro meter; Pycnidia: common, either on young basal squamules or at tips of podetia, bell-shaped to pyriform, strongly constricted at base, with hyaline gelatin; conidia: 7-10 x 1 µm; Spot tests: K-, C-, KC-, P+ red, UV-; Secondary metabolites: fumarprotocetraric acid and accessory convirensic acid.; Habitat and ecology: on rotten wood and earth banks, in tropical to warm-temperate regions; World distribution: Africa, Asia, Australasia, North America and South America; Sonoran distribution: Chihuahua and Sinaloa.; Notes: Cladonia subradiata is one of the most widespread species of Cladonia in the American tropics and subtropics (Ahti 2000), and it is common in Mexico south of the study area. The northern limit is not well known and the specimens from California could not be identified with certainty. It is very similar to C. coniocraea but is whitish and the soredia are loosely attached, isidioid, especially on the basal parts of the podetia. 53477 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=53477 Cladonia subsquamosa Krempelh. 2589 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:44 2011-02-02 12:16:44 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Primary thallus: squamulose, persistent or evanescent; squamules: 1-3 x 1-2 mm, soft, fragile, convex to imbricate, fluffy below but sometimes granular or sorediate; podetia: 1-3 (-4.5) cm tall, 0.3-1 (-1.5) mm wide, grayish green, producing cups (rarely subulate); cups: 3-7 (-15) mm wide; margins: entire to dentate, thin, erect or slightly recurved; surface: ecorticate or at base corticate, finely to coarsely sorediate, also with minute isidioid phyllidia and with globose, corticate granules or microsquamules; soredial layer: thinning and revealing grooved, white to brownish stereome; Apothecia: rather common, 1-5 mm wide, light to dark brown, on long (4-7 mm) stalks; ascospores: fusiform, 8.5-12.5 x 2-3.5 micro meter; pycnidia: infrequent, semiglobose to pyriform, with hyaline gelatin; conidia: not observed; Spot tests: K-, C-, KC-, P+ red, UV-; Secondary metabolites: fumarprotocetraric acid and accessory convirensic acid.; Habitat and ecology: on rotting wood , tree bases and earth banks, in tropical and subtropical habitats; World distribution: Africa, Asia, Australasia, North America and South America; Sonoran distribution: Chihuahua and Sinaloa.; Notes: Cladonia subsquamosa is a widespread, tropical counterpart of C. chlorophaea and was recently recognized as distinct (e.g., Ahti 2000). It is common in Mexico south of the study area and also extends to Florida. It contrast, C. fimbriata produces a persistent, thick cover of farinose soredia (although the stalk of the podetium is sometimes corticate). In C. subsquamosa the soredia are more loosely attached, even become isidioid, and easily disintegrate; its outer medulla is very thin and is not conspicuously white. This species is distinguished from C. chlorophaea by having sorediate podetia that lack a distinct cortex on its stalks. Chemically C. subsquamosa differs by constantly producing rather high amounts of convirensic acid, which is scarce or absent in the other species. The name of the present species should not be confused with the much used C. subsquamosa (Nyl. ex Vain.) Cromb., which is a synonym of C. squamosa (see above). 53478 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=53478 Cladonia subulata (L.) Weber ex F. H. Wigg. 2590 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:44 2011-02-02 12:16:44 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Primary thallus: squamulose, soon disappearing; squamules: 1-4 (-9) mm long, 1-6 mm wide, esorediate or barely sorediate beneath margins; podetia: abundant, 15-50 (-100) mm tall, 1.5-4 mm thick, unbranched to sparingly branched, branching angle often wide (to 90°), pale gray or grayish green, subulate but finally cup-forming; cups: 1-3.5 mm wide, often with long, subulate proliferations formed from cup margins; surface: mostly ecorticate, farinose sorediate but isidioid structures or small podetial squamules occurring towards the base; Apothecia: infrequent, at cup margins, stalked, dark brown; ascospores: not observed; Pycnidia: at tips of subulate podetia or cup margins, ovoid to conical, slightly constricted at base, gelatin hyaline; conidia: 5-8 x 1 micro meter; Spot tests: K- or K+ dingy yellow to dingy brownish, C-, KC-, P+ red, UV-; Secondary metabolite: fumarprotocetraric acid.; Habitat and ecology: on bare soil over earth banks, rarely on wood, mainly in cool temperate regions; World distribution: all continents; Sonoran distribution: in upper elevations of eastern Arizona (Apache Co.) and southern California.; Notes: Cladonia subulata is variable and sometimes difficult to distinguish from C. fimbriata. Both species are covered with farinose to (occasionally) granular soredia. The cups of C. fimbriata are wider and shallower than those of C. subulata. Although in most populations its tall, slender, subulate podetia dominate, specimens of C. subulata from northern and interior localities in western North America are abundantly cupped, often with wide cups and relatively short podetia. See also the discussion under C. subfimbriata. 53479 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=53479 Cladonia sulphurina (Michaux) Fr. 2591 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:44 2011-02-02 12:16:44 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Primary thallus: squamulose, persistent; squamules: up to 2 cm long and 1 cm wide, subentire to broadly crenate-lobate, occasionally accessory lobules along margins, edges upturned; undersides: whitish to ochraceous yellow at base, esorediate but lobules occasionally sorediate; podetia: 30-120 mm tall, usually unbranched, greenish yellow, some tips subulate or throughly split (longitudinal slits on podetial walls), most tips cup-bearing; cups: 1-8 mm wide, with radiating openings interiorally and many short, blunt proliferations from margins; surface: with corticate base in young podetia but almost entirely farinose sorediate or with a few patches of verruculae or numerous squamules (some of which approach the size of primary squamules) in older podetia; Apothecia: infrequent, up to 3 mm wide, red; ascospores: oblong, 8-10 x 2.5-3.5 mm; Pycnidia: common, at cup margins, with red gelatin; conidia: 8-11 x 1 micro meter; Spot tests: K-, C-, KC- or yellowish, P-, UV+; Secondary metabolites: thallus with usnic and squamatic acids, accessory bellidiflorin; apothecial discs with rhodocladonic acid as a red pigment.; Habitat and ecology: on rotting wood or acid humus in timberline woods, mainly in cold temperate regions; World distribution: Antarctica, Asia, Europe, North America and South America (southern portion); Sonoran distribution: eastern and northern Arizona.; Notes: Cladonia sulphurina is morphologically similar to C. deformis in that both have yellowish, elongate, sorediate, cup-bearing podetia. But C. sulphurina contains squamatic acid (UV+, no crystals on surface), while C. deformis contains zeorin (UV-, needle crystals on surface). In most cases C. sulphurina is easily distinguished by its brighter yellow color, the presence of uncupped podetia and irregular, split cups and podetia. Cladonia deformis is actually less deformed than C. sulphurina (e.g., Goward 1999). 53487 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=53487 Cladonia verruculosa (Vainio) Ahti 2592 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:44 2011-02-02 12:16:44 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Primary thallus: squamulose, soon disappearing; squamules: 1-3 mm long, up to 1.5 mm wide, crenate-lobate to nearly entire; podetia: 20-120 mm tall, up to 2 mm wide, brownish white, basal portions blackening, unbranched or sparingly dichotomously branched laterally or rarely from cup margins; branches: solid at base; tips: subulate or cup-forming; cups: 1.5-3 mm wide, irregular; margins: often with elongating proliferations, some proliferations also arising from centers of cups, although rarely in consecutive series; surface: rough, esorediate or sparingly granulose sorediate; cortex: continuous to verruculose, scattered and disappearing in older specimens, often richly squamulose at the base; Apothecia: frequent, up to 3 mm wide, brown; ascospores: ellipsoid, 13.5-16 x 4-5 micro meter; Pycnidia: scarce, on cup margins, subglobose, with hyaline gelatin; conidia: 3-8 x 0.5-1 micro meter; Spot tests: K- or K+ dingy yellow changing to dingy brown, C-, KC-, P+ brick red, UV-; Secondary metabolite: fumarprotocetraric acid.; Habitat and ecology: on thin soil on exposed or mossy roadcuts or other soil banks, also found on stabilized sand dunes among short grasses; World distribution: western North America; Sonoran distribution: southern California.; Notes: Cladonia verruculosa is generally recognized by its tall, slender podetia, which are in part subulate, in part cup-bearing, and its rough surface due to granulose soredioid structures. This species is very common in Washington down to northern California, and Hammer (1995) reported it down to Santa Cruz Co., but uncertain specimens have been collected further south in California. In Mexico (Michoacán [Ahti 2000]), a very similar species, C. aleuropoda Vain. approaches the Sonoran area. Its cups more regularly produce central proliferations. 53489 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=53489 Cladonia cartilaginea Mnll. Arg. 2593 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:44 2011-02-02 12:16:44 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Primary thallus: squamulose, persistent or evanescent; squamules: 1.5-9 mm x 0.5-2 mm, ± laciniate, esorediate; podetia: up to 2. 5 cm tall, 0.3-2 mm wide, whitish gray, without cups, unbranched to sparsely dichotomously branched, occasionally richly branched at apices, tips blunt to acute, branches flexuose or recurved; surface: decorticate or cortex sparsely verruculose-granulose, or sorediate, occasionally microsquamulose, somewhat striate, very hard inner medulla usually exposed; Apothecia: rather frequent, 0.3-1.5 mm wide, red brown; spores: oblong, 7-13 x 2.5-3.5 micro meter; pycnidia: on primary squamules or at tips of podetia, with hyaline gelatin; conidia: 4-8 x 0.5 micro meter; Spot tests: K-, KC-, C- and P+ red; Secondary metabolites: fumarprotocetraric acid (chemistry more variable in other areas; Ahti 2000).; Habitat and ecology: on bare mineral soil, especially trail banks, collected at 1340-1800 m in Chihuahua; World distribution: North America (Mexico), West Indies and South America, mainly tropical; Sonoran distribution: Chihuahua.; Notes: Cladonia cartilaginea is a widespread farther south in Mexico, where it is a short-lived pioneer species of disturbed habitats. It is easily overlooked, or confused with a more common species with simple podetia, C. subradiata, in Mexico. It can be recognized by its very hard inner medulla (difficult to cut with a razor blade!), its poor development of soredioid bodies, and the absence of cups. 53490 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=53490 Cladonia hammeri Ahti 2594 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:44 2011-02-02 12:16:44 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Primary thallus: squamulose, persistent; squamules: 2-4 mm wide, ascendent; podetia: 4-10 mm tall, whitish-gray, cup-forming; cups: 2-5 mm wide; margin: subentire, not proliferating in sterile state; surface: esorediate, densely granulose (to schizidiose), corticate at base; Apothecia: rare, dark brown; ascospores: not seen; Pycnidia: scarce, on cup margins; conidia: not seen; Spot tests: K-, C-, KC-, P+ red, UV-; Secondary metabolites: fumarprotocetraric acid, trace amounts of protocetraric and confumarprotocetraric acids, traces of three unknown substances.; Habitat and ecology: on earthen banks in arid lowland regions; World distribution: western North America; Sonoran distribution: Baja California and southern California.; Notes: Cladonia hammeri resembles C. humilis, but it is not sorediate and not as distinctly corticate. We initially placed it in C. kurokawae Ahti & S. Stenroos, a similar granulose species with atranorin, which is known from Japan and China. However, a well-developed cortex is found on the podetia of C. kurokawae, and it extends higher up. Cladonia kurokawae is frequently fertile, with many proliferations arising from the cup margins. Cladonia pulvinella, another similar species, contains atranorin and bourgeanic acid and the cup margins are irregularly dentate and proliferating. 53491 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=53491 Cladonia jaliscana Ahti & Guzm.-Dáv. 2595 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:44 2011-02-02 12:16:44 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Primary thallus: squamulose, persistent, forming depressed mats; squamules: 2-3 mm lone x 0.1-1 mm wide, dense, crenulate to much-dissected, esorediate or slightly sorediate; podetia: yellow-green to glaucous green, unbranched to rarely sparingly branched at tips, 4-10 mm tall, clavate, broadening toward tips, without cups; surface: corticate, esorediate; cortex: continuous to areolate-peltate or verruculose, occasionally squamulose; Apothecia: constantly present, red, 1-2 mm wide; ascospores: oblong, 9-12 x 3.5-4 micro meter; pycnidia: abundant, on primary squamules, spherical to urn-shaped, constricted at base or not, with red gelatin; conidia: 3-5 x 0.5 micro meter; Spot tests: K+ yellow, C-, KC-, K+ yellow, P+ yellow, UV-; Secondary metabolites: thallus with thamnolic and didymic acids (majors), usnic acid (accessory); apothecial discs with rhodocladonic acid as a red pigment.; Habitat and ecology: on soil and humus in oak and pine forests; World distribution: North America (Mexico and Arizona); Sonoran distribution: SE Arizona (Chiricahua Mts.) and along the Sierra Madre Occidental of Chihuahua.; Notes: In Arizona it is an extension of its main range in Mexico. It is characterized by conspicuous wide colonies on soil and the presence of red apothecia on somewhat sturdy, short podetia. 53492 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=53492 Cladonia mexicana Vain. 2596 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:44 2011-02-02 12:16:44 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Primary thallus: squamulose, evanescent, entire to sublobate; squamules: c. 1 mm wide and up to 3 mm long, not granulose; podetia: 1-5 cm tall, 1-2 (-7) mm wide, whitish gray or glaucescent to brownish, blackened at base, sparingly branched, subulate to narrowly scyphose; cups: absent or developing with age, 1-2 mm wide, closed or with secondary openings; surface: areolate-corticate, with arachnoid interspaces (fertile podetia more continuously corticate), pruinose near tips, becoming granulose, schizidiate, phyllidiate to microsquamulose; Apothecia: infrequent, 0.2-0.7 mm wide, brown; ascospores: not observed; Pycnidia: on cup margins, pyriform, stalked; gelatin not observed; conidia: not seen.; Spot tests: K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P+ orange, UV-; Secondary metabolites: atranorin and fumarprotocetraric acid, and unknown minor compounds (accessory).; Habitat and ecology: on soil at high elevations (c. 2000 m); World distribution: North America (Mexico), the West Indies, Central and South America (Andes), especially in the páramos; Sonoran distribution: only known from the Basaseachic region of western Chihuahua.; Notes: This species is widespread on Mexican mountains south of the Sonoran region. It is recognized by its whitish color and granulose, arachnoid podetia. 53493 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=53493 Cladonia nashii Ahti 2597 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:45 2011-02-02 12:16:45 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Primary thallus: squamulose, persistent; squamules: 1-4 mm wide, ascendent or adnate; podetia: 4-10 mm tall, whitish-gray, simple, cup-forming; cups: 2-4 mm wide; surface: clearly sorediate almost throughout (but in part disintegrating with age); soredia: fine to somewhat coarse; cortex: absent or very scarce at base; ascospores: not seen; Pycnidia: along margins of cup, spherical, blackish subglobose, with hyaline gelatin; conidia: not observed; Spot tests: K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P+ red, UV-; Secondary metabolites: atranorin and fumarprotocetraric acid (with traces of protocetraric and confumarprotocetraric acids).; Habitat and ecology: on earthen banks, mainly on mineral soil, arid lowland regions; World distribution: North America (California and Mexico); Sonoran distribution: Baja California and southern California, especially the Channel Islands.; Notes: Cladonia nashii resembles the atranorin chemotype of C. humilis, but it lacks the smooth cortex found on the podetia of C. humilis, and its soredia are slightly coarser. It is also similar to C. hammeri, which has a granular surface but which lacks distinct soredia. Cladonia hammeri also lacks atranorin. All three of these species can occur sympatrically in southern California. 53494 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=53494 Cladonia subfimbriata Ahti 2598 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:45 2011-02-02 12:16:45 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Primary thallus: squamulose, persistent; squamules: 1-5 mm long, 0.5-3.5 mm wide, gray, pruinose (occasionally strongly pruinose), with occasional granules and phyllidia on upper surface; margin: crenulate to lobulate; underside: white, softly cottony, occasionally slightly veined toward base, sometimes sorediate along the margins, dying base not blackened; podetia: whitish-gray, 4-15 mm tall, 1-2 mm wide, simple, straight to curved, sturdy, subulate to obtuse when young but soon forming narrow cups; cups: 1-2.8 mm wide, shallow, inner surface phyllidiate, occasionally split but generally without marginal proliferations; surface: totally ecorticate or corticated basally (up to 1 mm high), sorediate with distinct farinose soredia (0.1-0.2 mm diam), usually mixed with spherical, corticate granules (0.2-0.5 mm wide), with phyllidia, microsquamules or (at base) macrosquamules giving the surface a rough appearance (although podetial tips remaining farinose); medulla: white, exposed in places,; Apothecia: rare, sometimes compound; disc: up to 2 mm wide, dark brown; ascospores: not observed; Pycnidia: rare, borne on cup margins, spherical, brown, sessile or slightly stalked, 0.5 mm wide, ascogonial primordia also brown; conidia: not observed; Spot tests: K+ reddish-brown, C-, KC-, P+ red, UV-; Secondary metabolites: fumarprotocetraric acid and trace amounts of protocetraric and confumarprotocetraric acids, occasionally with traces of convirensic acid or unknown secondary products.; Habitat and ecology: primarily on bare mineral soil on road banks and crevices of rock outcrops, but also on rotten wood, mainly in forested areas from 60 to 3000 m; World distribution: North America (central Mexico to SW USA); Sonoran distribution: Arizona, southern California, Baja California and Chihuahua.; Notes: Cladonia subfimbriata has often been identified as C. fimbriata because of its simple, sorediate podetia. It differs from C. fimbriata by producing subulate podetia at a young stage, having narrow cups and podetia (that therefore appear elongated). The soredia of C. subfimbriata are also rougher. Cladonia subfimbriata may actually be closer to C. subulata, as it resembles that species in surface structure and color. However, C. subfimbriata is smaller, unbranched, and commonly produces narrow cups, which do not bear proliferations. Young and short morphotypes of C. subulata may be difficult to distinguish from this species. The widespread occurrence of C. subfimbriata in Mexico in areas where C. subulata is absent confirms that the two species are distinct. More field work is required to define the limits between C. subfimbriata, C. fimbriata, and C. subulata. 53498 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=53498 Coccocarpia erythroxyli (Sprengel) Swinscow & Krog 2599 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:45 2011-02-02 12:16:45 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: foliose, ± orbicular, 2-8 (-15) cm wide, adnate to loosely adnate, with or without concentric rings, lobate,; lobes: flabellate or cuneate, 1-3 (-7) mm wide, contiguous to imbricate or well separated, lobulate (especially older parts) and weakly branched; apices: rounded and deflexed, broader than interior parts of the lobes, usually incised; upper surface: light gray to dark bluish gray when dry, darker when wet, smooth, usually glossy, rarely scabrid, epruinose, sometimes with concentric, curved ridges; lacking isidia, but often with small rounded, laminal or marginal accessory lobules in central parts of the thallus; upper cortex: white or pale yellow, 12-20 µm thick, with an epicortex; cortex: hyaline to black, 12-20 µm thick; medulla: white or pale yellow, loose, 30-60 µm thick; lower surface: usually pale brown but sometimes deeper brown to black, glabrous, rhizinate; rhizines: white, light to dark brown or black (black in Sonoran material), scarce to numerous, sometimes forming a dense hypothallus; Apothecia: usually present, laminal, irregularly orbicular, 1-4 (-9) mm wide, adnate or sessile, orbicular; margin: thin, only visible in young apothecia, sometimes with white hairs (especially towards base of apothecia and hidden when viewed from above); disc: reddish brown to black (black in Sonoran material), flat to strongly convex; exciple: hyaline or light brown, up to 200 µm thick but covered by disc, epihymenium: pale brown or brownish or black, 4-8 µm thick; hymenium: colorless, 40-60 µm high; paraphyses: ± branched, septate, apically capitate; subhymenium: pale brown to almost black, up to 100 µm thick; asci: narrowly clavate, 8-spored; ascospores: narrowly to broadly fusiform to ellipsoid, hyaline, simple, often with two oil droplets, 7-14 x 3-5 µm; Pycnidia: laminal or marginal, immersed or sessile, ostiole dark; conidia: bacilliform, 2-4 x 1 µm; Spot tests: all negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected (reports of atranorin may be in error).; Habitat and ecology: on rocks and soil among mosses in moist habitats, but also on tree trunks (Quercus etc.); World distribution: pantropical and subtropical with a few outlying temperate to arctic localities; Sonoran distribution: scattered locations in SE Arizona and south along the Sierra Madre Occidental in Chihuahua, Sonora and Sinaloa. 53499 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=53499 Coccocarpia palmicola (Sprengel) Arv. & D. J. Galloway 2600 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:45 2011-02-02 12:16:45 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: foliose, ± orbicular, 2-7 (-12) cm wide, tightly or loosely adnate, with or without concentric rings, lobate,; lobes: broadly flabellate or cuneate, 1-4 (-7) mm wide, contiguous to imbricate, lobulate and branched; apices: broader than interior parts of the lobes, usually incised, rounded and deflexed; upper surface: usually dark lead gray when dry, bluish green to brownish black when wet, smooth, usually glossy, epruinose, sometimes with concentric, curved ridges, rarely scabrid, isidiate; isidia: granular initially, becoming simple and terete (rarely flattened) and sometimes coralloid branched, scarce or forming a dense mat; upper cortex: hyaline or pale yellow, 12-20 µm thick, with an epicortex; cortex: hyaline to black, 12-20 µm thick; medulla: white or pale yellow, loose hyphae, 30-60 µm thick; lower surface: usually pale, brown or black, glabrous, rhizinate; rhizines: white, light to dark brown or black (black in Sonoran material), scarce to numerous, sometimes forming a dense hypothallus; Apothecia: infrequent, laminal, irregularly orbicular, up to 1-3 (-4.5) mm wide, adnate or sessile; margin: thin, with proper one only visible in young apothecia, sometimes with white hairs (especially towards base of apothecia and hidden when viewed from above); disc: pale brownish red to black (black in Sonoran material), flat to strongly convex; exciple: hyaline or light brown, up to 110 µm thick but covered by disc; epihymenium: pale yellow or brownish or black, 4-9 µm thick; hymenium: colorless, 40-70 µm high; paraphyses: ± branched, septate, 2-5 µm thick, apically capitate; subhymenium: pale brown to almost black, up to 100 µm thick; asci: narrowly clavate, 40-60 x 8-15 µm, 8-spored; ascospores: , narrowly to broadly fusiform to ellipsoid, hyaline, simple, often with two oil droplets, 7-14 x 3-5 µm; Pycnidia: usually laminal, immersed, ostiole dark; conidia: bacilliform, 2-4 x 1 µm; Spot tests: all negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Habitat and ecology: on rocks and soil among mosses in moist habitats, but also on tree trunks (Quercus etc.); World distribution: pantropical and subtropical with a few outlying temperate to arctic localities; Sonoran distribution: scattered locations in SE Arizona and south along the Sierra Madre Occidental in Sinaloa and Sonora. 53503 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=53503 Spilonema revertens Nyl. 2601 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:45 2011-02-02 12:16:45 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Life habit: lichenized; Thallus: filamentous, subfruticose to dendroid, composed of tiny erect or rarely decumbent lobules which carry numerous, minute side branches, with roundish to angular, convex cushions, sometimes becoming areolate and then appearing crustose, attached to the substrate by a hypothallus composed of interwoven bluish-black hyphae, gelatinous when wet; upper surface: dark olive to blackish, rough, sometimes granulose, rarely shiny, rough or granulose, rarely shiny; anatomy: ecorticate, homoiomerous, a dense network of thick hyphae, in basal parts sometimes paraplectenchymatous; photobionts: a filamentous cyanobacterium, Stigonema or Hyphomorpha, secondary photobiont absent; lower surface: dark blue-green, brownish, dark purple to blackish due to the presence of colored hypothallus, rarely with pale rhizines; Ascomata: apothecial, sessile, lecideine, lateral on the thallus lobules, usually hidden within the cushions, up to 0.5 mm wide; disc: black, convex from the beginning, thalline margin absent; exciple: violaceous, thin, becoming excluded, composed of radially orientated hyphae; epihymenium: brownish to dark violaceous; hymenium: greenish or partly violaceous, amyloid; paraphyses: robust, distinctly septate, sparingly branched, with pointed tips; hypothecium: violaceous; asci: lecanoral, wall thick, with amyloid tip, 8-spored; ascospores: at first simple, later septate, rarely mature, hyaline, ellipsoid, 7-9 (11) x 2.5-3.5 (-6) µm; wall: thin, hyaline; Conidiomata: pycnidial, sessile, simple, globose, up to 0.2 mm wide; conidia: small, bacilliform or ellipsoid, c. 2.5 x 1 µm; Spot tests: all negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: on siliceous rock, on sheltered, steep faces of boulders in damp places or along lake shores, often associated with Psorula rufonigra; World distribution: cosmopolitan, mostly arctic to temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere; Sonoran distribution: Arizona, southern California, Baja California, Baja California Sur, Sonora and Chihuahua, mostly between 1000 and 2700 in montane areas.; Notes: The species is distinguished from other cyanolichens by the tiny fruticose, ecorticate lobes and the presence of a bluish-black hypothallus. Spilonema paradoxum is very similar but the cushions are less tightly aggregated, the lobes are rarely erect and the apothecia and pycnidia are usually not hidden in the cushions. Spilonema revertens is the host of the parasitic lichen Psorula rufonigra. Some species of Ephebe and Lichinella are similar, however, they never develop a dark hypothallus and always possess a thalline margin surrounding the apothecia. Thermutis lacks a thalline apothecial margin but the photobiont is a species of Scytonema whose filaments are surrounded by hyphae. Polychidium is also similar but is distinguished by its corticate lobes. 53629 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=53629 Heppia adglutinata (Krempelh.) A. Massal. 2602 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:45 2011-02-02 12:16:45 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: squamulose or peltate, forming multiple rosettes in aggregate up to 6 cm in diam. (individual rosettes 3-10 mm in diam.), lobate; lobes: individual ones up to 6 mm in diam., heteromerous, adnate or with raised margins; margins: entire or broken; upper surface: yellow-olive or brown; upper cortex: partially developed, 12-50 µm thick; epinecral layer: on aged lobes, 7-12 µm thick; medulla: with hyphal cells predominantly anticlinally arranged, cylindrical to globose, 4.5-12 µm wide; cyanobacteria distributed throughout; lower cortex: 13-40 µm thick, with 1-4 rows of enlarged cells; cells: 6-18 µm in diam.; Apothecia: one to several per squamule; disc: red-brown, up to 2 mm in diam., deeply urceolate or more rarely flat; exciple: 20-50 µm thick; hymenium: I+ reddish, (95-) 120-195 µm tall; subhymenium: 10-35 µm thick; asci: cylindrical to obovoid, 8-spored; ascospores: simple (rarely 1-septate), ellipsoid to fusiform, (15-) 18-24 (-30) x 6-10.5 (-12) µm; Pycnidia: immersed; conidia: fusiform, 2.5-3.5 x 1-1.5 µm; Spot tests: all negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: usually on soil, sometimes on soil over acidic rocks, occasionally in calcareous areas; World distribution: western and SE North America and southern Africa; Sonoran distribution: desert areas of Arizona. 53630 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=53630 Heppia conchiloba Zahlbr. 2603 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:45 2011-02-02 12:16:45 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: peltate, irregularly orbicular or oval in outline, lobate; lobes: up to 8 mm in diam., frequently deeply concave; margins: incurved or raised and easily broken; upper surface: grayish pruinose or rarely brownish when without pruina; margin: rough, sometimes appearing granular or almost sorediate; upper cortex: pseudoparenchymatous, 8-50 µm thick, cells 5-12 µm wide; epinecral layer: 20-50 µm thick; medulla: with anticlinally arranged hyphae, 3.5-8 µm thick, at the base with enlarged globose cells (up to 12 µm in diam.); cyanobacteria distributed throughout; lower cortex: not developed; Apothecia: one to several per lobe; disc: red-brown, at first deeply urceolate and subsequently becoming shallowly concave, up to 1.5 mm diam.; exciple: 45-60 µm thick; hymenium: 115-160 µm tall, I+ blue, in part reddish; subhymenium: 28-60 µm; asci: cylindrical to obovoid, 8-spored; ascospores: simple, ellipsoid to fusiform, 18-20 x 8-13 µm; Pycnidia: immersed; conidia: fusiform, 2.5-3.5 x 1-1.5 µm; Spot tests: all negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: usually on soil, sometimes on soil over acidic rocks, occasionally in calcareous areas; World distribution: SW and intermountain areas of western North America; Sonoran distribution: desert areas of Arizona, California, and Baja California.; Notes: The species is often collected sterile, but its gray, deeply concave thallus and rough margin are sufficiently distinctive that it can be readily recognized. Most other Heppiae and Peltulae are olive or brownish-olive colored. 53631 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=53631 Heppia lutosa (Ach.) Nyl. 2604 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:45 2011-02-02 12:16:45 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: squamulose to granulose, 1-2 (-4) µm in diam. (granules: 0.1-5 mm diam.), somewhat gelatinous, translucent when moistened; squamules: up to 200 µm thick, with an irregular outline, homoiomerous, often concave when young; margins: downcurved in older thalli; upper surface: blackish or brownish; upper cortex: absent; medulla: with predominantly anticlinally arranged hyphae; cells: 6-7 µm in diam.; cyanobacteria distributed throughout; lower cortex: sometimes present in juvenile squamules at the margins; cells: 3-5 µm thick; Apothecia: one to several per squamule; disc: dark red, up to 1.7 mm in diam., urceolate, flat or convex; exciple: 20-60 µm thick; hymenium: 115-150 µm tall; subhymenium: 20-35 µm thick; asci: cylindrical to obovoid; walls: I+ intensely blue (with hymenial gelatin becoming secondarily brownish); 8-spored; ascospores: simple, ellipsoid to fusiform, 14-18 (-26) x (4.5-) 6-10.5 µm; Pycnidia: immersed; conidia: fusiform, 2.5-3.5 x 1-1.5 µm; Spot tests: all negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: usually on soil, sometimes on soil over acidic rocks, occasionally in calcareous areas; World distribution: North America, Europe, southern Africa and Australasia; Sonoran distribution: broadly distributed in the study area, Arizona, California, Baja California, Baja California Sur and Sonora.; Notes: In general H. lutosa has a more northerly distribution (to areas well north of the Sonoran Desert) than the other species. 53632 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=53632 Heppia despreauxii (Mont.) Tuck. 2605 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:45 2011-02-02 12:16:45 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: peltate, irregularly orbicular, lobate; lobes: 2-8 mm in diam., heteromerous; margins: downcurved or raised, entire or broken; upper surface: yellow to brown-olive, with pale c. 40 µm deep depressions in a reticulate pattern; cortex: 25-50 (-75) µm thick; cells: 5-13 µm in diam.; epinecral layer: up to 45 µm thick; medulla: composed of anticlinally oriented hyphae, 3-8 µm thick, basally with globose, enlarged cells (up to 14.5 µm in diam.); cyanobacteria distributed throughout; lower cortex: not developed or only rudimentary at the margin of young lobes; Apothecia: one to several per lobe; disc: red-brown, urceolate, up to 2 mm diam.; exciple: 25-70 µm thick; hymenium: (115-) 140-175 µm tall, I+ blue or in part reddish; subhymenium: 20-50 µm thick; asci: cylindrical to obovoid, 8-spored; ascospores: simple, ellipsoid to fusiform, (15-) 17-29 (-32) x (5-) 8-10.5 (-12) µm; Pycnidia: immersed; conidia: fusiform, 2.5-3.5 x 1-1.5 µm; Spot tests: all negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: usually on soil, sometimes on soil over acidic rocks, occasionally in calcareous areas; World distribution: SW North America, SW Europe, northern Africa and Australasia; Sonoran distribution: Arizona and Baja California Sur.; Notes: The mottled, superficial appearance of this species due to the deep, reticulate depressions in the upper surface is a feature by which the species can be readily recognized. 54014 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54014 Omphalora arizonica (Tuck. ex Willey) T. Nash & Hafellner 2606 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:45 2011-02-02 12:16:45 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: umbilicate (foliose), (3-) 5-10 (-20) cm diam., attached only by the umbilicus, otherwise free and raised from substrate, often becoming markedly folded, leathery; upper surface: yellow to yellowish green or dull greenish yellow, dull to somewhat shiny, usually with a network of ridges that are rounded and not very prominent (generally less than 1 mm thick), with conspicuous papillae (verruculae) developing in circular rows; papillae less than 0.5 mm wide or tall, emaculate; pseudocyphellae: punctiform, occurring in the center of the papillae around distinct (10 x magnification) linear cracks through the upper cortex, rare in specimens with large numbers of pycnidia; upper cortex: densely paraplectenchymatous (sensu Hale, but perhaps better characterized as prosoplechtenchymatous sensu Henssen), with a narrow, frequently pigmented outer layer composed of densely aggregated hyphae; medulla: white, with strongly developed radial support tissue, cell walls with isolichenan; lower cortex: thin, prosoplectenchymatous; lower surface: dark blue-green to black (lighter around the umbilicus), pigment HNO3+ red, dull, smooth to slightly rugose around the umbilicus, developing centrifugally-formed, irregular, sharp-edged ridges towards the margin; papillae: numerous, frequently with discolored areas (pseudocyphellae), and developing into complex, knobby, finger-like tubercles, erhizinate; Apothecia: very common and conspicuous, up to 10mm diam.; thalline margin: concolorous with thallus, predominantly smooth with occasional pseudocyphellae; disc: red-brown, plane to slightly convex; exciple: 50-60 µm thick, prosoplectenchymatous; inner part 50-70 µm thick; epihymenium: reddish brown, not granular or inspersed, with brownish pigment in the paraphyses tips; hymenium: hyaline, c. 70-90 µm high; asci: clavate, 8-spored; Ascospores: simple, ellipsoid, 9-11 x 5-6 µm; Pycnidia: sometimes very abundant, at least partially immersed, surrounded by blue pigments; conidia: fusiform to weakly bifusiform, c. 8 x 1 µm; Spot tests: upper cortex K-, C-, KC+ yellow, P-; medulla K+ yellow then orange-red, C-, KC-, P+ orange; Secondary metabolites: cortex with usnic acid; medulla with a ß-orcinol depsidone (norstictic acid).; Substrate and ecology: on exposed acidic rocks and cliff faces, locally abundant, at higher elevations, in the upper montane zone (mixed conifer forest); World distribution: southwestern USA (Arizona, Colorado & New Mexico); Sonoran distribution: eastern and southern Arizona, rather rare, 2680-3360 m.; Notes: As the only large yellow to yellow-green, umbilicate lichen with lecanorine apothecia, Omphalora is unique in the Sonoran region. Only junveniles would have the same size as the crustose genus Rhizoplaca. The species of the basionym refers to a South African species, that together with two other South African species was separated into the genus Xanthomaculina by Hale (1985) based on the presence of a vaulted cortex (not found in Omphalora), a feature that appears as prominent maculae from the upper surface. In addition, Xanthomaculina has lichenan in its fungal cell walls, has a brownish lower surface, and a different ascal structure. With the erection of Xanthomaculina, our species was left in the genus Omphalodium, the type species of which occurs in southern South America. Nash et al. (1990) separated these two Omphalodium species into monotypic genera Omphalora and Omphalodium based on differences of anatomy, morphology, cell wall chemistry and ascal dehiscence. Subsequently the generic separation was supported by Henssen (1992), who demonstrated that major differences in ascal ontogeny occur between the two. In contrast to Omphalora arizonica, Omphalodium pisacomense is a brown species with a very different surface topology (upper and lower). 54025 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54025 Psorinia conglomerata (Ach.) Gotth. Schneider 2607 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:45 2011-02-02 12:16:45 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Life habit: lichenized, not lichenicolous; Thallus: squamulose, attached by basal end of squamule when young, later by a well developed stipe; squamules: more or less dispersed when young, later becoming closely appressed, up to 5 mm wide, pulvinate, rounded, lacking vegetative dispersal units; upper surface: partly olivaceous brown and shiny in ± concave areas, partly pale gray and dull in ± convex areas, epruinose; margin: pale gray, dull, often slightly raised in young squamules, later indistinct as the squamules become pulvinate and conglomerate; upper cortex: scleroplectenchymateous, composed of thick-walled, conglutinated hyphae with thread-like lumina, with cones or strands extending deep into the medulla and often merging with the stipe or lower cortex, covered by a thin epinecral layer, containing brown pigment and crystals dissolving in K in the uppermost 50-100 µm, not containing remnants of algae (chlor-zinc-iodine!); medulla: plectenchymatous, composed of rather thin-walled, only weakly conglutinated hyphae with thread-like lumina, filled with crystals dissolving in K and with remnants of algae (chlor-zinc-iodine!), I-; algal layer: in pockets below and between the upper cortex, approaching the upper surface below the gray, dull surface areas; photobiont: primary one a chlorococcoid alga; secondary photobiont absent; algal cells: 10-12 µm diam.; lower cortex: hardly differentiated from the upper cortex and continuous with this and the stipe; lower surface: pale gray to medium brown; Ascomata: apothecial, laminal, sessile, not or only slightly constricted at base, up to 1.5 mm diam., black, shiny, epruinose, simple or a few agglomerated, plane to moderately convex, with a narrow and often disappearing margin; exciple: annular, olivaceous green in the rim, colorless in inner part, composed of rather thick-walled, conglutinated, radiating hyphae with shortly cylindrical lumina, containing crystals dissolving in K; epithecium: olivaceous green, containing crystals dissolving in K-; hymenium: hyaline, I+ blue, 50-60 µm high; paraphyses: straight, sparingly branched and anastomosing, moderately conglutinated, apical cell not or only slightly swollen; hypothecium: colorless, composed of thick-walled, strongly conglutinated hyphae with thread-like lumina, lacking crystals, I+ blue, containing algae in the lower and lateral part; asci: broadly clavate, with a well developed, amyloid tholus containing an ocular chamber and a broad axial mass (Lecanora-type), 8-spored; ascospores: colorless, simple or 1-septate, narrowly ellipsoid, smooth, without halo, 9-15 x 4-6 µm; Conidiomata: pycnidial, laminal, immersed in the algal layer and medulla, with a dark green to black ostiole; conidia: acrogenous, filiform, straight to curved, 12-20 x c. 1 µm; Spot tests: upper cortex K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P+ yellow; medulla K+ yellow turning red, C-, KC-, P+ orange; Secondary metabolites: atranorin and norstictic acid.; Substrate and ecology: on exposed volcanic rock in the alpine zones, at 3530 - 3720 m alt.; World distribution: alpine zones of Europe and North America; Sonoran distribution: rare in northern and central Arizona (San Francisco Peaks and White Mountains).; Notes: Two chemical strains occur in Europe: atranorin and either norstictic or stictic acid (plus related compounds). 54032 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54032 Rhizoplaca chrysoleuca (Sm.) Zopf 2608 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:45 2011-02-02 12:16:45 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: to 2-3.5 cm across, umbilicate, monophyllous, becoming deeply lobed, or ± polyphyllous and pulvinate; lobes: c. 1-3 mm across, plane to concave or less often convex, c. 0.5-1 (-1.5) mm thick, crenate-incised; upper surface: pale greenish yellow, light yellow, yellowish gray, pale yellowish green, or light gray to whitish, scarcely changed in herbarium, smooth or powdery; edges concolorous or often at least partly blackened; Apothecia: laminal or submarginal, often numerous and crowded, to 0.8-2.5 mm diam., adnate then sessile, constricted at base; disc: plane to convex, reddish orange to moderate or strong orangish yellow or yellow, at least partly weakly to densely pruinose and appearing light orange to light orange-yellow; thalline exciple: 0.1-0.4 mm wide, entire to flexuous or crenate towards inside, ± raised then level, persistent or excluded, concolorous with thallus or yellower, or slightly orangish when young; hymenium: c. (35-) 50-60 µm tall, ± yellowish or orangish, not inspersed, but usually with superficial layer of granules; paraphyses tips: hyaline, c. 2-3 µm wide; ascospores: ellipsoid to oblong-ellipsoid, c. 8.5-12 x 3.5-6 µm; Pycnidia: rare; conidia: 15-20 (-30) µm long; Spot tests: upper cortex: K- or K+ yellow, C-, KC+ yellow, P-, UV-, medulla: K-, C- or C+ red, KC- or KC+ red, P-, or P+ yellow, UV-; Secondary metabolites: upper cortex: with usnic acid, ± either placodiolic or pseudoplacodiolic acid; medulla: with aliphatic acids or no substances, or, at lower latitudes (including the Sonoran region), occasionally psoromic or lecanoric acid chemosyndromes, or both.; Substrate and ecology: usually on hard, siliceous rocks (including granite, schist, quartz, mica, basalt), sometimes sandstone, and occasionally calcareous rocks; from pinyon-juniper woodland up into the alpine zone; frequently nitrophilous; World distribution: circumarctic, circumboreal to warm-temperate, Eurasia, North America (except temperate eastern N. America); reports from the Southern Hemisphere appear to be based on misidentifications; Sonoran distribution: Arizona, California, Baja California and Chihuahua; common at moderate to high elevations, 1200-3200 m.; Notes: This species is distinguished from R. melanophthalma and R. peltata by the combination of persistently whitish to yellowish upper surface and reddish to yellowish pruinose discs (with correspondingly tinged hymenium). In contrast to the holotype of R. chrysoleuca (L!) and many other specimens from northern areas of North America and Eurasia, Sonoran region material usually has rather thick lobes with plane to down-turned and unthickened edges, with greenish, bluish, or blackish coloration absent or restricted to parts of the underside next to the edges, making the material occasionally difficult to distinguish from R. subdiscrepans (see notes under that species). 54033 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54033 Rhizoplaca glaucophana (Nyl. ex Hasse) W. A. Weber 2609 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:45 2011-02-02 12:16:45 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: 3-7 mm across, ± flat, monophyllous or marginally divided into rounded lobes, often closely appressed throughout; lobes 1-2 mm long, 0.5-1.5 mm wide; edges: turned downward and thickened on underside; upper surface: smooth, white with slight greenish tinge, unchanged in herbarium, somewhat mealy-roughened, sometimes with narrow black edges in places; lower surface: medium yellowish brown to orangish brown, to greenish black near edge; umbilicus distinct; Apothecia: common, mostly marginal (and often projecting somewhat beyond main edge of thallus), long immersed, finally broadly sessile but appressed and scarcely constricted at the base, to 1.0 (-1.4) mm diam.; disc: plane to slightly convex, matt, ± dark or deep brown, usually with reddish or grayish tinges, somewhat pruinose; thalline margin: concolorous with thallus, to 0.1-0.2 mm wide, level with disc, entire to slightly flexuous, occasionally crenate towards outside, finally excluded; hymenium: 50-60 (-80) µm high, hyaline, the uppermost 10 µm inspersed with brownish granules; paraphyses it; ascospores: oblong, often slightly to moderately curved, usually narrowed at one or both ends, (12-) 15-20 (-23) x (3-) 4-5 µm; Pycnidia: occasional; conidia: 20-30 µm long; Spot tests: upper cortex: K-, C+ yellow, KC+ yellow, P-, UV-; medulla: K-, C-, KC-, P-, UV-; Secondary metabolites: upper cortex: with pseudoplacodiolic acid; medulla: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: on calcium poor siliceous rocks, apparently strongly nitrophilous, but growing in somewhat shaded areas; World and Sonoran distribution: California and Baja California, c. 1300 m.; Notes: This species is unlikely to be confused with any other lichen, except occasional small specimens of R. marginalis, from which it is easily separated especially by the elongated, curved spores. 54035 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54035 Rhizoplaca marginalis (Hasse) W. A. Weber 2610 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:45 2011-02-02 12:16:45 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: monophyllous, 0.7-1.5 cm across, entire or obscurely small-lobed, 0.5 mm thick (or slightly more towards circumference), edges: often rolled downward and convolutely folded; upper surface: smooth to wrinkled and warty, continuous to unevenly rimose, grayish yellow but uniformly and finely white-pruinose, appearing white or grayish white; lower surface: matt, light to moderate or dark yellowish brown or grayish brown (sometimes becoming blackish blue towards edge), sometimes strongly roughened and uneven; umbilicus: distinct; Apothecia: 0.7-1.6 mm diam., adnate to sessile, marginal or submarginal, often crowded and often irregular from pressure, occasionally turned toward the substrate through the downward-rolling of the thallus margin; disc: concave to plane or undulate, brownish black, usually densely grayish pruinose and appearing light bluish gray; thalline exciple: 0.2-0.3 mm wide, concolorous with thallus, raised or finally level with disc, becoming flexuous or crenate, persistent; hymenium: c. 50 (-60) µm high, ± hyaline; uppermost c. 10 µm partly dirty greenish (pale bluish gray in K), with surface layer of ± fine grayish granules; paraphyses tips: becoming dark-capitate; ascospores: globose to ovoid-ellipsoid, 9-14 x 6.5-8.5 µm; Pycnidia: generally numerous; conidia: 32-40 µm long; Spot tests: upper cortex: K+ weakly yellowish, C+ lemon yellow, KC+ yellowish, P-, UV-; medulla: K-, C-, KC-, P-, UV-; Secondary products: upper cortex with pseudoplacodiolic acid; medulla without substances.; Substrate and ecology: on non-calcareous rock (especially volcanic), on lower side of overhangs; World distribution: endemic to California (primarily central parts); Sonoran distribution: California, barely reaching the northern edge of the greater Sonoran Region (San Bernardino County).; Notes: It is separated from R. glaucophana, which also has a white, C+ yellow upper cortex, by containing only pseudoplacodiolic acid, and having at least partly marginal apothecia (characters that distinguish these two species from other members of the genus), by the usually larger thalli and apothecia and especially by the broad, straight and rounded spores. The description of Lecanora marginalis given by Hasse (1910 & 1913) contains several statements that are inaccurate or at least misleading: 1) that the thallus is C-; 2) that the upper cortical cells are brown; 3) that the hypothecium is of coarse cells and of the same hue with the the epithecium [i.e., dull brownish black]; and 4) that the paraphyses tips are scarcely thickened. 54036 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54036 Rhizoplaca melanophthalma (DC.) Leuckert & Poelt 2611 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:45 2011-02-02 12:16:45 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: mostly 0.5-1.5 (-2.5) cm across, polyphyllous and often appearing squamulose or pulvinate, or rarely monophyllous and then usually deeply lobed; lobes: distinct to indistinct, usually to 0.5-5 (-10) mm long and 0.5-1.5 mm across, ± coarsely crenate-incised, ultimate segments: usually c. 0.5 mm across; thin and plane to concave, to sometimes thick and/or convex towards thallus center, sometimes plicate, edges: plane or down-turned; upper surface: dull to shiny, occasionally ± pruinose, usually light to moderate greenish yellow, in herbarium turning more yellowish or slightly brownish or grayish, edges: concolorous or blackening, smooth and shiny to roughened (occasionally forming black thallospores); lower surface: blue-black near edges, usually continuous, smooth to uneven or roughened; umbilicus: often rather broad and indistinct; Apothecia: 0.4-1.7 mm diam., immersed then sessile, or soon basally constricted to substipitate; disc: concave to plane or undulate, rarely convex, yellowish brown to moderate brown, olive, or greenish to bluish black, epruinose (especially when black) or weakly to densely pruinose, then appearing light yellowish brown to greenish yellow or bluish gray; thalline margin: variable in width, ± concolorous with thallus or paler, entire to flexuous or crenate, weakly to strongly raised and inflexed, persistently so or finally level; hymenium: ± hyaline, usually not inspersed, but the uppermost part often covered with granules; paraphyses tips: often becoming capitate and greenish brown to bluish black; ascospores: ± ellipsoid to subglobose but rather variable in size and shape, c. 8-13 x 4-7.5 µm; Pycnidia: often common; Spot tests: upper cortex: K- or rarely + yellowish, C-, KC+ yellow, P-, UV-; medulla: K-, C- or occasionally C+ red, KC- or occasionally KC+ red, P- or P+ yellow, UV-; Secondary metabolites: upper cortex: with usnic acid only; medulla: with no substances or various fatty acids (pertusaric/ constipatic acid complex), or with psoromic and/or occasionally lecanoric acid chemosyndromes and occasionally other unidentified substances.; Substrate and ecology: on rock, usually calcium-low (e.g., basalt, granite, schist), but sometimes on calcium-rich sandstone or even on limestone; usually on ± exposed and often somewhat nutrient-enriched surfaces, from pinyon-juniper communities up to the spruce zone and into the low alpine; World distribution: circumbipolar, circumboreal, circumaustral except for Australasia; extending to the tropics in alpine areas; Europe, Asia, northwestern and eastern Africa, North and South America, Antarctica; Sonoran distribution: Arizona, southern California, and Baja California from 1100-3000 m.; Notes: As treated here, R. melanophthalma s. lato can usually be recognized especially by the combination of: thallus ± squamulose to less often distinctly umbilicate, with at least some concave to flattened parts and distinct bluish black tinges on the margins or the underside towards edges (in contrast to R. subdiscrepans); upper surface usually relatively deeply yellowish green to olive or brownish; hymenium ± colorless below (never orange); absence of cortical substances other than usnic acid (all in contrast to R. chrysoleuca and R. subdiscrepans); and absence of terpenoids in the medulla (in contrast to R. peltata). For distinctions between R melanophthalma and lobate species of Lecanora (e.g., L. weberi Ryan), see the treatment of those taxa. 54037 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54037 Rhizoplaca peltata (Ramond) Leuckert & Poelt 2612 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:45 2011-02-02 12:16:45 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: to 3 cm across, distinctly umbilicate, usually monophyllous but sometimes strongly lobed; lobes: to 1.5-3 mm long, 2-3 mm wide, plane to slightly concave, entire to coarsely and shallowly crenate, ultimate segments: 0.5-1 mm wide, edges: not thickened, often rolled downward; upper surface: ± pale greenish yellow to yellow, sometimes grayish tinged, turning brownish or orange in herbarium, continuous to strongly rimose, epruinose to partly pruinose, matt or slightly nitid, edges: concolorous or blackened, sometimes with thallospores; lower surface: ± yellowish brown, to bluish black near edges, smooth to uneven, ± strongly cracked towards center, with medulla showing through; Apothecia: usually common, to 2-3 mm diam., long remaining immersed to broadly adnate (crater-like with broadly sloping rims), or at least finally sessile; disc: concave then plane or sometimes convex, epruinose, orangish yellow to yellowish or reddish brown; thalline margin: c. 0.1-0.4 mm wide, slightly to moderately raised or later level, usually persistent, entire to flexuous or coarsely crenate towards outside, ± concolorous with thallus; hymenium: hyaline, deeply inspersed with brownish granules; paraphyses tips hyaline, clavate,; ascospores: ± ellipsoid to subglobose, c. 9-12 x 5-8 µm; Pycnidia: sometimes present; conidia: 20-40 µm long; Spot tests: upper cortex K-, C-, KC+ yellow, P-, UV-; medulla (in Sonoran region material) K-, C-, KC-, P+ orange, UV-; Secondary metabolites: upper cortex: with usnic acid only (the report by Leuckert et al., 1976, of rare specimens with placodiolic acid, is dubious); medulla: with zeorin, and (in most sites in North America) pannarin, ± rangiformic acid or various unknowns; in other areas, specimens containing psoromic, lecanoric, norstictic, or hypoprotocetraric acid.; Substrate and ecology: on rock (often weakly to somewhat strongly calciferous, or at least exposed to calcareous dust), often on vertical or steep surfaces, often N-facing, or slightly protected, moderately nitrophilous, in pinyon-juniper and oak-pine woodlands, on basalt, schist, sandstone, and limestone; World distribution: southern Europe; SW to central Asia, northern Africa; temperate to boreal western North America; Sonoran distribution: Arizona, 1100-2400 m; also present in California (at least the northern parts).; Notes: Although frequently confused with R. chrysoleuca and R. melanopthalma, in the past, R. peltata is easily distinguished by the presence of terpenoids (and, in North America, almost always pannarin), and the discs are always epruinose and distinctly brownish, with the upper part of the hymenium densely inspersed. The cracked lower surface of thallus and the often crater-like apothecia are also helpful identifying characteristics. The illustration of R. peltata in Swinscow and Krog (1988, p. 291) is of a Lecanora species. 54038 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54038 Rhizoplaca subdiscrepans (Nyl.) R. Sant. 2613 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:45 2011-02-02 12:16:45 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: to c. 3 cm across, to 2 mm thick in center, verrucose-squamulose, strongly polyphyllous; subunits scattered to contiguous or crowded, 0.3-1.3 mm across, convex, becoming ± sinuous and plicate; lobes: similar to central subunits or somewhat more flattened and becoming slightly elongated and divided, c. 1-1.5 mm long, ultimate segments c. 0.5 mm wide; upper surface: often somewhat powdery-roughened but not distinctly pruinose, pale yellowish green to somewhat whitish, edges concolorous; lower surface: pale to dark brownish; umbilicus: indistinct, consisting of the narrowed base of the squamules; rhizinose strands: sometimes present; Apothecia: common, laminal, 0.7-1.5 (-3) mm diam., usually soon sessile and constricted at base; disc: plane or slightly concave, usually ± strongly orange, pruinose, and appearing light to moderate orange; in occasional specimens (especially from areas north of the Sonoran region) younger discs and ones exposed to strong light becoming bluish black and often epruinose; thalline margin: concolorous with thallus, 0.1-0.2 mm wide, entire to flexuous, often soon crenulate towards inside, somewhat raised and slightly inflexed especially when young, usually persistent; hymenium: pale yellowish or orangish, not inspersed, but the uppermost part usually covered with granules; paraphyses tips: hyaline and scarcely thickened, or occasionally becoming at least partly greenish-blue and ± capitate, to 3-5 µm; ascospores: (in material with placodiolic acid) ellipsoid to narrowly ellipsoid or slightly ovoid, (7-) 9-10 (-12) x (3-) 4 (-5) µm; Pycnidia: occasional; conidia: 15-25 µm long; Spot tests: upper cortex: K- or + yellowish, C-. KC+ yellow, P-, UV-; medulla: K- or (rarely, in non-Sonoran material, K+ yellow or red), C- or rarely C+ red, KC-, P- or occasionally P+ yellow, UV-; Secondary metabolites: upper cortex: in our region with placodiolic acid (major), usnic acid (minor); medulla: without lichen substances, or occasionally with psoromic or rarely lecanoric acid chemosyndromes or unidentified substances; the norstictic acid chemosyndrome occurs rarely (in Europe).; Substrate and ecology: on basalt, rhyolite, granite, and sandstone (including calciferous types); on exposed, dry, steep surfaces (in northern areas often south-facing), in pinyon-juniper and oak woodlands, and in pine forests,; World distribution: chemotypes containing placodiolic acid (± other substances) occur in warm-temperate to boreal-arctic areas of Asia, Europe, and western North America; psoromic or rarely lecanoric acid occurs in some specimens (including ones from Arizona, but also from some northern localities); the report of "Lecanora subdiscrepans" from South America is dubious; Sonoran distribution: Arizona, Baja California Sur and Sonora at 1200-2900 m; southern California (San Bernardino Co.) at 1830 m.; Notes: Material from the Sonoran region is similar to that from other areas in western North America, and from Eurasia (and differs from that in eastern North America), in usually containing placodiolic rather than pseudoplacodioic acid, having relatively long and narrow ascospores, and including occasional specimens (e.g., one from Gila Co., Arizona) with discs that are at least partly bluish or bluish black as in R. melanophthalma. As treated here, R. subdiscrepans can be distinguished from both R. melanopthalma and R. chrysoleuca (with which it sometimes grows side by side) especially by the numerous and crowded, distinctly convex to plicate and at most vaguely umbilicate thallus subunits, with lower surface completely lacking greenish or bluish black tinges, and from Lecanora opiniconensis and related taxa (with which it is frequently associated in North America and Asia) especially by having pruinose discs and a more matt and grayish thallus lacking yellowish to orange lobe tips. 54046 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54046 Hypocenomyce castaneocinerea (Rasanen) Timdal 2614 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:45 2011-02-02 12:16:45 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: squamulose; squamules: up to 0.8 (-1.3) mm diam., normally ascending and geotropically oriented, weakly convex when young, later strongly convex to bullate, with labriform brown soralia (often lacking); upper surface: greenish brown to castaneous or dark brown, shiny; margin: crenulate, not or slightly upturned, concolorous with upper side; soredia: if present, brown, farinose to granular, in labriform soralia; upper cortex: up to 110 µm thick, composed of thick-walled hyphae; Apothecia: up to 0.5 (-0.7) mm diam., marginal or on the underside of ascending squamules; disc: reddish to dark brown, convex, epruinose, egyrose; margin: not prominent even when young, entire; exciple: composed of closely conglutinated hyphae, colorless to pale brown, not containing crystals, K-, N-; hypothecium: colorless; epithecium: light brown, not containing crystals, K-, N-; paraphyses: with swelling and pigment cap in apical cell; asci: with a well developed tholus containing an amyloid tube; ascospores: narrowly ellipsoid to fusiform, simple, 7-13 x 2-2.5 µm; Pycnidia: sessile, black, attached marginally or to the underside of the squamule; conidia: filiform, 7-11 x c. 1 µm; Spot tests: upper cortex K-, C-, KC-, P-; medulla K-, C-, KC+ purple, P-; Secondary metabolites: colensoic acid and related secondary products.; Substrate and ecology: on charred bark and wood of conifers in conifer forests at 1480-2640 m alt.; World distribution: Africa, Europe, and North America; Sonoran distribution: Arizona, California, and Chihuahua; uncommon.; Notes: The species differs from H. anthracophila in forming darker, more convex or agglomerate squamules with a brown margin and brown soralia, and in lacking fumarprotocetraric and protocetraric acids (cortex P-). 54047 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54047 Hypocenomyce friesii (Ach.) P. James & Gotth. Schneider 2615 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:45 2011-02-02 12:16:45 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: squamulose; squamules: up to 1.0 (-1.5) mm diam., adnate, concave, plane or weakly convex; upper surface: grayish green or greenish to dark brown, dull or shiny; margin: entire, crenulate or incised, not upturned, concolorous with upper side; soredia absent; upper cortex: up to 50 µm thick, composed of thin-walled hyphae; Apothecia: up to 1.0 (-1.4) mm diam., marginal or laminal, plane; disc: black, epruinose, often gyrose; margin: remaining prominent, more or less flexuose; exciple: composed of closely conglutinated hyphae, brown in inner part, brownish black in the rim, not containing crystals, K+ brown, N-; hypothecium: dark brown; epithecium: dark brown, not containing crystals, K+ brown, N-; paraphyses: without swelling or pigment cap in apical cell; asci: with a poorly developed tholus containing a small axial body; ascospores: broadly to narrowly ellipsoid, simple, 4.5-7.5 x 2.5-3.5 µm; Pycnidia: black, sessile, attached laminally or marginally to the squamule or apparently directly to the substrate; conidia: narrowly ellipsoid to shortly bacilliform, 2.5-5 x c. 1 µm; Spot tests: upper cortex and medulla K-, C-, KC-, P-; Secondary metabolite: an unidentified secondary product.; Substrate and ecology: on bark and wood of conifers, usually charred, in conifer forests at 1890-2960 m alt.; World distribution: Asia, Europe, and North America; Sonoran distribution: Arizona, uncommon.; Notes: The species has been much confused with H. oligospora in North America, see that species for discussion. The unidentified compound belongs in RF-classes 2-3:3-4:2-3, is UV+ white, and turns orange with H2SO4 and heat. 54050 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54050 Hypocenomyce scalaris (Ach.) Choisy 2616 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:45 2011-02-02 12:16:45 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: squamulose; squamules: up to 1.2 (-2.0) mm diam., normally ascending and geotropically oriented, weakly convex or strongly convex; upper surface: grayish green or yellowish to dark brown, dull; margin: entire or slightly crenulate, not or slightly upturned, concolorous with upper side; soredia: greenish brown, farinose to granular, in labriform soralia; upper cortex: up to 40 µm thick, composed of thin-walled hyphae; Apothecia: up to 1.5 (-2.5) mm diam., marginal, plane; disc: black, bluish white pruinose, egyrose; margin: remaining prominent, entire or flexuose; exciple: composed of loosely conglutinated hyphae, containing crystals (C+ red), colorless in inner part, green in the rim, K-, N+ violet; hypothecium: light brown or dark brown; epithecium: olivaceous green, containing crystals (C+ red), K-, N+ violet; paraphyses: without swelling or pigment cap in apical cell; asci: remaining immature; ascospores: unknown; Pycnidia: sessile, black, attached marginally or laminally to the upper or lower surface or apparently directly to the substrate; conidia: bacilliform, 5-7.5 x c. 1 µm; Spot tests: upper cortex and medulla K-, C+ red, KC+ red, P-; Secondary metabolite: lecanoric acid.; Substrate and ecology: on bark and wood, often charred, mainly on conifers in conifers forests, at 290-3000 m alt.; World distribution: Africa, Asia, Australia, Europe, and North America; Sonoran distribution: Arizona, California, and Chihuahua, fairly common. 54053 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54053 Hypocenomyce anthracophila (Nyl.) P. James & G. Schneider 2617 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:45 2011-02-02 12:16:45 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: squamulose; squamules: up to 0.8 (-1.3) mm diam., normally ascending and geotropically oriented, concave or plane when young, later weakly to strongly convex; upper surface: grayish green to greenish or medium brown, shiny; margin: entire, not or slightly upturned, lighter than upper side or white; soredia: gray, farinose to granular, in labriborm soralia; upper cortex: up to 100 (-130) µm thick, composed of thick-walled hyphae; Apothecia: up to 0.8 (-1.3) mm diam., marginal or on the underside of ascending squamules; disc: reddish to dark brown, convex, epruinose, egyrose; margin: more or less prominent when young, later excluding, entire; exciple: composed of closely conglutinated hyphae, colorless to pale brown, not containing crystals, K-, N-; hypothecium: colorless; epithecium: light brown, not containing crystals, K-, N-; paraphyses: with swelling and pigment cap in apical cell; asci: with a well developed tholus containing an amyloid tube; ascospores: narrowly ellipsoid to fusiform, simple or more rarely 1-septate, 7-13 x 1.5-2.5 µm; Pycnidia: sessile, black, attached marginally or to the underside of the squamule; conidia: filiform, 6.5-12.5 x c. 1 µm; Spot tests: upper cortex and soralia K-, C-, KC-, P+ orange/ red, medulla K-, C-, KC+ purple, P-; Secondary metabolites: colensoic acid and related secondary products, fumarprotocetraric acid, and protocetraric acid.; Substrate and ecology: on bark and wood of conifers, usually charred, in conifer forests at 530-3050 m alt.; World distribution: North America, Australia, Europe and Asia; Sonoran distribution: fairly common in Arizona, Baja California, Sonora and Chihuahua. 54054 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54054 Hypocenomyce oligospora Timdal 2618 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:45 2011-02-02 12:16:45 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: squamulose; squamules: up to 1.0 mm diam., adnate or irregularly ascending, concave, plane or weakly convex; upper surface: grayish green or greenish to dark brown, dull or shiny; margin: entire, crenulate or incised, not upturned, concolorous with upper side; soredia absent; upper cortex: up to 30 µm thick, composed of thin-walled hyphae; Apothecia: up to 1.0 mm diam., marginal or laminal, plane; disc: black, epruinose, egyrose; margin: remaining prominent, entire or flexuose; exciple: composed of closely conglutinated hyphae, olivaceous in inner part, brownish black in the rim, not containing crystals, K+ brown, N- or N+ violet; hypothecium: dark brown; epithecium: dark brown, not containing crystals, K+ brown, N-; paraphyses: without swelling or pigment cap in apical cell; asci: with a poorly developed tholus not containing visible structures, or remaining immature; ascospores: rare, broadly to narrowly ellipsoid, simple, 6-8 x 3-4 µm; Pycnidia: sessile, black, attached marginally to the squamule; conidia: bacilliform, 7-9 x c. 1 µm; Spot tests: upper cortex K+ yellow, C+ red (rarely C-), KC+ red (rarely KC-), P+ yellow; Secondary metabolites: alectorialic acid and usually thamnolic acid, rarely thamnolic acid only.; World distribution: Asia and North America; Sonoran distribution: Arizona and Chihuahua, fairly common.; Notes: The species is morphologically very similar to H. friesii. It differs in forming mainly immature asci, having longer conidia, and in the chemistry. In H. friesii the apothecial disc is often gyrose, but never in H.oligospora. 54055 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54055 Hypocenomyce sierrae Timdal 2619 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:45 2011-02-02 12:16:45 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: squamulose; squamules: up to 0.7 mm diam., normally ascending and geotropically oriented, weakly to strongly convex; upper surface: grayish green or greenish brown, dull; margin: crenulate, not upturned, concolorous with upper side; soredia: green, farinose to granular, in labriform soralia; upper cortex: up to 25 µm thick, composed of thin-walled hyphae; Apothecia: up to 0.5 mm diam., marginal, plane; disc: black, epruinose, egyrose; margin: remaining prominent, entire or flexuose; exciple: composed of closely conglutinated hyphae, olivaceous in inner part, brownish black in the rim, not containing crystals, K+ brown, N- or N+ violet; hypothecium: dark brown; epithecium: dark brown, not containing crystals, K+ brown, N-; paraphyses: without swelling and pigment cap in apical cell; asci: with a poorly developed tholus not containing visible structures, or remaining immature; ascospores: broadly to narrowly ellipsoid, simple, 8-11.5 x 3-4.5 µm; Pycnidia: sessile, black, attached marginally to the squamule; conidia: bacilliform, 7-10 x c. 1 µm; Spot tests: upper cortex K+ yellow, C+ red or C-, KC+ red or KC-, P+ yellow; Secondary metabolites: thamnolic acid and often alectorialic acid.; Substrate and ecology: on bark and wood of conifers (especially bark of Libocedrus and Sequoiadendron), often charred, in conifer forests at 1380-2160 m alt; World and Sonoran distribution: North America, locally common in southern California and rare in Arizona.; Notes: The species resembles H. scalaris morphologically, and the two species often grow in mosaics. Hypocenomyce sierrae differs in forming smaller, more green, and more crenulate squamules, in the secondary chemistry (thallus K+ yellow, P+ yellow), and in forming smaller, epruinose apothecia which often contain mature asci and spores. It is apparently more closely related to H. oligospora, but differs from that species in forming ascending, sorediate squamules. 54252 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54252 Fuscopannaria leucophaea (Tuck.) P. M. Jorg. 2620 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:46 2011-02-02 12:16:46 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: crustose to squamulose, forming a crust-like cover, up to 150 µm thick and 2 cm diam., on a thin, blue-black hypothallus that is often poorly developed in dry habitats; squamules: up to 2 mm diam., remaining discrete at the margin of the crust, often (particularly in drier habitats) becoming imbricate and caespitose in central parts; upper surface: usually gray-brown (or gray to blackening); upper cortex: paraplectenchymatous with irregularly thickened cell walls, 15-20 µm thick; Apothecia: common, up to 1 mm diam., frequently proliferating and forming clusters, with or without a thalline margin (even on the same specimen); disc: brown to blackish (lighter in shade forms), often becoming convex; exciple: variously developed, up to 60 µm thick, subparaplectenchymatous; hymenium: brown-black above, otherwise hyaline, I+ blue-green and turning red-brown, 100-120 µm high; asci: clavate to subcylindrical, 8-spored with apical amyloid sheets; ascospores: simple, colorless, lacking an epispore, with numerous internal oil droplets that may give the spore the impression of being septate, 13-15 (-17) x 5-6 µm; Spot test: all negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: on rocks (often sandstone) by rivers or in forested valleys, most common at middle altitudes (up to 2000 m); World distribution: widespread in temperate parts of the Northern Hemisphere; Sonoran distribution: primarily at mid-elevations in Arizona, southern California and Baja California.; Notes: It is a variable species, that is sometimes difficult to recognize. The variation in thallus form is mostly environmental. The form with a distinct hypothallus is principally found on shaded, moist rocks in narrow river-ravines. The thicker forms are from rocks (often sandstone) in forests. In its typical form it has discrete, brownish squamules on a thin distinct blackish hypothallus. However, only a few specimens in the Sonoran region correspond to that description. One of them (Nash 38109) surprisingly has a few granular soralia marginally. I interpret this as a local variation rather than representing a new species., although it might be recognized as a form. All other characters are typical of the species. Most specimens form thicker crusts or cushion-like aggregations, morphologically approaching F. californica and F. hookerioides. From the latter species it is easily distinguished in usually having brownish convex apothecia with irregular, often excluded thalline margin. Fuscopannaria californica is definitely thicker, builds conspicuous cushions and has larger spores. The three also occupy different ecological niches. 54253 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54253 Fuscopannaria leucosticta (Tuck.) P. M. Jorg. 2621 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:46 2011-02-02 12:16:46 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: squamulose, usually 3-5 cm diam., usually occurring on a blackish, well developed hypothallus; squamules: rounded to 2-3 mm diam. but sometimes with elongated marginal ones that are up to 3-4 mm long; upper surface: brown to chestnut brown, sometimes paler, with white-felted tomentose margins; upper cortex: paraplectenchymatous with irregularly thickened cell walls, 40-50 µm thick; Apothecia: common, up to 1.5 mm diam. with brown, often with a white-felted thalline margin; disc: brown, plane and distinct; exciple: subparaplectenchymatous, 20-30 µm thick; hymenium: I+ blue-green and rapidly turning red-brown, c. 100 µm high; asci: clavate to subcylindrical, with an internal amyloid tubes, 8-spored; ascospores: simple, colorless, ellipsoid, with a conspicuous epispore which is broadly acuminate at both apices, 23-27 x 9-11 µm (with epispore; otherwise 14-18 x 8-9 µm); Spot tests: all reactions negative; Secondary metabolites: containing terpenoids and aliphatic acids.; Substrate and ecology: on rocks (rhyolite) in oak/pine forest at 2200 m, elsewhere commonly on bark; World distribution: temperate parts of eastern North America (including the West-Indies), SE Asia (as far South as New Guinea) and Mediterranean Europe (though extinct there since about 1900, see Jørgensen [1978], p. 43); Sonoran distribution: rare, only collected once in the western Chihuahua.; Notes: Curiosly it is often confused with Pannaria rubiginosa which is a much more large-lobed, grayer species with P+ orange thallus, and quite different hymenial characters. Perhaps easier confused with Pannaria subfusca which has smaller, P- lobes, but still with different hymenial characters and different thallus chemistry, and really not as distinctly small-squamulose without a white-felted margin. 54254 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54254 Fuscopannaria leucostictoides (Ohlsson) P. M. Jorg. 2622 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:46 2011-02-02 12:16:46 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: squamulose, usually small, up to 3 cm diam., on a well developed hypothallus that extends beyond the margin; squamules: up to 1 mm broad, with crenulate to effigurate margins; upper surface: gray to grayish blue, smooth to slightly roughened, pruinose, esorediate; upper cortex: paraplectenchymatous with irregularly thickened cell walls, 40-50 µm thick; Apothecia: common, up to 1.5 mm diam., with a grayish, squamulose thalline margin; disc: brown; exciple: subparaplectenchymatous, 60-80 µm thick; hymenium: I+ blue-green and turning red-brown, 110-140 µm high; asci: clavate with apical amyloid ring structure, 8-spored; ascospores: simple, colorless, ellipsoid, 14-18 (-20) x 7-10 µm, smooth with thin epispore; Spot tests: K+ yellow, C-, KC- and P-; Secondary metabolites: with atranorin and two triterpenes.; Substrate and ecology: usually on bark of conifers, rarely found on alders and rocks; World distribution: Pacific North America from California to British Columbia; Sonoran distribution: Santa Catalina Island in the Channel Islands of southern California.; Notes: Due to its bluish gray, pruinose thallus, it may be confused with small specimens of Pannaria malmei, a species found locally in central California as well as Central and South America. However, that Pannaria does not contain atranorin, its hymenium does not turn red-brown with I, and it lacks an apical ring structure in its asci. 54256 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54256 Fuscopannaria mediterranea (Tav.) P. M. Jorg. 2623 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:46 2011-02-02 12:16:46 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: minutely squamulose, 2-3 mm in diam., crust-like, swollen, usally occurring on a thin, blue-black hypothallus; squamules: often irregularly rounded and incised, margin often upturned; upper surface: blue gray to olive-brown, often white-felted to tomentose marginally (in the herbaria often with crystals of terpenoids); soredia: granular, lead-gray, in soralia that are formed on the upturned margins; upper cortex: paraplectenchymatous with irregularly thickened cell walls, 30-40 µm thick; Apothecia: rare and not yet known in American collections, up to 2 mm diam., with distinct thalline, sorediate margin; exciple: subparaplectenchymatous, 20-30 µm thick; hymenium: I+ blue-green and rapidly turning red-brown, up to 100 µm high; asci: clavate to subcylindrical, with apical amyloid tubes, 8-spored; ascospores: ellipsoid, with a thick epispore and broadly attenuated apices, 17-23 x 8-9 µm (with epispore; otherwise 14-16 x 7-8 µm); Spot tests: all negative; Secondary metabolites: terpenoids and aliphatic acids (see Jørgensen 1991).; Substrate and ecology: on coarse, acidic bark (Alnus and Quercus spp.), often on the dry side of the trees; World distribution: mainly in the regions with a Mediterranean or oceanic climate in Europe, North and South America, but also extending as far south as Tierra del Fuego, and as far north as the Lappmark region in Scandinavia (where it is saxicolous); Sonoran distribution: rare, only collected in forested valleys of Arizona (Pinaleño Mts.) at about 2000 m.; Notes: It is an easily recognized species due to its unique color and is not likely to be confused with any other species known from the region, except for stunted specimens of Pannaria conoplea which are paler gray-blue, and never olive-brown, and reacts P+ orange (pannarin). Further north (Oregon and Washington) there is a similar species, Fuscopannaria leprosa P. M. Jørg. & Tønsberg, that totally dissolves into soredia. The latter species appears to require cooler, damper habitats than those available in the Sonoran region and is not likely to occur here. The terricolous Fuscopannaria cyanolepra (Tuck.) P. M. Jørg., on the other hand, may grow on river banks in the Sonoran region. In addition to its different ecology, F. cyanolepra is recognizable by its very thick, crust-forming squamules that are mostly dissolved into soredia, because it is corticate only in central parts. 54257 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54257 Fuscopannaria praetermissa (Nyl.) P. M. Jorg. 2624 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:46 2011-02-02 12:16:46 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: squamulose, often lobate, forming a continuous crust over the substrate, several cm in diam., usually lacking a hypothallus; lobes: ascending and digitate, appearing like soralia or isidia and acting as dispersal units; squamules: thick, up to 0.4 mm wide and up to 3 mm diam., rounded, incised, densely compacted or imbricate; upper surface: dark brown, margin often white due to terpenoid crystals; upper cortex: paraplectenchymatous with irregularly thickened cell walls, 20-30 µm thick; Apothecia: often abundent, brown, up to 1.5 mm diam., with or without and excluded thallus margin; disc: convex, brown; exciple:, subparaplectenchymatous, 60-80 µm thick; hymenium: I+ blue-green and turning red-brown, 100-120 µm high; asci: clavate to subcylindrical, with apical amyloid ring structure, 8-spored; ascospores: simple, colorless, ovoid, 18-22 x 9-11 µm, with a distinct epispore, often with one large oil droplet; Spot tests: all negative; Secondary metabolites: unidentified aliphatic acids and triterpenoids.; Substrate and ecology: primarily on mosses over calcareous ground, but also occasionally on burned stumps and decomposing logs; World distribution: circumpolar, arctic and alpine, following the Rocky Mountains south to Arizona and in the Sierra Nevada of California; Sonoran distribution: high elevations in Arizona, California (Channel Islands).; Notes: Typically it forms richly imbricate squamules over mosses and is often richly fertile. 54258 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54258 Fuscopannaria pulveracea (P. M. Jorg. & Henssen) P. M. Jorg. 2625 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:46 2011-02-02 12:16:46 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: squamulose, up to 2 cm diam., sometimes with radiating peripheral lobes, usually not occurring on a hypothallus; upper surface: blue-gray, pruinose to scabrid, especially on the marginal lobes, sorediate; soredia: coarsely granular, in marginal soralia; upper cortex: paraplectenchymatous with irregularly thickened cell walls, 40-50 µm thick; Apothecia: rare, up to 1 mm in diam.; thalline margin: bluish, sorediate; disc: brown; exciple: subparaplectenchymatous, 50-60 µm thick; hymenium: I+ blue-green and turning red-brown, 100-120 µm high; asci: clavate with apical amyloid sheets, 8-spored; ascospores: simple, colorless, ellipsoid, not known fully developed; Spot tests: K+ yellow, C-, KC- and P-; Secondary metabolites: atranorin and terpenoids.; Substrate and ecology: mainly occurring on coarse-barked trees; World distribution: southern to northern California; Sonoran distribution: only known from one collection in the San Gabriel Mountains of southern California.; Notes: It is characterized by a bluish, pruinose and sorediate thallus and the occurrence of atranorin. It may be the sorediate counterpart of F. leucostictoides. It is only known from a very old collection from southern California and may now be extinct there. Although it is chemically different from F. mediterranea, it is morphologically quite similar. However, F. pulveracea is distinctly pruinose and it lacks the olivaceous tinge found in F. mediterranea. 54260 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54260 Fuscopannaria californica (Tuck.) P. M. Joerg. 2626 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:46 2011-02-02 12:16:46 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: squamulose; forming strongly convex structures up to 2 cm diam., usually lacking a hypothallus; squamules: very thick, up to 0.5 mm thick and up to 2 mm wide, peripherally often with convex lobes, centrally becoming pulvinate; upper surface: brownish, smooth; upper cortex: paraplectenchymatous with irregularly thickened cell walls, 20-30 µm thick; Apothecia: common, often proliferating; up to to 1.5 mm diam, with variously developed thalline margin; disc: brown, convex; exciple: subparaplectenchymatous, often 80-100 µm thick; hymenium: I+ blue-green, turning red-brown, 100-120 µm high; asci: clavate, with apical amyloid sheets, 8-spored; ascospores: simple, colorless, ellipsoid, 17-25 x 7-10 µm; Pycnidia: not observed; Spot tests: all negative; Secondary metabolites: none detectable.; Substrate and ecology: dry rock outcrops of granite or ultrabasic rocks, mainly at lower or middle altitudes (possibly also in the higher mountains); World distribution: only known from western North America from New Mexico to California and north to British Columbia; Sonoran distribution: central and eastern Arizona and southern California.; Notes: It is characterized by the very thick squamules and a tendency to develop numerous secondary lobules around the apothecia. The larger spore size distinguishes it from extreme forms of F. hookerioides, which is mainly a high altitude species. Fuscopannaria leucophaea is a much thinner species of moist river valleys. 54261 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54261 Fuscopannaria coralloidea P. M. Joerg. 2627 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:46 2011-02-02 12:16:46 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: squamulose, effuse, forming rosettes up to 4 cm diam., lacking a distinct hypothallus,; squamules: usually deeply divided with coralloid protuberances, often apically swollen; upper surface: brown, smooth; upper cortex: paraplectenchymatous with irregularly thickened cell walls, 20-30 µm thick; Apothecia: rather common, up to 1.5 mm diam.; usually without thalline margin; disc: convex, brown; exciple: subparaplectenchymatous, usually 60-80 µm thick; hymenium: I+ blue-green and rapidly turning red-brown, 100-120 µm high; asci: clavate with apical amyloid tubes, 8-spored; ascospores: simple, hyaline, ovoid, 16-20 x 8-10 µm; Spot tests: all reactions negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: on moist, often clayey soil on riverbanks or road-cuts in coastal regions; World distribution: most possibly endemic to Pacific North America; Sonoran distribution: as yet only known from the Channel Islands in southern California.; Notes: It is a species of the Fuscopannaria praetermissa complex and may show some similarity to certain forms of that species, but it is always found in the lowlands. It is distinctly coralloid, never with "sorediate" upturned lobe-margins and lacks secondary substances. 54262 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54262 Fuscopannaria cyanolepra (Tuck.) P. M. Joerg. 2628 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:46 2011-02-02 12:16:46 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: squamulose, forming a extensive crusts over the ground, up to 10 cm diam., lacking a distinct hypothallus; squamules: often 1-2 mm diam. but not always distinct, imbricate, marginally dissolved in bluish soredia, only with a cortex centrally; upper surface: lead blue to brownish, smooth where corticate; upper cortex: paraplectenchymatous with irregularly thickened cell walls, 20-30 µm thick; Apothecia: rare (not observed in Sonoran material), laminal, with an excluded margin that sometimes is sorediate; disc: brown, mostly convex; exciple: subparaplectenchymatous, narrow, usually 40-50 (-80) µm thick; hymenium: I+ blue-green and rapidly turning red-brown, up to 100 (-150) µm high; asci: with apical amyloid tubes, 8-spored; ascospores: simple, colorless, ellipsoid, 16-22 x 7-9 µm; Pycnidia: not observed; Spot tests: all reactions negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: on soil, mostly on road-cuts or river banks, possibly a rather short-lived colonizer; World distribution: endemic to Pacific regions of North America.; Sonoran distribution: only known from a few collections in southern California.; Notes: Fuscopannaria cyanolepra is a true sorediate species in the F. praetermissa complex. It somewhat resembles Moelleropsis nebulosa, a species that is paler gray-blue and lack any cortical development of the thallus. Potentially it may be confused with the rare F. mediterranea, a species that occurs on bark. The latter species also has lead-gray soredia, but they are more fine-grained and they do not totally dissolve the margin. Furthermore, the squamules of F. mediterranea are more olivaceous and the corticate portion of the squamules more swollen. When wet F. cyanolepra looks similar to a Collema. 54263 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54263 Fuscopannaria hookerioides P. M. Joerg. 2629 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:46 2011-02-02 12:16:46 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: squamulose, forming small cushions, up to 2 cm broad, on a poorly developed hypothallus; squamules: up to 2 mm diam.; upper surface: dark greenish brown, uneven; upper cortex: paraplectenchymatous with irregularly thickened cell walls, 20-30 µm thick; Apothecia: black, with a strongly developed thalline margin; disc: flat and distinct; exciple: often poorly developed, subparaplectenchymatous, up to 50 µm thick; hymenium: I+ blue-green and rapidly turning red-brown, up to 100 µm high; asci: clavate, with apical amyloid sheets, 8-spored; ascospores: simple, colorless, fairly thick-walled, often with one or two oil droplets, ellipsoid, 10-12 x 6-7 µm; Pycnidia: not observed; Spot tests: all reactions negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: mostly on wet, acidic rocks at high altitudes; World distribution: arctic-alpine, mainly known from the Rocky Mountains, Greenland , Labrador and rarely in Fennoscandia; Sonoran distribution: rare, only collected once in the high peaks of eastern Arizona (Escudilla Mt.) above 3000 m.; Notes: Previously this material was placed with the arctic-alpine Pannaria hookeri on the basis of the strongly margined, black apothecia found in both species. However, the thallus of F. hookerioides is more pulvinate and squamulose, and it lacks the marginal lobes and whitish striae found in P. hookeri. Also P. hookeri has an amyloid hymenium and asci that lack amyloid apical structures. Fuscopannaria hookerioides is the only truly arctic-alpine species of the F. leucophaea-complex and is easily recognized by its characteristic apothecia and the small spores. Extreme specimens with narrow lobes approach those of F. californica, which has much larger spores. 54269 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54269 Pannaria conoplea (Ach.) Bory 2630 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:46 2011-02-02 12:16:46 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: squamose to foliose, often in irregular to entire rosettes, 2-3 mm diam. (rarely larger), on a well developed hypothallus; lobes: contiguous to partially overlapping, fan-shapped, 4-5 mm wide, up to 9 mm long, deeply incised, ± ascending, paler margin; upper surface: blue-gray, ash-gray to pale brown (when in exposed habitats), shiny centrally, scabrid towards the margins; lobules: soredia-like (gymnidium), decorticated, marginal, sometimes totally covering the thallus, particularly in central parts; upper cortex: paraplectenchymatous, 40-50 µm thick; Apothecia: unknown in American material, elsewhere rare, up to 1.5 mm diam. in European material; disc: brown with thalline margin that is usually dissolved in 'soredia'; exciple: subparaplectenchymatous, 30-40 µm thick; hymenium: mostly hyaline but brown above, partially I+ persistently blue (in vicinity of the asci), 110-150 µm high; asci: clavate to subcylindrical, without an amyloid apical apparatus, 8-spored; ascospores: simple, colorless, ellipsoid, 20-24 x 10-12 µm (with an epispore; otherwise 15-19 x 9-10 µm); Spot tests: thallus K-, C-, KC-, P+ orange; Secondary metabolite: pannarin.; Substrate and ecology: on bark or mossy rocks in the cool-temperate regions; World distribution: widely distributed in temperate parts of the Northern and Southern Hemispheres; Sonoran distribution: cool-temperate parts of Arizona and adjacent Mexico (rather high altitude, about 2.000 m).; Notes: It is the sorediate counterpart of P. rubiginosa. Morphologically it may be confused with Fuscopannaria mediterranea, which is P- and lack pannarin, or in its young stages with Pannaria tavaresii when the latter species cylindrical isidia are not fully developed. 54271 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54271 Pannaria lurida (Mont.) Nyl. 2631 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:46 2011-02-02 12:16:46 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: foliose, flat, orbicular, up to 5-7 cm diam., with poorly developed hypothallus; lobes: confluent, apically enlarged, wrinkled; upper surface: olive-gray; photobiont: a Nostoc in chains; lower surface: whitish, naked, loosely attached by blue-black rhizohyphae; Apothecia: mainly central, up to 2 mm wide; disc: brown, with squamulose thalline margin; exciple: paraplectenchymatous, 80-100 µm thick; hymenium: primarily hyaline but brown above, partially I+ blue (in vicinity of the asci); asci: clavate without inner amyloid apical structures, 8-spored; ascospores: simple, colorless, ellipsoid 10-18 x 7-9 µm with a distinct, rugulose, apiculate epispore; Spot test: thallus K-, C-, KC-, P+ orange; Secondary metabolites: pannarin.; Substrate and ecology: on hardwood trees, usually on oak, in warm-temperate, moist forests at middle altitudes; World distribution: main species widespread in tropical regions, but subspecies quercicola appears to be endemic to the hardwood forests of eastern North America, extending southwards to Mexico; Sonoran distribution: rare, only collected once in the montane region of Sinaloa, at the base of an oak.; Notes: It is easily recognized on the heavily wrinkled thallus and is often found on oaks. It is similar but larger morphologically than P. lurida ssp. russellii, which occurs farther north and is usually P-. 54272 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54272 Pannaria malmei Dodge 2632 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:46 2011-02-02 12:16:46 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: subfoliose, forming rosettes to 2-3 cm wide, resting on a distinct bluish black hypothallus; upper surface: blue-gray, distinctly pruinose; Apothecia: common, particularly centrally, flat brownish with distinct crenulate thalline margin; exciple: subparaplectenchymatous, 30-40 µm thick; hymenium: primarily hyaline but brown above, partially I+ blue (in vicinity of the asci); asci: clavate, without inner apical, amyloid structures, 8-spored; ascospores: simple, colorless, ellipsoid 12-14 x 8-9 µm; Spot tests: thallus K-, C-, KC-, P+ orange; Secondary metabolites: pannarin.; Substrate and ecology: on rocks in the Sonoran region, often corticolous elsewhere, in misty cool temperate forests; World distribution: The mountains of South and Central America and the Pacific coast of North America to Queen Charlotte Islands; Sonoran distribution: rare, only collected once, in Tomochic valley in the Sierra Madre Occidental (Chihuahua), on a rock outcrop in a pine-oak forrest, about 2000 m., but possibly more common.; Notes: It is a long misunderstood species, often confused with the larger, more leafy P. rubiginosa, which has a different chemistry and larger spores (see below). 54275 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54275 Pannaria rubiginosa (Ach.) Bory 2633 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:46 2011-02-02 12:16:46 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: foliose, forming orbicular rosettes, up to 5 mm diam., on fibrous, well-developed hypothallus that sometimes extends as a blue-black zone around the thallus; lobes: mostly concave, 3-4 mm wide, up to 8 mm long, with raised, whitish margins that are deeply incised; upper surface: bluish gray to fawn-colored (olive-brown), smooth to pruinose or sometimes scabrous at the apices; upper cortex: paraplectenchymatous, 40-50 µm thick; Apothecia: common, frequently centrally, up to 1.5 mm; disc: red-brown, with a persistent, crenulate thalline margin; exciple: subparaplectenchymatous, 30-40 µm thick; hymenium: primarily hyaline but brown above, partially I+ blue (in vicinity of the asci), 110-150 µm high; asci: clavate to subcylindrical, without internal amyloid apical structures, 8-spored; ascospores: simple, colorless, broadly ellipsoid, with an epispore, 20-24 x 10-12 µm (with epispore); Pycnidia: not seen; Spot tests: thallus K-, C-, KC-, P+ orange; Secondary metabolite: pannarin.; Substrate and ecology: on bark in cool-temperate forests; World distribution: widespead in both Northern and Southern Hemispheres; Sonoran distribution: at the upper limit of the oak forests in Sinaloa and Chihuahua, sometimes extending into the conifer forests.; Notes: It is mostly confused with P. lurida and P. subfusca. The former species is usually broader and has duller lobes, that are heavily wrinkled when dry. In contrast, P. subfusca is a smaller, thinner, brownish, P- species. The separation from the smaller, often abundantly fertile P. malmei Dodge, which is best recognized by its smaller spores (12-15 x 8-9 µm), is more difficult. 54276 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54276 Pannaria tavaresii P. M. Jorg. 2634 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:46 2011-02-02 12:16:46 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: foliose, forming orbicular rosettes, up to 3 cm diam., growing on a well developed, black hypothallus that may extend beyond the margin; lobes: contiguous, with raised margins, 3-4 mm wide and up 8 mm long; upper surface: whitish or gray-blue to partly fawn-colored, scabrid or slightly pruinose; isidia: granular to coralloid, predominantly marginal, sometimes black-tipped; upper cortex: paraplectenchymatous, 40-50 µm thick; Apothecia: fairly common, mostly central, up to 1 mm diam.; disc: red-brown to brown, conspicuous isidiate, with a thalline margin; exciple: subparaplectenchymatous, 30-40 µm thick; hymenium: primarily hyaline but brown above, partially I+ persistently deep blue (vicinity of the asci), 110-150 µm high; asci: clavate to subcylindrical, with no internal amyloid, apical structures, 8-spored; ascospores: simple, colorless, ellipsoid, 20-24 x 10-12 µm (with an epispore; otherwise 15-19 x 9-10 µm); Conidia: not seen; Spot tests: thallus K-, C-, KC-, P+ orange,; Secondary metabolite: pannarin.; Substrate and ecology: mainly on trees, but also on mossy rocks, in moist habitats, mainly in forests, rarely above the forest limit; World distribution: widespread in temperate regions of both Northern and Southern Hemispheres; Sonoran distribution: fairly common in moist forests, and at the forest limit (to 3000 m) in the SE mountains of Arizona and along the Sierra Madre Occidental in Chihuahua, and in Baja California.; Notes: It was previously confused with P. conoplea, from which P. tavaresii differs in having corticate coralloid isidia rather than decorticated, dorsiventral lobules of P. conoplea. Because of this P tavaresii is a less 'fuzzy'-appearing species. 54277 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54277 Pannaria subfusca P. M. Joerg. 2635 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:46 2011-02-02 12:16:46 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: squamulose to subfoliose, orbicular, up to 5 cm broad, flat and thin (to 100 µm); lobes: often delicately incised, with marginal lobules; upper surface: uniformily brownish gray; Apothecia: common, up to 2 mm diam.; disc: brownish and distinct, with a conspicuous, crenulate thalline margin; exciple: subparaplectenchymatous, 30-40 µm thick; hymenium: up to 100 µm, I+ blue only in the vicinity of the asci; asci: clavate, without any internal amyloid apical structures, 8-spored; ascospores: simple, colorless, subglobose, 9-12 x 8-11 µm; Spot tests: all negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: on trees in warm, temperate deciduous forests; World distribution: only known from eastern North America to Central America; Sonoran distribution: rather common in the oak forests of SE Arizona, Sonora and Chihuahua.; Notes: Previously it was confused with P. rubiginosa which is a larger, grayer species with a P+ orange thallus and much larger, more ellipsoid spores. 54282 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54282 Parmeliella pannosa (Sw.) Nyl. 2636 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:46 2011-02-02 12:16:46 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: subfoliose and squamulose centrally, forming orbicular patches, up to 5 cm diam, resting on a conspicuous brownish hypothallus; lobes: radiating at the periphery, up to 2 mm wide, with ascending, incised margins; upper surface: brownish, smooth or shiny, lobulate, lacking isidia or soredia; lobules: covering thallus, sometimes sinuose; Apothecia: rare, up to 1.5 mm wide, disc: brown, sometimes obscured by secondary lobules; proper exciple: paler; hymenium: I+ blue; asci: clavate with apical amyloid tubes, 8-spored; ascospores: simple, colorless, ellipsoid, 15-20 x 7-10 µm; Spot tests: all negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: on bark; World distribution: widespread in subtropical regions, particularly of South and Central America; Sonoran distribution: rare, possibly because the lowlands are too dry, up to 1900 m in the subtropical, moist montane forests of the Sierra Madre Occidental of Sinaloa.; Notes: This species is previously often confused with Parmeliella mariana (Fr.) P. M. Jørg. and D. J. Gallow., a species which as yet is not known from the North American continent, but is present in Hawaii and the West Indies. That species has apothecia with distinct thalline margin and lacks secondary squamules on the lobe margins. 54284 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54284 Parmeliella triptophylla (Ach.) Mull. Arg. 2637 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:46 2011-02-02 12:16:46 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: small-squamulose, resting on a thin blackish hypothallus that contributes to the dark color of this species; squamules: rarely more than 1 mm wide, incised,; upper surface: gray-blue or brown, isidiate but not sorediate; isidia: coralloid, digitate but occasionally granular, marginal, sometimes obscuring the squamules; upper cortex: paraplechtenchymatous, 25-35 µm thick; Apothecia: uncommon, up to 1 mm diam, biatorine; disc: red-brown, often becoming blackish and convex; exciple: paraplectenchymatous, up to 90 µm thick; hymenium: primarily hyaline but brown-black above, I+ persistently deep blue,up to 100 µm high; subhymenium: thick, brownish; asci: clavate to subcylindrical, with apical amyloid tubes, 8-spored; ascospores: simple, colorless, ellipsoid, without an epispore, 10-17 x 5-8 µm; Pycnidia: not seen; Spot tests: all negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: on sheltered, wet montane rocks at fairly high altitudes (2000-3000 m); elsewhere also on bark; World distribution: cool-temperate, widespread in the Northern Hemisphere; Sonoran distribution: SE Arizona and adjacent Sierra Madre Occidental of Chihuahua and Sonora.; Notes: This species is quite distinctive from P. clavulifera, in being smaller, more crustose, and darker with finer isidia. Sometimes flattened lobules are found inbetween the isidia, but the thalli are never just lobulate. Two saxicolous specimens now included in this species were provisionally identified as P. saxicola P. M. Jørg. but are now included in this species. Poorly isidiate specimens do resemble P. saxicola, a species from northern Venezuela that lacks isidia and has characteristically curved, central squamules. 54285 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54285 Parmeliella clavulifera P. M. Joerg. 2638 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:46 2011-02-02 12:16:46 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: squamulose-foliose, forming irregular rosettes up to 4 cm diam., resting on an inconspicuous, thin, blackish hypothallus; lobes: somewhat enlarged, up to 3 mm wide and 150 µm thick; upper surface: gray-blue to brownish, lobulate, lacking isidia or soredia; isidia: coralloid to claviform, marginal; upper cortex: paraplectenchymatous, two cells thick; Apothecia: rare, up to 1.5 mm wide; disc: brownish, sometimes with adhering isidia; proper exciple: distinctly paraplectenchymatous; hymenium: I+ blue, up to 100 µm high; asci: with apical amyloid tubes, 8-spored; ascospores: simple, colorless, ellipsoid, smooth, 14-16 x 5-7 µm; Spot test: all negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: on bark, commonest on oaks, about 2000 m; World distribution: Central America and Mexico; Sonoran distribution: montane oak forests in Mexico (Sonora, Chihuahua and Sinaloa).; Notes: This species is characterized by its numerous claviform isidia, and is much larger and more foliose than P. triptophylla which in this region is only found on rocks and at higher altitudes. Parmeliella pannosa has flattened lobules and a much more prominent hypothallus, and is mainly found at lower elevation (rarely above 1500 m). 54286 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54286 Parmeliella miradorensis Vain. 2639 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:46 2011-02-02 12:16:46 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: repeatedly squamulose, occasionally with radiating lobes on smooth bark, forming irregular rosettes up to 5 cm diam., resting on a blackish, variously developed, but mainly inconspicuous hypothallus; squamules: up to 3 mm wide and 100 µm thick, leafy, often imbricate; upper surface: gray-blue to brownish, lobulate, lacking isidia or soredia; lobules: usually gray-blue, occasionally brownish; upper cortex: paraplectenchymatous, up to 30 µm and at least two cells thick,; Apothecia: numerous, up to 1.5 mm diam.; disc: reddish brown; proper margin: distinctly paler, paraplectenchymatous, up to 150 µm thick; hymenium: I+ blue, shallow, up to 90 µm high; asci: clavate, with distinct amyloid apical tubes, 8-spored; ascospores: simple, colorless, smooth, ellipsoid, 11-17 x 6-8 (-10) µm; Spot tests: all negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: on deciduous trees, mainly oaks in mist forests about 2000 m; World distribution: widespread in subtropical parts of South and Central America, the West Indies, Macaronesia, and Japan; Sonoran distribution: scattered in the subtropical moist, montane forest of the Sierra Madre Occidental in Sinaloa.; Notes: Previously it was confused with the much more crustose and southern P. nigrocincta (Mont.) Müll. Arg., from which it is easily distinguished by its repeatedly squamulose, imbricate, non-waxy lobes. In contrast, P. nigrocincta has adpressed, waxy squamules. Also P. clavulifera has smaller spores than P. nigrocincta. 54287 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54287 Psoroma hypnorum (Vahl) Gray 2640 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:46 2011-02-02 12:16:46 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: squamulose, irregularly spreading over the substrate; squamules: small, 0.2-0.5 mm diam., sometimes almost granular; with interspersed darker (bluish), more granular squamules (containing Nostoc, i.e. the cephalodia); upper surface: mat gray to green-gray to yellow-brown when dry, bright green when wet (due to the green photobiont); upper cortex: paraplectenchymatous, 30-40 µm thick; medulla: composed of loosely reticulate hyphae; cephalodia: frequent but sometimes few and inconspicuous, similar to thallus squamules or smooth, rounded, pale red-brown or bluish brown, scattered among the squamules or on the outher margin; lower cortex: paraplectenchymatous, 30-40 µm thick; Apothecia: frequent, usually large, up to 5 mm wide; disc: red-brown to dark brown, often concave; thalline margin: usually irregularly squamulose, 100-200 µm thick, rarely smooth, underside often with short, pale hairs; exciple: poorly developed, subparaplectenchymatous, 20-25 µm thick; hymenium: hyaline but brown above, I+ dark blue, 100-120 µm high; paraphyses: up to 4.5 µm wide, submoniliform, apices short-celled; asci: each with an internal apical amyloid tubes, clavate to subcylindrical, 70-90 x 11-15 µm, 8-spored; ascospores: simple, colorless, ellipsoid to narrowly ellipsoid, with an apiculus at one or both ends, with prominent, warted-ridged epispore, 20-34 x 8-12 µm (with epispore, otherwise 19-28 x 8-10 µm); Pycnidia: 0.1-0.2 mm diam., hyaline or pale brown; conidia: bacilliform, 5-6 x 1-2 µm; Spot tests: all negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: moist habitats, among bryophytes or on soil, mostly in montane regions, particularly in spruce-fir forests; World distribution: bipolar in cool-temperate and arctic-alpine regions of both hemispheres; Sonoran distribution: common in the high mountains of Arizona, most frequent above 3000 m.; Notes: If not checked when moist, it is often unneccesarily confused with Protopannaria pezizoides. Some material from Arizona has unusually large, greenish squamules and flat, dark brown apothecia. They have, however, spores and chemistry typical of the species and are regarded as being within its range of variation. 54288 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54288 Psoroma tenue Henssen 2641 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:47 2011-02-02 12:16:47 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: small-squamulose to granulose,; squamules: up to 1 mm broad,; upper surface: shiny yellow-brown to brown with interspersed dark bluegreen granules (containing Nostoc, i.e. cephalodia); upper cortex: paraplectenchymatous, 20-30 µm; medulla: composed of loosely reticulate hyphae; cephalodia: frequent, dark purple brown, granular to coralloid branched, occurring singly or in clusters (often under the apothecia) up to 0.8 mm wide, corticated by one or two rows of cells; lower cortex: paraplectenchymatous, 30-40 µm thick; Apothecia: small, up to 2 mm diam., with granular thalline margin; discs: brown with concolorous margin or dark brown with a lighter brown margin, flat; hymenium: I+ dark blue, 95-120 µm high; hypothecium: 20-25 (-50) µm thick including ascogenous hyphae; subhymenium: varying thickness, frequently extending into a stipe of adglutinated hyphae with enlarged cells towards the base; asci: each with an internal amyloid apical tubes, 8-spored; ascospores: simple, colorless, ovoid with warted epispore, 19-24 x 7-12 µm; Pycnidia: inconspicuous; conidia: rod-shaped, 2-4 x 1 µm thick; Spot tests: K-, C-, KC-, P-; Secondary metabolites: thallus and apothecia with pannaric acid, porphyrilic acid methyl ester and a related unknown.; Substrate and ecology: wet soils near snowbeds in arctic-alpine environment; World distribution: widespread in arctic-alpine parts of the Northern Hemisphere; Sonoran distribution: rare, only collected a few times in the high mountains (above 3000 m) in Arizona, where it has the southernmost known locality in North America.; Notes: This taxon is separated from the similar P. hypnorum by its small flat apothecia and the shining brown, more granular thallus containing lichen metabolites. Psoroma tenue var. tenue, described from southern South America (Henssen and Renner 1981), has smaller lobes than P. tenue var. boreale and its cortex is less well developed. 54289 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54289 Psoroma cinnamomeum Malme 2642 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:47 2011-02-02 12:16:47 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: small squamulose to granular, irregularly dispersed over the substrate; squamules: semiglobose, up to 1 mm wide; upper surface: cinnamon; upper cortex: paraplectenchymatous, 30-40 µm thick; medulla: composed of loosely reticulate hyphae; cephalodia: dark purplish brown, scarce in Californian material, mostly small, dark pustules beneath the apothecia (or squamules); lower cortex: paraplectenchymatous, 20-30 µm thick; Apothecia: common, up to 2 mm wide with a regular, thalline margin: up to 70 µm thick, initially smooth, becoming squamulose; disc: cinnamon-colored, often concave; exciple: poorly developed, subparaplechtenchymatous, 20-30 µm thick; hymenium hyaline but cinnamon above, I+ dark blue, c. 100 µm high; asci: clavate, with a distinct apical, amyloid ring structure, 8-spored; ascospores: simple, colorless, ellipsoid, 12-15 x 7-9 µm, with a distinct rugulose epispore; Pycnidia: not observed; Spot tests: all negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected except for an unidentified pigment.; Substrate and ecology: on detritus over soil, in moist, maritime heath; World distribution: primarily a cool-temperate to subantarctic species from the Southern Hemisphere; Sonoran distribution: only known from Prince Island adjacent San Miguel Island in the Channel Islands of southern California.; Notes: It has a similar anatomy to P. tenue, but lacks the secondary products of that species. In addition, P. cinnamomeum has a more thick, urceolate apothecia when young and the cell-lumina of the corticate margin are smaller. The thalli of P. cinnamomeum is usually paler than P. tenue. 54292 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54292 Ahtiana sphaerosporella (Mull. Arg.) Goward 2643 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:47 2011-02-02 12:16:47 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: foliose, closely adnate, frequently tightly wrapped around small twigs or tightly appressed to larger stems, (2-) 4-6 (-8) cm across, lobate; lobes: 2-3 (-5) mm wide, ± linear-elongate, apically rounded; margins aprèssed; cilia absent; upper surface: light yellowish green (often rather more yellowish than green, occasionally becoming dark olive green), strongly and finely wrinkled except near the margins, to more often becoming folded; without pseudocyphellae; upper cortex: thin walled; medulla: white; lower cortex: thin walled; lower surface: white to buff or partly olivaceous, reticulately wrinkled, rhizines sparse to more often abundant to the lobe tips, concolorous with or slightly darker than lower surface, usually simple;; Apothecia: numerous, laminal, mostly restricted to thallus center, 1-4 mm diam.; disc: light brown to greenish or yellowish or darkening; exciple: 2-layered, upper layer composed of horizontally arranged hyphae, lower layer thin walled; asci: rather broadly clavate, 40-50 x 13-18 µm; axial body 3-5 µm; ascospores: spherical, 4-6 µm diam.; Pycnidia: laminal, generally conspicuous, often abundant, black; conidia: formed pleurogenously, bifusiform, 5-7 (-9) x c. 1 µm; Spot tests: upper cortex K-, C-, KC+ yellow, P-, UV-; medulla K-, P-, KC-, P-; Secondary metabolites: upper cortex with usnic acid; medulla with caperatic acid (major).; Substrate and ecology: on conifers in montane to subalpine forests, 1500-2400 m in its southern range, rarely on hardwoods (Quercus); World distribution: common NW North America, particularly near the Pacific coast, but rarer to the south; Sonoran distribution: formerly known from the southern California mountains and one location in Santa Cruz County in SE Arizona.; Notes: The one occurrence in Arizona is a disjunct from its other extant populations, and occurs on an unusual bark type. In the Sonoran region Ahtiana sphaerosporella might be confused with the more southerly Flavoparmelia rutidota, from which A. sphaerosporella can be easily distinguished by its mostly pale discs and its P- medulla (lacking protocetraric acid). Flavopunctelia species are also yellow-green and are much more common in the Sonoran region, but they have white pseudocyphellae on the upper surface (not in A. sphaerosporella) and a C+ red medulla. 54297 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54297 Anzia americana Yoshim. & Sharp 2644 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:47 2011-02-02 12:16:47 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: foliose, pendulous (appearing superficially fruitcose due to strongly upturned lobe tips), circular in outline or irregularly spreading, up to 5 cm wide, loosely adnate, lobate; lobes: flat to convex, discrete, loosely imbricate, dichotomously branched, short linear, 2.5 mm long, mostly 0.5-2 mm wide, tips strongly ascending, eciliate; upper surface: pale gray to greenish gray, dull or somewhat shiny; without soredia or isidia; upper cortex: paraplectenchymatous, 40-60 µm thick, hyaline to brownish; medulla: white, with a chondroid strand; lower surface: dark brown, with a continuous, dense spongiostratum 1 mm thick, erhizinate; upturned tips erupting into soredia; Apothecia: not seen; Pycnidia: not seen; Spot tests: cortex K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P+ yellow; medulla K-, C-, KC-, P-; Secondary metabolites: upper cortex with atranorin and chloroatranorin; medulla with divaricatic acid.; Habitat and ecology: on bark or rock in very humid microclimates; World distribution: SE USA (Smoky Mountains) and Mexico south to Venezuela; New Guinea, the Philippines; Sonoran distribution: c. 2000 m in the Sierra Madre Occidental region of Chihuahua 54305 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54305 Arctoparmelia subcentrifuga (Oksner) Hale 2645 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:47 2011-02-02 12:16:47 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: tightly adnate to adnate, foliose, 4-8 cm in diam., lobate; lobes: narrow, sublinear to subirregular, contiguous to imbricate, somewhat elongate, convex, separate, 0.6-3 mm wide, lobe tips subrotund; upper surface: pale greenish to yellowish gray, smooth but cracked with age, dull, becoming rimose, emaculate, becoming strongly rugulose; soredia: coarse, in linear to irregular pustulae, coarse, becoming diffuse, submarginal, isidia absent; medulla: white; lower surface: purplish black centrally, gray marginally, sparsely rhizinate, rhizines black, simple; Apothecia: not seen; Pycnidia: not seen; Spot tests: cortex K- or K+ yellow (depending on atranorin concentration), C-, KC+ yellow, P+ yellow; medulla K-, C-, KC-, P-; Secondary metabolites: upper cortex with atranorin, chloroatranorin and usnic acid, medulla with alectoronic acid (major).; Substrate and ecology: open boulder fields in arctic, upper montane to alpine areas; World distribution: arctic North America southwards at scattered localities throughout the Rocky Mountains and in the Great Lakes area; Sonoran distribution: only known from one location on rocks in an upper montane scree slope in the Chiricahua Mountains of SE Arizona. 54308 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54308 Brodoa oroarctica (Krog) Goward 2646 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:47 2011-02-02 12:16:47 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: foliose, adnate, orbicular, irregularly rosetted and spreading, 2-8 cm diam., lobate, with mostly contiguous to overlapping lobes; lobes: up to c. 2.5 cm long, 0.5-1 mm broad, terete, or the main ones flattened when on stone, becoming crenate to incised or irregularly branched laterally or towards tips, partly also with ± sparse, discrete, narrow (0.2-0.5 mm) branches or lobules, which arise ± perpendicularly to the tips or margins, or towards the thallus center, and are often more terete and nodulose than the main branches; upper surface: epruinose, pale gray, ashy gray, or brown, darkening or blackening especially on the lobules and towards the tips, and there becoming shiny, with conspicuous, reticulate whitish-yellowish maculae at least in the apical 2-3 mm of the lobes or lobules, with the darker areas between the maculae often slightly depressed (shallowly sulcate); otherwise mostly plane, smooth, dull, continuous to irregularly and finely cracked [in material from outside the Sonoran region, becoming distinctly areolate with discontinuous patches of cortex interspersed with black cracks and lines, Thomson 1984]; medulla: white, solid; lower surface: black, brown toward the tips, with occasional coarse transverse cracks, smooth to ± irregularly, weakly, and shallowly wrinkled to plicate or foveolate; Apothecia: rare [not seen in material from Sonoran region], up to 5 mm diam., with a thin, entire thalloid margin; disc: dark brown; ascospores: subglobose to broadly ellipsoid, 10-12 x 8 µm; Pycnidia: numerous, conspicuous under lens, immersed, the visible part black to gray-brown, roundish, < c. 0.5 mm diam; Spot tests: cortex K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P+ yellow; medulla K-, C-, KC+ red, P+ orange in layer close to cortex in apices only, or P-; Secondary metabolites: cortex with atranorin and chloroatranorin, medulla with physodic acid (major) and with protocetraric acid (accessory).; Substrate and ecology: alpine, on highly insolated rocks and over mosses in places with winter snow cover; World distribution: circumpolar, arctic and northern boreal and alpine regions to the south; Sonoran distribution: known only from the alpine zone of the San Francisco Peaks near Flagstaff, Arizona. 54315 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54315 Bryoria chalybeiformis (L.) Brodo & D. Hawksw. 2647 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:47 2011-02-02 12:16:47 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: prostrate or decumbent, usually 8-15 (-20) cm long; branching: isotomic dichotomous towards the base but becoming anisotomic dichotomous towards the apices, often entangled, angles between the dichotomies mainly obtuse; branches: irregular, often sparse towards the base, main branches: much larger than the secondary ones, sometimes straight but usually becoming twisted and foveolate or sometimes channeled, occasionally flattened, (0.3-) 0.5-1.0 (-2.0) mm diam.; surface: dark brown to olive-black, sometimes paler towards base, usually shiny; true lateral spinules absent but irregular, spinulose branches sometimes present; soralia: absent or sparse, usually tuberculate, occasionally becoming spinulose, usually narrower than the branches on which they occur; pseudocyphellae absent; Apothecia and Pycnidia: unknown; Spot tests: cortex and medulla K-, C-, KC-, usually P-, UV-; soralia P+ red; Secondary metabolites: fumarprotocetraric acid (usually in the soralia only).; Substrate and ecology: on base-rich or acid rocks and soil, occasionally on lignum, rarely on conifers, in exposed intermontane localities at all elevations, usually montane to alpine, rare in maritime regions; World distribution: circumpolar, apparently bipolar; Sonoran distribution: rare in Arizona on granite or soil, 2680-3050 m.; Notes: This species is distinguished from B. fuscescens (which normally grows on bark but has been reported to occur occasionally on soil or rock) mainly by the coarser, darker and often shiny main stems (Krog 1980). The few specimens from the Sonoran region that can be assigned to B. chalybeiformis are rather poorly developed and somewhat pale and slightly reddish (rather than greenish) tinged, but fit here better than under B. fuscescens. 54316 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54316 Bryoria fremontii (Tuck.) Brodo & D. Hawksw. 2648 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:47 2011-02-02 12:16:47 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: pendent, filamentous, often very long, 6-45 (-90) cm, often draping tree branches, not brittle; branching: anisotomic to submonopodial, usually frequent from the base; branches: uneven in thickness, (0.2-) 0.4-1.5 (-4.0); main branches: foveolate and twisted, sometimes becoming dorsiventrally compressed and expanded toward the base; true lateral spinules: absent; surface: yellow-brown to red-brown or dark red-brown, often variable within the same specimen, shiny or less frequently dull; pseudocyphellae: absent or sparse (perhaps only torsion cracks), depressed and elongate fusiform, white to pale brown; soralia: rare, absent in most specimens, sparse when present (not seen in Sonoran material), tuberculate, pale to bright yellow, usually as wide as the branches on which they occur, up to 2.0 (-4.0) mm long; Apothecia: absent or sparse, lateral; thalline exciple: concolorous with thallus, thin and soon becoming excluded, 1.0-2.0 (4.0) mm in diam.; disc: becoming convex at maturity, yellow pruinose; asci: clavate, 8-spored; ascospores: subglobose, simple, 5-8 x 4-5 µm; Pycnidia: not seen; Spot tests: cortex and medulla: K-, C-, KC-, P-, UV- (soralia and apothecia may be UV+); Secondary metabolites: no lichen substances, or vulpinic acid (in soralia and apothecia only).; Substrate and ecology: on bark or wood, mainly conifers in dry, open forests, occasionally on hardwoods near the coast; World distribution: Eurasia and western North America; Sonoran distribution: southern California and northern Baja California.; Notes: It is characterized by its usually shiny, broad, foveolate main stems and its characteristic yellowish brown to dark reddish brown color. It often forms long thick beards when dry. Although quite variable, well-developed material is difficult to confuse with any other species in California except possibly Nodobryoria oregana, which has a dull surface and jig-saw puzzle-like cortex in surface view and often has a few apothecia with brown discs. Records of B. fremontii from Arizona are dubious and are most likely poorly developed, non-sorediate specimens of B. fuscescens]. It may be extinct from the Sonoran region, as only one specimen collected in Riverside Co., California, by Hasse in 1904 was found. 54318 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54318 Bryoria furcellata (Fr.) Brodo & D. Hawksw. 2649 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:47 2011-02-02 12:16:47 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: caespitose, usually 3-5 (-12) cm long; branching: regularly isotomic dichotomous, axils usually broad towards base and acute towards tips; branches: even in thickness, 0.3-0.4 (-0.5) mm diam., sometimes slightly compressed towards base but not twisted or foveolate, somewhat brittle; base persistent; short perpendicular lateral spinulose branches sometimes present, occasionally abundant; surface: very pale brown to cervine brown or rarely dark brown to black, often darker towards base, smooth, usually shiny; pseudocyphellae: absent; soralia: usually abundant, fissural, sometimes slightly raised, usually narrower than the branches on which they occur, white (or speckled blackish with incipient spinules), 0.3-1.0 mm long, bearing tufts of blackening isidioid spinules 0.5-2.5 mm long; Apothecia: very rare lateral, 0.8-2.0 (4.0) mm diam.; thalline exciple: concolorous with thallus, thick, usually becoming sorediate; disc: concave at first but becoming convex and sloughing the margin with age, light brown to reddish brown; asci: clavate, 8-spored; ascospores: subglobose, 6-7 x 3-4 µm; Spot tests: outer cortex K-, C-, KC-, P-, UV-; inner cortex and medulla K-, C-, KC-, P+ red; soralia P+ red; Secondary metabolites: fumarprotocetraric and protocetraric acids.; Substrate and ecology: mainly on conifers in sheltered to somewhat exposed sites but also found on rock outcrops or boulders, lignum, and rarely on soil; World distribution: circumpolar and circumboreal in the Northern Hemisphere, extending south to Mexico and Central America; Sonoran distribution: on Pinus and Pseudotsuga in Arizona and Chihuahua at 1700-2900 m.; Notes: Although it is somewhat variable, B. furcellata is usually easily identified by the groups of isidia-like spinules on the soralia. According to Brodo and Hawksworth (1977) B. fuscescens and B. chalybeiformis also occasionally have such spinules; however, B. fuscescens is usually pendent, with partly anisotomic branching, partly unevenly thickened branches, much paler towards the base and more often dull, and the soralia are often broader than the branch bearing them and partly tuberculate, while B. chalybeiformis has coarser branches with obtuse axils, a darker and more olive-blackish color, and sparse, tuberculate soralia, and usually grows on rock. Neither of them normally has a P+ red medulla. 54319 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54319 Bryoria fuscescens (Gyelnik) Brodo & D. Hawksw. 2650 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:47 2011-02-02 12:16:47 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: pendent (to prostrate in some morphotypes of var. positiva), relatively lax, usually 5-15 (-30) cm long, moderately branched; branching: isotomic or anisotomic at the base, often becoming anisotomic toward the apices, frequent from the base; axils: acute (to obtuse, but generally not broadly rounded); branches: terete, to sometimes partly flattened or twisted and occasionally foveolate (in var. positiva), somewhat unevenly (to evenly) thickened, (0.2-) 0.3-0.4 (-0.6) mm in diam. near its base, but main or secondary branches often 0.1 mm diam.; surface: pale to medium brown or somewhat grayish or olivaceous, to blackish, usually much paler at the base than at the apices, often with black fragmentation regions, often dull but sometimes quite shiny; pseudocyphellae: lacking; lateral, spinulose branches sometimes present but inconspicuous; true lateral spinules: lacking; soralia: sparse or abundant, fissural (sometimes resembling pseudocyphellae when young) or sometimes also tuberculate, often strongly convex at maturity, sometimes becoming spinulose, usually white; Spot tests: cortex and medulla K-, C-, KC-, UV-, P- or P+ red (v. positiva); soralia: P+ red-orange; Secondary metabolites: fumarprotocetraric and protocetraric acids (and accessory chloroatranorin in specimens from eastern North America).; Substrate and ecology: on bark, mostly of conifers in dry and open forests (Pinus ponderosa and Pseudotsuga forests); var. positiva has also been reported from lignum, and from rocks in highly exposed sites; World distribution: circumpolar and boreal and in the East African mountains; Sonoran distribution: Arizona, c. 2875-3400 m, in pine and spruce-fir forest.; Notes: It is characterized mainly by P+ red-orange soralia, mostly V-shaped axils, and typically grayish brown and often dull surface, which is usually paler at the base. The thallus is often pendulous but rarely forms long, thick beards. It is an extremely variable species and is treated here in a very broad sense. Most material from the Sonoran region tends to have much finer branches than previously described (Brodo and Hawksworth 1977), and is therefore often very difficult to distinguish from the frequently intermixed B. lanestris, The only other Bryoria known from North America that has P+ red soralia and very narrow branches is B. subcana, which has a pale gray to brown, short thallus (up to 5 cm long) and is found in maritime areas well north of the Sonoran region. Some collections included here under B. fuscescens appear to be mixtures of short, very pale thalli with ± longer and/or darker ones. The palest (almost whitish) ones may represent basal or dying parts, but have a rather different appearance. Coarser, darker, or shorter forms of B. fuscescens from exposed habitats can be similar to B. chalybeiformis, that primarily occurs on rock or soil. Bryoria fuscescens is usually more grayish brown, and have tuberculate soralia. 54322 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54322 Bryoria lanestris (Ach.) Brodo & D. Hawksw. 2651 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:47 2011-02-02 12:16:47 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: pendent to subpendent, 5-10 (-15) cm long, very brittle (fragmenting in herbarium packets); branching: irregular, isotomic to anisotomic dichotomous, frequent from the base; axils: usually acute; branches: most c. 0.1 mm diam.; main branches (and basal ones, Sonoran material): 0.1-0.25 (-0.3) mm diam., sometimes becoming compressed toward the base, but straight, neither contorted nor foveolate; surface: brown-black or olive blackish or black, usually concolorous and dull; lacking pseudocyphellae and true lateral spinules;; soralia: sparse to abundant, fissural, mostly rather inconspicuous in Sonoran material, white or often speckled with black, up to 0.3 mm long; Apothecia and Pycnidia: not seen in North American material; Spot tests: cortex and medulla: K-, C-, KC-, UV-, P-; soralia: P+ orange or red; Secondary metabolites: fumarprotocetraric acid (and protocetraric acid).; Substrate and ecology: usually on conifers; World distribution: circumboreal in the Northern Hemisphere; reports from Algeria and Mexico are dubious; Sonoran distribution: common in Arizona, usually on Picea engelmannii or Abies lasiocarpa in forests at 2900-3400 m.; Notes: As presently circumscribed this species is often very difficult to distinguish from B. fuscescens, with which it is often closely entangled. At least in populations from northern areas, B. lanestris characteristically is very unevenly thickened and has quite brittle branches with strictly fissural soralia, that are frequently larger than the branch diameter and is often black-spotted. However, in Sonoran populations the consistently thinner branches and the often dull, uniformly dark olive-blackish surface (without paler basal parts) seem to be the most consistent distinguishing features of B. lanestris. Another frequent difference between B. lanestris and B. fuscescens is that in B. lanestris the axils are acute even at the base, such that the branches tend to lie mostly parallel to each other and form narrow (c. 3 mm across) strands. 54329 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54329 Bryoria simplicior (Vainio) Brodo & D. Hawksw. 2652 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:47 2011-02-02 12:16:47 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: caespitose or sometimes decumbent, 2-4 (-5) cm long, forming small, rather dense tufts to slightly hanging, sometimes attached to the substrate at the tips as well as the base; base persistent; branching: mainly isotomically dichotomous from the base; axils: usually acute, making the thalli appear brush-shaped; branches: even in thickness, 0.2-0.4 mm in diam., straight or slightly curved, round or rarely slightly deformed (foveolate); surface: ± shiny, brown to dark brown to almost black, concolorous, or not much paler towards tips; lateral spinules: with slightly constricted bases, sparse to frequent, sometimes abundant; pseudocyphellae: absent; soralia: abundant, fissural, sharply delimited, usually broader than the branches on which they occur, round or oval, white to brownish black or more usually greenish black; young soredial masses convex, the soralia becoming crateriform as the soredia are shed, lacking isidial spinules but sometimes bearing irregular, often contorted, non-isidiiform spinules; Apothecia and Pycnidia: unknown; Spot tests: cortex and medulla K-, C-, KC-, P-, UV-; soralia P-; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: characteristically on well illuminated twigs and small branches, rare on soil or rock but often on lignum, almost always intermixed with B. lanestris and frequently also B. furcellata; World distribution: circumpolar, mainly in continental areas; Sonoran distribution: reported from Arizona (St. Clair and Newberry 1992) [not seen].; Notes: The species is characterized by greenish black, tuberculate soralia (rather than pale or at most speckled with brownish black, as in other North American species of Bryoria) and is always P-. According to Brodo and Hawksworth (1977) B. simplicior is quite frequently mixed with B. lanestris, which is similarly colored but has finer, pendulous branches and P+ red soralia. 54336 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54336 Bulbothrix coronata (Fee) Hale 2653 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:47 2011-02-02 12:16:47 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: adnate, foliose, 3-6 cm in diam., irregularly lobate; lobes: sublinear, elongate, moderately imbricate, elongate, plane to subconvex, separate, 0.5-2 mm wide; apices: subrotund with prominent inflated, with bulbate cilia; upper surface: pale gray, smooth to rugose, shiny, faintly white maculate; soredia, isidia and pustulae absent; medulla: white with continuous algal layer; lower surface: black, rhizinate, the rhizines moderately dense, black, simple to branched; Apothecia: common, laminal, 1-3 mm wide; disc: red-brown to dark brown; margin: outer rim smooth, inner rim coronate; ascospores: ellipsoid, 6-10 x 5-6 µm; Pycnidia: not seen; Spot tests: upper cortex K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P+ yellow; medulla K-, C+ red, KC+ red, P-; Secondary metabolites: upper cortex with atranorin and chloroatranorin; medulla with gyrophoric acid (major).; Substrate and ecology: on small trees in open habitats; World distribution: neotropics and East and South Africa; Sonoran distribution: oak forests at intermediate elevations in Sonora. 54337 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54337 Bulbothrix goebelii (Zenker) Hale 2654 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:47 2011-02-02 12:16:47 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: adnate, foliose, 2-8 cm in diam., fragile, irregularly lobate; lobes: sublinear, moderately imbricate, elongate, plane to subconvex, separate, 0.5-1.5 mm wide; apices: subrotund, sometimes dissected, ciliate; cilia: dense, bulbate, sometimes branched; isidia: laminal, dense, cylindrical, simple to coralloid, sometimes darkened apically; soredia and pustulae absent; upper cortex: pale gray, smooth to rugose, shiny, faintly or distinctly white maculate; medulla: white, with continuous algal layer; lower cortex: black centrally, pale marginally, densely rhizinate; rhizines, branched, black to medium brown; Apothecia: rare, laminal, 1-2 mm wide, sessile to subpedicellate; disc: red-brown to dark brown; margin: outer rim usually isidiate, inner rim ecoronate,; ascospores: ellipsoid, 8-10 x 4-6 µm; Pycnidia: not seen; Spot tests: upper cortex K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P+ yellow; medulla K-, C+ red, KC+ red, P-; Secondary metabolites: upper cortex with atranorin and chloroatranorin; medulla with gyrophoric acid (major).; Substrate and ecology: on small trees in open habitats; World distribution: pantropical and extending into subtropics; Sonoran distribution: oak forests at intermediate elevations in Sonora. 54338 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54338 Bulbothrix isidiza (Nyl.) Hale 2655 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:48 2011-02-02 12:16:48 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: adnate, foliose, 4-10 cm in diam., irregularly lobate; lobes: sublinear to subirregular, moderately imbricate, elongate, plane to subconvex, separate, 1.5-5 mm wide; apices: subrotund, with prominent inflated, bulbate cilia; upper surface: pale gray, smooth to rugose, shiny, faintly or distinctly white maculate; isidia: laminal, dense, cylindrical, simple to coralloid; soredia and pustulae absent; medulla: white with continuous algal layer; lower surface: pale brown or darkening, moderately rhizinate, the rhizines, pale to medium brown, simple to branched, concolorous; Apothecia: , rare, laminal, 1-4 mm wide; disc: red brown to dark brown; margin: outer rim usually isidiate, inner rim ecoronate; ascospores: ellipsoid, 7-14 x 5-8 µm; Pycnidia: common, immersed; conidia: bacilliform to weakly bifusiform, 5-6 x 1 µm; Spot tests: upper cortex K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P+ yellow; medulla K+ yellow turning deep red, C-, KC-, P+ orange; Secondary metabolites: upper cortex with atranorin and chloroatranorin; medulla with salazinic acid (major) and consalazinic (minor).; Substrate and ecology: on small trees in open habitats; World distribution: pantropical and extending into subtropics; Sonoran distribution: lowland thorn forests of Sonora. 54340 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54340 Bulbothrix atrichella (Nyl.) Hale 2656 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:48 2011-02-02 12:16:48 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: adnate, foliose, 3-6 cm in diam., irregularly lobate; lobes: sublinear, elongate, moderately imbricate, elongate, plane to subconvex, separate, 0.5-2 mm wide; margin: sometimes lobulate; apices: subrotund with prominently inflated, dense, bulbate cilia; upper surface: pale gray to olive-gray (turning olive buff in the herbarium), smooth to rugose, shiny, white maculate; soredia, isidia and pustulae absent; medulla: white with continuous algal layer; lower surface: black, rhizinate; rhizines: moderately dense, black, simple to branched; Apothecia: common, laminal, 1-2.5 mm wide; disc: dark brown; margin: outer rim smooth, inner rim ecoronate; asci: clavate, 8-spored; ascospores: broadly ellipsoid, 7-8 x 5-6 µm; Pycnidia: not seen; Spot tests: upper cortex K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P+ yellow; medulla K-, C+ red, KC+ red, P-; Secondary metabolites: upper cortex with atranorin and chloroatranorin; medulla with gyrophoric acid (major).; Substrate and ecology: on small trees in open habitats; World distribution: neotropics, including Mexico, Colombia and Peru; Sonoran distribution: oak forests at intermediate elevations in Sonora. 54342 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54342 Canoparmelia caroliniana (Nyl.) Elix & Hale 2657 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:48 2011-02-02 12:16:48 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: adnate, foliose, 4-10 cm in diam., irregularly lobate; lobes: subirregular, elongate, plane to subconvex, separate, 2-5 mm wide; apices: rotund, eciliate; upper surface: pale gray, smooth to rugose, dull, pruinose at lobe tips and strongly reticulately white maculate, finely cracked, isidiate; isidia: common, dense, laminal, cylindrical, simple to coralloid; soredia and pustulae absent; medulla: white with continuous algal layer; lower surface: black to rarely dark brown; rhizines: sparse to moderately dense (except margin), black, simple; Apothecia: rare, laminal on thallus, substipitate, 1-4 mm wide; disc: red brown to dark brown, margin usually isidiate; ascospores: ellipsoid, 13-15 x 6-8 micro meter; Pycnidia: not seen; Spot tests: upper cortex K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P+ yellow; medulla K-, C-, KC+ pale pink, P-; Secondary metabolites: upper cortex with atranorin and chloroatranorin; medulla with perlatoic acid (major) and unknown acids (trace).; Substrate and ecology: often on pines in montane, open pine-oak woods, rarely on rocks; World distribution: pantropics and extending into adjacent temperate areas of SE USA and southern Europe; Sonoran distribution: Sinaloa, in the Sierra Madre Occidental. 54343 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54343 Canoparmelia crozalsiana (de Lesd. ex Harm.) Elix & Hale 2658 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:48 2011-02-02 12:16:48 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: adnate, foliose, 3-10 cm in diam., irregularly lobate; lobes: subirregular, elongate, plane to subconvex, separate, 3-6 mm wide; apices: rotund, eciliate; upper surface: pale gray to greenish gray, strongly reticulately ridged, rugulose, shallowly foveate, becoming cracked with age, dull, sometimes white pruinose and maculate; soredia: farinose, common, initially in laminal orbicular soralia but becoming confluent; isidia and pustulae absent; medulla: white with continuous algal layer; lower surface: black centrally, brown zone peripherally; rhizines: sparse, black, sometimes pale tipped, simple; Apothecia: not seen; Pycnidia: rare, immersed; conidia: filiform 12-15 x 1 micro meter; Spot tests: upper cortex K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P+ yellow; medulla K + orange, C-, KC-, P+ orange-red; Secondary metabolites: upper cortex with atranorin and chloroatranorin; medulla with stictic acid (major), constictic acid (minor), and cryptostictic acid (minor to trace).; Substrate and ecology: on hardwood trees and rocks in moist, montane canyons at mid-elevations; World distribution: SW Europe, southern U.S.A., Mexico, South America, Africa, India, Australia; Sonoran distribution: SE and E Arizona southwards through the Sierra Madre Occidental in Chihuahua and Durango. 54347 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54347 Canoparmelia texana (Tuck.) Elix & Hale 2659 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:48 2011-02-02 12:16:48 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: adnate, foliose, 4-12 cm in diam., irregularly lobate; lobes: sublinear to subirregular, elongate, plane to subconvex, separate, 3-5 mm wide; apices: rotund, crenate to deeply incised, eciliate; upper surface: pale gray to ashy white, smooth to rugose, dull, maculate, sorediate; soredia: coarse, granular, whitish, laminal, initially in pustulae that develop into orbicular, capitate soralia; soralia usually not confluent; isidia absent; medulla: white with continuous algal layer; lower surface: black with a brown bare zone marginally; rhizines: sparse to moderately dense (except margin), black, simple; Apothecia: rare, laminal on thallus, 2-5 mm wide; disc: red-brown to dark brown; margin: usually sorediate; ascospores: ellipsoid, 8-11 x 5-7; Pycnidia: rare, immersed; conidia: weakly bifusiform 6-8 x 1 micro meter; Spot tests: upper cortex K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P+ yellow, medulla K-, C-, KC- [or + pale pink], P-; Secondary metabolites: upper cortex with atranorin and chloroatranorin; medulla with divaricatic acid (major), nordivaricatic and stenosporic acids (trace).; Substrate and ecology: on pines and hardwoods in dry open woods or along roads in lower to mid-elevation montane areas; World distribution: pantropical and some adjacent temperate areas of North and South America, Asia and Australasia; Sonoran distribution: SE Arizona southwards through the Sierra Madre Occidental of Chihuahua, Sonora and Sinaloa and in the southern mountains of Baja California Sur. 54348 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54348 Canoparmelia carneopruinata (Zahlbr.) Elix & Hale 2660 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:48 2011-02-02 12:16:48 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: adnate, foliose, 3-9 cm in diam., irregularly lobate; lobes: sublinear, elongate, plane to subconvex, separate, 1-2.5 mm wide; apices: rotund, sometimes lacinate, eciliate; upper surface: pale gray to greenish gray, strongly reticulate ridged, rugulose, dull, pruinose at lobe tips and emaculate; soredia: farinose, common, laminal, initially in orbicular soralia but becoming confluent; isidia and pustulae absent; medulla: white, with continuous algal layer; lower surface: black; rhizines: sparse, black, simple; Apothecia: rare, laminal, substipitate, 1-4 mm wide; disc: brown; margin: usually sorediate, often pruinose; ascospores: ellipsoid, 9-13 x 6-9 micro meter; Pycnidia: not seen; Spot tests: upper cortex K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P+ yellow; medulla K + orange, C-, KC-, P+ orange-red; Secondary metabolites: upper cortex with atranorin and chloroatranorin; medulla with stictic acid (major), constictic acid (minor), and cryptostictic acid (minor to trace).; Substrate and ecology: on trees in open forests; World distribution: neotropics from Mexico to Argentina, southern Europe; Sonoran distribution: only known from one locality in coastal plain of southern Sonora.; Notes: As noted by Hale (1976c) C. carneopruinata and C. crozalsiana tend to intergrade and thus large specimens of the former may not be readily distinguishable from small specimens of the latter. 54353 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54353 Cetraria ericetorum Opiz 2661 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:48 2011-02-02 12:16:48 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: fruticose; lobes: ± canaliculate, subtubular or terete, c. 0.5-8.0 mm broad; lobe tips: occasionally becoming expanded, rounded to fusiform; margins: with scattered, branched or unbranched projections; surface: dark brown to paler brown, occasionally reddish at base, rather smooth to rough, occasionally markedly foveolate or wrinkled, rather shiny or dull; soredia: absent; pseudocyphellae: rather abundant on the margins; medulla: white, loosely packed; lower surface: dull, medium brown to light brown with pale reddish basal parts or with dark brown upper parts and grayish or pale brown middle parts; usually with prominent reticulate ridges; pseudocyphellae: confined to the margins; Apothecia: rather frequent, often on expanded lobe portions; disc: imperforate, dark olivaceous brown; exciple: hyaline; epithecium: brown or brownish yellow; hypothecium: hyaline; asci: clavate, c. 8-spored; ascospores: simple, hyaline, ellipsoid to broadly ellipsoid, 5-9 x 2.5-4 µm; Pycnidia: laminal or marginal, immersed or emergent sessile; conidia: citriform, 6-7.5 x 1 µm; Spot tests: cortex and medulla K-, C-, KC- and P-; Secondary metabolites: lichesterinic and protolichesterinic acids.; Substrate: on soil and moss, or rarely on bark or wood; World distribution: occurring in temperate/boreal areas of western North America from low altitudes to alpine areas and at high altitudes; Sonoran distribution: limited to upper subapline and alpine areas of Arizona.; Notes: Cetraria ericetorum is distinguished from C. islandica (incorrectly reported from Arizona by Imshaug, [1957] and Nash and Johnson [1975]) by having a consistently P- medulla, and by the pseudocyphellae being strictly marginal and sometimes indistinct or absent. Cetraria ericetorum ssp. reticulata belongs within the C. ericetorum complex comprising three mainly geographical races. Subspecies. reticulata basically comprises the subspecies occurring in North America. The closest allied species to C. ericetorum is presumably C. arenaria, centered around the Great Lakes and extending towards northeastern North America, from which it differs in more narrow lobes, more blunt marginal projections and having a more alpine habitat ecology. 54367 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54367 Cetrelia olivetorum (Nyl.) Culb. & C. Culb. 2662 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:48 2011-02-02 12:16:48 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: loosely attached, 6-20 cm broad, forming wavy, wide-spreading patches; lobes: broad and rotund, 0.5-1 (-2) cm wide; margins wavy, crisped, raised; upper surface: greenish mineral gray (glaucous gray, sometimes tinged brown), pseudocyphellate with small pores (up to 0.5 mm wide); soredia: farinose, primarily along margins of lobes; without isidia; lower surface: black, often with brown, rhizine-free zone towards the margin, somewhat wrinkled; rhizines: scattered, simple, black; Apothecia: rare, 1-7 mm in diam.; hymenium: 60-110 micro meter tall; ascospores: ellipsoid, 12-15 x 7-10 micro meter; Pycnidia: unknown; Spot tests: upper cortex K+ yellow, C-, KC- and P+ yellow; medulla K-, C+ red, KC+ red, P-, UV+ white; Secondary metabolites: upper cortex with atranorin and chloroatranorin; medulla with olivetoric acid.; Substrate and ecology: amongst mosses on broad-leaved trees, or less frequently rocks, in well-lit, but moist or boggy, sheltered, often long-established, woodlands and Salix; World distribution: temperate and montane forests of the Northern Hemisphere, particularly in eastern North America, western Europe and eastern Asia; Sonoran distribution: only reported for southern California [Hasse (1913), as Parmelia olivetorum determined by Nylander].; Notes: The species may be extinct now as it was not found by Ross (1982) and was not recognized by Culberson and Culberson (1968) as occurring in southern California. The spot test reactions given by Hasse do, however, fit the species. 54374 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54374 Evernia divaricata (L.) Ach. 2663 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:48 2011-02-02 12:16:48 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: usually pendulous, without evident base, 5-15 (30) cm long, not dorsiventral, concolorous on all sides, richly but irregularly branched, with mostly obtuse and rounded axils, becoming entangled, or sometimes main branches mostly parallel and matting together into strands; branches: subterete to angular, or ± flattened just below the axils, very soft and flaccid, 0.5-1 (-2) mm wide, strap-shaped, within a given order of branching rather evenly thickned; with numerous but scattered; side branches: almost perpendicular but often curved away from the axil (divaricate), at first short and thorn-like, then becoming elongated (up to 2 cm) and further divided in a similar way, subcylindrical and towards the tips becoming subulate or often abruptly acuminate; surface: greenish gray to grayish yellowish green or pale yellowish green when fresh (in herbarium turning grayish yellow or creamy yellow or mottled whitish, or eventually yellowish or reddish brown), often with irregularly elongated and branched maculae of a paler, more yellowish color than the rest, the finer branches becoming gray-brown, darkest at the extreme tips; smooth or often with one or several shallow to deep longitudinal grooves or channels separated by low, rounded ridges, sometimes also with small depressions and wrinkles, but without a distinctly reticulate pattern; cortex matt, often degenerating and roughened in places, and (especially in age) frequently cracking transversely, exposing the medulla; soredia and isidia absent; medulla: fibrous to arachnoid and loose but often cohering as a strand c. 0.1-0.3 mm wide (usually less than half the width of the branch); Apothecia: very rare, sessile, lateral on the main branches, weakly margined, 2-6 mm diam.; disc: chestnut brown, roundish, plane; thalline margin (on underside): concolorous with thallus, rather flat, with wrinkles and veins throughout; hymenium: hyaline, upper part pale brown; paraphyses: short, dense, little branched, not septate, soon gelatinizing, c. 3 µm wide; hypothecium: hyaline; asci: short, clavate, not stalked, 8-spored, c. 40-45 x 12-15 µm; ascospores: adhering together, hyaline, somewhat greenish, moderately thick-walled, oblong-roundish, c. 6 x 3-4 µm, or when mature up to 8-10 x 4.5-5.5 µm; Pycnidia: very rare, laminal, immersed; Spot tests: cortex K-, C-, KC+ yellow, P-; medulla K-, KC+ yellow, P-, UV+ ice-blue; Secondary metabolites: cortex with usnic acid; medulla with divaricatic acid.; Substrate and ecology: pendulous, on stems or more often branches or twigs, mostly of conifers (especially spruce), in humid locations in montane to subalpine forests; World distribution: western North America (rather sporadic), Europe; Near East, China; Sonoran distribution: central to SE Arizona, 2700-3400 m, on Abies concolor, A. lasiocarpa, Picea engelmannii, Pinus aristata and Pseudotsuga menziesii.; Notes: This species is sometimes entangled with Usnea spp., and can be superficially rather similar to Usnea cavernosa, which has a central strand and can occur in similar habitats. Although the exposed medulla of E. divaricata can resemble the axial strand of an Usnea, the remaining pieces of cortex in the Evernia tend to be rather loosely attached to it, and have mostly longitudinal grooves rather than roundish foveolae. At least in the Sonoran region, E. divaricata shows very little morphological variation compared to most fruticose lichens. Farther north an alpine variant is prostrate on ground and is usually less than 5 cm long. 54378 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54378 Evernia prunastri (L.) Ach. 2664 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:48 2011-02-02 12:16:48 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: (sub-)fruticose, erect and tufted to drooping and subpendent, (1-) 2-3 (-5) cm tall or in non-Sonroan regions occasionally pendent to 7-10 cm long, usually somewhat flaccid and pliant, occasionally very small, with very short, rosette-like aggregated branches occasionally with very short; axils: acute and V-shaped to almost right-angled (but rounded); branches: few to numerous, flattened, strap-shaped to very narrow and linear usually dorsiventral, mostly (0.5-) 1-1.5 (-3) mm wide, often ± broadened at major axils in the lower parts, to c. 5 mm wide there elongated, ± palmately branched to rather regularly dichotomous (dichotomies annual), often twisted, ultimate branches usually 1-2 (-3) mm long, 0.1-0.2 mm wide, blunt or pointed, often forked; upper surface: green-gray to pale greenish yellow or pale yellowish green (slowly turning grayish yellow or finally brownish yellow in herbarium), or occasionally distinctly yellow, with age (or when damaged) bleaching to ash-gray to finally almost white but near the base itself often brownish yellow, extreme tips often darkened (brown); matt, sometimes (especially on smaller branches) with weak to strong mottling by paler, irregularly elongated and branched maculae, smooth to rather strongly rugose and pitted, often with an incomplete network of elongate ridges centrally spreading towards the margins; cortex degenerating and weakly cracked in places; soredia: finely to coarsely granular marginally, often on ridges and/or margins, or occasionally spreading and confluent usually white (often slightly bluish or blackish-speckled and distinctly contrasting with rest of the surface, but sometimes concolorous with it); medulla: uniformly loose, without hyphal bundles; photobiont: mainly confined to a layer just below the greenish side, in small groups, with at most a few clusters of algae near the underside; lower surface: concolorous with upper side or more often paler or white (becoming creamy to slightly orange-yellow in herbarium), often dotted or blotched greenish especially towards the tips (more visible without lens than with it), broadly channeled, often with rims formed by the curved-down edge of the upper side (and then often sorediate), but mostly less wrinkled/ridged and pitted than then the upper surface; Apothecia: very rare (not seen in material from the Sonoran Region) marginal, substipitate, bowl-shaped then plane, 0.2-0.5 (-1.5) cm diam.; disc: red-brown, thalline margin: slightly crenate, underside concolorous with thallus, pitted and wrinkled; hymenium: hyaline, upper part reddish or brownish; paraphyses: conglutinate, filamentous, unbranched, 1 µm thick, tips broadened, yellowish or reddish; hypothecium: pale reddish to brownish, to almost hyaline; ascospores: ellipsoid, 7-11 x 4-6 µm; Pycnidia: very rare, c. 0.3 mm diam., marginal, immersed, roundish, ostioles dark or black; conidia: formed pleurogenously, acicular, straight, 6-7 x 0.5 µm; Spot tests: cortex K- (rarely K+ yellow), C-, KC+ yellow (rarely KC-), P-, UV-; medulla P-, K- or + yellow, KC-, C-, UV- or + pale blue; Secondary metabolites: cortex with usnic acid (usually major, sometimes ± absent), atranorin, and chloroatranorin, medulla with evernic acid.; Substrate and ecology: usually on neutral to acidic bark (stems, branches and twigs), especially of oaks and other broadleaf trees or shrubs (only occasionally on conifers), usually at lower elevations (but up to 1675 m) in areas with high humidity but mainly in sunny, often windswept; World distribution: incompletely circumpolar: western North America, Europe; northern Africa and Japan; Sonoran distribution: southern California, oak woodland and chaparral, now largely extinct south of Santa Barbara, 60-1400 m, on Quercus or occasionally Baccharis, Heteromeles arbutifolia, Pinus nemorata; occasional in Baja California.; Notes: The upper cortex is usually yellowish or greenish, with usnic acid, but rarely (e.g, the Channel Islands) it can be partly or entirely dirty ash-gray or bluish. See Keissler (1960) for formal description of forms and varieties. Forms with narrow lobes (often in more shaded habitats) and green specimens may be confused with Ramalina species (especially R. farinacea, with which it is often intermixed), but can distinguished by its more limp thallus and often dichtomous branching. A somewhat unusual morph found occasionally in the Sonoran region has numerous, narrow, elongate, and densely sorediate branches arising mostly near the tips of broad, scarcely branched and mostly non-sorediate lower branches. The relatively few specimens found today in mainland areas around the Los Angeles area are often rather small, poorly developed and distorted. 54380 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54380 Everniastrum cirrhatum (Fr.) Sipman 2665 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:48 2011-02-02 12:16:48 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: foliose to subcaespitose, very loosely adnate, up to 15 (-25) cm across, richly dichotomously or subdichotomously lobate; lobes: 0.5-2 (-4) mm broad, strongly to moderately involute or flat or nearly so; apices: abundantly ciliate; cilia: up to 4 mm long, simple or more commonly branched; upper surface: pale gray to gray; not sorediate or isidiate; lower surface: black or brown or pale brown at the tips of the lobes, mostly erhizinate but some specimens with a few short, usually simple, black rhizines; Apothecia: relatively infrequent, 4-6 mm diam.; asci: clavate, 8-spored; ascospores: ellipsoid or slightly reniform, 16-21 x 8-10 µm; Pycnidia: common, 0.1-0.2 mm diam.; conidia: bacilliform, straight, 5-7 (-8) x <1 µm; Spot tests: upper cortex K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P+ yellow; medulla K+ yellow then turning deep red, C-, KC-, P+ yellow then orange; Secondary metabolites: cortex with atranorin and chloroatranorin; medulla with salazinic acid (major), consalazinic acid (minor), galbinic and protocetraric acids (accessory) and a fatty acid.; Substrate and ecology: on trees and shrubs, rarely on rock or soil; World distribution: Mexico, Central and South America, southern Asia; Sonoran distribution: Sierra Madre Occidental of Chihuahua. 54381 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54381 Everniastrum neocirrhatum (Hale & M. Wirth) Hale 2666 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:48 2011-02-02 12:16:48 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: foliose to subcaespitose, very loosely adnate, up to 13 (-19) cm across, dichotomously or subdichotomously lobate; lobes: 1-2 (-3) mm broad, strongly to moderately involute or occasionally nearly flat; apices: ciliate; cilia: sparse to moderately abundant, up to 2.5 mm long, usually simple; upper suface: pale gray; not sorediate or isidiate; lower surface: black or brownish colored at the tips of the lobes or pale throughout with darker zones here and there, smooth and slightly wrinkled, very rarely with a few short scattered rhizines; Apothecia: abundant, 3-10 mm diam.; asci: clavate, 8-spored; ascospores: ellipsoid to reniform, (14-) 16-22 x (6-) 8-10 µm; Pycnidia: abundant, 0.1-0.2 mm diam., immersed; conidia: bacilliform, straight, 6-7 x 1 µm; Spot tests: upper cortex K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P+ yellow; medulla K+ yellow then red, C-, P+ orange; Secondary metabolites: cortex with atranorin and chloroatranorin; medulla with salazinic acid (major), norstictic and consalazinic acids (minor) and a fatty acid.; Substrate and ecology: common on trees and relatively rare on rocks; World distribution: common only in Mexico; Sonoran distribution: Sierra Madre Occidental of Sinaloa. 54382 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54382 Everniastrum pseudonepalense (Hale & M. Wirth) Hale ex Sipman 2667 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:48 2011-02-02 12:16:48 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: robust, foliose to subcaespitose, very loosely adnate, up to 8 (exceptionally to 12) cm across, dichotomously or subdichotomously lobate; lobes: (1-) 2-4 (-6) mm broad, subinvolute to flat; apices: ciliate; cilia: frequent, up to 3 mm long, simple or branched; upper surface: pale and inconspicuously white-stippled; not sorediate or isidiate; lower surface: black, brown-colored at the tips of the lobes, densely to very sparsely rhizinate; rhizines: to 1 mm long, simple or branched; Apothecia: common, up to 8 (-14) mm diam., the largest ones perforate; asci: clavate, 8-spored; ascospores: ellipsoid to slightly reniform, 16-21 (-23) x 7-10 µm; Pycnidia: abundant, 0.2-0.3 mm broad; conidia: bacilliform, straight, 5-8 x 1 µm; Spot tests: upper cortex K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P+ yellow; medulla K+ yellow then turning dark red, C-, P+ orange to orange-red; Secondary metabolites: cortex with atranorin and chloroatranorin; medulla with salazinic acid (major), consalazinic acid (minor), norstictic acid (minor or accessory) and a fatty acid.; Substrate and ecology: on trees (Quercus, Alnus and Pinus); World distribution: Mexico and Hawaii; Sonoran distribution: Sierra Madre Occidental of Chihuahua.; Notes: Based on presence or absence of rhizines there is potential confusion with E. neocirrhatum, but E. pseudonepalense usually has trace quantities of protocetraric acid (not in E. neochirrhatum). Although norstictic acid may be found in both species, it is major in E. neocirrhatum and minor or accessory in E. pseudonepalense. Furthermore, the minor acids also help to differentiate E. pseudonepalense with norstictic acid from E. cirrhatum with galbinic acid. 54383 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54383 Everniastrum sorocheilum (Vain.) Hale ex Sipman 2668 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:48 2011-02-02 12:16:48 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: foliose to subcaespitose, very loosely adnate, up to 7 (exceptionally to 9) cm across, subdichotomously lobate; lobes: 0.5-2.5 (-4) mm broad, flat to involute, inferquently ciliate; cilia: 0.5-1 (-2) mm long, simple or sparingly branched; upper surface: pale, sometimes inconspicuously white-stippled, sometimes blackened in part, sorediate; soredia: farinose to granular, in soralia at the lobe tips or along the subterminal edge of the lobes; lower surface: black or pale- or brown-colored at the tips of the lobes, smooth or obscurely wirnkled transversely, particularly on the older lobes; Apothecia: very rare, to 1 mm diam.; asci: clavate, 8-spored; ascospores: not seen; Pycnidia: infrequent, to 0.15 mm diam.; conidia: bacilliform, straight, 4-6 x 1 µm; Spot tests: upper cortex K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P+ yellow; medulla K+ yellow then red, C-, P+ orange; Secondary metabolites: cortex with atranorin and chloroatranorin, medulla with salazinic acid (major), consalazinic acid (minor), galbinic acid (accessory) and a fatty acid.; Substrate and ecology: on trees and shrubs, especially angiosperms; World distribution: pantropical and extending into adjacent subtropical regions, particularly in the mountains; Sonoran distribution: Sierra Madre Occidental of Sinaloa. 54384 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54384 Everniastrum vexans (W. Culb. & C. Culb.) Sipman 2669 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:48 2011-02-02 12:16:48 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: foliose to subcaespitose, very loosely adnate, up to 12 (exceptionally to 17) cm across, dichotomously or subdichotomously lobate; lobes: 0.5-2 (-4) mm broad, divided, strongly to moderately involute or flat; apices: ciliate; cilia: abundant, up to 4 (-6) mm long, simple or branched; upper surface: pale gray to gray; slightly to densely isidiate; isidia: up to 1 mm, often bearing a lateral (rarely terminal) black hairs [0.2-0.5 (-2) mm long]; lower surface: black, brown- or pale-colored at the tips, usually naked but with a few short, usually simple, black rhizines in some specimens; Apothecia: very rare, up to 6 mm diam.; asci: clavate, 8-spored; ascospores: ellipsoid, 12-13 x (5-) 6-8 µm; Pycnidia: rare, 0.1-0.2 mm diam., immersed; conidia: bacilliform, straight, c. 5-7 x 1 µm; Spot tests: upper cortex K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P+ yellow; medulla K+ yellow then red, C-, P+ yellow then orange; Secondary metabolites: cortex with atranorin and chloroatranorin, medulla with salazinic acid (major), consalazinic acid (minor), galbinic and norstictic acids (accessory) and a fatty acid.; Substrate and ecology: on trees and shrubs, rarely rocks in montane forests; World distribution: pansubtropical and extending into adjacent subtropical regions, particularly in the mountains; Sonoran distribution: Sierra Madre Occidental of Sinaloa. 54387 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54387 Flavoparmelia baltimorensis (Gyelnik & Foriss) Hale 2670 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:49 2011-02-02 12:16:49 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: adnate to loosely adnate, foliose, 6-15 cm in diam., often fusing to cover large areas, irregularly lobate; lobes: sublinear to irregular, elongate, plane to subconvex, separate, 3-8 mm wide; apices: subrotund, crenate, eciliate; upper surface: yellow-green, smooth but becoming rugose with age, dull to somewhat shiny, epruinose and emaculate; pustulae: abundant, laminal crateriform, isidioid, breaking open apically but not sorediate; true isidia and soredia absent; medulla: white with continuous algal layer; lower surface: black centrally and toward margin, narrow brown zone peripherally, smooth to papillate; rhizines: sparse to moderately abundant, black, simple; Apothecia: rare, laminal on thallus, sessile, 1-4 mm wide; disc: brown; margin: pustulate, pruina and soredia absent; asci: clavate, 8-spored; ascospores: simple, ellipsoid, hyaline, 13-15 x 6-7 µm; Spot tests: upper cortex K-, C-, KC+ yellow, P-; medulla K-, C+ red, KC+ red, P+ red; Secondary metabolites: upper cortex with usnic acid; medulla with protocetraric acid (major) and gyrophoric acid (minor to accessory).; Substrate and ecology: commonly on acidic rock, rarely tree bases; World distribution: eastern and SW North America; Sonoran distribution: central Arizona south along the Sierra Madre Occidental, Southern California and Baja California. 54388 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54388 Flavoparmelia caperata (L.) Hale 2671 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:49 2011-02-02 12:16:49 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: adnate to loosely adnate, foliose, 5-20 cm in diam., sometimes forming extensive patches, irregularly lobate; lobes: subirregular, elongate, plane to subconvex, separate, 5-13 mm wide, contiguous to somewhat imbricate; apices rotund, crenate, eciliate; upper surface: yellow green to pale yellow, occasionally green-gray (in shade), smooth but becoming rugose and folded with age, dull to somewhat shiny; epruinose and emaculate; soredia: laminal, granular to wart-like, initially in circular soralia but becoming diffuse and confluent; isidia: absent; medulla: white with continuous algal layer; lower surface: black centrally, brown and naked peripherally; rhizines: dense to sparse centrally to edge of brown zone, black, simple, sometime brown or white tipped; Apothecia: rare, up to 8 mm wide, laminal, sessile; disc: brown; margin: smooth but sorediate sometimes; asci: clavate, 8-spored; ascospores: simple, ellipsoid, hyaline, 15-24 x 8-13 µm; Pycnidia: laminal, immersed; conidia: weakly bifusiform, 6 x 1 µm; Spot tests: upper cortex K-, C-, KC+ yellow, P-; medulla K-, C-, KC-, P+ red; Secondary metabolites: upper cortex with usnic acid (major) and atranorin (trace); medulla with protocetraric acid (major) and caperatic acid (minor).; Substrate and ecology: on broad leafed trees, shrubs and fence posts in open habitats, coastal to montane up to 2000m, rarely on rocks; World distribution: North and South America, Europe, Asia, Africa; Sonoran distribution: common on oaks, particularly in coastal California and Baja California, occasionally in central Arizona southwards into the Sierra Madre Occidental of Sonora and Chihuahua. 54390 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54390 Flavoparmelia rutidota (Hook. f. & Taylor) Hale 2672 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:49 2011-02-02 12:16:49 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: adnate to loosely adnate, foliose, 4-20 cm in diam., irregularly lobate; lobes: subirregular, elongate, plane to subconvex, separate, 2-8 mm wide, lobulate or not; apices rotund, crenate, eciliate; upper surface: yellow green to pale yellow, smooth but becoming rugose with age, dull to slightly shiny, epruinose and emaculate; soralia, isidia, and pustulae absent; medulla: white and occasionally yellow patches, with continuous algal layer; lower surface: black centrally, brown peripherally; rhizines sparse, black, simple; Apothecia: common, up to 8 mm wide, laminal on thallus, sessile; disc: cinnamon-brown to dark brown, epuinose; margin: smooth; asci: clavate, 8-spored; ascospores: simple, ellipsoid, hyaline, 12-20 x 7-11 µm; Pycnidia: common, immersed; conidia: bacilliform, 7-8 x 1 µm; Spot tests: upper cortex K-, C-, KC+ yellow, P-; medulla K-, C-, KC-, P+ red; Secondary metabolites: upper cortex with usnic acid (major) and atranorin (accessory), medulla with protocetraric acid (major), caperatic acid (minor), secalonic acid A (accessory).; Substrate and ecology: bark of shrubs and small trees in open habitats; World distribution: North and South America, Texas to Argentina; Australasia; Sonoran distribution: arid woodlands in foothills of the Sierra Madre Occidental in Sinaloa. 54391 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54391 Flavoparmelia subcapitata (Nyl. ex Hasse) Hale ex dePriest & B. Hale 2673 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:49 2011-02-02 12:16:49 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: adnate to tightly adnate, foliose, 4-6 (-8) cm in diam., irregularly lobate; lobes: subirregular, elongate, plane to subconvex, separate, 1-3 (-5) mm wide; apices: rotund, crenate, eciliate; upper surface: yellow green to pale yellow, occasionally green-gray (in shade), smooth but becoming rugose with age, dull to slightly shiny; epruinose and emaculate; soredia: farinose to granular, common, in circular, laminal soralia that rarely become confluent; isidia, pustulae and dactyls absent; medulla: white with continuous algal layer; lower surface: black centrally, brown peripherally; rhizines sparse, black, simple; Apothecia and Pycnidia: not seen; Spot tests: upper cortex K-, C-, KC+ yellow, P-; medulla K+ yellow turning red,C-, KC-, P+ red; Secondary metabolites: upper cortex with usnic acid; medulla with with protocetraric acid (major) and caperatic acid (minor).; Substrate and ecology: on coastal shrubs, occasionally cacti; World distribution: southern and western Europe; Macaronesia; North and South America, central and southern Africa, New Zealand; Sonoran distribution: apparently limited to NW Baja California and previously in southern California.; Notes: Flavoparmelia subcapitata is somewhat similar to F. caperata but its thallus is smaller and more closely adnate, its lobes are narrower, and its soredia are less diffuse. 54398 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54398 Hypogymnia austerodes (Nyl.) Rasanen 2674 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:49 2011-02-02 12:16:49 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: appressed, up to 5 (-8) cm broad; texture: cartilaginous; branching: variable, budding present; lobes: contiguous, 0.5-2 (-2.5) mm wide, sometimes black bordered; profile: pinched and swollen; width/height ratio: 1-15; tips and axils: rarely perforate; upper surface: greenish gray to brown, dark mottles often present, smooth; soredia: almost always present, mainly laminal, developing from subisidiate granules with a deteriorating cortex, sometimes diffuse and powdery on older parts of the thallus; isidia: lacking; lobules: often present; medulla: hollow; ceiling of cavity: white; floor of cavity: dark to grayish; lower surface: black, entire;; Apothecia: not seen in local material; Pycnidia: rare; conidia: not seen; Spot tests: cortex K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P+ pale yellow, UV-; medulla K-, C-, KC+ orange-red, P-; Secondary metabolites: upper cortex with atranorin and chloroatranorin; medulla with physodic acid (major), 3-hydroxyphysodic acid (accessory, frequency about 75%), 2'-O-methylphysodic acid, unknown (C8) with physodic acid (all accessory).; Substrate and ecology: typically on bark or wood, especially conifers in montane and subalpine forests, also on mosses or detritus over rock or alpine sod; World distribution: circumpolar arctic, boreal, and montane in continental climates in Europe, Asia, and North America; Sonoran distribution: southern Rocky Mountains.; Notes: In most places in the northern hemisphere H. austerodes and H. bitteri are easily distinguished. The central and southern Rocky Mountains, however, host intermediate populations. The best diagnostic character for H. bitteri is the presence of short, narrow, upturned lateral lobes tipped with small soralia. These occur with or without larger terminal soralia or laminal soralia. In contrast, H. austerodes typically has only laminal soralia. Occasionally, however, H. austerodes has terminal soralia, but usually these are restricted to the larger lobe tips and they are accompanied by extensive laminal soredia. Specimens from the Rockies may contain thalli at several points along the gradation. Although introgression among predominantly asexual species of lichenized fungi has not been demonstrated, this case suggests just that. Confusion between H. austerodes and H. farinacea is also possible, because both have laminal soredia on a rosette-like thallus. Hypogymnia farinacea does not become melanized in exposed environments, unlike the rich brownish thalli of H. austerodes and H. bitteri when they grow in the sun. Shade forms must be distinguished by the form and development of soredia. In H. farinacea the soredia arise from rugosities of the upper surface, which then crack and form soredia along the edges of the cracks. Although this form of soredia can be found rarely in H. austerodes, it is accompanied by the typical compound granules budding from the lobe surface. 54399 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54399 Hypogymnia bitteri (Lynge) Ahti 2675 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:49 2011-02-02 12:16:49 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: appressed, up to 9 (-12) cm broad; texture: cartilaginous; branching: variable; budding: present; lobes: contiguous, 0.5-4 mm broad, sometimes black bordered; profile: pinched and swollen; width/height ratio: 1-15; tips and axils: often minutely perforate; upper surface: greenish gray to brown, dark mottled, becoming rugose; soredia: predominantly terminal, both on the main lobes and short, upturned, lateral lobes, sometimes with secondarily diffuse laminal soredia; isidia absent, lobules sparse or none; medulla: hollow; ceiling of cavity: white or dark; floor of cavity: dark; lower surface: black, entire;; Apothecia: not seen in local material; Pycnidia: rare; conidia: not seen; Spot tests: cortex K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P+ pale yellow, UV-; medulla K-, C-, KC+ orange-red, P-; Secondary metabolites: upper cortex with atranorin and chloroatranorin; medulla with physodic acid (major), 3-hydroxyphysodic acid (accessory, frequency about 20%), 2'-O-methylphysodic acid (minor accessory), unknown C8 (minor accessory).; Substrate and ecology: typically on bark or wood, especially conifers in montane and subalpine forests, also on mosses or detritus over rock or alpine sod; World distribution: circumpolar arctic, boreal, and montane in continental climates in Europe, Asia, and North America, south through Mexico along the cordillera well into South America; high mountains in Africa; Sonoran distribution: southern Rocky Mountains.; Notes: See discussion under H. austerodes. 54402 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54402 Hypogymnia farinacea Zopf 2676 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:49 2011-02-02 12:16:49 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: appressed, up to 7 (-10) cm broad; texture: cartilaginous; branching: variable; budding: present; lobes: contiguous to ± separate, 0.5-3 (-4) mm broad; black border: not visible; profile: even to nodulose; width/ height ratio: 0.7-3, tips and axils: entire; upper surface: white to greenish gray, dark mottled or not, becoming rugose; soredia: laminal, arising from rugosity on the upper surface which then cracks and develop soredia along the edges of the cracks; isidia and lobules lacking; medulla: hollow, ceiling of cavity white, floor of cavity grayish or brownish; lower surface: black, entire;; Apothecia: rare, substipitate to stipitate, up to 5 (-10) mm in diam; stipe funnel shaped, hollow; disc: brown to reddish brown; ascospores: subglobose, 5-6 x 4-5 µm; Pycnidia: rare; conidia: rod-shaped to weakly bifusiform, 2-2.5 x 0.6-0.9 µm; Spot tests: cortex K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P+ pale yellow, UV-; medulla K-, C-, KC+ orange-red, P-; Secondary metabolites: upper cortex with atranorin and chloroatranorin; medulla with physodic acid (major), 3-hydroxyphysodic acid (accessory, frequency about 80%), 2'-O-methylphysodic acid (minor accessory), unknown C8 (minor accessory).; Substrate and ecology: on bark or wood, especially conifers in montane forests; World distribution: boreal and montane forests in continental climates of Europe, more rarely in North America; Sonoran distribution: southern Rocky Mountains.; Notes: Hypogymnia farinacea is distinguished by close-set, imperforate, appressed lobes, pale color, and soredia arising at the edges of cracks in rugosities of the upper cortex. This kind of soredia is occasionally seen in H. bitteri, H. austerodes, and H. mollis, but in those cases it is never the predominant form of the soredia. Hypogymnia farinacea and H. mollis do not melanize in exposed environments, while H. bitteri and H. austerodes become light to dark brown in the sun. See further discussion under H. austerodes. 54403 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54403 Hypogymnia heterophylla L. Pike 2677 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:49 2011-02-02 12:16:49 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: erect or appressed, up to 9 (-15) cm broad; texture: cartilaginous; branching: variable, budding present; lobes: separate to centrally contiguous, 1-3 (-4) mm wide, often black bordered; profile: even to ± nodulose; width/height ratio: 0.3-3; tips and axils: often perforate; holes usually developing slowly so that large holes are mainly axillary and the lobe tips have only pinholes; upper surface: white to greenish gray, often dark mottled, smooth to rugose; soredia and isidia: lacking; lobules: sparse or lacking; medulla: hollow, ceiling of cavity dark, floor of cavity dark; lower surface: black, sparsely perforate; Apothecia: common, substipitate to stipitate, up to 10 (-15) mm in diam; stipe: urn- or funnel-shaped, hollow; disc: brown; ascospores: ellipsoid, 6-7 x 3.5-4 µm; Pycnidia: common; conidia: weakly bifusiform, 5-6 x 0.5-0.8 µm; Spot tests: cortex K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P+ pale yellow, UV-; medulla K-, C-, KC+ orange-red, P+ orange-red; Secondary metabolites: upper cortex with atranorin and chloroatranorin; medulla with physodic acid (major), physodalic acid (major), protocetraric acid (minor), unknown C7 (UV+, minor but constant), occasionally with unknown C10 (minor), rarely with 3-hydroxyphysodic acid.; Substrate and ecology: on bark of conifers, less often on hardwoods; World distribution: Pacific coast of North America, southern British Columbia to central California, always near the coast; Sonoran distribution: rare disjuncts near the coast, south to Santa Barbara County and Santa Cruz Island.; Notes: This species is rare in southern California but becomes common north of San Francisco along the coast. These southern populations usually have relatively small, compact thalli. Some forms with puffy lobes can be confused with H. enteromorpha, but the latter has broadly elliptical spores 4.5-6 µm wide versus elliptical spores 3.5-4 µm wide in H. heterophylla. They can also be distinguished by TLC, H. heterophylla never having diffractaic acid and always with the UV+ reddish unknowns (C7), while H. enteromorpha often contains diffractaic acid and never unknown C7. 54404 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54404 Hypogymnia imshaugii Krog 2678 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:49 2011-02-02 12:16:49 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: erect to suberect, up to 8 (-13) cm broad or long; texture: cartilaginous; branching: isotomic dichotomous to irregular; budding: absent or rare; lobes: separate to centrally contiguous, 0.3-2 (-4) mm broad, sometimes black bordered; profile: even; width/height ratio: 1-3; tips and axils: rarely perforate; upper surface: white to greenish gray or brown, sometimes dark mottled, smooth to rugose; soredia and isidia: absent; lobules: sparse or lacking; medulla: hollow, semi-solid, or solid; ceiling of cavity white, floor of cavity white; lower surface: black, rarely perforate; Apothecia: common, substipitate to stipitate, up to 10 (-20) mm in diam; stipe: mainly funnel-shaped, hollow; disc: light brown to dark red brown; ascospores: broadly ellipsoid, 6.3-8 x 3.8-5.2 µm; Pycnidia: common; conidia: rod-shaped, 7-7.5 x 0.5-0.6 µm; Spot tests: cortex K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P+ pale yellow, UV-; medulla K-, C-, KC+ orange-red, P- or P+ orange-red, occasionally P+ yellow; Secondary metabolites: upper cortex with atranorin and chloroatranorin; medullary chemistry highly variable, containing virtually all combinations of diffractaic acid (minor, accessory), physodic acid (major), physodalic acid (major), protocetraric acid (minor), 3-hydroxyphysodic acid (minor, frequency about 20%), 2'-O-methylphysodic (minor accessory), and various accessory unknowns. The most frequent chemotype is P+, with diffractaic, physodic, physodalic, and protocetraric acids. Also common is a P- chemotype with physodic acid as the only major substance in the medulla.; Substrate and ecology: on bark or wood, including both conifers and hardwoods, occurring in a wide range of habitats, including semi-arid suboceanic forest, oceanic woodlands and forests; World distribution: western North America, Alaska to northern Baja California, inland to Sierra Nevada, Montana, and Alberta; Sonoran distribution: coast ranges and offshore islands of California and northern Baja California.; Notes: Hypogymnia imshaugii is extremely variable in morphology and chemistry, probably reflecting multiple closely related species or phenotypic plasticity, or both. The most typical form occurring throughout its range has imperforate lobe tips, hollow lobes, open, dichotomous branching, suberect or erect lobes, and medulla P+ orange. This form is infrequent in southern California. Another form is restricted to southern California and is very compact and appressed, with compressed to folded, hollow lobes, usually P-, and a distinctive set of unknowns by TLC. A third form, also restricted to southern California, has lobes collapsed and ± channeled on the lower surface, semi-solid to solid, with or without extended lobes that are hollow, not black mottled, the central part of the upper cortex strongly rugose, and medulla P+ orange. This form can have sparse subapical and subaxillary perforations, suggesting a relationship to H. gracilis. 54409 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54409 Hypogymnia mollis L. Pike & Hale 2679 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:49 2011-02-02 12:16:49 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: appressed, up to 5 (-6) cm broad; texture: soft; branching: variable; budding: often present; lobes: contiguous, 1-4 (-6) mm broad; black border: not visible from above; profile: pinched and swollen; width/height ratio: 1.5-5; tips and axils: perforate; upper surface: white to greenish gray, rarely dark mottled, becoming rugose; soredia: diffuse, powdery, laminal, generally 15-40 µm in diameter, developing from gradual deterioration of the cortex, rarely arising from the edges of a cracking cortex; isidia absent, lobules rare; medulla: hollow; ceiling and floor of cavity: both dark; lower surface: black, rarely perforate; Apothecia: rare, substipitate to stipitate, up to 4 mm in diam; stipe: urn-shaped, hollow; disc: dark reddish brown; ascospores: subglobose to globose, 5-5.5 x 5-5.5 µm; Pycnidia: uncommon; conidia: rod-shaped to weakly bifusiform, 4.5-5.5 x 0.5-0.7 µm; Spot tests: cortex K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P+ pale yellow, UV-; medulla K-, C-, KC+ orange-red, P-; Secondary metabolites: upper cortex with atranorin and chloroatranorin; medulla with physodic acid (major), and 3-hydroxyphysodic acid (accessory).; Substrate and ecology: on bark and wood, typically on shrubs (Salvia, Adenostoma) and conifers (Pinus), most often in coastal chaparral scrub; infrequent; Sonoran distribution: San Luis Obispo County, California, south to at least 31oN in Baja California, including Channel Islands (Santa Catalina, Santa Cruz, and Santa Rosa).; Notes: This distinctive species has soft, puffy, whitish lobes nearly covered by very fine soredia. See notes under H. austerodes and H. farinacea. 54410 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54410 Hypogymnia occidentalis L. Pike 2680 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:49 2011-02-02 12:16:49 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: appressed rarely pendulous, sometimes imbricate, up to 10 cm broad; texture: cartilaginous; branching: variable; budding: present; lobes: contiguous or separate, (1-) 2-4 mm broad, sometimes black bordered; profile: pinched and swollen; width/height ratio: 0.5-2; tips and axils: perforate; upper surface: white to greenish gray, sometimes dark mottled, becoming rugose; soredia and isidia: absent, lobules sparse or absent; medulla: hollow, ceiling of cavity dark, floor of cavity dark; lower surface: black, rarely perforate; Apothecia: common, substipitate, up to 10 mm in diam; stipe: urn- or funnel-shaped, hollow; disc: brown; ascospores: broadly ellipsoid, 6.5-8 x 5-6.5 µm; Pycnidia: common; conidia: rod shaped to weakly bifusiform, 5-7 x 0.6-0.8 µm; Spot tests: cortex K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P+ pale yellow, UV-; medulla K-, C-, KC+ orange-red, P-; Secondary metabolites: upper cortex with atranorin and chloroatranorin; medulla with physodic acid (major), 2'-O-methylphysodic acid (minor accessory), 3-hydroxyphysodic acid (rarely accessory), and unknowns C7 and C8 (uncommon minor accessories).; Substrate and ecology: on bark and wood, including both conifers and hardwoods, most frequent in cool, moist, suboceanic conifer forests north of the Sonoran region; World distribution: Alaska to northern California with sporadic records south to Santa Barbara County, California, inland to western Montana and Alberta; Sonoran distribution: disjuncts in the coast ranges to Pt. Sal Ridge, Santa Cruz Island, and Santa Rosa Island.; Notes: This species is characterized by esorediate, puffy, swollen lobes with dark interiors and perforate tips; always P-. In the southern end of its range specimens are often depauperate, but no consistent differences from northern populations other than thallus size and lobe size could be found. Spores may be smaller and more elongate in the California populations than in the Pacific Northwest, but more study is needed. An unusual form is common near Los Osos, forming compact masses of narrow (c. 1 mm wide), imbricate lobes. 54412 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54412 Hypogymnia physodes (L.) Nyl. 2681 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:49 2011-02-02 12:16:49 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: appressed, up to 6 (-8) cm broad; texture: cartilaginous; branching: isotomic dichotomous, budding occasional; lobes: contiguous to imbricate or ± separate, 0.5-2.5 (-4) mm broad; black border: not visible from above; profile: even to irregular; width/height ratio: 1-4; tips and axils: entire or torn; upper surface: white, gray to greenish gray, dark mottles none or rare, occasionally rugose; soredia: on the inside of the burst lobe tips, appearing as if in labriform soralia; isidia absent, lobules rare; medulla: hollow, ceiling of cavity white or dark, floor of cavity dark; lower surface: black, rarely perforate; Apothecia: rare, substipitate to stipitate, up to 2 (-4) mm in diam; stipe: funnel-shaped, hollow; disc: brown; ascospores: ellipsoid, 7-8 x 4.5-5.5 µm; Pycnidia: occasional; conidia: rod shaped, 5.5-5.8 x 0.5-0.6 µm; Spot tests: cortex K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P+ pale yellow, UV-; medulla K-, C-, KC+ orange-red, P+ orange-red.; Secondary metabolites: upper cortex with atranorin and chloroatranorin; medulla with physodic acid (major), 2'-O-methylphysodic acid (minor or accessory), 3-hydroxyphysodic acid (major), physodalic acid (major), and protocetraric acid (minor).; Substrate and ecology: on bark or wood including conifers and hardwoods, rarely on rock, moss, or alpine sod; World distribution: circumpolar arctic, boreal, and montane; northern Asia, North America, and Europe; throughout northern North America, south in California to about Santa Cruz and S throughout the Appalachian and Rocky Mountains; Sonoran distribution: southern Rocky Mountains.; Notes: Although this generalist species is widespread and common in the northern hemisphere, in the southwestern U.S. and Mexico it is apparently restricted to the higher mountains in a continental climate. It is remarkably consistent in chemistry considering its wide geographic range and the variability in chemistry of so many Hypogymnia species. Occasional small esorediate individuals can be recognized by the P+ medulla and imperforate lobe tips. 54418 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54418 Hypogymnia tubulosa (Schaerer) Hav. 2682 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:49 2011-02-02 12:16:49 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: erect to suberect, up to 6 (-8) cm broad; texture: cartilaginous; branching: isotomic dichotomous; budding: absent or rare; lobes: separate to centrally subcontiguous, 1-3 (-4) mm broad; black border: not visible from above; profile: even; width/height ratio: 0.5-2; tips and axils: entire,; upper surface: white to greenish gray, sometimes dark mottled, becoming rugose; soredia: terminal, in capitate soralia; isidia and lobules absent; medulla: hollow, ceiling of cavity white or dark, floor of cavity white or dark; lower surface: black, sparsely perforate; Apothecia: rare, substipitate, up to 2 mm in diam; stipe: urn- or funnel-shaped, loosely filled with hyphae; disc: brown; ascospores: subglobose, 6-7 x 5-5.5 µm; Pycnidia: sparse; conidia: not seen in local material; Spot tests: cortex K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P+ pale yellow, UV-; medulla K-, C-, KC+ orange-red, P-, UV-; Secondary metabolites: upper cortex with atranorin and chloroatranorin; medulla with physodic acid (major), 3-hydroxyphysodic acid (major), 2'-O-methylphysodic acid (accessory, frequency about 50%).; Substrate and ecology: typically on bark or wood, including conifers and deciduous trees, rarely on mossy rock or alpine sod; World distribution: circumboreal, montane, and cool temperate areas; northern Asia, North America, and Europe; in North America south to southern California and central Rocky Mountains; Sonoran distribution: southern California and Guadalupe Island in Baja California.; Notes: Much more common northward, the species is easily distinguished by its suberect to erect lobes with soredia coating the tips. Young, pre-sorediate specimens might be confused with H. imshaugii, but that species has pure white lobe interiors and only rarely contains 3-hydroxyphysodic acid. Hypogymnia bitteri has terminal soralia but an appressed, rosette-like thallus with contiguous lobes and often an overall brownish color. 54420 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54420 Hypogymnia gracilis McCune 2683 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:49 2011-02-02 12:16:49 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: suberect, up to 3 (-5) cm broad; lobe tips: often upturned; texture: cartilaginous; branching: variable; budding and adventitious lobes: usually present; lobes: separate, occasionally centrally contiguous, (0.5-) 1.0-1.5 (2.5) mm wide; black border: sometimes visible from above; profile: ± even; width/height ratio: (0.6-) 1-2 (-4); tips and axils: perforate below (perforations always present but not all lobe tips and axils are perforate); upper surface: white to greenish gray, usually dark mottled, smooth to rugose; soredia and isidia: lacking; lobules: sparse or lacking; medulla: hollow but sometimes partially collapsed, ceiling of cavity white or dusky, floor white or dirty white; lower surface: black, sparsely perforate; Apothecia: common, substipitate to stipitate, up to 4 (-7) mm in diam; stipe: urn- or funnel-shaped, hollow, disc: brown to dark brown; ascospores: subglobose, 7.0-7.5 x 4.5-5.0 µm; Pycnidia: common; conidia: weakly bifusiform, 5.5-8.5 x 0.6-0.7 µm; Spot tests: cortex K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P+ pale yellow, UV-; medulla K-, C-, KC+ orange-red, P+ orange-red; Secondary metabolites: upper cortex with atranorin and chloroatranorin; medulla with physodic acid (major), physodalic acid (major), protocetraric acid (minor), and unknown C7 (UV+, minor but constant), rarely with 3-hydroxyphysodic acid.; Substrate and ecology: on bark of shrubs, conifers, and hardwoods, mainly near the coast in chaparral and open woodlands; World and Sonoran distribution: endemic to southern California, adjoining Mexico, and offshore islands, common in coastal chaparral in Santa Barbara and San Luis Obispo Counties. Mainland populations are mostly within 10 km of the coast, with scattered records farther inland.; Notes: This species is easily recognized by its whitish cavity, slender suberect separate lobes, and small holes below the tips and axils. Most collections were previously identified as H. imshaugii. However, typical H. imshaugii is imperforate and has a snow white medullary cavity. In contrast, H. gracilis typically has 20% or more of the lobe axils and tips perforate below and the lobe cavity varies from white to light brownish or light grayish. The cavity of H. imshaugii darkens only when the thallus is damaged; likewise, the rare perforations seen in the lower surface and lobe tips of H. imshaugii appear to result from herbivory. However, one of the forms of H. imshaugii, almost certain to be separated as a distinct taxon in the future, has occasional perforations, but it has collapsed or semisolid, rugose, non-mottled lobes. Despite the resemblance of H. gracilis to H. imshaugii, it is more closely related to H. heterophylla. They share the frequent presence of adventitious lobes and the presence of unknown C7 (actually a pair of UV+ spots with TLC, constant in both H. heterophylla and H. gracilis). Hypogymnia heterophylla, however, always has a dark brown to blackish medullary cavity. Furthermore, it is often much larger than H. gracilis and has slightly narrower spores. Hypogymnia gracilis can be distinguished from H. guadalupensis by the formers smaller size, P+ medulla, broader spores, and more erect thallus. 54421 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54421 Hypogymnia guadalupensis McCune 2684 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:49 2011-02-02 12:16:49 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: appressed to suberect or trailing, up to 4 (-6) cm broad or long; texture: cartilaginous; branching: variable; budding and adventitious lobes: present; lobes: separate to imbricate, 0.5-2 (-3) mm broad, sometimes black bordered; profile: even to ± nodulose; width/height ratio: 1-2; tips and axils: sparsely perforate; upper surface: white to greenish gray, sometimes dark mottled, smooth to weakly rugose; soredia and isidia: absent; lobules: often present; medulla: hollow, ceiling of cavity dark, floor of cavity dark; lower surface: black, sparsely perforate; Apothecia: common, substipitate to stipitate, up to 7 (-9) mm in diam; stipe: urn- or funnel-shaped, hollow; disc: reddish brown to dark brown; ascospores: ellipsoid to broadly ellipsoid, 5-7.5 x 3-3.5 µm; Pycnidia: common; conidia: rod-shaped to weakly bifusiform, 5.5-8 x 0.5-0.7 µm; Spot tests: cortex K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P+ pale yellow, UV-; medulla K-, C-, KC+ orange-red, P-; Secondary metabolites: upper cortex with atranorin and chloroatranorin; medulla with physodic acid (major), 3-hydroxyphysodic acid, and unknown C7 (UV+, minor).; Substrate and ecology: on bark of conifers; World and Sonoran distribution: endemic to Guadalupe Island, Mexico.; Notes: Closely related to H. heterophylla, H. guadalupensis is distinguished by its P- medulla (physodalic acid absent) and the presence of 3-hydroxyphysodic acid. The habit is also somewhat different with H. heterophylla usually having semi-erect to erect lobes, while the specimens of H. guadalupensis known so far have a more drooping, lax habit. H. guadalupensis is also similar to H. inactiva, but H. inactiva usually lacks the adventitious branching, 3-hydroxyphysodic acid, and unknown C7 of H. guadalupensis. The only known collections of H. guadalupensis were made by Howell in 1931 on Guadalupe Island. The exact location is unknown. More recent collections of Hypogymnia from the island are mainly H. imshaugii, with a bit of H. schizidiata. Island endemics are also known in the genus from the Canary Islands and Madeira [H. tavaresii D. Hawksw. & P. James and H. madeirensis (Tav.) D. Hawksw.]. Because there are so few specimens, perhaps collected at a single site, could this be considered an aberrant population of H. heterophylla or another species. A large population can be inferred from the number of individuals that Howell collected. Few others have collected lichens on Guadalupe Island. Despite the shortage of data and small known range, H. guadalupensis is distinct from all the other material on the offshore islands, it is easy to identify, and it does not appear to intergrade with other species. Howells collections could not be accommodated within existing species without significantly expanding our concept of H. inactiva or H. heterophylla. 54422 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54422 Hypogymnia schizidiata McCune 2685 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:50 2011-02-02 12:16:50 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: appressed to suberect, up to 4 (-8) cm in diam.; texture: cartilaginous; branching: isotomic dichotomous; budding: absent or rare; lobes: separate to centrally subcontiguous, 1-3 (-4) mm broad; black border: not visible from above; profile: even to ± nodulose; width/height ratio: 1-4; tips and axils: perforate,; upper surface: greenish gray, greenish, or dark brownish green, often dark mottled, smooth or becoming strongly rugose; soredia: sometimes developing on the edges of the schizidia, particularly in rugose areas of the upper surface, rarely spreading into diffuse laminal soredia; isidia: absent; lobules: rare; schizidia: formed as flakes of cortex plus algal layer, developing from either the smooth or rugose areas of the thallus; medulla: hollow, ceiling of cavity brownish to white, floor of cavity brownish to white; lower surface: black, sparsely perforate; Apothecia: occasional, substipitate to stipitate, up to 6 mm diam; stipe: urn- to funnel-shaped, hollow; disc: light to dark brown; ascospores: ellipsoid, (5.5-) 6.5-7 (-8) x (3.5-) 4-5 µm; Pycnidia: common; conidia: rod-shaped to weakly bifusiform, 6-7.5 x 0.5-0.7 µm; Spot tests: cortex K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P+ pale yellow, UV-; medulla K-, C-, KC+ orange-red, P-; Secondary metabolites: upper cortex with atranorin and chloroatranorin; medulla with physodic acid (major), 2'-O-methylphysodic acid (minor), 3-hydroxyphysodic acid (accessory, frequency 25%), unknown C7 (minor UV+ accessory), unknown C8 (minor accessory).; Substrate and ecology: on bark and wood of both hardwoods and conifers, including Juniperus, Pachycormus, Quercus, Pinus, and Simmondsia in woodlands, isolated groves, and forests; World and Sonoran distribution: offshore islands of Baja California (Isla Cedros) and California (Santa Rosa Island).; Notes: Production of asexual propagules is rather variable, but in most specimens the cortex tends flake off from both smooth parts and rugose parts, taking with it the algal layer. The type is not as heavily schizidiate as some specimens, but it is fertile and shows the variation from smooth to rugose lobes. True soredia can be nonexistent to well developed. The species is also unusual in its light brownish lobe cavities. In most specimens it is somewhat variable, having pure white portions, occasional dark brown portions, but the majority of the lobe interiors have a loose mesh of brown hyphae over a white background. This plus the frequently perforate lobe tips separate the species from H. imshaugii. The P- medulla is also useful in separating H. schizidiata from the P+ chemotype of H. imshaugii. The somewhat darkened lobe cavities and perforations suggest H. inactiva, another P- species, but that species lacks asexual propagules and differs in accessory seconddary metabolites. Small presorediate specimens can be recognized by their brownish cavities, isotomic dichotomous branching, and perforations in the lobe tips and lower surface. 54423 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54423 Hypotrachyna costaricensis (Nyl.) Hale 2686 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:50 2011-02-02 12:16:50 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: foliose, 3-10 (-15) cm diam., adnate to loosely adnate, subdichotomously lobate; lobes: sublinear to irregular, elongate, plane, often imbricate, 2-6 mm wide; apices: subtruncate to subrotund; upper surface: whitish to greenish gray (tan in herbarium with age), smooth, shiny, usually strongly white maculate; isidia: laminal to submarginal, dense, cylindrical, simple to coralloid branched, slender, rarely becoming lobulate, concolorous with the thallus but tips sometimes blackened; soralia, pustulae and dactyls absent; medulla: white with continuous algal layer; lower surface: black, peripherally brownish black, shiny; rhizines: dense, often visible from above, black, dichotomous; Apothecia: rare, laminal, sessile, 2-7 mm in diam.; disc: brown; margin: crenulate, without isidia; asci: clavate, 8-spored; ascospores: ellipsoid, spores 8-10 x 4-6 µm; Pycnidia: not seen; Spot tests: upper cortex K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P+ yellow, UV-; medulla K-, C-, KC-, P-; Secondary metabolites: upper cortex with atranorin and chloroatranorin; medulla with protoconstipatic acid (major), constipatic, dehydroconstipatic, protopraesorediosic acids (all minor), and praesorediosic acid (trace).; Substrate and ecology: usually on hardwood or pine bark and rarely on rock in montane to subalpine forests,; World distribution: pantropical and subtropical; Sonoran distribution: Chihuahua and Sinaloa in the Sierra Madre Occidental. 54424 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54424 Hypotrachyna croceopustulata (Kurok.) Hale 2687 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:50 2011-02-02 12:16:50 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: foliose, 2-8 cm in diam., adnate, subdichotomously lobate; lobes: sublinear, elongate, plane to subconvex, separate, 1-3.5 mm wide; margin: entire; apices: subtruncate; upper surface: whitish gray, smooth to rugulose, shiny; pruina and maculae absent; soredia: granular, not confluent, in laminal, crateriform pustulae; isidia and dactyls absent; medulla: white or yellowish ochre with continuous algal layer; lower surface: black centrally, brown peripherally; rhizines: sparse, black, dichotomous; Apothecia: rare, laminal, sessile, 1-6 mm diam.; disc: brown; margin: smooth, epruinose and without soredia; ascospores: not found; Pycnidia: not seen; Spot tests: upper cortex K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P+ yellow, UV-; medulla K- or + purple, C-, KC-, P+ red; Secondary metabolites: upper cortex with atranorin and chloroatranorin; medulla with protocetraric acid (major), succinprotocetraric acid (trace or accessory) and pigmentosin B (accessory).; Substrate and ecology: on pine and hardwood bark in open, but humid oak and pine forests; World distribution: throughout the neotropics and in East Africa; Sonoran distribution: Sinaloa in the Sierra Madre Occidental, common on pines. 54426 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54426 Hypotrachyna dentella (Hale & Kurok.) Hale 2688 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:50 2011-02-02 12:16:50 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: foliose, 3-8 cm diam., adnate to loosely adnate, subdichotomously lobate; lobes: linear to subirregular, short, plane, separate, becoming partially imbricate, 2-6 mm wide; apices: subtruncate to subrotund; upper surface: whitish gray (tan in herbarium with age), smooth, shiny; usually white maculate; isidia: laminal to marginal, dense, cylindrical, simple to coralloid branched, slender, rarely becoming lobulate, concolorous with the thallus but tips sometimes blackened; soralia, pustulae and dactyls absent; medulla: white with continuous algal layer; lower surface: black, peripherally brownish black, shiny; rhizines: sparse to moderate, black, dichotomous; Apothecia: rare, laminal, sessile, 1-2 mm in diam.; disc: brown; margin: crenulate, isidia absent; asci: clavate, 8-spored; ascospores: ellipsoid, spores 8-10 x 4-6 µm; Pycnidia: marginal, immersed; conidia: not seen; Spot tests: upper cortex K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P+ yellow, UV-; medulla K+ yellow, C- or C+ pale yellow, KC + yellow, P+ orange; Secondary metabolites: upper cortex with atranorin, chloroatranorin, and isousnic acid (Eliasaro et al. 1998); medulla with echinocarpic acid, 4-O-demethylbarbatic and barbatic acids (all major), norobtusatic, and obtusatic acids (minor to trace).; Substrate and ecology: on rocks in open, but humid oak and pine forests; World distribution: SE USA and throughout the neotropics; Sonoran distribution: Sinaloa in the Sierra Madre Occidental. 54429 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54429 Hypotrachyna imbricatula (Zahlbr.) Hale 2689 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:50 2011-02-02 12:16:50 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: foliose, 3-15 cm diam., adnate to loosely adnate, subdichotomously lobate; lobes: sublinear, elongate, plane, separate, becoming partially imbricate, 1.5-4 mm wide; apices: subtruncate to truncate; upper surface: whitish gray (tan in herbarium with age), smooth, shiny; usually strongly white maculate; isidia: laminal to marginal, dense, cylindrical, simple to coralloid branched, slender, rarely becoming lobulate, concolorous with the thallus but tips sometimes blackened; soralia, pustulae and dactyls absent; medulla: white with continuous algal layer; lower surface: black, peripherally brownish black, shiny; rhizines: dense, black, dichotomous; Apothecia: rare, laminal, sessile, 2-10 mm in diam.; disc: brown; margin: crenulate, without isidia; asci: clavate, 8-spored; ascospores: broadly ellipsoid, 11-16 x 7-10 µm; Pycnidia: marginal, immersed; conidia: not seen; Spot tests: upper cortex K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P+ yellow, UV-; medulla K-, C+ yellow-orange, KC + yellow-orange, P-; Secondary metabolites: upper cortex with atranorin and chloroatranorin; medulla with 4-O-demethylbarbatic and barbatic acids (both major), obtusatic and norobtusatic acids (both minor to trace).; Substrate and ecology: on bark of many different trees in lower to upper montane forests; World distribution: neotropical, Oceania, SE Asia and Australasia; Sonoran distribution: Sierra Madre Occidental in Sinaloa. 54430 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54430 Hypotrachyna laevigata (Sm.) Hale 2690 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:50 2011-02-02 12:16:50 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: foliose, 2-10 cm in diam., adnate to loosely adnate, subdichotomously lobate; lobes: sublinear to subirregular, elongate, subconcave to plane to subconvex, initially separate, becoming imbricate, 1-6 mm wide; margin: entire to rarely incised; apices: subtruncate to subrotund; upper surface: whitish to greenish gray, smooth to rugulose, dull to shiny, usually strongly white maculate; soredia: farinose to granular, white but darkening with age, in laminal to subapical, capitate, slightly excavated soralia, not confluent; isidia, pustulae and dactyls all absent; medulla: white with algal layer; lower surface: black, sometimes with a thin, brown rim, tips brownish black; rhizines: dense, black, dichotomous; Apothecia: rarely, sparse, laminal, sessile; disc: brown; margin: crenulate, epruinose and without soredia; ascospores: mature spores not found; Pycnidia: marginal, immersed; conidia: not seen; Spot tests: upper cortex K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P+ yellow, UV-; medulla K-, C+ yellow-orange, KC+ yellow-orange, P-; Secondary metabolites: upper cortex with atranorin and chloroatranorin; medulla with 4-O-demethylbarbatic and barbatic acids (both major), obtusatic and norobtusatic acids (trace).; Substrate and ecology: on hardwood bark and occasionally conifers in lower to upper montane forests; World distribution: tropics and extending into some temperate regions in Europe, North and South America and Australasia; Sonoran distribution: mountains of SE Arizona southwards through the Sierra Madre Occidental to Durango. 54431 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54431 Hypotrachyna livida (Taylor) Hale 2691 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:50 2011-02-02 12:16:50 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: foliose, 2-9 cm in diam., somewhat fragile, tightly adnate, subdichotomously lobate; lobes: sublinear, elongate, plane to rugulose, 1-2 mm wide, initially separate, becoming contiguous to partly imbricate; margin: entire; apices: subtruncate; upper surface: whitish gray, smooth, shiny, emaculate, isidia, soralia, pustulae and dactyls all absent; medulla: white with continuous algal layer; lower surface: black, tips brownish black; rhizines: frequent, black, sparsely dichotomous; Apothecia: usually present, laminal, sessile, 1-5 mm in diam.; disc: brown, margin crenulate, lacking pruina, soredia or isidia; asci: clavate, 8-spored; ascospores: ellipsoid, 10-12 x 5-6 µm; Pycnidia: peripheral on thallus, semi-immersed; conidia: not seen; Spot tests: upper cortex K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P+ yellow, UV-; medulla K-, C-, KC+ red, P-; Secondary metabolites: upper cortex with atranorin and chloroatranorin; medulla with 4-O-methylphysodic and colensoic acids (major), hydroxycolensoic acid, lividic and methoxycolensoic acids (minor), oxyphysodic and physodic acids (trace).; Substrate and ecology: on hardwood bark and rarely acidic rocks in lower montane to montane forests; World distribution: neotropics and SE USA; Sonoran distribution: Chihuahua in the Sierra Madre Occidental. 54437 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54437 Hypotrachyna pseudosinuosa (Asah.) Hale 2692 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:50 2011-02-02 12:16:50 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: foliose, 2-9 cm in diam., closely adnate, subdichotomously to irregularly lobate; lobes: sublinear, elongate, plane to subconvex, separate, 1-4 mm wide; margin: entire but sometimes incised; apices: subtruncate to subrotund, plane to convex; upper surface: light gray, smooth to somewhat rugulose, dull, faintly maculate or emaculate, epruinose; soredia: farinose to slightly granular, in laminal to subterminal, capitate soralia that sometimes become confluent; isidia and dactyls absent; medulla: white with continuous algal layer; lower surface: black centrally, brown peripherally; rhizines: moderately common, black, dichotomous; Apothecia: rare, laminal, substipitate, 2-4 mm diam.; disc: brown; margin: smooth, esorediate; asci: clavate, 8-spored; ascospores: broadly ellipsoid to subglobose, 8-10 x 6-8 µm; Pycnidia: not seen; Spot tests: upper cortex K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P+ yellow, UV-; medulla K-, C± pink (depending on the concentration of gyrophoric acid), KC± pink, P+ red; Secondary metabolites: upper cortex with atranorin and chloroatranorin; medulla with protocetraric acid (major) and gyrophoric acid (trace or absent).; Substrate and ecology: on bark of hardwoods and pines in montane and upper montane forests; World distribution: neotropics (and extending to central Chile); Sonoran distribution: Sinaloa in the Sierra Madre Occidental. 54438 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54438 Hypotrachyna pulvinata (Fee) Hale 2693 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:50 2011-02-02 12:16:50 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: foliose, 4-12 cm in diam., adnate to tightly adnate, subdichotomously lobate; lobes: sublinear to subirregular, somewhat elongate, initially separate, becoming slightly imbricate, concave or plane, 1-2 mm wide, margin: entire; apices: subtruncate, plane; upper surface: whitish gray, smooth, shiny, white maculate; isidia, soredia, pustulae and dactyls all absent; medulla: white with continuous algal layer; lower surface: black, rhizines: dense, black, dichotomous; Apothecia: abundant, laminal, substipitate, 2-20 mm in diam.; disc: brown; margin: crenulate and white maculate; asci: clavate, 8-spored; ascospores: ellipsoid, 10-13 x 6-7 µm; Pycnidia: marginal or submarginal, immersed; conidia: not seen; Spot tests: upper cortex K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P+ yellow, UV-; medulla K-, C + red, KC + red, P-; Secondary metabolites: upper cortex with atranorin and chloroatranorin; medulla with evernic and lecanoric acids (both major).; Substrate and ecology: on hardwood bark, particularly smooth barked Quercus species, in montane and upper montane forests; World distribution: neotropics and extending into adjacent temperate areas; Sonoran distribution: SE and E Arizona and S along the Sierra Madre Occidental in Sonora, Chihuahua and Sinaloa and the mountains of southern Baja California Sur.; Notes: Particularly in SE Arizona and the northern part of the Sierra Madre Occidental this species is the most common Hypotrachyna at mid-elevations. 54439 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54439 Hypotrachyna pustulifera (Hale) Skorepa 2694 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:50 2011-02-02 12:16:50 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: foliose, 2-7 cm in diam., adnate to loosely adnate, subdichotomously lobate; lobes: sublinear, elongate, plane or convex, 2-7 mm wide; margin: entire; apices: subtruncate, plane to convex; upper surface: light gray, smooth, shiny, emaculate; soredia: in slightly excavated soralia of pustulae that initially may appear dactylate (but not isidia-like as in H. dactylifera); isidia absent; medulla: white with continuous algal layer; lower surface: black, shiny; rhizines: sparse, black, dichotomous; Apothecia: sparse, laminal, substipitate, 1-8 mm in diam.; disc: brown; margin: crenulate, sorediate; asci: clavate, 8-spored; ascospores: rare, ellipsoid, 11-12 x 6-7 µm; Pycnidia: marginal, immersed; conidia: not seen; Spot tests: upper cortex K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P+ yellow, UV-; medulla K-, C+ red, KC+ red, P-; Secondary metabolites: upper cortex with atranorin and chloroatranorin; medulla with lividic acid (major), colensoic, methoxycolensoic, 4-O-methylphysodic acids (all submajor), gyrophoric acids (minor), and physodic, oxyphysodic, norcolensoic and 4-O-methyllividic acids (all trace).; Substrate and ecology: on hardwood bark in lower montane to montane forests; World distribution: neotropics and southern USA; Sonoran distribution: in the mountains of SE Arizona.; Notes: In the Sonoran region this species may be confused with the more common H. dactylifera but that species has a different chemosyndrome, in which lividic acid is at most a trace as well as development of dactyls. Also the lobes of H. pustulifera are usually wider than those of H. dactylifera. 54440 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54440 Hypotrachyna revoluta (Florke) Hale 2695 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:50 2011-02-02 12:16:50 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: foliose, 2-8 (-10) cm in diam., loosely adnate to adnate, irregularly lobate; lobes: sublinear to subirregular, often short, plane to convex, usually separate, rarely slightly imbricate, 1-4 mm wide; axils: often sinuous; margin: entire, rarely somewhat incised; apices subtruncate to rounded, often revolute (especially when sorediate), convex to subascending, often black; upper surface: gray to greenish gray, smooth, shiny, faintly white maculate or emaculate; soredia: initially farinose, becoming granular, initially in subcapitate, subterminal soralia that become crateriform, excavated pustulae, with age becoming confluent and often eroded, white or greenish white; isidia and dactyls absent; medulla: white or off-white with continuous algal layer; lower surface: black, brownish towards apices; rhizines: sparse, black, sparsely dichotomous; Apothecia: very rare, sessile to substipitate, 2-6 mm in diam.; disc: brown; asci: clavate, 8-spored; ascospores: ellipsoid to broadly ellipsoid, 10-12 x 6-8 µm; Pycnidia: not seen; Spot tests: upper cortex K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P+ yellow, UV-; medulla K-, C+ red, KC+ red, P-; Secondary metabolites: upper cortex with atranorin and chloroatranorin; medulla with gyrophoric acids (major), 4, 5-di-O-methylhiascic acid, 5-O-methylhiascic acid (both minor), lecanoric and umbilicaric acids (both trace or absent).; Substrate and ecology: relatively rare, on acidic rock or bark in lower montane and upper montane forests; World distribution: neotropical and pantemperate (at least in regions adjacent to the tropics); Sonoran distribution: Channel Islands of California and montane areas of SE Arizona.; Notes: This widespread species exhibits considerable morphological plasticity that requires further evaluation. 54442 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54442 Hypotrachyna rockii (Zahlbr.) Hale 2696 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:50 2011-02-02 12:16:50 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: foliose, 3-12 cm in diam., tightly adnate to adnate, subdichotomously to irregularly lobate; lobes: sublinear to somewhat subirregular, short to elongate, initially separate, becoming slightly imbricate, 1.5-5 mm wide; margin: entire, rarely lobulate; apices: subtruncate to subrotund, plane to subconvex; upper surface: whitish gray, smooth to slightly rugulose and occasionally becoming cracked centrally, shiny, often white maculate, becoming pruinose towards apices; soredia: initially farinose but soon granular, in laminal, crateriform, slightly excavated pustulae that sometimes become confluent; isidia and dactyls absent; medulla: white with continuous algal layer; lower surface: black with brownish apices, somewhat shiny; rhizines: sparse, black, dichotomous; Apothecia: rare, sparse, laminal, sessile to substipitate, 2-8 mm in diam.; disc: brown; margin: crenulate, sometimes sorediate; asci: clavate, 8-spored; ascospores: ellipsoid, 11-14 x 5-7 µm; Pycnidia: not seen; Spot tests: upper cortex K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P+ yellow, UV-; medulla K-, C+ red, KC+ red, P-; Secondary metabolites: upper cortex with atranorin and chloroatranorin; medulla with evernic acid (major) and lecanoric acids (minor to major).; Substrate and ecology: on bark (especially pines) in montane forests; World distribution: neotropics and East Africa in montane and upper montane forests; Sonoran distribution: Sinaloa in the Sierra Madre Occidental. 54445 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54445 Hypotrachyna subsaxatilis (de Lesd.) Hale 2697 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:50 2011-02-02 12:16:50 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: foliose, 2-8 cm in diam., tightly adnate to adnate, subdichotomously lobate; lobes: sublinear to subirregular, somewhat elongate, plane, (0.5-) 1-3.5 mm wide; margin: entire; apices: subtruncate, plane; upper surface: gray to dark gray, smooth to rugose, becoming cracked with age, dull to shiny, epruinose, white maculate; isidia, soredia, pustulae and dactyls all absent; medulla: white with continuous algal layer; lower surface: black, somewhat shiny; rhizines: sparse, black, dichotomous; Apothecia: abundant, laminal, sessile to substipitate, 1.5-5 mm in diam.; disc: brown; margin: crenulate; asci: clavate, 8-spored; ascospores: broadly ellipsoid, 11-15 x 7-9 µm; Pycnidia: marginal, immersed; conidia: not seen; Spot tests: upper cortex K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P+ yellow, UV-; medulla K+ yellow to red, C-, KC-, P+ red; Secondary metabolites: upper cortex with atranorin and chloroatranorin; medulla with salazinic acids (major), consalazinic acid (minor) and norstictic acid (trace).; Substrate and ecology: on acidic rocks or on soil over rocks, frequently in canyons on relatively open boulders and cliff faces in montane and upper montane forests; World distribution: Central America north to southern Arizona; Sonoran distribution: SE Arizona and S along the Sierra Madre Occidental in Chihuahua and Sinaloa.; Notes: In the northern part of its range the species is somewhat more narrow lobed. 54449 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54449 Hypotrachyna adaffinis Sipman 2698 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:51 2011-02-02 12:16:51 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: foliose, 2-5 cm in diam., tightly adnate, subdichotomously to irregularly lobate; lobes: sublinear, elongate, plane to subconvex, separate, 0.4-2 mm wide; margin: entire but sometimes incised; apices: subtruncate, plane to convex; upper surface: light gray, smooth to somewhat rugulose, plane, dull, faintly maculate or emaculate, epruinose; soredia: farinose to slightly granular, in laminal, capitate soralia that sometimes become confluent; isidia and dactyls absent; medulla: white with continuous algal layer; lower surface: black centrally, brown peripherally; rhizines: dense, black, dichotomous; Apothecia: rare, laminal, substipitate, 1-2.5 mm diam.; disc: brown; margin: smooth, esorediate; asci: clavate, 8-spored; ascospores: broadly ellipsoid, 8-11 x 5-7 µm; Pycnidia: not seen; Spot tests: upper cortex K-, C-, KC-, P+ pale orange, UV+ yellow; medulla K-, C-, KC-, P+ red; Secondary metabolites: upper cortex with lichexanthone; medulla with echinocarpic acid (major).; World distribution: throughout the neotropics, including the Carribean; Sonoran distribution: Sinaloa in the Sierra Madre Occidental.; Notes: Initially Hale (1975, p. 66) inadvertently created confusion about this species by listing the cortex as having usnic acid in the description of the species. However, in the introductory pages Hale (1975, p. 10) listed the species as having lichexanthone, a fact that we confirm for several specimens in addition to the Sonoran material. 54450 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54450 Hypotrachyna bogotensis (Vain.) Hale 2699 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:51 2011-02-02 12:16:51 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: foliose, (2-) 5-12 cm in diam., adnate to loosely adnate, dichotomously to subdichotomously lobate; lobes: sublinear, elongate, plane to subconvex, separate, becoming crowded and imbricate, 1-6 mm wide; margin: entire or dentate-crenate, sometimes lacinate; apices: subtruncate; upper surface: gray, smooth, shiny, white maculate, sometimes marginally pruinose; isidia: laminal to marginal, cylindrical, sometimes becoming procumbent, tips, mostly concolourous with thallus surface but tips may become blackened; soralia, pustulae, and dactyls all absent; medulla: white with continuous algal layer; lower surface: black centrally to margin; rhizines: abundant, black, dichotomous; Apothecia: rare, laminal, sessile, 1-5 (-7) mm in diam.; disc: brown; margin: smooth, sometimes isidiate, epruinose; asci: clavate, 8-spored; ascospores: broardly ellipsoid, 10-12 x 6-8.5 µm; Pycnidia: laminal, immersed; conidia: bacilliform, 3-4 µm; Spot tests: upper cortex K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P+ yellow, UV-; medulla K-, C+ red, KC+ red, P-; Secondary metabolites: upper cortex with atranorin and chloroatranorin; medulla with evernic acid (major) and lecanoric acid (major or minor).; Substrate and ecology: on bark of many species, fence posts, rocks and soil in open, montane to subalpine forests; World distribution: throughout the neotropics; Sonoran distribution: Sinaloa in the Sierra Madre Occidental. 54451 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54451 Hypotrachyna brevirhiza (Kurok.) Hale 2700 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:51 2011-02-02 12:16:51 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: foliose, 2-6 (-8) cm in diam., tightly adnate to adnate, subdichotomously lobate; lobes: sublinear to subirregular, short, often imbricate, irregularly branched; plane to subconvex, 1-5 mm wide; margin: entire, rarely incised; apices: subtruncate to rotund; upper surface: light gray, smooth to rugulose, dull, frequently white pruinose (especially marginally), emaculate; soredia: initially farinose but becoming coarse and granular, in subcapitate, laminal to subterminal soralia but becoming diffuse; pustulae, isidia and dactyls all absent; medulla: white with continuous algal layer; lower surface: black centrally, blackish brown tips; rhizines: sparse to dense, black, dichotomous; Apothecia: rare, laminal, sessile, 1-5 mm in diam.; disc: brown; margin: smooth, sometimes sorediate; asci: clavate, 8-spored; ascospores: ellipsoid, 6-8 x 3-4 µm; Pycnidia: not seen; Spot tests: upper cortex K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P+ yellow, UV-; medulla K+ yellow, turning deep red; C-, KC-, P+ orange; Secondary metabolites: upper cortex atranorin and chloroatranorin; medulla with salazinic acid (major), consalazinic acid (minor), norstictic acid (trace).; Substrate and ecology: usually on wood and bark in humid forests, occasionally on rocks, in montane to subalpine forests; World distribution: pantropical and extending to temperate parts of Argentina and Chile; Sonoran distribution: Sinaloa in the Sierra Madre Occidental. 54452 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54452 Hypotrachyna consimilis (Vain.) Hale 2701 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:51 2011-02-02 12:16:51 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: foliose, 3-8 cm diam., adnate to loosely adnate, subdichotomously lobate; lobes: sublinear, elongate, plane, separate, 1-3 mm wide; margin: entire; apices: subtruncate; upper surface: light gray, smooth, dull or shiny; white maculate; isidia: laminal, cylindrical to rarely coralloid; soralia, pustulae and dactyls absent; medulla: white with continuous algal layer; lower surface: black, peripherally brownish black; rhizines: sparse; black, dichotomous; Apothecia: rare, laminal, sessile, 2-5 mm in diam.; disc: brown; margin: crenulate, isidiate; asci: clavate, 8-spored; ascospores: broardly ellipsoid, 8-11 x 5-8 µm; Pycnidia: not seen; Spot tests: upper cortex K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P+ yellow, UV-; medulla K- or K+ if skyrin present, C-, KC-, P+ orange; Secondary metabolites: upper cortex with atranorin and chloroatranorin; medulla with protocetraric acids (major) and skyrin (accessory).; Substrate and ecology: on hardwood or pine bark in upper montane and subalpine forests; World distribution: throughout the neotropics, including the Carribean region; Sonoran distribution: Sinaloa in the Sierra Madre Occidental. 54453 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54453 Hypotrachyna culbersoniorum Elix & T. H. Nash 2702 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:51 2011-02-02 12:16:51 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: foliose, 3-6 cm in diam., adnate, rather fragile, subdichotomously lobate; lobes: sublinear to subirregular, rather short, plane to subconvex, contiguous or becoming imbricate, 1-2 mm wide; margin: entire or dentate-crenate, sometimes lacinate; apices: subtruncate; upper surface: pale gray-green, smooth, dull but shiny at the lobe apices, weakly white maculate, sometimes marginally pruinose; lobulae: abundant, laminal and marginal, dorsiventral, tips, simple to forked, procumbent to subascending, with or without isidial inititials; soralia, pustulae and dactyls all absent; medulla: white with continuous algal layer; lower surface: black centrally to margin; rhizines: moderately abundant, black, richly dichotomous; Apothecia: rare, laminal, sessile, up to 3 mm in diam.; disc: pale brown to cinnamon-brown; margin: smooth, sometimes lobulate, epruinose; asci: clavate, 8-spored; ascospores: subglobose, 5 x 4 µm; Pycnidia and conidia: not seen; Spot tests: upper cortex K-, C-, KC-, P-, UV-; medulla K-, C-, KC-, P-; Secondary metabolites: upper cortex with isousnic acid; medulla with echinocarpic acid and conechinocarpic acid (both minor).; Substrate and ecology: on bark, in open pine-oak forests; World and Sonoran distribution: thus far only known from the type locality in Chihuahua in the Sierra Madre Occidental.; Notes: The new species is named in honor of Drs. C. F. and W. L. Culberson who have contributed considerably to our knowledge of the Parmeliaceae in general and to the Mexican flora in particular. Morphologically this new species resembles Hypotrachyna bogotenis (Nyl.) Hale in its habitat, in having broad, sublinear to subirregular lobes with dense, dorsiventral lobulae. However, whereas H. bogotensis is coriaceous, gray in color (atranorin and chloroatranorin in the upper cortex) and contains lecanoric acid in the medulla, H. culbersoniorum is very fragile, gray-green in color (isousnic acid in the upper cortex) and contains echinocarpic and conechinocarpic acids in the medulla. Hypotrachyna culbersoniorum is only the second species of Hypotrachyna known to contain isousnic acid in the upper cortex. 54454 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54454 Hypotrachyna dactylifera (Vain.) Hale 2703 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:51 2011-02-02 12:16:51 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: foliose, 3-9 cm in diam., tightly adnate, subdichotomously lobate; lobes: sublinear, elongate, plane to subconvex, separate and becoming somewhat imbricate, 1-4 mm wide; apices: subtruncate, plane; upper surface: tannish gray, smooth but becoming rugose with age, shiny, pruina and maculae absent; dactyls: inflated, tips often breaking open (appearing superficially sorediate or isidiate within); isidia absent; medulla: white with continuous algal layer; lower surface: black with peripherally brown tips; rhizines: abundant but not at margins, black; dichotomous; Apothecia: rare, laminal, substipitate, 1-4 mm in diam.; disc: brown; margin: smooth to crenulate; asci: clavate, 8-spored; ascospores: ellipsoid, 9-13 x 5-7 µm; Pycnidia: not seen; Spot tests: upper cortex K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P+ yellow, UV-; medulla K-, C-, KC+ red, P-; Secondary metabolites: upper cortex with atranorin and chloroatranorin; medulla with 4-O-demethylphysodic and colensoic acids (major), hydroxycolensoic acid, lividic and methoxycolensoic acids (minor), oxyphysodic and physodic acids (trace).; Substrate and ecology: on bark in oak and pine forests of montane regions; World distribution: across the neotropics and extending into SW USA; Sonoran distribution: SE and E Arizona and south along the Sierra Madre Occidental into Chihuahua and Sinaloa. 54455 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54455 Hypotrachyna immaculata (Kurok.) Hale 2704 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:51 2011-02-02 12:16:51 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: foliose, 2-7 cm in diam., adnate to loosely adnate, subdichotomously lobate; lobes: sublinear, elongate, plane or convex, 2-7 mm wide, contiguous; margin: entire; apices: subtruncate, plane to convex; upper surface: light gray, smooth, shiny, emaculate; soredia: granular, usually in capitate soralia but sometimes in crateriform, slightly excavated soralia; isidia and dactyls absent; medulla: predominately white with continuous algal layer but orange-brown below the soralia and intermittently orange-brown adjacent to the lower cortex; lower surface: black, shiny; rhizines: sparse, black, dichotomous; Apothecia: sparse, laminal, sessile, 2-3 mm in diam.; disc: brown; margin: crenulate, sorediate; asci: clavate, 8-spored; ascospores: rare, ellipsoid, 11-12 x 6-7 µm; Pycnidia: marginal, immersed; conidia: not seen; Spot tests: upper cortex K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P+ yellow, UV-; medulla K-, C-, KC+ red, P-; Secondary metabolites: upper cortex with atranorin and chloroatranorin; medulla with lividic acid and skyrin (both major), pigmentosin A (or B) (major or minor), methoxycolensoic, physodic, oxyphysodic and 4-O-methylphysodic (all minor) and colensoic (minor or trace).; Substrate and ecology: on bark in oak and pine forests of montane regions; World distribution: pantropical and extending into some adjacent temperate areas; Sonoran distribution: in the southern mountains of Baja California Sur. 54458 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54458 Hypotrachyna neodissecta (Hale) Hale 2705 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:51 2011-02-02 12:16:51 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: foliose, 3-7 cm in diam., rather fragile, loosely adnate, subdichotomously lobate; lobes: sublinear to subirregular, elongate, plane to subconvex, 1-3 mm wide; margin: entire; apices: subtruncate to subrotund, subconvex; upper surface: gray to greenish gray, smooth, shiny; emaculate; isidia: laminal, cylindrical, mostly simple; soralia, pustulae, and dactyls all absent; medulla: white with continuous algal layer; lower surface: black, tips brown, becoming subcanaliculate; rhizines: dense, black, dichotomous; Apothecia: sparse, laminal, substipitate, 2-3 mm in diam.; disc: brown; margin crenulate, isidiate; asci: clavate, 8-spored; ascospores: ellipsoid, 12-14 x 6-8 µm; Pycnidia: not seen; Spot tests: upper cortex K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P+ yellow, UV-; medulla K-, C+ red, KC+ red, P-; Secondary metabolites: upper cortex with atranorin and chloroatranorin; medulla with gyrophoric and 5-O-methylhiascic acids (both major).; Substrate and ecology: on bark and rocks in open montane forests; World distribution: primarily tropical in North and South America and Africa; Sonoran distribution: Sierra Madre Occidental of Chihuahua. 54459 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54459 Hypotrachyna physcioides (Nyl.) Hale 2706 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:51 2011-02-02 12:16:51 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: foliose, 5-15 cm in diam., often coriaceous, loosely adnate, subdichotomously lobate; lobes: sublinear, elongate, initially separate, becoming slightly imbricate, 2-6 mm wide; margin: entire; apices: subtruncate, plane to subconvex; upper surface: gray, plane to convex, smooth to shallowly rugulose, dull, somewhat pruinose towards tips, strongly white maculate; isidia, soredia, pustulae and dactyls all absent but secondary lacinae sometimes developing centrally; medulla: white with continuous algal layer; lower surface: black, somewhat shiny; rhizines: dense, black, dichotomous; Apothecia: common, laminal, sessile to substipitate, 2-10 mm in diam.; disc: brown; margin: crenulate; asci: clavate, 8-spored; ascospores: ellipsoid, 12-16 x 6-9 µm; Pycnidia: not seen; Spot tests: upper cortex K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P+ yellow, UV-; medulla K-, C+ yellow-orange, KC+ yellow-orange, P-; Secondary metabolites: upper cortex with atranorin and chloroatranorin; medulla with barbatic and 4-O demethylbarbatic acids (major).; Substrate and ecology: on rocks, soil and bark in oak and pine forests; World distribution: throughout the neotropics, including the Carribean, and also in SE Asia; Sonoran distribution: fairly common in the Sierra Madre Occidental in Chihuahua. 54460 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54460 Hypotrachyna protenta Hale 2707 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:51 2011-02-02 12:16:51 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: foliose, 4-10 cm in diam., adnate to loosely adnate, subdichotomously lobate; lobes: sublinear, elongate, convex, 0.5-2 mm wide, contiguous to somewhat imbricate; margin: entire; apices: subtruncate to subrotund, often convex; upper surface: whitish gray, smooth, shiny; pruina and maculae absent; isidia, soredia, pustulae and dactyls all absent; medulla: white with continuous algal layer; lower surface: black, tips brownish black; rhizines: sparse, black, dichotomous; Apothecia: usually present, laminal, substipitate, 2-8 mm diam.; disc: blackish brown; margin: smooth to crenulate; asci: clavate, 8-spored; ascospores: ellipsoid, 11-12 x 5-6 µm; Pycnidia: marginal, immersed; conidia: not seen; Spot tests: upper cortex K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P+ yellow, UV-; medulla K-, C-, KC+ red, P-; Secondary metabolites: upper cortex with atranorin and chloroatranorin; medulla with α-collatolic and alectoronic acids (major), ß-alectoronic (minor).; Substrate and ecology: on acidic rocks in open habitats lower montane to montane forests; World distribution: throughout the neotropics; Sonoran distribution: Sinaloa in the Sierra Madre Occidental. 54461 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54461 Hypotrachyna punoensis Kurok. & K. H. Moon 2708 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:51 2011-02-02 12:16:51 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: foliose, 2.5-5 cm diam., adnate to loosely adnate, subdichotomously lobate; lobes: irregular, relatively short, plane, often imbricate, 2-5 mm wide; apices: subtruncate to subrotund; upper surface: medium to dark gray, smooth, shiny, emaculate; soredia: coarse, in submarginal to apical pustulae; isidia, and dactyls absent; medulla: white with continuous algal layer; lower surface: black, peripherally brownish black, shiny, often wrinkled; rhizines: sparsely to moderately dense, black, simple to rarely dichotomous; Apothecia and ascospores: not seen; Pycnidia and conidia: not seen; Spot tests: upper cortex K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P+ yellow, UV-; medulla K-, C-, KC-, P-; Secondary metabolites: upper cortex with atranorin and chloroatranorin; medulla with protolichesterinic acid (major) and lichesterinic acid (minor).; Substrate and ecology: usually on hardwood or pine bark in montane forests; World distribution: South and North America in Peru and Arizona; Sonoran distribution: southern Arizona.; Notes: Morphologically the species is similar to H. costaricensis which has a different fatty acid profile. In addition, the latter species has isidia whereas H. punoensis has sorediate pustules. Chemically the species was not originally characterized but is herein determined by J. A. Elix. 54463 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54463 Hypotrachyna sublaevigata (Nyl.) Hale 2709 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:51 2011-02-02 12:16:51 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: foliose, 3-8 cm in diam., adnate to loosely adnate, subdichotomously lobate; lobes: subirregular, somewhat elongate, initially separate, becoming slightly imbricate, 2-5 mm wide; margin: entire; apices: subtruncate, plane to subconvex; upper surface: gray, smooth to shallowly rugulose, becoming cracked with age, dull, often white pruinose, emaculate; isidia, soredia, pustulae and dactyls all absent; medulla: white with continuous algal layer; lower surface: black, somewhat shiny; rhizines: dense, black, dichotomous; Apothecia: common, laminal, substipitate, 2-8 mm in diam.; disc: brown; margin: crenulate; asci: clavate, 8-spored; ascospores: broadly ellipsoid, 8-10 x 5-7 µm; Pycnidia: not seen; Spot tests: upper cortex K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P+ yellow, UV-; medulla K+ yellow to red, C-, KC-, P+ red; Secondary metabolites: upper cortex with atranorin and chloroatranorin, medulla with salazinic acids (major), consalazinic acid (minor) and norstictic acid (trace).; Substrate and ecology: on hardwoods in montane oak and pine forests; World distribution: neotropics and extending into temperate regions of Chile; Sonoran distribution: Sierra Madre Occidental in Chihuahua and Sinaloa. 54464 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54464 Hypotrachyna subpustulifera Elix 2710 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:51 2011-02-02 12:16:51 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: foliose, 2.5-4.0 cm in diam., tightly adnate to adnate, dichotomously to subirregularly lobate; lobes: linear, elongate, plane or convex, 0.5-1.0 mm wide, separate to subimbricate; margin: entire; apices: subtruncate to subrotund, plane to slightly convex; upper surface: light gray, smooth, shiny, emaculate; pustules: eroding, erumpent, becoming granular sorediate and exposing black lower cortex; dactyls and isidia absent; medulla: white with continuous algal layer; lower surface: black, shiny; rhizines: sparse, black, dichotomous; Apothecia: not observed; Pycnidia and conidia: not seen; Spot tests: upper cortex K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P+ yellow, UV-; medulla K- or K+ pale reddish, C -, KC + rose, P-; Secondary metabolites: upper cortex with atranorin and chloroatranorin; medulla with colensoic, 4-O-methylphysodic acids (both major), physodic acid (minor), lividic and oxyphysodic acids (both trace).; Substrate and ecology: on hardwood bark in lower montane to montane forests; World distribution: Australasia, neotropics (Brazil and Mexico) and South Africa; Sonoran distribution: Sinaloa, in the Sierra Madre Occidental. 54465 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54465 Imshaugia aleurites (Ach.) S. F. Meyer 2711 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:53 2011-02-02 12:16:53 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: foliose, adnate to loosely adnate, appressed, orbicular, (2-) 3-8 (-12) cm diam., often rather randomly arranged; lobes: usually 1-4 mm long, 0.5-1.5 mm broad, flat, linear to sublinear, divergent to contiguous or crowded and overlapping, sometimes quite dissected, irregularly (± pinnately) branched, tips rounded, often forked; upper surface: whitish mineral gray, light gray or bluish gray, or in some thalli becoming darker and distinctly greenish or brownish, sometimes wrinkled or shallowly pitted in older parts, continuous to faintly rimulose; lobe tips shiny, becoming rough with incipient isidia; isidia: laminal, abundant, cylindrical, simple to branched, to c. 2 mm tall, usually with warty tips, grayish- or yellowish-brown, to brown-black and shiny at tips, often breaking, rarely becoming granulose and coalescing to form a paler gray or greenish sorediate-isidiate mass; medulla: white; algal layer with Trebouxia; lower surface: white to cream-color or pale brownish, somewhat wrinkled; rhizines: sparse to dense, brownish or darkening, simple, c. 0.5-1 mm long, sometimes short and wart-like; Apothecia: occasional, 2-7 mm diam., flat, saucer-shaped, adnate; disc: pale gray or brownish or reddish brown, dull, epruinose; thalloid margin persistent, entire or breaking up into isidia; ascospores: ellipsoid, (5-) 6 (-9) x (3.5-) 4 (-6) micrometer; Pycnidia: rare, small, black, at or near margins of lobes, up to 0.1 mm diam.; conidia: 3-4 x 1 micrometer; Spot tests: upper cortex and medulla K+ deep yellow, C-, KC-, P+ deep yellow, orange, or reddish, UV-; Secondary metabolites: upper cortex with atranorin and chloroatranorin; medulla with thamnolic acid (major) and decarboxythamnolic acid (trace).; Substrate and ecology: on bark of conifers and on dead stumps in open pine-oak woodlands and mixed conifer forests, sometimes in ravines or near streams, occasionally on broad-leaved trees and shrubs, sometimes on old wood, rarely on rocks; World distribution: circumpolar, boreal, montane; in North America, Europe, Asia, Australasia; Sonoran distribution: Arizona, Chihuahua, Sonora and Sinaloa, at 1300-3000 m.; Notes: Somewhat similar species include Parmelinopsis minarum and P. horrescens, both of which have dark lower surfaces and sparse cilia, Heterodermia granulifera, which has a dull, fibrous upper surface, pustular isidia, and a K+ red medulla, and Myelochroa obsessa, which has a pale yellowish medulla and sparse cilia. All of these species have different secondary metabolite profiles from either Imshaugia species. 54466 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54466 Imshaugia placorodia (Ach.) S. F. Meyer 2712 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:53 2011-02-02 12:16:53 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: foliose, adnate throughout or loosely adnate and marginally ascending, 2-4 cm broad; lobes: somewhat randomly to ± regularly arranged, contiguous to crowded or overlapping, narrow, 0.5-1 (-1.5) mm wide, strap-shaped to rounded, branched, sometimes quite dissected, margins deeply wavy to pinnate-cleft, tips often forked or dissected; upper surface: whitish gray-green or ashy or darkening, smooth or becoming wrinkled toward center, somewhat shiny where smooth; medulla: white, algal layer with Myrmecia; lower surface: whitish to pale brown, somewhat wrinkled; rhizines scattered, brownish to brown; Apothecia: usually present and often numerous and almost hiding thallus surface, often much wider than the lobes, 1.5-7 (-12) mm diam., sessile to shortly pedicellate, saucer-shaped; disc: concave to convex, yellowish to pale brown or chestnut brown to dark grayish brown, dull or slightly shiny, concolorous with thallus, or darker and browner next to the disc when young, raised or level, crenulate, persistent; ascospores: subspherical to broadly ellipsoid, (5-) 6.5 (-8) x (3.5-) 4.5 (-6) micrometer; Pycnidia: usually common, laminal or marginal; Spot tests: cortex K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P-, medulla K+ deep yellow, C-, KC-, P+ deep yellow or orange, UV-; Secondary metabolites: upper cortex with atranorin and chloroatranorin; medulla with thamnolic acid (major) and decarboxythamnolic acid (trace).; Substrate and ecology: on conifer (rare on oak) bark, less often dead branches, in oak-pine-cypress and pine-oak woodlands and forests; World distribution: eastern North America, central and southern Rocky Mountains, and northern plains; Sonoran distribution: widely distributed and common in Arizona, Chihuahua, and Sonora, at 1600-3000 m.; Notes: A somewhat similar species is the larger Heterodermia hypoleuca, but that species has a cottony, non-corticate lower surface and lacks thamnolic acid. 54468 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54468 Kaernefeltia merrillii (Du Rietz) Thell & Goward 2713 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:53 2011-02-02 12:16:53 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: foliose, rarely subfruticose, decumbent; lobes: rather broad to narrow, c. 0.5-11.0 mm wide; apices: rounded to fusiform, eciliate; upper surface: olive-brown to greenish black, rough and occasionally ridged or foveolate, usually dull, occasionally pruinose; isidia: sometimes present, flattened; soralia and lobules: absent; pseudocyphellae: sparse, indistinct, immersed; cortex: strongly white, prosoplechtenchymatous; medulla: white, loosely packed; photobiont: a Trebouxia; lower surface: pale brown, attached by simple, black rhizines; Apothecia: frequent, marginal to laminal on thallus, at first concave, later becoming convex, pedicellate; margin: prominent, with thalloid rim; disc: imperforate, dark olivaceous brown; exciple: hyaline; epithecium: brown or brownish yellow; hypothecium: hyaline; asci: clavate, lecanoral, 8-spored; ascospores: simple, ellipsoid to broadly ellipsoid, 6-10.5 x 2.5-5 micrometer; walls: thin, hyaline, not amyloid; Pycnidia: laminal or marginal, immersed or emergent and sessile; conidia: bifusiform, 5-7 x 1 micrometer; Spot tests: all negative; Secondary metabolites: cortex with an unknown pigment, medulla with lichesterinic and protolichesterinic acids and 2-3 other low-Rf fatty acids.; Substrate and ecology: bark or wood; World distribution: temperate/boreal areas of western North America from low altitudes to alpine areas and at intermediate altitudes in central Spain; Sonoran distribution: chaarral areas of Baja California and southern California. 54470 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54470 Letharia columbiana (Nutt.) J. W. Thomson 2714 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:53 2011-02-02 12:16:53 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: (2-) 3-11 (-17) cm tall, tufted to subpendulous, attached by a distinct basal disc, c. 0.2 mm diam. near the base; branching loose, intricately irregular or anisotomically di-(tetra-)chotomous to almost isotomic near the ultimate branches, often divaricate, axils acute to obtuse, rounded; branches: c. 0.5-3 (-4) mm wide, unevenly thickened, subterete to angular, or irregularly flattened, especially just below the axils; higher order branches: terminating in attenuated, subulate, forked divisions; short, narrow, ± isidia-like "branchlets" sometimes abundant near base; surface: bright greenish yellow or chartreuse yellow-green, abraded areas often slightly paler or brighter yellow, extreme tips of branches and branchlets often ± brown, trunk near the base dark grayish brown to blackish; dull to ± shiny, shallowly to rather deeply lacunose/ foveolate (smaller branches) or channelled/ grooved, with wrinkles and ridges, which are often reticulate and strongly flexuous-sinuous; cortex: sometimes cracked transversely, occasionally finely and shallowly rimulose in places; medulla: white, appearing slightly lustrous, arachnoid or fibrous, ± loose but partly conglutinated into several (c. 5-10) narrow, ± longitudinal hyphal bundles ± separated by gaps; Apothecia: usually common, up to 22 mm diam., solitary or often occurring in two's or three's, sessile, terminating the shorter restricted branches, and irregularly hollow in the center; disc: dark grayish to reddish brown, or deep brown, occasionally with patches the thin brown layer broken off or abraded, showing a distinctly yellow layer underneath), dull to lustrous or slightly shiny, epruinose, deeply concave when young (< c. 3 mm across, becoming undulate and irregularly folded, often deeply depressed towards the center; thalline margin: c. 0.1 (-0.2) mm wide, strongly raised and inflexed when young, soon level with the disc, with few to many ± elongated projections ("lobules" or "fibrils") formed almost from the start and having similar appearance and structure to the smaller branches of the thallus, 0.5-1 cm long and 1 mm wide at the base but soon narrowing and gradually attenuating to roundish or ± pointed tips, the longer ones often branching; surface of lobules and underside of margin often strongly foveolate or lacunose; epihymenium: c. 15 micrometer plus minus deep yellow-brown; hymenium: c. 25-40 micrometer, hyaline to pale yellowish; asci: c. 20-25 x 10-15 micrometer, 8-spored; ascospores: ellipsoid, c. 7.5-8 x 3.5-4 micrometer; Pycnidia: absent to more often frequent, in section c. 0.75 micrometer diam.; conidia: arcuate, apparently uniform in thickness, c. 8-10 micrometer long; Spot tests: cortex and medulla: K-, C-, KC-, P-; Secondary products: cortex with vulpinic acid.; Substrate and ecology: on bark or wood of conifers, in open, well-ventilated intermontane forests, usually growing high on trunks, sometimes on dead branches; World distribution: western North America with a distribution similar to that of L. vulpina; Sonoran distribution: frequent in southern California at 1525-2570 m; Baja California at 980-1400 m in chaparral; rare in Sonora and Arizona.; Notes: It often occurs with L. vulpina and differs from it mainly in lacking soredia and usually having abundant apothecia and/or pycnidia. At least in the Sonoran region, L. columbiana often has rather coarse and weakly divided main branches, but occasionally smaller specimens are finer and more densely branched. Most older North American descriptions of L. vulpina (e.g., those of Herre 1910, Hasse 1913, Fink 1935, and Howard 1950, include fertile material (now L. columbiana). The information in the present account is based on my own observations, primarily of material from the Sonoran Region, and may not entirely apply over the full geographic range of these taxa. Small, globose to elongate and branched, isidia-like structures, which can break off and establish new thalli, are often present in both species. Morphologically, material of L. columbiana s. lato from the Sonoran region, though rather variable in color, branching, and development of isidia, appears to correspond mostly to the L. rugosa type of Kroken and Taylor (2001), characterized mainly by the wrinkled or veined surface (especially evident on the larger branches and the undersides of the apothecial margins). However, these authors also report the L. barbata morph (with a smoother thallus and more richly ciliate apothecial margins) from southern California. Material from chaparral and other rather arid low to moderate elevation sites may represent an additional taxon. 54471 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54471 Letharia vulpina (L.) Hue 2715 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:53 2011-02-02 12:16:53 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: usually to (1-) 3-5 (-20) cm tall, pliant, 3-8 cm wide, erect or spreading, caespitose to subpendent and beard-like, ± copiously branched and entangled; branching: irregular, often forked and divaricate especially towards the tips; branches: ± crowded, 0.5-1.5 (-3) mm wide, angular, rarely cylindrical, repeatedly bent, loose; long branches: with densely crowded, thin, subulate; side branches: somewhat curved terminally, often with acuminate tips; surface: lemon yellow, golden yellow-green to chartreuse, often distinctly greenish yellow, rarely sulfur yellow, in age or towards the base, usually pale orange- yellow to light yellowish brown; older branches: sometimes greenish gray to gray with the younger branches brighter yellow; extreme tips: often dark grayish brown; lacunate or foveolate; soredia: diffuse, often isidioid, generally dense, often developing from paler, brighter yellow areas or cracks on the angles and ridges, where the cortex has degenerated; isidia absent to few when soralia abundant, < 0.05 mm diam., globular and ± constricted at the base, or irregularly elongated to c. 0.1-0.2 mm and narrowing towards the tips, or sometimes becoming dense especially near the base, then ± cylindrical, becoming more elongated and branched (± coralloid); Apothecia: very rare (usually absent in material from Sonoran region), up to 20 mm wide; disc brown; Pycnidia: rare (usually absent); Spot tests: cortex and medulla K-, C-, KC-, P-; Secondary products: cortex with vulpinic acid.; Substrate and ecology: on bark or wood, usually the trunks or branches of living or dead conifers or man-made wooden structures, rarely on acidic rock; to the north very common and often covering large areas of tree surfaces above the snow line; World distribution: western North America and western Eurasia; Sonoran distribution: southern California and Baja California at 800-2000 m, often on north-facing slopes or in shaded areas, but also sometimes in chaparral; rare, eastern Arizona at 2950 m.; Notes: Based on morphology and distribution, material of L. vulpina s. lato from the Sonoran region appears to include both L. vulpina s. str. (especially near the coast, and similar to European material) and the L. lupina (especially away from the coast, and yellower, more highly branched, and with larger and more diffuse soralia) morph of Kroken and Taylor (2001). However, in my opinion the differences between these two morphs, as given by these authors and by Goward (1999), are not very consistent and are difficult to apply to the often poorly developed specimens found in southern California, where the distributions of the two morphs overlap. A few specimens from the San Gabriel Wilderness are much more robust and have sparsely divided main branches 2-3 (-7) mm wide with narrow branches mostly in the upper parts; in these morphs the narrow branches are either divaricately branched in scattered dense clusters, or more parallel and sinuous and concentrated towards the tips with extensive coverage by isidioid soredia concentrated on these smaller branches. These and other populations from arid areas may represent additional species (Barreno, pers. comm.). 54477 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54477 Melanelia disjuncta (Erichsen) Essl. 2716 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:54 2011-02-02 12:16:54 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: adnate to rather loosely adnate, appressed to occasionally subpulvinate, foliose, up to 6 (-9) cm diam., lobate; lobes: short and rounded to somewhat elongate, often distinctly flabellate at the end, contiguous or becoming imbricate, (0.4-) 0.8-1.5 (-3) mm broad, flat to slightly convex or concave; upper surface: dark olive-brown to blackish, infrequently paler olive to olive-brown, smooth or occasionally somewhat pitted near the lobe-ends, inward smooth to variously rugulose and/or warted, especially on larger thalli; frequently shiny, especially near the periphery, only occasionally dull throughout, rarely lightly pruinose; pseudocyphellate, the pseudocyphellae small and obscure to frequently quite distinct, submarginal on the lobes; soredia: granular to isidioid, dark gray to black (appearing white sometimes when abraded or eroded), in laminal and submarginal soralia arising in part from the pseudocyphellae; soralia: punctiform to capitate and frequently short stipitate but sometimes eroded and crateriform, remaining discrete or becoming confluent in older parts,; lower surface: very dark brown to black, flat to weakly channeled, smooth to rugulose, dull or slightly shiny in part; moderately rhizinate, the rhizines concolorous with the lower surface; Apothecia: infrequent, up to 3 (-5.5) mm diam., sessile or very short stipitate, somewhat concave or flattening, the margin usually partly to completely sorediate, occasionally remaining entire but then usually rugose, pseudocyphellate; asci: clavate, 8-spored; ascospores: ellipsoid, 9-12.5 x 5-7 µm; Pycnidia: rare, immersed; conidia: acerose to almost fusiform, 6-7.5 x 1 µm; Spot tests: cortex K-, C-, KC-, P-, HNO3-; medulla K- or rarely dingy, C -, KC- or rarely KC+ very faint rose, P-; Secondary metabolites: perlatolic and stenosporic acids (both major).; Substrate: rocks, extremely rare on bark or old wood; World distribution: circumboreal, central and northern Europe, Siberia, Central Africa, and North America; Sonoran distribution: infrequent in montane areas from 2,000 to 3,000 m.; Notes: The only other sorediate, and obligately saxicolous species in this genus occurring in the study area is M. tominii, which usually has much more conspicuous pseudocyphellae, and has a distinctly C+ reddish medullary reaction. Closely related M. sorediata is not yet known from the Sonoran region, although it does occur in western North America south to Colorado and Oregon, and might still be found here. It can easily be distinguished by the lack of pseudocyphellae, and presence of discrete soralia, primarily on the ends of short, erect, lateral lobes (Esslinger 1977). 54490 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54490 Melanelia panniformis (Nyl.) Essl. 2717 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:54 2011-02-02 12:16:54 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: adnate to loosely adnate, appressed to pulvinate, usually ± panniform, foliose, up to 7 (-10) cm diam., but at times coalescing into larger patches, lobate; lobes: short and rounded to more often somewhat elongate, discrete to ± imbricate, (0.3-) 0.5-1 (-1.5) mm broad, mostly flat; upper surface: olive-brown to reddish-brown or dark brown, smooth to weakly pitted at the periphery, inward essentially the same but usually hidden by numerous small and imbricate lobules; dull or somewhat shiny, occasionally lightly pruinose; without pseudocyphellae on the primary lobes, but occasionally present (but obscure) near the ends of the lobules; without true isidia, the marginal primary lobes with small ± spherical to clavate isidioid lobules, inward these soon developing into dorsiventral lobules; lower surface: black, paler at the periphery; smooth to irregularly wrinkled or plicate, dull or slightly shiny; moderately to somewhat sparsely rhizinate, the rhizines concolorous with the lower surface; Apothecia: uncommon, up to 3 mm diam., sessile, flat to somewhat concave, the margin at first entire, very soon papillate to tuberculate or becoming lobulate; asci: clavate, 8-spored; ascospores: ellipsoid, 9-11.5 x 4.5-7 µm; Pycnidia: common, immersed; conidia: ± cylindrical to weakly fusiform or acerose, (4-) 5-7 x c. 1 µm,; Spot tests: cortex K-, C-, KC-, P-, HNO3-; medulla K-, C-, KC- or rarely KC+ faint dingy rose, P-; Secondary metabolites: perlatolic and stenosporic acids (both major), occasionally with trace unknowns.; Substrate: rocks; World distribution: ± circumpolar in the Northern Hemisphere, south in North America to Arizona and Baja California in the West and to New York in the East, northern and central Europe and possibly throughout Siberia, South America; Sonoran distribution: known from only two localities, one in the Chiricahua Moutains of Arizona, and the other in Baja California.; Notes: Within the area of study, the only related species is M. disjuncta, which is easily distinguished by the presence of soralia and of obscure submarginal pseudocyphellae on the lobes. The collection of M. panniformis from Arizona is typical, although not a very large specimen. The specimen from Baja California is very sparse and poorly developed, and has only a few small lobules beginning to develop. Nevertheless, the morphology is otherwise characteristic, and its identity was confirmed by TLC. 54498 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54498 Melanelia tominii (Oksner) Essl. 2718 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:54 2011-02-02 12:16:54 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: adnate to loosely adnate, appressed to pulvinate or subpanniform, foliose, up to 10 (-14) cm diam., lobate; lobes: short and rounded or flabellate to somewhat elongate or occasionally linear-elongate, ± discrete to imbricate, (0.5-) 1-3 (-4) mm broad, flat to weakly convex; upper surface: pale olive-brown to yellowish-brown or reddish-brown, dark brown or blackening, sometimes paler at the periphery, smooth to weakly pitted on the lobe-ends, inward smooth to rather strongly fissured and/or rugose; dull throughout or rather shiny, especially near the periphery; pseudocyphellate, the pseudocyphellae laminal, whitish to dark or ± concolorous with the upper surface, very distinct to occasionally rather obscure or rarely almost lacking; soredia: granular to weakly isidioid, but highly variable in number of soralia produced (totally esorediate material is not rare), pale to rather dark brown, in laminal and marginal, punctiform to capitate soralia that arise in part from the pseudocyphellae; lower surface: dark brown to black, paler on the lobe ends; smooth to somewhat plicate or rugose, dull to slightly shiny; moderately rhizinate, the rhizines ± concolorous with the lower surface; Apothecia: frequent, up to 6 mm diam., sessile to short stipitate, concave to flattening or irregular, the margin entire to weakly crenate, pseudocyphellate and often becoming sorediate; asci: clavate, 8-spored; ascospores: ellipsoid, 8.5-11 x 4.5-7 µm; Pycnidia: common, immersed; conidia: cylindrical to weakly fusiform or subbifusiform, 5-7 x c. 1 µm; Spot tests: cortex K-, C-, KC-, P-, HNO3-; medulla K-, C+ rose or rose-red, KC+ rose-red, P-; Secondary metabolites: gyrophoric acid (major), ovoic acid (minor), unknown WG-2 (minor) (Esslinger 1992).; Substrate: rocks; World distribution: North America, Europe, North Africa, Asia; Sonoran distribution: in forested regions, above 1800 m.; Notes: Unless the sometimes rather obscure pseudocyphellae are overlooked, this species should not be easily confused with any other. The C+ rose or rose-red medulla and laminal pseudocyphellae, usually on relatively narrow lobes, will distinguish it from all others, especially in the study area. When the pseudocyphellae were not recognized, the sparsely sorediate or esorediate specimens have been misidentified as unrelated M. glabroides. A more closely related species, M. disjuncta, also occurs in the study area and has a somewhat similar appearance, with obscure submarginal pseudocyphellae and darkened soralia, but is easily distinguished by the C- medulla. 54502 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54502 Myelochroa aurulenta (Tuck.) Elix & Hale 2719 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:54 2011-02-02 12:16:54 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: foliose, moderately to loosely adnate, ± circular, 4-10 cm broad, subdichotomously to irregularly lobate; lobes: sublinear to subirregular, 2-4 mm wide, sinuous in the axils, contiguous to somewhat imbricate; apices: subrotund; margin: entire or crenulate, ciliate; cilia: short, up to 0.8 mm, mostly in lobe axils; upper surface: pale green to bluish gray (whitish gray in herbarium), shiny, smooth to rugulose centrally, sorediate; soredia: farinose to granular, arising from coarse pustules or soralia that become broad and diffuse; isidia: absent; medulla: white to pale yellow, yellow-orange under the soralia; algal layer continuous; lower surface: black with a brown zone (1-5 mm wide) peripherally, smooth to rugulose, densely rhizinate; rhizines: simple to furcate, or squarrosely branched; Apothecia: rare, sessile to subpedicellate, 2-5 mm diam.; ascospores: poorly developed, 10-12 x 5-7 µm; Pycnidia: rare, immersed; conidia: bifusiform, 5-6 x 1 µm; Spot tests: cortex: K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P-; medulla: K-, C-, KC-, P- or pigmented area turning darker yellow in K; Secondary metabolites: upper cortex with atranorin and chloroatranorin and secalonic acid A; medulla with zeorin, leucotylic acid, and, where pigmented, secalonic acid A.; Substrate and ecology: on trees and rocks, in woodlots and along roads in open habitats; World distribution: pantropical, eastern North America and Japan; Sonoran distribution: rare in the mountains of SE Arizona and extending southwards along the Sierra Madre Occidental in Chihuahua. 54506 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54506 Neofuscelia ahtii (Essl.) Essl. 2720 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:54 2011-02-02 12:16:54 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: tightly adnate to adnate, appressed throughout or the margins and ends of the lobes somewhat reflexed, foliose, up to 8 cm diam., lobate; lobes: somewhat paler near the periphery, short and rounded to somewhat elongate, discrete (but often crowded) to subimbricate, (0.5-) 1-2.5 (-3.5) mm broad, flat to weakly convex; upper surface: olive-brown to yellowish or reddish brown, smooth to weakly wrinkled or pitted on the lobes, inward becoming rugose and fissured; dull throughout or slightly shiny on the lobe-ends; lower surface: pale tan to pale brown, sometimes with a slightly pinkish tinge, smooth to weakly and irregularly wrinkled, dull; moderately to somewhat more densely rhizinate, the rhizines concolorous with the lower surface or blackening; Apothecia: common, up to 3 mm diam., often crowded in the thallus center, sessile to short stipitate, almost flat when young, becoming concave or infolded; margin entire to irregularly incised and ± wavy; asci: clavate, 8-spored; ascospores: ellipsoid, 8.5-11 x 4.5-6 µm; Pycnidia: common, immersed; conidia: bifusiform, sometimes very indistinctly so, 5.5-6.5 x 1 µm; Spot tests: cortex K-, C-, KC-, P-, HNO3+ dark green-blue; medulla K-, C-, KC-, P-; Secondary metabolite: unknown fatty acid (TE-8).; Substrate: rock; World distribution: SW North America; Sonoran distribution: Arizona, Baja California Sur in forested regions from 1,000 to 2,000 m.; Notes: This is one of three fatty-acid producing species of Neofuscelia occurring in the study area. All three share a usually fertile thallus and a lack of positive spot tests in the medulla, and although some minor tendencies in morphological variation can be observed, positive determinations nevertheless require analysis by thin-layer chromatography, as discussed in the protologue (Esslinger 1977). 54507 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54507 Neofuscelia atticoides (Essl.) Essl. 2721 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:54 2011-02-02 12:16:54 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: tightly adnate to adnate, appressed, foliose, up to 6 cm diam., lobate; lobes: and rounded to slightly elongate and sublinear, contiguous to subimbricate, 0.5-3 mm broad, flat to weakly convex; upper surface: olive-brown to reddish brown or dark brown, short rather smooth throughout or becoming fissured and/or rugose inward, the central parts sometimes developing scattered upward-arching lobules; dull to somewhat shiny, especially near the lobe-ends; lower surface: pale tan to pale brown, occasionally darkening on some lobe ends; ± smooth, dull; moderately to rather sparsely rhizinate, the rhizines concolorous with the lower surface; Apothecia: common, up to 5 (-7) mm diam., sessile, concave or flattening to slightly convex, the margin entire to slightly crenate or lacerate; asci: clavate, 8-spored; ascospores: ellipsoid, 9-10.5 x 4.5-5 µm; Pycnidia: common, immersed; conidia: bifusiform, 4.5-7 x 1 µm; Spot tests: cortex K -, C-, KC-, P-, HNO3 + dark blue-green; medulla K+ yellow or yellow turning red-orange, C-, P+ yellow-orange or orange; Secondary metabolites: stictic acid (major), norstictic acid (minor), constictic acid (trace).; Substrate: rock; World distribution: SW North America; Sonoran distribution: Arizona, forested regions from 1000 to 2800 m.; Notes: In the American Southwest, five fertile and nonisidiate species of Neofuscelia occur, but this one is easily distinguished from the others by its distinctive medullary chemistry (stictic and norstictic acids) and corresponding medullary spot test reactions. Only N. occidentalis has similar spot tests, although usually either the medulla or the cortex (or both) are distinctly P+ red-orange, a more pronounced reaction than that observed in N. atticoides. 54508 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54508 Neofuscelia brunella (Essl.) Essl. 2722 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:54 2011-02-02 12:16:54 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: tightly adnate to adnate, appressed, foliose, up to 7 cm diam., lobate; lobes: short and rounded to somewhat elongate and sublinear, discrete to ± contiguous, 0.3-1.5 mm broad, flat to slightly convex; upper surface: olive-brown or yellowish brown to rather dark brown, smooth throughout or weakly fissured or rugose in the older parts; dull throughout or slightly shiny near the lobe ends; lower surface: pale tan (some specimens have scattered areas of lower cortex with a purplish-red pigment which reacts K+ purple), ± smooth, dull; moderately to rather sparsely rhizinate, the rhizines concolorous with the lower surface; Apothecia: common, sometimes occurring even close to the thallus periphery, up to 1.5 mm diam., sessile, flat to slightly concave when young, usually becoming convex, the margin entire to weakly lacerate; asci: clavate, 8-spored; ascospores: ellipsoid, 8.5-10 x 4-5 µm; Pycnidia: common; conidia: bifusiform, 4-5 (-6) x 1 µm; Spot tests: cortex K-, C-, KC-, P-, HNO3+ dark blue-green; medulla K-, C-, KC-, P-; Secondary metabolites: unknown fatty acids TE-10 and TE-11 (both major) (Esslinger 1977).; Substrate: rocks; World distribution: SW North America; Sonoran distribution: Arizona, forested regions from 1200 to 2000 m.; Notes: Three fertile species of Neofuscelia in SW North America produce only fatty acids in the medulla and therefore lack any positive spot tests. Although N. brunella is usually smaller and narrower lobed than the other two of these (N. ahtii, N. infrapallida), certain differentiation of these three species requires analysis by thin-layer chromatography and comparison of Rf values according to those published in the protologue (Esslinger 1977). 54509 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54509 Neofuscelia chiricahuensis (R. Anderson & W. A. Weber) Essl. 2723 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:54 2011-02-02 12:16:54 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: tightly adnate to adnate, appressed, foliose, up to 4 cm diam. but sometimes coalescing into larger patches, lobate; lobes: short and rounded to more elongate or ir-regularly sublinear, subdiscrete to contiguous or slightly imbricate, 0.5-2.5 mm broad, flat to somewhat convex; upper surface: dark olive-green to greenish black, mostly smooth at the periphery, inward becoming fissured or rugose-areolate; dull throughout or slightly shiny on the lobe ends; isidia: becoming numerous, cylindrical or sometimes knobbed at the end, simple or branched, up to c. 0.6 (-1) mm long and 0.1-0.15 mm in diam.; lower surface: black, ± smooth and flat, dull to slightly shiny; moderately to somewhat sparsely rhizinate, the rhizines simple and concolorous with the lower surface; Apothecia: frequent, up to 4 mm diam., sessile, concave when young, flattening to weakly convex, the margin at first entire, becoming papillate-crenate and sometimes isidiate; asci: clavate, 8-spored; ascospores: ellipsoid to subglobose, 7-8 x 4.5-6.5 µm; Pycnidia: infrequent, immersed; conidia: bifusiform, 4.5-6 x c. 1 µm; Spot tests: cortex K+ and HNO3+ violet, C-, KC-, P-; medulla K+ yellow turning orange-red, C-, KC-, P+ orange; Secondary metabolites: stictic acid, (major), norstictic acid (minor), constictic acid (accessory).; Substrate: rocks; World distribution: SW North America, including west Texas; Sonoran distribution: mountains of Arizona and Chihuahua, from c. 1,000 to 2,000 m.; Notes: This is the most distinctive species of Neofuscelia in the study area. The closely appressed, isidiate thallus, and unusual greenish-black upper surface with a K+ violet spot test, make this species difficult to confuse with any other. Other isidiate species in the genus have the more typical HNO3+ blue-green reaction on the cortex, and those occurring in the Sonoran region all have pustular rather than the distinctly cylindrical isidia of N. chiricahuensis. The only closely related species is N. atroviridis, a species from southern Africa with similar cortical and medullary spot tests, which lacks isidia. A few saxicolous and isidiate species in the related genus Melanelia might be initially confusable, but they lack positive cortical spot tests and medullary spot tests are either negative or only C+. 54510 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54510 Neofuscelia infrapallida (Essl.) Essl. 2724 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:54 2011-02-02 12:16:54 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: rather tightly adnate to adnate, ± appressed throughout, foliose, up to 6 cm diam., lobate; lobes: short and rounded or slightly elongate, contiguous or becoming imbricate, 1-3 mm broad, ± flat; upper surface: olive-brown to yellowish or copper-brown, paler at the periphery, smooth to weakly wrinkled or pitted at the periphery, inward becoming rather strongly rugose-warted or fissured; dull throughout or slightly shiny on the lobe ends; lower surface: pale tan (some specimens have scattered areas of lower cortex with a purplish-red pigment which reacts K+ purple), smooth and dull to slightly shiny; moderately to somewhat more densely rhizinate, the rhizines concolorous with the lower surface or darkening; Apothecia: common, up to 6.5 mm diam., sessile or short stipitate, concave to irregularly folded inward, the margin entire at first, but soon grossly crenate or lacerate; asci: clavate, 8-spored; ascospores: ellipsoid, 8-10.5 x 4.5-6 µm; Pycnidia: common, immersed; conidia: bifusiform, 5.5-8.5 x l-1.5 µm; Spot tests: cortex K-, C-, KC-, P-, HNO3+ dark blue-green; medulla K-, C-, KC-, P-; Secondary metabolite: unknown fatty acid TE-13.; Substrate: rocks; World distribution: SW North America; Sonoran distribution: Arizona and Chihuahua, in mountainous regions, from 1200 to 2100 m.; Notes: This species can only be distinguished from N. ahtii and N. brunella with certainty on the basis of chemistry. All three produce unidentified fatty acids in the medulla, and must therefore be distinguished by TLC analysis and comparison of Rf values as published in the protologue (Esslinger 1977). 54511 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54511 Neofuscelia loxodes (Nyl.) Essl. 2725 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:54 2011-02-02 12:16:54 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: adnate to rather loosely adnate, appressed to pulvinate, foliose, up to 11 (-14) cm diam., lobate; lobes: short and rounded to somewhat elongate and angular, ± contiguous to imbricate or somewhat entangled, (0.5-) 1-3 (-5) mm broad, ± flat; upper surface: pale yellow (rarely) to yellowish or reddish brown, occasionally dark brown, usually paler at the periphery, smooth to weakly wrinkled or pitted at the periphery, inward becoming rugose and/or fissured; dull throughout or slightly shiny on the lobe ends, occasionally pruinose, especially on the lobe ends; isidia: laminal, sparse to dense, ± spherical and distinctly pustular, 0.1-0.5 mm in diam., sometimes proliferating to form rather deep cushions, easily abraded and then mistaken for soredia; lower surface: dark brown to black, sometimes paler on the lobe ends; smooth to somewhat rugulose, ± dull; moderately rhizinate, the rhizines concolorous with the lower surface; Apothecia: uncommon, up to 6 mm diam., sessile to short stipitate, concave or flattening, the margin entire to slightly crenate, when older often bearing pustular isidia; asci: clavate, 8-spored; ascospores: ellipsoid, 8-10 x 4-5 µm; Pycnidia: rare, immersed; conidia: bifusiform, 5-6 x 1 µm; Spot tests: cortex K-, C-, KC-, P-, HNO3+ pale to dark blue-green; medulla K- or dingy, C- or C+ slow yellow or (rarely) C+ rose, KC+ red turning dingy orange-red, P-; Secondary metabolites: glomelliferic and glomellic acids (both major), perlatolic acid (minor), rarely with gyrophoric acid (minor).; Substrate: rock, very rare on wood or bark; World distribution: western North America, Europe, North Africa, Asia; Sonoran distribution: infrequent, in southern California.; Notes: Neofuscelia loxodes is morphologically most like N. subhosseana, which however can be easily distinguished by the K+ yellow turning red medullary spot test (hypostictic acid, et al.). A morphologically similar species which also has spot tests similar to those of N. loxodes, is N. verruculifera, which differs by the somewhat darker, smaller thalli, with narrower and thinner, mostly emaculate lobes, and production of divaricatic acid as the major constituent. That species is usually KC- or very faint in the medulla, unless accessory gyrophoric acid is present. Occasional specimens of these two species will require TLC analysis to be certain of their identity, especially poorly developed ones. 54512 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54512 Neofuscelia occidentalis (Essl.) Essl. 2726 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:54 2011-02-02 12:16:54 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: moderately to somewhat loosely adnate, appressed, foliose, up to 8.5 cm diam., lobate; lobes: short and rounded or somewhat elongate and sublinear, ± contiguous or imbricate, (0.5-) 1-2 mm broad, ± flat; upper surface: olive- to yellowish brown or dark brown, smooth near the periphery, inward becoming moderately fissured or fissured-rugose, occasionally somewhat warted; dull throughout or slightly shiny on the lobe ends; lower surface: pale tan to pale brown; ± smooth and dull; moderately rhizinate, the rhizines concolorous with the lower surface or darkening; Apothecia: common, up to 3 mm diam., sometimes rather crowded inward, sessile, flat to concave or sometimes irregularly convex; the margin entire to somewhat crenulate; asci: clavate, 8-spored; ascospores: ellipsoid to broadly ovoid, 7-9.5 x 4.5-5.5 µm; Pycnidia: common, immersed; conidia: bifusiform to unequally bifusiform or weakly clavate, 4.5-5.5 x 1 µm; Spot tests: cortex K-, C-, KC-, P-, HNO3- blue-green; medulla K-, C-, KC-, P+ yellow to orange-red, especially near the upper cortex, occasionally P- in some parts; Secondary metabolites: fumarprotocetraric and often caperatic acids (both major), protocetraric acid (minor or trace), virensic acid (accessory).; Substrate: rocks; World distribution: SW North America in Mexico and U.S.A.; Sonoran distribution: from 1350 to 2750 in the mountains of Arizona, Chihuahua and Sonora.; Notes: This species has been found to be more chemically variable than originally reported. Fumarprotocetraric acid is constant, but caperatic acid, in somewhat variable amounts, was detected in only 60-70% of the specimens. Protocetraric acid and virensic acid also occur in relatively low frequency and low concentration. The medullary spot test with P is variable, and specimens with caperatic acid often have only a slight P reaction in the medulla, but a stronger reaction near and in the upper cortex. The cortical P reaction is also visible on the surface, at least in some of the paler lobe ends. Specimens with a weak P reaction in the medulla might be mistaken for N. atticoides, but that species usually has a fairly distinctive K+ yellow turning red-orange reaction. 54514 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54514 Neofuscelia subhosseana (Essl.) Essl. 2727 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:54 2011-02-02 12:16:54 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: adnate to somewhat more loosely adnate; ± appressed, foliose, up to 7 cm diam., lobate; lobes: short and rounded, contiguous to somewhat imbricate, (0.5-) 1-2 (-3) mm broad, ± flat; upper surface: reddish brown to dark olive-brown, often paler and more yellowish at the periphery, smooth on the lobe ends, inward often becoming rather strongly rugose; dull throughout or slightly shiny on the lobe ends, sometimes lightly pruinose on some lobe ends; isidia: sparse to dense, pustular, 0.05-0.3 mm in diam., sometimes clustered; lower surface: dark brown to black, sometimes much paler on the lobe ends, ± smooth and dull; moderately rhizinate, the rhizines concolorous with the lower surface; pycnidia: not seen; Spot tests: cortex K-, C-, KC-, P-, HNO3+ dark blue-green; medulla: K+ yellow tuming red, C-, P+ very pale orange or P-; Secondary metabolites: hypostictic acid (major), hyposalazinic and hypoconstictic acids (both minor), usually with a trace of unknown TE-2 (Esslinger1977).; Substrate: rock; World distribution: western North America, South America, New Zealand, South Africa; Sonoran distribution: see note below.; Notes: This species is most like N. loxodes, with similar thallus coloration and pustular isidia, but clearly distinguished by the production of hypostictic acid and other related ß-orcinol depsidones in the medulla. The K+ spot test will easily distinguish N. subhosseana from N. loxodes. Neofuscelia subhosseana has not yet been found from the Sonoran Region as defined for this study. However, it occurs just outside the study area, in central California (San Mateo and Mono Counties) and in Utah (Zion National Park), and seems a likely candidate to eventually be found here as well. 54515 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54515 Neofuscelia verruculifera (Nyl.) Essl. 2728 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:54 2011-02-02 12:16:54 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: adnate to rather loosely adnate, ± appressed throughout, foliose, up to 11 cm diam., lobate; lobes: short and rounded to somewhat elongate, contiguous to imbricate, only rarely discrete, (0.3-) 1-2 (-3) mm broad, ± flat; upper surface: olive-brown to reddish brown or dark brown, at times distinctly paler and more yellowish at the periphery, smooth to weakly wrinkled or pitted on the lobe ends, inward usually somewhat rugose or fissured, sometimes strongly so; dull throughout or slightly shiny on the lobe ends, occasionally lightly pruinose; isidia: sparse to dense, pustular, 0.06-0.2 (-0.3) mm diam., sometimes proliferating to form rather deep patches, these at times resembling soralia, especially when abraded; lower surface: very dark brown to black sometimes paler on the lobe ends; ± smooth and dull; moderately rhizinate, the rhizines concolorous with the lower surface; Apothecia: rare, up to 3.5 mm diam., sessile to short stipitate, concave or flattening, the margin entire to weakly crenulate, becoming isidiate; asci: clavate, 8-spored; ascospores: ellipsoid, 8-10 x 4.5-6 µm; Pycnidia: rare, immersed; conidia: bifusiform to almost fusiform, 5-6.5 x 1 µm; Spot tests: cortex K-, C-, KC-, P-, HNO3+ dark blue-green; medulla K-, C- or C+ rose, KC- or KC+ rose or red, P-; Secondary metabolites: divaricatic acid (major), oxostenosporic and gyrophoric acid (both minor or trace), and unknown TE-3 (accessory).; Substrate: rocks, very rarely on wood or bark; World distribution: western North America, Europe, North Africa; Sonoran distribution: central and southern California and Guadalupe Island (Baja California).; Notes: In North America, the only species that might be easily confused with this one is N. loxodes, which can have similar spot test reactions, and also has pustular isidia. Although considerable overlap occurs, normally, that species has slightly paler thalli with lobes that are wider, thicker and more distinctly maculate, and the pustular isidia are also usually somewhat larger. Chemically, the two are very distinct, since N. loxodes produces glomelliferic, glomellic and perlatolic acid, which give a distinctive KC+ red turning dingy orange-red spot test in the medulla. Neofuscelia verruculifera often has a KC- spot test, although the presence of accessory gyrophoric acid can result in spot test reactions confusingly similar to those of N. loxodes. Among collections examined, this species was occasionally confused with various sorediate species of Melanelia such as M. disjuncta (all HNO3-). 54516 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54516 Nodobryoria abbreviata (Mull. Arg.) Common & Brodo 2729 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:54 2011-02-02 12:16:54 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: caespitose to erect, very small, to c. 0.5-1 cm tall [but 2-3 (-6) cm tall in non-Sonoran region material], brittle; branching: irregular, anisotomic dichotomous, broadly divergent at the base, occasionally anastomosing; often appearing spinulose from frequent short, pointed lateral branches; axils: usually obtuse; branches: roundish or ± angular or uneven to somewhat flattened in cross section, foveolate and longitudinally furrowed, terete only for the finest terminal branches and spinulose; surface: rather dark to somewhat pale red-brown, usually dull, occasionally partly lustrous or slightly shiny; soredia and isidia: absent; Apothecia: rare and immature (up to c. 0.5 mm diam.) in Sonoran material, but in specimens from more northern areas almost always present and often abundant, subterminal or rarely lateral, 0.5-3.0 (-3.5) mm diam.; thalline margin: concolorous with thallus, persistent and ciliate to disappearing, flat to recurved; disc: red-brown; asci: clavate, 8-spored; ascospores: subglobose [in non-Sonoran material] c. 5-6.5 x 4.5-5 µm; Pycnidia: common, on terminal branches, often in groups; conidia: 5-8 µm long; Spot tests: K-, C-, KC-, P-, UV-; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: in chaparral, on conifers or wood, from near sea level to 2000 m; World distribution: western North America, absent from immediately coastal areas; Sonoran distribution: northern Baja California and southern California., mostly at 1000-2000 m.; Notes: In well-developed material it is usually easily recognized by the combination of the short, tufted, reddish brown thallus, and the very frequent, subterminal apothecia with ciliate margins, growing on bark or wood. It is probable that the species (and genus) is now close to extinction from southern California (and from Baja California). One specimen (Bratt 6454, SBBG) has a subpendent thallus with narrow, smooth and terete main (and basal) branches with primarily acute axils and very few short lateral branches, as in N. oregana, but is included here on the basis of the very short (1-2 cm) thallus and its occurrence a very low elevation (even for N. abbreviata). Hales (1979) report of fatty acids may be based on misidentification of Kaernefeltia californica, which does contain fatty acids. 54517 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54517 Nodobryoria oregana (Tuck.) Common & Brodo 2730 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:54 2011-02-02 12:16:54 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: usually pendent and 6-10 (-17) cm long; branching: irregularly anisotomic dichotomous, with occasional short spinulose side branches; angles between the main branches: most often acute; branches: 0.25-0.40 mm diam. at the base, 0.07-0.35 mm on main pendent branches, very uneven in thickness, usually terete, but in robust specimens becoming very angular or somewhat flattened in cross section at the base or axils (rare specimens that are longitudinally foveolate to ridged or channeled, or twisted may not belong in this species); surface: distinctly red-brown, very dull, lacking true lateral spinules, pseudocyphellae, soredia and isidia absent; Apothecia: usually absent or very few, always lateral, 0.5-2.0 mm diam.; disc: red-brown; thalline margin: smooth or occasionally ciliate but disappearing in age; asci: clavate, 8-spored; ascospores: broadly ellipsoid, c. 6.5 x 4.5 µm; Pycnidia: very rare, scattered on main branches (Brodo and Alstrup 1981); conidia: 5-8 µm long; Spot tests: K-, C-, KC-, P-, UV-; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: usually on conifers, rarely on hardwoods or shrubs, in open to sheltered maritime and humid intermontane localities at all forested elevations; World distribution: mountainous areas of western North America, apparently tolerant of cooler, more humid habitats than N. abbreviata; Sonoran distribution: Although Brodo and Hawksworth (1977) cited two specimens (as Bryoria oregana) from southern California, the occurrence of the species in the Sonoran region today is doubtful.; Notes: In addition to its cortical structure, the typical sprinkling of a few short spinulose side branches and the relatively frequent apothecia with brown discs help distinguish this species from Bryoria spp., with which (in non-Sonoran areas) it is sometimes intricately entangled. Some older records of the species from southern California are probably based on misidentifications of N. abbreviata or Bryoria fremontii. The latter species tends to be reddish brown, is distinctly foveolate towards the base, usually has a distinctly shiny surface, and has basal branches that are considerably thicker than those of N. oregana. 54521 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54521 Parmelia fraudans (Nyl.) Nyl. 2731 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:54 2011-02-02 12:16:54 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: adnate, foliose, 4-16 cm in diam., lobate; lobes: sublinear, contiguous to imbricate, elongate, plane, separate, 1-4 mm wide, rather brittle, apices truncate; upper surface: gray to yellowish gray, smooth to foveolate, shiny or dull, sometimes white pruinose, becoming cracked along prominent, effigurate pseudocyphellae; soredia: coarse to subisidiose, abundant, yellowish, commonly marginal; isidia and pustulae absent; medulla: white with continuous algal layer; lower surface: black centrally, brown peripherally, rhizinate, rhizines moderately dense, black, simple to furcate; Apothecia: rare, laminal, 2-4 mm wide; margin: usually sorediate; disc: dark brown; asci: clavate, 8-spored; ascospores: ellipsoid, 10-12 x 5-6 µm; Pycnidia: not seen; Spot tests: upper cortex K+ yellow, C-, KC- (or + orange if usnic acid in high concentration), P+ orange; medulla K+ yellow turning deep red, C-, KC-, P+ yellow; Secondary metabolites: upper cortex with atranorin and chloroatranorin and accessory usnic acid (in the soralia); medulla with salazinic acid (major), consalazinic and protolichesterinic acids (both minor).; Substrate and ecology: frequent on exposed rocks; World distribution: boreal to arctic regions in North American and Europe; Sonoran distribution: only known from one scree slope in the upper part of the Chiricahua Mountains, SE Arizona. 54522 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54522 Parmelia hygrophila Goward & Ahti 2732 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:54 2011-02-02 12:16:54 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: adnate, foliose, 4-10 cm in diam., lobate; lobes: sublinear, contiguous, elongate, plane to subconvex, separate, 2-5 mm wide, apices truncate; upper surface: whitish gray, smooth to slightly ridged, matt, frequently densely pruinose, becoming cracked along prominent, effigurate pseudocyphellae; isidia: granular to subsorediose, laminal, dense; soredia and pustulae absent; medulla: white with continuous algal layer; lower surface: black, rhizinate; rhizines: moderately dense, black, simple to sparsely furcate; Apothecia: rare, laminal, substipitate, 2-4 mm wide; margin: usually isidiate; disc: red brown to dark brown; asci: clavate, 8-spored; ascospores: broadly ellipsoid, 14-16 x 9-12 µm; Pycnidia: not seen; Spot tests: upper cortex K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P+ yellow; medulla K+ yellow turning deep red, C-, KC-, P+ orange; Secondary metabolites: upper cortex with atranorin and chloroatranorin; medulla with salazinic acid (major) and consalazinic acids (minor).; Substrate and ecology: on trees; World distribution: Pacific NW in North America down to southern California; Sonoran distribution: only known from a few locations in southern California. 54526 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54526 Parmelia saxatilis (L.) Ach. 2733 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:54 2011-02-02 12:16:54 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: adnate, foliose, 4-20 cm in diam., lobate; lobes: sublinear, contiguous, elongate, plane to subconvex, separate, 2-4 mm wide, apices truncate; upper surface: gray (to brown in exposed habitats), smooth to foveolate, shiny, sometimes white pruinose, becoming cracked along prominent, effigurate pseudocyphellae; isidia: cylindrical, simple to coralloid, abundant, laminal, dense; soredia and pustulae absent; medulla: white with continuous algal layer; lower surface: black, rhizinate, rhizines: moderately dense, black, simple to furcate; Apothecia: rare, laminal, 2-8 mm wide; margin: usually isidiate; disc: red-brown to dark brown; asci: clavate, 8-spored; ascospores: ellipsoid, 16-18 x 9-11 µm; Pycnidia: not seen; Spot tests: upper cortex K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P+ yellow; medulla K+ yellow turning deep red, C-, KC-, P+ orange; Secondary metabolites: upper cortex with atranorin and chloroatranorin; medulla with salazinic acid (major) and consalazinic acids (minor).; Substrate and ecology: on rocks in open habitats, rarely on trees; World distribution: pantemperate and southern boreal; Sonoran distribution: relatively rare on scree rocks in upper montane habitats, Arizona. 54529 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54529 Parmelia sulcata Taylor 2734 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:54 2011-02-02 12:16:54 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: adnate, foliose, 4-20 cm in diam., lobate; lobes: sublinear, contiguous to imbricate, elongate, plane, separate, 2-4 mm wide, apices truncate; upper surface: gray, smooth to strongly foveolate, shiny, sometimes white pruinose, becoming cracked along prominent, effigurate pseudocyphellae; soredia: granular, abundant, laminal, in linear soralia; isidia, pustulae and dactyls absent; medulla: white with continuous algal layer; lower surface: black, rhizinate; rhizines moderately dense, black, simple; Apothecia: rare, laminal, 2-8 mm wide; margin: usually sorediate; disc: dark brown; asci: clavate, 8-spored; ascospores: ellipsoid, 11-14 x 6-8 µm; Pycnidia: infrequent, immersed; conidia: bacilliform, 6-8 x 1 µm; Spot tests: upper cortex K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P+ yellow; medulla K+ yellow turning deep red, C-, KC-, P+ orange; Secondary metabolites: upper cortex with atranorin and chlorotranorin; medulla with salazinic acid (major) and consalazinic acids (minor).; Substrate and ecology: common on trees in open habitats, occasionally on rocks; World distribution: pantemperate and southern boreal; Sonoran distribution: relatively common on deciduous and coniferous trees in montane habitats of Arizona, on coastal oaks in California and on rocks in the high mountains of northern Baja California. 54531 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54531 Parmelina quercina (Willd.) Hale 2735 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:54 2011-02-02 12:16:54 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: tightly adnate to adnate, foliose, 2-10 cm in diam., irregularly branched, lobate; lobes: narrow, sublinear to subirregular, elongate, contiguous to imbricate, plane to convex, 1.5-4 mm wide, lobe tips subrotund, ciliate, cilia simple, up to 0.15 mm long; upper surface: whitish gray to pale greenish gray, smooth but cracked with age, dull, sometimes partly pruinose, usually strongly white maculate peripherally, becoming rugulose; soredia, isidia and pustulae absent; medulla: white; lower surface: black, densely rhizinate; rhizines: black, simple to very rarely squarrose; Apothecia: numerous, laminal, 1.5-5 mm diam.; margin: smooth; disc: brown, imperforate; ascospores: simple, broadly ellipsoid, 6-12 x 5-9 µm; Pycnidia: common, laminal, immersed; conidia: bacilliform, 6-8 x 1 µm; Spot tests: cortex K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P+ yellow; medulla K-, C+ red, KC+ red, P-; Secondary metabolites: upper cortex with atranorin and chloroatranorin; medulla with lecanoric acid (major).; Substrate and ecology: frequent on bark in oak woodlands, rare on rock; World distribution: pantemperate region, particularly those with Mediterranean climates, in North Ameica, Europe; Asia and Australasia; Sonoran distribution: common in southern California and Guadalupe Island, Baja California. 54533 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54533 Parmelinopsis horrescens (Taylor) Elix & Hale 2736 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:54 2011-02-02 12:16:54 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: tightly adnate to adnate, foliose, 2-6 cm in diam.; subdichotomously lobate; lobes: narrow, sublinear,, contiguous and often imbricate, elongate, plane, 0.5-2 mm wide; apices: subrotund, often lacinate, ciliate; cilia: simple, up to 0.8 mm long; upper surface: whitish to greenish gray, smooth, shiny, epruinose, emaculate, densely isidiate,; isidia: cylindrical or slightly flatted and becoming lobulate-coralloid, apically spinulose to short-ciliate; soredia and pustulae absent; medulla: white; lower surface: black with a narrow, naked brown zone peripherally, densely rhizinate, rhizines black, simple to rarely squarrose or dichotomous; Apothecia: rare, laminal, sessile, 1.5-4 mm diam.; margin: isidiate; disc: brown; ascospores: simple, broadly ellipsoid, 16-18 x 10-12 µm; Pycnidia: rare, laminal, immersed; conidia: cylindrical, 3-5 x 0.5 µm; Spot tests: cortex K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P+ yellow; medulla K-, C+ rose, KC+ red, P-; Secondary metabolites: upper cortex with atranorin and chloroatranorin; medulla with 3-methoxy-2,4-di-O-methylgyrophoric acid (major), gyrophoric, 2,4-di-O-methylgyrophoric, 5-O-methylhiascic, lecanoric and umbilicaric acids (all minor) and hiascic, 2-O-methylhiasic, 2,4,5-tri-O-methylhiascic, 4,5-di-O-methylhiascic, 3-hydroxyumbilicaric, 3-hydroxygyrophoric, 3-methoxyumbilicaric and 4-O-methylgyrophoric acids (all trace).; Substrate and ecology: frequent on bark, rocks or mosses over rock in forests; World distribution: pantemperate and montane pantropical; Sonoran distribution: mountains of SE Arizona and Sinaloa in the Sierra Madre Occidental. 54534 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54534 Parmelinopsis minarum (Vainio) Elix & Hale 2737 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:54 2011-02-02 12:16:54 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: adnate, foliose, 2-7 cm in diam.; lobate; lobes: narrow, sublinear, elongate, contiguous to imbricate, plane, 1-3 mm wide; apices: subrotund, ciliate; cilia: simple, up to 0.7 mm long; upper surface: whitish to pale greenish gray, smooth, shiny, epruinose, emaculate, isidiate; isidia: cylindrical to branched, eciliate; soredia and isidia absent; medulla: white; lower surface: black, densely rhizinate, rhizines black, simple to sparingly furcate; Apothecia: very rare, laminal, sessile, 1-4 mm diam.; margin: crenate, isidiate; disc: brown; ascospores: simple, broadly ellipsoid, 12-17 x 8-10 µm; Pycnidia: rare, laminal, immersed; conidia: cylindrical, 3-5 x 0.5 µm; Spot tests: cortex K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P+ yellow; medulla K-, C+ rose, KC+ red, P-; Secondary metabolites: upper cortex with atranorin and chloroatranorin; medulla with gyrophoric acid (major), 5-O-methylhiascic, lecanoric and umbilicaric acids (all minor), 4,5-di-O-methylhiascic and 2,4,5-tri-O-methylhiascic acids (both trace).; Substrate and ecology: frequent on bark in woodlands, rare on rock; World distribution: pantemperate in North Ameica, Europe; Asia and Australasia; Sonoran distribution: SE Arizona and in the Sierra Madre Occidental region of Chihuahua and Sinaloa. 54537 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54537 Parmeliopsis ambigua (Wulfen) Nyl. 2738 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:55 2011-02-02 12:16:55 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: foliose, orbicular, often forming rosettes, 1-3 cm diam. or irregularly expanded to 6 (-10) cm, often contiguous with adjacent thalli closely adnate and appressed; lobes: generally radiating and contiguous (to partly overlapping centrally, or ± discrete at margins, only occasionally much reduced, flat to ± concave, 0.5-0.8 (-1.5) mm wide, short sublinear; irregularly dichotomously branched; margins: sparingly indented; tips: usually closely appressed; upper surface: pale greenish yellow to yellow (becoming straw-colored in herbarium), rarely gray-green or with dead parts becoming black, often brownish at margins and lobe tips, dull, smooth, continuous or weakly maculate, flat and roughened near periphery, becoming rugose towards thallus center; soredia: powdery, yellowish green to green, paler or concolorous with thallus, in ± discrete, well-delimited soralia; soralia: laminal (often on ridges) or subterminal (pedicillate, at the tips of short lobes), orbicular, eroded, flat or occasionally ± convex and forming mounds, rarely capitate, sometimes ± contiguous to form a continuously sorediate crust in older (central) parts of thallus; upper cortex: 10-20 µm thick; medulla: white, loose, sometimes poorly developed, 10-20 µm thick, of 2-4 µm thick hyphae; algal layer: continuous; lower cortex: well developed, composed of hyphae ± parallel to the surface; lower surface: gradually darkening from narrow brown zone at the margins to dark brown or black towards center (only occasionally uniform light brown to brown), shiny; rhizines: moderately abundant, to the margins and often extending beyond the lobe edges, concolorous with lower surface, simple (to sparsely branched); Apothecia: rare, occasional on lignicolous specimens, sessile to shortly pedicillate, up to 1-2 mm diam.; thalline margin: yellow or brownish, entire or becoming sorediate; disc: chestnut brown or red-brown, dull, at first concave, becoming flat or convex, epruinose; ephymenium: 8-12 µm pale brown or yellowish, smooth, with a covering of amorphous material; hymenium: hyaline, 50-60 µm high; ascospores: ellipsoid or one end more pointed, 6.5-13.0 x 1.5-5 µm; Pycnidia: rare; conidia: falcate, 12-18 (-22) x 0.5-1 µm; Spot tests: upper cortex K- or + faintly yellow, C-. KC+ yellow, P-, UV-; medulla P-, K-, KC-, C-, UV+ white; Secondary metabolites: cortex with usnic acid (major) and sometimes atranorin (minor or trace); medulla with divaricatic acid (major) and nordivaricatic acid (minor).; Substrate and ecology: common on bark of conifers, old wood, stumps and logs, rare on broad-leaved trees, sandstone and mosses over rocks; often on or near tree bases, below the snowpack, only occasionally on twigs or small branches. In open to shady forests or woodlands, occurring with P. hyperopta, but more tolerant of dry conditions; World distribution: circumpolar, arctic to mid-boreal and higher elevations in the south; North America, Europe, northern Asia and Australasia; Sonoran distribution: common in Arizona in spruce-fir zone, 1740-3535 m, occasional in Baja California (2800 m, on Abies) and in mountains north of southern California.; Notes: In western North America this species is easily recognized in the field by the very narrow, closely appressed greenish yellow lobes, usually with abundant roundish soralia. Xanthoparmelia mougeotii is superficially similar but is collected only on rocks and has a generally shiny upper surface throughout and a K+ yellow, P+ orange medulla (stictic acid). Related species in eastern North America are Parmeliopsis subambigua Gyeln., which has diffuse laminal soralia arising from pustules and is restricted to the southeastern coastal plain, and P. capitata R. C. Harris, which has mostly capitate soralia on the tips of upturned narrow lobes, and a consistently pale lower surface. The illustration in Hale (1979) labeled as P. ambigua is actually of P. capitata (Hinds 1999). 54538 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54538 Parmeliopsis hyperopta (Ach.) Arnold 2739 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:55 2011-02-02 12:16:55 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: foliose, orbicular, tightly adnate to adnate, 2-7 (-8) cm diam., closely appressed, deeply lobed; lobes: sublinear, ± irregularly dichotomous, generally contiguous to overlapping, 5-15 mm long, 0.3-1 mm wide; tips: broadened, rounded or crenate; upper surface: whitish to light or ashy or sometimes dark gray, brownish at the tips, dull or shining; soredia: granular (to somewhat powdery), white to white-gray or blue-gray, in well-delimited, round, capitate, and ± convex soralia; soralia: laminal (scattered to contiguous) or subterminal (at the tips of short, adnate or somewhat ascending lobes); upper cortex: brownish, 16-20 µm thick; medulla: white, loose, of 4 µm thick hyphae; algal layer: continuous or interrupted; lower cortex: 16-20 µm thick; lower surface: tan to dark brown, becoming black towards center; rhizines: short, simple, dark, up to the margins; Apothecia: very rare, laminal or marginal, slightly pedicillate, up to 2 mm diam.; thalline margin: whitish or brown, crenulate, sometimes becoming sorediate; disc: pale or dark brown, shiny, flat or becoming convex, epruinose; epihymenium: 14-30 µm brown or yellow-brown; hymenium: hyaline or yellowish; ascospores: short ellipsoid or bacilliform with the ends rounded, 8-15 x 1.5-5 µm; Pycnidia: rare, on lobe tips; conidia: falcate, 16-22 x 0.5-0.8 µm; Spot tests: upper cortex K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P- or + pale yellow, UV-; medulla K-, C-, KC- or faintly purplish, P-, UV+ white; Secondary metabolites: upper cortex with atranorin and chloroatranorin, medulla with divaricatic acid.; Substrate and ecology: common on conifers (especially Pseudotsuga) and old stumps, burned logs, old wood, rare on acid rocks, often on or near the bases of trees, below the snowpack; in open to shady moist forests, often with P. ambigua; World distribution: circumpolar; North America, Europe and northern Asia; also in South America; Sonoran distribution: common in Arizona at high elevations (2900-3535 m) in pine-fir and spruce-fir forests; also found in Baja California.; Notes: As pointed out by Hinds (1999), although P. hyperopta has been considered as differing from P. ambigua mainly in chemistry (cortex with atranorin rather than usnic acid, reflected in the color of the upper surface), it also differs somewhat morphologically, e.g., in having more often terminal, capitate soralia and on the average somewhat longer ascospores, and also perhaps (Thomson 1984) a thicker pigmented layer in the upper part of the hymenium. Parmeliopsis hyperopta can be distinguished from sorediate Physcia spp. (most of which occur on rocks at lower elevations in the Sonoran region) by the somewhat shiny upper surface near the lobe tips, presence of divaricatic acid in the medulla, and occurrence over acidic bark. Similar species in eastern North America include Physcia americana (which is white below and has a K+ yellow medulla). Essentially all other gray, sorediate parmelioids in the Sonoran region are larger, more robust and more loosely adnate; a few Hypotrachynae are closest, but they have dichotomous rhizines. 54540 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54540 Parmotrema arnoldii (Du Rietz) Hale 2740 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:55 2011-02-02 12:16:55 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: foliose, adnate to loosely adnate, 3-20 cm in diam., lobate; lobes: subirregular, elongate, slightly imbricate, plane, separate, 10-20 mm wide; apices: rotund, often ascending and wavy, ciliate; cilia: up to 5 mm long; upper surface: gray with some blackened areas, smooth, dull to shiny, faintly white maculate; soredia: granular, common, in linear, marginal to submarginal soralia; isidia and pustulae: absent; medulla: white with continuous algal layer; lower surface: black with brown to mottled white naked zone peripherally, centrally rhizinate; rhizines: scattered, simple; Apothecia: rare, substipitate, up to 10 mm in diam.; margin: crenulate; disc: brown, often perforate; ascospores: ellipsoid to broadly ellipsoid, 15-22 x 9.5-12 µm; Pycnidia: laminal, immersed; conidia: 10.5-11.5 µm long; Spot tests: upper cortex K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P-; medulla K-, C-, KC+ red or orange, P-; Secondary metabolites: upper cortex with atranorin and chloroatranorin; medulla with alectoronic acid (major) and α-collatolic acid (minor).; Substrate and ecology: on hardwood trees (often among mosses) in relatively exposed positions; World distribution: neotropics and extending well into temperate regions to the north and south, Macaronesia, throughout Europe and New Zealand; Sonoran distribution: common on live oaks in woodlands of southern California, especially the Channel Islands. 54541 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54541 Parmotrema austrosinense (Zahlbr.) Hale 2741 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:55 2011-02-02 12:16:55 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: foliose, loosely adnate, 3-10 cm in diam., lobate; lobes: subirregular, elongate, slightly imbricate, plane, separate, 10-30 mm wide; apices: rotund, often ascending, elacinate and eciliate; upper surface: gray with some blackened areas, smooth, dull to shiny, usually weakly white maculate; soredia: granular, common, in linear, submarginal or marginal soralia; isidia and pustulae: absent; medulla: white with continuous algal layer; lower surface: black with brown to mottled white naked zone peripherally, centrally rhizinate; rhizines: scattered, simple; Apothecia: rare, substipitate, up to 10 mm in diam.; margin: sparsely sorediate; disc: brown, often perforate; ascospores: ellipsoid to broadly ellipsoid, 12-18 x 7-10 µm; Pycnidia: not seen; Spot tests: upper cortex K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P-; medulla K-, C+ red, KC+ red, P-; Secondary metabolites: upper cortex with atranorin and chloroatranorin; medulla with lecanoric acid (major).; Substrate and ecology: usually on trees in open habitats, rarely on rocks; World distribution: pantropical and extending into some adjacent temperate areas; Sonoran distribution: .coastal areas of California, Sonora and Sinaloa. 54542 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54542 Parmotrema chinense (Osbeck) Hale & Ahti 2742 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:55 2011-02-02 12:16:55 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: foliose, adnate to loosely adnate, 3-20 cm in diam., lobate; lobes: subirregular, elongate, often imbricate, plane, separate, 4-15 mm wide; apices: rotund, sometimes deeply crenate, sometimes ascending, elacinate, ciliate; cilia: frequent, up to 2.0 mm long; upper surface: gray, sometimes with some blackened areas, smooth, dull to shiny, emaculate to faintly white maculate; soredia: granular, common, in linear, marginal to submarginal soralia that often erode large areas and causing the margin to become revoute; isidia and pustulae: absent; medulla: white, with continuous algal layer; lower surface: black with brown naked zone peripherally, centrally rhizinate; rhizines: scattered, simple, black; Apothecia: very rare, substipitate, up to 7 mm in diam.; margin: sparsely sorediate; disc: brown, imperforate; ascospores: ellipsoid to broadly ellipsoid, 22-30 x 13-18 µm; Pycnidia: not seen; Spot tests: upper cortex K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P-; medulla K+ yellow turning orange, C-, KC-, P+ orange; Secondary metabolites: upper cortex with atranorin and chloroatranorin; medulla with stictic acid (major) and constictic acid (minor), norstictic, menegazziaic and cryptostictic acids (trace).; Substrate and ecology: usually on hardwood trees in open habitats, occasionally on rocks; World distribution: widespread in temperate region of the Northern and Southern Hemispheres; Sonoran distribution: common on oaks and other trees and shrubs in coastal woodlands of California and Baja California, much rarer inland in Arizona and Sonora. 54543 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54543 Parmotrema crinitum (Ach.) Choisy 2743 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:55 2011-02-02 12:16:55 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: foliose, adnate to loosely adnate, 3-15 cm in diam., lobate; lobes: subirregular, elongate, slightly imbricate, plane, separate, 5-20 mm wide; apices: rotund, becoming crenate and dissected with age, sometimes ascending, ciliate; cilia: up to 3.0 mm long; upper surface: gray with some blackened areas, smooth, dull to shiny, epruinose, emaculate, finely reticulately cracked with age; isidia: simple to coralloid branched, sometimes disintegrating with age, often apically ciliate, common, laminal and marginal; soredia and pustulae: absent; medulla: white with continuous algal layer; lower surface: black with brown naked zone peripherally, centrally rhizinate, rhizines simple, black; Apothecia: rare, substipitate, up to 8 mm in diam.; margin: sparsely isidiate; disc: brown, imperforate; ascospores: ellipsoid, 21-35 x 11-18 µm; Pycnidia: not seen; Spot tests: upper cortex K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P-; medulla K+ yellow turning orange, C-, KC-, P+ orange; Secondary metabolites: upper cortex with atranorin and chloroatranorin; medulla with stictic acid (major) and constictic acid (minor), menegazziaic acid (trace).; Substrate and ecology: usually on hardwood trees in open habitats, rarely on rocks or soil; World distribution: pantropical and pantemperate; Sonoran distribution: SE Arizona southwards along the Sierra Madre Occidental in Chihuahua, Baja California and in the mountains of southern Baja California Sur. 54544 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54544 Parmotrema cristiferum (Taylor) Hale 2744 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:55 2011-02-02 12:16:55 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: foliose, adnate to loosely adnate, 3-15 cm in diam., lobate; lobes: subirregular, elongate, slightly imbricate, plane, separate, 4-20 mm wide; apices: rotund, sometimes deeply crenate, elacinate, ciliate; cilia: sparse to frequent, 0.3-2.0 mm long; upper surface: gray, smooth, dull, emaculate; soredia: granular, common, in linear, submarginal soralia that are often on lateral, subascending lobes; isidia and pustulae: absent; medulla: white with continuous algal layer; lower surface: black with brown naked zone peripherally, centrally rhizinate; rhizines: scattered, simple; Apothecia: very rare, substipitate, up to 7 mm in diam.; margin: sparsely sorediate; disc: brown, imperforate; ascospores: ellipsoid, 22-30 x 13-15 µm; Pycnidia: not seen; Spot tests: upper cortex K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P-; medulla K+ yellow turning deep red, C-, KC-, P+ orange; Secondary metabolites: upper cortex with atranorin and chloroatranorin; medulla with salazinic acid (major) and consalazinic acids (minor).; Substrate and ecology: usually on trees in open habitats, rarely on rocks; World distribution: pantropical and pantemperate; Sonoran distribution: southern California, Baja California Sur and Sonora. 54545 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54545 Parmotrema dilatatum (Vainio) Hale 2745 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:55 2011-02-02 12:16:55 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: foliose, adnate to loosely adnate, 3-20 cm in diam., lobate; lobes: subirregular, elongate, slightly imbricate, plane, separate, 10-20 mm wide; apices: rotund, eciliate or short cilia developing in the axils of the lobes; upper surface: gray with some blackened areas, smooth, usually shiny, emaculate to faintly white maculate, reticulately cracked with age; soredia: granular, common, marginal, in linear soralia that sometimes develop on marginal lacinae; isidia and pustulae: absent; medulla: white or pigmented pale yellowish pink, with continuous algal layer; lower surface: black with brown to mottled ivory naked zone peripherally, centrally rhizinate; rhizines: scattered, simple; Apothecia: rare, substipitate, up to 10 mm in diam.; margin: sparsely sorediate; disc: brown, imperforate; ascospores: ellipsoid, 18-22 x 8-10 µm; Pycnidia: not seen; Spot tests: upper cortex K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P-; medulla K-, C-, KC-, P+ red; Secondary metabolites: upper cortex with atranorin and chloroatranorin; medulla with protocetraric acid (major), echinocarpic and conechinocarpic acids (minor or trace), secalonic acid A (+ trace).; Substrate and ecology: usually on trees in open habitats, rarely on rocks; World distribution: pantropical and SE USA and SW Europe; Sonoran distribution: Sinaloa, in the Sierra Madre Occidental. 54548 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54548 Parmotrema eurysacum (Hue) Hale 2746 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:55 2011-02-02 12:16:55 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: foliose, adnate to loosely adnate, 3-20 cm in diam., lobate; lobes: subirregular, elongate, slightly imbricate, plane, separate, 8-15 mm wide; apices: rotund, margin becoming dentate lacinate with age; lacinae: 5-10 x 1-2 mm; margin: ciliate; cilia: sparse, up to 4.0 mm long; upper surface: ashy white to gray, smooth, dull to rather shiny, emaculate to white maculate, becoming reticulately cracked with age; soredia, isidia and pustulae: absent; medulla: white, with continuous algal layer; lower surface: black with brown naked zone peripherally, centrally rhizinate; rhizines: scattered, simple; Apothecia: common, substipitate, up to 15 mm in diam.; margin: rugose, white maculate; disc: brown, often perforate; ascospores: broadly ellipsoid, 9-16 x 6-10; Pycnidia: common; conidia: bacilliform to short-filiform, 8-10 x 1 µm; Spot tests: upper cortex K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P-; medulla K+ yellow turning deep red, C-, KC-, P+ orange; Secondary metabolites: upper cortex with atranorin and chloroatranorin; medulla with salazinic acid (major) and consalazinic acids (minor).; Substrate and ecology: usually on trees and rocks in open habitats in canyons at intermediate elevations; World distribution: Mexico and SW U.S.A.; Sonoran distribution: SE Arizona and adjacent Sierra Madre Occidental of Chihuahua, Sonoran and Sinaloa and southern Baja California Sur. 54549 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54549 Parmotrema gardneri (Dodge) Serus. 2747 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:55 2011-02-02 12:16:55 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: foliose, adnate to loosely adnate, 3-10 cm in diam., lobate; lobes: subirregular, elongate, slightly imbricate, plane, separate, 8-15 mm wide; apices: rotund, subascending, eciliate or short cilia developing in the axils of the lobes; upper surface: gray with some blackened areas, smooth, usually shiny, emaculate, reticulately cracked with age; soredia: granular, common, in linear to subcapitate, marginal soralia that sometimes develop on marginal lacinae; isidia and pustulae: absent; medulla: white with continuous algal layer; lower surface: black with brown naked zone peripherally, centrally rhizinate; rhizines: scattered, simple; Apothecia: rare, substipitate, up to 5 mm in diam.; margin: sparsely sorediate; disc: brown, imperforate; ascospores: ellipsoid, 18-22 x 8-10 µm; Pycnidia: rare, punctiform,; conidia: sublageniform, 6-7 x 1 µm; Spot tests: upper cortex K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P-; medulla K-, C-, KC-, P+ red; Secondary metabolites: upper cortex with atranorin and chloroatranorin; medulla with protocetraric acid (major), unknown fatty acid (major, minor or ± trace).; Substrate and ecology: usually on trees in open habitats; World distribution: pantropical; Sonoran distribution: southern lowlands of Sonora, Baja California del Sur. 54550 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54550 Parmotrema hababianum (Gyelnik) Hale 2748 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:55 2011-02-02 12:16:55 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: foliose, adnate to loosely adnate, 3-15 cm in diam., lobate; lobes: subirregular, elongate, slightly imbricate, plane, separate, 5-15 mm wide; apices: rotund, subascending, ciliate; cilia: up to 4 mm long; upper surface: gray, smooth, usually shiny, faintly white maculate, reticulately cracked with age; soredia: granular, common, in linear to subcapitate, marginal soralia that sometimes develop on marginal lacinae; isidia and pustulae: absent; medulla: white with continuous algal layer; lower surface: black with brown and mottled white naked zone peripherally, centrally rhizinate; rhizines: scattered, simple; Apothecia: rare, substipitate, up to 5 mm in diam.; margin: often sorediate; disc: brown, perforate,; ascospores: ellipsoid, 13-20 x 8-10 µm; Pycnidia: rare, punctiform; conidia: sublageniform, 6-8 x 1 µm; Spot tests: upper cortex K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P-; medulla K-, C-, KC+ purple, P-; Secondary metabolites: upper cortex with atranorin and chloroatranorin; medulla with norlobaridone (major), loxodin (± trace), protolichesterinic acid (trace).; Substrate and ecology: usually on trees in open habitats, rarely on rocks; World distribution: pantropical and some adjacent temperate areas; Sonoran distribution: SE Arizona and the Sierra Madre Occidental region of Sonora and Sinaloa. 54551 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54551 Parmotrema hypoleucinum (Steiner) Hale 2749 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:55 2011-02-02 12:16:55 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: foliose, adnate to loosely adnate, 3-15 cm in diam., lobate; lobes: subirregular, elongate, slightly imbricate, plane, separate, 8-15 mm wide; apices: rotund, ciliate; cilia: sparse, 0.3-2.0 mm long; upper surface: gray with some blackened areas, smooth, dull to shiny, sometimes white pruinose, usually white maculate; soredia: granular, common, in linear, marginal to submarginal soralia; isidia and pustulae: absent; medulla: white with continuous algal layer; lower surface: black with brown to mottled white naked zone peripherally, centrally rhizinate; rhizines: scattered, simple; Apothecia: not seen; Pycnidia: not seen; Spot tests: upper cortex K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P-; medulla K+ yellow turning orange, C-, KC-, P+ orange; Secondary metabolites: upper cortex with atranorin and chloroatranorin; medulla with stictic acid (major) and constictic and norstictic acids (minor).; Substrate and ecology: usually on trees in open habitats, rarely on rocks; World distribution: pantropical and pantemperate; Sonoran distribution: southern, coastal regions of California and the western fringe of Baja California. 54552 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54552 Parmotrema hypotropum (Nyl.) Hale 2750 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:55 2011-02-02 12:16:55 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: foliose, adnate to loosely adnate, 3-15 cm in diam., lobate; lobes: subirregular, elongate, slightly imbricate, plane, separate, 8-15 mm wide; apices: rotund, ciliate; cilia: sparse, 0.3-2.0 mm long; upper surface: gray with some blackened areas, smooth, dull to shiny, sometimes white pruinose, usually white maculate; soredia: granular, common, in linear, marginal to submarginal, soralia; isidia and pustulae: absent; medulla: white with continuous algal layer; lower surface: black with brown to mottled white naked zone peripherally, centrally rhizinate; rhizines: scattered, simple; Apothecia: very rare, substipitate, up to 5 mm in diam.; margin: sparsely sorediate; disc: brown, imperforate; ascospores: ellipsoid, 22-30 x 13-16 µm; Pycnidia: not seen; Spot tests: upper cortex K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P-; medulla K+ yellow turning orange, C-, KC-, P+ orange; Secondary metabolites: upper cortex with atranorin and chloroatranorin; medulla with norstictic acid (major) and connorstictic acid (minor).; Substrate and ecology: usually on trees in open habitats, rarely on rocks; World distribution: eastern USA and NW Mexico; Sonoran distribution: southern, coastal regions of California and Baja California, Baja California Sur, Sonora and Sinaloa.; Notes: Culberson (1973) proposed a new taxonomy based on the assumption that chemical evolution had occurred prior to morphological differentiation. The result is that P. hypoleucinum, P. hypotropum and P. louisianae are all morphological nearly identical. The species have not yet been investigated from a molecular perspective. 54554 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54554 Parmotrema louisianae (Hale) Hale 2751 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:55 2011-02-02 12:16:55 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: foliose, adnate to loosely adnate, 3-15 cm in diam., lobate; lobes: subirregular, elongate, slightly imbricate, plane, separate, 5-10 mm wide; apices: rotund, crenate, ciliate; cilia: sparse, up to 2.0 mm long; upper surface: gray with some blackened areas, smooth, dull to shiny, usually white maculate; soredia: granular, common, in linear, marginal to submarginal soralia that often occur on revolute lobes; isidia and pustulae: absent; medulla: white with continuous algal layer; lower surface: black with brown to mottled white naked zone peripherally, centrally rhizinate; rhizines: scattered, simple; Apothecia: not seen; Pycnidia: occasional, punctiform; conidia: filiform, 10-12 x 1 µm; Spot tests: upper cortex K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P-; medulla K-, C-, KC+ red or orange, P-; Secondary metabolites: upper cortex with atranorin and chloroatranorin; medulla with alectoronic acid (major) and α-collatolic acid (± trace).; Substrate and ecology: usually on trees in open habitats, rarely on rocks; World distribution: SE U.S.A. and Mexico; Sonoran distribution: Sonora, in the Sierra Madre Occidental. 54557 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54557 Parmotrema mellissii (C. W. Dodge) Hale 2752 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:55 2011-02-02 12:16:55 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: foliose, loosely adnate, 3-10 cm in diam., lobate; lobes: subirregular, elongate, slightly imbricate, plane, separate, 6-12 mm wide; apices: rotund, crenate, ascending, ciliate; cilia: up to 4 mm long; upper surface: gray with some blackened areas, smooth, dull, sometimes white pruinose, usually white maculate; isidia: simple to coralloid, common, laminal to submarginal; tips: sometimes ciliate, becoming eroded and subsorediate; soredia and pustulae: absent; medulla: white with patches of yellow to orange brown, particularly in lower layers, continuous algal layer; lower surface: black with brown to tan or mottled white naked zone peripherally, centrally rhizinate; rhizines: scattered, simple; Apothecia: rare, substi; ascospores: broadly ellipsoid, 16-22 x 10-14 µm; Pycnidia: not seen; Spot tests: upper cortex K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P-; medulla K-, C-, KC+ red or orange, P-; Secondary metabolites: upper cortex with atranorin and chloroatranorin; medulla with alectoronic acid (major), α-collatolic acid (minor) and skyrin (accessory).; Substrate and ecology: usually on trees in open habitats, rarely on rocks; World distribution: pantropical and southern USA; Sonoran distribution: Sonora and Sinaloa, in the Sierra Madre Occidental. 54559 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54559 Parmotrema mordenii (Hale) Hale 2753 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:55 2011-02-02 12:16:55 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: foliose, adnate, 2-8 cm in diam., lobate; lobes: subirregular, elongate, slightly imbricate, plane, separate, 5-8 mm wide; apices: rotund, eciliate; upper surface: gray with some blackened areas, smooth, shiny, sometimes white pruinose, conspicuously white maculate; soredia: granular, common, in linear to orbicular, laminal or marginal soralia; isidia and pustulae: absent; medulla: white with continuous algal layer; lower surface: black with brown, naked zone peripherally, centrally rhizinate; rhizines: scattered, simple; Apothecia: not seen; Pycnidia: not seen; Spot tests: upper cortex atranorin K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P-; medulla K-, C-, KC-, P-; Secondary metabolites: upper cortex with atranorin and chloroatranorin; medulla with caperatic acid (major), protolichesterinic acid (minor).; Substrate and ecology: on rocks in open habitats; World distribution: neotropics and SW USA; Sonoran distribution: lower montane of SE Arizona southwards through the thorn forests of Sonora and Sinaloa. 54560 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54560 Parmotrema perforatum (Jacq.) A. Massal. 2754 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:55 2011-02-02 12:16:55 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: foliose, loosely adnate, 3-15 cm in diam., lobate; lobes: subirregular, elongate, slightly imbricate, plane, separate, 10-20 mm wide, margin becoming lacerate to lacinate with age; apices: rotund, ciliate; cilia: up to 4 mm wide; upper surface: gray with some blackened areas, smooth to rugulose, shiny, epruinose, strongly white maculate, becoming reticulately cracked with age; soredia, isidia and pustulae: absent; medulla: white with continuous algal layer; lower surface: black with brown with a mottled ivory (rarely tan) naked zone peripherally, centrally rhizinate; rhizines: scattered, simple; Apothecia: common, substipitate, up to 20 mm in diam.; margin: rugose, white maculate; disc: brown, perforate; ascospores: broadly ellipsoid, 12-16 x 7-9 µm; Pycnidia: not seen; Spot tests: upper cortex K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P-; medulla K+ yellow turning orange, C-, KC-, P+ orange; Secondary metabolites: upper cortex with atranorin and chloroatranorin; medulla with norstictic acid (major) and connorstictic acid (minor).; Substrate and ecology: usually on trees in open habitats, rarely on rocks; World distribution: Mexico, eastern USA, southern Africa and Ireland; Sonoran distribution: Sierra Madre Occidental region of Chihuahua. 54561 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54561 Parmotrema praesorediosum (Nyl.) Hale 2755 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:55 2011-02-02 12:16:55 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: foliose, adnate, 3-10 cm in diam., lobate; lobes: subirregular, elongate, slightly imbricate, plane, separate, 4-10 mm wide; apices: rotund, often suberect, eciliate; upper surface: gray, smooth, dull, emaculate to faintly white maculate, becoming cracked with age; soredia: granular, common, in linear to crescent-shaped, marginal or submarginal soralia; isidia and pustulae: absent; medulla: white with continuous algal layer; lower surface: black with brown to mottled ivory naked zone peripherally, centrally rhizinate; rhizines: scattered, simple; Apothecia: rare, substipitate, up to 10 mm in diam.; margin: sorediate; disc: brown, imperforate; ascospores: ellipsoid, 15-21 x 7-10 µm; Pycnidia: rare, punctiform; conidia: sublageniform, 7-8 x 1 µm; Spot tests: upper cortex K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P-; medulla K-, C-, KC-, P-; Secondary metabolites: upper cortex with atranorin and chloroatranorin; medulla with protopraesorediosic and praesorediosic acids (major), unknown fatty acids (minor).; Substrate and ecology: on rocks and trees in open habitats; World distribution: pantropical and pantemperate; Sonoran distribution: thorn forests of Sonora, Sinaloa and southern Baja California Sur.; Notes: Originally the species was reported to have caperatic acid (Hale 1965), but subsequent investigation has shown the fatty acids to be unique (Elix 1994k). 54566 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54566 Parmotrema stuppeum (Taylor) Hale 2756 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:55 2011-02-02 12:16:55 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: foliose, adnate to loosely adnate, 2-20 cm in diam., lobate; lobes: subirregular, elongate, slightly imbricate, plane, separate, 4-8 mm wide; apices: rotund, ciliate; cilia: up to 2.0 mm long; upper surface: gray, smooth, dull, emaculate; soredia: granular, common, in linear to orbicular, laminal or marginal soralia; isidia and pustulae: absent; medulla: white with continuous algal layer; lower surface: black with brown, naked zone peripherally, centrally rhizinate; rhizines: scattered, simple, black; Apothecia: rare, substipitate, up to 30 mm in diam.; margin: crenulate; disc: brown, imperforate; ascospores: ellipsoid, 12-17 x 6-9 µm; Pycnidia: common, punctiform; conidia: sublageniform, 4-6 x 1 µm; Spot tests: upper cortex K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P-; medulla K+ yellow turning deep red, C-, KC-, P+ orange; Secondary metabolites: upper cortex with atranorin and chloroatranorin; medulla with salazinic acid (major) and consalazinic acids (minor).; Substrate and ecology: usually on trees in open habitats, rarely on rocks; World distribution: pantropical and pantemperate; Sonoran distribution: SE Arizona, southern California, Sierra Madre Occidental region of Chihuahua, Sonora and Sinaloa Baja Califoria and southern mountains of Baja California Sur. 54568 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54568 Parmotrema tinctorum (Delise ex Nyl.) Hale 2757 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:55 2011-02-02 12:16:55 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: foliose, loosely adnate, 3-30 cm in diam., lobate; lobes: subirregular, elongate, slightly imbricate, plane, separate, 10-20 mm wide; apices: rotund, becoming crenate and dissected with age, ciliate; cilia: up to 2.0 mm long; upper surface: gray, smooth, dull centrally, shiny marginally, emaculate, finely reticulately cracked with age; isidia: simple to coralloid branched, frequently very dense, sometimes apically ciliate, common, laminal to marginal; soredia and pustulae: absent; medulla: white with continuous algal layer; lower surface: black with brown naked zone peripherally, centrally rhizinate; rhizines: simple; Apothecia: rare, substipitate, up to 8 mm in diam.; margin: sparsely isidiate; disc: brown, usually imperforate; ascospores: ellipsoid to broadly ellipsoid, 13-16 x 7-10 µm; Pycnidia: rare, punctiform; conidia: filiform, 12-16 x 1 µm; Spot tests: upper cortex K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P-; medulla K-, C+ red, KC+ red, P-; Secondary metabolites: upper cortex with atranorin and chloroatranorin; medulla with lecanoric acid (major), orsellinic acid (trace).; Substrate and ecology: usually on trees in open habitats, rarely on rocks; World distribution: pantropical and adjacent temperate regions; Sonoran distribution: coastal plain to mountains of southern Baja California Sur and Sinaloa. 54570 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54570 Parmotrema xanthinum (Mull. Arg.) Hale 2758 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:55 2011-02-02 12:16:55 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: foliose, loosely adnate, 3-20 cm in diam., lobate; lobes: subirregular, elongate, slightly imbricate, plane, separate, 8-12 mm wide; apices: rotund, becoming crenate and dissected with age, ciliate; cilia: up to 2.5 mm long; upper surface: yellow green, smooth, dull, epruinose, emaculate, finely reticulately cracked with age; isidia: simple to coralloid branched, often apically ciliate, common, initially laminal but becoming submarginal to marginal with age; soredia and pustulae: absent; medulla: pale orange yellow with continuous algal layer; lower surface: black with brown naked zone peripherally, centrally rhizinate; rhizines: simple; Apothecia: not seen; Pycnidia: not seen; Spot tests: upper cortex K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P-; medulla K-, C-, KC+ red or KC-, P-; Secondary metabolites: upper cortex with usnic acid (major) atranorin (trace); medulla with protolichesterinic acid (major).; Substrate and ecology: trees or rocks in open habitats; World distribution: pantropical and southern Africa; Sonoran distribution: oak and pine forests of the Sierra Madre Occidental in Sinaloa. 54572 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54572 Parmotrema aberrans (Vain.) des Abbayes 2759 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:55 2011-02-02 12:16:55 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: loosely adnate, foliose, 3-15 cm in diam., lobate; lobes: subirregular, elongate, slightly imbricate, plane, separate, 10-15 mm wide; apices: rotund, becoming crenate and dissected with age, ciliate; cilia: up to 3.0 mm long; upper surface: yellow green with some blackened areas, smooth, dull to shiny, epruinose, emaculate, finely reticulately cracked with age; isidia: simple to coralloid branched, sometimes apically ciliate, common, laminal; soredia and pustulae: absent; medulla: pale orange yellow with continuous algal layer; lower surface: black with brown naked zone peripherally, centrally rhizinate; rhizines: simple; Apothecia: rare, substipitate, up to 4 mm in diam.; margin: sparsely sorediate; disc: brown, imperforate; ascospores: broadly ellipsoid, 10-16 x 7-10 µm; Pycnidia: not seen; Spot tests: upper cortex K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P-; medulla K-, C+ red, KC+ red, P-; Secondary metabolites: upper cortex with usnic acid (major), atranorin and chloroatranorin (trace); medulla with gyrophoric acid (major).; Substrate and ecology: usually on trees in open habitats, rarely on rocks; World distribution: neotropics from Mexico to Paraguay; Sonoran distribution: on pines in the pine-oak forests of the Sierra Madre Occidental of Sinaloa. 54573 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54573 Parmotrema latissimum (FTe) Hale 2760 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:55 2011-02-02 12:16:55 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: foliose, loosely adnate, 3-25 cm in diam., lobate; lobes: subirregular, elongate, becoming somewhat imbricate, plane, separate, 8-20 mm wide; apices: rotund, eciliate; upper surface: gray, smooth to rugulose, dull, emaculate, becoming reticulately cracked with age; soredia, isidia and pustulae: absent; medulla: white with continuous algal layer; lower surface: black with brown naked zone peripherally, centrally rhizinate; rhizines: scattered, simple, black; Apothecia: common, substipitate, up to 10 mm in diam.; margin: crenulate, emaculate; disc: brown, perforate; ascospores: ellipsoid, 28-32 x 14-16 µm; Pycnidia: not seen; Spot tests: upper cortex K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P-; medulla K+ yellow turning deep red, C-, KC-, P+ orange; Secondary metabolites: upper cortex with atranorin and chloroatranorin; medulla with salazinic acid (major) and consalazinic acids (minor).; Substrate and ecology: montane usually on trees in open habitats; World distribution: neotropics and India; Sonoran distribution: Sonora, in the Sierra Madre Occidental. 54574 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54574 Parmotrema moreliense (de Lesd.) Culb. & C. Culb. 2761 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:56 2011-02-02 12:16:56 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: foliose, loosely adnate, 4-15 cm in diam., lobate; lobes: linear, elongate, loosely imbricate, convex, separate, 2-5 mm wide; apices: subtruncate, ciliate; cilia: common, to 10 mm long, simple; upper surface: gray with some blackened areas, smooth, shiny, sometimes white pruinose, conspicuously white maculate; isidia, soredia and pustulae: absent; medulla: white with continuous algal layer; lower surface: black to brown at the tips, rhizinate (except tips); rhizines: scattered, simple to rarely branched; Apothecia: common, laminal on thallus, 2-10 mm wide, stipitate; margin: smooth; disc: red brown to dark brown, becoming perforate with age; ascospores: ellipsoid, 16-20 x 8-10 µm; Pycnidia: punctiform; conidia: 16-21 x 1 µm; Spot tests: upper cortex K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P-; medulla K+ yellow turning deep red, C- or C+ pink, KC- or KC+ pink, P+ orange; Secondary metabolites: upper cortex with atranorin and chloroatranorin; medulla with salazinic acid (major); consalazinic acids (minor); gyrophoric, protocetraric, norstictic and protolichesterinic acids (accessory).; Substrate and ecology: usually on trees in open habitats, rarely on rocks; World distribution: central to southern Mexico; Sonoran distribution: Sierra Madre Occidental region of Chihuahua and Sinaloa. 54575 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54575 Parmotrema paramoreliense W. Culb. & C. Culb. 2762 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:56 2011-02-02 12:16:56 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: foliose, loosely adnate, 2-10 cm in diam., lobate; lobes: linear, elongate, slightly imbricate, convex, separate, 2-7 mm wide; apices: subtruncate, ciliate; cilia: sparse, up to 5 mm long, simple; upper surface: gray with some blackened areas, smooth, shiny, sometimes white pruinose, conspicuously white maculate; soredia: farinose to granular, common, in globose, terminal or marginal soralia that are irregularly erumpent; isidia and pustulae: absent; medulla: white with continuous algal layer; lower surface: black to brown at the tips, rhizinate (except tips); rhizines: scattered, simple to rarely branched; Apothecia: not seen; Pycnidia: not seen; Spot tests: upper cortex K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P-; medulla K+ yellow turning deep red, C- or C+ pink, KC- or KC+ pink, P+ orange; Secondary metabolites: upper cortex with atranorin and chloroatranorin; medulla with salazinic acid (major); consalazinic acids (minor); gyrophoric and protocetraric acids (accessory).; Substrate and ecology: usually on hardwood trees or pines in open habitats, rarely on rocks or soil; World distribution: Mexico, Central America and Chile; Sonoran distribution: Sierra Madre Occidental region of Sinaloa. 54576 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54576 Parmotrema xanthopustulatum Elix & T. H. Nash 2763 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:56 2011-02-02 12:16:56 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: foliose, moderately to loosely adnate, ± circular, 4-10 cm diam., fragile and easily breaking apart, irregularly lobate; lobes: irregular, 3-10 mm wide, sinuous in the axils, continguous to slightly imbricate; apices: rotund; margin: entire, eciliate; upper surface: pale yellowish greenish or bluish gray (whitish gray in herbarium) with pale yellow patches where the cortex has disintegrated, dull to shiny in younger portions, smooth but becoming strongly rugulose submarginally, in part white pruinose; soredia: granular, arising from coarse dactyls which break open apically forming pustules; isidia: absent; medulla: pale yellow to yellow-orange with a ± continuous algal layer; lower surface: black, smooth to rugulose, moderately to sparsely rhizinate; rhizines: simple to sparsely furcated, with a narrow, brown, erhizinate marginal zone; Apothecia: not seen; Pycnidia: not seen; Spot tests: cortex: K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P-; medulla: K-, C-, KC-, P- or pigmented area turning darker yellow in K; Secondary metabolites: cortex with atranorin (major), chloroatranorin (minor); usnic acid (minor/trace), medulla with secalonic acid A (minor), secalonic acid B (minor), secalonic acid C (minor), butlerin F (minor), unknown secalonic acid derivatives (minor).; Substrate and ecology: on acidic rocks (including rhyolite) in moist to somewhat open oak-conifer forests; World and Sonoran distribution: along the Sierra Madre Occidental from SW Chihuahua to SW Durango adjacent Sinaloa.; Notes: Parmotrema xanthopustulatum closely resembles the Venezuelan species, Parmotrema enteroxanthum Hale, as both have a yellow medulla and develop similar pustules or open dactyls with an intense yellow or yellow-orange interior. However, P. enteroxanthum differs in developing lobulate-dissected margins, in being sparingly ciliate and in containing medullary salazinic acid whereas P. xanthopustulatum has entire margins, lacks lobules, cilia and salazinic acid. Parmotrema xanthopustulatum could also be confused with Parmotrema flavomedullosum Hale, as the latter species has a much more robust, coriaceous thallus, coarse, irregular, submarginal soralia rather than open dactyls and contains medullary gyrophoric acid. 54578 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54578 Platismatia glauca (L.) Culb. & C. Culb. 2764 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:56 2011-02-02 12:16:56 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: foliose to subfruticose, up to c. 3 cm across [up to 8-15 cm elsewhere], thin (< 1 mm thick), papery; lobes: few to numerous, upcurved, up to 2-5 (-20) mm wide; margins "ragged" [elsewhere sometimes branched and divided into fruticose lobes]; upper surface: whitish, whitish green, pale blue-greenish gray, to pale greenish tan (turning green to olive or greenish gray or tan when wet), or occasionally tinged with yellow or reddish, often with darkened areas, shiny to matt, smooth or becoming incompletely and inconspicuously wrinkled to strongly reticulately wrinkled, without distinct pseudocyphellae but ± maculate in places; soredia: initially white and granular, sometimes becoming brown and isidioid (simple to coralloid), often in laminal, rounded to irregular soralia or marginal, crescent-shaped soralia; upper cortex: c. 15-25 µm thick; medulla: white, c. 60-200 µm thick, I+ lavender; lower cortex: 16-25 µm thick; rhizines: absent to few ( to many), brown or black, simple or branched; lower surface: jet black towards center, or irregularly mottled or spotted brown or white towards the margins; shiny, smooth or reticulately wrinkled and coarsely and sometimes foveolate; Apothecia: very rare, 0.5-1 cm broad, marginal, perforate or not; without algae below; hymenium: 34-56 µm; "subhymenium" 16-52 µm, I+ lavender to bright purple; asci: clavate, I+ blue or blue-green, 8-spored; ascospores: hyaline, simple, ellipsoid to ovoid, 3.5-8.5 x 3-5 µm; Pycnidia: not seen; Spot tests: cortex K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P+ yellow; medulla K-, C-, KC-, P-, UV-; Secondary metabolites: cortex with atranorin and chloroatranorin; medulla with caperatic acid.; Substrate and ecology: on trees (usually conifers) or shrubs, or wood, occasionally on rocks and rarely soil; in open woods; World distribution: circumpolar and circumboreal in the Northern Hemisphere, Macaronesia; southern South America and E Africa; Sonoran distribution: southern California, coastal mountains in chaparral and on Pseudotsuga macrocarpa.; Notes: It is characterized by its loosely attached, suberect, greenish gray, smooth to ± wrinkled thallus with broad, dissected, rounded lobes with marginal soredia (often mixed with isidia) and a mottled brown and white lower surface, nearly without rhizines. It is extremely variable over its full range. Some forms might be confused with Esslingeriana idahoensis [non-Sonoran; with a black lower side and often black rimmed upper side], Cetrelia species, which have more distinct pseudocyphellae on the upper surface, or Parmotrema species, which usually have marginal cilia and a different chemistry. The two specimens seen from the Sonoran region are rather small and poorly developed. 54584 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54584 Pseudephebe minuscula (Nyl. ex Arnold) Brodo & D. Hawksw. 2765 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:56 2011-02-02 12:16:56 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: prostrate and decumbent, in extreme forms becoming almost subfoliose or even virtually crustose, generally forming ± circular adpressed thalli 2-6 cm in diam., closely attached, adnate at the tips; branching: irregularly isotomic-dichotomous with numerous short lateral branchlets giving thallus a "ciliate" appearance; internodal distance: short, usually c. 0.2-0.5 (-1.0) mm, giving the thallus a rather dense appearance; branches: becoming ± flattened, especially towards the base, unevenly thickened, up to c. 1 mm broad, tapering irregularly to 0.2-0.5 mm on main stems and 0.1 mm at tips, where the branches are very uneven and ± terete; upper surface: dark brown to black, shiny (to dull), sometimes pale brown at the base; true lateral spinules: absent, but simple or branched isidioid adventitious branches not uncommon in one morphotype; soralia and pseudocyphellae: absent; lower surface: dark brown; Apothecia: often present, lateral; disc: 1-3 mm broad, dark red-brown to black, plane; thalline exciple: persistent, smooth or verrucose; asci: clavate, 8-spored; ascospores: broadly ellipsoid to subglobose, 6.7-9.0 x 7.7-8.0 µm; Pycnidia: very abundant, embedded in thallus, ostioles: broad; conidia: bifusiform, 4.7-8 x 0.9-1.1 µm; Spot tests: K-, C-, KC-, P-, UV-; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: on acidic or occasionally base-rich rock faces, boulders, and windswept gravels. In exposed sites, in drier inland areas, in temperate areas mostly in alpine sites; World distribution: circumpolar in both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres; Sonoran distribution: moderately frequent at high alpine (3000-3650 m) in north-central to eastern Arizona, occasionally lower, also known from three montane localities in southern California.; Notes: It is highly variable and sometimes rather similar to P. pubescens, but usually separated from that species by the partly broader, more flattened and knobby branches (especially towards the base) and the short internodes. Specimens (including some from Arizona) with especially broadened lobes have occasionally been confused with Cornicularia normoerica, which has an ± erect and sparingly branched thallus and terminal apothecia with dentate or fibrillate margins, or with species of Melanelia or Neofuscelia, both of which have more flattened lobes usually with rhizines on the underside. 54585 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54585 Pseudephebe pubescens (L.) Choisy 2766 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:56 2011-02-02 12:16:56 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: decumbent (prostrate) to ascendent and shrubby, 1-7 cm in diam., loosely adnate, not attached at the apices, usually forming loose to dense, rather thin (1-2 mm) mats; branching: frequent, divergent, regularly isotomic-dichotomous, often interwoven; branches: up to 1 cm long, usually ± terete throughout (to slightly compressed towards base), ± evenly thin (0.1-0.2 mm near base, 0.05-0.1 mm near tips); internodal distance generally long, (0.5-) 1-3 (-5) mm, giving a loose hairy appearance to the thallus; surface: dark brown to black, shiny to satiny, sometimes paler at base; Apothecia: usually very rare, up to 5.5 mm diam.; disc: gray-black or brown; ascospores: broadly ellipsoid, c. 7-12 x 6-8 µm; Pycnidia: on tubercles, abundant and conspicuous, especially near the axils, up to 0.5 mm diam., black; conidia: bifusiform, 5-7 x 1 µm; Spot tests: K-, C-, KC-, P-, UV-; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: on acidic rock faces and boulders (especially igneous rocks, sometimes shale), rarely on wood; usually on exposed rocky ridges or boulders in wind-swept sites, usually in regions with a continental climate, but in somewhat moister areas than P. minuscula; also reported from dry, sandy, or stony ground; World distribution: circumpolar in both the Southern and Northern Hemispheres; low to high Arctic and temperate regions in subalpine to alpine sites; Sonoran distribution: southern California and from Baja California (Guadalupe Island) as the type collection of Alectoria pacifica (Brodo and Hawksworth 1977).; Notes: It is not likely to be confused with other lichens, other than slender morphs of P. minuscula. The description based on the North American literature on the species in general. It has apparently not been collected in the Sonoran region since the late 19th century. 54587 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54587 Pseudevernia consocians (Vainio) Hale & Culb. 2767 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:56 2011-02-02 12:16:56 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: foliose to subfruticose to caespitose, 4-10 cm across, separate, lobate; lobes: linear, 0.5-1.5 mm wide, subdichotomously branched, loosely imbricate; apices: usually subtruncate, eciliate; upper surface: light gray to gray, smooth, plane to rugulose, shiny or dull, weakly maculate, usually epruinose; isidia: abundant, cylindrical; tips: darker than the thallus, sometimes abrading, but not sorediate; soredia absent; medulla: white, loosely packed; lower surface: tan to black, sometimes mottled white, naked, channeled, erhizinate, attached by basal holdfasts; Apothecia: not seen; Pycnidia: laminal or marginal, immersed or emergent to sessile; conidia: not seen; Spot tests: upper cortex K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P+ yellow; medulla K-, C+ red, KC+ red, P-; Secondary metabolites: upper cortex with atranorin and chloroatranorin; medulla with lecanoric acid (major).; Substrate and ecology: usually on conifers (especially pines) in open pine-oak forests; World distribution: neotropics from northern Mexico to Central America; Sonoran distribution: in the Sierra Madre Occidental, Chihuahua and Sinaloa, at 1500-2300 m.; Notes: In comparison with the European P. furfuracea, which can also be isidiate, P. consocians is a less robust species with narrower lobes. Although both may have a C+ medulla, in P. furfuracea it is due to olivetoric acid; in P. consocians, due to lecanoric acid. 54588 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54588 Pseudevernia intensa (Nyl.) Hale & Culb. 2768 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:56 2011-02-02 12:16:56 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: foliose to subfruticose to caespitose, 5-20 cm across, lobate; lobes: linear, 1-3 (-5) mm wide, separate, subdichotomously branched, loosely imbricate; apices: subtruncate, eciliate; upper surface: light gray to gray, smooth, plane to rugulose, shiny or dull, maculate or not, usually epruinose; soredia and isidia absent; medulla: white, loosely packed; lower surface: tan to black, sometimes mottled white, naked, channeled, erhizinate, attached by basal holdfasts; Apothecia: usually present, laminal on thallus, orbicular, cup-shaped, subpedicellate or pedicellate, 2-10 mm in diam.; margin: prominent, with a thalloid rim; disc: dark brown; asci: lecanoral, c. 8-spored; ascospores: simple, ellipsoid, 7-10 x 4-6 µm; walls: thin, hyaline, not amyloid; Pycnidia: laminal or marginal, immersed or emergent and sessile; conidia: not seen; Spot tests: upper cortex K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P+ yellow; medulla K-, C+ red, KC+ red, P-; Secondary metabolites: upper cortex with atranorin and chloroatranorin; medulla with lecanoric acid (major).; Substrate and ecology: usually on confers (especially Pseudotsuga and Abies) in mixed conifer forests; World distribution: neotropics from Central America through Mexico to southwestern U.S.A.; Sonoran distribution: eastern and especially SE Arizona south through the Sierra Madre Occidental of Chihuahua, Sonora and Sinaloa.; Notes: Pseudevernia intensa is one the most common montane lichens on confers from eastern Arizona southwards and exhibits considerable morphological plasticity from narrow to wide lobed individuals and from clearly foliose to robustly subfruticose. 54723 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54723 Vulpicida canadensis (Rasanen) J.-E. Mattsson & M. J. Lai 2769 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:56 2011-02-02 12:16:56 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: foliose, loosely attached, adnate to suberect, forming almost orbicular rosettes 1.5-4.5 (-6) cm broad, sometimes with long, narrow or broad, often erect lobes that give a fruticose impression; lobes: short, 2-4 (-10) mm wide; dorsiventral, flat or occasionally slightly canaliculate, generally ascending, with raised lobe tips; branches: usually short; margins: becoming dissected; projections: not seen; upper surface: intensely bright and deep yellow; foveolate, ridged and wrinkled (hand lens); soredia or isidia absent; upper cortex: 15-40 (-50) µm thick with uppermost cells isiodiametric and 3-5 µm diam.; cells of the lower two layers: usually elongated, 3-7 x 3-5 µm; medulla: yellow, hyphae 3-6 µm thick; photobiont: cells (7-) 11-19 µm diam., in layer 10-22 µm thick; lower cortex: similar to upper one; lower surface: concolorous with upper one, wrinkled, strongly ridged; rhizines very sparse or absent; Apothecia: common, 1-4 mm diam., laminal (to submarginal); thalline margin: crenulate; disc: dark brown; asci: broadly clavate, 27-40 x 10-15 µm; tholus: with moderate amyloid reaction; 8-spored; ascospores: subspherical, 5-6 x 4-5 µm; Pycnidia: almost spherical, (90-) 110-120) x 100-110 (-120) µm, immersed, black, laminal, wall 10-20 µm, with c. three layers of isodiametric cells 2-3 µm diam., the uppermost parts black, closely connected to the cortex, lower parts with pale brown pigmentation; conidia: citriform, 3-4 x 2 µm; Spot tests: cortex K-, C-, KC+ yellowish, P-; medulla K+ yellowish, C-, KC-, P-; Secondary metabolites: cortex with usnic acid; medulla with pinastric and vulpinic acids, rarely traces of other aromatic substances; sometimes also an unknown fatty acid.; Substrate and ecology: in the Pacific NW common on bark and wood of conifers, especially on twigs; occasional on hardwood trees or shrubs; in open, moderately xeric to mesic forests, in areas with high insolation and occasionally high humidity; World distribution: western North America (northern Rocky Mountains and on the east side of the Cascades; British Columbia to Baja California); Sonoran distribution: rare, low elevations in southern California and Baja California.; Notes: It is characterized by the bright greenish yellow foliose thallus without soredia and having laminal, immersed pycnidia. Because pulvinic acid derivatives are reported as being restricted to the medulla, the reason why the surface is bright yellow, rather than yellow green as in most species having usnic acid in the cortex, needs to be clarified. 54724 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54724 Vulpicida pinastri (Scop.) J.-E. Mattsson & M. J. Lai 2770 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:56 2011-02-02 12:16:56 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: foliose, mostly < 3 cm diam., forming adnate rosettes with short lobes, especially when on rock, or with elongated and more erect lobes when growing on thin branches; lobes: radiating or irregularly arranged, slightly scattered or overlapping, dorsiventral, adnate to ascending, (0.5-) 1-2 (-3) mm wide, ascending, rounded, flat or slightly canaliculate with short branches; margins: crisped (undulate and ± ascending), crenate to crenate-incised, ultimate segments mostly short and 0.2-1.0 (-1.5) mm wide; upper surface: yellowish green or mainly greenish yellow, or almost grayish green in more shaded habitats (gradually turning yellowish brown in the herbarium), smooth, dull, without maculae; soredia: bright greenish yellow, finely granular, in marginal, roundish to crescent-shaped soralia (or occasionally partly laminal); upper cortex: paraplectenchymatous, 22-30 µm thick, the cells heavily pigmented with yellow granular inclusions; uppermost cells isodiametric, 2-3 µm diam., cells of lower layers elongated, 3-6 x 2-3 µm; epicortex: hyaline, 1 (-2) µm thick; medulla: yellow; very loose, much incrusted with yellow pigment granules, hyphae 3-6 µm thick; photobiont: cells 5-15 µm diam., layer 20-45 µm thick; lower cortex: paraplectenchymatous, clearer than the upper cortex, with few granular inclusions, 25-50 µm thick; lower surface: concolorous with upper surface or pale yellow to brownish yellow with scattered whitish rhizines; Apothecia: very rare, submarginal towards tips of lobes, c. 1-2.5 mm broad; disc: rather pale red-brown, flat, epruinose; thalline margin: confluent with upper side of thallus, even, sorediate; hymenium: 70 µm tall; asci: broadly clavate, 25-35 x 10-12 µm; tholus: with strong amyloid reaction; 8-spored; ascospores: almost spherical, c. 5-6 µm diam.; Pycnidia: rare, on projections, pyriform to almost spherical, 80-120 x 70-100 µm, wall 20-30 µm with c. 3 layers of isodiametric cells 2-3 µm, black in upper parts, dark brown in lower; conidia: sublageniform, 6-8 x 2 µm; Spot tests: cortex K-, C-, KC- or + yellow, P-; medulla K-, C-, KC-, P-; Secondary metabolites: cortex with usnic acid; medulla with pinastric and vulpinic acids (majors), zeorin and unknown aromatic substances (accessory).; Substrate and ecology: on bark or wood, most frequent in open, continental mountain forests, generally at medium to high elevations, often in cold sites and tolerant of snow burial; World distribution: circumboreal, low arctic and lower alpine regions to the south; North America, Europe and Asia; Sonoran distribution: Arizona, 2500-3660 m, in mixed conifer forests and into the alpine.; Notes: Usually it is easily recognized by the characteristic bright yellow color of the primarily marginal soralia, which contrast with the duller, more grayish or greenish yellow of the rest of the upper surface. The width, arrangement, and especially the adnation, of the lobes are somewhat variable; morphs with very narrow, crowded and appressed lobes can occasionally (especially if heavily sorediate) be confused with coarse forms of Candelaria concolor, but in that species (which is more common at lower elevations and in rather dry sites), the upper surface has virtually the same bright yellow color as the soredia. 54795 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54795 Canomaculina leucosemotheta (Hue) Elix 2771 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:56 2011-02-02 12:16:56 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: adnate to loosely adnate, foliose, 3-20 cm in diam., lobate; lobes: subirregular, elongate, slightly imbricate, plane, separate, 10-15 mm wide; apices: rotund, becoming dentate-lacinate with age, ciliate; cilia: sparse, simple, up to 2.5 mm long; upper surface: gray with some blackened areas, smooth, shiny, sometimes white pruinose, strongly white maculate, frequently reticulately cracked with age; soredia: granular, common, in linear, submarginal, soralia; isidia and pustulae: absent; medulla: white with continuous algal layer; lower surface: black with brown to mottled white naked zone peripherally, centrally rhizinate, rhizines scattered, simple; Apothecia: very rare, substipitate, up to 6 mm in diam.; margin: sorediate; disc: imperforate; asci: clavate, 8-spored; ascospores: ellipsoid, 12-16 x 7-10 micro-m; Pycnidia: not seen; Spot tests: upper cortex K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P+ yellow; medulla K+ yellow turning deep red, C-, KC-, P+ orange; Secondary metabolites: upper cortex with atranorin and chloroatranorin; medulla with salazinic acid (major) and consalazinic acids (minor).; Substrate and ecology: usually on trees in open habitats, rarely on rocks; World distribution: neotropics from Mexico to northern Argentina and southern Africa; Sonoran distribution: Sinaloa, in the Sierra Madre Occidental. 54837 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54837 Pertusaria albescens (Hudson) Choisy & Werner 2772 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:56 2011-02-02 12:16:56 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: continuous to fissured, with thin to moderately thick verrucae; margins: definite, entire to zoned; upper surface: whitish gray to yellowish gray, epruinose; soredia: in verrucae, 0.5-4.5 mm in diam., lecanorate; Apothecia: no fertile specimens seen; Pycnidia: not seen; Spot tests: K-, C-, KC-, P-, UV-; Secondary metabolites: allopertusaric (major) and dihydropertusaric (minor) acids.; Substrate and ecology: on hardwoods or conifers, such as Pseudotsuga, at 2000 to 2600 m; World distribution: widely distributed in the Northern Hemisphere, very common in Europe, restricted in North America to the SW and central Mexico; Sonoran distribution: restricted to montane areas of southern California.; Notes: This species is readily identified by the large disciform soralia, the thick thallus often with zonate margins and the lack of phenolic compounds. The soralia are in fact sorediate verrucae, but these are very rarely fertile, and no material from the study area examined contained spores or asci. Pertusaria albescens may be confused with P. amara when poorly developed. However, the two species are easily distinguished by the bitter taste or KC + violet reaction of the thallus due to the presence of picrolichenic acid in the latter species. 54839 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54839 Pertusaria amara (Ach.) Nyl. 2773 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:56 2011-02-02 12:16:56 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: continuous to fissured, with thin to moderately thick verrucae; margin: definite, often zonate; upper surface: whitish gray to greenish gray, margins entire to weakly zoned, epruinose; soredia: farinose, restricted to verrucae or coalescing and spreading onto ruptured thallus surface; Apothecia: no fertile specimens seen; Pycnidia: not seen; Spot tests: K- or K+ yellow to red, C-, KC+ rose-violet, P- or + yellow to red, UV-; Secondary metabolites: picrolichenic and ± protocetraric acids (both major); ± conprotocetraric and subpicrolichenic acid (both minor).; Substrate and ecology: on deciduous trees, such as Aesculus, Quercus or conifers, and also occasionally on siliceous rocks in shady places; World distribution: widely distributed in the Northern Hemisphere; Sonoran distribution: in coastal areas of southern California and Baja California and scattered in inland mountains up to 1800 m in Arizona and Chihuahua.; Notes: Pertusaria amara is characterized by small, but coalescing soralia with farinose soredia, a relatively thin, grayish thallus and the presence of the picrolichenic acid chemosyndrome and thus a bitter taste. It is hardly confused with any other Pertusaria species occurring in western North America, except P. albescens. The distinction of both species is discussed above. 54844 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54844 Pertusaria californica Dibben 2774 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:56 2011-02-02 12:16:56 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: areolate, with moderately thick verrucae; margins: entire, zoned; upper surface: ash gray to dark gray, smooth, shiny, epruinose, lacking soredia or isidia; fertile verrucae: concolorous with thallus, pertusariate, hemispherical to flat-topped, numerous, rarely fused, c. 0.8-2.0 mm in diam.; ostioles: 1 or 2-10 per verruca; Apothecia: 1-10 per verruca, 0.4-0.8 mm in diam.; epithecium: dark brown to black, K-; hypothecium: hyaline to yellowish; asci: cylindrical, 300-500 x 60-90 µm, (1-) 2-spored; ascospores: hyaline, ellipsoid, 145-270 x 50-80 µm, 2-layered; outer spore wall: c. 4-10 µm thick, inner spore wall: 10-20 µm thick; Pycnidia: immersed; conidia: bacilliform, 5-8 x 0.5-1.0 µm; Spot tests: K+ yellow to red, C-, KC-, P+ yellow to orange, UV-; Secondary metabolites: norstictic (major) and connorstictic (minor) acids.; Substrate and ecology: The species grows on siliceous rocks at the coast and in coastal mountains; World distribution: endemic to the west coast of North America; Sonoran distribution: restricted to coastal California and Baja California.; Notes: Pertusaria californica is characterized by the gray thallus with large pertusariate verrucae that have several dark ostioles, two- to single-spored asci, and the presence of norstictic acid. The relationships of P. californica were discussed in detail by Dibben (1980). Pertusaria californica may be confused with poorly developed specimens of P. brattiae which, however, differs in having disciform apothecia and can further be distinguished by smaller ascospores and the presence of stictic acid. 54846 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54846 Pertusaria chiodectonoides Bagl. ex A. Massal. 2775 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:56 2011-02-02 12:16:56 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: fissured to fissured-areolate, with thin to moderately thick verrucae; margins: entire, unzoned; upper surface: gray to dark gray, smooth, dull or shiny, epruinose to gray-white pruinose; lacking soredia or isidia; fertile verrucae: concolorous with thallus, lecanorate, numerous, c. 0.5-1.5 mm in diam.; Apothecia: 1-3 per verruca; discs: black, sunken, grayish pruinose; epithecium: dark brown to blackish brown; hypothecium: yellowish to hyaline; asci: cylindrical, 120-250 x 20-45 µm, 8-spored; ascospores: hyaline, ellipsoid to fusiform, 25-50 x 14-24 µm; spore wall: c. 2-5 µm thick, smooth, 1-layered; Pycnidia: immersed; conidia: bacilliform, 7-10 x 0.5-1.0 µm; Spot tests: K- or + pale yellow, C-, KC-, P- or + yellow to orange, UV-; Secondary metabolites: stictic acid (major), constictic and norstictic acids (both minor).; Substrate and ecology: on siliceous rocks in coastal mountains; World distribution: western North American and disjunct in the Mediterranean region; Sonoran distribution: restricted to coastal California.; Notes: Pertusaria chiodectonoides is characterized by a generally dark gray thallus with lecanorate verrucae with pruinose, blackish discs, a K+ violet epithecium, 8-spored asci, and the presence of stictic acid. It may be confused with P. brattiae which contains norstictic acid and has 2-4-spored asci. No recent collections of P. chiodectonoides from North America are known. 54847 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54847 Pertusaria consocians Dibben 2776 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:56 2011-02-02 12:16:56 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: continuous to weakly fissured, with thin to moderately thick verrucae; margins: entire, unzoned; upper surface: whitish gray to ash gray, smooth, shiny, epruinose; lacking soredia or isidia; fertile verrucae: concolorous with thallus, ampliariate or pertusariate, numerous, often fused, c. 0.5-2.2 mm in diam; ostioles: 1-8 per verruca, blackish brown, sunken; Apothecia: 1-7 per verruca; epithecium: dark brown to red-brown, K+ violet; hypothecium: yellowish; asci: cylindrical, 250-450 x 45-90 µm, (1-) 2-spored; ascospores: hyaline, ellipsoid to fusiform, 95-210 x 35-55 µm; spore wall: 2-layered; outer spore wall: c. 1-5 µm thick; inner spore wall: c. 2-12 µm thick; Pycnidia: not seen; Spot tests: K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P+ yellow to orange, UV- or + orange-pink; Secondary metabolites: stictic acid and 4, 5-dichlorolichexanthone (both majors) and constictic acid (minor).; Substrate and ecology: Pertusaria consocians grows primarily on conifers (including Abies); World distribution: endemic to North America, where it is relatively common in the East; Sonoran distribution: coastal mountains of southern California.; Notes: Pertusaria consocians is a gray lichen with ampliariate or pertusariate verrucae with dark ostioles, 2-spored asci, ellipsoid to fusiform ascospores, and stictic acid and 4,5-dichlorolichexanthone. It is very similar to the European P. pertusa (Weigel) Tuck. and the differences between these taxa have been discussed by Dibben (1980). 54855 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54855 Pertusaria flavicunda Tuck. 2777 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:56 2011-02-02 12:16:56 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: fissured to fissured-areolate, with thin to moderately thick verrucae; margins: entire, unzoned; upper surface: green-yellow to sulfur-yellow, smooth to tuberculate or rugose-plicate, dull, slightly pruinose; lacking soredia or isidia or superficially sorediate; fertile verrucae: concolorous with thallus, lecanorate, numerous, often fused, c. 0.5-1.8 mm in diam.; Apothecia: 1 (-2) per verruca; disc: brown to blackish brown, sunken, yellowish pruinose; epithecium: yellow-brown to brown, K+ violet; hypothecium: yellowish to brown; asci: cylindrical, 150-300 x 50-70 µm, 2 (-4)-spored; ascospores: hyaline, ellipsoid to fusiform or oval, 50-115 x 25-60 µm; spore wall: c. 8-28 µm thick, 1-layered; Pycnidia: not seen; Spot tests: K+ yellow, C+ orange, KC-, P+yellow to orange, UV+ orange-red; Secondary metabolites: stictic and thiophaninic acids (both major), constictic acid, 2-chloro-6-O-methylnorlichexanthone, and 4-chloro-6-O-methylnorlichexanthone (all minor).; Substrate and ecology: The species grows on siliceous rocks at the coast and the coastal mountains at 0 -200 m and some specimens were collected at an elevation of up to 750 m; World distribution: endemic to western North America; Sonoran distribution: coastal southern California and Baja California and at scattered inland locations in southern Arizona and Sonora.; Notes: This taxon can easily be recognized by the yellowish thallus, large lecanorate verrucae with pruinose discs, ± 2-spored asci, and the presence of stictic and thiophaninic acids. Some morphotypes of P. tejocotensis may be similar, but this species is distinguishable by poriform apothecia, 4-spored asci, and the presence of depsides instead of stictic acid. Pertusaria flavicunda is generally a uniform species, but some populations differ in producing soralia instead or in addition to apothecia. The sorediate morphotypes do not differ in any other morphological or chemical characters. 54863 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54863 Pertusaria hymenea (Ach.) Schaerer 2778 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:56 2011-02-02 12:16:56 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: continuous to irregularly fissured, with thin to moderately thick verrucae; margins: entire, zoned or unzoned; upper surface: gray to yellow-gray or greenish gray, smooth or rugose-plicate, shiny or dull, epruinose; lacking soredia or isidia; fertile verrucae: concolorous with thallus, pertusariate to falsely lecanorate, numerous, crowded and locally fused (2-4) in mutually deformed groups, c. 0.4-3.0 mm in diam.; ostioles: 1-8 per verruca, well sunken, soon dilating to form a pseudolecanorate disc, blackish brown, grayish pruinose; Apothecia: 1-4 per verruca; epithecium: dark brown to black; hypothecium: hyaline or yellowish; asci: clavate, 270-450 x 40-100 µm, (6-) 8-spored; ascospores: hyaline, ellipsoid or fusiform, 60-130 x 25-50 µm.; spore wall: 2-layered; outer spore wall: c. 1-4 µm thick; inner spore wall: 2-10 µm thick; apices: up to 28 µm thick; Pycnidia: immersed; conidia: bacilliform, 7-15 x 0.5-1.0 µm; Spot tests: K- or + yellow, C- or + yellow, KC+ orange, P-, UV+ orange-red; Secondary metabolites: thiophaninic acid (major), gyrophoric acid (minor).; Substrate and ecology: on Quercus or Pinus bark; World distribution: temperate Europe and western North America; Sonoran distribution: widely scattered, SE Arizona and coastal Sinaloa, at c. 500 - 2300 m.; Notes: Pertusaria hymenea is characterized by a moderately thick yellowish thallus, poriform ascomata with sunken ostiola which soon dilate and fuse to form a blackish pseudolecanorate disc, a K+ violet epithecium, 8-spored asci and the presence of thiophaninic and gyrophoric acids. A very similar species is P. rubefacta which is best separated by the presence of the norstictic acid chemosyndrome. 54866 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54866 Pertusaria lecanina Tuck. 2779 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:56 2011-02-02 12:16:56 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: fissured, with thin to moderately thick verrucae; margins: entire, unzoned; upper surface: yellowish gray to ash gray or green-gray, smooth to tuberculate, dull, slightly pruinose; lacking soredia or isidia; fertile verrucae: concolorous with thallus, lecanorate, numerous, c. 0.7-1.2 mm in diam.; Apothecia: 1 (-2) per verruca; disc: brown to blackish brown, level to sunken, whitish pruinose; epithecium: yellow-brown to blackish brown, K-; hypothecium: hyaline to yellowish; asci: clavate, 170-350 x 45-85 µm, (1-) 2-spored; ascospores: hyaline, ellipsoid to cylindrical, 75-150 x 35-75 µm; spore wall: c. 5-20 µm thick, smooth, 1-layered; Pycnidia: not seen; Spot tests: K+ yellow to red, C- or red, KC- or red, P+ yellow, UV+ orange-red; Secondary metabolites: norstictic and thiophaninic acids (both major), connorstictic acid, 2-chloro-6-O-methylnorlichexanthone, 4-chloro-6-O-methylnorlichexanthone, and ± gyrophoric acid (all minors).; Substrate and ecology: bark of different phorophytes, most commonly collected on Quercus in mountainous regions; World distribution: endemic to North America; Sonoran distribution: along the west coast from central California to Baja California and Baja California Sur at 200-600 m.; Notes: Pertusaria lecanina has a yellowish gray thallus with lecanorate verrucae with dark, but heavily whitish gray pruinose, discs. It is further characterized by 2-spored asci and the presence of norstictic and thiophaninic acids. It may superficially resemble P. xanthodes when poorly developed, but this species is readily distinguished by the poriform ascomata and the presence of stictic acid. Another somewhat similar species is P. neolecanina, the differences of these two species are discussed under the latter. 54867 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54867 Pertusaria leioplaca DC. 2780 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:56 2011-02-02 12:16:56 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: continuous to superficially fissured, with thin to very thin verrucae; margins: entire, unzoned; upper surface: ash gray to yellow-gray or green-gray, smooth to tuberculate, often shiny, epruinose to slightly pruinose; lacking soredia or isidia; fertile verrucae: concolorous with thallus, ampliariate to erect or pertusariate, numerous, c. 0.7-2.5 mm in diam.; ostioles 1-6 per verruca, hyaline; Apothecia: (1-) 2-4 (-6) per verruca; epithecium: hyaline, yellowish or dark brown to black-brown; hypothecium: hyaline to yellowish; asci: cylindrical, 250-450 x 30-70 µm, (2-) 4-spored; ascospores: hyaline, ellipsoid, 40-130 x 25-50 µm; spore wall: 2-layered; outer spore wall: c. 1-7 µm thick; inner spore wall: 2-12 µm thick; apices: up to 28 µm thick; Pycnidia: immersed; conidia: bacilliform, 7-10 x 0.5-1.0 µm; Spot tests: K- or + weakly yellow, C-, KC-, P+ yellow to orange, UV- or + pale orange-pink; Secondary metabolites: 4,5-dichlorolichexanthone and stictic acid (both major), constictic acid (minor).; Substrate and ecology: on bark, including Abies and Quercus; World distribution: pantemperate species in the Northern Hemisphere, in Europe and North America; Sonoran distribution: in mountainous areas of southern California at 500-2700 m.; Notes: Pertusaria leioplaca is characterized by a light-green thallus, ampliariate or pertusariate verrucae, 4-spored asci, and the presence of 4,5-dichlorolichexanthone and stictic acid. It is hardly confused with any other species in the area, but some poorly developed specimens of P. texana or P. xanthodes may be morphologically similar. They are readily distinguished by the presence of thiophaninic acid (UV+ orange) and a different number of spores per ascus (eight in P. texana and two in P. xanthodes). When the starting point for lichens and fungi was unified, this was one of the few lichen names that had to be changed (Santesson 1993). 54874 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54874 Pertusaria ophthalmiza (Nyl.) Nyl. 2781 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:56 2011-02-02 12:16:56 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: continuous to fissured or fissured-areolate, with very thin or thin to moderately thick verrucae; margins: entire, often zoned; upper surface: ash gray to dark gray, smooth to tuberculate, shiny, epruinose; soredia: restricted to verrucae; fertile verrucae: sorediate, concolorous with thallus, lecanorate, numerous, sometimes fusing, c. 0.4-1.2 mm in diam.; Apothecia: 1 (-4) per verruca; disc: blackish brown, level to sunken, whitish pruinose, later totally sorediate; epithecium: dark brown to black, K-; hypothecium: yellowish; asci: clavate to cylindrical, 110-240 x 40-80 µm, 1-spored; ascospores: hyaline, ellipsoid to cylindrical, 85-190 x 25-65 µm; spore wall: c. 2-12 µm thick, 1-layered; Pycnidia: immersed; conidia: bacilliform, 4-7 x 0.5-1.0 µm; Spot tests: K-, C-, KC-, P-, UV-; Secondary metabolites: no phenolic substances detectable.; Substrate and ecology: on bark of numerous phorophytes, including Abies, Alnus, Juniperus, Pinus, Pseudotsuga, and Quercus, but also occurs on dead wood; World distribution: circumboreal; Sonoran distribution: coastal California and mountainous areas of Arizona, Chihuahua and Sinaloa at 2000 to 3000 m.; Notes: Pertusaria ophthalmiza is characterized by a gray thallus with lecanorate verrucae with a crenulate margin, a white pruinose disc which soon becomes sorediate, single-spored asci and the absence of phenolic compounds. It is hardly confused with any other Pertusaria species in southwestern North America. 54882 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54882 Pertusaria pseudocorallina (Lilj.) Arnold 2782 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:56 2011-02-02 12:16:56 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: areolate to rimose-areolate, with thin to moderately thick verrucae; margins: entire, often zoned; upper surface: gray to pale gray, smooth, dull, epruinose; lacking soredia; isidia: granular to papillate, 0.12-0.24 mm diam., 0.73-1.2 mm tall, with browned tips, numerous, scattered; fertile verrucae: creamish, pertusariate, globose to hemispherical, smooth, sessile, numerous, scattered to crowded, 0.7-1.3 mm diam.; ostioles: 1-8 per verruca, hyaline, rarely dark, 0.02-0.1 (-0.2) mm diam.; Apothecia: 1-2 per verruca, fruit center hyaline to pale brown; epithecium: brown; hypothecium: hyaline; asci: cylindrical to clavate, c. 260 x 50-85 µm, 2-spored; ascospores: uniseriate, hyaline, ellipsoid, 90-130 x 42-61 µm, 2-layered; spore wall: 2-layered; outer spore wall: 3.0-7.0 µm thick, smooth; inner spore wall: generally multilayered, 8.5-10.5 µm thick; Pycnidia: not seen; Spot tests: K+ yellow to red, C-, KC-, P+ yellow to orange, UV-; Secondary metabolites: norstictic acid (major), connorstictic and subnorstictic acids (both minor).; Substrate and ecology: siliceous rocks, such as basalt or schist, at 900-2100 m; World distribution: western North America and western Europe and the Canary Islands disjunct; common in temperate and Mediterranean Europe, restricted to the southwestern part in North America; Sonoran distribution: mountainous areas of Chihuahua, Sonora, and Baja California Sur.; Notes: Pertusaria pseudocorallina is characterized by the presence of verrucose to papillate isidia with darkened tips which leave crater-like hollows on the thallus when broken off. The thallus contains norstictic acid. While most specimens, if not all, in Europe are sterile (cf. Erichsen 1936), the North American material is usually richly fertile. The verrucae are pertusariate and the asci contain two ellipsoid ascospores. No other Pertusaria species in the area has isidia and it is therefore easily recognized. Other Pertusaria taxa with isidia in North America include species with disciform apothecia, such as P. bryontha (Ach.) Nyl. or P. oculata (Dicks) Th. Fr., which are hardly confused with P. pseudocorallina, since these are more or less arctic-alpine species occurring on soil or mosses. The only other Pertusaria species with poriform ascomata and isidia in North America is P. globularis (Ach.) Tuck., but this taxon is easily separated by sorediate isidia and the presence of 2'-O-methylperlatolic acid and 4,5-dichlorolichexanthone. 54884 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54884 Pertusaria pustulata (Ach.) Duby 2783 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:57 2011-02-02 12:16:57 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: continuous to finely fissured or fissured-areolate, with very thin to thin verrucae; margins: entire, unzoned; upper surface: yellow-gray to green-gray, smooth to finely tuberculate, shiny, seldom dull, epruinose; lacking soredia or isidia; fertile verrucae: concolorous with thallus, ampliariate or erect, numerous, c. 0.3-1.4 mm in diam.; ostioles: 1 or 2-8 per verruca, level, sunken or papillate, often fusing in a central depression to form a pseudolecanorate disc; Apothecia: 1-5 per verruca; disc: 0.4-0.8 mm wide, blackish brown, epruinose; epithecium: dark brown to black, K; hypothecium: hyaline; asci: cylindrical, 160-320 x 35-60 µm, 2-spored (seldom 1- or 3-spored); ascospores: hyaline, ellipsoid to cylindrical, 45-160 x 26-48 µm; spore wall: 2-layered; outer spore wall c. 1-5 µm thick; inner spore wall: 2-8 µm thick, smooth; apices: up to 20 µm thick; Pycnidia: immersed; conidia: bacilliform, 9-16 x 1-1.5 µm; Spot tests: K+ yellow, C+ orange, KC-, P+ yellow to orange, UV+ orange-red; Secondary metabolites: 2-chloro-6-O-methylnorlichexanthone and stictic acid (both major), 4-chloro-6-O-methylnorlichexanthone, constictic, cryptostictic, hypostictic, menegazziaic, thiophaninic acids (all minor).; Substrate and ecology: A temperate corticolous species; World distribution: Pertusaria pustulata is a cosmopolitan corticolous lichen; Sonoran distribution: only known from southern California.; Notes: This species is characterized by a greenish to yellowish thallus, ascomata with ostiola which may dilate and fuse to form a small pseudolecanorate disc, a K- epithecium, 2-spored asci and the presence of stictic acid and 2-chloro-6-O-methylnorlichexanthone. A full discussion of this species is found in Dibben (1980) and Archer and Messuti (1997). 54886 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54886 Pertusaria rubefacta Erichsen 2784 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:57 2011-02-02 12:16:57 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: continuous to fissured, with thin to moderately thick verrucae; margins: entire, unzoned; upper surface: yellow-gray to greenish yellow, smooth, tuberculate to rugose-plicate, shiny or dull, epruinose; lacking soredia or isidia; fertile verrucae: concolorous with thallus, pertusariate to frequently falsely lecanorate, numerous and crowded, often fused (2-5) in mutually deformed groups, c. 0.4-2.6 mm in diam.; ostioles: 1 or 2-8 per verruca, level to mostly sunken, soon dilating to form a pseudolecanorate disc; Apothecia: 1-5 per verruca; disc: black, grayish pruinose or epruinose; epithecium: dark brown to black-brown, K+ strongly violet; hypothecium: hyaline or yellowish; asci: clavate, 260-420 x 50-90 µm, (6-) 8-spored; ascospores: hyaline, oval to ellipsoid, 55-110 x 30-55 µm; spore wall: 2-layered; outer spore wall: c. 2-4 µm thick; inner spore wall: 2-12 µm thick, smooth; apices: up to 25 µm thick; Pycnidia: not seen; Spot tests: K+ yellow to red, C+ orange, KC-, P+ yellow to orange, UV+ orange-red; Secondary metabolites: norstictic and thiophaninic acids (both major), connorstictic acid, 2-chloro-6-O-methylnorlichexanthone, and 4-chloro-6-O-methylnorlichexanthone, and gyrophoric acid (all minor).; Substrate and ecology: on bark of deciduous trees, mostly Quercus; World distribution: only known from the western Hemisphere and shows a disjunct distribution, occurring both in the east and southwest part of North America; Sonoran distribution: coastal Califorina at 150-400 m and southern Baja California Sur.; Notes: This species is characterized by a yellowish thallus, ascomata with sunken ostiola which soon dilate and fuse to form a pseudolecanorate disc, a K+ violet epithecium, 8-spored asci and the presence of norstictic and thiophaninic acids. As discussed above, the species is very similar to P. hymenea and best distinguished by its different chemistry. 54887 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54887 Pertusaria saximontana Wetmore 2785 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:57 2011-02-02 12:16:57 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: continuous to fissured or fissured-areolate, with moderately thick verrucae; margins: entire, unzoned; upper surface: ash gray to greenish gray, smooth or rugose-plicate, shiny, epruinose; lacking soredia or isidia; fertile verrucae: concolorous with thallus, lecanorate, numerous, often fused, c. 0.4-1.2 mm in diam.; Apothecia: 1 (-5) per verruca; disc: blackish brown, well sunken, epruinose or grayish pruinose, margins crenulate; epithecium: dark brown, K+; hypothecium: hyaline; asci: clavate or cylindrical, 150-250 x 45-70 µm, (1-) 2-spored; ascospores: hyaline, oval to ellipsoid, 50-140 x 26-58 µm; spore wall: c. 4-14 µm thick, smooth; apices: up to 18 µm thick, 1-layered; Pycnidia: not seen; Spot tests: K-, C-, KC-, P-, UV-; Secondary metabolites: 2-O-methylconfluentic acid (major), di-O-methylolivetoride, planaic acid and traces of unknowns (all minor).; Substrate and ecology: on conifers (e.g. Juniperus) and more common on wood; World distribution: endemic to North America, particularly at mid-elevations in the Rocky Mountain region; Sonoran distribution: mountainous areas of Arizona at 1700-2100 m.; Notes: Pertusaria saximontana is characterized by a shiny gray to gray-brown thallus, numerous disciform apothecia with blackish, epruinose discs, a K+ violet epithecium, 2-spored asci, and the presence of 2-O-methylconfluentic acid. It is is a very characteristic species and hardly confused with any other Pertusaria species occurring in southwestern North America. 54890 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54890 Pertusaria sommerfeltii (Florke ex Sommerf.) Fr. 2786 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:57 2011-02-02 12:16:57 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: continuous to weakly fissured, with thin to very thin verrucae; margins: entire, unzoned; upper surface: ash gray to greenish or yellowish gray, smooth to finely tuberculate, shiny or dull, epruinose or slightly pruinose; lacking soredia or isidia; fertile verrucae: concolorous with thallus, ampliariate or pertusariate, few and well dispersed, c. 0.2-1.2 mm in diam.; ostioles: 1-5 per verruca, dark brown; Apothecia: 1-3 (-5) per verruca; epithecium: dark brown to yellow-brown, K+ strongly violet; hypothecium: yellowish; asci: cylindrical, 140-240 x 18-48 µm, (6-) 8-spored; ascospores: hyaline, oval to ellipsoid, 18-46 x 10-32 µm; spore wall: 2-layered; outer spore wall: c. 1-3 µm thick; inner spore wall: 1-4 µm thick, smooth; apices: up to 8 µm thick; Pycnidia: not seen; Spot tests: K- or + yellow, KC+ yellow, C-, P- or yellow to orange, UV- or UV+ weakly yellow; Secondary metabolites: 4,5-dichloronorlichexanthone and stictic acid (both major) constictic acid and traces of unknowns (all minor).; Substrate and ecology: on bark of Abies lasiocarpa; World distribution: circumboreal in the Northern Hemisphere; Sonoran distribution: mountainous areas in eastern Arizona at an elevation of 2600-3200 m altitude.; Notes: This species is easily recognized by a thin, epiphloedal or hypophloedal, grayish thallus, porifom ascomata, a K+ violet reaction of the epithecium, 8-spored asci and the presence of stictic acid and 4,5-dichlorolichexanthone. This species is easily separated from most other Pertusaria species, except P. alpina Hepp ex Ahles or P. stenhammarii. The distinction from the latter is discussed below. Pertusaria alpina is distinguished from P. sommerfeltii in having a K- epithecium and larger ascospores. Megaspora verrucosa is superficially similar to P. sommerfeltii, which, however, is easily distinguished in lacking secondary metabolites, a K- epithecium, and a different ascus type. 54899 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54899 Pertusaria tetrathalamia (Fee) Nyl. 2787 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:57 2011-02-02 12:16:57 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: continuous to fissured, with thin to moderately thick verrucae; margins: entire, zoned or unzoned; upper surface: whitish gray to yellowish gray, smooth to tuberculate, shiny, epruinose; lacking soredia or isidia; fertile verrucae: concolorous with thallus, ampliariate to erect, few or numerous, c. 0.6-3.6 mm in diam.; ostioles 1-7 per verruca, hyaline, level to sunken; Apothecia: 1-5 per verruca; epithecium hyaline to black, K-; hypothecium: hyaline; asci: cylindrical, 250-460 x 35-60 µm, mostly 4-spored; ascospores: hyaline, ellipsoid to fusiform, 75-150 x 30-48 µm; spore wall: 2-layered; outer spore wall: c. 1-10 µm thick; inner spore wall: 2-12 µm thick, rough; apices: up to 20 µm thick; Pycnidia: not seen; Spot tests: K- or + yellow, C-, KC-, P+ yellow to orange, UV- or + weakly orange-pink; Secondary metabolites: 4,5-dichlorolichexanthone and stictic acid (both major), constictic, cryptostictic, menegazziaic and norstictic acids (all minor).; Substrate and ecology: on bark of Quercus; World distribution: North and South America; Sonoran distribution: mountainous areas of Baja California Sur and Sinaloa at 800-1900 m.; Notes: This taxon is characterized by a gray to yellowish gray thallus with poriform apothecia, mostly 4-spored asci, ascospores with a rough inner wall, and the presence of 4,5-dichlorolichexanthone and the stictic acid complex. A full discussion of the relationships of P. tetrathalamia is given by Dibben (1980). A similar species is P. leioplaca which is best distinguished by the smooth inner wall of the ascospores. 54900 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54900 Pertusaria texana Mull. Arg. 2788 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:57 2011-02-02 12:16:57 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: continuous to finely fissured, with thin to moderately thick verrucae; margins: entire, unzoned; upper surface: green-gray to yellow-gray or yellow-green, dull or shiny, smooth to tuberculate, shiny, epruinose; lacking soredia or isidia; fertile verrucae: concolorous with thallus, ampliariate to erect, conical to flat-topped, numerous, c. 0.5-2.0 mm in diam.; ostioles: 1-6 per verruca, hyaline to brownish, surrounded by a yellow border, level to papillate; Apothecia: 1-5 per verruca; epithecium: hyaline to black, K- or + weakly violet; hypothecium: yellowish to yellow-brown; asci: clavate, 210-400 x 32-65 µm, mostly 8-spored; ascospores: hyaline, ellipsoid to fusiform, 35-88 x 19-44 µm; spore wall: 2-layered; outer spore wall c. 1-5 µm thick; inner spore wall: 2-8 µm thick, smooth; apices; up to 24 µm thick; Pycnidia: not seen; Spot tests: K+ yellow, C+ orange, KC-, P+ yellow to orange, UV+ orange-red; Secondary metabolites: stictic and thiophaninic acids (both major), constictic acid, 2-chloro-6-O-methylnorlichexanthone, and 4-chloro-6-O-methylnorlichexanthone (all minor).; Substrate and ecology: on bark including Acacia, Jatropha, and Quercus; World distribution: North and Central America; Sonoran distribution: coastal and mountainous areas of Baja California Sur, Sonora and Sinaloa at different elevations of 100-1200 m.; Notes: Pertusaria texana is characterized by a yellowish thallus with poriform apothecia, often warted verrucae and small ostioles with yellow papillae at the top, 8-spored asci, ascospores with smooth walls, and the production of thiophaninic and stictic acids. Morphologically it is difficult to separate the species from the largely sympatric P. xanthodes which shares the same chemosyndromes, but is distinguished in having hyaline ostioles, 2-spored asci and rough-walled ascospores. 54904 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54904 Pertusaria velata (Turner) Nyl. 2789 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:57 2011-02-02 12:16:57 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: fissured to areolate, with thin to moderately thick verrucae; margins: entire, unzoned; upper surface: whitish gray to yellowish gray, rugose-plicate, dull, pruinose; lacking soredia or isidia; fertile verrucae: concolorous with thallus, lecanorate, numerous, c. 0.2-1.0 mm in diam.; Apothecia: 1 (-4) per verruca; disc: pink, sunken, heavily whitish pruinose; epithecium: dark brown to black, K-; hypothecium yellowish; asci: clavate, 170-260 x 35-78 µm, 1-spored; ascospores: hyaline, fusiform to cylindrical, 130-210 x 28-64 µm; spore wall: c. 2-8 µm thick, smooth; apices: up to 30 µm thick, 1-layered; Pycnidia: not seen; Spot tests: K-, C+ red, KC-, P-, UV-; Secondary metabolites: lecanoric acid and lichexanthone (both major) and orsellinic acid (minor).; Substrate and ecology: on bark of Quercus species; World distribution: cosmopolitan; Sonoran distribution: coastal California and inland mountains of Mexico. The Californian material was collected at 200-400 m, while the Sinaloan specimen was collected at 2300 m altitude.; Notes: Pertusaria velata is characterized by disciform ascomata with pruinose to sorediate discs, single-spored asci, and the presence of lecanoric acid and lichexanthone (the latter is lacking in some specimens). 54909 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54909 Pertusaria xanthodes Mull. Arg. 2790 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:57 2011-02-02 12:16:57 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: continuous to fissured or fissured-areolate, with thin to moderately thick; margins: entire, unzoned; upper surface: yellow-gray to yellowish green, smooth to tuberculate, shiny or dull, slightly pruinose; lacking soredia or isidia; fertile verrucae: concolorous with thallus, ampliariate to pertusariate, numerous, c. 0.4-1.6 mm in diam.; ostioles: 1-7 per verruca, hyaline or concolorous with thallus, level to sunken, rarely fusing to form a pseudolecanorate disc; Apothecia: 1-6 per verruca; epithecium: hyaline to brown, K-; hypothecium: hyaline; asci: cylindrical, 145-300 x 38-68 µm, mostly 2-spored; ascospores: hyaline, ellipsoid to cylindrical, 65-150 x 30-52 µm; spore wall: 2-layered; outer spore wall: c. 1-6 µm thick; inner spore wall: 2-10 µm thick, rough; apices: up to 28 µm thick; Pycnidia: not seen; Spot tests: K+ yellow, C+ orange, KC-, P+ yellow to orange, UV+ orange-red; Secondary metabolites: stictic and thiophaninic acids (both major), constictic acid, 2-chloro-6-O-methylnorlichexanthone, and 4-chloro-6-O-methylnorlichexanthone (all minor).; Substrate and ecology: Pertusaria xanthodes is a corticolous species occurring on several trees, such as Beaucarnea, Fouquieria, Jatropha, Pinus, Pittosporum, Prosopis, and Quercus at the coast or in coastal mountains; World distribution: North America and Bermuda; Sonoran distribution: coastal California, Baja California, Baja California Sur, Sonora and Sinaloa mainly at 0-400 m.; Notes: Pertusaria xanthodes is characterized by a yellowish thallus, poriform apothecia with hyaline ostioles that do not dilate, 2-spored asci, rough inner spore wall, and the production of stictic and thiophaninic acids. It is easily confused with P. texana and the differences are discussed above. Another similar species is P. pustulata and a full discussion of these two species is listed by Dibben (1980: 120). The most conspicuous characters to distinguish the two species are the ostioles (rarely fused in P. xanthodes, often fused in P. pustulata), the spore wall (rough in P. xanthodes, smooth in P. pustulata), and the chemistry (thiophaninic acid in P. xanthodes, 2-chloro-6-O-methylnorlichexanthone in P. pustulata). 54911 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54911 Pertusaria azulensis de Lesd. 2791 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:57 2011-02-02 12:16:57 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: verrucose, with moderately thick verrucae, margins: indefinite, unzoned to seldom zoned; upper surface: yellow-green to sulfur yellow, smooth to rugose, dull to slightly glossy, epruinose to slightly grayish pruinose; soredia: whitish green to whitish gray, often with a bluish glimmer, in orbicular soralia, 0.5-2.0 mm in diam.; Apothecia: no fertile specimens seen; Pycnidia: not seen; Spot tests: K+ yellow to red, C+ orange, KC-, P+ yellow to orange, UV+ orange-red; Secondary metabolites: norstictic and thiophaninic acids (both major), connorstictic acid, 2-chloro-6-O-methylnorlichexanthone and 4-chloro-6-O-methylnorlichexanthone (all minor).; Substrate and ecology: Pertusaria azulensis grows on dead wood, and sometimes on Pinus bark; World distribution: endemic to North America from central Mexico to SW USA; Sonoran distribution: restricted to mountainous areas of Arizona at 1900 to 2800 m.; Notes: This species is easily identified by the yellowish thallus, the definite, orbicular soralia and the presence of the norstictic and thiophaninic acids chemosyndromes. It is hardly confusable with any other Pertusaria species in North America. 54912 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54912 Pertusaria brattiae Lumbsch & T. H. Nash 2792 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:57 2011-02-02 12:16:57 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: rimose- to verrucose-areolate, with thin to moderately thick verrucae; margins: indefinite, unzoned; upper surface: whitish gray to reddish gray, smooth, dull, epruinose; lacking soredia or isidia; fertile verrucae: concolorous with thallus, lecanorate, numerous, c. 0.5-1.7 mm in diam; Apothecia: 1-2 per fertile verruca; discs: gray-brown to blackish brown, grayish pruinose; epithecium: dark brown to red-brown; hypothecium: hyaline; asci: cylindrical, 215-400 x 45-74 µm, 2-4-spored; ascospores: hyaline, ellipsoid, 75-110 x 33-45 µm; spore walls c. 8-13 µm thick, apices up to 18 µm thick, 2-layered; outer spore wall: c. 1-3 µm thick; inner spore wall: 7-11 µm thick; Pycnidia: not seen; Spot tests: medulla K+ yellow to red, C-, KC-, P+ orange, UV-; Secondary metabolites: norstictic acid (major), connorstictic and subnorstictic acids and unknowns (minors).; Substrate and ecology: occurring on coastal, siliceous rocks at 0-300 m; World distribution: endemic to the western coast of North America; Sonoran distribution: coastal, southern California and the adjacent NW Baja California.; Notes: Pertusaria brattiae is characterized by the apothecioid ascomata, 2-4-spored asci and the presence of norstictic acid and related substances. The species is similar to P. chiodectonoides which, however, is readily distinguished by 8-spored asci and the presence of stictic acid. Pertusaria flavicunda is another species, which might be confused with P. brattiae. This taxon differs in containing thiophaninic and stictic acids. 54913 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54913 Pertusaria mariae de Lesd. 2793 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:57 2011-02-02 12:16:57 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: rimose-areolate or continuous to rimose, with thin to moderately thick verrucae; margins: entire, unzoned; upper surface: whitish gray to greenish gray, smooth, shiny or dull, epruinose; lacking soredia or isidia; fertile verrucae: concolorous with thallus, pertusariate or erect, flat-topped, numerous, often fused, c. 0.6-2.0 mm in diam.; ostioles: 1-6 per verruca, slightly sunken, grouped in a central depression, c. 0.1-0.5 mm wide, dark brown, whitish gray pruinose; Apothecia: 1-4 per verruca, up to 0.7 mm in diam.; epithecium: dark brown, K -; hypothecium: hyaline; asci: cylindrical, 320-400 x 52-75 µm, 6-8-spored, uniseriate; ascospores: hyaline, broadly ellipsoid to ellipsoid, 75-110 x 36-58µm; spore walls: smooth, c. 8-12 µm thick, apices up to 20 µm thick, 2-layered; outer spore wall: c. 1-2 µm thick; inner spore wall: 7-11 µm thick; Pycnidia: not seen; Spot tests: K-, C-, KC-, P-, UV+ yellow; Secondary metabolites: lichexanthone and 2-O-methylperlatolic acid (both major), planaic acid (minor).; Substrate and ecology: Pertusaria mariae grows on siliceous rocks in open situations. A few specimens were also collected on soil; World distribution: endemic to North America; Sonoran distribution: in mountainous areas of southern Arizona, Sonoran and Chihuahua at 500 -2000 m.; Notes: Pertusaria mariae is characterized by the whitish gray, rimose-areolate thallus, the pertusariate to erect verrucae with numerous non-fusing ostioles, the 6-8-spored asci and the presence of lichexanthone (UV + yellow) and 2-O-methylperlatolic acid. It is similar to P. tejocotensis which can be distinguished chemically by the presence of thiophaninic acid (UV + orange) and confluentic and planaic acids. Morphologically P. tejocotensis differs in having a yellowish thallus. Another similar species is P. wulfenoides which seldom occurs on rocks, but differs chemically (norstictic and thiophaninic acids) and morphologically (thallus yellowish, ostioles fusing). Another saxicolous species containing lichexanthone is P. moreliensis, which can be readily distinguished by the sorediate thallus. 54914 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54914 Pertusaria mesotropa Mnll. Arg 2794 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:57 2011-02-02 12:16:57 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: variable, verrucose, wrinkled or rimose-plicate to rimose, with thin to thick verrucae; margins: entire, unzoned; upper surface: yellowish gray, greenish gray to creamish, smooth to rugose, dull, epruinose; lacking soredia or isidia; fertile verrucae: concolorous with thallus, pertusariate, hemispherical to irregular, flat-topped, smooth or deformed, sometimes slightly rimose, numerous, crowded to fused (2-4), rarely scattered, c. 0.7-2.0 mm in diam.; ostioles: 1-5 per verruca, hyaline to brown or black, sometimes surrounded by a white border, sunken, grouped in a central depression, rarely papillate, c. 0.05-0.14 (-0.24) mm wide; Apothecia: 2-5 per verruca, fruit center hyaline to pink; epithecium: hyaline; hypothecium: hyaline; asci: cylindrical to subclavate, 285-415 x 40-49 µm, 4-8-spored, uniseriate to biseriate; ascospores: hyaline, ellipsoid to fusiform, 55-110 x 22-42 µm; spore walls: smooth, c. 5-10 µm thick, thickened at apices, 2-layered; outer spore wall: c. 1 µm thick; inner spore wall: 4-9 µm thick; Pycnidia: not seen; Spot tests: K-, C-, KC-, P-, UV+ gray; Secondary metabolites: 2'-O-methylperlatolic acid and 4,5-dichlorolichexanthone (both major), 2'-O-methylisohyperlatolic and 2'-O-methylsuperlatolic acids (both minor).; Substrate and ecology: on bark of Pinus and Quercus; World distribution: described from Sri Lanka and also occurs in western North America; Sonoran distribution: mountainous areas of Sonora, Chihuahua and Baja California Sur at 1500-2320 m.; Notes: Pertusaria mesotropa is characterized by the 4-8-spored asci, the ellipsoid to fusiform ascospores and the presence of 2'-O-methylperlatolic acid and 4,5-dichlorolichexanthone. The species is very similar to the Australian P. paragibberosa Archer described recently (Archer 1991) and the distinction of the two species should be re-examined. 54915 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54915 Pertusaria moreliensis de Lesd. 2795 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:57 2011-02-02 12:16:57 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: rimose-areolate to verrucose, with flat to bullate, moderately thick verrucae; margins: unzoned to seldom zoned; upper surface: whitish gray to whitish green, smooth to rugose, dull to slightly glossy, epruinose to slightly grayish pruinose; soredia: granulose, 20-25 µm in diam., soredial margins indefinite, occurring in numerous, orbicular soralia, 0.5-1.6 mm in diam., whitish gray; Apothecia: no fertile specimens seen; Pycnidia: not seen; Spot tests: K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P+ yellow, UV+ yellow; Secondary metabolites: haemathamnolic acid and lichexanthone (both major), decarboxythamnolic, hypothamnolic and thamnolic acids (all minor).; Substrate and ecology: rather common on siliceous rocks (including conglomerate or rhyolite) in mountainous areas; World distribution: endemic to North America from central Mexico to SW U.S.A.; Sonoran distribution: coastal California and inland from southern Arizona, Sonora and Chihuahua, primarily at 1200 to 2300 m.; Notes: Pertusaria moreliensis is a sorediate species which can be distinguished from other saxicolous sorediate Pertusaria species in the area by its whitish gray thallus and the presence of lichexanthone (UV + yellow), while other sorediate taxa (sorediate morphotypes of P. flavicunda and P. tejocotensis) contain thiophaninic acid (UV + orange) and have a yellowish thallus. Morphologically similar to P. moreliensis is P. excludens Nyl. which differs in containing a norstictic acid chemosyndrome and having usually smaller soralia. Another saxicolous species with lichexanthone (UV + yellow) in the area is P. mariae, which is easily distinguished by the absence of soralia and the presence of norstictic acid. 54916 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54916 Pertusaria neolecanina Lumbsch & Th. Nash 2796 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:57 2011-02-02 12:16:57 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: verrucose-areolate to rimose-areolate, with thin to moderately thick verrucae; margins: entire, unzoned; upper surface: yellowish gray to yellowish white, smooth, dull to shiny, epruinose; lacking soredia or isidia; fertile verrucae: concolorous with thallus, pertusariate, flat-topped, numerous, c. 0.4-1.0 mm in diam.; ostioles: 1-4 (-6) per verruca, slightly sunken, grouped in a central depression and fusing to form a pseudolecanorate discs, c. 0.5 mm wide; Apothecia: 1-2 per verruca, up to 0.5 mm in diam.; disc: dark brown to gray brown, epruinose; epithecium: dark brown; hypothecium: hyaline; asci: cylindrical, 180-260 x 40-64 µm, 2-spored, uniseriate; ascospores: hyaline, ellipsoid, 86-118 x 32-58 µm; spore walls: c. 6-10 µm thick; apices: up to 14 µm thick, 2-layered; outer spore wall: c. 1-2 µm thick; inner spore wall: 5-9 µm thick; apices: up to 28 µm thick; Pycnidia: not seen; Spot tests: K+ yellow to red, C+ orange, KC-, P+ yellow to orange, UV+ orange-red; Secondary metabolites: norstictic and thiophaninic acids (both major), connorstictic acid (minor).; Substrate and ecology: in montane oak-pine forests on Quercus bark, associated species include Lecanora caesiorubella and Ochrolechia spp.; World distribution: endemic to North America; Sonoran distribution: known only from a few localities in Baja California Sur, Sinaloa and Sonora at 1600 and 2300 m.; Notes: Pertusaria neolecanina is characterized by its verruciform ascomata with blackish ostioles, two-spored asci and the presence of norstictic and thiophaninic acids. Chemically it agrees with P. lecanina which also has two-spored asci. This species, however, is readily distinguished by its disciform apothecia and the single-layered ascospores. Another similar species is P. xanthodes, that, however, differs in containing stictic acid instead of norstictic acid and not forming pseudolecanorate discs. 54918 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54918 Pertusaria tejocotensis de Lesd. 2797 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:57 2011-02-02 12:16:57 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: fissured to areolate, with thin to moderately thick verrucae; margins: entire, unzoned; upper surface: yellow-green to sulfur-yellow, smooth or tuberculate, shiny or dull, epruinose; usually lacking soredia or isidia but some specimens with dispersed soredia; fertile verrucae: concolorous with thallus, pertusariate or erect, flat-topped, numerous, c. 0.5-1.7 mm in diam.; ostioles: 1-8 per verruca, level to sunken, blackish brown; Apothecia: 1-6 per verruca; epithecium: dark brown to black, K-; hypothecium: hyaline to yellowish; asci: clavate or cylindrical, 260-400 x 55-84 µm, mostly 4-spored.; Ascospores: hyaline, oval to ellipsoid, 65-100 x 35-55 µm; spore wall: 2-layered; outer spore wall: c. 2-6 µm thick; inner spore wall: 5-15 µm thick, smooth, laminated; apices: up to 25 µm thick; Pycnidia: not seen; Spot tests: K- or + yellow, C+ yellow, KC+ orange, P-, UV+ orange-red; Secondary metabolites: confluentic, planaic, and thiophaninic acids (all major), hyperconfluentic and 2'-O-methylmicrophyllinic acids (both minor).; Substrate and ecology: on siliceous rocks, seldom on soil, and up to 3000 m throughout western North America; World distribution: endemic to North America from central Mexico to the Southwest; Sonoran distribution: widely distributed from coastal California, but primarily in mountainous areas of Arizona, Chihuahua, Sonora, Sinaloa and Baja California Sur at 700 to 2000 m.; Notes: Pertusaria tejocotensis is a characteristic yellowish species with poriform apothecia, white pruinose ostioles that may or not dilate to form a pseudolecanorate disc 4-spored asci and thiophaninic acid and long side chain depsides. It is similar to P. wulfenoides which, however, can be distinguished by having larger verrucae and a different chemistry. It usually grows on bark, while P. tejocotensis grows seldomly on siliceous rocks. Another similar species is P. flavicunda which is easily distinguished by its disciform ascomata and the presence of stictic acid. Pertusaria tejocotensis is a uniform species. Some specimens differ in producing soralia instead or in addition to apothecia. 54919 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54919 Pertusaria wulfenoides 2798 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:57 2011-02-02 12:16:57 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: fissured to fissured-areolate, with thin to moderately thick verrucae; margins: entire, unzoned; upper surface: yellow-green to sulfur-yellow, smooth to rugose-plicate, dull, slightly pruinose; lacking soredia or isidia; fertile verrucae: concolorous with thallus, pertusariate to erect, flat-topped, few or numerous, grouped in a central depression, c. 0.6-2.8 mm in diam.; ostioles: 1-7 (-12) per verruca, dark, level to sunken, sometimes dilating and fusing to form a pseudolecanorate disc; Apothecia: 1-5 per verruca; epithecium: brown to black, K-; hypothecium: hyaline; asci: cylindrical, 280-460 x 50-78 µm, mostly 4-spored; ascospores: hyaline, ellipsoid to oval, 68-110 x 38-58 µm; spore wall: 2-layered; outer spore wall: c. 2-6 µm thick; inner spore: wall 6-18 µm thick, smooth; apices: up to 32 µm thick; Pycnidia: not seen; Spot tests: K+ yellow to red, C+ orange, KC-, P+ yellow to orange, UV+ orange-red; Secondary metabolites: norstictic and thiophaninic acids (both major), connorstictic acid, 2-chloro-6-O-methylnorlichexanthone, and 4-chloro-6-O-methylnorlichexanthone (all minor).; Substrate and ecology: on bark, including Alnus, Juniperus, Pinus, Populus, Pseudotsuga, or Quercus, and was also collected on siliceous rocks; World distribution: endemic to SW North America; Sonoran distribution: widely distributed in mountainous areas at 2000-3100 m.; Notes: This taxon is characterized by its yellowish thallus, large verrucae with poriform ascomata with ostioles that dilate and fuse to form pseudolecanorate discs, 4-spored asci, and the presence of the norstictic and thiophaninic acids chemosyndromes. Similar species include P. azulensis and P. tejocotensis and the differences to these species are discussed above. 54930 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=54930 Anaptychia ulotrichoides (Vainio) Vainio 2799 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:57 2011-02-02 12:16:57 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: foliose, up to 2 cm in diam., irregular to somewhat orbicular;; lobes: mostly ± linear and elongate, often somewhat overlapping or entangled, 0.3-1 mm broad, ± flat or weakly convex in older parts, with sparse to rather numerous cortical hairs on or near lobe ends, the hairs tapered, darkening and sometimes intergrading with the darkening rhizines on underside of lobe ends; surface: dingy white to tan-brown or darker brown, usually pruinose at least near the lobe ends and sometimes ± continuously; without soredia or isidia; upper cortex: prosoplectenchymatous,; medulla: white; lower surface: white to tan, without well developed cortex (noticeably absent at lobe ends, but with some agglutinated hyphae developing inward), sparsely to moderately rhizinate, the rhizines simple to sparsely furcate (very sparse, short, perpendicular side branches sometimes present), mostly concolorous with the lower surface, up to 1 mm long; lower cortex: missing or poorly differentiated and intergrading with the medulla; Apothecia: rare, up to 1 mm in diam., sessile to short stipitate, the margin entire to irregularly crenate; ascospores: 25-31 x 13-14 µm; Pycnidia: rare, immersed; conidia: bacilliform, 3.5-5 x <1 µm; Spot tests: all negative for both cortex and medulla; Secondary products: trace unknown terpenoids (2 or 3).; Substrate and ecology: rock or soil over rock, mostly in open areas; World distribution: North America, Europe, north Africa and Asia; Sonoran distribution: not yet found in the Sonoran Region, but known from just outside Arizona, in Utah (Kane Co.: 18 mi. NNW of Page, Arizona, Nash 6611), and so included here for comparison, since it is likely yet to be found in the region. 55045 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=55045 Heterodermia albicans (Pers.) Swinscow & Krog 2800 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:57 2011-02-02 12:16:57 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology lobes: linear, elongate, narrow, 0.5-1 mm broad, up to 3 mm long, usually richly branched, weakly convex, widening, tips without soralia, not ascending, eciliate; upper surface: gray to brownish gray, darker at lobe-tips, sometimes weakly pruinose, sorediate; soredia: white to bluish gray, in soralia arising from small lateral knob-like structures forming small, ± continous marginal soralia towards the thallus center; upper cortex: prosoplectenchymatous; medulla: white; lower cortex: prosoplectenchymatous, together with upper one occupying more than 2/3 of the thallus thickness; lower surface: whitish to pale brownish, rarely dark gray, ± canaliculate; rhizines: weakly developed, usually short (c. 1 mm), pale to dark brown or black; Apothecia: rare (not seen in Sonoran material), up to 2.5 mm in diam., margin becoming sorediate; disc: dark brown; asci: clavate, 8-spored; ascospores: brown, l-septate, narrowly ellipsoid, 21-32 x 7-14 µm; Pycnidia: ± common, inserted with black weakly protruding tips; conidia: bacilliform, 4-6 x 1 µm; Spot tests: cortex K+ yellow C-, KC-, P+ yellow; medulla K+ yellow during deep red, C-, KC-, P+ orange; Secondary metabolites: cortex with atranorin and chloroatranorin; medulla with atranorin and zeorin and salazinic acid (major) and ± unidentified terpenes.; Substrate and ecology: growing on trees or rocks or over mosses on rocks in open situations; World distribution: North and South America, the Azores, and East Africa; Sonoran distribution: relatively common at intermediate elevations in SE Arizona, Chihuahua, and Sinaloa.; Notes: Heterodermia albicans is characterized and distinguished by the narrow, convex, short lobes, corticate on the lower surface. The soralia arise from marginal knob-like structures forming small, ± continous marginal soralia towards the thallus center. Heterodermia speciosa also has a lower cortex but has larger, ± flat lobes and lacks salazininc acid. Heterodermia albicans differs from H. pseudospeciosa by more adpressed thallus, less delimited soralia and the absence of norstictic acid. TLC is recommended to separate the two species. 55046 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=55046 Heterodermia appalachensis (Kruok.) Culb. 2801 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:57 2011-02-02 12:16:57 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology lobes: linear, elongate, ± narrow, 0.5-1 (-2) mm wide, subimbricate centrally, ciliate; cilia: prominent, marginal, pale at the base and blackened towards the branched apices; upper surface: gray to dark gray without or with a weak pruina, sometimes with laminal cilia; sorediate; soredia: in soralia on the underside near the tips, bending the tips upwards and thus appearing labriform (designated capitate by Kurokawa [1962]); upper cortex: prosoplectenchymatous; medulla: white above and salmon below; lower cortex: lacking; lower surface: white but mostly overlaid by a yellow to salmon-colored pigment (K-), arachnoid, rhizinate; rhizines: marginal, simple; Apothecia and Pycnidia: not seen; Spot tests: cortex K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P+ yellow; medulla K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P-; Secondary metabolites: cortex with atranorin and chloroatranorin; medulla with atranorin, zeorin and leucotylin.; World distribution: North America from the southern Appalachian Mountains; Sonoran distribution: relatively rare in SE Arizona and Baja California Sure, more common in the Sierra Madre Occidental region of Sonora and Chihuahua. 55051 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=55051 Heterodermia comosa (Eschw.) Follm. & Redon 2802 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:57 2011-02-02 12:16:57 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: foliose to subfruticose, usually forming small tufts of ascending lobes, up to 7 cm across, irregularly lobate; lobes: linear spathulate or paddle-shaped, rarely branched, suberect, partially imbricate, up to 5 mm wide, convex, ciliate; cilia: prominent, usually simple, marginal whitish, up to 4 mm long; upper surface: white to grayish white, mostly with cilia if not densely covered by pycnidia; soredia and isidia absent; upper cortex: prosoplectenchymatous; medulla: white; lower cortex: absent; lower surface: white or variegated ochraceous, apically sorediose, erhizinate; Apothecia: common in epitype, terminal to subterminal, substipitate, 1-5 (-10) mm diam., lobulate, ciliate, situated at the end of the ascending lobes; disc: dark brown, densely pruinose; asci: cylindrical to subclavate, 8-spored; ascospores: brown, l-septate, narrowly ellipsoid to fusiform, Pachysporaria-type, without sporoblastidia, 31-34 x 13-15.5 µm; Spot tests: cortex K+ yellow C-, KC-, P+ yellow; medulla K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P-; Secondary metabolites: cortex with atranorin and chloroatranorin; medulla with atranorin, zeorin and an unknown ochraceous pigment.; Substrate and ecology: growing on tree trunks and branches in fairly open but moist situations; World distribution: known from Central and South America, Africa and Asia; Sonoran distribution: not known from the Sonoran Desert region, but present in other parts of Mexico and might eventually be found in the Sonoran Desert area.; Notes: Heterodermia comosa is recognized by its helmet-shaped lobes with cilia both on the margins and upper surface and the absence of soralia. Apothecia and pycnidia were not seen in Mexican material. 55056 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=55056 Heterodermia erinacea (Ach.) W. A. Weber 2803 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:57 2011-02-02 12:16:57 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: foliose to caespitose-subfruticose, irregular, very loosely adnate, up to 7 cm in diam., ± dichotomously lobate; lobes: linear, elongate, up to 2 mm broad, but usually around 1 mm, 10-20 mm long, ± plane, sometimes prostrate but more often ascending, sometimes minutely bullate, ciliate; cilia: marginal, simple, black tipped, up to 7 mm long; upper surface: gray to dark gray, usually with black spots from the abundant pycnidia; soredia and isidia absent; upper cortex: prosoplectenchymatous; medulla: white, lax, usually well developed; lower cortex: lacking throughout; lower surface: white, without a cortex, uneven, arachnoid, erhizinate; Apothecia: ± abundant, very variable in size, short stipitate, up to 5 mm diam., without cilia on the margin; disc: black, plane, often pruinose; asci: subclavate to clavate, 8-spored; ascospores: brown, l-septate, ellipsoid, Physcia-type, (16-) 18-20.5 (-21.5) x (7.5-) 8-9.5 (-11) µm; Pycnidia: ± abundant, inserted in thallus with black openings on the lobes; conidia: bacilliform, 3.5-5 x 1µm; Spot tests: cortex K+ yellow C-, KC-, P+ yellow; medulla K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P-; Secondary metabolites: cortex with atranorin and chloroatranorin; medulla with atranorin and zeorin.; Substrate and ecology: growing on tree trunks, shrubs and cacti in open situations; World and Sonoran distribution: known from ± coastal parts of Baja California, Baja California Sur and southern California.; Notes: The ± flat lobes with marginal cilia and abundant apothecia makes this common, coastal species easy to recognize. 55058 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=55058 Heterodermia granulifera (Ach.) Culb. 2804 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:57 2011-02-02 12:16:57 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: foliose, irregular, sometimes orbicular, to 3 cm. diam., firmly adnate, repeatedly irregularly lobate; lobes: radiating, up to 1.5 mm broad, adnate to the tips, ± sinuous, short and overlapping or discrete, flat to convex, minutely notched, eciliate; upper surface: whitish gray to gray, mostly distinctly pruinose particularly at lobe-tips; isidiate; isidia: marginal and/or laminal, very variable in length from the usual 0.1 mm and knob-like but also rarely up to 0.5 cm long and then becoming lobulate; soredia: sometimes present and may develop from broken isidia or wartlike projections; upper cortex: prosoplectenchymatous; medulla: white, lax; lower cortex: prosoplectenchymatous; lower surface: white or pale to medium brown; rhizines: simple, gray to brown; Apothecia: ± common, short stipitate, up to 3 mm diam.; margin: scabrous, minutely crenate, isidiose or lobulate; disc: dark brown, epruinose; asci: subclavate to clavate, 8-spored; ascospores: brown, l-septate, ellipsoid, Pachysporaria-type, without sporoblastidia, (20.5-) 21-27 (-30) x (8.5-) 10.5-14 µm; Pycnidia: ± common, inserted in the thallus, visible only as black warts on the surface; conidia: bacilliform, 4-5 x 1 µm; Spot tests: cortex K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P+ yellow; medulla K+ yellow to red, C-, KC-, P+ orange; Secondary metabolites: cortex with atranorin and chloroatranorin; medulla with atranorin, zeorin and salazinic acid (major).; Substrate and ecology: mainly growing on bark of various deciduous trees in moist, but open conditions from the thorn forest into adjacent montane areas; World distribution: both eastern and SW North America (including Mexico); Sonoran distribution: relatively common in mesquite, riparian areas, thorn forests and deciduous forests at low to intermediate elevations in southern Arizona, Sonora, Sinaloa and Baja California Sur.; Notes: Heterodermia granulifera is recognized by the isidia on the lobe margins and/or the upper surface which sometimes develop soralia in the openings after the isidia are broken. 55059 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=55059 Heterodermia hypoleuca (Muhl.) Trevisan 2805 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:57 2011-02-02 12:16:57 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: foliose, irregular to orbicular, up to 5 cm diam. (forming colonies up to 15 cm diam.), loosely adnate with discrete, repeatedly dichotomously or irregularly lobate; lobes: up to 2 mm broad, usually around 1 mm, irregularly or dichotomously branched; tips: not ascending, with small adventive lateral lobules, eciliate; upper surface: greenish white or gray to dark gray or brownish, not or very weakly pruinose; soredia and isidia absent; upper cortex: prosoplectenchymatous; medulla: white; lower cortex: absent; lower surface: white to purple or almost black; rhizines: marginal, pale to black, ± abundantly branched; Apothecia: ± common, variable in size, substipitate, up to 5 (-10) mm diam., sometimes cupshaped, shortly stipitate or sessile with lobulate margin; disc: brown to dark brown; asci: cylindrical to subclavate, 8-spored; ascospores: brown, l-septate, ellipsoid, Pachysporaria type, with or without sporoblastidia, (22.5-) 23.5-30.5 (-35.5) x (11-) 12.5-16 (-17) µm; Pycnidia: ± common; conidia: bacilliform, 4-5 x 1 µm [but Kurokawa (1962) reports 1-2 x 0.3-0.5 µm]; Spot tests: cortex K+ yellow C-, KC-, P+ yellow; medulla K+ yellow or K+ yellow to orange, C-, KC-, P- or P+ yellow to orange; Secondary metabolites: cortex with atranorin and chloroatranorin; medulla with atranorin, zeorin, leucotylin and ± norstictic acid.; Substrate and ecology: growing on bark in fairly moist but open conditions; World distribution: southern North America, Africa and eastern Asia; Sonoran distribution: relatively common in SE Arizona and the Sierra Madre Occidental region of Chihuahua, Sonora and Sinaloa and on the mountains of the southern tip of Baja California Sur.; Notes: The "wooly" upper lobe-tips, the ecorticate lower side, discrete lobes with small adventive lobes and lobulate apothecia identify the species. It could be characterized as the fertile counterpart of H. japonica. 55060 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=55060 Heterodermia japonica (Sato) Swinscow & Krog 2806 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:58 2011-02-02 12:16:58 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: foliose, very variable, irregular, rarely orbicular, up to 5 cm diam. (often forming colonies up to 15 cm or more in diam.), loosely adnate, dichotomously lobate; lobes: sublinear, elongate, radiating, the lobe-tips ascending, usually widening towards apices, c. 2-3 (-4) mm at the tips, usually discrete, sometimes dissected with lobules along the margin developing small soralia; upper surface: greenish white, whitish to cream-colored, rarely brownish, sometimes pruinose at tips especially when young, sorediate; soredia: farinose to granular, in labriform to capitate soralia, on lateral or terminal lobes, sometimes spreading along lobe margin; upper cortex: prosoplectenchymatous; medulla: white; lower cortex: absent; lower surface: white to brownish or bluish black, arachnoid, often sparsely spotted with a brownish orange-red pigment towards lobe apices, rhizinate; rhizines: marginal, simple, black, 1-3 (-7) mm long; Apothecia: extremely rare, laminal, substipitate, 1-8 mm in diam.; margin: lacinulate; disc: concave, dark brown to blackish brown, lightly pruinose; asci: cylindrical to subclavate, 8-spored; ascospores: brown, l-septate, ellipsoid, Pachysporaria-type, 40-45 x 20-22 µm; Pycnidia: rare, immersed; conidia: bacilliform, 4-5 x 1 µm; Spot tests: cortex K+ yellow C-, KC-, P+ yellow; medulla K+ yellow or K+ yellow to orange, C-, KC-, P- or P+ yellow to orange; Secondary metabolites: cortex with atranorin and chloroatranorin; medulla with atranorin, zeorin, ± norstictic acid, ± salazinic acid and unidentified terpenes.; Substrate and ecology: growing on tree trunks or over mosses on rocks in both open and shady situations; World distribution: pantropical to subtropical species extending to warm temperate regions; Sonoran distribution: probably the most common Heterodermia in the region, occurring in the mountains of Arizona and the Sierra Madre Occidental region of Chihuahua and Sinaloa and in the higher mountains of Baja California and Baja California Sur.; Notes: It is characterized by the dull upper surface, ± fan-like lobe apices, the absence of a lower cortex and by having a white to blackish-violet lower surface. This is however an exceedingly variable species in both morphology and chemistry. The lobes may become more elongate in shady habitats when they may have distinct long, black marginal rhizines (to 7 mm). The soredia may vary from farinose to granular or may be virtually lacking. Swinscow and Krog (1976a) document a similar variation in East Africa. The sparse brownish orange-red pigment pr esent on the lower lobe apices should not be confused with the more distinct, continuous pigmented lower surface of H. obscurata. Heterodermia dendritica var. propagulifera was already discussed and regarded as a modification of H. japonica by Swinscow and Krog (1976a, p. 133) and they have examined the holotype in TUR and the isotype in BM. We fully agree with their conclusions and thus formalize the synonymization. 55063 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=55063 Heterodermia obscurata (Nyl.) Trevisan 2807 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:58 2011-02-02 12:16:58 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: foliose, forming ± orbicular rosettes or irregularly spreading, robust, 2-4 (-10) cm diam., ± firmly adnate, dichotomously to irregularly lobate; lobes: c. 1-2 mm, radiating, sparsely divided, ± discrete, flat to slightly convex, minutely notched, eciliate; upper surface: gray-white to rarely dark gray in center, shiny, not or rarely pruinose, sorediate; soredia: granular, often rusty brown, in labriform to capitate soralia on lateral and terminal lobes, sometimes confluent and forming marginal soralia; upper cortex: prosoplectenchymatous; medulla: white above, rusty brown below; lower cortex: absent; lower surface: felted with rust-colored or yellowish-brown pigment, K+ purple, not to be confused with the bluish-black underside present in H. japonica, arachnoid, rhizinate; rhizines: black, marginal, simple to squarrosely branched; Apothecia: rare (not seen in Sonoran material), substipitate, 1-5 mm in diam., margin becoming sorediate; disc: blackish brown, epruinose; asci: cylindrical to subclavate, 8-spored; ascospores: brown, l-septate, ellipsoid, 29-35 x 15-19; Pycnidia: not seen; Spot tests: cortex K+ yellow C-, KC-, P+ yellow; medulla K-, C-, KC-, P-; Secondary metabolites: cortex with atranorin and chloroatranorin; medulla with atranorin, zeorin, an unidentified terpene and a rusty brown pigment.; Substrate and ecology: growing on trunks of deciduous trees and mossy rocks in open but humid conditions; World distribution: common and widespread in tropical and subtropical areas, extending to warm temperate region in Europe and SE North America; Sonoran distribution: the mountains of SE Arizona, the Sierra Madre Occidental region of Chihuahua and mountains in the southern tip of Baja California Sur.; Notes: It is characterized by its robust appearance, the distinct labiate soredia and the rusty-brown pigmented (K+ purple) lower surface. Similar species include H. japonica, which differs in having a K+ yellow-red medullary reaction and is not pigmented or with only sparse rusty brown pigment (K) on its lower surface. Another similar species, H. speciosa, is distinguished by having a lower cortex and lacks any rusty brown pigmentation. Heterodermia obscurata is regarded as the sorediate counterpart of H. flabellata. 55065 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=55065 Heterodermia pseudospeciosa (Kurok.) Culb. 2808 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:58 2011-02-02 12:16:58 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: foliose, orbicular to irregular, small, usually less than 4 cm diam., loosely adnate, densely dichotomously lobate; lobes: long and narrow, up to 1 (-1.5)mm broad, repeatedly branched, weakly convex, widening, the tips not ascending, minutely notched, eciliate; upper surface: grayish white to gray to brownish gray, darker at lobe tips, sometimes weakly pruinose; sorediate; soredia: white to bluish gray, in semi-capitate soralia, sometimes at lobe-tips but mainly arising from small lateral knob-like structures; upper cortex: prosoplectenchymatous; medulla: white; lower cortex: prosoplectenchymatous; lower surface: whitish to pale brown, rarely dark gray; rhizines: weakly developed, usually short (c. 1 mm), pale to dark brown or black; Apothecia: rare (not seen in Sonoran material), subsessile, 1-3 mm in diam., margin sorediate; disc: brown to blackish brown, epruinose; asci: cylindrical to subclavate, 8-spored; ascospores: brown, l-septate, ellipsoid, 26-32 x 12-14; Pycnidia: ± common, immersed; conidia: bacilliform, 4-5 x 1 µm; Spot tests: cortex K+ yellow C-, KC-, P+ yellow; medulla K+ yellow to orange, C-, KC-, P+ yellow to orange; Secondary metabolites: cortex with atranorin and chloroatranorin; medulla with atranorin, zeorin and an unidentified terpenes (accessory) and norstictic acid (major) and connorstictic acid (minor).; Substrate and ecology: growing mainly on rocks, more rarely on trees in open but humid situations; World distribution: eastern North America and scattered localities on all continents; Sonoran distribution: Arizona and several in Chihuahua in the Sierra Madre Occidental.; Notes: This species is characterized by the narrow, convex, long lobes, corticate on the lower surface. The soralia arise mainly from marginal knob-like structures forming small, semi-capitate soralia. The records of salazinic acid are probably misinterpretations of connorstictic acid which seems to be regularly present. The type material does not contain salazinic acid (Swinscow and Krog 1976), and our collections from southeastern U.S.A. also lack salazinic acid, which agrees with Culberson (1966). The K+ reaction is similar to that of H. albicans (with salazinic acid), which also has similar soralia. However, the soralia of H. albicans are ± continuously marginal, and it is more firmly adnate and does not contain norstictic acid. Heterodermia speciosa is usually larger, has ± flat lobes and lacks both norstictic and salazinic acid. 55066 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=55066 Heterodermia rugulosa (Kurok.) Wetmore 2809 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:58 2011-02-02 12:16:58 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: foliose, irregular to orbicular, to 5 cm or up to 10 cm when confluent with other thalli, firmly adnate with distinct lobes and patchily pigmented medulla, dichotomously to subpalmately lobate; lobes: linear, elongate, usually overlapping, sometimes discrete, flat, ± sinuose, 1-2 mm broard, usually with peculiar knobs along margins, eciliate; upper surface: grayish white, gray to dark gray, often rugulose, usually with a distinct white pruina; soredia and isidia absent; upper cortex: prosoplectenchymatous; medulla: white, mostly but not always with patches of yellow to yellow-brown pigment (K+ purple); lower cortex: prosoplectenchymatous; lower surface: pinkish to pale brown or brown, rhizinate; rhizines: scattered, pale to dark, simple; Apothecia: ± common, up to 6 mm diam., substipitate, but usually smaller, often with a rough pruina; margins: white pruinose, sometimes lobulate; disc: blackish brown, epruinose; asci: subclavate to clavate, 8-spored; ascospores: brown, l-septate, ellipsoid, Pachysporaria-type, (19.5-) 21-26 (-29) x (9.5-) 10.5-12 (-13) µm; Pycnidia: ± common, visible as black dots and often concentrated to lobe margins; conidia: bacilliform, 4-5 x 1 µm; Spot tests: cortex K+ yellow C-, KC-, P+ yellow; medulla K+ purple (where pigmented), C-, KC-, P-; Secondary metabolites: cortex with atranorin and chloroatranorin; medulla with atranorin, zeorin, leucotylin and an unknown yellow to brownish pigment (K+ purple).; Substrate and ecology: growing on trunks, twigs and rocks and seems to prefer open, but humid conditions; World distribution: SW USA and extensively in Mexico; Sonoran distribution: very common in oak and pine forests of SE Arizona and adjacent Sierra Madre Occidental region of Chihuahua and Sonora and in the mountains in the southern part of Baja California Sur.; Notes: Heterodermia rugulosa is an extremely variable species with very different appearances on different substrates. On bark it is usually broad-lobed with overlapping lobes; while on twigs, short-lobed with ± fingerlike lobes and on rocks it has discrete, distinctly effigurate lobes. It may be difficult to identify if the pigment in the medulla is sparse, but the lobe primordia along lobe margins are typical for the species. This is similar to H. diademata, that has been erroneously reported from the Sonoran region. Also it is similar to H. tropica, which is probably closely related but it lacks the pigment in the medulla. 55068 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=55068 Heterodermia speciosa (Wulfen) Trevisan 2810 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:58 2011-02-02 12:16:58 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: foliose, orbicular to irregular, 2-3 (-4) cm diam., often coalescing with other thalli forming colonies up to 15 cm diam., ± firmly adnate, repeatedly dichotomously lobate; lobes: linear, elongate, narrow, c. (0.5-) 1-2 mm, flat to convex, end-lobes without soralia, slightly widening towards apices, minutely notched, eciliate; upper surface: white to cream-colored or brownish to bluish gray, ± shiny, the lobe-tips sometimes darkening, very rarely pruinose, not ascending, sorediate; soredia: abundant, farinose to ± granular, gray to bluish gray, in labiate soralia, on lateral lobes, sometimes semi-capitate, starting from lateral lobules; upper cortex: prosoplectenchymatous; medulla: white; lower cortex: prosoplectenchymatous; lower surface: pale to dark brown, rhizinate; rhizines: few, scattered, short and robust, sometimes irregularly branched, usually black; Apothecia: rare (not seen in Sonoran material), substipitate, 3-8 mm in diam., margin: crenate or lacinulate; disc: brown to blackish brown; asci: cylindrical to clavate, 8-spored; ascospores: brown, l-septate, ellipsoid, 30-37 x 14-18; Pycnidia: not seen; Spot tests: cortex K+ yellow C-, KC-, P+ yellow; medulla K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P-; Secondary metabolites: cortex with atranorin and chloroatranorin; medulla with atranorin, zeorin and an unidentified triterpene.; Substrate and ecology: growing on sunny, but moist rocks or on tree trunks in humid conditions; World distribution: widely distributed in subtropical to temperate areas, extending to northern Scandinavia (Moberg & Holmåsen 1992); Sonoran distribution: mountains of SE Arizona and the Sierra Madre Occidental region of Chihuahua and Sonora.; Notes: It is characterized by the striking contrast between the blue-gray soralia and the paler thallus and the presence of lower cortex. The lower surface of H. obscurata lacks a cortex and has a rusty orange pigment. Heterodermia albicans is much smaller and contains salazinic acid (K+ yellow-red). 55070 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=55070 Heterodermia tropica (Kurok.) 2811 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:58 2011-02-02 12:16:58 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: foliose, orbicular, up to 5 cm diam. or irregular and confluent with other thalli, ± closely adnate, dichotomously to subirregularly lobate; lobes: linear, ± elongated, 0.5-1.5 mm broad, with ± lobulate margins, eciliate; upper surface: whitish gray, gray to dark gray often with darker margins and tips, sometimes with a weak pruina; soredia. and isidia absent; upper cortex: prosoplectenchymatous; medulla: white; lower cortex: prosoplectenchymatous; lower surface: white to pale gray or brownish, rhizinate; rhizines: abundant, pale gray to black, sparsely branched; Apothecia: common, up to 5 mm diam. with abundant lobules along margins on older apothecia; disc: brown to blackish brown, epruinose; asci: subclavate to clavate, 8-spored; ascospores: brown, l-septate, Pachysporaria-type, (25-) 27-32 (-37.5) x (12-) 13-17 (-19.5) µm; Pycnidia: ± abundant; conidia: bacilliform, 4-5 x 1µm; Spot tests: cortex K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P+ yellow; medulla K+ yellow to red, C-, KC-, P+ orange; Secondary metabolites: cortex with atranorin and chloroatranorin; medulla with atranorin, zeorin and salazinic acid (major).; Substrate and ecology: on bark of various trees, rarely on rock; World distribution: has a limited distribution in SE Arizona, Mexico and Central America; Sonoran distribution: mountains of SE Arizona, adjacent Sierra Madre Occidental regions of Chihuahua and Sonora and the mountains of southern Baja California Sur.; Notes: Heterodermia tropica is very similar to H. diademata and the major difference is presence of salazinic acid. The relation between H. tropica and H. albicans is probably the same as the relation between H. diademata and H. speciosa. 55071 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=55071 Heterodermia ciliatomarginata (Linder) Essl. 2812 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:58 2011-02-02 12:16:58 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology lobes: linear, elongate, up to 1.5 mm broad, but mostly around 1 mm, ± convex, weakly ascending at the tips, ciliate; cilia: marginal, white below and darkening above, up to 6 mm long; upper surface: gray to very dark gray, usually minutely bullate, with stout cilia; soralia and isidia absent; upper cortex: prosoplectenchymatous; medulla: white, lowermost part often containing agglutinate hyphae that may appear like a cortex; lower cortex: absent; lower surface: white, shiny, agglutinated hyphae giving a false impression of a cortex, erhizinate; Apothecia: abundant, very variable in size, short stipitate, up to 4 mm diam. with ciliate margins; disc: plane, black, often pruinose; asci: subclavate to clavate, 8-spored; ascospores: brown, l-septate, ellipsoid, Physcia-type, (15-) 16.5-19.7 (-22.5) x (6.5-) 7.5-9 (-9.5); Pycnidia: abundant and large, inserted, but distinctly protruding above lobe surface; conidia: ellipsoid to bacilliform, 3-4 x 1 µm; Spot tests: cortex K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P+ yellow; medulla K-, C-, KC-, P-; Secondary metabolites: cortex with atranorin and chloroatranorin; medulla without any detected secondary products.; Substrate and ecology: growing on rocks in sun-exposed, ± coastal habitats (see Esslinger and Bratt 1998); World and Sonoran distribution: only known on the Pacific Ocean side of Baja California and Baja California Sur.; Notes: It is distinguished by its robust, orbicular thallus with elongate, discrete and ciliate lobes having abundant, ciliate apothecia. Its agglutinated medulla is also distinctive. In comparison with H. erinacea and H. namaquana, H. ciliatomarginata lacks zeorin and has more prominent pycnidia (up to 0.5 mm wide). 55072 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=55072 Heterodermia linearis Moberg & Nash 2813 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:58 2011-02-02 12:16:58 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: irregular to orbicular, up to 10 cm diam., dichotomously lobate; lobes: long, linear, distinctly separate and spreading, up to 1 mm broad, ciliate; cilia: prominent, marginal, up to 7 mm long, giving the margin a comblike appearance; upper surface: gray to whitish gray; soredia and isidia absent; upper cortex: prosoplectenchymatous; medulla: white, forming lowermost part of lobes; lower cortex: absent; lower surface: white, sometimes bluish, erhizinate; Apothecia: laminal and/or terminal, short stipitate, up to 5 mm in diam. with shortly lobulate margin often folded over the hymenium; asci: subclavate to clavate, 8-spored; ascospores: brown, l-septate, ellipsoid, Pachysporaria-type, sometimes with sporoblastidia, (29-) 32.5-38.5 (-42) x (14-) 15-18 (-21.5) µm; Pycnidia: common, immersed, appearing as distinct, black warts on the upper side; conidia: bacilliform, 4-6 x 1 µm; Spot tests: cortex K+ yellow C-, KC-, P+ yellow; medulla K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P-; Secondary metabolites: cortex with atranorin and chloroatranorin; medulla with atranorin and zeorin.; Substrate and ecology: grows abundantly on tree trunks in oak woodland and seems to prefer open localities in fairly humid areas; World and Sonoran distribution: Sinaloa and mountains in southern Baja California Sur between 1200 and 1800 m.; Notes: The publication of this species as H. lineare was orthographically incorrect and is hereby emended to H. linearis. Heterodermia linearis is a robust species recognized by the linear lobes with regularly ciliate margins and abundant apothecia and pycnidia. It differs from H. leucomela by the absence of soralia and from fertile H. leucomela by the abundant pycnidia and entire or only shortly lobulate apothecial margins. 55073 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=55073 Heterodermia namaquana Breuss 2814 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:58 2011-02-02 12:16:58 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: foliose to caespitose-subfruticose, rarely exceeding 3 cm in diam., very loosely adnate, irregularly lobate; lobes: mostly paddle-shaped, up to 3 mm broad, broadest near the tips, simple or weakly branched, often ascending apically, sometimes elongate and linear but tips sometimes helmet-like, ciliate; cilia: marginal and laminal, up to 6 mm long; upper surface: whitish gray, uneven, ± pruinose, sometimes minutely bullate, sorediate; soredia: farinose, in soralia on the underside of the whole lobes or sometimes on recurved lobe-tips or breaking through the upper cortex; upper cortex: prosoplectenchymatous; medulla: white, lower part often agglutinate and appearing like a cortex; lower cortex: absent; lower surface: white, sorediate, often vein-like due to downward extension of the upper cortex, erhizinate (although cilia may be misleading); Apothecia: occasional, up to 3 mm diam., short stipitate, margin mostly ciliate; disc: black, plane, often pruinose; asci: subclavate to clavate, 8-spored; ascospores: brown, l-septate, ellipsoid, Physcia-type (15-) 15.5-18 (-19.5) x (6.5-) 7- 8.5 (-9.5) µm; Pycnidia: ± common; conidia: usually bacilliform (but sometimes pointed at one end), 4-5 x <1µm; Spot tests: cortex K+ yellow C-, KC-, P+ yellow; medulla K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P-; Secondary metabolites: cortex with atranorin and chloroatranorin; medulla with atranorin and zeorin (minor to ± accessory).; Substrate and ecology: on shrubs, seems to prefer coastal sites in the Sonoran Desert area; World distribution: SW North America and South Africa; Sonoran distribution: Channel Islands of California and coastal areas of Baja California, Baja California Sur and southern Sonora.; Notes: The species is recognized by the ± helmet-shaped lobes with soredia on the underside, its ciliate lobes and its small size. The presence of soredia readily separates it from H. erinacea. See Essinger and Bratt (1998) for a discussion of other, subtle morphological differences. 55074 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=55074 Heterodermia podocarpa (BTl.) Awas. 2815 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:58 2011-02-02 12:16:58 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: foliose to subfruticose, up to 5 cm broad but usually smaller, irregularly lobate; lobes: ± convex, variable in width, up to 2 (-3) mm, often ascending, sometimes imbricate with whitish cilia along margins; upper surface: grayish white to gray, sometimes reddish in herbarium caused by poor drying; soredia and isidia absent; upper cortex: prosoplectenchymatous; medulla: white; lower cortex: absent; lower surface: white, ± canaliculated, arachnoid, appearing sorediate, rhizinate; rhizines, marginal, simple to irregularly branched; Apothecia: ± abundant, 1-2 (-5) mm wide, subterminal and substipitate to stipitate and thus appearing terminal, with ± well developed squamules on margin; disc: brown to dark brown, ± pruinose; asci: subclavate to clavate, 8-spored; ascospores: brown, l-septate, ellipsoid, Pachysporaria type with sporoblastidia (26-) 29.5-35 (-35.5) x (13-) 13.5-16 (-17) µm; Pycnidia: ± abundant; conidia: bacilliform, 4-5 x 1 µm; Spot tests: cortex K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P+ yellow; medulla K+ yellow to red, C-, KC-, P+ orange; Secondary metabolites: cortex with atranorin and chloroatranorin; medulla with atranorin, zeorin and salazinic acid (major) and norstictic acid (trace or accessory).; Substrate and ecology: on twigs and small branches in oak and pine forests; World distribution: widespread but not common species known from southern USA, Central and South America, Africa and Asia; Sonoran distribution: SE Arizona and the Sierra Madre Occidental region of Chihuahua.; Notes: No material, from which Bélangers figures were made, seems to be left. We have seen no material from Réunion, but among the material seen from Africa, that from the Usambara Mountains is the most similar to the figure description. The species usually is fairly small and consequently the epitype is also small. Additional material from the Usambara Mountains. (Moberg 1484f and Santesson 23335a, UPS) show the variation of the species. H. podocarpa is the only species present in the area belonging to the group Podocarpae. The spores are a bit smaller than in the material from East Africa. A similar species, but one with soralia, is H. galactophylla, that is known from southeastern North America, and Central and South America. 55075 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=55075 Heterodermia spathulifera Moberg & Purvis 2816 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:58 2011-02-02 12:16:58 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: foliose, irregular to orbicular, up to 3 cm diam., discretely lobate; lobes: narrow, up to 1 mm, usually flat, not distinctly widening at tips, eciliate; upper surface: white to cream-colored, shiny and without pruina, sorediate; soredia: in labriform soralia, sometimes becoming very big (up to 5 mm tall) and spathulate; upper cortex: thick, prosoplectenchymatous; medulla: white; lower cortex: absent; lower surface: white on outer parts of lobes, pale brown in inner parts (appearing corticate, but in sections this proves to be medulla incrusted by soil particles); rhizines: sparse, marginal, c. 1 (-2) mm long, simple, sometimes projecting beyond the margin; Apothecia: rare; asci: subclavate to clavate, 8-spored; ascospores: brown, l-septate, narrowly ellipsoid to ellipsoid, Pachysporaria-type, 36-43 x 15-18 µm; Pycnidia: not seen; Spot tests: cortex K+ yellow C-, KC-, P+ yellow; medulla K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P-; Secondary metabolites: cortex with atranorin and chloroatranorin, medulla with atranorin, zeorin and an unidentified substance, UV+ red after charring rf 4-5 (G) ['spathulin'].; Substrate and ecology: growing on both rocks and tree trunks in open but humid conditions; World distribution: earlier known only from the Azores (Moberg and Purvis 1997); Sonoran distribution: not present in the Sonoran Desert area, but just outside the region and thus suspected to be found.; Notes: This species is distinguished by its narrow, shiny, firmly adnate lobes with pale marginal rhizinae and unique chemistry, containing an unknown substance, spathulin, appearing reddish in UV above zeorin after treatment with sulfuric acid. If soralia are present they are usually big and spathulate. Another Heterodermia with small adnate lobes is H. albicans, which differs in having, darker lobes with small marginal knob-like projections developing into soralia and a very distinct lower cortex. In moist and shaded habitats the soredia of H. spathulifera tend to develop into squamules, that sometimes may cover inner parts of the thallus. 55076 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=55076 Hyperphyscia adglutinata (Florke) H. Mayrh. & Poelt 2817 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:58 2011-02-02 12:16:58 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: foliose, orbicular to irregular (adjacent thalli becoming confluent), small, less than 2 cm diam., very tightly adnate, densely lobate; lobes: narrow, 0.3-0.7 (-2) mm wide, radiating, usually plane, margins occasionally black, tips sometimes ascending; upper surface: gray- brown to brown or dark brown, darker at lobe-tips, epruinose or weakly pruinose, sorediate; soredia: sparse or abundant, granular, laminal in soralia that sometimes arise from small protrusions or lobules on the lobe surface, in maculiform or capitate soralia; isidia absent; medulla: white; lower surface: blackish centrally, paler marginally whitish to pale brownish, rarely dark gray, erhizinate or weakly rhizinate; Apothecia: very rare, c. 1 mm diam., thalline margin entire; ascospores: brown, ellipsoid, 1-septate, Pachysporaria to Physcia type, 15-23 x 7-11 µm; Pycnidia: ± common, inserted with black weakly protruding tips; conidia: filiform, 15-20 x 0..5-1 µm; Spot tests: cortex and medulla K- C-, KC-, P-; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; World distribution: North America, Europe, East Africa and South America; Sonoran distribution: relatively common in Arizona, southern California and Sonora; less common in Chihuahua, Baja California and Baja California Sur.; Notes: Traces of skyrin are reported in East African populations (Moberg 1987), but it has not been observed in Sonoran specimens. It needs to be carefully distinguished from adnate Phaeophyscia species that have better developed rhizines and a more clearly developed lower cortex. 55078 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=55078 Hyperphyscia syncolla (Tuck. ex Nyl.) Kalb 2818 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:58 2011-02-02 12:16:58 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: foliose, orbicular, rarely irregular, small, less than 2 cm diam., very tightly adnate, often verrucose in center, densely lobate; lobes: narrow, 0.3-1.0 (-2.0) mm wide, radiating, usually plane, margins occasionally black, tips sometimes ascending; upper surface: gray brown to dark brown, darker at lobe-tips, epruinose or very faintly developed pruina, soredia and isidia absent; medulla: white; lower surface: dark brown to black centrally, paler to whitish at tips, erhizinate or weakly rhizinate; Apothecia: common, up to 2 mm diam., thalline margin entire to crenulate; ascospores: brown, ellipsoid, 1-septate, Pachysporaria type, 15-21 x 7-11 µm; Pycnidia: ± common, inserted with black weakly protruding tips; conidia: filiform, 15-20 x 0.5-1 µm; Spot tests: cortex and medulla K- C-, KC-, P-; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: growing on nutrient rich, riparian trees, such as Prosopis, at low to intermediate elevations; World distribution: North America and East Africa; Sonoran distribution: occasional in Sonora, Chihuahua, Sinaloa and Baja California Sur.; Notes: Its verrucose thallus center, tightly adnate thallus and essential absence of rhizines should separate this species from Phaeophyscia species, that are usually more robust. 55079 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=55079 Hyperphyscia pandani (H. Magn.) Moberg 2819 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:58 2011-02-02 12:16:58 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: foliose, orbicular but sometimes irregular, small, less than 3 cm diam., very tightly adnate, densely lobate; lobes: narrow, 0.3-0.6 (-1.0) mm wide, radiating, partially imbricate, usually plane, tips adnate; upper surface: gray brown to dark brown, paler at lobe-tips, rarely white pruinose, sorediate; soredia: sparse or abundant, often red-orange, granular, laminal in maculiform, capitate to crateriform soralia; isidia absent; medulla: orange to red or red-brown; lower surface: blackish centrally, grayish at lobe tips, erhizinate or rarely a few rhizines present; Apothecia: uncommon, c. 1 mm diam., thalline margin entire or sorediate; hypothecium: reddish; ascospores: brown, ellipsoid, 1-septate, Pachysporaria type, 16-18 x 8-10 µm; Pycnidia: ± common, inserted with black weakly protruding tips; conidia: filiform, 15-20 x 0.5-1 µm; Spot tests: cortex and medulla K- C-, KC-, P-; Secondary metabolites: skyrin.; Substrate and ecology: growing on nutrient rich, riparian trees, such as Prosopis, at low to intermediate elevations; World distribution: Hawaii (type) and East Africa; Sonoran distribution: thus far only known from several localities in Sonora. 55108 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=55108 Physcia adscendens (Fr.) H. Olivier 2820 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:58 2011-02-02 12:16:58 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: foliose, up to 2 cm in diam., mostly irregular with confluent thalli; lobes: up to 2 mm broad, usually around 1 mm, about the same in length but sometimes much longer, ciliate; cilia: marginal, pale to black, always black in the outer part; upper surface: gray to dark gray; lobe tips mostly much darker, sometimes with a white pruina, sorediate; soredia: in helmet-shaped soralia, usually abundant, starting as holes just beneth the lobe tips; upper cortex: paraplectenchymatous; medulla: white; lower cortex: prosoplechymatous; lower surface: white to grayish; rhizines: white to black; Apothecia: not seen in Sonoran material; elsewhere up to 2 mm diam., stipItate; disc: sometimes thinly pruinose; ascospores: brown, 1-septate, Physcia-type, 10-23 x 7-10 µm; Pycnidia: sparse, immersed; conidia: subcylindrical, 4-6 x 1 µm; Spot tests: upper cortex K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P+ yellow; medulla K-, C-, KC-, P-; Secondary metabolite: atranorin in upper cortex.; Substrate and ecology: growing on trees and branches in fairly open situations, probably introduced by man; World distribution: widely distributed in temperate and boreal areas in all continents but more common at higher latitude up to 65ºN and 60ºS; Sonoran distribution: relatively frequent in upper montane forests of Arizona and coastal southern California and Baja California.; Notes: The species is easy to recognize by the cilia on the lobe margin and the helmet shaped soralia. In the Sonoran Region P. adscendens might be difficult to separate from some phenotypes of Heterodermia erinacea, and it is then necessary to study the upper cortex, which is prosoplectenchymatous in the latter. Physcia adscendens differs from P. tenellula in several aspects. The latter is much smaller and has a different type of soralia and hairs on the upper surface. 55109 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=55109 Physcia aipolia (Ehrh. ex Humb.) Furnr. 2821 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:58 2011-02-02 12:16:58 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: orbicular to irregular, to 5 cm diam.; lobes: up to 2 mm broad, flat to convex, eciliate; upper surface: whitish gray to dark gray, rarely brownish gray, usually distinctly white-maculate, sometimes weakly white-pruinose; without soredia or isidia; medulla: white; lower cortex: prosoplectenchymatous with the lowermost part gradually forming rounded, isodiametric cells; lower surface: white to dark lead colored; Apothecia: usually abundant, up to 2 mm diam.; disc: often white-pruinose; ascospores: brown, 1-septate, vary from Physcia- to Pachysporaria-type, (19-) 21-25 (-28) x 9-11 (-13) µm; Pycnidia: common, immersed; conidia: subcylindrical, 4-6 x 1 µm; Spot tests: cortex and medulla K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P+ yellow; Secondary metabolites: upper cortex with atranorin; medulla with atranorin, zeorin and rarely other triterpenes.; Substrate and ecology: growing on trees in fairly open situations; World distribution: widely distributed within arctic, boreal and temperate areas of North American and Eurasia, also known from South America; Sonoran distribution: widely distributed from sea level to upper elevation montane sites from Arizona, southern California, Baja California, Baja California Sur, Chihuahua, Sonora and Sinaloa.; Notes: Some material seen from the Sonoran Region is a somewhat different from "typical" P. aipolia, but the difference is not so obvious that a new species is described. The whole pattern of variation in North America has to be studied further. 55113 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=55113 Physcia biziana (A. Massal.) Zahlbr. 2822 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:58 2011-02-02 12:16:58 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: orbicular to irregular, up to 3 cm diam. with ± imbricate lobes; lobes: up to 3 mm wide but usually narrower, distinctly widening and slightly ascending at tips, eciliate; upper surface: brownish gray to gray or cream-colored, usually with a dense pruina (crystals); soredia and isidia absent; upper cortex: paraplectenchymatous; medulla: white; lower cortex: prosoplectenchymatous, lowermost part sometimes with rounded cells, ± paraplechtenchymatous; lower surface: white to brownish, with white to dark gray, scattered rhizines; Apothecia: numerous, up to 2.5 mm across, usually smaller; margin: often with crenulate margin when young; disc: brown to black, mostly covered with a white pruina; ascospores: brown, 1-septate, of either Physcia-, Pachysporaria-type or intermediate, (13-) 15-18.5 (-20.5) x 6.5-8.5 (-11) µm; Pycnidia: numerous, immersed; conidia: subcylindrical to cylindrical, 4-6 x 1 µm; Spot tests: upper cortex K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P+ yellow; medulla K- (sometimes faintly + yellowish), C-, KC-, P-; Secondary metabolite: upper cortex with atranorin.; Substrate and ecology: growing on tree trunks or branches in open situations and on exposed rocks; World distribution: known from Africa, North and South America and Europe; Sonoran distribution: one of the most common Physcias on bark in the Sonoran region, particularly in montane areas of Arizona, southern California, Baja California, Baja California Sur, Chihuahua, Sonora and Sinaloa.; Notes: Physcia biziana is easily recognized by the dense pruina and the K negative medulla. However, fairly often the pruina is sparse and in such cases the rounded lobes with a brownish tinge may be of help in separating the species from P. stellaris. The spores from this material are somewhat smaller than reported for South America, but this might be explained by a general tendency for Physcia species to have bigger spores in more subtropical areas compared to temperate regions. P. biziana is evidently the fertile counterpart of P. dimidiata. 55114 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=55114 Physcia caesia (Hoffm.) Furnr. 2823 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:58 2011-02-02 12:16:58 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: orbicular to irregular, to 5 cm diam.; lobes: up to 3 mm, usually narrower, sometimes overlapping, sometimes distinctly separated, eciliate; upper surface: gray to dark gray with white maculae; soredia: in marginal to ± laminal, often capitate soralia; upper cortex: paraplectenchymatous; medulla: white; lower cortex: prosoplectenchymatous with the lowermost part gradually forming rounded, isodiametric cells; lower surface: white to dark gray with dark, sometimes with black rhizines; Apothecia: not seen in the Sonoran Desert material, elsewhere common to rare, sessile, up to 1.5 mm wide, margin: entire or crenulate; disc: brown-black, sometimes pruinose; hymenium: hyaline below, brownish above; hypothecium: hyaline or yellowish; paraphyses: simple or rarely branched, capitate; ascospores: brown, 1-septate, Physcia-type, 17-24 x 7-11 µm; Pycnidia: not seen in the Sonoran Desert material, elsewhere rare; conidia: subcylindrical, 4-6 x 1 µm; Spot tests: upper cortex and medulla K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P+ yellow; Secondary metabolites: upper cortex with atranorin; medulla with atranorin, zeorin and sometimes unidentified triterpenes.; Substrate and ecology: mainly growing on acid rocks in ± open situations, but it is also known as corticolous (not in the Sonoran Desert); World distribution: widely distributed within the arctic, boreal and temperate vegetation zones; Sonoran distribution: one of the most common Physcias on rocks at coastal to high elevations in the Sonoran region from Arizona, southern California, Baja California, Baja California Sur and Sonora.; Notes: Physcia caesia may sometimes be difficult to distinguish from P. poncinsii but the characteristic crateriform soralia and the distinctly convex lobes of the latter make them easy to separate. 55117 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=55117 Physcia clementei (Sm.) Lynge 2824 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:58 2011-02-02 12:16:58 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: foliose, orbicular to irregular, fragile, up to 2 cm diam, ± firmly adnate, central parts often covered by pustules dissolved into granulate soredia; lobes: flat to concave, up to 0.5 mm broad, rarely broader, sparsely divided; tips: truncate or crenulate, occasionally ascending; upper surface: whitish, rarely dark gray, usually dull; pustules or isidia: laminal, often developing into granular soralia or craters that may fuse and cover the whole thallus; upper cortex: paraplectenchymato; lower cortex: ± prosoplectenchymatous, pale to brownish (inner parts); lower surface: white at the tips, darker in inner parts; rhizines: few, concolorous with the underside; Apothecia: frequent, up to 2 mm diam., margin often crenulate; ascospores: brown, 1-septate, Pachysporaria type, (16-) 18.5-22 (-23.5) x (7.5-) 8.5-10 (-11) µm; Pycnidia: not seen; Spot tests: upper cortex and medulla K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P+ yellow; Secondary metabolites: upper cortex with atranorin; medulla with atranorin, lecotylin and traces of other triterpenoids visible in TLC.; Substrate and ecology: growing mainly on trees but also on rocks in open sites; World distribution: known from scattered localities in central and southern Europe and from southern California; Sonoran distribution: known only from the Channel Islands of southern California and the adjacent mainland. 55118 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=55118 Physcia convexa Nyl. 2825 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:58 2011-02-02 12:16:58 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: orbicular to irregular, firmly adnate, sometimes imbricate, up to 3 cm across; lobes: convex to plane, up to 1 mm broad, rarely overlapping, ± truncate, eciliate; upper surface: whitish gray to gray, shiny, white maculate, lobe tips often brownish, particularly old herbarium material; upper cortex: paraplectenshymatous,; medulla: white; lower cortex: paraplectenchymatous, sometimes indistinctly but the lowermost cells always short and thick-walled; lower surface: white to brownish or pinkish yellow, shiny, with few concolorous rhizines; Apothecia: ± abundant, up to 2 mm diam.; margin thick; disc: black; ascospores: brown, 1-septate, Pachysporaria to Physcia type, (15-) 16-19 (-21) x (8-) 9-11 (-14) µm; Pycnidia: common, immersed; conidia: subcylindrical, 4-6 x 1 µm; Spot tests: cortex and medulla K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P+ yellow, Secondary metabolites: cortex with atranorin; medulla with atranorin, zeorin and some unidentified triterpenes.; Substrate and ecology: growing on rocks in exposed habitats, including the seashore and arid habitats; World distribution: known from Brazil, Paraguay, Peru and Uruguay; Sonoran distribution: intermediate elevations in southern Arizona, Chihuahua, Sonora and Baja California Sur.; Notes: Physcia convexa is easily recognized by the convex, usually well separated lobes with truncate tips, the presence of apothecia and the pale, often pinkish underside. It is similar to P. phaea but the latter has less convex lobes with crenulate and widening tips and different lower cortex. Small specimens of P. convexa may be mistaken as P. convexella but are easily separated by the K- medulla in P. convexella. P. cinerea is more narrow lobed and has different upper surface and chemistry. 55119 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=55119 Physcia crispa Nyl. 2826 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:58 2011-02-02 12:16:58 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: irregular to orbicular, thin, rarely exceeding 150 µm thick, up to 3 cm across or larger because of confluent thalli; lobes: loosely adnate, up to 1 mm wide, rarely broader, about the same in length; lobe tips ascending and usually crenulate, with small protrusions along the margin becoming isidia-like and eventually forming soredia, eciliate; upper surface: gray to cream colored, rarely with a pruina, sorediate; soredia: in marginal soralia, well developed in inner parts, particularly at the lobe angles; upper cortex: paraplectenchymatous; medulla: white; lower cortex: paraplectenchymatous; lower surface: whitish with a few pale rhizines; Apothecia: sometimes present, up to 2 mm diam.; margins: with sorediate; disc: pale brown to brown, not pruinose; ascospores: brown, 1-septate, Pachysporaria-type, (18-) 20-25 (-27) x (8-) 9-11 (-13) µm; Pycnidia: rare; Spot tests: upper cortex K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P+ yellow; medulla K-, C-, KC-, P-; Secondary metabolite: upper cortex with atranorin.; Substrate and ecology: at the only known locality growing on trees at 500 m; World distribution: South America, East Africa and SW North America; Sonoran distribution: only one locality in Baja California Sur in the Sierra de La Laguna.; Notes: The thin often undulating thallus, the K- medulla and the paraplectenchymatous lower cortex are the main characters. Physcia crispa may have some similarities to P. undulata but in the latter species the medulla reacts K+ yellow and the lower cortex is prosoplectenchymatous. 55120 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=55120 Physcia dimidiata (Arnold) Nyl. 2827 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:58 2011-02-02 12:16:58 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: irregular, sometimes orbicular, up to 3 cm diam., with ± imbricate lobes; lobes: up to 3 mm wide but usually narrower, crenulate at tips with minute lobules, eciliate; upper surface: brownish gray to gray or cream colored, with a ± prominent pruina (crystals), sorediate; soredia: granular, in marginal soralia, less frequent on outer lobes; upper cortex: paraplectenchymatous; medulla: white; lower cortex: prosoplectenchymatous; lower surface: whitish to brownish, with pale gray to brownish rhizines; Apothecia: rare, not seen in Sonoran material, elsewhere up to 2 mm diam.; disc: white-pruinose; ascospores: brown, 1-septate, Physcia-type, 17-23 x 8-12 µm; Pycnidia: rare (not seen); Spot tests: upper cortex K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P+ yellow; medulla K-, C-, KC-, P-; Secondary metabolite: upper cortex with atranorin.; Substrate and ecology: mainly growing on north exposed rocks; World distribution: known from Europe, East Africa, South America and SW North America; Sonoran distribution: a relatively common species from low to intermediate localities in Arizona, southern California, Baja California, Baja California Sur, Chihuahua and Sonora.; Notes: Physcia dimidiata is the sorediate counterpart of P. biziana with a similar dull gray upper surface. Like P. biziana it has a variable cover of the pruina, but seems to be more often densely pruinose. As the pruina consists of calcium oxalate this may be explained by a greater calcium uptake from a more calcium rich substrate. 55121 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=55121 Physcia dubia (Hoffm.) Lettau 2828 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:58 2011-02-02 12:16:58 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: irregular, rarely orbicular, up to 3 cm diam., gray to gray brown, usually with distinctly darker lobe tips; lobes: variable width, but rarely exceeding 1 mm in width, eciliate; upper surface: whitish gray to cream-colored, mostly without pruina and maculation, margins of the lobes often paler, sorediate; soredia: in marginal soralia that are mostly at the lobe tips and lip-shaped; upper cortex: paraplectenchymatous; medulla: white; lower cortex: prosoplectenchymatous; lower surface: pale, with white to black rhizines; Apothecia: uncommon, not seen in Sonoran material, elsewhere up to 2 mm diam.; margin: usually sorediate; ascospores: brown, 1-septate, Physcia-type 16-24 (-28) x 6-10 µm; Pycnidia: not seen in material from the area, elsewhere rare; conidia: subcylindrical, 4-6 x 1 µm; Spot tests: upper cortex K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P+ yellow; medulla K-, C-, KC-, P-; Secondary metabolite: upper cortex with atranorin.; Substrate and ecology: growing on acid rocks in open situations; World distribution: widely distributed species in boreal and temperate areas of the Northern Hemisphere. It is also known from the southern cold temperate part of South America; Sonoran distribution: known from montane to upper montane habitats in Arizona, southern California and Sonora.; Notes: The lip-shaped soralia, the usually nonpruinose thallus with K- medulla and the prosoplectenchymatous lower cortex are the main characters of the species. In the cold temperate areas, where it mainly grows, no other species is known which could be confused with P. dubia, but in warm temperate areas it might be confused with P. tribacia, which has a shiny upper cortex and paraplectechymatous lower cortex. 55123 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=55123 Physcia halei J. W. Thomson 2829 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:59 2011-02-02 12:16:59 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: orbicular to irregular, up to 3 cm diam., loosely to firmly adnate; lobes: up to 1 mm wide, margins mostly crenulate, eciliate; upper surface: whitish gray to dark gray or cream-colored, with darker margins, mostly shiny and epruinose; without soredia or isidia; upper cortex: paraplectenchymatous with rounded cells; medulla: white; lower cortex: paraplectenchymatous with rounded cells; lower surface: white to brownish gray, often weakly rose colored; Apothecia: common, up to 2 mm diam., usually around 1 mm; margins: crenulate; disc: dark brown to black, without pruina; ascospores: brown, 1-septate, intermediate between Physcia- and Pachysporaria-types, (14-) 15-17 (-18.5) x (7.5-) 8-9.5 (-11) µm; Pycnidia: usually numerous, immersed; conidia: cylindrical, 3-4 x 1 µm; Spot tests: upper cortex K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P+ yellow; medulla K-, C-, KC-, P-; Secondary metabolite: upper cortex with atranorin.; Substrate and ecology: seeming to prefer ± acid rocks in open situations; World distribution: rather limited distribution in southern North America; Sonoran distribution: a relatively common species at intermediate elevations in Arizona, Chihuahua and Sonora and less commonly in Baja California and Baja California Sur.; Notes: Physcia halei is evidently the fertile counterpart of P. tribacia. It is in some modifications similar to P. cinerea but has a different chemistry lacking zeorin and additional triterpenes. 55129 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=55129 Physcia phaea (Tuck.) J. W. Thomson 2830 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:59 2011-02-02 12:16:59 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: orbicular to irregular, up to 3 cm in diam. or more when confluent with other thalli, lobes ± imbricate; lobes: up to 1.5 mm wide but usually around 1 mm, flat or slightly convex, particularly at tips, eciliate; upper surface: gray to dark gray or brownish gray, usually strongly maculate and ± rugose; soredia and isidia lacking; upper cortex: paraplectenchymatous; medulla: white; lower cortex: prosoplectenchymatous; lower surface: white to brownish, with white to black, scattered rhizines; Apothecia: numerous, up to 1.5 mm across, usually smaller; margin: crenulated when young; disc: brown to black, sometimes covered with a white pruina; ascospores: brown, 1-septate, Physcia-type, (15-) 16.5-20 (-21.5) x (6.5-) 7-9.5 (-11) µm; Pycnidia: numerous, immersed; conidia: subcylindrical, 4-6 x 1 µm; Spot tests: upper cortex and medulla K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P+ yellow; Secondary metabolites: upper cortex with atranorin; medulla with atranorin, zeorin and occasionally some other triterpenes.; Substrate and ecology: growing on rocks in open situations; World distribution: known from more northern parts of North America and from Europe; Sonoran distribution: a relatively frequent species from coastal regions to upper montane areas in Arizona, southern California, Baja California, Baja California Sur, Chihuahua, Sonora and Sinaloa.; Notes: Physcia phaea is easily recognized by the strong maculation and the rugose upper surface, the abundant apothecia and by the chemistry. The K reaction in the medulla is not a good diagnostic character (see P. nashii and P. neglecta). 55130 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=55130 Physcia poncinsii Hue 2831 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:59 2011-02-02 12:16:59 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: orbicular to irregular, very variable in size, up to 5 cm diam., ± closely adnate; lobes: very variable in width, up to 2 mm, but in specimens on twigs and rocks not exceeding 1 mm, lobes sometimes imbricate, sometimes distinctly separated, saxicolous material with convex lobes; tips: usually truncate, eciliate; upper surface: white to dark gray, sometimes with white dots (c. P. aipolia), with or without pruina, some specimens on rocks with shiny upper surface and darker gray margins, sorediate; soredia: mainly in laminal, crateriform to almost capitate soralia, usually orbicular, starting as cracks in the upper cortex; in some specimens predominantly marginal soralia which may develop into rounded patches at angles of lobes; upper cortex: paraplectenchymatous; medulla: white; lower cortex: a type between proso- and paraplectenchymatous; lower surface: white to pale brownish gray, with white to dark gray rhizines; Apothecia: rare, up to 1.5 mm diam.; margins: sometimes with sorediate; ascospores: brown, 1-septate, Pachysporaria-type, (16-) 19-24.5 (-26) x (7.5-) 8.5-10.5 (-11) µm; Pycnidia: rare; Spot tests: cortex and medulla K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P+ yellow; Secondary metabolites: upper cortex with atranorin; medulla with atranorin, zeorin and sometimes unidentified substances.; Substrate and ecology: growing on rocks in open situations; World distribution: known from South America and East Africa, but may also occur in most tropical and subtropical areas; Sonoran distribution: scattered localities at coastal to intermediate elevations from Arizona, southern California, Baja California, Baja California Sur, Chihuahua, Sonora and Sinaloa.; Notes: Physcia poncinsii similar to forms of P. caesia, but there are distinct differences in the lobes. P. poncinsii has convex lobes with truncate tips but P. caesia has flat to convex lobes with rounded tips. P. poncinsii also is somewhat similar to P. nashii which is, however, smaller, has narrower lobes and different chemistry (no zeorin). 55131 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=55131 Physcia pseudospeciosa J. W. Thomson 2832 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:59 2011-02-02 12:16:59 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: irregular to orbicular, to 3 cm diam. but usually larger when confluent with other thalli, loosly to firmly adnate; lobes: up to 1 mm wide, usually narrower (c. 0.5 mm), mostly distinctly separate and rarely overlapping, widening at tips and weakly ascending, sparsely lobulate along margin; upper surface: gray to whitish gray with a weak maculation, sorediate; soredia: granular, in small, delimited, marginal soralia, sometimes sparse; upper cortex: paraplectenchymatous; lower cortex: paraplectenchymatous; lower surface: white to pale brownish, with a few white to blackish rhizines; Apothecia: not seen; Pycnidia: not seen; Spot tests: upper cortex and medulla K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P+ yellow; Secondary metabolites: upper cortex with atranorin; medulla with atranorin and zeorin.; Habitat and ecology: growing on rocks in shade in region with relatively high summer precipitation; World distribution: Mexico and SE USA (North Carolina and Georgia); Sonoran distribution: Sierra Madre region of Chihuahua.; Notes: Physcia pseudospeciosa is a very distinct species and easily separated by the spreading lobes and its delimited, small soralia. The species was earlier known only from the type locality but is now found on some additional localities. 55135 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=55135 Physcia sorediosa (Vainio) Lynge 2833 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:59 2011-02-02 12:16:59 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: orbicular to irregular, up to 5 cm in diam.; lobes: up to 2 mm wide, usually broadest near the tips, usually overlapping, eciliate; upper surface: whitish gray to gray, shiny or rarely pruinose, ± distinctly white maculate (c. like P. aipolia), sorediate; soredia: often granular, in marginal, small and delimited soralia that occasionally becomed capitate; upper cortex: paraplectenchymatous; medulla: white; lower cortex: paraplectenchymatous; lower surface: black, with dark gray lobe tips; rhizines: black; Apothecia: not seen in the Sonoran material, but elsewhere not common, up to 2 mm diam.; margin: crenulated and sometimes disintegrating into soredia; disc: black, with or without pruina; ascospores: brown, 1-septate, Pachysporaria type, 20-26 x 9-11 µm; Pycnidia: not common; Spot tests: cortex and medulla K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P+ yellow; Secondary metabolites: upper cortex with atranorin; medulla with atranorin and zeorin.; Substrate and ecology: growing both on rocks or on tree trunks in open situation; World distribution: known from South America and East Africa and southeastern Asia; Sonoran distribution: not known from the Sonoran Desert proper but may be present as it is recorded from Mexico east of the study area.; Notes: The species is closely related and similar to P. erumpens as was discussed under that species. 55136 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=55136 Physcia stellaris (L.) Nyl. 2834 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:59 2011-02-02 12:16:59 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: orbicular or irregular, up to 4 cm diam., sometimes confluent with other thalli, loosely adnate; lobes: radiating, truncate with open sinuses, up to 1 mm wide but mostly c. 0.5 mm, eciliate; upper surface: whitish gray to cream-colored (margin often paler), mostly without pruina and maculation; soredia and isidia absent; upper cortex: paraplectenchymatous; medulla: white; lower cortex: prosoplectenchymatous, cells sometimes short and thick-walled; lower surface: white to brownish, with few pale rhizines; Apothecia: usually abundant, variable in size, up to 1.5 mm diam., but usually less than 1 mm; margins: thick; disc: often pruinose; ascospores: brown, 1-septate, Physcia- or Pachysporaria-type, (14-) 17.5-22.5 (-28) x (6.5-) 8-10 (-12) µm; Pycnidia: ± abundant; conidia: subcylindrical, 4-6 x 1 µm; Spot tests: cortex K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P+ yellow; medulla K-, C-, KC-, P-; Secondary metabolite: upper cortex with atranorin.; Substrate and ecology: growing on trees in open situations; World distribution: widely distributed species within the arctic, boreal and temperate vegetation zones; Sonoran distribution: a relatively frequent species on trees from low to upper montane localities of Arizona, southern California, Baja California, Baja California Sur, and Sonora.; Notes: The abundant apothecia, the K medulla and corticolous habitat are the main characters of P. stellaris. There is a slight difference in morphology and appearance within the range of its distribution (Moberg 1986: 860) and the Sonoran Desert material is closer to the southern type as would be expected. The closely related species P. convexella differs in lobe shape and substrate preference. 55139 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=55139 Physcia tribacia (Ach.) Nyl. 2835 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:59 2011-02-02 12:16:59 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: foliose, orbicular to irregular, up to 3 cm diam.; lobes: up to 1 mm wide, sometimes scale-like; margin: mostly crenulate when soralia not present, eciliate; upper surface: whitish gray to dark gray or cream-colored (with darker margins), shiny and epruinose or rarely weakly pruinose, sorediate; soredia: in marginal or terminal soralia that develop from the lower surface of the lobe tips, eroding the tip and sometimes also the lower surface; upper cortex: paraplectenchymatous with rounded cells; medulla: white; lower cortex: paraplectenchymatous with rounded cells; lower surface: white to brownish gray, often weakly rose colored; Apothecia: uncommon, up to 2 mm diam.; margins: partly sorediate; disc: dark brown to black, without pruina; ascospores: brown, 1-septate, intermediate between Physcia- and Pachysporaria-types, (16-) 17.5-21.5 (-22.5) x (7.5-) 8.5-10.5 (-12) µm; Pycnidia: usually numerous; conidia: subcylindrical, 4-6 x 1 µm; Spot tests: cortex K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P+ yellow; medulla K-, C-, KC-, P-; Secondary metabolite: upper cortex with atranorin.; Substrate and ecology: growing mainly on rocks, often manured by birds in open situations; World distribution: widely distributed but not common in northern and southern temperate regions; Sonoran distribution: one of the most common Physcias from the northern part of the Sonoran region and in scattered localities farther south, from coastal to upper montane habitats in Arizona, southern California, Baja California, Baja California Sur, Chihuahua and Sonora.; Notes: In its typical appearance P. tribacia is easily identified by its narrow lobes, shiny upper surface and paraplectenchymatous lower cortex. However, very small individuals might be difficult to distinguish from P. subtilis. In such cases the type of lower cortex separates them. Physcia halei is the fertile counterpart and, except for the lack of soralia, differs by having longer lobes. Material from North America determined as P. callosa in the sense of Thomson (1963) is included here. 55140 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=55140 Physcia undulata Moberg 2836 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:59 2011-02-02 12:16:59 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: foliose, irregular to orbicular, up to 4 cm diam., usually loosely adnate; lobes: thin, usually less than 150 µm thick, loosely adnate to ascending, up to 2 mm wide; tips: rounded, eciliate; upper surface: gray to dark gray and 'frosted', sorediate; soredia: in marginal soralia that give the margins an undulate appearance, usually not reaching the outermost parts of the lobe tips, sometimes eroded; upper cortex: paraplectenchymatous; medulla: white; lower cortex: indistinct proso- to paraplectenchymatous; lower surface: whitish gray to brownish, with concolorous or darker rhizines; Apothecia: uncommon, not seen in the Sonoran Desert material, elsewhere up to 2 mm wide; margin: sorediate; ascospores: brown, 1-septate, intermediate between Physcia- and Pachysporaria-type, (15-) 18-27 (-33) x (7-) 8-11 (-13) µm; Pycnidia: uncommon, not seen in the Sonoran Desert material; Spot tests: cortex and medulla K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P+ yellow; Secondary metabolites: upper cortex with atranorin; medulla with atranorin, zeorin and additional triterpenes.; Substrate and ecology: growing on trunks and branches in open situations; World distribution: South America and East Africa; Sonoran distribution: coastal or montane sites of Sonora, Sinaloa, Chihuahua and southern Arizona.; Notes: The species is extremely variable in lobe size but easily recognized by the 'frosted' upper surface, the marginal, ± undulate soralia, and the pale lower surface. These characters separates it from all other Physcia species in the area. 55141 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=55141 Physcia alba (FTe) Mnll.Arg. 2837 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:59 2011-02-02 12:16:59 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: orbicular to irregular, sometimes confluent with other thalli, up to 5 cm diam, ± loosely adnate, usually less than 150 µm thick and fragile; lobes: radiating, flat to almost concave, truncate and sinuose, up to 1.5 mm wide but usually narrower, distinctly separate or sometimes overlapping, tips often ascending, eciliate; upper surface: whitish gray to cream-colored, without pruina, occasionally with a weak maculation; soredia and isidia absent; upper cortex: paraplectenchymatous; medulla: white; lower cortex: prosoplectenchymatous, in lower parts turning ± paraplectenchymatous and thick-walled, usually well delimited from the medulla; lower surface: white to pale graphite gray; rhizines: concolorous with the lower surface; Apothecia: abundant, variable in size, up to 2 mm diam. but usually around 1 mm; margin: ± thick (c. 0.2 mm) and weakly crenulate; disc: brown to black, rarely pruinose; ascospores: brown, 1-septate, of Pachysporaria-type, (19.5-) 22-27.5 (-32) x (8.5-) 10-13 (-16) µm; Pycnidia: sparse to common; conidia: subcylindrical, 4-6 x 1 µm; Spot tests: cortex and medulla K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P+ yellow; Secondary metabolites: upper cortex with atranorin; medulla with atranorin, zeorin, occasionally leucotylin and/or other triterpenes.; Substrate and ecology: mainly corticolous growing in open forests on solitary trees, and also found on rocks in ± exposed sites; World distribution: scattered localities in northern South America and SW North America; Sonoran distribution: scattered collections from southern Baja California Sur, Sonora and Chihuahua.; Notes: This species is predominately tropical and is recognized by its narrow ± truncate lobes, the abundant apothecia with thick margins and the pale lower surface. It may be misidentified as P. stellaris that is similar in size and also has abundant apothecia. However, they differ in lobe shape, apothecial characters and chemistry. 55142 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=55142 Physcia cinerea Moberg 2838 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:59 2011-02-02 12:16:59 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: narrow-lobed, orbicular to irregular, up to 3 cm diam., firmly adnate; lobes: up to 1 mm wide but rarely exceeding 0.5 mm, convex and adnate the tips, usually distinctly discrete and deeply divided, eciliate; upper surface: gray to very dark gray, not or weakly white spotted; soredia and isidia absent; upper cortex: paraplectenchymatous; medulla: white; lower cortex: paraplectechymatous with thick-walled, partly irregular cells, the cortex distinctly delimited from the medulla; lower surface: white to brownish with concolorous or darker, ± abundant rhizines; Apothecia: usually abundant, up to 1.5 mm diam.; margins crenulate; disc: dark brown to black, without pruina; ascospores: brown, 1-septate, Pachysporaria-type (15-) 19-24 (-28) x (7.5-) 9.5-12.5 (-14) µm; Pycnidia: ± abundant, immersed, rounded, sometimes confluent and forming aggregates; conidia: subcylindrical, 4-6 x 1 µm; Spot tests: upper cortex and medulla K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P+ yellow; Secondary metabolites: upper cortex with atranorin; medulla with atranorin, zeorin and triterpenes.; Substrate and ecology: growing on ± exposed rocks or on mosses on rocks; World distribution: northern South America and Mexico; Sonoran distribution: known only from two localities, Baja California Sur, Sierra de la Laguna at 1800 m and in Sonora W of Yecora at 1700 m.; Notes: This species is recognized by its narrow, distinctly discrete and deeply incised lobes and the abundant, small, crenulate apothecia. It is similar to P. alba, which has ± flat, broader lobes, and mainly grows on bark. The material from Baja California has somewhat smaller spores than the South American material, but this is regarded as being a result of a more northerly site. 55143 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=55143 Physcia convexella Moberg 2839 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:59 2011-02-02 12:16:59 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: irregular to orbicular, up to 2 cm diam., often confluent with other thalli forming a larger aggregate; lobes: up to 1 mm wide, flat to convex, usually broadest and flattened at the tips, rarely longer than 5 mm, eciliate; upper surface: white to grayish, often with a darker zone near lobe tips, weakly maculate and usually shiny, sometimes with a white pruina; soredia and isidia absent; upper cortex: paraplectenchymatous; medulla: white; lower cortex: pale, prosoplectenchymatous; lower surface: white with a rose tinge; rhizines: concolorous, few and scattered; Apothecia: abundant, up to 2 mm; margins: with thick, crenulate; ascospores: brown, 1-septate, Physcia to Pachysporaria type, 15-18 x 7.5-8.5 µm; Pycnidia: common, immersed; conidia: subcylindrical, 4-6 x 1 µm; Spot tests: upper cortex K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P+ yellow; medulla K-, C-, KC-, P-; Secondary metabolite: upper cortex with atranorin.; Substrate and ecology: growing on open rocks; World distribution: known only from a limited area near Cuzco in southern Peru and SW North America; Sonoran distribution: known only from a few montane localities from Baja California Sur, Chihuahua, Sonora and Sinaloa.; Notes: The small size, the ± convex lobes, the presence of apothecia, the lack of soredia and the K medulla are the main characters of P. convexella. It might be the fertile counterpart of P. nashii. The corticolous P. stellaris is keyed out with P. convexella as both have K medulla. They are, however, in addition to different substrate preference, easily separated by their different lobe shape; truncate in P. convexella and rounded in P. stellaris. 55144 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=55144 Physcia erumpens Moberg 2840 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:59 2011-02-02 12:16:59 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: orbicular to irregular, up to 3 cm across, usually firmly adnate also at the lobe tips; lobes: overlapping to separate, up to 1 mm wide, ± truncate, eciliate; upper surface: shining to dull, whitish gray to pale brownish gray, occasionally with a white pruina, sorediate; soredia: in laminal, crateriform soralia that sometimes are ± capitate, starting as cracks in the upper cortex; upper cortex: paraplectenchymatous; medulla: white; lower cortex: paraplectenchymatous, the lower part dark brown to black; lower surface: black except for the paler tips, with black rhizines; Apothecia: not seen in Sonoran material, elsewhere rare, sessile; margin: often sorediate; ascospores: brown, 1-septate, Pachysporaria-type, 21-27 x 9-12 µm; Pycnidia: not seen in Sonoran material, elsewhere rare, immersed; conidia: subcylindrical, 4-6 x 1 µm; Spot tests: upper cortex and medulla K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P+ yellow; Secondary metabolites: upper cortex with atranorin; medulla with atranorin and zeorin.; Substrate and ecology: growing on rocks in ± open situations; World distribution: SW North America, Mexico, East Africa and South America; Sonoran distribution: a species from moist canyons at intermediate elevations at scattered localities SE Arizona south through the Sierra Madre Occidental in Chihuahua, Sonora and Sinaloa and the southern mountains of Baja California Sur.; Notes: The black lower surface, the crateriform to capitate soralia and the convex lobes makes P. erumpens easily separated from other Physcia species in the area. From its close relative, P. sorediosa, it is separated by the type of soralia as P. sorediosa has marginal, small and delimited soralia. 55145 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=55145 Physcia integrata Nyl. 2841 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:59 2011-02-02 12:16:59 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: orbicular to irregular, to 5 cm diam., ± closely adnate to the substrate; lobes: up to 2 mm wide, mostly c. 1 mm, often imbricate, tips rounded, sometimes with the inner parts dissected into small lobes, eciliate; upper surface: whitish gray to gray, usually shiny, sometimes with white dots or a pruina; upper cortex: paraplectenchymatous; medulla: white; lower cortex: paraplectenchymatous, thick, brownish to black cell walls; lower surface: black except for pale lobe tips, with black, abundant rhizines; Apothecia: usually abundant, up to 2 mm across; disc: dark brown to black, sometimes covered with a white pruina; ascospores: brown, 1-septate, Pachysporaria-type, (18.5-) 21-26 (-32.5) x (8.5-) 9-11.5 (-14) µm; Pycnidia: abundant; Spot tests: cortex and medulla K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P+ yellow; Secondary metabolites: upper cortex with atranorin; medulla with atranorin, zeorin, lecotylin and occasionally some unidentified triterpenes.; Habitat and ecology: growing on tree trunks and rocks in rather open but moist, subtropical situations; World distribution: known from a few scattered areas in East Africa, Mexico and South America; Sonoran distribution: only known from one locality near Baseseachic Falls in Chihuahua.; Notes: In its appearance this species is close to P. aipolia, but easily separated by its black, distinctly paraplectenchymatous lower cortex and the ± shiny upper surface. In some specimens the thallus is dissected into narrow lobes. 55146 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=55146 Physcia nashii Moberg 2842 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:59 2011-02-02 12:16:59 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: orbicular to irregular, up to 1 cm diam., often confluent with other thalli forming a larger aggregate; lobes: up to 1 mm wide, convex to flat, usually broadest at the downwardly bent lobe tips, eciliate; upper surface: white to grayish, often with a darker zone near lobe tips, weakly maculate, dull to shiny, sometimes with a white pruina, sorediate; soredia: in marginal soralia on lobe tips, sometimes big and reflexed or semicapitate; soredia ±granular; upper cortex: paraplectenchymatous; medulla: white; lower cortex: pale, prosoplectenchymatous often labyrinthiform in the lower parts; lower surface: white with a rose tinge; rhizines: concolorous or darker than the lower surface, few and scattered; Apothecia: rare, up to 2 mm diam.; margins: ± sorediate; ascospores: brown, 1-septate, Pachysporaria-type (14-) 14.5-18.5 (-20.5) x 7.5-9 (-9.5) µm; Pycnidia: ± common, immersed, appearing as black warts; conidia: subcylindrical, 4-6 x 1 µm; Spot tests: upper cortex K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P+ yellow; medulla K-, C-, KC-, P-; Secondary metabolites: upper cortex with atranorin (sometimes extending into algal layer but not below); medulla with some traces of triterpenes but not zeorin.; Substrate and ecology: growing on ± exposed, acid rocks at altitudes from c. 50 m to 1200 m; World and Sonoran distribution: a species of low to intermediate elevations from Arizona, Baja California, Baja California Sur, Chihuahua, Sinaloa and Sonora.; Notes: Physcia nashii is recognized by its small size, the convex lobes, the presence of terminal soralia, and the absence of zeorin. In most species of Physcia the absence of zeorin in the medulla medulla is connected with a K medullary reaction, but in the case of P. nashii and P neglecta a K+ reaction is detected in the medulla even though no zeorin is present. P. nashii differ from P. neglecta by the type of the soralia and by the narrower lobes. It is also similar to the nonsorediate P. convexella, and P. nashii could be regarded as the secondary species of P. convexella. To some extent P. nashii is similar to P. poncinsii, but the latter is usually larger, has wider lobes and a different chemistry as it contain zeorin in the medulla. 55147 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=55147 Physcia neglecta Moberg 2843 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:59 2011-02-02 12:16:59 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: orbicular to irregular, up to 2 cm diam., usually confluent with other thalli forming bigger patches, ± loosely adnate to the substrate; lobes: flat to weakly concave, up to 1.5 mm wide, usually around 1 mm, sparsely branched with ± spreading, truncate lobes, eciliate; upper surface: whitish gray to dark gray, ± shiny and without pruina, sorediate; soredia: granular (inner parts almost isidiate), in marginal soralia; upper cortex: paraplectenhymatous; medulla: white, thin; lower cortex: paraplectenhymatous; lower surface: whitish with few, robust, pale rhizines; Apothecia: not common, seen only in the type material, up to 1.5 mm diam.; ascospores: brown, 1-septate, sparsely developed, Pachysporaria type, 18-22 x 9-11 µm; Pycnidia: not common, immersed, appearing as black warts; conidia: subcylindrical, 4-6 x 1 µm; Spot tests: upper cortex K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P+ yellow; medulla K-, C-, KC-, P-; Secondary metabolites: upper cortex with atranorin (sometimes extending into algal layer but not below into the thin medulla).; Substrate and ecology: growing on open rocks, especially sandstone; World and Sonoran distribution: so far known only from low to intermediate elevations of southern California, Baja California Sur, Chihuahua and Sonora.; Notes: Physcia neglecta is a distinctive species recognized by the truncate, loosely adnate, spreading lobes, the granulose, well delimited soralia and the precence of atranorin only. It might be confused with P. nashii which is smaller, has convex lobes, soralia on lobe tips, and a prosoplectenchymatous lower cortex. As in P. nashii the K reaction in the medulla is sometimes yellow in spite of absence zeorin. 55148 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=55148 Physcia rolfii Moberg 2844 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:59 2011-02-02 12:16:59 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: irregular to orbicular, up to 5 cm diam., ± firmly adnate; lobes: mostly narrow, sometimes broader and overlapping, but usually c. 1 (-2) mm wide, convex and distinctly discrete, eciliate; upper surface: gray to dark gray, usually white maculate and ± pruinose, sorediate; soredia: in marginal, well delimited, semicircular to upwardly curved or labriform soralia (sometimes ± helmet-shaped) situated in the lobe sinuses; upper cortex: paraplectenchymatous; medulla: white; lower cortex: proso- to indistinctly paraplectenchymatous; lower surface: white to graphite gray or brownish, of the same color or darker than the lower surface, with few rhizines; Apothecia: ± abundant, usually to 1 mm diam, rarely larger; margins: sometimes dissolved into soredia; disc: often with a whitish pruina; ascospores: brown, 1-septate, Pachysporaria-type, (16-) 19.5-24 (-25) x (7.5-) 8.5-11 (-14) µm; Pycnidia: not common, immersed; conidia: subcylindrical, 4-6 x 1 µm; Spot tests: cortex and medulla K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P+ yellow; Secondary metabolites: upper cortex with atranorin; medulla with atranorin, zeorin and some unknown triterpenes.; Substrate and ecology: growing on branches of trees in fairly open situation; World distribution: scattered localities in South America; Sonoran distribution: so far known from only two localities in the Sierra Madre Occidental region of Sonora.; Notes: In its typical appearance P. rolfii is easily recognized by the semicircular soralia in the lobe sinuses and the short, widening and white maculate lobes. 55149 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=55149 Physcia sinuosa Moberg 2845 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:59 2011-02-02 12:16:59 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: orbicular to irregular, up to 2 cm diam. or bigger when confluent with other thalli, ± loosely adnate; lobes: radiating, flat to slightly convex, narrow, up to 1 mm but rarely exceeding 0.5 mm, sinuose and truncate, eciliate; upper surface: whitish gray to cream-colored, mostly without pruina, sorediate; soredia: in prominent, marginal soralia, situated at some distance from the lobe tips, delimited, lip-shaped to semicapitate, sometimes abundant; upper cortex: paraplectenchymatous; medulla: white; lower cortex: proso- to indistinctly paraplectenchymatous with thick walled cells, but thinner thalli are frequently with paraplectenchymatous lower cortex; lower surface: white to grayish, rarely brownish, with few pale rhizines; Apothecia: ± common, up to 1 mm diam.; margins: usually dissolved into soredia; disc: sometimes pruinose; ascospores: brown, 1-septate, Pachysporaria-type, 15-19 x 6.5-7.5 µm; Pycnidia: not common, immersed; conidia: subcylindrical, 4-6 x 1 µm; Spot tests: cortex and medulla K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P+ yellow; Secondary metabolites: upper cortex with atranorin; medulla with atranorin, zeorin and an unknown triterpene.; Substrate and ecology: growing on rocks in ± open situations; World distribution: occurring in a few localities in Brazil and Venezuela; Sonoran distribution: only known from widely scattered localities at relatively low elevations from Arizona, Baja California Sur, Sonora and Sinaloa.; Notes: The species is easily recognized by the sinuose and truncate lobes and the well delimited soralia situated in the lobe angles. Superficially it resembles P. stellaris, but differs by the presence of soralia and the K+ yellow medulla. Physcia rolfii has a similar type of soralia but the lobes are bigger and convex and the the upper surface is maculate. Physcia sinuosa is also similar to P. nashii but the latter is smaller and lacks zeorin in the medulla. 55150 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=55150 Physcia tenellula Moberg 2846 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:59 2011-02-02 12:16:59 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: irregular, rarely orbicular, small, up to 1 cm diam., ± loosely adnate, rarely confluent with other thalli to form bigger patches; lobes: ± ascending, narrow, up to 1 mm, but usually around 0.5 mm, sometimes widening at tips; margins: rarely having gray to black cilia; upper surface: gray to dark gray or brownish, without pruina, with white to black hairs, sorediate; soredia: in terminal to marginal soralia, which when well developed widen the lobe tips, occasionally covering the whole lower surface of the lobe; upper cortex: paraplectenchymatous; medulla: white; lower cortex: prosoplectenchymatous; lower surface: white to brownish, with few white to black rhizines; Apothecia: rare; ascospores: brown, 1-septate, Pachysporaria-type (15-) 16.5-21 (-22.5) x (7.5-) 8-10.5 (-12) µm; Pycnidia: not common, immersed, appearing as black warts; conidia: subcylindrical, 4-6 x 1 µm; Spot tests: cortex K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P+ yellow; medulla K-, C-, KC-, P-; Secondary metabolite: upper cortex with atranorin.; Substrate and ecology: growing both on rocks and trees in open situations; World and Sonoran distribution: presently known from Baja California and southern California.; Notes: Physcia tenellula is closely related to P. tenella (Scop.) DC and has previously been identified as the latter species. They differ, however, in size and presence of hairs on the upper surface. The restricted distribution to the islands outside the coast also gives evidence for P. tenellula being a separate taxon. 55151 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=55151 Physcia tretiachii Moberg 2847 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:59 2011-02-02 12:16:59 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: orbicular to irregular, loosely attached, up to 5 cm diam.; lobes: flat to concave, broad, up to 4 mm wide with rounded tips; margins: often prominent because of the white rim, eciliate; upper surface: gray to bluish gray, pruinose, usually with a white "frosty" rim along the lobe margins; soredia and isidia absent; upper cortex: paraplectenchymatous; medulla: white; lower cortex: prosoplectenchymatous to labyrinthiform with thick walls, usually well delimited; lower surface: white to pale brownish, with a few concolorous rhizines; Apothecia: usually abundant, shortly stalked, up to 5 mm diam.; margin: prominent, crenulate; ascospores: brown, 1-septate, Pachysporaria-type, (17-) 18.5-22 (-22.5) x (8.5-) 9-10.5 (-11) µm; Pycnidia: abundant, immersed, appearing as black warts on the surface; conidia: subcylindrical, 4-6 x 1 µm; Spot tests: cortex K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P+ yellow; medulla only weakly K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P-; Secondary metabolites: upper cortex with atranorin; medulla with triterpenes (not zeorin).; Substrate and ecology: growing on branches and twigs of various trees and shrubs in open situations; World and Sonoran distribution: so far known only from a few scattered coastal localities in Sonora and Sinaloa.; Notes: Physcia tretiachii is a very distinct species recognized by the broad lobes with a white marginal rim. No species seems to be very closely related, but it has some similarities to P. atrostriata Moberg which, however, has a dark, prosoplectenchymatous lower cortex and a different chemistry (zeorin). 55152 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=55152 Physcia villosula Moberg 2848 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:59 2011-02-02 12:16:59 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: orbicular, small, rarely bigger than 1.5 cm diam., sometimes confluent with other thalli; lobes: short (3 mm) and mostly less than 0.5 mm wide, eciliate; upper surface: whitish gray to dark gray with darker lobe tips, sometimes pruinose, with short, white to black hairs; soredia and isidia absent; upper cortex: paraplectenchymatous; medulla: white; lower cortex: prosoplectenchymatous; lower surface: white to brownish gray, with concolorous or darker rhizines; Apothecia: usually abundant and short stalked, very variable in size, up to 2 mm diam., with thick margins; disc: dark brown to black, without pruina.; ascospores: brown, 1-septate, Physcia-type, (14-) 15-18 (-21.5) x (6.5-) 7.5-9.5 (-11) µm; Pycnidia: usually abundant, immersed, appearing as black warts; conidia: subcylindrical, 4-6 x 1 µm; Spot tests: cortex K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P+ yellow; medulla K-, C-, KC-, P-; Secondary metabolite: upper cortex with atranorin.; Substrate and ecology: growing on Idria columnaris and desert shrubs; World and Sonoran distribution: so far known only from Baja California where it occurs with the endemic tree Idria columnaris and also from two islands off the coast.; Notes: Physcia villosula is recognized by the small size, the abundant apothecia and the hairs on the upper surface. These hairs may sometimes be very sparse. The species is similar to P. stellaris, but it is much smaller and has hairs on the upper surface. Small specimens of Heterodermia erinacea might be similar to P. villosula but can easily be separated by the prosoplectenchymatous upper cortex. If soredia are missing on P. adscendens it might be difficult to separate it from P. villosula. Because even small specimens of the latter have apothecia and hairs on the upper surface, it is usually no problem to separate them. 55156 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=55156 Physconia americana Essl. 2849 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:59 2011-02-02 12:16:59 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: foliose, up to 10 cm in diam., usually ± orbicular; lobes: linear and discrete to somewhat irregularly flabellate and confluent or weakly imbricate, 1-2 (-3) mm broad, ± flat and prostrate; upper surface: gray to gray-brown or brown, often with a ± complete pruina or at times the pruina best developed on the lobe ends; without soredia or isidia, but occasionally developing irregular sparse to rather abundant lobules centrally; upper cortex: paraplectenchymatous; medulla: white; lower cortex: irregularly prosoplectenchymatous; lower surface: pale tan to pale brown along the peripheral lobes (sometimes up to 4-6 mm from tip), darkening to dark brown or black inwardly, dull to weakly shiny; rhizines: black, mostly squarrosely branched; Apothecia: frequent and nearly always present, up to 3 mm in diam., the margin entire or more often developing lobules, pruinose (including discs, margins, and lobules); ascospores: brown, 1-septate, 26-36 (-38) x 15-19 µm; Spot tests: all negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: on bark (esp. deciduous trees or shrubs), wood, or occasionally rock; World distribution: western North America, southern Europe and northern Africa, Asia; Sonoran distribution: southern California and Isla Cedros (Baja California).; Notes: There are two other Physconia species occurring in the Sonoran region which also lack soredia and isidia, and which might be confused with P. americana. Physconia muscigena can be distinguished by the concave, upturned peripheral lobes, the frequent development of similarly erect secondary lobules (at times numerous and turf-forming), and the usual substrate (moss or soil, usually over rock). Physconia californica is a similar, primarily corticolous species, which differs by having a more uniformly pale, white to tan, lower surface and a regularly lobulate upper surface. Physconia americana was long referred to as P. distorta or one of its synonyms, but that species is absent from North America. 55157 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=55157 Physconia detersa (Nyl.) Poelt 2850 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:16:59 2011-02-02 12:16:59 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: foliose, up to 7 (rarely 8 or 9) cm in diam., irregular to more often orbicular; lobes: linear-elongate and discrete to somewhat irregularly rounded and partly imbricate, 1-2 (-3) mm broad, usually ± flat to irregularly concave, prostrate; upper surface: gray to mostly gray-brown or brown, with a partial (lobe ends) or occasionally almost completely pruinose, sorediate; soredia: in primarily marginal soralia which are elongate (usually becoming ± continuous except on the peripheral lobes), not or only partly reflexed, only rarely appearing weakly labriform, some laminal soralia sometimes also developing, especially in older thallus parts; individual soredia granular to pseudocorticate and isidioid; upper cortex: scleroplectenchymatous; medulla: white to off-white; lower cortex: irregularly prosoplectenchymatous; lower surface: peripheral lobes usually dark tan-brown, occasionally paler but almost never white, darkening to dark brown or black inwardly, dull or weakly shiny; rhizines: black and squarrosely branched; Apothecia: infrequent, up to 3 mm in diam., sessile, the margin thick and entire, not usually lobulate, soon becoming sorediate; ascospores: 26-32 (-35) x 13-18 (-20) µm; Spot tests: cortex, medulla and soralia normally with all negative, very rarely the soralia K+ and/or KC+ slight yellow; Secondary metabolites: usually none detected, variolaric acid very rarely accessory (apparently in the soralia).; Substrate and ecology: bark, rock, or over mosses on rock (in the study area, known so far only from mosses over rock); World distribution: North America, Europe, Asia; Sonoran distribution: central and eastern Arizona in the mountains.; Notes: This species is distinguished by the linear marginal soralia and the usual lack of positive spot tests. A similar species occurring primarily in the western part of the Sonoran Region is P. isidiigera, which is distinguished by having a paraplectenchymatous upper cortex. Both these species must also be carefully distinguished from P. enteroxantha, which can usually be identified by the positive K and KC (yellowish) spot tests in the medulla (and often also on the soralia). 55158 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=55158 Physconia elegantula Essl. 2851 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:00 2011-02-02 12:17:00 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: foliose, up to 6 (-8) cm in diam., orbicular to somewhat irregular; lobes: linear and discrete to somewhat irregular-flabellate and confluent to partly imbricate, 0.8-2 mm broad, ± flat to irregularly concave, prostrate; upper surface: gray-brown to brown, usually with a ± complete pruina, isidiate; isidia: sparse to abundant but often unevenly so, arising as spherical papillae, becoming cylindrical-coralloid and some at times growing into lobules; upper cortex: scleroplectenchymatous; medulla: white; lower cortex: irregularly prosoplectenchymatous; lower surface: white to pale tan, darkening only in old necrotic parts of the thallus or not at all, dull to weakly shiny; rhizines: soon blackening, squarrosely branched; Apothecia: frequent, up to 3 mm in diam., sessile, the margin becoming crenate and eventually unevenly isidiate-lobulate; ascospores: 27-36 x 12-17 µm; Spot tests: all negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: bark (esp. deciduous trees) or rock; World distribution: western North America from the Black Hills to Colorado, Utah, New Mexico and Arizona; Sonoran distribution: throughout Arizona at higher elevations in the mountains.; Notes: This species is unique in the genus, characterized by the distinctive true isidia and the pale lower surface. Most of the sorediate species of Physconia can and do produce strongly isidioid soredia at times, especially in older specimens or older parts of a thallus, but these can be distinguished from the true isidia of P. elegantula by their clustering in old soralia patterns and their lack of a true cortex. One specimen exhibited more strongly isidioid propagules, some of which have become dorsiventral, therefore resembling the Asian species P. grumosa Kashiw. & Poelt, but the status of that species in North America is still being evaluated. 55159 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=55159 Physconia enteroxantha (Nyl.) Poelt 2852 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:00 2011-02-02 12:17:00 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: foliose, up to 6 cm in diam., irregular to orbicular; lobes: linear and discrete to somewhat irregular-rounded and partly imbricate, 0.5-2 (-3) mm broad, ± flat to irregularly concave; upper surface: gray-brown to dark brown, with a partial (lobe ends) to essentially complete pruina, sorediate; soredia: in primarily marginal soralia which are elongate, straight to somewhat curved, the margins weakly reflexed at times so that some marginal soralia may appear weakly labriform, laminal soralia occasionally forming in older thallus parts, the individual soredia granular, coarsely granular to sometimes pseudocorticate and isidioid, often somewhat to distinctly darkened; upper cortex: paraplectenchymatous (although often not apparent until at least 1-2 mm from the lobe-tip); medulla: usually pale yellowish to yellow in large part, sometimes white to off-white in part (especially but not exclusively in younger thallus parts); lower cortex: irregularly prosoplectenchymatous; lower surface: peripheral lobes usually pale tan or tan-brown, soon darkening inward to dark brown or black, dull to weakly shiny; rhizines: black and squarrosely branched; Apothecia: infrequent, c. 2 mm in diam., sessile, the margin thick and entire (non-crenate) but soon becoming sorediate, at least in part; ascospores: 28-35 (-38) x 15-18 (-20) µm; Spot tests: cortex all negative; medulla K+ yellowish (sometimes very obscure), C-, KC+ yellow to yellow-orange, P-; soralia K+ and KC+ yellowish to yellow orange or K-, KC- (especially when soredia become brown pigmented); Secondary metabolites: secalonic acid A in the medulla and soralia (in very variable amounts).; Substrate and ecology: bark, rock, mosses over rock, or on occasion soil (usually over rock); World distribution: North America, Europe, North Africa and Asia; Sonoran distribution: primarily higher elevations in southern California, Arizona and Baja California.; Notes: The medulla is usually pigmented (pale yellow or darker yellow), and then this sorediate species is difficult to confuse with any other. However, if the concentration of secalonic acid A is very low, resulting in the medulla appearing white, the spot tests can be very obscure also, and requires careful interpretation. Such specimens have usually been misidentified as one of the other sorediate species. 55160 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=55160 Physconia isidiigera (Zahlbr.) Essl. 2853 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:00 2011-02-02 12:17:00 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: foliose, up to 7 cm in diam., irregular to more often orbicular; lobes: linear to somewhat irregular-rounded and partly imbricate, 1-2 (-3) mm broad, ± flat to weakly concave, prostrate; upper surface: gray to brown, with a partial (lobe ends) or often almost complete pruina, sorediate; soredia: in marginal soralia which are elongate and ± continuous in older parts, laminal soralia sometimes developing in older regions; individual soredia granular to pseudocorticate and isidioid or at times becoming coralloid-stacked and resembling true isidia, pale but darkening with age; upper cortex: paraplectenchymatous; medulla: white; lower cortex: irregularly prosoplectenchymatous; lower surface: peripheral lobes pale tan to almost white (sometimes up to 5 mm from tip), inwards becoming dark brown or usually black; rhizines: blackening, squarrosely branched; Apothecia: infrequent but not rare, up to 2 mm in diam., the margin thick and entire, becoming sorediate or isidioid but not usually lobulate; ascospores: 28-38 x 15.5-18 µm; Spot tests: all negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: bark or wood, less often on rock; World distribution: western North America; Sonoran distribution: southern California and Baja California.; Notes: In some of its forms, this species is most similar to P. detersa, which in western North America appears to be restricted to the southern Rocky Mountains, usually on mosses over rock. That species can also be distinguished from P. isidiigera by its scleroplectenchymatous upper cortex. Specimens of P. enteroxantha with very low concentrations of secalonic acid A in the medulla and/or soralia are likely to be identified as this species if the medullary spot tests are not very carefully carried out and interpreted. 55162 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=55162 Physconia leucoleiptes (Tuck.) Essl. 2854 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:00 2011-02-02 12:17:00 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: foliose, up to 6 (-7) cm in diam., irregular to more often orbicular; lobes: linear to somewhat irregular-rounded and partly imbricate, 1-2 mm broad, ± flat to weakly and irregularly concave, prostrate; upper surface: gray to gray-brown or brown, with a partial (lobe ends) or occasionally almost completely pruinose, sorediate; soredia: in primarily marginal or terminal soralia, on short lateral branches, discrete and becoming weakly to strongly labriform as the upper cortex reflexes (at times the soralia become occasionally compressed (particularly at nodes along the segments); ± continuous, but the individual labriform portions still apparent), laminal soralia developing rarely; individual soredia granular to pseudocorticate and isidioid, pale or darkening; upper cortex: scleroplectenchymatous; medulla: white; lower cortex: irregularly prosoplectenchymatous; lower surface: of peripheral lobes usually distinctly white to off-white for a short distance, inward darkening to dark brown or black; rhizines: black and squarrosely branched; Apothecia: infrequent, up to 4 mm in diam., the margin thick and entire, not usually sorediate but becoming lobulate, the lobules often forming labriform soralia at the end; ascospores: 28-31 x 16-18 µm; Spot tests: cortex all negative; medulla usually K-, C-, and KC- (very rarely C+ rose, KC+ reddish), P-; soralia K+ pale to distinctly yellow, C-, KC+ yellow to yellow-orange, P-; Secondary metabolites: secalonic acid A (concentrated in and apparently restricted to the soralia).; Substrate and ecology: bark and rock; World distribution: North America and Asia; Sonoran distribution: rather rare in Arizona, southern California and Baja California.; Notes: This species is characterized by the marginal, weakly to strongly labriform soralia which contain secalonic acid A and usually react with both K and KC, by the lack of positive spot tests in the medulla, and by the scleroplectenchymatous upper cortex. Specimens with strongly labriform soralia have been commonly misdetermined as P. perisidiosa, an easy mistake if the distinctly corticate lower surface and reactive soralia are overlooked. Like essentially all sorediate species in the genus, the soredia of P. leucoleiptes sometimes become strongly isidioid and dark pigmented, which can obscure the K and KC spot test reactions. It is therefore essential to select younger and paler soralia for testing. Two other species with reactive soralia, Physconia enteroxantha and P. fallax, both have differently shaped soralia, as well as a paraplectenchymatous upper cortex. I have concluded that P. kurokawae, which is morphologically identical and differs from P. leucoleiptes only by the production of gyrophoric acid in the medulla, does not merit taxonomic recognition, or at least not at the level of species. In eastern North America, where both are very common, there are no discernible differences in their ecology or distributions, and the two very commonly occur in mixed populations (and therefore in mixed collections). Furthermore, according to the intensity of the C and KC spot test reactions as well as the relative size and intensity of chromatogram spots, the concentration of gyrophoric acid in the medulla is extremely variable. The reactions vary from moderately strong to very faint, and in many cases can only be detected in the lower part of the medulla adjacent to the lower cortex. At the present time only one scrappy collection of the C+, KC+ variant has been found from the Sonoran region, that being a collection from the Santa Monica Mountains in California made apparently by Hasse (#161, NY). 55163 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=55163 Physconia muscigena (Ach.) Poelt 2855 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:00 2011-02-02 12:17:00 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: foliose, up to 12 cm in diam., usually irregular and often coalescent and entangled with other thalli, only occasionally orbicular; lobes: generally linear, discrete to entangled, 1-3 mm broad, usually ascending and noticeably concave, especially near the ends; upper surface: gray-brown to dark brown, partly to almost completely pruinose; without soredia or isidia, but sometimes developing smaller lobes or lobules centrally, which may be ascending like the peripheral lobes, sometimes becoming dense and turf-like, without soredia or isidia; upper cortex: paraplectenchymatous; medulla: usually white, occasionally pale yellow; lower cortex: irregularly prosoplectenchymatous; lower surface: pale or darker brown on the peripheral lobes, darkening to black inwardly, dull to weakly shiny; rhizines: black, mostly squarrosely branched; Apothecia: common but not rarely missing, up to 5 mm in diam., the margin entire or often developing lobules; ascospores: 24-33 x 12-17 µm; Spot tests: usually all negative, the medulla occasionally K+ yellowish, KC+ yellow-orange (when the medulla is pigmented yellowish) [very rarely the upper cortex reacts K+ very faint and KC+ stronger yellowish, apparently due to the presence of variolaric acid]; Secondary metabolites: often absent, but sometimes producing secalonic acid A (accessory pigment) and/or variolaric acid (accessory).; Substrate and ecology: on mosses, Selaginella, or detritus, usually over soil or rock; World distribution: North America, Europe, Africa, Asia, South America; Sonoran distribution: southern California, Arizona and Guadalupe Island (Baja California).; Notes: The lack of soredia and isidia, the distinctive growth form with ascending, concave lobes, and the distinctive substrate usually make this a fairly easy to determine species. Moberg (1977) mentioned that extreme forms of this species and P. distorta (as P. pulverulenta) can be difficult to distinguish, and this is even more true for P. muscigena and P. americana, since there is no difference in anatomy of the upper cortex to help separate them. Only a few such problematic specimens have been seen, mostly poorly developed material or damaged specimens. The two specimens from the coastal islands (San Clemente Island, California, and Guadalupe Island, Baja California) are a diminutive form, and bear some resemblance to P. petraea (Poelt) Vězda & Poelt, a P. musicgena relative so far known only from Europe. These two specimens are rather sparse, however, and one of them is heavily parasitized, and so more adequate material will be needed in order to evaluate the identity of this material. 55164 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=55164 Physconia perisidiosa (Erichsen) Moberg 2856 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:00 2011-02-02 12:17:00 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: foliose, up to 5 cm in diam., irregular and sometimes pulvinate, less often; lobes: linear to more often somewhat irregular-rounded and partly imbricate, 1-2 mm broad, mostly flat to weakly concave or convex, ± prostrate, frequently with scattered marginal lobules; upper surface: gray to gray-brown or commonly brown to dark reddish brown, orbicular, with a partial (lobe ends) or sometimes almost completely pruinose, sorediate; soredia: granular to strongly isidioid in older parts, darkening with age, in labriform soralia, primarily on the upturned lobe ends of lateral lobes or sometimes on main lobes; upper cortex: scleroplectenchymatous; medulla: white; lower cortex: absent or weakly organized and ± prosoplectenchymatous; lower surface: pale throughout (small specimens) or darkening centrally (in larger, better developed specimens), the lobe ends distinctly whitish and ecorticate, usually with distinctive blackish striations developing and becoming more numerous inward, these eventually coalescing to form a poorly organized and very dull 'cortex' in many (but not all) specimens; rhizines: black and squarrosely branched; Apothecia: rare, up to 1.5 mm in diam., the margin entire, sometimes becoming lobulate (lobules sometimes with labriform soralia); ascospores: 26-32 (-34) x 15.5-18 µm; Spot tests: all negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: bark, rock, mosses over rock; World distribution: North America, Europe, Asia, Africa and South America; Sonoran distribution: southern California and Arizona (primarily upper elevation areas in the mountains).; Notes: The distinctive terminal labriform soralia (occasionally very sparse) and the partly to mostly ecorticate lower surface, usually with blackish striations, distinguish this species from all others in the study area. The lack of positive spot tests in both the medulla and the soralia also serve to separate it from other species with labriform or near labriform soralia (e.g. P. leucoleiptes). 55167 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=55167 Physconia californica Essl. 2857 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:00 2011-02-02 12:17:00 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: foliose, up to 7 cm in diam., usually ± regular and orbicular; lobes: rather linear and discrete to more irregular-flabellate and contiguous, 1-2 mm broad, ± flat and prostrate; upper surface: gray to gray-brown, completely to rather incompletely (lobe ends only) pruinose; without soredia or isidia, but becoming sparsely to rather abundantly lobulate; lobules: marginal, up to 0.5 mm across; upper cortex: paraplectenchymatous; medulla: white; lower cortex: irregularly prosoplectenchymatous, indistinctly delimited from the medulla in part; lower surface: mostly pale, white to very pale tan at the periphery and on most of the lower surface, scattered areas in older parts becoming tawny to very pale brownish, dull; rhizines: pale or darkening in older parts, often largely simple to furcate but with at least some becoming squarrosely branched; Apothecia: sometimes frequent but commonly missing from even large thalli, up to 2.5 mm in diam., the margin entire or becoming lobulate; ascospores: 28-33 x 14-16 µm; Spot tests: all negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: on bark; World distribution: western North America, especially California; Sonoran distribution: southern California and Isla Cedros (Baja California).; Notes: This species is similar to some forms of the normally fertile species, Physconia americana, from which it is distinguished primarily by the pale lower surface and the more regularly lobulate upper surface. With poorly developed specimens, it can be difficult to distinguish between these two species. When well developed, P. californica bears a marked superficial resemblance to two lobulate species known from Japan, P. lobulifera Kashiw. and P. hokkaidensis Kashiw. Both these taxa have a black lower surface and a scleroplectenchymatous upper cortex. 55168 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=55168 Physconia fallax Essl. 2858 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:00 2011-02-02 12:17:00 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: foliose, up to 4.5 cm in diam. but often smaller, ± regular and orbicular; lobes: rather elongate and linear, discrete to contiguous or somewhat imbricate, 0.5-1.5 mm broad, ± flat to irregularly concave, prostrate; upper surface: gray to gray-brown or dark brown, usually pruinose over much of the upper surface, sorediate; soredia: in marginal and terminal soralia on short side branches, the marginal ones often axillary, discontinuous to occasionally almost continuous, forming by separation of the upper and lower cortex and often becoming ear-shaped or hooded (reminiscent of the "nest-shaped" soralia of Xanthoria fallax), terminal soralia formed similarly, but often appearing reflexed-labriform; soredia granular, greenish to brownish or sometimes noticeably yellowish; upper cortex: paraplectenchymatous; medulla: white (areas close to the soralia may be pale yellowish) or occasionally discolored; lower cortex: irregularly prosoplectenchymatous, in part poorly delimited from the medulla; lower surface: peripheral lobes usually whitish to pale tan for some distance (up to 3 to 4 mm in some cases) from the tip, inward becoming dark brown or black, dull to slightly shiny; rhizines: black and squarrosely branched; Apothecia: infrequent, up to 2 mm in diam., the margin thick and becoming lobulate, the lobules eventually developing reflexed soralia on the ends and often becoming quite long (sometimes becoming longer than the breadth of the apothecium); ascospores: 33-38 x 15.5-18 µm; Spot tests: cortex all negative; medulla K-, C-, KC- (positive K or KC tests may be obtained if tests are done too close to the soralia or on a lobe edge where unnoticed incipient soralia may occur), P-; soralia K+ faint to dark yellow, C-, KC+ yellow or yellow-orange, P-; Secondary metabolites: secalonic acid A (apparently restricted to the soralia).; Substrate and ecology: bark or (less often) rock; World distribution: western North America: Washington, California and Baja California (Guadalupe Island); Sonoran distribution: southern California and Guadalupe Island (Baja California).; Notes: With the marginal, sometimes conspicuously pigmented soralia, this species is most likely to be confused with P. enteroxantha, with which it also shares a paraplectenchymatous upper cortex. It can be distinguished from that species, however, by the distinctive shape of the soralia and the K- medulla. The soralia of Physconia enteroxantha are usually linear and continuous, and although they may be slightly or at times more strongly reflexed, they are neither hooded nor formed by separating cortices. Another similar species is P. leucoleiptes, rare in western North America, which has the same spot tests as P. fallax (soralia K+ and KC+ , medulla K-, KC ) but has distinctly labriform soralia which are not at all hooded by the cortices, and has a scleroplectenchymatous upper cortex. Physconia perisidiosa, which has terminal labriform or sometimes weakly hooded soralia, has a very different lower surface which is basically ecorticate and pale, darkening only centrally and never with a true cortex. 55169 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=55169 Physconia isidiomuscigena Essl. 2859 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:00 2011-02-02 12:17:00 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: foliose, up to 11 cm in diam., somewhat orbicular or often irregular and sometimes entangled with other thalli; lobes: irregular-flabellate, contiguous or imbricate, mostly 2-4 mm broad, usually ascending on the ends and therefore distinctly concave; upper surface: gray-brown to dark brown, usually whitish pruinose essentially throughout, sorediate-isidiate; sorediate isidia: arising first on the lobe margins and under up-turned lobes as very granular soredia, and also later in numerous small patches on the upper surface, propagules becoming rather irregular and strongly isidioid (somewhat similar to blastidia?), often coalescing in central parts of mature thalli; upper cortex: paraplectenchymatous; medulla: mostly white to off-white but occasionally pale yellowish in patches or where exposed; lower cortex: irregularly prosoplectenchymatous; lower surface: darkening and becoming black inwardly, the peripheral lobes pale tan to whitish on the ends, dull to weakly shiny; rhizines: black and squarrosely branched; Apothecia: not seen (likewise for pycnidia); Spot tests: cortex all negative; medulla usually K-, C-, KC-, P-, but sometimes K+ pale yellow and KC+ yellow to orange in scattered areas; soralia (and associated medulla) K-, C-, KC-, P-, or some places K+ and KC+ yellowish; Secondary metabolites: variolaric acid, also sometimes small amounts of secalonic acid A.; Substrate and ecology: rock or mosses over rock, rare on bark; World distribution: western North America: Utah, Colorado, Arizona and California; Sonoran distribution: higher elevations in Arizona, southern California and Baja California Sur.; Notes: Smaller individuals of this species might be confused with either P. enteroxantha or P. isidiigera, depending on whether or not the sometimes positive medullary/soredial spot tests are observed. Normally, the large size of the thallus and broad peripheral lobes, their tendency to be concave and ascending, and the distinctive laminal soredia which become isidioid, should be enough to distinguish it from those species. The usual presence of variolaric acid also distinguishes P. isidiomuscigena from both those species. 55173 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=55173 Pyxine cocoes (Sw.) Nyl. 2860 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:00 2011-02-02 12:17:00 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: foliose, ± firmly appressed, up to 10 cm in diam. but usually much smaller (3-4 cm); lobes: flat, rarely slightly convex or concave, 0.4-0.8 mm wide; upper surface: light yellowish brown, gray or almost white; pseudocyphellae: sparse, usually restricted to the peripheral parts of the lobes, sometimes reticulately confluent; pruina: patchy, often glistening; soredia: always present, granular, rarely farinose, initially in marginal, fissural, then in laminal, orbicular soralia; isidia and polysidiangia lacking; medulla: white throughout; lower surface: black in center, paler towards lobe tips; rhizines: ± dense, blackish, furcately divided; Apothecia: cocoes-type, rare, laminal, 0.4-1.4 mm wide; disc: black, not pruinose; internal stipe: distinct, upper part brownish-red (rarely white: P. cocoes var. pallida - not yet known from the Sonoran region), lower part white; ascospores: one-septate, brown, 15-18 x 6-7 µm; Pycnidia: immersed; conidia: bacilliform, 3-4 x 1 µm; Spot tests: upper cortex K-, C-, KC-, P-; medulla upper and lower part K-, C-, KC-, P-; internal stipe upper part K+ red, C-, KC+ purple, P-; lower part K-, C-, KC-, P-; Secondary metabolites: upper cortex with lichexanthone, medulla with a few terpenes in low concentration.; Substrate and ecology: on bark and wood near sea sides, rarely on acidic rock or in montane areas; World distribution: pantropical with scattered collections from the subtropics and insular Laurimacaronesia; Sonoran distribution: southern Arizona and Baja California Sur. 55176 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=55176 Pyxine petricola Nyl. 2861 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:00 2011-02-02 12:17:00 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: foliose, ± loosely appressed, up to 5 cm in diam.; lobes: flat, usually distinctly concave towards the lobe tips, rarely convex throughout, 0.7-1 mm wide; upper surface: gray, greenish gray, almost white or stramineous; pseudocyphellae: sparse, laminal and marginal, usually restricted to the peripheral parts of the lobes, sometimes reticulately confluent; pruina: patchy, rarely punctiform, often glistening; soralia, isidia and polysidiangia lacking; medulla: white throughout; lower surface: black in center, paler towards lobe tips; rhizines: ± dense, blackish, furcately divided; Apothecia: cocoes-type, often present, laminal, 0.5-1.5 mm wide; disc: black, not pruinose; internal stipe: distinct, upper part rose-red or orange-red (rarely white: P. petricola var. convexula - not yet known from the Sonoran region), lower part white; ascospores: one-septate, brown, 14-19 x 5-7.5 µm; Pycnidia: immersed; conidia: bacilliform, 3-4 x 1 µm; Spot tests: upper cortex K-, C-, KC-, P-; medulla upper and lower part K-, C-, KC-, P-; internal stipe upper part K+ blackish purple or purple, C-, KC-, P-; lower part K-, C-, KC-, P-; Secondary metabolites: upper cortex with lichexanthone; medulla with few terpenes in low concentration.; Substrate and ecology: on bark, wood and acidic rock from sea level to montane areas; World distribution: pantropical with scattered collections from the subtropics; Sonoran distribution: southern Arizona, Baja California, Baja California Sur, Sonora and Sinaloa, particularly common at low elevations in thorn forests.; Notes: Populations with a stramineous and more closely appressed thallus with convex lobes have been described as Physcia devertens Nyl., Énumér. Lich. Annobon: 3 (1896) = Pyxine devertens (Nyl.) Vain., Add. Lichenograph. Antill. illustr.: 70 (1915), but examination of the holotype (H-Nyl. 31792) showed it to be identical, including the chemistry (no norstictic acid could be demonstrated by HPTLC, see however Swinscow and Krog 1975: 61) with typical P. petricola except for the differences mentioned above. 55178 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=55178 Pyxine sorediata (Ach.) Mont. 2862 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:00 2011-02-02 12:17:00 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: foliose, loosely appressed, up to 8 cm in diam.; lobes: flat or slightly concave, 0.6-1.3 mm wide; upper surface: beige gray, brownish gray, leaden or bluish gray; pseudocyphellae: very distinct along the lobe margins, sometimes gray pruinose and reticulately confluent; pruina: punctiform on the peripheral parts of the lobes; soredia: always present, granular, rarely farinose, initially in marginal, fissural, then in laminal, in orbicular soralia, sometimes secondarily with a cortex and then simulating polysidiangia; isidia and true polysidiangia lacking; medulla: upper part lemon yellow, ochraceous to orange yellow; lower surface: black in center, paler towards lobe tips; rhizines: ± dense, blackish to blackish blue, furcately divided; Apothecia: obscurascens-type, rare, laminal, 0.5-1.4 mm wide; disc: black, not pruinose; internal stipe: distinct, upper part dark orange, lower part white; ascospores: one-septate, brown, 14-19 x 6-8 µm; Pycnidia: immersed; conidia: bacilliform, 3-4 x 1 µm; Spot tests: upper cortex K+ yellow or K-, C-, KC-, P- or P+ pale yellow; medulla upper and lower part K-, C-, KC-, P-; internal stipe upper part K+ red, C-, KC+ purple, P-; lower part K-, C-, KC-, P-; Secondary metabolites: upper cortex atranorin (sometimes in very low concentration); medulla with terpenes of a characteristic pattern on TLC plates, and an unknown pigment.; Substrate and ecology: on bark, acidic rocks and over mosses from sea level to subalpine areas; World distribution: subtropical with collections from temperate regions (North America, Europe, Africa, Nepal, India, Japan, Australasia) and insular Laurimacaronesia; Sonoran distribution: Arizona and Sierra Madre Occidental region of adjacent Chihuahua in regions with high summer precipitation. 55179 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=55179 Pyxine subcinerea Stirton 2863 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:00 2011-02-02 12:17:00 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: foliose, ± firmly appressed, up to 8 cm in diam., usually smaller (3-5 cm); lobes: flat to slightly concave, 0.3-0.6 mm wide; soredia: always present, farinose, initially in marginal, fissural, rarely later in laminal, orbicular soralia; isidia and polysidiangia lacking; medulla: upper part lemon to beige yellow, very thin lower part white; lower surface: black in center, paler towards lobe tips; rhizines: ± dense, blackish, furcately divided; Apothecia: obscurascens-type, common, laminal, 0.3-1.5 mm wide; disc: black, not pruinose; internal stipe: weakly developed, upper part brownish-red, lower part whitish; ascospores: one-septate, brown, 13-19 x 6-8 µm; Pycnidia: immersed; conidia: bacilliform, 3-4 x 1 µm; Spot tests: upper cortex K-, C-, KC-, P-; medulla upper and lower part K-, C-, KC-, P-; internal stipe upper part K+ purple, C-, KC-, P-; lower part K-, C-, KC-, P-; Secondary metabolites: upper cortex with lichexanthone; medulla with terpenes of a characteristic pattern on TLC plates, and an unknown pigment.; Substrate and ecology: on bark, wood, and rarely on acidic rocks from sea level to high montane areas; World distribution: pantropical with scattered collections from the subtropics and warm temperate regions, insular Laurimacaronesia and Europe/Italy; Sonoran distribution: Arizona, Baja California Sur, Sinaloa and Sonora, at low to intermediate elevations from thorn forests to oak forests.; Notes: Previously specimens belonging to this species have been reported under the names of P. caesiopruinosa and P. meissneriana. 55180 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=55180 Pyxine mexicana Kalb 2864 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:00 2011-02-02 12:17:00 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: foliose, ± firmly appressed, up to 5 cm in diam.; lobes: flat, slightly convex or concave towards the periphery, 0.8-2.0 mm wide; upper surface: gray brownish gray or almost white; pseudocyphellae: sparse to abundant, usually restricted to the peripheral parts of the lobes, initially marginal, then spreading laminally, sometimes reticulately confluent; pruina: punctiform, rarely confluent; polysidiangia: developing from marginal, later also from laminal pseudocyphellae, initially distinctly corticate, later bursting open and simulating nodular soralia; true soralia and isidia lacking; medulla: white throughout; lower surface: black in center, paler towards lobe tips; rhizines: ± dense, blackish, furcately divided; Apothecia: obscurascens-type, rare, laminal, 0.6-2.0 mm wide; exciple: outer part white pruinose (or rarely some apothecia without pruina); disc: black, not pruinose; internal stipe: distinct, white throughout; ascospores: one-septate, brown, 17-21 x 5.5-7 µm; Pycnidia: immersed; conidia: bacilliform, 3-4 x 1 µm; Spot tests: upper cortex K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P+ yellow; medulla upper and lower part K-, C-, KC-, P+ orange red; internal stipe upper and lower part K-, C-, KC-, P+ orange red; Secondary metabolites: upper cortex with atranorin; medulla with terpenes of a characteristic array on TLC plates, testacein.; Substrate and ecology: on bark and acidic rocks in montane areas from 1000-2200 m; World distribution: probably a Sonoran endemic; Sonoran distribution: southern mountains of Baja California Sur and the Sierra Madre Occidental region of Chihuahua.; Notes: Previous collections of this species have been reported under the name P. retirugella. 55181 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=55181 Pyxine pyxinoides (Mnll.Arg.) Kalb 2865 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:00 2011-02-02 12:17:00 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: foliose, very firmly appressed, up to 6 cm in diam.; lobes: flat, rarely slightly concave, 0.2-0.3 mm wide; upper surface: light gray or leaden, older thalli olivaceous to brownish gray; pseudocyphellae: sparse, usually restricted to the margins of peripheral parts of the lobes, rarely reticulately confluent; pruina: hardly visible; soralia, isidia and polysidiangia lacking; medulla: upper part light orange, lower part white or white throughout; lower surface: black in center, paler towards lobe tips; rhizines: ± sparce, blackish, furcately divided; Apothecia: obscurascens-type, often present, laminal, 0.25-0.6 mm wide; disc: black, not pruinose; internal stipe: indistinct, upper part creamish yellow or white, lower part white; ascospores: one-septate, brown, 13-17 x 4.5-7 µm (length-width-index: 2.2-3.2); Pycnidia: immersed; conidia: bacilliform, 3-4 x 1 µm; Spot tests: upper cortex K-, C-, KC-, P-; medulla upper and lower part K-, C-, KC-, P- or P+ orange-red caused by testacein; internal stipe upper part K-, C-, KC-, P-; lower part K-, C-, KC-, P-; Secondary metabolites: upper cortex with lichexanthone; medulla with terpenes of a characteristic array on TLC plates, with or without testacein (the latter present in all Sonoran collections).; Substrate and ecology: on acidic rocks in montane areas; World distribution: neotropical; Sonoran distribution: Baja California Sur and Sonora in tropical thorn forest to deciduous forest transition areas.; Notes: The difficulty of distinguishing P. microspora and P. pyxinoides has been mentioned by several authors (Swinscow and Krog 1975, Awasthi 1982, Kalb 1987), but spore dimensions (length-width-index: 2.2-3.2 in P. pyxinoides and 1.6-2.4 in P. microspora) are definitive. In addition, TLC results also helps to assign the correct species name to a collection. It cannot, however, be unequivocally concluded that only two species are involved in this difficult group. The presence or absence of testacein probably is of no taxonomic value, as has been demonstrated for Parmelia testacea (Elix 1994h). 55287 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=55287 Tornabea scutellifera (With.) J. R. Laundon 2866 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:00 2011-02-02 12:17:00 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Life habit: lichenized; Thallus: fruticose, 2-3 cm tall, erect to spreading, ± dichotomously branched, sometimes entangled, often flattened but terminal branches sometimes terete, branches up to 3 mm thick; lobe surface: light gray brown to gray to reddish brown, smooth to densely tomentose; isidia absent; usually with blastidia; cortex: prosoplectenchymatous, 60-100 (-200) µm thick, with conglutinated, thick-walled, mostly longitudinally oriented hyphae, sometimes covered with a colorless layer; medulla: white, lax, sometimes with compact, hyphal strands, often rudimentary; photobiont: primary one a trebouxioid alga, secondary photobiont absent; attachment: by a holdfast; Apothecia: present or absent, often numerous, laminal on branches, sessile with constricted base, up to 1.5 cm diam., with a persistent, lecanorine margin, gray; disc: black-brown, convex; hymenium: colorless; asci: elongate-clavate, Physcia-type, 8-spored; ascospores: ellipsoid to broadly ellipsoid, brown, 1-septate (very rarely 2-septate), polarilocular, varying from the Physconia- to Orcularia-type 20-30 x 10-15 µm, septum 5.3-7.7 µm wide; Pycnidia: immersed, upper part brown; conidiophores type VII (Vobis 1980); conidia: bacilliform to fusiform, 3.5-4.5 (-5) x 1 µm; Spot tests: cortex and medulla K-, C-, KC-, P-; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: often growing near the ocean on boulders and branches in open habitats; World distribution: west coast of South America, SW coast of North America, Macaronesia, western Europe, especially the Mediterranean region eastwards to Pakistan; Sonoran distribution: Channel Islands of southern California and coastal region of NW Baja California.; Notes: Originally the species was treated in Anaptychia, but the lobes of Tornabea are entirely corticated and they lack the dorsiventral orientation of foliose taxa and do not have cilia South American populations have been considered to be a second species (T. ephebea (Ach.) Kurok., but Nimis and Tretiach (1997) reduced it to synonymy. 55357 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=55357 Psora californica Timdal 2867 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:00 2011-02-02 12:17:00 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Squamules: up to 6 mm wide, elongate, adnate and dispersed to adjacent or imbricate, weakly concave to weakly convex; upper surface: castaneous brown, shiny, epruinose, smooth or sparingly fissured; margin: concolorous with upper side, often slightly down-turned, entire, crenulate or lobed; upper cortex: up to 140 µm thick, composed of thick-walled hyphae with angular lumina, containing crystals of lichen substances but no calcium oxalate; medulla: not containing crystals; lower cortex: of mainly periclinally oriented hyphae, not containing calcium oxalate; lower surface: medium brown, K-; Apothecia: up to 1.5 mm diam., laminal, immarginate or marginate when young and later immarginate, dark brown to black, epruinose; ascospores: ellipsoid, 12-14 x 5-7 µm; Pycnidia: laminal, immersed; conidia: bacilliform, 5-7 x 1 µm; Spot tests: upper cortex K-, C+ red, KC+ red, P-; medulla K-, C-, KC-, P-; Secondary metabolites: bourgeanic and gyrophoric acids, and trace of lecanoric acid.; Substrate and ecology: on soil and in crevices of rock, in open habitats in the lowlands, up to 980 m alt. in California, at 1250 m on Isla Guadalupe; World distribution: west coast of North America north to Washington; Sonoran distribution: fairly common in coastal California and Baja California.; Notes: The C+ red and KC+ red reactions in the upper cortex are often difficult to observe. The present delimitation conforms with chemical strain I of Timdal (1986); strain II is here treated as P. hyporubescens. 55358 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=55358 Psora cerebriformis W. A. Weber 2868 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:00 2011-02-02 12:17:00 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Squamules: up to 8 mm wide, rounded, adnate and dispersed to adjacent or partly imbricate, weakly concave to weakly or strongly convex; upper surface: gray to olivaceous brown, dull, epruinose or partly to entirely pruinose, strongly fissured; margin: concolorous with upper side or white, straight, entire or crenulate; upper cortex: up to 140 µm thick, composed of thin-walled hyphae with round lumina, containing crystals of lichen substances and calcium oxalate; medulla: containing calcium oxalate; lower cortex: absent or poorly developed; lower surface: white to pale brown; Apothecia: up to 2 mm diam., marginal, immarginate even when young, black, epruinose or white pruinose; ascospores: ellipsoid, 10-17 x 6-8 µm; Pycnidia: laminal, immersed; conidia: bacilliform, 5-7 x 1 µm; Spot tests: upper cortex K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P+ yellow; medulla K-, C-, KC-, P-; Secondary metabolites: atranorin, sometimes trace of norstictic acid.; Substrate and ecology: on soil in open habitats at 1740-2130 m; World distribution: western North America; Sonoran distribution: locally fairly common in northern Arizona. 55359 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=55359 Psora crenata (Taylor) Reinke 2869 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:00 2011-02-02 12:17:00 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Squamules: up to 10 mm wide, rounded, adnate and dispersed to adjacent or imbricate, usually weakly to strongly concave; upper surface: orange to bright red or pink, more rarely reddish brown, dull, partly to entirely pruinose, sparingly fissured; margin: concolorous with upper side or white, down-turned or more rarely straight, more or less entire; upper cortex: up to 80-140 µm thick, composed of thin-walled hyphae with round lumina, containing crystals of calcium oxalate but no lichen substances; medulla: containing crystals of lichen substances and calcium oxalate; lower cortex: absent or poorly developed; lower surface: white to pale brown; Apothecia: up to 2 mm diam., marginal, immarginate even when young, black, epruinose or white pruinose; ascospores: ellipsoid, 12-16 x 6-8 µm; Pycnidia: unknown; Spot tests: upper cortex K-, C-, KC-, P-; medulla K+ red, C-, KC-, P+ orange; Secondary metabolite: norstictic acid.; Substrate and ecology: on soil in open habitats, from deserts to juniper-pinyon pine woodlands, up to 1840 m; World distribution: southern Africa, Australia and North America; Sonoran distribution: fairly common in Arizona, California, Baja California, Baja California Sur, Chihuahua, Sinaloa and Sonora. 55360 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=55360 Psora decipiens (Hedwig) Hoffm. 2870 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:00 2011-02-02 12:17:00 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Squamules: up to 6 mm wide, rounded, adnate and dispersed to adjacent or imbricate, weakly concave to weakly convex; upper surface: orange to bright red or rose, dull or shiny, epruinose or partly to entirely pruinose, smooth or sparingly fissured; margin: concolorous with upper side or white, straight or slightly up-turned, entire or often weakly crenulate (especially when young); upper cortex: up to 80-120 µm thick, composed of thin-walled hyphae with round lumina, containing crystals of calcium oxalate but no lichen substances; medulla: containing crystals of calcium oxalate, sometimes also lichen substances; lower cortex: absent or poorly developed; lower surface: white to pale brown; Apothecia: up to 2 mm diam., marginal, immarginate even when young, black, epruinose or white or yellow pruinose; ascospores: ellipsoid, 11-18 x 6-8 µm; Pycnidia: laminal, immersed; conidia: bacilliform, 6-7 x 1 µm; Spot tests: upper cortex and medulla K-, C-, KC-, P-; Secondary metabolites: none detected or rarely traces of norstictic acid.; Substrate and ecology: on more or less calciferous soil and crevices of rock in open habitats, from deserts to conifer forests, up to 1860 m; World distribution: Africa, Asia, Australia, Europe and North and South America; Sonoran distribution: common in Arizona, California, Baja California, Baja California Sur and Sonora.; Notes: Specimens containing hyposalazinic and hypostictic acids occur in Colorado and Utah (plus Europe); these tend to have more rose colored squamules. In the Arctic, specimens with a high concentration of norstictic acid are common. There are other chemical strains in Australia and South Africa. 55361 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=55361 Psora globifera (Ach.) A. Massal. 2871 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:00 2011-02-02 12:17:00 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Squamules: up to 5 mm wide, elongate, adnate to imbricate, weakly concave to weakly convex; upper surface: castaneous to dark brown, dull or shiny, epruinose or partly pruinose, sparingly to strongly fissured; margin: concolorous with upper side, straight or up-turned, crenulate to lobed; upper cortex: up to 60-120 µm thick, composed of thick-walled hyphae with more or less angular lumina, not containing crystals of lichen substances, sometimes containing calcium oxalate; medulla: not containing lichen substances or calcium oxalate; lower cortex: of mainly periclinally oriented hyphae, not containing calcium oxalate; lower surface: medium brown, K-; Apothecia: up to 1.5 mm diam., laminal, immarginate or marginate when young and later becoming immarginate, dark brown to black, epruinose or yellow pruinose; ascospores: ellipsoid, 10-13 x 5-7 µm; Pycnidia: laminal, immersed; conidia: bacilliform, 6-9 x 1 µm; Spot tests: upper cortex and medulla K-, C-, KC-, P-; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: on soil or in crevices of rock in open habitats, mainly in conifer forests and woodlands at 550-2800 m.; World distribution: Asia, Europe and North America; Sonoran distribution: rare in Arizona, California and Baja California. 55362 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=55362 Psora himalayana (Church. Bab.) Timdal 2872 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:00 2011-02-02 12:17:00 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Squamules: up to 4 mm wide, elongate, imbricate, weakly concave to weakly convex; upper surface: reddish brown or medium brown to dark brown, dull, epruinose or partly pruinose, smooth or sparingly fissured; margin: white, straight, lobed; upper cortex: up to 80-160 µm thick, composed of thick-walled hyphae with angular lumina, not containing crystals of lichen substances, sometimes containing calcium oxalate; medulla: not containing lichen substances, sometimes containing calcium oxalate; lower cortex: poorly developed, of anticlinally oriented hyphae, containing calcium oxalate; lower surface: white to medium brown, K-; Apothecia: up to 2 mm diam., laminal, immarginate even when young, black or dark brown, epruinose or white or yellow pruinose.; ascospores: ellipsoid, 11-14 x 7-9 µm; Pycnidia: laminal, immersed; conidia: bacilliform, 6-7 x 1 µm; Spot tests: upper cortex and medulla K-, C-, KC-, P-; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: on calciferous rock in open habitats, mainly in conifer forests at 1680-3000 m; World distribution: Asia, Europe (Urals) and western North America; Sonoran distribution: rare in northern Arizona. 55363 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=55363 Psora icterica (Mont.) Mull. Arg. 2873 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:00 2011-02-02 12:17:00 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Squamules: up to 5 mm wide, rounded or elongate, adnate and dispersed to adjacent or slightly imbricate, weakly concave to weakly convex; upper surface: bright or greenish yellow, sometimes yellowish brown, dull, epruinose or partly pruinose, smooth or sparingly fissured; margin: concolorous with upper side, straight or up-turned, entire or crenulate to lobed; upper cortex: up to 50-80 µm thick, composed of thin-walled hyphae with round lumina, containing crystals of lichen substances, sometimes also calcium oxalate; medulla: containing calcium oxalate, not lichen substances; lower cortex: of mainly periclinally oriented hyphae, not containing calcium oxalate; lower surface: white to pale brown; Apothecia: up to 1.5 mm diam., laminal, immarginate even when young, black or dark brown, epruinose; ascospores: ellipsoid, 14-18 x 6-8 µm; Pycnidia: laminal, immersed; conidia: bacilliform, 7-8 x 1 µm; Spot tests: upper cortex and medulla K-, C-, KC-, P-; Secondary metabolite: rhizocarpic acid.; Substrate and ecology: on soil in open habitats, from deserts to conifer forests, at 540-2290 m; World distribution: North and South America; Sonoran distribution: fairly common in Arizona, Baja California Sur, Chihuahua and Sonora. 55364 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=55364 Psora luridella (Tuck.) Fink 2874 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:00 2011-02-02 12:17:00 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Squamules: up to 4 mm wide, rounded to elongate, adnate or ascending near the margin, rarely imbricate, weakly concave to plane; upper surface: medium brown to dark brown, dull, epruinose or faintly pruinose, smooth to sparingly fissured; margin: concolorous with upper side, straight to weakly up-turned, entire or lobed; upper cortex: up to 200 µm thick, composed of rather thin-walled hyphae with more or less round lumina, not containing crystals of lichen substances, sometimes containing calcium oxalate (mainly in the epinecral layer); medulla: not containing lichen substances or calcium oxalate; lower cortex: of mainly periclinally oriented hyphae, not containing calcium oxalate; lower surface: pale to medium brown, K-; Apothecia: up to 1.5 mm diam., laminal, convex and immarginate even when young, (medium-) dark brown to black, epruinose; ascospores: ellipsoid, 9-14 x 5-7 µm; Pycnidia: laminal, immersed; conidia: bacilliform, 6-9 x c. 1 µm; Spot tests: upper cortex and medulla K-, C-, KC-, P-; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: on soil and rock, mainly in deserts, up to 1830 m; World distribution: western North America; Sonoran distribution: locally common in Arizona, California, Baja California and Baja California Sur.; Notes: The species is sometimes difficult to distinguish from P. globifera and P. tuckermanii. It differs from the former in its often smaller and more closely adnate squamules with a more smooth, dull, and paler brown upper surface, and in having more thin-walled hyphae with more rounded lumina in the upper cortex. The stainable layer of the upper cortex is roughly 10-15 cells thick in P. globifera and 15-25 cells thick in P. luridella. The apothecia of P. luridella are dark brown to pure black, rarely medium brown, and always epruinose; those of P. globifera are medium to dark brown, rarely black, and sometimes yellow pruinose. Psora tuckermanii differs morphologically in having generally larger, usually somewhat paler and more pruinose squamules and medium brown, sometimes white or yellow pruinose apothecia. Furthermore, it usually contains calcium oxalate in the medulla. Timdal ([1986] p. 274) regarded some specimens from California and Baja California with dark brown to black apothecia and lacking calcium oxalate in the medulla as belonging to P. tuckermanii; these specimens are here regarded as belonging in P. luridella. 55366 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=55366 Psora nipponica (Zahlbr.) Gotth. Schneider 2875 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:01 2011-02-02 12:17:01 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Squamules: up to 10 mm wide, elongate, ascending, concave to weakly convex; upper surface: olivaceous or reddish brown to medium brown, dull, epruinose or partly pruinose, smooth or sparingly fissured; margin: usually white, down-turned to up-turned, entire or lobed; upper cortex: up to 55-140 µm thick, composed of thick-walled hyphae with angular lumina, containing crystals of lichen substances but no calcium oxalate; medulla: containing crystals of lichen substances but no calcium oxalate; lower cortex: of anticlinally oriented hyphae, containing calcium oxalate; lower surface: white to medium brown; Apothecia: up to 2 mm diam., laminal, immarginate even when young, dark brown to black, epruinose; ascospores: ellipsoid, 10-14 x 5-7 µm; Pycnidia: laminal, immersed; conidia: bacilliform, 6-9 x 1 µm; Spot tests: upper cortex and medulla K-, C+ red, KC+ red, P-; Secondary metabolites: gyrophoric acid and trace of lecanoric acid.; Substrate and ecology: on soil or rock, usually in rock crevices in some shade, mainly in conifer forests and above tree line, at 1380-3540 m; World distribution: Japan and western North America; Sonoran distribution: fairly common in Arizona, California and Baja California.; Notes: A chemical strain containing anthraquinones in the lower cortex is known from northern California and Idaho (Timdal 1986). 55367 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=55367 Psora pacifica Timdal 2876 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:01 2011-02-02 12:17:01 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Squamules: up to 3 mm wide, elongate, imbricate to ascending, weakly concave to weakly convex; upper surface: medium to castaneous brown, dull or somewhat shiny, epruinose or partly pruinose, smooth; margin: concolorous with upper side, down-turned or straight, crenulate or lobed; upper cortex: up to 35-65 µm thick, composed of thick-walled hyphae with angular lumina, containing crystals of lichen substances but no calcium oxalate; medulla: containing lichen substances but no calcium oxalate; lower cortex: poorly developed, composed of mainly periclinally oriented hyphae, not containing calcium oxalate; lower surface: white to pale brown; Apothecia: up to 1.3 mm diam., laminal, immarginate or marginate when young and later becoming immarginate, medium brown to reddish brown, epruinose; ascospores: ellipsoid, 10-14 x 5-7 µm; Pycnidia: unknown; Spot tests: upper cortex and medulla K-, C+ red, KC+ red, P-; Secondary metabolites: gyrophoric acid, trace of lecanoric acid, and usually small amounts of an apparently related compound.; Substrate and ecology: on soil in open habitats, often in coastal hillsides, up to 440 m; World distribution: west coast of North America; Sonoran distribution: uncommon in California and Baja California.; Notes: The C+ red and KC+ red reactions in the cortex are difficult to observe. 55368 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=55368 Psora pseudorussellii Timdal 2877 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:01 2011-02-02 12:17:01 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Squamules: up to 4 mm wide, elongate, imbricate, weakly concave to weakly convex; upper surface: medium brown, dull or shiny, epruinose or partly pruinose, smooth or sparingly fissured; margin: white, straight or up-turned, entire or lobed; upper cortex: up to 90-140 µm thick, composed of thick- to thin-walled hyphae with angular to round lumina, containing crystals of calcium oxalate; medulla: containing calcium oxalate; lower cortex: of mainly periclinally oriented hyphae, not containing calcium oxalate; lower surface: white to pale brown; Apothecia: up to 1.5 mm diam., laminal-submarginal, plane and marginate when young, later becoming more convex and often immarginate, reddish brown, epruinose or yellow pruinose; ascospores: ellipsoid, 8-12 x 5-7 µm; Pycnidia: unknown; Spot tests: upper cortex and medulla K-, C-, KC-, P-; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: on calciferous rock in open habitats, at 790-1720 m; World distribution: mediterranean Europe and North America; Sonoran distribution: uncommon in Arizona, Chihuahua, Sinaloa and Sonora.; Notes: Some specimens are difficult to distinguish from P. tuckermanii. The apothecia of Psora pseudorussellii are more reddish brown, less convex and often partly marginate (especially when young); the squamules are generally smaller and usually somewhat darker than those of P. tuckermanii. The two species are largely allopatric: P. pseudorussellii has a mainly eastern and southern and P. tuckermanii a mainly western distribution in North America (Timdal 1986). 55370 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=55370 Psora russellii (Tuck.) A. Schneider 2878 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:01 2011-02-02 12:17:01 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Squamules: up to 6 mm wide, rounded, adnate and dispersed to adjacent or imbricate, usually weakly to strongly concave; upper surface: medium to castaneous brown, dull or shiny, epruinose or partly pruinose, smooth or sparingly fissured; margin: concolorous with upper side or white, down-turned or straight, entire or lobed; upper cortex: up to 60-180 µm thick, composed of thin-walled hyphae with round lumina, containing crystals of lichen substances and calcium oxalate; medulla: containing lichen substances and calcium oxalate; lower cortex: of mainly periclinally oriented hyphae, not containing calcium oxalate; lower surface: white to medium brown; Apothecia: up to 1 mm diam., laminal-submarginal, immarginate, or marginate when young and later becoming immarginate, medium brown, epruinose or yellow pruinose; ascospores: ellipsoid, 11-15 x 5-8 µm; Pycnidia: unknown; Spot tests: upper cortex and medulla K+ red, C-, KC-, P+ orange; Secondary metabolites: norstictic acid and sometimes trace of gyrophoric acid.; Substrate and ecology: on soil or in crevices of rock in open habitats, mainly in deserts, rare in Californian coastal scrub and pinyon-juniper woodland, up to 1810 m; World distribution: North America; Sonoran distribution: rather common in Arizona, California, Baja California, and Sonora. 55372 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=55372 Psora tuckermanii R. Anderson ex Timdal 2879 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:01 2011-02-02 12:17:01 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Squamules: up to 6 mm wide, elongate, imbricate, weakly concave to weakly convex; upper surface: light brown or medium brown, dull, epruinose or partly pruinose, smooth or sparingly fissured; margin: concolorous with upper side or white, down-turned or straight, entire or lobed; upper cortex: up to 60-120 µm thick, composed of thin-walled hyphae with round lumina, not containing crystals of lichen substances, sometimes containing calcium oxalate; medulla: not lichen substances, often containing calcium oxalate; lower cortex: of mainly periclinally oriented hyphae, not containing calcium oxalate; lower surface: white to medium brown; Apothecia: up to 1.5 mm diam., laminal, convex and immarginate even when young, medium brown, epruinose or white or yellow pruinose; ascospores: broadly ellipsoid, 8-11 x 6-8 µm; Pycnidia: unknown; Spot tests: upper cortex and medulla K-, C-, KC-, P-; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: on soil and rock in open habitats, mainly in pinyon-juniper woodland, conifer forests, and Great Basin desert scrub, from 750 m to 2860 m alt. but rare below 1600 m; World distribution: western North America; Sonoran distribution: common in northern and central Arizona, scattered to rare in southern Arizona and California.; Notes: The specimens from Mexico and most of the specimens from southern California reported by Timdal (1986) are now considered belonging in P. luridella. 55374 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=55374 Psora brunneocarpa Timdal 2880 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:01 2011-02-02 12:17:01 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology squamules: up to 3 mm wide, rounded to elongate, adnate to partly ascending, adjacent to imbricate, weakly concave to weakly convex; upper surface: olivaceous to dark brown, dull, epruinose, smooth to sparingly fissured; margin: concolorous with upper side, straight or down-turned, lobed; upper cortex: up to 150 µm thick (including up to 80 µm thick epinecral layer), composed of thin-walled hyphae with round lumina, not containing crystals of lichen substances or calcium oxalate; medulla: containing lichen substances but no calcium oxalate; lower cortex: poorly developed, of mainly periclinally oriented hyphae, not containing calcium oxalate; lower surface: medium brown, K-; Apothecia: up to 1.5 mm diam., laminal, immarginate even when young, medium brown, epruinose; ascospores: ellipsoid, 9.5-13.5 x 5-7 µm; Pycnidia: unknown; Spot tests: upper cortex and medulla K-, C-, KC-, P-; Secondary metabolites: two unknown compounds (A5:B5-6:C6 and A5:B4:C6, both orange brown after charring).; Substrate and ecology: on soil and rock in open habitats, in Californian coastal scrub and Madrean evergreen woodland, from about sea-level up to 2000 m alt.; World and Sonoran distribution: rare in California, Baja California and Chihuahua.; Notes: The species is most easily recognized by its unique chemistry. The small squamules and brown apothecia make it most likely to be confused with P. pacifica and P. pruinosa. Those species differ in being more or less pruinose. Furthermore, the former has more flat and marginate apothecia (at least when young), and the latter has squamules with a characteristic up-turned, epruinose margin. The identity of Psora mexicana de Lesd., described from the state of Puebla, Mexico, is still unsettled because the original material is missing. A specimen identified as that species by de Lesdain and examined by Timdal (1986) resembles P. brunneocarpa morphologically, but does not contain lichen substances. 55375 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=55375 Psora hyporubescens Timdal 2881 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:01 2011-02-02 12:17:01 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Squamules: up to 5 mm wide, elongate, adnate to imbricate, weakly concave to weakly convex; upper surface: greenish brown to medium brown, dull, epruinose or pruinose near the margin, sparingly fissured; margin: concolorous with upper side, straight or up-turned, crenulate to lobed; upper cortex: up to 100 µm thick, composed of thick-walled hyphae with rather angular lumina, not containing crystals of lichen substances or calcium oxalate; medulla: containing lichen substances but no calcium oxalate; lower cortex: of mainly periclinally oriented hyphae, containing orange crystals (polarized light!) but not calcium oxalate; lower surface: orange brown, K+ red; Apothecia: up to 1.5 mm diam., laminal, convex and immarginate even when young, dark brown, epruinose; ascospores: ellipsoid, 9.5-11.5 x 4.5-7 µm; Pycnidia: not seen; Spot tests: upper cortex K-, C-, KC-, P-; medulla K-, C+red, KC+ red, P-; lower cortex K+ red, C-, KC-, P-; Secondary metabolites: gyrophoric acid and a series of undetermined anthraquinones.; Substrate and ecology: in crevices of rock in open habitats, mainly in conifer forests, at 1030-1980 m; World distribution: only known from California; Sonoran distribution: rare in the mountains of southern California.; Notes: This species was treated as a chemotype of P. globifera by Timdal (1984a) and of P. californica by Timdal (1986). It is morphologically most similar to the former, and chemically most similar to the latter. It differs from P. globifera in having slightly paler and duller squamules with fewer fissures in the upper cortex, and in containing gyrophoric acid in the medulla and anthraquinones in the lower cortex. It differs from P. californica in having paler, duller, not down-turned, more crenulate, and more imbricate squamules with more fissures in the cortex; in containing anthraquinones in the lower cortex; and in lacking bourgeanic acid. Psora californica and P. hyporubescens are largely sympatric, but do not show altitudinal overlap: the former is known from 270-980 m in southern California (at 1250 m on Isla Guadalupe), the latter is known from 1030-1980 m. 55376 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=55376 Psora nitida Timdal 2882 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:01 2011-02-02 12:17:01 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Squamules: up to 5 mm wide, rounded, adnate, dispersed to adjacent, usually concave; upper surface: castaneous brown, shiny, epruinose, smooth or sparingly fissured; margin: concolorous with upper side, down-turned, entire or lobed; upper cortex: up to 60-80 µm thick, composed of thin-walled hyphae with round lumina, not containing crystals of lichen substances or calcium oxalate; medulla: containing crystals of lichen substances but no calcium oxalate; lower cortex: of mainly periclinally oriented hyphae, not containing calcium oxalate; lower surface: white to pale brown; Apothecia: up to 1 mm diam., marginal, immarginate even when young, black, epruinose; ascospores: ellipsoid to broadly ellipsoid, 8-13 x 5-7 µm; Pycnidia: laminal, immersed; conidia: bacilliform, 5-7 x 1 µm; Spot tests: upper cortex K-, C-, KC-, P-; medulla K-, C+ red, KC+ red, P-; Secondary metabolites: gyrophoric acid and trace of lecanoric acid.; Substrate and ecology: on soil in Vizcaíno subdivision of Sonoran Desert, often in hillsides, up to 400 m; World and Sonoran distribution: rare in Baja California. 55377 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=55377 Psora peninsularis Timdal 2883 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:01 2011-02-02 12:17:01 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Squamules: up to 5 mm wide, elongate, adnate and dispersed to adjacent or slightly imbricate, plane to weakly convex; upper surface: castaneous brown, shiny, epruinose, smooth or sparingly fissured; margin: concolorous with upper side, more or less straight, entire, crenulate or lobed; upper cortex: up to 100 µm thick, composed of rather thin-walled hyphae with round lumina, sometimes containing some crystals of lichen substances but no calcium oxalate; medulla: containing crystals of lichen substances; lower cortex: of mainly periclinally oriented hyphae, not containing calcium oxalate; lower surface: medium brown, K-; Apothecia: up to 1.5 mm diam., laminal, immarginate even when young, black, shiny, epruinose; ascospores: ellipsoid, 10.5-13 x 5-6.5 µm; Pycnidia: laminal, immersed; conidia: bacilliform, 5-6 x 1 µm; Spot tests: upper cortex K-, C-, KC-, P-; medulla K+ red, C-, KC-, P+ orange; Secondary metabolite: norstictic acid.; Substrate and ecology: on soil in open habitats, in Vizcaíno subdivision of Sonoran Desert and in Californian coastal scrub, up to 500 m; World and Sonoran distribution: rare in southern California and Baja California.; Notes: The species resembles P. californica morphologically, but differs in forming somewhat smaller squamules without the often down-turned margin, in having an upper cortex composed of more thin-walled hyphae with more rounded lumina, in having pure black, more shiny apothecia, and in containing norstictic acid in the medulla. The Mediterranean-Macaronesian species P. gresinonis de Lesd. differs in forming smaller, more rounded and concave, olivaceous brown squamules with a slightly raised, often paler or grayish margin, and in having marginal to submarginal, smaller apothecia. 55378 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=55378 Psora pruinosa Timdal 2884 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:01 2011-02-02 12:17:01 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Squamules: up to 3 mm wide, elongate, adjacent or partly ascending, weakly concave to plane; upper surface: medium brown, dull, becoming densely pruinose, smooth; margin: concolorous with upper side, often slightly up-turned, not pruinose, crenulate or lobed; upper cortex: up to 140 µm thick, composed of rather thick-walled hyphae with somewhat angular lumina, containing crystals of calcium oxalate but no lichen substances; medulla: containing lichen substances but no calcium oxalate; lower cortex: poorly developed, composed of mainly periclinally oriented hyphae, not containing calcium oxalate; lower surface: pale brown; Apothecia: up to 1.5 mm diam., laminal, convex and immarginate even when young, medium brown to reddish brown, epruinose; ascospores: ellipsoid, 11-15 x 5.5-7 µm (n=20); Pycnidia: unknown; Spot tests: upper cortex K-, C-, KC-, P-, medulla K-, C-, KC-, P+ red; Secondary metabolite: pannarin.; Substrate and ecology: on soil in open habitats, in Vizcaíno subdivision of Sonoran Desert and in Californian coastal scrub, up to 440 m; World and Sonoran distribution: rare in southern California and Baja California.; Notes: The species is recognized by the densely pruinose squamules with an up-turned, epruinose margin, and by the presence of pannarin which is unique in Psora. 55379 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=55379 Psorula rufonigra (Tuck.) Gotth. Schneider 2885 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:01 2011-02-02 12:17:01 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Life habit: lichenized, lichenicolous; Thallus: squamulose, attached by the whole lower surface or basal end of squamule; squamules: adnate and dispersed when young, later becoming ascending and imbricate, up to 2 (-3) mm wide, plane to concave, rounded to elongate, lacking vegetative dispersal units; upper surface: dark olivaceous brown, slightly shiny, epruinose, smooth; upper cortex: 30-50 µm thick, containing remnants of algae (chlor-zinc-iodine!), not containing crystals, consisting of a thin upper epinecral layer and a thicker lower stainable layer; stainable layer containing a brown pigment zone in the upper part, composed of rather thin-walled, anticlinally oriented hyphae with rounded lumina; algal layer: 50-100 µm thick, horizontally continuous; margin: entire or lobed, often slightly raised, dark brown to black; medulla: thin or sometimes absent, white, of intricately interwoven hyphae, I-, not containing lichen substances or calcium oxalate; photobiont: primary one a chlorococcoid, secondary photobiont absent, but occurring on Spilonema revertens, a cyanolichen often thought to be a free-living cyanobacterium; algal cells: 10-15 µm diam.; lower cortex: 20-40 µm thick, greenish black, often mixed with dark brown pigment, composed of anticlinally to periclinally oriented thick-walled hyphae with narrow lumina, not containing calcium oxalate; lower surface: dark green or brown to black; Ascomata: apothecial, marginal, sessile, with a constricted base, up to 1 mm diam., black, slightly shiny, epruinose, simple or more rarely a few agglomerated, plane to weakly convex, with a narrow and often disappearing margin; exciple: annular, not continuous with upper cortex, greenish black in the rim, dark reddish brown in inner part, composed of thick-walled, strongly conglutinated, radiating hyphae with shortly cylindrical to rounded lumina; hypothecium: dark reddish brown, composed of strongly conglutinated hyphae, lacking crystals, I-; epithecium: dark green, often with a brown tinge, not containing crystals, K-; hymenium: hyaline to faintly green, I+ blue, 60-80 µm high; paraphyses: straight, sparingly branched and anastomosing, strongly conglutinated, apical cell not or only slightly swollen; asci: clavate, with a well developed, amyloid tholus containing a deeper amyloid tube and lacking an ocular chamber (Porpidia-type), 8-spored; ascospores: colorless, simple, ellipsoid, smooth, without halo, 9-12 x 5-7 µm; Conidiomata: pycnidial, marginal, sessile, black, with a dark green to brown wall and short-celled, intricately branched conidiophores; conidia: pleurogenous, narrowly ellipsoid, 3-5 x c. 1.5 µm; Spot tests: all negative; Secondary metabolites: none.; Substrate and ecology: on a filamentous cyanolichen (Spilonema revertens) over acidic rock in open habitats, up to 2350 m alt.; World distribution: widely distributed in arid and semi-arid areas in the temperate region in the northern hemisphere; Sonoran distribution: rather common in Arizona, Baja California, Baja California Sur, Chihuahua and Sonora; not known from southern California.; Notes: Psorula rufonigra is morphologically rather similar to Toninia submexicana de Lesd., but differs in anatomical feature of the apothecia, including the spores. Psorula rufonigra is associated with the cyanolichen Spilonema revertens and the Toninia usually grows independently. 55620 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=55620 Stereocaulon sasakii Zahlbr. 2886 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:01 2011-02-02 12:17:01 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: fruticose, ± erect and caespitose, or (v. tomentosoides) subprostrate and dorsiventral, sometimes becoming congested; primary thallus: evanescent; surface: white to gray-white, dull, dying below but not ferruginous nor blackened towards the base, not of ligneous appearance; tomentum: whitish or cream-colored, thin and felty (to thick and floccose or spongy in v. tomentosoides); soredia: absent; cephalodia: usually aeruginose-glaucescent, irregularly pulvinate, becoming subglobose, indistinctly tuberculate, not scabrid, formed as in S. myriocarpum Th. Fr. but often few or concealed in the tomentum, c. 0.2-0.3 mm across, containing Nostoc; pseudopodetia: 20-24 mm long, in lower part c. 1 mm wide, rather loosely to somewhat narrowly and firmly attached, at the base simple to weakly branched, in the upper part infrequently short, erect-curved branched, or more often well-branched; phyllocladia: usually numerous and crowded, lateral, granular (0.1-0.3 mm across, sometimes even less towards the base) to more often verrucose to flattened and crenate-squamulose, elongate-squamulose or digitate-squamulose [to 0.6 mm across according to Lamb, 1977], fully exposed, whitish or whitish gray, sometimes darker toward their bases; Apothecia: usually frequent in upper part, mostly lateral, at the tips of short secondary branches, 0.3-0.5 (-1.0) mm diam., distinctly constricted at the base, rounded, not dividing into secondary discs; disc: plane to slightly convex, ± dark brown [black according to the protologue], when wet brown; margin: narrow, distinct at first, whitish to brown, entire, persistent; cortex: subchondroid, yellowish, 14-16 µm thick, plectenchymatous; exciple: dimidiate, in upper part around hymenium dark gray, in lower part hyaline and containing infrequent algae; hymenium: hyaline below to orangish brown or red-black and granular above, I+ blue, 40-45 µm high; paraphyses: filiform, dense, straight, loose to coherent, unbranched, non-septate (below apex), tips moderately clavate, thickened (2.5-3.5 µm wide in Sonoran material), brown; hypothecium: pale brown; asci: oblong-clavate, in Sonoran material c. 42 x 8-10 µm; ascospores: acicular-filiform with rounded ends, in Sonoran material rare and probably immature, 3-septate, c. 20 x 2.5 um (otherwise 23-25 x 2-2.5 µm); Pycnidia: not seen; Spot tests: phyllocladia K+ yellow, C-, KC+ violet, P- or + pale yellow; Secondary metabolites: atranorin and (usually) lobaric acid.; Substrate and ecology: on soil, humus, or among mosses, or (v. tomentosoides) on rock; World distribution: eastern (to south-central) Asia; North America (Alaska to the southwestern USA); Sonoran distribution: known from a few specimens from a single locality at 3,300 m in eastern Arizona.; Notes: This taxon is similar to S. tomentosum Fr., in the cephalodia (small, bluish, indistinctly corticate), phyllocladia (granular to squamulose, non-sorediate, without darker centers), pseudopodetia (± fragile, whitish, and tomentose), and apothecia (under 1 mm diam., mostly lateral, with narrow spores). It differs from S. tomentosum mainly in chemistry (lobaric instead of stictic acid) and distributional pattern (restricted to E. Asia and W. North America, rather than occurring in circumboreal-Arctic areas and South America). Another similar species, S. myriocarpum Th. Fr. (known from Asia and North, Central, and South Americas), likewise contains stictic rather than lobaric acid, and further differs from S. sasakii in having an unpigmented hypothecium. While some authors (e.g., Goward, 1999) treat S. sasakii as a whole (along with S. myriocarpum Th. Fr., under a broad concept of S. tomentosum, a thorough study that includes material from areas outside the Sonoran Region is necessary to resolve the taxonomy of this complex. Although a few other species of Stereocaulon are known from northern California or from southern parts of Mexico, this is the only complex known to occur in areas with climates even approaching that of the Sonoran region. The Arizona material reported by Nash et al. (1998) as var simplex (Riddle) Lamb [Journ. Hattori Bot. Lab. 43: 230 (1977)] actually seems to fit the protologue of S. sasaki (Zahlbruckner 1933) fairly well, in that the pseudopodetia are somewhat branched in the upper parts and ± richly covered with mostly granular phyllocladia; the various apparent differences in some apothecial characters in the description of our material are probably not significant. The var. tomentosoides Lamb [Journ. Hattori Bot. Lab. 43: 230 (1977)] differs from the typical variety in having prostrate-decumbent and crowded pseudopodetia forming dorsiventral mats, a thicker tomentum, and a different main distributional area (W. North America rather than E. Asia), and according to Lamb (1977) may eventually deserve species rank. The material reported by Nash et al. (1998) as v. tomentosoides seems to fit this variety, but the pseudopodetia are rather short and narrow (up to 15 mm long; often < 0.5 mm thick), the tomentum is not as thick as in S. tomentosum, and apothecia are lacking. This material also contrasts with the other Arizona collection (but fits within Lambs concept of S. sasakii as a whole) in that the phyllocladia are mostly distinctly squamulose. 55688 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=55688 Baeomyces rufus (Hudson) Rebent. 2887 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:01 2011-02-02 12:17:01 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Primary thallus: discrete or ± wide-spreading, continuously crustose, nodulose, warty or partly squamulose, the squamules small (to 1 mm broad), somewhat raised, compacted, sometimes imbricate, ± delimited; surface: green to dull greenish gray, to whitish gray or sometimes brownish, either not sorediate or with diffuse, coalescing, irregular greenish soralia with powdery soredia; schizidia occasionally present, < 0.2 mm diam., disc-like; cortex: lacking where sorediate, composed of three types: 1) mainly in ± vertical paraplectenchyma, 2-3 cells thick or 2) composed of hyphae spreading out from between the algae and becoming ± flat-interwoven, or 3) forming a ± vertical but decomposed layer that is macroscopically whitish and pruinose; photobiont: cells 6-13 (-14) µm diam., globose or a few ellipsoid, < 14 x 12 µm; stipes: short, rarely more than 6 mm tall, flattened or cylindrical, white, furrowed and almost always fissured, mostly ecorticate but sometimes greenish and corticate towards the base; inner layer: composed of parallel thick-walled hyphae and containing many algal cells; Apothecia: almost sessile, dark red-brown, seldom reddish or pale dull pink, ± translucent when wet, concave or flat, becoming slightly convex, often incurved at base, up to 2 mm diam., single or occasionally several together; exciple: distinct from the hypothecium, at edges gradually merging into a palisade plectenchyma; hymenium: 90-105 µm; paraphyses: slender, 1-1.8 µm, the tips scarcely thickened; asci: cylindrical, 75-100 x 7-9 µm, I-, KI-, 8-spored; ascospores: ellipsoid, often indistinctly 1-septate, 8-13 x 2.5-4.5 µm; Pycnidia: often absent; conidia: ellipsoid, 4-5 x 1 µm; Spot tests: thallus K+ yellow, C-, KC+ yellow, P+ yellow to orange, UV-; Secondary metabolites: stictic acid (major), norstictic and constictic acids (both accessory).; Substrate and ecology: on soil in coniferous forests and particularly in recently disturbed, ± moist sites; World distribution: circumpolar in temperate and boreal zones in the Northern Hemisphere, extending southwards in the mountains; Sonoran distribution: eastern Arizona, 2900 m, on shaded earth in Picea engelmannii forest.; Notes: Although it is a distinctive species, mature specimens have not yet been found in the Sonoran region. It was recognized by Dr. J. Hafellner on the basis of its parasite occurring on its crustose thallus. 55689 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=55689 Dibaeis absoluta (Tuck.) Kalb & Gierl 2888 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:01 2011-02-02 12:17:01 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Primary thallus: mostly forming only a thin, varnish-like film over the substrate, inconspicuous, often scarcely visible; podetia: absent or very short, often immersed in the substrate, up to 1 mm tall, 0.5-1 mm diam., narrow at the base, wider above, finally going over the disc margin, weakly but distinctly channeled or longitudinally folded, mostly concolorous with the apothecia.; surface: emerald green to gray when fresh, becoming brownish to beige, mostly smooth, scarcely cracked, rarely with calcium oxalate excretions, without soredia; Apothecia: solid in longitudinal section, rose, pale rose to pale beige or ivory white, round, 0.5-2 (-3) mm diam.; disc: plane to uneven, often slightly funnel-shaped, pruinose in the center; margin: sometimes visible, narrow, swollen, rose-red [in non-Sonoran material], becoming convex towards the inside; hymenium: c. 120 µm, the upper 20 µm with lichen substances; asci: 65-80 x 8 µm wide, (4-) 8-spored; ascospores: ovoid to oblong-ellipsoid, hyaline, simple, (9-) 1.7 ± 1.38 x 4.58 ± 0.64 µm, L:W = 3; Spot tests: thallus and apothecia K+ yellow, C-, KC+ orange, P+ orange, UV+ orange; Secondary metabolites: baeomycesic and squamatic acids (both major), and barbatic acid (accessory).; Substrate and ecology: on rock, soil, loam, loamy rock walls, sandstone; World distribution: pantropical to subtropical, particularly in the Americas, Asia and Australasia; Sonoran distribution: known from several collections from a single locality in central Sinaloa, 2300-2320 m, on soil over acidic rock in pine-oak forest, and on road bank.; Notes: This species is characterized by an inconspicuous, smooth thallus that contrasts with the pale, rose-colored, plane, small, almost sessile, rounded apothecia. 55694 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=55694 Anema progidulum (Nyl.) Henssen 2889 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:01 2011-02-02 12:17:01 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: black, crustose to squamulose, areoles/squamules small, 0.5-1 mm wide, ± angular or roundish in outline, not rosette-shaped,; surface: black, rough,; attachment: by a central bundle of rhizohyphae; Apothecia: sessile, zeorine, 1-3 (-5) per squamule, c. 0.5 mm wide; disc: dark red, slightly depressed, open; thalline margin: persisting, smooth; exciple: 10-20 µm thick, hyaline, composed of loosely interwoven thin hyphae; epihymenium: faintly yellowish-brown; hymenium: hyaline, amyloid, up to 125 µm high; paraphyses: distinctly septate, sparingly branched and anastomosing; apical cells: c. 3 µm thick; hypothecium: c. 12.5 µm thick; asci: 8-spored; ascospores: simple, hyaline, globose to broad ellipsoid, 7.5-10 x 7.5 µm; walls: thin; in old, deformed spores c. 2.5 µm wide; Pycnidia: immersed, simple, globose, c. 0.1 mm wide; conidia: small, bacilliform or ellipsoid, c. 3 x 1 µm; Spot tests: all negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: on limestone, on sheltered, steep or exposed faces of boulders on rocky slopes; chaparral woodlands and pine-oak forests; World distribution: southern Europe, NW Africa and SW North America; Sonoran distribution: limestone deposits in central Arizona.; Notes: This is the smallest species of the genus with an almost crustose-areolate growth form. Similar genera are Psorotichia and Porocyphus, both of which have a paraplectenchymatous anatomy composed of smaller cells. Phloeopeccania is similar in anatomy but either has polysporous asci or large apothecia with thick (c. 125 µm), prominent thalline margins, depressed to urceolate discs, no exciple and a different type of ascoma ontogeny (groups of coiled ascogonia). Gloeoheppia polyspora differs in the subgelatinous thallus with cavities, the dark brownish thallus color, and polysporous asci. 55726 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=55726 Paulia caespitosa Tretiach & Henssen 2890 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:01 2011-02-02 12:17:01 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: fruticose, stalked, caespitose, roundish to irregular in outline, c. 5-20 mm in diam., lobules terete, richly branched; surface: black; attachment: by thick compact rhizoidal strand that forms a stalk; Apothecia: rare, immersed to semi-immersed, lecanorine, small, up to 0.2 mm wide; disc: immersed, flat, reddish brown, with thick smooth persisiting thalline margin; exciple lacking; hymenium: 150-200 µm high, hyaline, non-amyloid; paraphyses: distinctly septate, branched and anastomosing, apical cells indistinctly thickened; asci: 8-spored; ascospores: simple, hyaline, globose to broadly ellipsoid, (9-) 12.5-15 x 7.5-10 (-12.5) µm; old ascospore walls: 2.5 (-5) µm thick; Pycnidia: immersed, simple, pyriform, up to 0.15 mm high and 0.075 mm wide; conidia: cylindrical, hyaline, 3-5 x 1 µm; Spot tests: all negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: on limestone or calcareous volcanic rock, often on steep rock faces; coastal to montane; World distribution: SW North America, Australia; Sonoran distribution: SW Chihuahua and Baja California Sur.; Notes: This species is very distinct because of its caespitose branching pattern. In juvenile thalli terete lobules do not develop and the thallus surface appears ± tessellate. Such small, juvenile thalli resemble Paulia myriocarpa, but that species always has a distinctly effigurate margin while Phloeopeccania that has small, roundish to angular fungal cells. 55727 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=55727 Paulia myriocarpa (Zahlbr.) Henssen 2891 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:01 2011-02-02 12:17:01 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: umbilicate, rosette-shaped, squamules roundish in outline, up to 4.5 mm wide; 'areoles': 0.06-0.25 mm wide, margin effigurate, marginal lobules 0.1-0.4 mm long; surface: black, regularly tessellate,; Apothecia: immersed to semi-immersed, lecanorine, 1-3 per squamules, small, up to 0.2 mm; disc: blackish, flat, with persisting thalline margin; exciple: lacking; epihymenium: yellowish brown; hymenium: 80-160 µm high, hyaline, iodine reaction variable; paraphyses: distinctly septate, sparingly to richly branched and anastomosing, apical cells slightly enlarged, up to 3.5 µm wide; asci: 8-spored; ascospores: simple, hyaline, broadly ellipsoid, 11-15 x 7.5-9 µm wide; old spores: with thick (-3 µm) wall; Pycnidia: immersed, broadly pyriform, c. 0.1 mm wide; conidia: cylindrical, hyaline, c. 3.5 x 1 µm; Spot tests: all negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: on volcanic, calcareous or siliceous rocks, mainly on vertical or inclined, sheltered rock faces or along seepage tracks; mainly coastal or island habitats, rarely inland; World distribution: SW North America, the neotropics and Socotra Island (Indian Ocean); Sonoran distribution: southern Baja California Sur.; Notes: This is a small but very distinct species because of its regularly tessellate thallus surface with its effigurate margin. 55735 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=55735 Porocyphus coccodes (Flotow) Korber 2892 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:01 2011-02-02 12:17:01 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: crustose, effuse, areolate; areoles: irregular in outline, 0.25-1.5 (-2) mm wide, 0.2-0.5 (-1) mm thick,; surface: black, warty to granulose, uneven, rarely smooth; lower surface: attached to the substrate by rhizohyphae; Apothecia: semi-immersed to sessile, zeorine, 1-3 per areole, up to 0.4 mm wide; disc: at first punctiform and depressed, later open and ± flat, reddish brown, with persisting, thin thalline margin; exciple: 25-50 (-75) µm wide, thick only in mature apothecia, hyaline or yellowish brown in apical parts, often visible as a light ring when mature apothecia are moistened, in juvenile apothecia remnants of conidiophores often present between hymenium and exciple (former pycnidial wall); epihymenium: faintly reddish brown; hymenium 125-200 µm high, hyaline, amyloid; paraphyses: very thin, indistinctly septate, sparingly branched and anastomosing; apical cells: slightly thickened (-3 µm); asci: 8-spored; ascospores: simple, hyaline, broadly ellipsoid to globose, (7.5-) 10-12.5 (-15) x (5-) 7.5-10 µm; walls: thin; Pycnidia: immersed, globose to broadly pyriform, 0.075-0.125 mm long, 0.075-0.1 mm in diam.; conidia: cylindrical, 3 x 1 µm; Spot tests: all negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: on siliceous (granite or volcanic) or calcareous rocks, sometimes mixed with mosses over weathered rocks, inclined or horizontal surfaces in shaded or sheltered rock faces of boulders; mainly montane; World distribution: North America, Europe, North Africa; Sonoran distribution: central and southern Arizona, southern California; Baja California Sur.; Notes: Very similar are species of Psorotichia, which have a thinner (<15 µm) proper exciple, that may even lack and a subhymenium that usually extends as a stipe deeper into the thallus. Also similar is Lemmopsis arnoldiana whis apparently is confined to limestone or caliche and which shows a characteristic yellowish-golden coloration in the entire exciple. Unlike Porocyphus, in Psorotichia and Lemmopsis the ascomata arise from a tangle of generative hyphae and the paraphyses are more robust. 55757 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=55757 Synalissa matogrossensis (Malme) Henssen 2893 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:01 2011-02-02 12:17:01 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: small fruticose cushions (up to 5 mm wide and 3 mm high), lobules terete, (60-) 75-150 µm thick, irregularly to subdichotomously branched, usually not densely aggregated, apices often swollen; surface: blackish red with dark brown-red tinge (lighter when moist), smooth but often covered by numerous tiny, short side branches (50-75 µm thick) causing a rough appearance of the lobules; substrate attachment: by small holdfast; Apothecia: on swollen tips of lobules, lecanorine, small (up to 0.3 mm wide), with persisting thalline margin that is often warty or may support tiny side branches; disc: dark red- brown, punctiform, later open; exciple: lacking; hymenium: up to 100 µm high, hyaline, non-amyloid; paraphyses: distinctly septate, thin, sparingly branched and anastomosing, apical cells not thickened; asci: 8-spored; ascospores: simple, hyaline, ellipsoid, 10-15 x 5 µm; walls: thin; Pycnidia: immersed, at swollen lobe tips, globose, up to 0.075 mm in diam.; conidia: cylindrical, 3 x 1 µm; Spot tests: all negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: on siliceous, volcanic, or calcareous rocks; lowland to montane; World distribution: SW North America and Neotropics; Sonoran distribution: Baja California and Baja California Sur, Sonora and Sinaloa; rarely in central and southern Arizona (probably overlooked).; Notes: At lower magnification (5-10x) the aggregated cushions seem to form a ± areolate crust. Similar "crusts" forms Lichinella stipatula that has lobules of the same size, but a very different ascocarp ontogeny. Closer examination will reveal the small fruticose growth habit of both species. Lichinella stipatula has photobiont cells with a thin (-2.5 µm) yellowish brown gelatinous sheath, a more compact anatomy with a fountain-like arrangement of the hyphae, polysporous asci with broad ellipsoid spores and a hymenium that is covered with portions of lichen tissue (thallinocarps). Synalissa symphorea has larger, thicker, club-shapes lobes and polysporous asci. 55760 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=55760 Thyrea confusa Henssen 2894 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:01 2011-02-02 12:17:01 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: foliose, umbilicate, small cushions or rosettes up to 20 mm wide, lobes 2-5 mm wide or long, erect or if not at least margins ascending, irregularly branched, broadly rounded; surface: bluish-gray pruinose, partially also black, often with small, globose isidia, otherwise smooth; Apothecia: not seen in Sonoran material, elsewhere rarely present, small, immersed to semi-immersed, zeorine; disc: slightly depressed, brownish, with persisting thalline margin; exciple: up to 10 µm wide, hyaline; hymenium: up to 150 µm high, hyaline, amyloid; paraphyses: distinctly septate, sparingly branched and anastomosing, apical cells slightly thickened up to 3 µm; asci: 8-spored; ascospores: simple, hyaline, globose to broadly ellipsoid, 7.5-10 x 5-7.5 µm; walls: thin; Pycnidia: immersed, globose, up to 0.1 mm wide; conidia: cylindrical, 3 x 1 µm; Spot tests: all negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: on limestone on shaded, steep or vertical rock faces in chaparral or woodlands; World distribution: North America, Europe, Socotra Island, probably Asia and North Africa; Sonoran distribution: limestone deposits in central Arizona and Baja California Sur.; Notes: Older floras usually listed the species under the name Thyrea pulvinata auct., that may in fact represent Thyrea confusa but possibly also Lichinella iodopulchra (Henssen and Jørgensen 1990). Lichinella iodopulchra may also have pruinose lobes and deeply lobate thalli especially when old. However, it is distinguished by the absence of globose isidia, its usually down curved margins, its type of ascomata (thallinocarp), and the number of spores (>16). Also similar is Lichinella nigritella, which is usually deeply divided, with more slender and streched, erect lobules that are normaly not pruinose. The latter species also has larger globose to squamulose isidia; if it is fertile, then it is also distinguished by the type of ascomata (thallinocarp) and spore number (>16). 55763 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=55763 Thyrea pachyphylla (Mnll. Arg.) Henssen 2895 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:01 2011-02-02 12:17:01 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: umbilicate, monophyllous or divided into 2-6 broadly rounded lobules (2-5 mm wide), up to 15 mm long, flat, margins downcurved; surface: dull black, distinctly warty-papillose and appearing reticulate, 'papillae/warts' 0.1-0.2 mm wide, 0.1-0.15 mm high, epruinose, lacking isidia; lobules 0.5-1 mm thick; Apothecia: not seen in Sonoran material, elsewhere rarely developed, small, laminal, immersed, disc punctiform, with persisting thalline margin; exciple: probably thin, hyaline; asci: 8-spored; ascospores: simple, hyaline, globose or broadly ellipsoid, 8-12 x 6-8 µm; walls: thin; Pycnidia: laminal, immersed, globose, 0.1-0.15 mm wide; conidia: ellipsoid, 2-3 x 1-1.5 µm; Spot tests: all negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: on limestone on damp, vertical rock faces and along seepage tracks; montane; World distribution: SW Europe, NW Africa, SW North America; Sonoran distribution: Sonora.; Notes: Large thalli of Lichinella iodopulchra may be similar, however they lack the warty-papillose to reticulate upper surface texture. 55767 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=55767 Lemmopsis arnoldiana (Hepp) Zahlbr. 2896 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:01 2011-02-02 12:17:01 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: crustose areolate to granulose, scattered, areolate; areoles: 0.25-0.5 mm wide, angular to irregular in outline; surface: dull black, rough to granulose; attachment: by rhizohyphae; Apothecia: sessile, zeorine, small, up to 0.5 mm wide, with thin thalline margin; disc: opening early in development, flat, dark red, receding with age; exciple: distinct (already distinct in juvenile apothecia), often visible as a light ring surrounding the apothecial disc, color faintly yellow to golden, composed of interwoven, gelatinized hyphae; epihymenium: brownish red; hymenium: 100-120 micrometer high, hyaline, amyloid; paraphyses: distinctly septate, branched and anastomosing, apical cells thickened (3-5 micrometer) and colored reddish-brown; asci: 8-spored; ascospores: simple, hyaline, broadly ellipsoid to ellipsoid, (10-) 12.5-17.5 (-22.5) x (7.5-) 10-12.5 (-15) micrometer; walls: thin; Pycnidia: immersed, globose, 0.1-0.125 mm wide, simple; wall: convoluted with age; conidia: ellipsoid, 3-4 x 1.5 micrometer; Spot tests: all negative; Secondary products: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: on caliche crusts, limestone and rhyolite, and on small pebbles in washes; in sheltered or rather exposed habitats; montane; World distribution: Europe and SW North America; Sonoran distribution: south-central Arizona.; Notes: the species is extremely similar to Psorotichia and Porocyphus, but they lack L. arnoldianas characteristic yellowish to golden color of the entire excipulum. Porocyphus also has a distinct exciple that is sometimes yellowish brown colored, but only in the uppermost parts; it mainly differs from Lemmopsis in its type of ascoma development (pycnoascoma) and its slender paraphyses. Furthermore, if Psorotichia has an exciple, then it lacks coloration and is very thin. Also the subhymenium of Psorotichia usually extends as a stipe deep into the thallus (not found in Lemmopsis). 55768 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=55768 Peltula bolanderi (Tuck.) Wetmore 2897 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:01 2011-02-02 12:17:01 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: peltate, scattered or in irregular patches, individual thalli up to 2 mm diam.; margin: often strongly undulated; upper surface: dark olive green to olive brown; soredia: farinose, black, marginal, in linear to orbicular soralia; upper cortex: lacking but with a yellow to brownish epinecral layer (up to 10 µm thick); medulla: with a poorly delimited algal layer in the upper third, composed of loosely interwoven hyphae with elongated (2.5 µm wide) or globose (7 µm in diam.) cells; lower cortex: 20-75 µm thick, pseudoparenchymatous, with globose hyphal cells (7-8 µm in diam.); lower surface: paler than the upper surface, attached by an umbilicus; Apothecia: rare, one to several, adnate, with a raised rim when mature; epihymenium: light yellow, K-; hymenium: I+ wine-red, 150-170 µm high; asci: clavate to obclavate; ascal wall: I+ orange but blue after pretreatment with K, >100-spored; ascospores: globose to ellipsoid, 5-7.6 x 3-4.5 µm; Pycnidia: spherical, up to 150 µm diam.; conidia: fusiform, 3.1-3.7 x 1.2 µm; Spot tests: all negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: usually on acidic rocks but occasionally on calcareous ones in deserts and other open, arid habitats; World distribution: SW North America, Australasia and southern Africa; Sonoran distribution: desert areas of Arizona, southern California, Sonora, Baja California and Baja California Sur. 55769 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=55769 Peltula clavata (Krempelh.) Wetmore 2898 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:02 2011-02-02 12:17:02 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: suffruticose, in patches up to 3 cm in diam.; squamules: up to 1.5 mm long, club-shaped; upper surface: dark olive-black to black; isidia: sometimes present, minute, laminal; not sorediate; upper cortex: lacking but with a yellow to brownish epinecral layer (3-6 µm thick); medulla: almost completely hollow; hyphae: peripheral, 1.5-2 µm thick, elongated, loosely interwoven; algal layer: delimited to the 30-50 µm thick outer part; lower cortex: not developed; Apothecia: (only known from Australian material) 1-3, immersed; disc: punctiform, up to 0.2 mm in diam.; asci: clavate, I+ wine-red but blue after pretreatment with K, >64-spored; ascospores: globose, 3.5-4.7 µm diam.; Pycnidia: no data available; conidia: fusiform, 3.7-4.3 x 1.2-1.8 µm; Spot tests: all negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: on acidic rocks in arid woodlands; World distribution: SW North America, NE Brazil, southern Africa and northern Australia; Sonoran distribution: desert transition areas of SE Arizona. 55771 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=55771 Peltula euploca (Ach.) Poelt 2899 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:02 2011-02-02 12:17:02 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: peltate, scattered individually, sometimes lobed (rarely polyphyllous), up to 12 mm in diam.; margins: downrolled, not undulate; upper surface: tan-olive-green to dark olive-brown, dull to shiny; soredia: farinose, black, marginal (rarely laminal), in elongated soralia; upper cortex: lacking but with a yellow to brownish epinecral layer (5-10 µm thick); medulla: composed of loosely interwoven hyphae (cells: elongated, 1.5-3 µm thick); algal layer: clearly delimited, 70-150 µm thick; lower cortex: 18-90 µm thick, proso- to paraplectenchymatous, hyphae often anticlinally arranged; cells: globose to elongated, 3-8 µm thick; lower surface: paler than the upper surface, attached by an umbilicus; Apothecia: rare, many per squamule, immersed; disc: punctiform to widely expanded, 0.1-0.9 mm diam.; epihymenium: yellowish brown or pinkish, K-; hymenium: I+ wine-red, 105-220 µm high; asci: clavate to obclavate; wall: I+ slightly blue and more strongly blue after pretreatment with K, 32-100-spored; ascospores: ellipsoid to bacilliform, 6-9 x 3-4.8 µm; Pycnidia: immersed, chambered, up to 150 µm diam.; conidia: fusiform, 3-3.5 x 1-1.5 µm; Spot tests: all negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: on acidic rocks in deserts and other open, arid habitats; World distribution: throughout arid and semi-arid regions on all continents and extending into temperate regions of North America, Eurasia and Australasia; Sonoran distribution: desert to mountain areas of Arizona, southern California, Sonora, Sinaloa, Chihuahua Baja California and Baja California Sur. 55772 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=55772 Peltula michoacanensis (de Lesd.) Wetmore 2900 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:02 2011-02-02 12:17:02 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: squamulose, widely scattered; squamules: concave and cone shaped, 1-2 mm in diam., shallowly or deeply lobed; margins: ascending; upper surface: tan-olive, not sorediate; upper cortex: not developed but with a yellowish epinecral layer (up to 12 µm thick); medulla: composed of loosely to densely interwoven hyphae of elongated cells; algal layer: indistinctly delimited above; lower cortex: 25-50 µm thick, 3-5 layers of globose hyphal cells; lower surface: paler than the upper surface, attached by a central branched umbilicus; Apothecia: one per squamule, immersed in the center of concave squamules; disc: light brown, according to Wetmore (1970), 0.5-1 mm in diam.; epihymenium: light brown, K-; hymenium: I+ wine-red (probably due to the reaction of ascus walls), 150-220 µm high, >100-spored; ascospores: ellipsoid to bacilliform, 6.1-7.7 x 3.4-4.6 µm; Pycnidia: immersed, chambered; conidia: fusiform, 3.1-3.7 x 1.2-1.8 µm; Spot tests: all negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: on soil over acidic or calcareous rocks in deserts and other open, arid habitats; World distribution: SW North America to central Mexico and India; Sonoran distribution: desert areas of southern California. 55773 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=55773 Peltula obscurans (Nyl.) Gyelnik 2901 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:02 2011-02-02 12:17:02 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: squamulose, often widely scatted but in aggregate sometimes rosette-shaped; squamules: lightly or deeply lobed, flat to convex, up to 2 mm diam.; upper surface: olive-brown to brown, not sorediate; upper cortex: not developed but with a yellowish epinecral layer (11-13 µm thick); medulla: consisting of loosely interwoven hyphae and partly paraplectenchymatous; algal layer: 90-180 µm thick; lower cortex: usually present but not distinguishable from medulla; lower surface: paler than the upper surface, attached by a branched umbilicus; Apothecia: one per squamule (extremely rarely 2-3), adnate, with a raised rim when mature; disc: red to yellow-brown, 0.5-1 mm in diam.; epihymenium: yellowish brown, K+ red-violet; hymenium: I+ wine-red, 70-150 µm high; asci: clavate to obclavate; wall: I+ orange but blue after pretreatment with K, >100-spored; ascospores: ovoid to ellipsoid, 4.5-7.6 x 3 µm; Pycnidia: immersed; conidia: ovoid-fusiform, 3.1-3.7 x 1.2 µm; Spot tests: all negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: usually on acidic rocks, occasionally calcareous one and soil in deserts and other open, arid habitats; World distribution: southern Europe, South America, SW North America, Africa, Asia, Australia and Papua New Guinea; Sonoran distribution: Arizona, California, Baja California, Baja California Sur, and Sonora. 55774 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=55774 Peltula omphaliza (Nyl.) Wetmore 2902 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:02 2011-02-02 12:17:02 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: peltate, often widely scattered, orbicular convex, up to 2 mm diam.; margins: smooth, entire to slightly lobed,; upper surface: dull greenish-olive, brown to black, not sorediate; upper cortex: not developed but with a yellowish epinecral layer; medulla: composed of loosely interwoven hyphae; algal layer: 90-120 µm thick; lower cortex: 24-36 µm thick, 3-5 layers of cells; lower surface: paler than the upper surface, attached by a central umbilicus; Apothecia: 5-20 per squamule, immersed; disc: initially punctiform, later slightly expanded, 0.1-0.2 mm diam.; epihymenium: yellow to yellowish brown, K+ red-violet or K-; hymenium: I+ wine-red or blue; asci: clavate to obclavate, >100-spored; ascospores: ellipsoid to bacilliform, 5-7 x 3 µm; Pycnidia: immersed, spherical; conidia: fusiform, 2.4-3.1 x 1.2 µm; Spot tests: all negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: on both acidic and calcareous rocks in deserts and other open, arid habitats; World distribution: SW North America to southern Mexico, Australia, and the Cape Verde Islands; Sonoran distribution: rare in desert areas of Arizona, southern California, Sonora and Baja California Sur.; Notes: Wetmore (1970) reported specimens of P. omphaliza reaching a size of up to 4 mm diameter. However, we have not observed such large specimens of that species. All the material we saw, including the type material, never was larger than 2 mm in diameter. We suspect, therefore, that his circumscription of P. omphaliza included the more recently described P. sonorensis, which can reach or exceed 4 mm in size. Although young thalli of P. sonorensis may easily be mistaken as P. omphaliza based on size alone, P. sonorensis is always a very shiny spcecies and P. omphaliza is quite dull. 55775 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=55775 Peltula patellata (Bagl.) Swinscow & Krog 2903 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:02 2011-02-02 12:17:02 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: squamulose, often occurring in patches of squamules several cm wide; squamules: orbicular to somewhat angulate or lobulate, up to 4 mm diam.; margins: smooth, thickened and upturned; upper surface: pale to olivaceous brown or grayish green, dull, not sorediate; upper cortex: not developed but with a well developed epinecral layer, often with numerous airspaces (thus giving the thallus a grayish appearance); medulla: paraplectenchymatous; algal layer: 60-120 µm thick; lower cortex: 30-40 µm thick, of 2-8 layers of isodiametric or globose cells; lower surface: paler than the upper surface, attached by a tuft of hyphae; Apothecia: immersed, 1-20 per squamule, with a raised rim when mature; disc: yellowish to reddish brown, up to 1 mm in diam.; epihymenium: yellowish brown, K+ red-violet or rarely K-; hymenium: I+ blue-green, becoming wine-red; asci: obclavate; wall: I+ orange but blue after pretreatment with K, >100-spored; ascospores: globose to subglobose, 3-8 (-9) x 3-6 µm; Pycnidia: no data; conidia: fusiform, 3.7-4.3 x 1.2-2.8 µm; Spot tests: all negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: on soil, frequently with a high calcium content in deserts and other open, arid habitats; World distribution: SW and north central North America to central Mexico, India, Australia, southern Europe, Africa, and the Cape Verde Islands; Sonoran distribution: desert areas of Arizona, southern California, Sonora, Baja California, Baja California Sur, Sonora and Chihuahua. 55776 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=55776 Peltula placodizans (Zahlbr.) Wetmore 2904 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:02 2011-02-02 12:17:02 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: squamulose, ± placodioid, areolate in center, lobate at margins; central squamules: upright, cylindrical, roundish, flat or convex, 0.1-0.5 in diam.,; marginal lobes: 0.2-0.5 mm wide and up to 1.3 mm long; upper surface: brownish to olive-green; soredia: farinose, black, in capitate soralia (often on top of the central squamules; upper cortex: not developed but with a yellow epinecral layer (8-15 µm thick); medulla: composed of loosely interwoven hyphae with globose cells and numerous air spaces; algal layer: 50-90 µm thick; lower cortex: poorly developed, 20-40 µm thick, paraplectenchymatous with globose hyphal cells (3-8 µm in diam.); lower surface: paler than the upper surface,; Apothecia: rare, normally one per squamule, restricted to central squamules, immersed with punctiform discs; disc: yellowish brown to blackish brown, up to 0.3 mm diam.; epihymenium: yellowish brown, K+ red-violet or K-; hymenium: I+ wine-red, 90-120 µm high; asci: clavate to obclavate; hymenium: wine red in iodine; wall: I+ orange but blue after pretreatment with K, >64-spored; ascospores: globose to ellipsoid, 4.5-8 x 3-4.5 µm; Pycnidia: immersed, simple, spherical; conidia: fusiform, 3.5 x 1.5 µm; Spot tests: all negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: on acidic rocks, frequently in places that receive some shade in deserts and other open, arid habitats; World distribution: South America, SW North America, Africa, Australia and Europe; Sonoran distribution: desert areas and lower elevation forests of Arizona, southern California, Sonora, Sinaloa, and Baja California Sur. 55778 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=55778 Peltula richardsii (Herre) Wetmore 2905 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:02 2011-02-02 12:17:02 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: squamulose, often in patches of multiple squamules several cm wide; squamules: 2-6 (-10) mm diam., round, concave or rarely convex; upper surface: brown-olive, smooth and shiny, not sorediate; upper cortex: not developed but with a yellowish epinecral layer (30-45 µm thick); medulla: composed of loosely interwoven hyphae; algal layer: 75-105 µm thick; lower cortex: absent or only poorly developed (2-3 rows of globose cells); lower surface: paler than the upper surface, attached centrally by large rhizines; Apothecia: one per squamule (very rarely 2-3), immersed; disc: expanded, 0.5-3 (-5) mm in diam., red to yellow-brown; epihymenium: yellow-brown, K+ red-violet; hymenium: I+ wine-red, 165-170 µm high, >100-spored; ascospores: globose, 6.6-8.3 µm diam.; Pycnidia: no data available; conidia: fusiform, 3.1-3.7 x 1.2 µm; Spot tests: all negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: on soil with high calcium levels, particularly in places particularly in places where water runs across the surface during heavy storms; World distribution: SW North America to central Mexico; Sonoran distribution: desert areas of Arizona, southern California, Sonora, Baja California and Baja California Sur. 55779 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=55779 Peltula sonorensis Budel & T. Nash 2906 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:02 2011-02-02 12:17:02 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: peltate, scattered, up to 9 mm diam., margin: sometimes undulate, downcurved, entire; upper surface: olive to yellowish green, smooth, shiny, not sorediate; upper cortex: poorly developed, 18-20 µm thick, with a pale yellow epinecral layer (9-16 µm thick); medulla: loosely interwoven hyphae (2-2.5 µm thick, short celled), below with numerous air spaces; algal layer: 100-225 µm thick; lower cortex: 18-30 µm thick, composed of anticlinally arranged, short-celled hyphae (3-5 µm wide) in 4-5 rows; lower surface: paler than the upper surface, attached by a central umbilicus; Apothecia: numerous, completely immersed; disc: yellow-brown, punctiform when young, later up to 0.8 mm wide; epihymenium: yellow-brown; hymenium: I+ blue, 160-240 µm high; asci: clavate to obclavate; wall: I+ blue, >100-spored; ascospores: bacilliform, 4-8.5 x 2-4 µm; Pycnidia: immersed, spherical, chambered; conidia: fusiform, 3-4 x 1 µm; Spot tests: all negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: on acidic rock in deserts and other open, arid habitats; World distribution: only known from NW Mexico; Sonoran distribution: desert and thorn forest areas of Sonora, Sinaloa, Baja California and Baja California Sur. 55780 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=55780 Peltula tortuosa (Nees) Wetmore 2907 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:02 2011-02-02 12:17:02 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: suffruticose, often forming a tuff of aggregated thalli, lobate; lobes: upright, flattened, somewhat branched, often twisted, occasionally partially terete, lobes up to 8 (-15) mm long and 0.4-1 mm wide at top; upper surface: dark olive-brown to olive-green, smooth, not sorediate; cortex: not developed in the upper part of the lobes but surrounded by a yellow-brown epinecral layer (5-12 µm thick), forming a rudimentary cortex (consisting of several layers of globose cells) at the base of the lobes; medulla: paraplectenchymatous, composed of loosely interwoven hyphae with large air spaces, giving the impression of a hollow thallus lobes; algal layer: indistinctly delimited, scattered throughout; lower surface: paler than the upper surface, attached by an umbilicus; Apothecia: very rare, one the sides or in swollen ends of the lobes, several per lobe, immersed and punctiform; disc: slightly enlarging when mature; epihymenium: yellowish brown, K-; hymenium: I+ wine-red, >100-spored; ascospores: globose to subglobose, 4.5 x 3-4.5 µm; Pycnidia: immersed, spherical, on the sides or in swollen ends of lobes; conidia: fusiform, 3.1-3.7 x 1.2 µm; Spot tests: all negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: on granitic rocks in deserts and other open, arid habitats; World distribution: India, southern North America, Venezuela, and southern and tropical Africa; Sonoran distribution: desert areas of Arizona, California. 55781 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=55781 Peltula zahlbruckneri (Hasse) Wetmore 2908 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:02 2011-02-02 12:17:02 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: typically areolate-squamulose but sometimes minutely suffruticose, in loosely aggregated patches; squamules: swollen, somewhat angulate to lobate, convex, often with flattened tops (especially when young), 0.5-3 mm wide; upper surface: tan to dark brownish olive, dull, not sorediate; upper cortex: not developed but with a yellow epinecral layer; medulla: composed of loosely interwoven hyphae with many hollow areas; algal layer: 75-150 µm thick; lower cortex: paraplectenchymatous, 30-56 µm thick, with 3-6 layers of globose cells; lower surface: paler than upper surface, attached by short stalk and an umbilicus; Apothecia: 1-7 (or more) per squamule, immersed; disc: punctiform, enlarging with age, reddish-brown; epihymenium: brownish, K-; hymenium: I+ wine-red, 105-150 µm high, >100-spored; ascospores: globose to subglobose, 4.5-7.6 x 3-4.5 µm; Pycnidia: immersed, spherical, up to 400 µm diam.; conidia: fusiform, 3.5-4.5 x 1.5 µm; Spot tests: all negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: on acidic rocks, including granites in deserts and other open, arid habitats; World distribution: SW North America, West Africa, India, central Australia,; Sonoran distribution: desert areas of Arizona, southern California, Sonora, Baja California and Baja California Sur. 55782 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=55782 Peltula auriculata Bndel, M. Schultz & Gröger 2909 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:02 2011-02-02 12:17:02 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: squamulose to subfoliose, sometimes peltate, lobate; lobes: with a clearly visible rim along the margins giving it an ear-like shape, 0.75-1.5 mm wide and up to 2.5 mm long; upper surface: olive brown, sometimes grayish, not sorediate; upper cortex: in some parts poorly developed (0-5 µm thick), composed of globose hyphal cells (2.5-5 µm in diam.); epinecral layer: sometimes developed (up to 5 µm thick); medulla: 50-75 (-250) µm thick, composed of loosely interwoven with numerous air spaces, sometimes prosoplectenchymatous hyphae (2.5 µm thick); lower cortex: well developed, 50-60 (-75) µm thick, paraplectenchymatous with globose hyphal cells (7.5-10 µm diam.); lower surface: paler than the upper surface, attached by an umbilicus; Apothecia: rare, laminal, adnate, lecanorine, up to 3 per squamule; disc: red, up to 0.5 mm in diam.; epihymenium: reddish brown, K-; hymenium: I+ blue but turning wine-red and constantly blue after pretreatment with K; asci: clavate, I+ blue but turning wine-red and constantly blue after pretreatment with K, >100-spored; ascospores: globose, 3-4 (-5) x 3-4 µm; Pycnidia: immersed, flask-shaped with a single chamber, conidiophores simple; conidia: ellipsoid, 2.5 x 1 µm; Spot tests: all negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: so far only known from acidic rocks in deserts and other open, arid habitats; World distribution: Venezuela, Guyana and Mexico; Sonoran distribution: Baja California Sur. 55783 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=55783 Peltula farinosa Bndel 2910 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:02 2011-02-02 12:17:02 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: peltate, scattered, individual thalli up to 22 mm in diam., often lobate; margin: undulate; upper surface: gray, pruinose, spot-like; soredia: farinose, black, marginal, rarely occurring; upper cortex: with numerous air spaces, 4.5-13 µm thick and with an epinecral layer (7-18 µm thick); medulla: composed of loosely interwoven hyphae with elongated cells (2-3.6 µm thick); algal layer: clearly delimited above, 55-100 µm thick; lower cortex: paraplectenchymatous, 24-37 µm thick, composed of 3 (rarely 4) rows of hexagonal cells (4.5-7.5 µm in diam.), in 4-5 rows; lower surface: pale orange-brown, attached by an umbilicus; Apothecia: rare (only one found in material from Sinaloa), one to presumably several, immersed with an orange colored; disc: slightly protruding when mature; asci: obclavate, I- (but the material was to scanty to be sure!); ascospores: numerous (>64) in asci, ellipsoid to bacilliform, 4.4-8 x 2.9-4.4 µm; Pycnidia: not observed; Spot tests: all negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: on acidic rocks and drainage areas where calcium may accumulate in secondary deposits; World distribution: South Africa, Pakistan, SW North America; Sonoran distribution: desert and other semiarid areas of Arizona, California, Sonora, Chihuahua and Sinaloa. 55784 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=55784 Peltula impressa (Vain.) Swiscow & Krog 2911 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:02 2011-02-02 12:17:02 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: squamulose, ± placodioid, overall c. 1-2 cm diam.; central squamules: obconical to clavate or cylindrical, convex or flattened at top, 0.2-0.5 mm wide 0.4-0.8 mm long; upper surface: olive brown, smooth, not sorediate; upper cortex: not developed but with a yellow epinecral layer (6-12 µm thick); marginal squamules: effigurate, sometimes almost ribbon-like; medulla: composed of densely interwoven hyphae with globose to elongated cells (2.5-3 µm thick), with an poorly delimited algal layer in the upper part; lower cortex: 15-24 µm thick, paraplectenchymatous with globose hyphal cells, 5-8 µm diam.; lower surface: paler than the upper surface,; Apothecia: 1-2 (-3) per squamule, only occurring on central squamules, immersed; disc: red-brown to black, usually expanded (0.1-0.3 mm in diam.); epihymenium: red-brown to black; hymenium: I+ wine-red or weakly blue, 170-250 µm high; asci: clavate to obclavate; wall: I+ red-brown but blue after pretreatment with K, >64-spored; ascospores: globose to ellipsoid, 3.5-5 (-7) x 2.4-3.5 (-4) µm; Pycnidia: only one immature seen, spherical; conidia: not known; Spot tests: all negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: mainly on acidic rocks in deserts and other open, arid habitats; World distribution: SW North America, Australasia, southern and East Africa; Sonoran distribution: desert areas of Sonora and Baja California Sur. 55786 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=55786 Peltula psammophila (Nyl.) Egea 2912 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:02 2011-02-02 12:17:02 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology squamules: orbicular flat or concave on top, often angulate or lobulate, up to 4 mm diam. and 0.7 mm high; upper surface: olive-brown to dark brown, rugose and fissured, not sorediate; upper cortex: not developed but with an epinecral layer (10-30 µm thick); medulla: composed of loosely interwoven hyphae; algal layer: 140-200 µm thick; lower cortex: paraplectenchymatous, 10-50 µm thick, composed of 4-7 layers of isodiametric cells; lower surface: paler than the upper surface, attached by a tuft of hyphae; Apothecia: one or two per squamule, centrally immersed, with slightly raised rim when mature; disc: dark red to almost black, expanded, up to 1 mm in diam.; epihymenium: K- or rarely K+ red-violet, >100-spored; ascospores: globose, 5-8 µm diam.; Pycnidia: not observed; Spot tests: all negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: on poor or sandy soils and on detritus in rock fissures in deserts and other open, arid habitats; World distribution: North Africa, SW North America; Sonoran distribution: so far only known from Maricopa County, Arizona.; Notes: This species was not separated from P. polyspora (= P. patellata) by Wetmore (1970), but was subsequently separated from that species by Egea (1989) on the basis of differences in thallus structure. The squamules of P. patellata are somewhat smaller and usually half as thin as those of P. psammophila. In addition, P. psammophila has a thicker epinecral layer and a more lax medulla than P. patellata. Perhaps the best separating character is the fact that the epithecium is almost always K- in P. psammophila and K+ red in P. patellata. 55788 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=55788 Pseudopeltula heppioides Henssen 2913 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:02 2011-02-02 12:17:02 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: squamulose-umbilicate, 1.5-5 mm wide,; surface: brownish olive, basal parts sometimes lighter, smooth, sometimes slightly pruinose, especially around the apothecia,; margin: slightly incised, sometimes downcurved, sometimes distinctly placodioid; lower surface: attached to the substrate by rhizohyphae; Apothecia: immersed to semi-immersed, zeorine, up to 10 per squamule, 0.25-0.75 mm wide; disc: slightly depressed to flat, brownish, smooth to rigid, open, with persisting thalline margin; exciple: distinct, up to 20 µm wide, hyaline, composed of strongly gelatinized hyphae; epihymenium: yellowish-brown; hymenium: hyaline, amyloid, divided by bands of sterile hyphae, 95-140 µm high; paraphyses: distinctly septate, sparingly branched and anastomosing, straight, apical cells thickened, 2.5-5 µm wide; asci: 8-spored; ascospores: simple, hyaline, ellipsoid, rarely well developed, 10-14 µm x 4-8 µm; walls: thin; Pycnidia: immersed, globose to broadly pyriform, 0.1 mm wide; pycnidial wall: convoluted with age; conidia: cylindrical, 2.5 x 1 µm; Spot tests: all negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: on thin soil crusts over calcareous, rarely volcanic rocks on rocky slopes; coastal to montane; World distribution: SW North America; Sonoran distribution: Baja California Sur, Baja California and Sonora.; Notes: In some respects the species resembles Gloeoheppia turgida, a species distinguished from P. heppioides by its inflated thallus with large internal air-spaces. 55860 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=55860 Schismatomma pluriloculare Zahlbr. 2914 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:02 2011-02-02 12:17:02 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: crustose, verruculose, rimose, coherent, 0.2-1 mm thick; upper surface: greenish-white; soralia often developed, at first punctiform to maculiform but when old often confluent; cortex: hyphae mixed and intertwined but sometimes more or less anticlinally arranged in the upper part, 20-40 µm thick; Ascomata: numerous or absent, circular in outline, sessile with constricted base, 0.5-2 mm diam; disc: exposed, flat or concave, white pruinose; exciple: crenulate or strongly crenulate, conspicuously protruding above the disc, algae and cortex present; proper exciple: conspicuous, dark-brown (carbonaceous), up to 100 thick; epithecium: 10-15 µm thick, pale brown; hymenium: 50-65 µm high, paraphysoids: richly branched and intertwined, tips 2 µm diam. but c. 1 µm diam. below; hypothecium: dark-brown (carbonaceous); asci: clavate, 50-60 x 10-15 µm; ascospores: fusiform, straight or curved, hyaline, multi-septate usually with 7-11 septa, 22-38 x 4-6 µm; Pycnidia: not seen; Spot tests: thallus K-, C+ red, KC+ red, P-; Secondary metabolite: lecanoric acid.; Substrate and ecology: mostly found on dead twigs and branches but also on bark of different shrubs and trees near the ocean; World and Sonoran distribution: sparsely distributed along the coast from Monterey County, California, in the north to central Baja California in the south.; Notes: This species is often wholly sorediate but then usually with rudimentary apothecia also present. Completely sorediate individuals may be difficult to distinguish from sorediate individuals of Sclerophyton californicum which may grow in the same habitat. However, the thallus of "Schismatomma" pluriloculare is verruculose and is more greenish. The use of the quotes about the generic name indicate that the placement in this genus is not completely certain. 55862 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=55862 Schismatomma rediunta (Hasse) Tehler 2915 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:02 2011-02-02 12:17:02 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: not well developed, 0.1 mm thick; surface: white; soredia not developed; Ascomata: developing erumpently, immersed to sessile, 0.2-0.5 mm diam; disc: convex; exciple: level with the disc, algae missing; proper exciple: sometimes inconspicuous; epithecium: 10-15 µm thick with hyphae richly branched and intertwined, verrucose, tips 2 µm diam.; hymenium: 55-65 µm high; hypothecium: dark-brown (carbonaceous); asci: clavate, 50-60 x 13 µm, 8-spored; ascospores: fusiform, curved, hyaline, 19-22 x 4-5 µm; Pycnidia: 0.1 mm diam; conidia: bacilliform, curved, 6-9 x 1<2 µm; Spot tests: thallus K-, C-, KC-, P-; Secondary metabolite: roccellic acid.; Substrate and ecology: Schismatomma rediunta has been found on bark of Juglans californica, Umbellularia californica and Heteromeles arbutifolia; World and Sonoran distribution: Schismatomma rediunta is restricted to southern California on Santa Catalina and Santa Cruz Islands and on the nearby mainland in Santa Monica.; Notes: Because it is inconspicuous, it is very rarely collected. The first recollection of Schismatomma rediunta since 1907 was made 1994. 55868 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=55868 Sclerophyton circumscriptum (Taylor) Zahlbr. 2916 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:02 2011-02-02 12:17:02 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: crustose, effuse, continuous to rimose or verrucose, sometimes bullate, up to 0.3 mm thick; upper surface: white; creamy or grayish, smooth, slightly farinose; upper cortex: lacking but with an epinecral layer with some scattered, hyaline hyphae; medulla: white, cretaceous; lower cortex: absent; prothallus: often present, thin, smooth, black; Ascomata: perithecioid, up to 0.3 mm diam., immersed, rounded, oval or elongate, usually numerous, scattered or often in groups or dispersed in flexuose or radiating lines, not aggregated into stroma-like structures; thalline margin: undifferentiated; disc: plane, black, with whitish pruina; proper exciple: up to 15 µm thick, brown above, pale below; hypothecium: pale brown, fusing with medulla; hymenium: 100-150 µm thick, I+ blue, K/I+ pale blue; asci: cylindrical, 70-95 x 15-19µm, 8-spored; ascospores: oblong-ovoidal to oblong-fusiform, dark brown, (17-) 19-26 x 5-7 µm, 4-6 (-7) septate, constricted at each septum, with thick gelatinous sheath; Pycnidia: not seen; Spot tests: thallus and medulla K- or K+ yellowish, C-, KC-, P+ yellow (orange); Secondary metabolites: psoromic acid (major) and 2'-O-demethylpsoromic acid (minor).; Substrate and ecology: on rocks in coastal habitats; World distribution: SW North America, western Europe and the Carribean; Sonoran distribution: Baja California.; Notes: Specimens from Baja California have slightly fewer septa than European specimens, but no other differences have been found. 55869 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=55869 Sclerophyton rostratum Egea & Torrente 2917 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:02 2011-02-02 12:17:02 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: crustose, effuse, rimose to areolate, sometimes bullate, up to 0.4 mm thick; upper surface: creamy white to greenish, smooth to verrulose; upper cortex: up to 30 µm thick, composed of interwoven hyphae with hyaline tips; medulla: white, cretaceous; prothallus: often present, thin, smooth, black; Ascomata: perithecioid, punctiform, up to 0.5 mm diam., immersed or subimmersed, rounded, oval, or elongate, scattered or often united and lirellate, aggregated into stroma-like structures without a constricted base, surrounded by a thin thalline margin or undifferentiated; disc: plane, black, with whitish pruina; proper exciple: up to 10 µm thick, pale brown; hypothecium: pale brown, fusing with the medulla; hymenium: hyaline, 300-350 µm thick, I+ reddish, K/I+ pale blue; subhymenium: pale brown, up to 50 µm thick; asci: 100-120 x 20-23µm, 8-spored; ascospores: ellipsoid-fusiform, with lower end tapering to narrow apex, hyaline when young, brown at maturity, 30-42 (-45) x -8 µm, (3-) 5-7 septate, constricted at one (rarely more) septum, with thick gelatinous sheath; Pycnidia: laminal, subglobose, up to 0.35 mm tall and 0.25 mm wide; walls: colorless or reddish brown at upper part; conidia: filiform, curved, 14-18 x 1 µm; Spot tests: thallus and medulla K- or K+ yellowish, C-, KC-, P+ yellow (orange); Secondary metabolites: psoromic acid (major) and 2'-O-demethylpsoromic acid (minor).; Substrate and ecology: on bark in the Magdalena region of the Sonoran Desert; World and Sonoran distribution: only known from two nearly coastal localities in Baja California Sur.; Notes: The submuriform spores are unique among the group. 55878 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=55878 Dendrographa alectoroides Sundin & Tehler 2918 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:02 2011-02-02 12:17:02 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: fruticose, attached by a holdfast; main branches: terete to complanate; terminal branches: terete, up to 1 mm thick and up to 2 mm broad, almost always with terete lateral ecorticate branchlets; lobe surface: brown or grayish brown to pale gray, smooth with a thin white pruina; prothallus: not seen; cortex: with smooth, brown or hyaline hyphae, 50-70 µm thick; gel: clear, hyaline, also as epicortex with uppermost 2-3 µm granular layer; medulla: white to brown, coalescent, composed of mainly periclinally arranged hyphae, with hyaline thallus gel; hyphae: hyaline, ± conglutinated; Ascomata: 0.8-3.0 mm diam; epithecium: 50-60 µm; hymenium: 100-120 µm high; paraphysoids: sparsely branched, hyaline, c. 1 µm in diam.; hypothecium c. 400 µm thick, often extending down into medulla; asci: clavate, 70-80 x 15-18 µm; ascospores: fusiform, (18-) 21-25 (-28) x (5-) 6-8 (-9) µm; Pycnidia: black, solitary, lateral, immersed, often in small protuberances, c. 0.3 mm diam.; conidia: filiform, (8-) 11-15 (-18) x < 1 µm; Spot tests: thallus K-, C-, KC-, P+ orange; Secondary metabolites: fumarprotocetraric acid, protocetraric acid and succinprotocetraric acid, one unknown depside and one unknown other substance.; Substrate and ecology: near the ocean on trees and rocks, preferably on the vertical, north-facing sides; World and Sonoran distribution: from Monterey, San Francisco and Marin Counties in California and, thus, lies on the border of the Sonoran region.; Notes: Dendrographa alectoroides is distinguished from D. leucophaea by its more terete branches (especially the terminal parts). Sometimes, especially in Dendrographa alectoroides f. alectoroides, the main branches are distinctly flattened. In these cases a determination is best achieved by checking the lateral branchlets, which are always terete in Dendrographa alectoroides, and the medulla, which is always coalescent. Transitional forms with ascomata are more common in Dendrographa alectoroides f. parva (see below) than in D. leucophaea f. minor. 55879 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=55879 Dendrographa leucophaea (Tuck.) Darbish. 2919 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:02 2011-02-02 12:17:02 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: fruticose, attached by a holdfast; main branches: complanate to broadly complanate; terminal branches: complanate to terete, often anastomosing, up to 1 mm thick and up to 10 mm broad, with or without complanate lateral ecorticate branchlets; lobe surface: brown to creamy gray, smooth with a thin white pruina; holdfast only as an attachment; prothallus: not seen; cortex: with verrucose or smooth, hyaline or brown hyphae, 50-80 µm thick; epicortex: the uppermost 2-3 µm, granular, hyaline; medulla: white, byssoid, without thallus gel; hyphae: hyaline, forming a loose network oriented in all directions; Ascomata: 0.3-1.5 mm diam; epithecium: 25-45 µm; hymenium: 100-120 µm high; paraphysoids: sparsely branched, hyaline, c. 1 µm in diam.; hypothecium: 200-300 µm, only rarely extended into medulla; asci: clavate, 70-80 x 15-18 µm; ascospores: fusiform, (17-) 20-24 (28) x (4-) 6-8 (-9) µm; Pycnidia: black, solitary, lateral, immersed, often in low, warty protuberances, 0.1-0.3 mm diam; conidia: filiform, (8-) 10-12 (-16) x < 1 µm; Spot tests: thallus K-, C-, KC-, P+ orange; Secondary metabolites: fumarprotocetraric acid, protocetraric acid and succinprotocetraric acid, one unknown depside and one other unknown substance.; Substrate and ecology: locally abundant on various trees, shrubs and cacti as well as on cliffs and rocks near the ocean, but above the littoral and well away from direct salt spray; World and Sonoran distribution: restricted to the west coast of North America in Baja California, Sonora, Sinaloa and southern California.; Notes: The major morphological differences between Dendrographa leucophaea f. leucophaea and D. leucophaea f. minor are that the latter has shorter internodes, frequent lateral branchlets and lacks ascomata. Old herbarium material contains few transitional forms between Dendrographa leucophaea f. leucophaea and D. leucophaea f. minor, probably due to selective collecting. In the field, though, it is rather easy to find transitional forms. Hypothesized transitional forms include specimens: a) with ascomata, main branches with short internodes and many lateral branchlets; b) with or without ascomata, some main branches with short internodes, carrying many lateral branchlets and some main branches with longer internodes and ± without lateral branchlets; and c) with or without ascomata, main branches with long internodes and with few and small lateral branchlets. Dendrographa leucophaea f. leucophaea and D. leucophaea f. minor have been observed growing from the same holdfast, suggesting that an individual can change morphology from one branch to another. On the basis of the observed gradient populations Sundin and Tehler (1996) proposed that Dendrographa leucophaea f. minor consists of clonal populations of D. leucophaea formed by fragmentation of branchlets. That hypothesis was recently corroborated by molecular data (Lohtander et al. 1998). 55881 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=55881 Dirina paradoxa (Fee) Tehler 2920 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:02 2011-02-02 12:17:02 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: crustose, effuse, 0.1-0.7 mm,; surface: varying from white to creamy white, smooth, epruinose to slightly pruinose; soredia and isidia: not seen; cortex: 10-50 µm thick; Ascomata: numerous, circular in outline, sessile, 0.5-1.6 mm diam.; exciple: usually undulating; hymenium: 50-140 µm high; paraphysoids: sparsely branched, parallel, hyaline, c. 1 µm in diam.; asci: clavate, 70-120 x 15 µm, 8-spored; ascospores: fusiform, hyaline, 3-septate, 28-33 x 4-5 µm; Spot tests: cortex K-, C+ red, KC+ red, P-; medulla K-, C-, KC-, P-; Secondary metabolites: erythrin and lecanoric acid.; Substrate and ecology: growing on trees and shrubs near the sea; World distribution: only known from the Galapagos Islands outside of the Sonoran region; Sonoran distribution: known from Baja California Sur (Todos Santos area) and Sonora.; Notes: Dirina paradoxa subsp. approximata is similar to Roccellina conformis which also occurs on bark, but D. paradoxa is easily distinguished by its C+ red thallus. Dirina paradoxa includes two other subspecies, D. paradoxa subsp. hioramii in the Greater and Lesser Antilles, and Dirina paradoxa subsp. africana on the Canary Islands, the Atlantic coast of northern Africa and in Yemen and Socotra Island (Tehler 1983). 55882 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=55882 Dirina catalinariae Hasse 2921 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:02 2011-02-02 12:17:02 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: crustose but sometimes slightly bullate or nearly subfruticose, effuse, 0.2-1.1 mm wide; surface: varying from creamy white to grayish white, smooth, slightly pruinose; soredia: often present, granular, when young in punctiform soralia that becoming maculiform to capitate when old; cortex: 35-65 µm thick; Ascomata: numerous, circular in outline, sessile, 0.5-2 mm diam.; exciple: usually undulating or strongly undulating sometimes to the extent that the ascomata may become stromatoid; hymenium: 50-140 µm high; paraphysoids: sparsely branched, parallel, hyaline, c. 1 µm in diam.; asci: clavate, 70-120 x 15 µm, 8-spored; ascospores: fusiform, hyaline, 3-septate, 23-29 x 5-6 µm; Spot tests: cortex K-, C+ red, KC+ red, P-; medulla K-, C+ red, KC+ red, P-; Secondary metabolites: erythrin, lecanoric acid, and an unknown substance.; Substrate and ecology: growing on vertical or overhang rocks and cliffs near the sea; occasionally abundant with individuals forming large mosaic patterns; World and Sonoran distribution: along the Californian coast from Monterey Co. in the north to Baja California Sur. The two forms, Dirina cataliariae f. catalinariae and D. catalinariae f. sorediata are sympatric throughout their respective ranges. 55883 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=55883 Dirina mexicana Tehler 2922 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:03 2011-02-02 12:17:03 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: crustose but sometimes slightly bullate, effuse, 0.2-0.5 mm wide; surface: varying from yellowish white to white to grayish white, smooth, epruinose to slightly pruinose; soredia and isidia: not seen; cortex: 20-40 µm thick; Ascomata: numerous, circular or elongated in outline, immersed or subimmersed, 0.4-0.8 mm diam.; exciple: usually immersed and coinciding with the thallus but often slightly elevated and distinguished from the thallus by a brownish marginal surface; hymenium: 50-140 µm high; paraphysoids: sparsely branched, parallel, hyaline, c. 1 µm in diam.; asci: clavate, 70-120 x 15 µm, 8-spored; ascospores: fusiform, hyaline, 3-septate, 21-27 x 5-6 µm; Spot tests: thallus K-, C+ red (and KC+ red) in rimulae and thalline margin otherwise C-, KC-, P-; medulla K-, C+ red, KC+ red, P-; Secondary metabolites: erythrin, lecanoric acid, orsellinic acid and two unknown substances.; Substrate and ecology: growing on vertical or overhang rocks and cliffs near the sea; occasionally abundant with individuals forming large mosaic patterns; World and Sonoran distribution: Baja California Sur, Baja California and Sinaloa on the mainland.; Notes: Dirina mexicana falls witDirina mexicana falls within the group with immersed ascocarps: D. insulana, D. immersa and D. cretacea (Tehler 1983). It is similar to the European species Dirina insulana and D. immersa but is distinguished from those two by the yellowish tinge of the thallus. However, this character is variable and sometimes the thallus is merely white or white-grayish. Another characteristic of Dirina mexicana is the often brownish color of the thin, slightly elevated thalline margin. Dirina mexicana is partly sympatric with the other two Dirina species of the region, D. paradoxa and D. catalinariae, both of which have conspicuously sessile apothecia with constricted bases in contrast to D. mexicana with its immersed apothecia. 55889 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=55889 Roccella decipiens Darbish. 2923 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:03 2011-02-02 12:17:03 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: fruticose, pendent, main branches flattened, usually 5-20 cm long; lobe surface: grayish to grayish-brown, often uneven with ridges and wrinkles; without soredia; medulla: white but brown in the holdfast zone, usually with a yellowish tinge; Ascomata: usually present; circular in outline but often with undulating margin, sessile with constricted base, rarely immersed, up to 2.5 mm diam.; hymenium: 70-90 µm; paraphysoids: sparsely branched, hyaline, <2 µm diam.; asci: clavate, 60-85 x 12-14 µm, 8-spored; ascospores: fusiform, curved, hyaline, 3-septate, 22-27 x 5-6 µm; walls: smooth; Spot tests: cortex K+ more or less yellowish red (sometimes inconspicuous), C+ red, KC+ red, P-; medulla K-, C-, KC-, P-; Secondary metabolites: erythrin and lecanoric acid.; Substrate and ecology: grows near the sea on any suitable substrate, such as the vertical rocks and cliffs and on the trunks, branches and twigs of various trees and shrubs; World distribution: uncertain, but probably extending from California to south central Chile, and possibly also the Carribean and pantropical; Sonoran distribution: along the western coast of California from San Francisco south to the tip of Baja California along the Pacific coast. It is also present on the Mexican mainland in the southern part of Sonora and adjacent Sinaloa.; Notes: Roccella decipiens is characterized by the fertile, non-sorediate thallus and feels somewhat stiffer and more robust than R. peruensis probably due to the lack of soralia that weaken the cortex. The name R. fimbriata (Darbishire 1935) has been frequently utilized for this taxon in California and Mexico (e.g. Hale 1979). However, R. decipiens (Darbishire, 1898) is an older name and thus take precedence over R. fimbriata (also see Notes under R. peruensis below). Roccella decipiens was described from southern California by Darbishire (1898) as being a constantly fertile species without soralia. Furthermore, morphological, chemical and molecular investigations (Myllys et al., 1999) indicate that Roccella decipiens may be the fertile counterpart in a species pair relationship with the sorediate Roccella peruensis (below). Thus the name Roccella decipiens may be subject to change when the the genus Roccella is revised. 55897 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=55897 Roccella portentosa (Bory) Darb. 2924 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:03 2011-02-02 12:17:03 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: fruticose, erect or pendent, both main and terminal branches terete, 5-10 cm long; lobe surface: white grayish, smooth; medulla: white but brown in the holdfast zone, usually with a yellowish tinge; Ascomata: usually present, circular in outline with slightly undulating margin, sessile with constricted base, up to 2 mm diam.; hymenium: 70-90 µm; paraphysoids: sparsely branched, hyaline, <2 µm diam.; asci: clavate, 60-85 x 12-14 µm, 8-spored; ascospores: fusiform, curved, hyaline, 3-septate, 23-27 x 5-6 µm; walls: smooth; Spot tests: cortex K-, C-, KC-, P-; medulla K-, C-, KC-, P-; Secondary metabolites: not investigated.; Substrate and ecology: on rocks near the sea; World distribution: South America, from central Chile to the Galapagos Islands, and northwards to Baja California; Sonoran distribution: only known on cliffs near Todos Santos in southern Baja California Sur.; Notes: Roccella portentosa is distinguished from R. decipiens and R. peruensis mainly by its terete and smooth branches and its C- thallus reaction. No representative from the R. portentosa complex has been described from the Sonoran region. The specimens collected from Baja California have clearly sessile apothecia and the thallus cortex and medulla are C-. South American specimens have apothecia which are usually more or less immersed and their thallus C reaction is variable ranging from fully C+ or, C- cortex but C+ medulla, or rarely completely C-. In South America sorediate specimens may also be involved in species pair complexes. The identification of the Baja Californian specimens as R. portentosa should be considered as provisional until the genus Roccella has been revised. 55898 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=55898 Roccellina conformis Tehler 2925 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:03 2011-02-02 12:17:03 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: crustose, effuse, smooth to slightly verrucose, 0.3-0.7 mm diam.; surface: creamy brown to green-brown; soredia: not seen; cortex: 20-40 µm thick; medulla: white, chalky; Ascomata: numerous, circular in outline, sessile, 0.8-1.2 mm diam.; exciple: entire or slightly undulating, protruding above the disc; epithecium, light brown to brown, 25-60 thick; hymenium: hyaline; asci: clavate, 70-110 µm, 8-spored; ascospores: fusiform, curved, smooth, 3-septate, hyaline, 25-31 x 4-5 µm; Spot tests: thallus: K+ yellow turning red, C-, KC-, P+ yellow-red; Secondary metabolites: an unknown substance.; Substrate and ecology: growing on bark of trunks, twigs and branches of different trees and shrubs near the ocean; World and Sonoran distribution: Roccellina conformis is found only from a few sporadic localities near the sea from Santa Catalina Island, California, down to Laguna Manuela in southern Baja California.; Notes: Roccellina conformis is similar to Dirina paradoxa subsp. approximata which also grows on the trunks and branches of various trees and shrubs near the sea. Roccellina conformis is easily distinguished from the latter by its C- thallus reaction. Roccellina franciscana differs in its K- and P- reaction and in the more pruinose, grayish white thallus and much more undulating, nearly stromatoid, subimmersed ascocarps with an unconstricted base. 55899 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=55899 Roccellina franciscana (Zahlbr. ex Herre) Follmann 2926 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:03 2011-02-02 12:17:03 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: crustose, bullate and, especially when epilithic often forming small cushions, effuse, smooth to slightly verrucose, 0.3-0.7 mm diam.; surface: grayish white, often with slightly brownish parts; soralia not seen; cortex: 20-40 µm thick; medulla: white, chalky; Ascomata: sometimes nearly stromatoid, numerous, circular in outline, sessile or subimmersed with base not constricted, 0.5-3 mm diam.; exciple: entire or slightly undulating, in level with or only slightly protruding above the disc; epithecium: light brown to brown, 25-60 thick; hymenium: hyaline; asci: clavate, 70-110 µm, 8-spored; ascospores: fusiform, curved, smooth, 3-septate, hyaline, 25-31 x 4-5 µm; Spot tests: thallus K-, C-, KC-, P-; Secondary metabolites: roccellic acid.; Substrate and ecology: most common on bark and wood of various trees and shrubs near the sea, but is also found on rocks; World and Sonoran distribution: found only in California from San Francisco in the north down to San Diego and farther south in Baja California to Rosario de Arriba.; Notes: Roccellina franciscana is distinguished from Roccellina conformis by its white-grayish thallus with K- and P- reactions and the apothecia which are much more undulating or nearly stromatoid and are often subimmersed and without a constricted base. 55900 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=55900 Schizopelte californica Th. Fr. 2927 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:03 2011-02-02 12:17:03 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Life habit: lichenized; Thallus: fruticose, epilithic, erect, sparsely dichotomously branched, both main and terminal branches terete, branches up to 3 mm thick; lobe surface: creamy white, grayish-white, smooth with old parts sometimes rugose, sparsely pruinose; soredia and isidia absent; cortex: 50-65 µm thick, with hyphae interwovenly arranged; medulla: white, cretaceous, except in top of young branches where it is brown and byssoid; photobiont: primary one a Trentepohlia, secondary photobiont absent; attachment: holdfast included in a small crustose or suffruticose, effuse, primary thallus with brown or in parts reddish hypomedulla; Apothecia: numerous, solitary, terminal on branches, circular in outline but when old sinuate, sessile to stipitate, with constricted base, up to 2 cm diam.; disc: exposed, concave, gray with a smooth pruinose layer; thalline exciple: prominent with algae and cortex; proper exciple: a thin parathecium, sometimes inconspicuous; epithecium: brown, 20-30 µm thick; hymenium: 70-100 µm thick with sparsely branched, paraphysoids: hyaline, intertwined, richly branched; hypothecium: distinct, dark-brown (carbonaceous), extending down into medulla; asci: clavate, 70 x 14 µm, 8-spored; ascospores: slightly fusiform, straight or slightly curved, verrucose, brown, 5-7 septate, 19-23 x 3-5 µm; Conidiomata: pycnidial, aggregated in groups in well defined, white-pruinose, ascomata-like synpycnidia, 2 mm in diam.; solitary pycnidia: sometimes present; immersed, black, 0.1 mm diam.; conidia: filiform, curved in a semi-circle, 11-13 x < 1 µm; Spot tests: cortex K-, C+ red turning yellow, KC+ red, P-; medulla K-, C-, KC-, P-; Secondary metabolites: dibenzofurans, orcinol depsides [schizopeltic acid, erythrin (both major), and lecanoric acid, isoschizopeltic acid, pannaric acid, 3-O-methylpannaric acid, pannaric acid 2-methyl ester and pannaric acid 6-methyl ester (all trace)-according to Elix et al. (1995].; Substrate and ecology: grows near the ocean on vertical and overhang cliffs exposed to the north, above the littoral and away from direct sea spray; World and Sonoran distribution: Schizopelte californica has been found as far north as San Luis Obispo Co., California, and as far south as central Baja California. Thus, it is essentially restricted to maritime parts of the Sonoran region.; Notes: Schizopelte californica is very charactaristic with its terminal apothecia and brown spores. It was transferred to Combea by Follmann and Geyer (1986), primarily on the basis of the shared secondary products erythrin, lecanoric acid, and schizopeltic acid, although these substances are also present in other genera of the family (see Tehler [1990a] for further discussion). 55901 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=55901 Sigridea californica (Tuck.) Tehler 2928 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:03 2011-02-02 12:17:03 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: crustose, effuse; upper surface: white, 0.1-0.3 mm; cortex: 10 µm thick, sometimes poorly developed; medulla: white; Ascomata: sometimes slightly undulating, sessile, 0.2-1 mm diam.; disc: convex, strongly white pruinose; exciple: protruding above the disc, with cortex and algae but sometimes without cortex; proper exciple: thin; epithecium: 10-20 µm thick, light brown to brown; hymenium: 60-70 µm high; paraphysoids: sparsely branched, parallel, hyaline, c. 1 µm in diam.; asci: clavate, 50-60 x 10-15 µm, 8-spored; ascospores: 13-15 x 3-4 µm; Pycnidia: 0.1 mm diam; conidia: bacilliform, 2-4 x 1-2 µm; Spot tests: thallus K- or yellowish, C-, KC-, P+ yellow; Secondary metabolite: psoromic acid.; Substrate and ecology: growing on the trunks of trees and shrubs, such as Quercus, Heteromeles, Adenostoma, and Pinus but it is also lignicolous and often found on fence poles or unpainted wood, very rarely on rocks; World distribution: distributed in coastal regions from southern Oregon southwards to northern Baja California; Sonoran distribution: southern California. 55916 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=55916 Thelopsis isiaca Stizenb. 2929 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:03 2011-02-02 12:17:03 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: crustose, endophloeodal, or rarely developing as thin to thick thallus over the substrate, when well developed becoming rimose to warty areolate (areoles up to 1 mm wide); upper surface: (if evident) light gray or pale lime colored, smooth to rugose; Perithecia: subglobose, somewhat flattened above, 0.4-0.5 mm wide, partially immersed; exciple: colorless, c. 30 µm wide; hymenium: hyaline or pale brown, I+ blue-green, rapidly changing to red-brown; periphyses: up to 25 µm long and c. 1 µm wide; paraphyses: slender, septa best seen in I, c. 280-300 x 1.5 µm, flexuose; asci: narrowly cylindrical, tapering apically, thin-walled, without apical thickening or apparatus, 200-250 x 10-12 µm, 100 to 150-spored; ascospores: ellipsoid, becoming 1-septate, colorless, halonate, 12-15 x 5-8 µm; Pycnidia: immersed; conidia: ellipsoid to ovoid, c. 3-5 x 1-1.5 µm; Spot tests: thallus K-, C-, KC-, P-; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: on trees (Umbellularia californica) in open habitats and also on acidic rocks; World distribution: southern Europe, Egypt and southern California; Sonoran distribution: Santa Monica Mountains and the Channel Islands of southern California, and mountainous areas of Sonora and Chihuahua.; Notes: A careful comparison of Mediterranean and Sonoran material of the this species revealed that the Sonoran specimens fall well within the range of variation of the old world material with respect to pycnidial and thallus characters. Prof. E. Barreno reports one specimen from Spain with filiform conidia. 55920 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=55920 Topelia californica P. M. Jorg. & Vezda 2930 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:03 2011-02-02 12:17:03 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: crustose, thin; upper surface: gray to pinkish, smooth to minutely warty; Ascomata: initially perithecioid but expanding and appearing to be apothecioid, ochraceous, often aggregated, immersed to subimmersed, up to 0.5 mm diam.; "margin": thalline, appearing as a white rim; "disc": flat, dull, epruinose; exciple: brown to dark brown peripherally, 30-60 µm wide hymenium: hyaline or pale brown, I+ blue-green, rapidly changing to red-brown; paraphyses: slender, c. 200 x 1.5-2 µm, flexuose, not branched and without apical thickening; asci: narrowly cylindrical, tapering apically, thin-walled, without apical thickening or apparatus, 8-spored; ascospores: ellipsoid, muriform, colorless, (20-) 23-28 (-32) x 9-12 µm; Pycnidia: immersed; conidia: cylindrical, 3-4 (-6) x 1-1.3 µm; Spot tests: cortex and medulla K-, C-, KC-, P-; Secondary metabolites: cortex with an unknown rusty red pigment.; Substrate and ecology: on trees (Quercus agrifolia) in open habitats; World distribution: central and southern California; Sonoran distribution: Channel Islands of southern California. 55940 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=55940 Pseudocyphellaria anomala Brodo & Ahti 2931 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:03 2011-02-02 12:17:03 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: foliose, loosely adnate, free at edges, up to 6-20 (-40) cm wide; lobes: mostly 6-14 (-30) mm broad, little branched, lobules absent; upper surface: pale or dark brown or gray-brown (sometimes with conspicuous roundish black areas caused by a parasite), plane or with a network of ± strong ridges but with the interspaces not deeply pitted; soredia: white, gray or blue-gray to gray-black, in roundish to irregular, verruciform soralia that are mainly on ridges and along the margins; medulla: white; photobiont: cyanobacterial; lower surface: wrinkled to smooth, pale brown, with short tomentum; pseudocyphellae: numerous, scattered, white, irregular in outline, often elongated, scarcely verruciform; Apothecia: rare, 1.5-2 mm diam.; disc: dark brown; Pycnidia: unknown; Spot tests: cortex K-, C-, KC-, P-; medulla K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P+ orange, UV-; Secondary metabolites: stictic and constictic acids and unidentified terpenes in California material (Hale and Cole 1988); earlier reports, from more northern areas, listed norstictic, stictic, and salazinic acids as accessory substances in addition to the unknown mentioned by Krog (1968).; Substrate and ecology: on bark and wood, most often branches and trunks of deciduous trees and shrubs, occasional on conifers and logs, rarely on rock; c. 150-1350 m in California; World distribution: western North America in the Pacific region; Sonoran distribution: very rare in southern California, the southernmost collection being a Bratt specimen from Santa Barbara Co.; Notes: The specimen cited above was not seen by the authors. The species was reported under the cited names in numerous articles before the name P. anomala was validly published in the paper by Ahti et al. (1987). See below under P. anthraspis for differences between the two species. 55941 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=55941 Pseudocyphellaria anthraspis (Ach.) H. Magn. 2932 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:03 2011-02-02 12:17:03 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: foliose, up to 5 cm diam. in the specimen seen (up to 40 cm diam. in the Pacific Northwest), leathery, loosely attached, free at the edges; lobes: rounded, sometimes elongated and spatulate, somewhat imbricate, (5-) 15-25 (-30) mm across; margins: crenate; upper surface: pale to dark brown or pale green-brown, turning somewhat yellowish olive in herbarium, smooth, shiny to matt; often strongly reticulately ridged (with broad foveoles between), soredia and isidia absent; medulla: white; photobiont: cyanobacterial; lower surface: pale brownish, yellowish brown near margin, darker and more grayish toward center, with short spongy tomentum (patchily distributed, with the hairs longer and more clustered in some places); pseudocyphellae: whitish, interspersed among the tomentum and along the margins, 0.1-0.3 (-1.0) mm diam.; Apothecia: common, 1.5-3 (-4) mm diam., scattered, laminal along the ridges, emergent then sessile to narrowly short-stipitate; disc: concave and shiny then flat to convex and dull, red-brown to blackish; thalline margin: pale yellow-brown, initially pubescent, thin, subsequently usually disappearing; hymenium: hyaline below and yellowish above, 75-100 µm high; paraphyses simple, coherent at tips; hypothecium: fulvous; asci: clavate, 8-spored; ascospores: fusiform, 1-septate to eventually 3-septate, straight to curved, 23-32 x 6-8 (-10) µm; Pycnidia: immersed, especially on the ridges, ostiole black; conidia: bifusiform, 5-7 x 1 µm; Spot tests: K- or K+ yellow, C+ reddish or C-, KC+ red or C-, P+ orange or P-; Secondary metabolites: two hopanes, with variable amounts of tenuiorin, methyl gyrophorate, and gyrophoric acid with the constant addition of the stictic acid aggregate (Kondratyuk and Galloway 1995).; Substrate and ecology: on coniferous and hardwood trees, and shrubs, or over moss, rarely on rock; in moist forests, especially riparian areas, often near the coast in partially open habitats; c. 1350 m in California; World distribution: western North America in the Pacific region; Sonoran distribution: mountains of southern California, now apparently extinct except for Santa Barbara County.; Notes: Galloway (1995) typified this taxon and discussed the original material. This species is characterized by the abundant apothecia, white medulla and pseudocyphellae. Some early records of P. anthraspsis, at least from more northerly parts of California, were based on P. anomala, which is sorediate, but sometimes has apothecia-like galls (blackish and lacking a thalline margin) caused by a parasitic fungus; according to Goward et al. (1994), at least in British Columbia a rare form of P. anomala has sparse soralia, but can be distinguished from P. anthraspis by the more even upper surface and frequent occurrence of apothecia. Although Ohlsson (1973) regarded P. anomala as simply the sorediate counterpart of P. anthraspis, with the same two chemical strains, the two species also differ in other aspects of morphology (Krog 1968, Ahti et al. 1987), and according to McCune and Geiser (1997) in the Pacific Northwest they also differ somewhat in ecology and distribution, with P. anthraspis less common and occurring mainly in riparian areas. 55957 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=55957 Nephroma bellum (Sprengel) Tuck. 2933 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:03 2011-02-02 12:17:03 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: foliose, 3-8 cm wide, loosely adnate, lobate; lobes: irregular, 2-6 mm wide, elongate; apices: usually subrotund, entire or with small lobules; upper surface: medium to dark brown, shiny or very slightly pubescent; without soredia or isidia but very rarely with regeneration squamules; medulla: white; photobiont: the cyanobacterium Nostoc; lower surface: pale brown to yellow-brown, usually rugulose, glabrous to weakly pubescent; Apothecia: immersed on lower surface at tips of lobes, orbicular, cup-shaped, sessile; margin: prominent with thalloid rim; disc: medium brown to dark brown; exciple: hyaline or light brown, 20-30 µm thick; epithecium: brown or brownish yellow; hypothecium: hyaline; asci: c. 8-spored; ascospores: subfusiform, 3-septate, 17-21 x 5-6 µm; wall thick, light brown; Pycnidia: laminal, immersed, punctiform, 0.09-0.15 mm diam.; conidia: rod-shaped, 4-5 x 1-2 µm; Spot tests: upper surface: K-, C-, KC-, P-; medulla K+ pale yellow or K-, C-, KC-, P-; Secondary metabolites: upper cortex with an unknown brown pigment; medulla with triterpenes with: hopane-6α, 22-diol [zeorin] (major) and 15α-acetoxyhopane-22-ol [nephrin].; Habitat and ecology: on rocks and tree trunks in moist canyons at mid- to high elevations, most common in spruce-fir regions; World distribution: Africa and Northern Hemisphere, where it occurs in subarctic, boreal and north temperate regions and extends south along the mountain chains; Sonoran distribution: central and eastern Arizona. 55959 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=55959 Nephroma helveticum Ach. 2934 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:03 2011-02-02 12:17:03 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: foliose, continuously or irregularly forming rosettes, 3-8 cm wide, loosely adnate, lobate; lobes: irregular, 2-4 mm wide, elongate; lobe tips: usually subrotund, frequently dissected marginally in teeth-like pattern; upper surface: usually medium to dark brown or red-brown, rarely gray-brown, shiny or somewhat pubescent, isidiate; isidia: initially cylindrical but becoming flattened, 0.1-0.2 mm diam.; without soredia but frequently with regeneration squamules that may cover the whole thallus; medulla: white; photobiont: the cyanobacterium Nostoc; lower surface: dark brown to black but paler at the margins, pubescent or tomentose but not papillate; Apothecia: common, immersed on lower surface at tips of lobes, orbicular, up to 8 mm diam., cup-shaped, sessile; dorsal surface: scabrid and often markedly honey-combed; margin: prominent with thalloid, pectinate rim; disc: dark brown; exciple: hyaline or light brown, 20-30 µm thick; epithecium: brown or brownish yellow; hypothecium: hyaline; asci: 8-spored; ascospores: subfusiform; 3-septate, 20-27 x 6-8 µm; wall: thick, light brown; Pycnidia: marginal, immersed, punctiform, 0.09-0.15 mm diam.; conidia: rod-shaped, 3-4 x 1-2 µm; Spot tests: upper surface: K-, C-, KC-, P-; medulla K+ pale yellow or K-, C-, KC-, P-; Secondary metabolites: upper cortex with unknown brown pigment; medulla with triterprenes 7α acetoxyhopan-22-ol, hopane-7α, 22-diol and an accessory unknown.; Habitat and ecology: on acidic rocks among mosses in moderate shade and tree trunks in moist canyons at mid- to high elevations, most common in spruce-fir regions; World distribution: Africa, Australasia and throughout the Northern Hemisphere, where it occurs in boreal and north temperate regions and extends south along the west coasts in maritime influenced regions; Sonoran distribution: central and SE Arizona and the Sierra Madre Occidental region of Chihuahua. 55963 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=55963 Nephroma parile (Ach.) Ach. 2935 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:03 2011-02-02 12:17:03 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: foliose, continuously forming rosettes or fragmentary, 3-8 (-15) cm wide, loosely adnate, lobate; lobes: irregular, broad (3-8 mm wide), elongate, often thin; apices: usually subrotund, entire or frequently dissected marginally in teeth-like pattern, rarely ascending; upper surface: usually medium to dark red-brown, occasionally with a bluish gray cast, shiny or somewhat pubescent, epruinose; isidia absent; soredia: granular, marginal or laminal, in bluish gray, maculiform soralia; occasionally regeneration squamules present; medulla: white; photobiont: the cyanobacterium Nostoc; lower surface: pale brown, naked or weakly pubescent or rarely tomentose, smooth to rugulose; Apothecia: rare, immersed on lower surface at tips of lobes, orbicular, up to 8 mm diam., cup-shaped, sessile; margin: prominent with thalloid rim; disc: light brown; exciple: hyaline or light brown, 20-30 µm thick; epithecium: brown or brownish yellow; hypothecium: hyaline; asci: 8-spored; ascospores: subfusiform, 3-septate, 17-20 x 5-7 µm; wall: thick, light brown; Pycnidia: rare, marginal, immersed, punctiform, 0.18-0.32 mm diam.; conidia: rod-shaped, 4-5 x 1-2 µm; Spot tests: upper surface: K-, C-, KC-, P-; medulla K+ pale yellow or K-, C-, KC-, P-; Secondary metabolites: upper cortex with unknown brown pigment; medulla with hopane-6α, 22-diol [zeorin] (major), 15α-acetoxyhopane-22-ol [nephrin] and hopane-15α, 22-diol (trace or accessory) and an unknown.; Habitat and ecology: on acidic rocks among mosses and tree trunks in moist canyons at mid- to high elevations, most common in spruce-fir regions; World distribution: Northern Hemisphere where it occurs in boreal and north temperate regions and extends south along the inland mountain ranges; Sonoran distribution: relatively common in central and SE Arizona and rarely in the northern part of Baja California.; Notes: The soredia separate it from any other Sonoran Nephroma species. If the cyanobacterial photobiont of N. parile is not recognized, then this species might be mistaken for Melanelia subargenitifera. 55964 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=55964 Nephroma resupinatum (L.) Ach. 2936 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:03 2011-02-02 12:17:03 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: foliose, continuously forming rosettes, 3-10 cm wide, loosely adnate, lobate; lobes: irregular, broad (5-17 mm wide), elongate; apices: usually subrotund, entire or crenulate, sometimes ascending; upper surface: gray to grayish brown, dull, usually strongly pubescent; isidia and soredia absent.but frequently with regeneration squamules marginally or along cracks; medulla: white; photobiont: the cyanobacterium Nostoc; lower surface: pale brown to yellow-brown or whitish, densely tomentose, white papillate (scarcely to densely); Apothecia: common, on lower surface at tips of lobes, orbicular, up to 15 mm diam., cup-shaped, sessile; dorsal surface: tomentose, coarsely scabrid and foveolate-reticulate; margin: prominent with thalloid rim; disc: dark brown; exciple: hyaline or light brown, 20-30 µm thick; epithecium: brown or brownish yellow; hypothecium: hyaline; asci: 8-spored; ascospores: fusiform, 3-septate, 21-24 x 4-6 µm; wall: thin, light brown; Pycnidia: marginal, immersed, punctiform, 0.15-0.20 mm diam.; conidia: rod-shaped, 4-5 x 1-2 µm; Spot tests: upper surface: K-, C-, KC-, P-; medulla K-, C-, KC-, P-; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Habitat and ecology: on acidic rocks among mosses and tree trunks in moist canyons at mid- to high elevations, most common in spruce-fir regions; World distribution: South Pacific and Northern Hemisphere, where it occurs in boreal and north temperate regions and extends south along the west coasts in maritime influenced regions; Sonoran distribution: central and eastern Arizona. 55967 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=55967 Massalongia carnosa (Dickson) Korber 2937 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:03 2011-02-02 12:17:03 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: squamulose to small foliose, 1-3 cm diam., often broken up due to growing among mosses, rosette-forming, lobate; lobes: initially rounded, becoming ± flattened and elongate (0.5-1.5 mm wide and up to 5 [-10] mm long), irregularly branched, becoming imbricate; apices: sometimes ascending; upper surface: red-brown when dry, pale brown to deep green when wet, smooth, nodulose or sometimes with globose to cylindrical isidia marginally; upper cortex: paraplectenchymatous, 25-30 micrometer thick; medulla: whitish, loosely interwoven hyphae around Nostoc colonies; lower surface: brownish white, rhizinate; rhizines: brown, sparse, at base of the lobes; Apothecia: not known in Sonoran material, elsewhere rather rare, laminal or marginal, up to 2 mm diam., sessile to substipitate; margin: paler, with short hairs; disc: flat, brown to red-brown, smooth; exciple: 100-145 micrometer wide, true portion paraplectenchymatous, supported by a pseudoexciple; hymenium: brown above, K-, colorless below, I+ blue, 70-130 micrometer; paraphyses: septate simple, 2-6 micrometer wide, ± swollen at the apices and pigmented; subhymenium: hyaline, 45-80 micrometer thick; asci: cylindrical, 55-80 x 11.5-14.5 micrometer, 8-spored; ascospores: fusiform to narrowly ellipsoid, hyaline, 1 (-2)-septate, 11-27 x 4.5-8.5 micrometer; Pycnidia: brown or black above, pale below, immersed, up to 0.6 mm diam.; conidia: bacilliform or slightly bifusiform, colorless, simple, 4-6 x 1 micrometer; Spot tests: all negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: among mosses on a range of different acidic rocks in moist habitats at intermediate elevations; World distribution: temperate regions of North and South America, Europe, eastern Asia and Australasia; Sonoran distribution: rare, widely scattered in eastern Arizona. 55968 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=55968 Massalongia microphylliza (Nyl. ex Hasse) Henssen 2938 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:03 2011-02-02 12:17:03 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: squamulose, 1-2 cm diam., rosette-forming, lobate; lobes: initially rounded and scattered, becoming densely aggregated and imbricate, 0.1-0.5 mm wide (rarely elongating to 2 mm); upper surface: brown when dry, pale brown to deep green when wet, smooth; isidia: marginal to submarginal, globose to cylindrical; upper cortex: paraplectenchymatous, 30-65 micrometer thick; medulla: whitish, loosely interwoven hyphae around Nostoc colonies; lower surface: brownish, rhizinate; rhizines: blackish, densely tufted, at base of the lobes; Apothecia: rather rare, brown or black, laminal or marginal, up to 1.5 mm diam., sessile to substipitate; margin: pale brown; disc: flat, brown to black, smooth; true exciple: paraplectenchymatous, 85-170 micrometer wide, outer part brown pigmented, not supported by pseudoexciple; hymenium: brown above, K-, colorless below, I+ blue, 100-175 micrometer high; paraphyses: septate, branched, c. 2 micrometer wide, ± swollen at the apices and pigmented; subhymenium: colorless to brown, 115-190 micrometer thick; asci: cylindrical, 58-90 x 8-20 micrometer, 8-spored; ascospores: fusiform to narrowly ellipsoid, hyaline, (1-) 3-septate, 17-28 x 6.5-9 micrometer; Pycnidia: brown to black above, pale below, immersed, up to 0.2 mm diam.; conidia: bacilliform or slightly bifusiform, colorless, simple, 2.5-4 x 1 micrometer; Spot tests: all negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: on sandstone in moist habitats from near sea level to 800 m; World distribution: western North America from southern California to British Columbia; Sonoran distribution: rare in southern California in the Santa Monica Mountains and on Catalina Island. 56002 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=56002 Koerberia biformis A. Massal. 2939 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:03 2011-02-02 12:17:03 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: small foliose, forming small rosettes, 0.5-2.0 (3.0) cm in diam.; lobes: elongate, up to 2 mm long, 0.3-0.5 mm wide, stellately radiating, 0.2-0.8 mm wide at apex (group of lobe tips); upper surface: dark olive-green, smooth to slightly grooved; isidia: ± developing laminally, cylindrical and erect, up to 1 mm tall and c. 0.1 mm thick, present especially in older thalli; lower surface: pale olive, with tuffs of pale rhizines; Apothecia: frequent, deep red-brown, soon convex, 0.4-1 (-1.5) mm in diam.; proper margin: formed by a pseudoexciple (35-60 micrometer wide); hymenium: upper part brown and below hyaline, 65-100 micrometer high; subhymenium: colorless and partly pseudo-parenchymatous, 40-70 micrometer thick; asci: 32-52 x 6-11.5 micrometer, 8-spored; ascospores: spirally twisted within ascus, acicular to slightly curved, colorless, simple, (32-) 43-55 x 1.5-2 (-3) micrometer; Pycnidia: laminal, pyriform, 0.2-0.3 micrometer in diam.; ostiole: brown; conidia: rod-shaped, 4.5-6 x 1 micrometer; Spot tests: all negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: on bark, particularly oak species in moist to open woodlands at intermediate elevations; World distribution: western North America (CA, AZ, NM and Mexico) and Mediterranean areas of Europe (Italy); Sonoran distribution: common and inconspicuous in eastern and SE Arizona and coastal mountain ranges of California, rarer in the Sierra Madre Occidental region as far south as Durango. 56003 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=56003 Koerberia sonomensis (Tuck.) Henssen 2940 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:03 2011-02-02 12:17:03 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: small foliose, forming 0.5-1 cm wide rosettes with elongate lobes; lobes: up to 2 mm long, c. 0.1-0.3 (-0.5) mm wide, stellately radiating, 0.1-0.3 (-1.0) mm wide at apex; upper surface: dark olive-green, sometimes becoming striate; isidia absent; lower surface: pale olive, with tufts of pale rhizines; Apothecia: deep red-brown, flat or slightly convex, 0.4-0.6 mm in diam.; pseudoexciple: ± pseudoparenchymatous, 60-160 micrometer wide; hymenium: upper part brown and below hyaline, 55-100 micrometer high; subhymenium: colorless and partly pseudoparenchymatous, 70-160 micrometer thick; asci: 9-11.5 x 35-66 micrometer, 8-spored; ascospores: simple and narrowly ellipsoid when young, 1-septate and fusiform when mature, biseriately arranged within the ascus, colorless, 10-17 (-36) x (1.5-) 3.5-4.5 micrometer; Pycnidia: laminal, subglobose, ± 0.2 micrometer in diam.; ostiole: brown; conidia: rod-shaped, 3-6 x 1 micrometer; Spot tests: all negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: on silicate rocks in relatively moist canyons; World distribution: western North America, Mediterranean areas of Europe and northern Africa; Sonoran distribution: rare and inconspicuous, only known from a few locations at intermediate elevations, central Arizona, southern California and Baja California.; Notes: Sometimes the laciniae may become vertically oriented and thus resemble isidia, but they are still pale on one side (as is the lower thallus surface) and are usually flattened, and consequently can be distinguished from isidia. 56004 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=56004 Leptochidium albociliatum (Desmaz.) Choisy 2941 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:03 2011-02-02 12:17:03 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Life habit: lichenized; Thallus: foliose, continuous with margin rounded or lobate, 3-10 cm wide, loosely adnate; lobes: irregular, broadly elongate, marginally entire or crenulate, often folded; lobe tips usually subrotund to rotund, often ascending, eciliate but with numerous white hairs; upper surface: dark greenish black, covered with scattered, white hairs, epruinose; lacking soredia or isidia; upper cortex: multilayered, paraplectenchymatous, 10-30 micrometer thick; cortex: multilayered, paraplectenchymatous, 20-40 micrometer thick; medulla: white or yellow, loose hyphae, 40-260 micrometer thick; photobionts: primary one a cyanobacterium (Scytonema), secondary photobiont absent; lower surface: dark greenish black, glabrous, rhizinate; rhizines: fasciculate; cyphellae and pseudocyphellae absent; Ascomata: apothecial, up to 1.2 mm wide, sessile, laminal on the upper surface, orbicular, cup-shaped; margin: paraplectenchymatous; disc: reddish brown, flat; anatomy: exciple: hyaline or light brown, 20-30 micrometer thick, epithecium: brown or brownish yellow; hymenium: colorless, 60-90 micrometer tall; paraphyses: ± branched, septate, apically capitate; hypothecium: hyaline; asci: clavate, 8-spored; Conidiomata: pycnidial, marginal, semi-immersed, punctiform, ostiole dark; conidia: bacilliform, 9-16 x 1 micrometer; Spot tests: all negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Habitat and ecology: on rocks and soil among mosses in moist habitats; World distribution: rare in northern Europe and western North America, especially in California; Sonoran distribution: scattered locations in Arizona, southern California and Baja California (Guadalupe Island). 56005 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=56005 Placynthium asperellum (Ach.) Trevisan 2942 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:03 2011-02-02 12:17:03 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: squamulose to crustose, forming small irregular rosettes up to 2 cm across, lobate; lobes: elongated, filiform or canaliculate, irregularly stellate; center: with granulose areoles; upper surface: dark olive to blackish, sometimes becoming densely isidiate; lower surface: dark, resting on a dark, blackish hypothallus; prothallus: absent; Apothecia: semi-immersed to sessile, laminal, lecideine, up to 1 mm wide; disc: black, open, at first depressed, later convex; exciple: dark colored; epihymenium: dark; hymenium: up to 100 µm high, amyloid; paraphyses: distinctly septate, sparingly branched, apical cells pointed or thickened; subhymenium: brownish; asci: 8-spored, sometimes fewer; ascospores: 2- or 4-celled, hyaline, ellipsoid to broadly ellipsoid, (11.5-) 15-18 (-21) x (4.5-) 5.5-7 µm; walls: thin; Pycnidia: immersed, marginal, ± globose, up to 0.15 mm wide; conidia: cylindrical or party dumbbell-shaped, hyaline, 4.5-8 x 1 µm; Spot tests: all negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: on moist, siliceous rock; World distribution: Northern Hemisphere; Sonoran distribution: mountains of SE and eastern Arizona and the Sierra Madre Occidental in Chihuahua.; Notes: The species is rather variable in morphology and sometimes hard to separate from Placynthium nigrum as both species possess a thick hypothallus and often have a conspicuous blue prothallus. Placynthium nigrum is distinguished on account of the marginal squamules that are small and irregular in shape. Although the names Collema asperellum Ach. and Parmelia aspratilis Ach. both date back to 1810, recent authors (Nimis 1993, Purvis et al. 1992, Santesson 1993, Wirth 1995) give Placynthium asperellum (Ach.) Trevis. as the correct name for that species. 56007 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=56007 Placynthium nigrum (Hudson) Gray 2943 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:03 2011-02-02 12:17:03 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: small squamulose, up to several cm across, sometimes appearing areolate; squamules: irregular in shape and with crenate to digitate margins, scattered to confluent; margin: not effigurate nor with elongated, stellate lobules; upper surface: dark olive, brownish to black, often isidiate; lower surface: dark, thallus resting on a conspicuous hypothallus surrounded by a blue prothallus; Apothecia: semi-immersed to sessile, laminal, lecideine, 0.5-1 mm wide; disc: dark brown to black, open, concave, flat to slightly convex; exciple: thick, dark violaceous to greenish, often shiny, becoming flexuose; epihymenium: dark violaceous or dark greenish; hymenium: 70-115 (-175) µm high, amyloid; paraphyses: distinctly septate, sparingly branched, apical cells pointed or thickened; subhymenium: brownish; asci: 8-spored, sometimes fewer; ascospores: 2 to 4-celled, hyaline, narrowly ellipsoid, (7-) 10-17 (-22) x 3.5-5.5 (-6) µm; walls: thin; Pycnidia: dark colored, immersed, laminal, up to 0.1 mm wide; conidia: slightly dumbbell shaped, hyaline, 3.5-5 x 1 µm; Spot tests: all negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: on various calcareous rocks, mainly limestone, rarely on limy siliceous rock, soil or bark; World distribution: widely distributed in the Northern Hemisphere; Sonoran distribution: common in relatively moist habitats in Arizona, southern California and Chihuahua.; Notes: This variable species differs from all other Sonoran Placynthium species in the lack of elongated marginal squamules and a non-stellate growth form. A blue prothallus may be also present in Placynthium asperellum. Some of the Sonoran samples of Placynthium nigrum can be referred to as either P. nigrum var. tantaleum or P. tantaleum on acount of slightly broader (6-8 µm), (1-) 2-celled spores and a less distinct blue prothallus. 56009 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=56009 Placynthium stenophyllum (Tuck.) Fink 2944 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:03 2011-02-02 12:17:03 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: loosely attached, up to 1.5 cm across, forming small, stellate rosettes that become irregularly squamulose in the center, often dying off and forming arcs, lobate; lobes: up to 3 mm long and 0.2 mm wide,; upper surface: brownish, isidiate; lower surface: pale, blackish, hypothallus absent; Apothecia: not seen yet in var. isidiatum, in var. stenophyllum up to 0.4 mm wide; disc: reddish brown, with persisting thalline margin; exciple: thin, reduced to a few rows of cells; epihymenium: brown; hymenium: 70-80 µm high, amyloid; paraphyses: distinctly septate, sparingly branched, apical cells pointed or thickened; subhymenium: hyaline or slightly yellowish-brownish; asci: 8-spored; ascospores: 2-celled, hyaline, narrowly ellipsoid, sometimes curved, 12-15 (-20) x 3-5 µm; walls: thin; Pycnidia: dark colored, immersed, laminal, up to 0.2 mm wide; conidia: ellipsoid or bacilliform, sometimes slightly bent, hyaline, 4-6 x 1 µm; Spot tests: all negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: on vertical limestone cliffs and boulders in montane, moist habitats; World distribution: North America; Sonoran distribution: moist canyons in central Arizona and Chihuahua.; Notes: Placynthium stenophyllum var. isidiatum differs from all other Sonoran Placynthium species in the lack of a black hypothallus and the loosely attached thallus. 56010 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=56010 Placynthium subradiatum (Nyl.) Arnold 2945 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:04 2011-02-02 12:17:04 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: forming regularly stellate rosettes, up to 1.5 cm across, sometimes forming arcs of up to 2.5 mm, lobate; lobes: flat with crenate tips, closely aggregated; upper surface: dark olive to brownish, sometimes pruinose; lower surface: dark, resting on a thin, inconspicuous, blue-black hypothallus; prothallus: absent; Apothecia: semi-immersed to sessile, laminal, lecideine, up to 0.5 mm wide; disc: dark brown to black, open, withou a thalline margin; exciple: thick, dark colored; epihymenium: dark violaceous or dark greenish; hymenium: 50-60 µm high, amyloid; paraphyses: distinctly septate, sparingly branched, apical cells pointed or thickened; subhymenium: light brownish; asci: 8-spored, sometimes fewer; ascospores: 2-celled, hyaline, ellipsoid, (9-) 11.5-12.5 (-15) x (5-) 6-7 (-8) µm; walls: thin; Pycnidia: not seen; Spot tests: all negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: on limestone in moist, montane habitats; World distribution: North America; Sonoran distribution: moist canyons in central Arizona and Chihuahua.; Notes: This is a rather distinct species becasue of its small, regular, stellate rosettes resting on a inconspicuous hypothallus. A similar one is Placynthium asperellum that forms irregularly stellate rosettes resting on a thick, prominent hypothallus. 56014 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=56014 Polychidium muscicola (Sw.) Gray 2946 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:04 2011-02-02 12:17:04 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: minutely fruticose, forming small, loosely interwoven, decumbent to cushion-like masses and strands; lobes: 60-125 (-200) µm thick, progressively narrowed toward apices; tips: terete, often nodulose; short cilia present, toward the base these becoming rhizines; branches: dichotomous or palmate, not coralloid; lateral axes of similar size or with a main axis and smaller side branches, up to 4 mm tall; surface: chestnut brown, dark brown, or blackish (sometimes grayish in shade), sparsely to richly and divergently branched; tips shiny; cortex: 1-2 (-3) cells thick, cells rounded or ± angular, 4-7 µm diam., the wall somewhat thickened, colorless or ± brown; medulla: interior hyphae loosely interwoven, more or less parallel to the surface, toward the base forming a paraplectenchyma; photobiont: Nostoc, with bluegreen or green cells, not in obvious chains; Apothecia: often common, up to 2 mm in diam., lateral; disc: red-brown, brighter when wet; margin: paler, concolorous with thallus; hymenium: 90-100 µm; paraphyses: septate, unbranched, 1-2 um thick, with a swollen apical cell to 4.5 µm wide; subhymenium: 70-100 µm; asci: clavate, 45-62 x 4.5-6.5 µm, 8-spored; ascospores: fusiform, hyaline, sometimes becoming pale red-brown, 1-septate, 19-25 (-29) x (4-) 4.5-6.5 (-7) µm; Pycnidia: sometimes present; conidia: bacilliform, 1.5-3.5 x 1 µm; Spot tests: K-, C-. KC-, P-; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: on moss (or soil), usuaully in moist situations and over acidic rocks, often in and near streams, sometimes also at the bases of mossy trees; World distribution: North America, Europe, tropical East Africa and the Canary Islands; Sonoran distribution: southern California. 56024 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=56024 Kirschsteiniothelia aethiops (Berk. & Curtis) D. Hawksw. 2947 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:04 2011-02-02 12:17:04 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: consisting of superficial hyphae (subiculum), dark brown to black; photobiont: absent; Perithecia: arising singly or in small groups, hemispherical, black, semi-immersed in the subiculum, 0.2-0.4 mm diam., base slightly or strongly applanate; ascomatal wall: black, continuous below the hamathecium, with elongated cells in the corners (lophiostomoid); hamathecium: branched pseudoparaphyses, cellular, persistent, anastomosing above the asci; filaments: c. 1 micrometer wide, not inspersed with oil droplets; asci: clavate, c. 70-95 x 13-18 micrometer, with 8, irregularly arranged ascospores; ascospores: blackish brown, pyriform, 1-septate with a slightly submedian euseptum, 26-34 x 9-13 micrometer; walls: ornamented with tiny warts, without a gelatinous sheath; Spot tests: all negative, UV negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: on bark and wood of various woody plants, e.g. Alnus and Bursera. Also on Cactaceae, from which substrate it was first reported from the Sonoran Desert (Aptroot 1997); World distribution: pantropical or possibly nearly cosmopolitan; Sonoran distribution: collected in southern Arizona, Baja California, Baja California Sur and Chihuahua. 56026 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=56026 Kirschsteiniothelia recessa (Cooke & Peck) D. Hswksw. 2948 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:04 2011-02-02 12:17:04 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: continuous, smooth, immersed in the substrate, whitish; photobiont: absent; Perithecia: arising singly or more often in small groups, hemispherical, black, semi-immersed in the thallus, 0.3-0.5 mm diam, base slightly rounded or applanate; ascomatal wall: black, continuous below the hamathecium, with elongated cells in the corners (lophiostomoid); hamathecium: branched pseudoparaphyses, cellular, persistent, anastomosing above the asci; filaments: c. 2 micrometer wide, in a gelatinous matrix, not inspersed with oil droplets; asci: clavate, c. 50-60 x 15-25 micrometer, with 8, irregularly arranged ascospores; ascospores: blackish brown, pyriform, 1-septate with a submedian euseptum, 14-18 x 7-9 micrometer; walls: not ornamented, with a c. 2-3 micrometer wide gelatinous sheath; Spot tests: all negative, UV negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: on bark of unknown woody plant; World distribution: known from temperate North America, possibly nearly endemic; Sonoran distribution: only collected once in southern Arizona. 56027 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=56027 Kirschsteiniothelia thujina (Peck) D. Hawksw. 2949 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:04 2011-02-02 12:17:04 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: consisting of superficial hyphae (subiculum), dark brown to black; photobiont: absent; Perithecia: arising singly or in small groups, hemispherical, black, semi-immersed in the thallus, c. 0.3-0.5 mm diam., base applanate; ascomatal wall: black, continuous below the hamathecium, with elongated cells in the corners (lophiostomoid); hamathecium: branched pseudoparaphyses, cellular, persistent, anastomosing above the asci; filaments: c. 1 micrometer wide, not inspersed with oil droplets; asci: clavate, c. 90-130 x 15-25 micrometer, with 8, irregularly arranged ascospores; ascospores: hyaline, clavate to narrowly ellipsoid, 1-septate with a supramedian euseptum, 35-55 x 12-16 micrometer; walls: not ornamented, with a c. 3-5 micrometer wide gelatinous sheath; Spot tests: all negative, UV negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: on bark and wood of various woody plants, including Idria and Quercus; World distribution: so far known from wood in Canada and northern U.S.A.; Sonoran distribution: on Idria and Quercus in Baja California and in Baja California Sur. 56035 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=56035 Distopyrenis americana Aptroot 2950 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:04 2011-02-02 12:17:04 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: absent or immersed in the substrate; upper surface: if present, a whitish gray discoloration relative to adjacent bark surface, dull; photobiont: absent; Perithecia: hemispherical or elongated due to the wood veins, black, semi-immersed in the substrate, c. 1 mm diam., often flattened; ascomatal wall: black, continuous below the hamathecium, ostiole papillate; hamathecium: unbranched paraphyses (or branched at tips), not anastomosing above the asci; filaments: c. 1 µm wide, not inspersed with oil droplets, gelatinized, IKI + blue; asci: clavate, c. 50-60 x 8-10 µm, with 8, uniseriately arranged ascospores; ascospores: brown, broadly ellipsoid, 1-septate with a median euseptum, cell walls much thickened leaving angular lumina, 13-16 x 6-8 µm; walls: not ornamented, without a gelatinous sheath; Pycnidia: black, immersed, wall blackened only in the upper part; conidia: filiform, hyaline, 6-10 x 0.2-0.4 µm; Spot tests: all negative, UV negative; Secondary products: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: on bark and wood of Lycium; World distribution: previously only known from SE USA and tropical America, but also recently found in Papua New Guinea (Aptroot, unpublished); Sonoran distribution: only collected once on the Channel Islands in southern California on Lycium. 56088 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=56088 Pyrenula occidentalis (R. C. Harris) R. C. Harris 2951 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:04 2011-02-02 12:17:04 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: continuous, superficial on the substrate; upper surface: yellowish brown, smooth; pseudocyphellae absent; photobiont: a trentepohlioid alga; Perithecia: lenticular to hemispherical, black, semi-immersed in the thallus, c. 0.5-0.8 mm diam., K+ purplish in parts (but inside wall K-); ascomatal wall: black, continuous below the hamathecium; hamathecium: composed of unbranched pseudoparaphyses, not anastomosing; filaments: c. 1 µm wide, not inspersed with oil droplets; asci: cylindrical, with 8, irregularly arranged ascospores; ascospores: medium brown, narrowly ellipsoid, 3-septate with distosepta leaving angular lumina, end cells with the lumina directly against the outer wall, 18-25 x 8-12 µm; walls: not ornamented, without a gelatinous sheath; Pycnidia: often frequent, immersed; conidia: colorless, ± hooked, 20 x 1 µm; Spot tests: all negative or K+ yellowish, C-, KC-, P+ pale orange (of uncertain significance), UV+ yellow; Secondary metabolite: lichexanthone.; Substrate and ecology: on bark of various woody plants; World distribution: north temperate; Sonoran distribution: only recorded from southern California. 56089 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=56089 Pyrenula ochraceoflava (Nyl.) R. C. Harris 2952 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:04 2011-02-02 12:17:04 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: continuous, superficial on the substrate; upper surface: yellow to orange or reddish, smooth; photobiont: a trentepohlioid alga; Perithecia: spherical, black, semi-immersed in the thallus, 0.3-0.5 mm diam.; ascomatal wall: black, continuous below the hamathecium; hamathecium: composed of unbranched pseudoparaphyses, not anastomosing; filaments: c. 1 µm wide, not inspersed with oil droplets; asci: cylindrical, with 8, irregularly arranged ascospores; ascospores: blackish brown, broadly ellipsoid, submuriform, distoseptate, 15-21 x 8-10 µm; walls: not ornamented, without a gelatinous sheath; Spot tests: all negative, UV+ red; Secondary metabolites: undetermined anthraquinones.; Substrate and ecology: on bark of Avicennia; World distribution: pantropical, especially abundant in coastal regions; Sonoran distribution: so far only collected once in Sinaloa. 56096 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=56096 Pyrenula pyrenuloides (Mont.) R. C. Harris 2953 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:04 2011-02-02 12:17:04 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: continuous, superficial on the substrate; upper surface: brownish, smooth, often with pseudocyphellae; photobiont: a trentepohlioid alga; Perithecia: spherical, black, immersed in the thallus, 0.5-0.8 mm diam.; ascomatal wall: black, continuous below the hamathecium; hamathecium: composed of unbranched pseudoparaphyses, not anastomosing; filaments: c. 1 µm wide, not inspersed with oil droplets; asci: cylindrical, with 8, irregularly arranged ascospores; ascospores: blackish brown, narrowly ellipsoid, muriform with distosepta, 50-70 x 19-27 µm; walls: not ornamented, without a gelatinous sheath; Spot tests: all negative, UV negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: on bark of various woody plants; World distribution: pantropical; Sonoran distribution: only recorded from southern California. 56105 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=56105 Pyrenula thelomorpha Tuck. 2954 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:04 2011-02-02 12:17:04 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: continuous, superficial on the substrate,; upper surface: brownish, smooth, with pseudocyphellae; photobiont: a trentepohlioid alga or absent; Perithecia: spherical, black, immersed in the thallus, 0.4-0.6 mm diam.; ascomatal wall: black, continuous below the hamathecium; hamathecium: composed of unbranched pseudoparaphyses, not anastomosing; filaments: c. 1 µm wide, not inspersed with oil droplets; asci: cylindrical, with 8, irregularly arranged ascospores; ascospores: blackish brown, ellipsoid, muriform, distoseptate, 30-50 x 10-15 µm; walls: not ornamented, without a gelatinous sheath; Spot tests: all negative, UV negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: on bark of various woody plants; World distribution: neotropical or possibly nearly pantropical; Sonoran distribution: only recorded from southern California. 56115 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=56115 Porina cestrensis (Tuck. ex Michener) Mull. Arg. 2955 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:04 2011-02-02 12:17:04 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: continuous, dull, superficial on the substrate, brownish; photobiont: a trentepohlioid alga; Perithecia: hemispherical, black, semi-immersed in the thallus, 0.2-0.5 mm diam.; involucrellum: black, absent below the hamathecium; true; exciple: colorless to violet-black; hamathecium: composed of nearly unbranched pseudoparaphyses, not anastomosing; filaments: c. 0.5-1 µm wide, not inspersed with oil droplets; asci: cylindrical, c. 70-100 x 6-10 µm, with 8, irregularly arranged ascospores; ascospores: hyaline, long-fusiform, 7 (-11)-septate with eusepta, (35-) 45-50 (-70) x (3-) 3.5-4.5 (-6) µm; walls: not ornamented, without a gelatinous sheath; Spot tests: all negative, UV negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: on bark of e.g. Quercus; World distribution: pantemperate or possibly nearly cosmopolitan; Sonoran distribution: only found on the Channel Islands (California), where it seems to be rather common, according to the numerous collections.; Notes: This species has been incorrectly reported as Porina hibernica P. James and Swinscow (syn. Zamenhofia hibernica (P. James and Swinscow) Clauz. and Roux), which, according to Harris (1995) is not known from America. 56125 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=56125 Porina peregrina Tretiach & McCarthy 2956 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:04 2011-02-02 12:17:04 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: epilithic, determinate, verrucose-areolate, c. 0.7-0.8 mm thick, impregnated with rock fragments and crystals,; upper surface: pale brown with an olive-green tinge, dull, ecorticate, K-, prothallus not apparent, basal layer absent; algae: Trentepohlia; cells (12-) 14.6-17.1-19.6 (-23) x (11-) 12.6-14.3-16.0 (-19) µm [n = 42]; Perithecia: very numerous, hemispherical to subglobose, not attenuate at the base, half-immersed in the thallus, solitary or more rarely crowded in small groups of 2-3 (Fig. 81), 0.38-0,45-0.52 (-0.63) mm in diam. [n=30]; apex: rounded or slightly flattened; ostiole: often slightly concave and quite large, with periphyses up to 15 µm long; involucrellum: contiguous with the exciple and extending to excipular basal level, often continuous, opaque, in section dull brown to blackish, K-, the upper parts H2SO4 golden brown, then red after some minutes, up to 60 µm near the apex, covered by a thin hyaline layer up to c. 7-12 µm thick, better seen after treatment with H2SO4; exciple: colorless, up to 30-40 µm near the ostiole, and up to 60 µm near the base; hymenium: inspersed with minute granules; subhymenium: 25-30 µm thick; hamathecium: composed of simple, filiform paraphyses, less than 1 µm in thickness, not constricted at septa, obscurely branched at the tips; asci: 135-160 x 10-13 µm, with a rounded apex and an indistinct apical chitinoid ring in congo red, I-, cytoplasm I+ yellow, 8-spored; ascospores: colorless, 7 (-9) -septate, narrowly fusiform or elongate-fusiform, straight, with acute ends, (31-) 40-46-52 (-62) x (3.5-) 4-6 µm, length/width ratio (6.5-) 8.1-9.8-11.5 (-15.5) [n = 99, 10 perithecia examined]; walls: some immature spores with a thin, gelatinous perispore; Pycnidia: rare, immersed or semi-immersed, blackish; conidia: 2-4 x c. 0.7 µm; Spot tests: all negative, UV negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: on a seepage track of north-facing exposed conglomerate rocks effervescent in HCl, not overgrowing the largest siliceous pebbles present on the surface of the substratum (see Fig. x); World and Sonoran distribution: southern California, currently only collected at a single locality on Santa Rosa in the Channel Islands.; Notes: The epithet peregrina means pilgrim, and was selected because the type material, collected in California, was sent from Italy to several fellow lichenologists all around the world. This very distinctive lichen is characterized by a thick thallus, moderately large 7 (-9)-septate ascospores, the presence of periphyses, and the size of conidia. The reaction of the involucrellum to K and H2SO4 distinguishes it from species of sect. Limosagedia, although in P. peregrina some portions of the involucrellum near the ostiole may occasionally react K+ blue. In the keys to the saxicolous taxa of Porina of McCarthy (2000) the new species would key out close to P. riparia P. M. McCarthy and P. curnowii A.L. Sm. However, P. riparia has a thinner, smoother thallus, smaller perithecia, discontinuously smaller asci and 4-10 x 1.5 2.2 µm conidia, while P. curnowii has a very thin thallus, perithecia lacking periphyses and shorter, narrower and persistently 7-septate ascospores. 56182 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=56182 Strigula stigmatella (Ach.) R. C. Harris 2957 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:04 2011-02-02 12:17:04 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: continuous, effuse, immersed in the substrate; upper surface: white to pale gray, smooth; algae: trentepohlioid; Perithecia: hemispherical, black, semi-immersed in the thallus, 0.3-0.5 mm diam.; involucrellum: closely clasping the exciple; ascomatal wall: black, absent below the hamathecium; true exciple: pale brown to colorless; hamathecium: composed of branched pseudoparaphyses, anastomosing above the asci, filaments c. 1 µm wide, not inspersed with oil droplets; asci: clavate to cylindrical, 70-80 x 12-15 µm, with 8, irregularly arranged ascospores; ascospores: hyaline, fusiform, (4-) 6-7 (9)-septate (starting with a median euseptum), 25-45 x 5-8 µm; walls: not ornamented, without a gelatinous sheath; Pycnidia: c. 100 µm diam.; conidia; macroconidia: 5-7 septate, 20-30 x 4-6 µm; microconidia: not seen; Spot tests: all negative, UV negative.; Secondary products: none detected; Substrate and ecology: on bark of various woody plants; World distribution: temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere; Sonoran distribution: only recorded from southern California. 56407 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=56407 Agonimia tristicula (Nyl.) Zahlbr. 2958 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:04 2011-02-02 12:17:04 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: delicately squamulose, forming small aggregates several mm across; squamules: 0.1-0.5 mm wide, ± crowded, adnate to ascending, flat or convex, roundish to elongate, more rarely digitiform or divided into coarsely subgranular segments; upper surface: grayish brown or green-brown to fawn, green when wet, dull; anatomy: paraplectenchymatous throughout, with no distinct cortices; algal cells: distributed throughout most of the thallus; lower surface: pale; Perithecia: prominent, black, barrel-shaped, up to 0.5 mm broad, surface rough and wrinkled; asci: clavate, 2-spored; ascospores: strongly muriform, elongate-ellipsoid, hyaline to pale yellow-brown, c. 80-120 x 30-50 micro meters; Pycnidia: unknown; Spot tests: all negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: over soil, mosses or debris, mainly over calciferous ground, rarely on nutrient-rich bark, mainly upland; World distribution: Europe, Macaronesia, North America, Pacific islands; Sonoran distribution: very rarely found in Arizona, but certainly overlooked. 56408 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=56408 Agonimia opuntiella (Buschardt & Poelt) A. Vezda 2959 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:04 2011-02-02 12:17:04 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: minutely squamulose; squamules: loosely attached, with ± ascending, segmented, yeast-like thallus fragments with finger-like papillae; segments: 0.1-0.25 mm wide, rounded, flat or convex,; upper surface: grayish green or brown, with delicate hyaline cortical hairs,; anatomy: paraplectenchymatous throughout, composed of polygonal cells (c. 6-10 micro meters in diam.,) with no distinct cortices; algal cells: up to 15 micro meters diam., distributed throughout most of the thallus; lower surface: similar as upper or paler; Perithecia: not seen in Sonoran material; elsewhere pyriform, up to 0.4 mm high and 0.3 mm broad; wall: black, with rugose surface; asci: clavate, 2-spored; ascospores: muriform, brownish when old, 60-70 x 25-28micro meters; Pycnidia: unknown; Spot tests: all negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: over mosses, lichens or detritus over soil or rock on dry sites; World distribution: Europe (Alps, central Spain), Canary Islands, SW North America; Sonoran distribution: known from a few localities in Baja California Sur and Sonora.; Notes: The formation of segmented, bud-like propagules with hyaline hyphal hairs is distinctive. 56425 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=56425 Catapyrenium psoromoides (Borrer) R. Sant. 2960 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:04 2011-02-02 12:17:04 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: squamulose; squamules: dispersed or slightly overlapping to imbricate, loosely attached, divided; surface: with medullary hyphae merging into the blackish-brown rhizohyphal web; upper surface: grayish or greenish brown, often with spotty pruina (mostly on distal parts of the lobes); medulla: composed of ± loose hyphae with many spherical cells and distinct interhyphal spaces; lower cortex: lacking; Perithecia: pyriform; walls: hyaline or pale yellowish-brown except for the dark ostiole; periphyses: rather short (up to 30 micro meter long), often with somewhat swollen (-5 micro meter in diam.) apical cells; asci: clavate, 55-65 x 13-16 micro meter, 8-spored; ascospores: elongate ellipsoid to subfusiform, c. 12-18 x 5-7 micro meter; Spot tests: all negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: mostly on bark and mosses in warm temperate sites; World distribution: temperate Europe, East Africa, New Zealand, Japan, southwestern North America; Sonoran distribution: known from several sites in central California, on oak (Quercus douglasii and Q. lobata) and from one site in southern Arizona on a mossy boulder and an oak.; Notes: This species is the only bark-inhabiting species of Catapyrenium s.str. It is closely related to the terricolous and mainly arctic-alpine C. daedaleum (not known from the Sonoran area). 56428 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=56428 Catapyrenium squamellum (Nyl.) J. W. Thomson 2961 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:04 2011-02-02 12:17:04 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: squamulose; squamules: small, 1-2 mm wide, 200-300 micro meter thick, loosely aggregated, ascending, with finely divided margins; upper surface: olive- or brownish green; medulla: subparaplectenchymatous (hyphae divided into many globular cells of 5-8 micro meter diam.); algal layer: throughout most of the thallus; algal cells: 6-10 micro meter diam.; lower cortex: lacking; lower surface: pale to brownish; rhizohyphae: hyaline or pale brownish, mostly aggregated to form hapter-like or almost rhizine-like bundles; Perithecia: pyriform, up to 0.25 mm diam., with colorless walls; asci: clavate, 50-60 x 13-15 micro meter, 8-spored; ascospores: narrowly ellipsoidal, 15-22 x 5-6 micro meter; Spot tests: all negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: over soil or acidic rocks and among mosses; World distribution: known only from SW North America and the West Indies; Sonoran distribution: Santa Monica Range in southern California and southern Arizona. 56434 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=56434 Catapyrenium dactylinum Breuss 2962 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:04 2011-02-02 12:17:04 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: squamulose, irregularly rosulate; squamules: densely aggregated to form orbicular, flattened cushions up to 30 mm across; individual squamules: 1.5 - 2.5 mm wide, 0.25-0.35 mm thick, slightly convex and undulate or flattened, the outer squamules: somewhat enlarged and weakly concave; central squamules: irregularly divided into erect, nodular or slightly elongated, inflated lobes or lobules up to 0.35 mm wide; upper surface: brownish gray, dull, densely covered by granular pruina (lobules less densely pruinose, their extreme tips often epruinose and brown); medulla: composed of intricated filamentous hyphae without spherical cells; hyphae: 2.5-3 micro meter in diam.; medulla of lobules: more loosely organized to almost arachnoid; algal layer: 30-50 micro meter thick, algal cells 5-8 micro meter in diam.; lower cortex: thin, composed of 1-3 layers of brownish, roundish-angular cells (8-12 micro meter in diam.); rhizohyphae: lacking; lower surface: brown centrally, pale marginally, dull, naked, attached by their elongated basal ends; Perithecia: subglobose, up to 0.25 mm broad; exciple: colorless or yellowish; asci: narrowly clavate, 50-55 x 12-16 micro meter, 8-spored; ascospores: narrowly ellipsoid, 14-17 x 5-6 micro meter; Pycnidia: immersed in the apices of erect lobules; conidia: shortly cylindrical, 3.5-4 x 1 micro meter; Spot tests: all negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: on mosses over acidic rock; World and Sonoran distribution: known only from the type locality in Chihuahua.; Notes: The formation of nodular or finger-like lobules with a loosely filamentous medulla is distinctive. The species is the only member of the genus known to have pycnidia. 56435 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=56435 Catapyrenium simulans Breuss 2963 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:04 2011-02-02 12:17:04 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: squamulose; squamules: loosely attached by long and slender rhizines, irregularly lobate; lobes: mostly linear, 1.5-2.5 mm long and c. 1 mm broad, 0.20-0.35 mm thick; surface: pale grayish brown, scantily whitish pruinose; pruina: ± punctiform; medulla: composed of intricated filamentous hyphae (2.5-3.5 micro meter in diam.), without spherical cells; algal layer: c. 50-80 micro meter thick, algal cells: 7-12 micro meter in diam.; lower cortex: cellular, brownish, composed of 2-3 layers of roundish-angular cells (10-13 micro meter in diam.); lower surface: brown, paler marginally, dull, without a rhizohyphal weft, rhizinate; rhizines: several per squamule, brown or blackening, up to 0.15 mm thick and several mm long; Perithecia: broadly pyriform, up to 0.30 mm wide; exciple: colorless; asci: clavate, 50-60 x 13-17 micro meter, 8-spored; ascospores: narrowly ellipsoid to subfusiform, 13-17 x 5-6 micro meter; Spot tests: all negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: on soil among mosses; World and Sonoran distribution: known only from the type collection from Chihuahua.; Notes: Externally the species resembles small specimens of Catapyrenium psoromoides, from which it is easily separable anatomically. It approaches the European Cata-pyrenium alvarense which differs in having rhizohyphae and shorter ascospores. 56457 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=56457 Endocarpon pallidum Ach. 2964 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:04 2011-02-02 12:17:04 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: squamulose; squamules: adjacent or slightly overlapping, 2-3 mm wide, 0.2-0.25 mm thick, adnate, the margins free from the substrate and slightly elevated, rounded to irregularly lobed; upper surface: pale brown, gray-brown or beige, smooth, dull; cortex: lacking, lowermost part of squamules composed of more tightly packed medullary hyphae (some of them bending into the substrate as rhizohyphae); rhizohyphae: hyaline, c. 2.5 µm in diam.; 20-40 µm thick, composed of angular cells (5-9 µm wide in upper part, their size continuously enlarging with depth up to 16 µm in diam.); medulla: composed of loosely interwoven, filamentous hyphae with a few spherical cells (in lowermost parts more tightly packed without forming a true cortex); algal layer: averaging 70 µm in height; algal cells: 7-14 µm in diam.; lower surface: whitish to pale brown; Perithecia: broadly pyriform to subglobose, up to 0.3 mm wide, perithecial apex concolorous with thallus or slightly darker, inconspicuous; exciple: brown to black, c. 30 µm thick; periphyses: c. 30-40 µm long; hymenial algal cells: globose, 3-5 µm in diam.; asci: clavate to cylindroclavate, 75-95 x 20-25 µm, 2-spored; ascospores: hyaline to slightly brownish, muriform, broadly ellipsoid to elongate, 28-34 x 13-16/ 30-40 x 11-13 µm (proximal/distal spores); Pycnidia: inconspicuous, small; conidia: shortly bacilliform, 3-5 x <1 µm; Spot tests: all negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: mainly on soil, rarely on rock or bark in dry regions; the Mexican specimen was collected from a tree trunk; World distribution: central and southern Europe, N Africa, United States and Australia; Sonoran distribution: southern California and Sonora.; Notes: Endocarpon pallidum can be readily recognized by its loosely filamentous medullary tissue. 56458 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=56458 Endocarpon petrolepideum (Nyl.) Hasse 2965 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:04 2011-02-02 12:17:04 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: squamulose; squamules: scattered to adjacent, not overlapping, 0.5-1 mm wide, 0.1-0.25 mm thick, plane, broadly adnate with only the very edges slightly elevated, incised; surface: brown, smooth, often with darker rims; upper cortex: 10-30 µm thick, composed of angular cells (5-9 µm in diam.); medulla: composed of spherical cells 5-9 µm wide with small air spaces between them; algal layer: 30-60 µm high; algal cells: 6-10 µm in diam.; lower cortex: not delimited, composed of more closely packed medullary cells whose walls darken below; rhizohyphae: hyaline to faintly brownish, 2.5-3.5 µm thick; lower surface: pale brown to blackish; Perithecia: broadly pyriform, up to 0.25 mm wide; apex: concolorous with or paler than the thallus; exciple: dark brown to black, c. 20 µm thick; periphyses: c. 25-35 µm long; hymenial algal cells: (sub)globose, 2.5-3.5 µm in diam.; asci: clavate, c. 70 x 17 µm, 2-spored; ascospores: muriform, ellipsoid, colorless to very pale brownish when overmature; the proximal and distal spores of about the same length, 25-32 x 12-16/ 25-36 x 10-13 µm; Pycnidia: not seen; Spot tests: all negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: on siliceous rock in dry and sun-exposed situations; World distribution: Japan and SW North America; Sonoran distribution: Arizona, California (Channel Islands) Chihuahua and Sonora.; Notes: The distinction from E. pallidulum may be difficult (see under that species). 56459 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=56459 Endocarpon pulvinatum Th. Fr. 2966 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:04 2011-02-02 12:17:04 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: subfruticose, consisting of upright, elongate squamiform or subcylindrical lobes forming cushions up to 2 cm wide (or larger aggregates); lobes: bifacial, tortuose nodulate, ± stipitate, up to 7 mm tall, 0.15-0.3 mm thick, repeatedly dichotomously branched, several of them rising from a common holdfast; upper surface: medium to dark brown or brown-black, dull; upper cortex: 20-30 µm thick, composed of roundish-angular cells (4-8 µm in diam.), lacking an amorphous layer; medulla: white, loosely filamentous with large air spaces especially in nodular parts of lobes, hyphae c. 3 µm thick; algal layer: 50-100 mm high, uneven above and below, horizontally discontinuous; algal cells: c. 7-9 µm in diam., interstitial hyphae paraplectenchymatous above, rather loosely arranged below; lower cortex: abruptly delimited, paraplectenchymatous, 25-45 µm thick, hyaline to pale brownish, composed of rather thick-walled, conglutinated, angular cells (5-10 µm wide) in distinct vertical columns; rhizohyphae: lacking; lower surface: paler than upper side, rugose, bare; squamules attached by holdfasts; Perithecia: innate in distal parts of lobes, causing swellings on the underside, broadly pyriform, up to 0.3 mm wide; exciple colorless or very pale brownish; periphyses: 50-80 µm long; hymenial algal cells: ellipsoid-oblong to mostly elongate, 5-8 x 2.5-3 µm, up to 12 µm long when in division; asci: narrowly clavate, c. 100-130 x 25-33 µm, 2-spored; ascospores: strongly muriform, at first hyaline but becoming dark brown with age, 45-57 x 21-25/ 45-60 x 13-20 µm (distal/proximal spores); Pycnidia: not seen; Spot tests: all negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: on calcareous or non-calcareous rocks; World distribution: mainly northern, scattered in North America, Greenland, Scandinavia; Sonoran distribution: collected only once in the Sierra San Pedro Martir at 2800 m in Baja California.; Notes: Endocarpon pulvinatum is unique in being subfruticose, in the construction of its lower cortex of strictly vertically arranged hyphae, and in having elongate hymenial algal cells. 56460 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=56460 Endocarpon pusillum Hedwig 2967 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:04 2011-02-02 12:17:04 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: squamulose; squamules: scattered to contiguous but hardly overlapping, c. 1-3 mm wide, 0.15-0.25 mm thick, usually weakly to deeply lobate, plane and fully adnate, more rarely concave with margins turned upward, with conspicuous black rhizines anchoring and linking squamules; upper surface: pale ochraceous brown to dark brown or with an olivaceous tinge or red-brown, smooth, dull; upper cortex: 30-70 µm thick, composed of angular cells (5-10 µm in diam.), in ± distinct vertical rows, isodiametrical or vertically elongated, composed of equal sizes throughout or becoming somewhat larger (up to 12 µm) with depth, overlain by a thin to thick amorphous layer; medulla: white, subparaplectenchymatous, composed of roundish cells (5-10 µm in diam.); algal layer: c. 50-80 µm high, unevenly delimited below, horizontally continuous; interstitial hyphae: paraplectenchymatous; algal cells: 6-10 µm in diam., in vertical rows; lower cortex: brown-black, ± paraplectenchymatous in upper part, merging into a ± thick, dark basal layer composed of interwoven hyphae interspersed with substrate particles; rhizohyphae: hyaline to brown; lower surface: black, rhizinate; rhizines: usually conspicuous, moderately to richly branched, black, with a carbonaceous envelop and a white core, with main stems up to 0.25 mm thick and up to several mm long; ramifications: partly anastomosing thus linking squamules; Perithecia: (sub-) globose, up to 0.4 mm wide; exciple: brown-black to black, 20-30 µm thick; periphyses: 40-60 µm long, simple; hymenial algal cells: subglobose and (2.5-) 3-4 (-5) µm wide to ellipsoid-oblong and 4-6 (-7) x 2.5-3 (-4) µm; asci: clavate to cylindro-clavate, 90-125 x 20-33 µm, 2-spored (very rarely 1-spored); ascospores: muriform, hyaline to dark brown, broadly ellipsoid to elongate-ellipsoid to subcylindrical, 35-53 (-60) x 16-26/40-65 x 13-18 µm (distal/proximal spores); Pycnidia: immersed, up to 0.2 mm wide, opening indistinct or crateriform; conidia: bacilliform, 3-5 x <1 µm; Spot tests: all negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: on bare or mossy soil and soil cover over rocks, rarely on crumbling rock, over both calcareous and non-calcareous substrate, from low to high elevations; World distribution: cosmopolitan; Sonoran distribution: common but never abundant in Arizona, California, Baja California, Baja California Sur, Chihuahua and Sonora.; Notes: Endocarpon pusillum is quite variable considering thallus morphology, development of upper cortex, thickness of the dark basal layer, and ascospore size and pigmentation. Black rhizines, a black basal layer and bisporous asci is the diagnostic combination of characters. The rhizines are usually conspicuous, but may be stubby in poorly developed thalli or thalli growing directly on (crumbling) rock. These specimens are easily confused with Endocarpon pseudosubnitescens auct. (see under that species). Specimens of Endocarpon loscosii with unusual dark undersides and rhizines can easily be distinguished by their notably shorter asci (75-95 x 20-28 µm as against to 90-125 x 20-33 µm in E. pusillum). The type material of both Endocarpon lepidallum and E. subnitescens agrees in all aspects with E. pusillum and is therefore reduced to synonymy. 56463 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=56463 Endocarpon loscosii Mnll. Arg. 2968 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:05 2011-02-02 12:17:05 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: squamulose; squamules: 1-2 mm wide, 0.2-0.35 mm thick, solitary to adjacent and hardly overlapping, adnate, plane or with weakly elevated margins, shallowly to deeply incised; upper surface: grayish brown to medium brown, the edges often paler and appearomg as though gnawed; upper cortex: 30-50 µm thick, composed of anticlinally oriented hyphae; cells: in vertical columns, angular, isodiametrical and 5-10 µm in diam., or vertically elongated and up to 13 x 7 µm, amorphous layer up to 30 µm high; medulla: white, composed of interwoven hyphae divided into a varying number of spherical cells (7-11 µm in diam.); algal layer: c. 60-100 µm thick, unevenly delimited; algal cells: 7-12 µm in diam.; lower cortex: no true one developed, but more densely packed spherical cells found below; lower surface: whitish or darkening, attachment by rhizohyphal wefts and additionally rhizines; rhizohyphae: hyaline, 3-4.5 µm in diam., forming a rather loose hypothalline weft; rhizines: few per squamule, whitish or pale gray-brown, normally not blackening, long and slender, sparingly branched; main stems: 50-120 µm thick and up to 3 mm long, not linking squamules; Perithecia: broadly pyriform to almost globose, up to 0.45 mm broad; exciple: black, 20-30 µm thick; periphyses: 25-40 µm long; hymenial algal cells: subglobose to ellipsoid, 3-5 µm in diam.; asci: oblong-clavate, 75-95 x 20-28 µm, 2-spored; ascospores: muriform, pale to dark brown, 30-41 x 17-25/ 38-54 x 13-21 µm (distal/proximal spores); Pycnidia: rarely found; conidia: c. 5 x 1 µm; Spot tests: all negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: in arid sites on fine-grained soil, rarely on weathered rock; World distribution: Europe (Spain, Austria, Russia) and western North America (from Washington south to Mexico); Sonoran distribution: Arizona, southern California and Baja California Sur.; Notes: Endocarpon loscosii resembles E. pusillum from which it is distinguished by pale undersides of squamules and whitish rhizines. Though the rhizines may darken with age, they never become carbonaceous as in E. pusillum. Moreover, the smaller asci are distinctive (75-95 x 20-28 µm versus 90-125 x 20-33 µm in E. pusillum). 56464 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=56464 Endocarpon myeloxanthum Breuss 2969 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:05 2011-02-02 12:17:05 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: squamulose; squamules: small (c. 1-2 mm wide and 0.1-0.2 mm thick), densely imbricate in several layers, adnate, lobed; upper surface: medium to dark brown, smooth, dull; upper cortex: 20-30 µm thick, composed of angular cells (4-9 µm in diam.), overlain by a thin amorphous layer; medulla: yellow, composed of densely interwoven hyphae divided into many spherical cells (5-9 µm in diam.), upper part densely inspersed with small crystals, (downwards less inspersed and darkening - thus merging into a thick dark basal layer); algal layer: averaging 50 µm in thickness, evenly delimited above, uneven below, horizontally continuous or slightly divided by vertical hyphal bundles; algal cells: c. 5-8 µm in diam.; lower cortex: not developed; lower surface: black, squamules attached by rhizohyphae; rhizohyphae: brownish, 3-5 µm thick; Perithecia: subglobose, up to 0.25 mm broad, deeply sunken into the dark basal layer of squamules; exciple: black throughout, c. 25 µm thick; periphyses: 20-35 µm long; hymenial algal cells: globose, 3-5 (-6) µm in diam.; asci: clavate, 70-80 x 15-20 µm, 2-spored; ascospores: muriform, hyaline to slightly brownish, 25-30 x 12-15 / 32-40 x 11-13µm (distal/proximal spores); Pycnidia: immersed; conidia: c. 5 x 1 µm; Spot tests: all negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: on rock; World and Sonoran distribution: known only from the type collection in Sonora.; Notes: Endocarpon myeloxanthum is the only species known to have a yellow medulla, apparently caused by crystaline inclusions which are clearly visible in microscopical sections of well-developed, thicker squamules under polarized light. The inspersed upper part of medulla may be very poorly developed or even lacking in thin squamules. 56465 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=56465 Endocarpon pallidulum (Nyl.) Nyl. 2970 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:05 2011-02-02 12:17:05 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: squamulose; squamules: 0.5-1.5 mm wide, 0.1-0.2 mm thick, loosely aggregated to imbricate, ± finely lobed, with margins free from the substrate and ± ascending, centrally attached; upper surface: pale brown, smooth; upper cortex: 20-40 µm thick, composed of rather large, angular cells (6-15 µm in diam.), lacking an amorphous layer; medulla: white, subparaplectenchymatous, composed of spherical cells (5-8 µm in diam.), becoming more closely packed with depth to form a paraplectenchymatous basal layer; algal layer: c. 40-60 µm thick, rather continuous; algal cells: 6-11 µm in diam.; lower cortex: weakly differentiated from the medulla, composed of more angular, closely packed and dark pigmented cells; rhizohyphae: hyaline to brownish, 2.5-3.5 µm thick, forming a few bundles (but not true rhizines); lower surface: black except for elevated marginal parts; Perithecia: subglobose, up to 0.3 mm wide, causing swellings on the lower side of the squamules; exciple: black, c. 20 µm thick; periphyses: 20-35 µm long; hymenial algal cells: globose, 2.5-3.5 µm in diam.; asci: clavate, c. 60-75 x 15-20 µm, 2-spored; ascospores: muriform, hyaline to faintly yellowish-brown, 25-30 x 12-15/ 27-35 x 11 - 13 µm (distal/proximal spores); Pycnidia: not seen; Spot tests: all negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: on limestone and acidic rock or thin soil layer thereon; World distribution: Peru, West Indies, SW North America, Queensland and Japan; Sonoran distribution: Arizona, southern California, Sonora and Baja California Sur.; Notes: The distinction from Endocarpon petrolepideum may be difficult. The squamules of E. pallidulum tend to be somewhat larger and more or less imbricate, and are attached to the substrate only by their central parts, whereas those of E. petrolepideum are smaller, ± dispersed and broadly adnate. 56466 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=56466 Endocarpon pseudosubnitescens Breuss 2971 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:05 2011-02-02 12:17:05 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: squamulose; squamules: contiguous or slightly overlapping, 1-3 mm wide, 0.15-0.3 mm thick, ± deeply lobate, closely adnate; upper surface: pale to dark brown, smooth, dull; upper cortex: 30-50 µm thick, composed of angular cells (4-9 µm wide), in ± vertical columns, with a thin amorphous, epinecral layer; medulla: white, subparaplectenchymatous, composed of roundish cells (6-11 µm in diam.); algal layer: c. 50-100 µm thick; algal cells: 6-11 µm in diam., in vertical rows; lower cortex: paraplectenchymatous, brown-black, 30-40 µm thick; lower surface: black, bare, without rhizohyphae or rhizines; squamules attached by folds of their undersides; Perithecia: subglobose, up to 0.4 mm broad; exciple: dark brown to black, c. 25 µm thick; periphyses: 40-60 µm long, simple or sparingly branched; hymenial algal cells: globose, 4-5 µm in diam. or ellipsoid and 5-7 x 3-4 µm; asci: oblong-clavate, 2-spored; ascospores: muriform, hyaline to pale brown, broadly ellipsoid to oblong-subcylindrical; 30-50 x 14-25/ 40-60 x 13-18 µm (distal/proximal spores); Pycnidia: immersed, ovoid, up to 0.2 mm wide; conidia: bacilliform, 5-7 x 1 µm; Spot tests: all negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate: soil; World and Sonoran distribution: uncertain, only known from NW Mexico, probably to be found elsewhere.; Notes: The type specimen of Endocarpon subnitescens has conspicuous black rhizines and agrees also in all other details with E. pusillum, however, the name E. Subnitescens has long been erroneously used for an erhizinate taxon (c. Poelt 1974). Accordingly, a new name is required. Endocarpon pseudosubnitescens is clearly distinct from E. pusillum in having neither rhizines nor rhizohyphae. Its squamules are fastened to the substrate by folds or knobs of their naked lower side, which is clearly set off the substrate, whereas E. pusillum has a more or less thick dark basal layer that merges into a weft of rhizohyphae penetrating the substrate though the squamules are mainly anchored by ± conspicuous black rhizines. Moreover, the conidia of E. pseudosubnitescens are longer, and the ascospores tend to be paler. 56467 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=56467 Endocarpon schisticola de Lesd. 2972 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:05 2011-02-02 12:17:05 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: squamulose; squamules: 1-1.5 mm wide, 0.2-0.25 mm thick, plane, contiguous to ± overlapping, incised; upper surface: brown, smooth, dull; upper cortex: c. 30 µm thick, cells 5-8 µm wide; medulla: white, subparaplectenchymatous, composed of roundish cells (5-8 µm in diam.), with small interhyphal spaces; algal layer: c. 60-80 µm thick; algal cells: 5-11 µm in diam.; lower cortex: thin, composed of 1-3 layers of roundish-angular cells (5-7 µm in diam. with brown-black walls); rhizohyphae: hyaline to faintly brown, 4-5 µm thick; lower surface: pale brown; Perithecia: broadly pyriform, up to 0.3 mm broad; exciple: at first pale but soon darkening, black in old perithecia; periphyses: stout, 15-25 µm long; hymenial algal cells: subglobose, 3-5 µm in diam.; asci: clavate, c. 65-85 x 17-22 µm, 2-spored; ascospores: muriform, colorless to pale brownish, 25-38 x 15-18/ 30-42 x 13-16 µm (distalproximal spores); Pycnidia: rarely found; conidia: bacilliform, c. 5 x 1 µm; Spot tests: all negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: on rock (schist or limestone); World distribution: previously known only from Italy (Liguria); Sonoran distribution: collected once in Arizona.; Notes: Endocarpon schisticola is a rare and little-known species characterized by small saxicolous squamules with pale undersides, and short periphyses. From the other small, saxicolous species of the region (E. pallidulum and E. petrolepideum) it is separable, besides its stout periphyses, by its thicker rhizohyphae and larger hymenial algal cells. 56468 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=56468 Endocarpon simplicatum (Nyl.) Nyl. 2973 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:05 2011-02-02 12:17:05 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: squamulose; squamules: scattered or adjacent, 1.5-4 mm wide, 0.25-0.4 mm thick, rounded or deeply lobate, plane and fully adnate or concave with upturned and often undulate margins, ± distinctly black-rimmed, fastened by conspicuous black rhizines; upper surface: medium to dark brown, smooth or somewhat rugulose, dull, margins blackened and often slightly thickened; upper cortex: 30-50 µm thick; cells: angular, isodiametrical and c. 5-8 µm in diam. or anticlinally slightly elongated and then up to 11 x 8 µm wide, overlain by an amorphous layer (10-30 µm thick); medulla: white, composed of interwoven hyphae divided into many spherical cells (5-9 µm in diam.), with filamentous parts in thick squamules; algal layer: c. 50-80 µm thick, evenly delimited above, uneven below; algal cells: 5-9 µm in diam., ± in vertical columns; lower cortex: paraplectenchymatous, brown-black, 25-40 µm thick; cells: 5-9 µm wide; lower surface: black throughout, lacking rhizohyphae, rhizinate; rhizines: externally black, with a white core, 50-100 µm in diam. and up to more than 10 mm long, originating centrally or from most of the underside, usually branched, anchoring and linking squamules; Perithecia: broadly pyriform, up to 0.4 mm broad, causing swellings on the underside of squamules; exciple: c. 30 µm thick, black, often pale near the apex; periphyses: 40-60 µm long; hymenial algal cells: globose, 2-3 (-4) µm in diam. or ellipsoid and up to 5 x 3 µm; asci: clavate, 1-spored (very rarely 2-spored); ascospores: muriform, yellowish brown to brown, elongate-ellipsoid or narrowly clavate, (55-) 65-92 x 23-36 µm; Pycnidia: immersed, up to 0.2 mm wide, roundish, conidiogenous layer convoluted; conidia: bacilliform, 3-4.5 x <1 µm.; Spot tests: all negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: on soil in areas with Mediterranean climates; World distribution: SW Europe, Australia and SW North America; Sonoran distribution: southern California and Baja California.; Notes: The 1-spored asci are distinctive. 56479 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=56479 Placidiopsis cinerascens (Nyl.) Breuss 2974 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:05 2011-02-02 12:17:05 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: squamulose, 0.3-3 mm diam.; squamules: 0.15-0.35 mm diam., 0.15-0.35 mm thick, discrete to contiguous or with margins slightly overlapping, flat or slightly convex, broadly attached to the substrate, roundish or incised-lobed; upper surface: greenish gray to brownish, dull, naked or slightly grayish pruinose; upper cortex: 15-25 µm, always overlain by an epinecral layer 10-30 µm; medulla: white; algal layer: normally filling most of the thallus; algal-free medulla (in thick squamules): with many spherical cells 6-11 µm in diam.; lower cortex: indistinct, composed of a few rows of more densely aggregated spherical cells; rhizohyphae: hyaline, 3-4 µm thick; lower surface: pale, fastened by a loose rhizohyphal weft; Perithecia: broadly pyriform to almost globose, up to 0.3 mm broad and ± bulging the lower side of squamules; exciple: colorless to yellowish, black around ostiolum; periphyses: 20-30 x 2.5-3 µm; apical cell: often slightly swollen (-4 µm); asci: oblong clavate, 55-65 x 11-16 µm, 8-spored; ascospores: ellipsoid or ovoid, 2-celled, often slightly constricted at the septum, c. 15-19 x 6-7.5 µm; Spot tests: all negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: on ± calciferous soil on open places; Californian specimens are from serpentine soil; World distribution: mediterranean Europe and Morocco, central Asia, SW North America and Mexico in mediterranean climates; Sonoran distribution: Baja California. 56497 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=56497 Staurothele areolata (Ach.) Lettau 2975 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:05 2011-02-02 12:17:05 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: crustose, of deeply cracked areolate to subsquamulose; areoles: strongly convex, 0.3-0.7 mm thick, from contiguous to dispersed, similar whether sterile or fertile; surface: dark brown or blackish brown; smooth; prothallus: absent; Perithecia: within larger areoles, only mouth showing with part of involucrellum which is thickened only near mouth (subcompound), black or dark brown, merging with thallus tissue; exciple: hyaline to pale brown, blackening toward mouth; asci: saccate, 2-spored; ascospores: ellipsoid or ovoid, dark brown, muriform with many cells, 20-50 x 15-25 µm; Spot tests: all negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: on acid or basic rocks often near but not in water; World distribution: circumpolar temperate and boreal; western montane specimens range up to 3600 m and extending to central Mexico; Sonoran distribution: common in Arizona and scattered in southern California and Sonora where limestone occurs and on gneiss, schist and sandstone. 56499 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=56499 Staurothele clopimoides (Arnold) J. Stein 2976 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:05 2011-02-02 12:17:05 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: crustose, areolate; areoles: smooth to deeply chinky; surface: coppery brown, smooth; prothallus: absent; Perithecia: entirely immersed in thallus with only flattened mouth projecting; involucrellum: pale-brown; exciple: pale-brown, dark above and merging with the involucrellum for about 1/3 of the upper part; hymenial gelatin: blue then violet with I; asci: saccate, 2-spored; ascospores: ellipsoid or narrowly ellipsoid, finally dark brown, muriform, many celled, 38-50 x 14-21 µm; Spot tests: all negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: on granites and gneiss not far from water; World distribution: North America: Alaska to Arizona in the mountains; Sonoran distribution: only known from eastern Arizona. 56502 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=56502 Staurothele drummondii (Tuck.) Tuck. 2977 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:05 2011-02-02 12:17:05 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: crustose, thin or thick; areoles: central ones thicker and larger than the peripheral ones, marginal ones may be contiguous and appearing radiate or becoming separate and dispersed-radiate; surface: brown or blackish brown, shining or dull; prothallus: sometimes present (particularly on quartz substrates), blackish, cobwebby; Perithecia: entirely within the central thallus verrucules, 0.4-0.6 mm wide, only the mouth visible, simple; exciple: hyaline, surrounded by a dark thalloid layer between it and the involucrellum; involucrellum: prominent and black, curving around most of the exciple; hypothecium: hyaline; hymenium: I+ blue; asci: saccate, 2-spored; ascospores: ellipsoid or narrowly ellipsoid, brown, muriform, up to 9-septate transversely and 3-septate longitudinally, 24-50 x 11-21 µm; Spot tests: all negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: a species of irrigated depressions; World distribution: Eurasia, Greenland and western North America; Sonoran distribution: Arizona and California in the mountains from 150 to 3700 m.; Notes: As noted in Thomson, (1991), when growing on smooth substrata this species is easily distinguished from Staurothele areolata, but on rough substrata the distinguishing smaller areoles of the periphery are harder to note. The fruiting and sterile areoles in S. areolata are nearly of the same size and abruptly cease at the margin, unlike the presence of the smaller, more rotund marginal areoles in S. drummondii. In Hasses Exsiccati 237, it is reported as Endocarpon wilmsoides. 56503 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=56503 Staurothele effigurata J. W. Thomson 2978 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:05 2011-02-02 12:17:05 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: crustose, areolate; areoles: 0.3-1.0 mm broad, marginal ones forming radiating flattened squamules up to 2 mm long and 1 mm broad, black below; surface: gray; prothallus: absent; Perithecia: up to 0.3 mm wide, within the central areoles, only the mouth visible as an inconspicuous small projection of the areole; exciple: dark; hymenial algae predominately short, 3-4 µm; asci: saccate, 2-spored; ascospores: ellipsoid to narrowly ellipsoid, pale brown, muriform to 7-septate transversely, 3-septate longitudinally, 40-45 x 15-20 µm; Spot tests: all negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: on acidic rocks, from the deserts to lower montane regions; World and Sonoran distribution: apparently restricted to the southwestern in Arizona, Sonora and western Chihuahua. 56504 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=56504 Staurothele elenkinii Oksner 2979 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:05 2011-02-02 12:17:05 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: crustose, at least partially endolithic, verruculate; verrucules: scant, tiny or lacking,; perithecial warts subspherical with the base constricted, to 0.7 mm broad; surface: (if visible) black, sometimes a paling of the substrate is only visible; prothallus: absent; Perithecia: single in the verrucule, up to 0.5 mm broad; involucrellum: black carbonaceous and constricted below, algae visible in lower portion, subcompound in the sense of Swinscow, dark reddish brown; hymenium: interior I+ blue; asci: saccate, 2-spored; ascospores: ellipsoid, dark brown, muriform, up to 8-septate transversely and 3-septate longitudinally, 33-62 x 18-33 µm; Spot tests: all negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: on calcareous rocks, shales or sandstones; altitudes for western specimens range from 900 to 2800 m; World distribution: western North America; Sonoran distribution: scattered throughout Arizona and southwards into Sonora. 56506 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=56506 Staurothele lecideoides de Lesd. 2980 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:05 2011-02-02 12:17:05 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: crustose, quite thin, chinky-areolate; areoles: minute, angular, flat, confluent; surface: bluish-ashy; hypothallus: lacking; Perithecia: single in areoles, tiny, up to 0.2 mm wide, apex flat, pruinose; exciple: black, entire; hymenium: I+ blue, turning red; asci: saccate, 2-spored; ascospores: ellipsoid to narrowly ellipsoid, hyaline, muriform, many celled, 29-38 x 12-18 µm; Spot tests: all negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: on siliceous rocks; World and Sonoran distribution: only known form western North America in the Sonoran region of Arizona (and in adjacent New Mexico) and Sonora, Mexico. 56507 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=56507 Staurothele monicae (Zahlbr.) Wetmore 2981 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:05 2011-02-02 12:17:05 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: crustose, areolate; areoles: angular, sides vertical, closely compacted, 0.1-0.3 mm broad; surface: dull greenish-brown varying to orange-brown, in the mass the color is nearly greenish yellow or olive-gray; usually only slightly convex; Perithecia: with base partly immersed in the areoles; involucrellum: black, very prominently projecting above the areoles (not within as in S. areolata); exciple: black; hymenial gelatin: I+ blue; asci: broadly clavate, 2-spored; ascospores: ellipsoid to narrowly ellipsoid, greenish initially, soon becoming dark brown, muriform 7-8 (-12)-septate transversely, 2-3 septate longitudinally, 26-60 x 10-26 µm; Spot tests: all negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: on calcareous rocks at altitudes ranging from 700-3600 m; World distribution: North America, from California to Minnesota; Sonoran distribution: Arizona to Sonora, 100 to 2300 m.; Notes: In Hasse's Lich. Exs. 212 (W, ASU), it is reported as Endocarpon monicae Zahlbr. In comparison with S. areolata, S. monicae is duller and the areoles are not as convex. 56509 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=56509 Staurothele polygonia de Lesd. 2982 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:05 2011-02-02 12:17:05 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: crustose, areolate; areoles: tiny, angular, flat, 0.1-0.2 mm broad; surface: dark-brown, becoming slightly more olive-brown when moist; surface minutely rough, marginal areoles showing a slight tendency to become sorediate; medulla: dark; hypothallus: dark; Perithecia: 0.6-1.0 mm wide, immersed, one per areole, a broadened black flat involucrellar tip visible; ostiole: not noticeable,; involucrellum: black, wrapping around the dark exciple; hymenial gelatin: I-; asci: saccate, 1-2-spored; ascospores: ovoid, pale brown, muriform, up to 6-11-septate transversely, 1-2-septate longitudinally, 23-39 x 10-18 µm; Spot tests: all negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: on granitic rocks or non calcareous rocks in montane area, 1400-2000m; World distribution: from central Mexico to California, Texas and southern Utah; Sonoran distribution: scattered in Arizona and southwards to Sonora. 56513 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=56513 Staurothele verruculosa J. W. Thomson 2983 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:05 2011-02-02 12:17:05 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: crustose, verruculose; verrucules: combined into angular areolate-appearing areas; surface: greenish gray to greenish ashy; usually only slightly convex; subisidiose; Perithecia: with base partly immersed in the areoles, black, 0.3-0.5 mm wide; involucrellum: dark red to reddish black, dimidiate, 125-150 µm thick; exciple: dark red, c. 50 µm thick; hymenial gelatin: I+ blue; asci: broadly clavate, 4 (-8)-spored; ascospores: broadly ellipsoid, hyaline, muriform, 7-septate transversely, 1 (-2)-septate longitudinally, 18-32 x 12-25 µm; Spot tests: all negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: on conglomerate,1600 m; World and Sonoran distribution: thus far only known from central Arizona. 56522 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=56522 Thelidium minimum (A. Massal. ex Korber) Arnold 2984 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:05 2011-02-02 12:17:05 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: crustose, thin, dull, continuous to cracked or somewhat granulose; upper surface: gray to brownish; Perithecia: tiny (0.1 - 0.2 mm in diam.), almost globose, in hemispherical thalline warts; exciple: pale except for the apex; involucrellum: covering upper third or half of perithecium; asci: c. 40 x 15-20 µm; ascospores: ellipsoidal to ovate, 1-septate, 10-15 x 4-6 µm; Conidiomata: unknown; Spot tests: all negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: on limestone on dry sites; World distribution: with certainty known only from central Europe (Harada 1992) and Mexico; Sonoran distribution: only known from one locality in Baja California Sur.; Notes: Thelidium minimum is characterized by an epilithic thallus, a well-developed involucrellum, and small ascospores. Thelidium impressum (Stizenb.) Zsch., which has spores of similar size, differs in its endolithic thallus. Thelidium microsporum Lynge is an arctic species that almost lacks a thallus and has even smaller spores. 56530 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=56530 Trimmatothele umbellulariae Herre 2985 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:05 2011-02-02 12:17:05 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: crustose, endophloeodal, very thin and obscure, partially immersed,; upper surface: (if evident) dusky gray or pale lime colored, smooth to rugose; Perithecia: superficially semispherical to conical, 0.1-0.3 mm wide, partially immersed, black, wall dimidiate; hymenium: hyaline or pale brown; hypothecium: hyaline; asci: narrowly cylindrical, tapering apically, thin-walled, 100 to 150-spored; ascospores: ovoid to short ellipsoid, colorless, yellowish in I, 2.5-3 x 2-2.5 µm; Spot tests: thallus K-, C-, KC-, P-; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: on trees (Umbellularia californica) in open habitats; World distribution: central, coastal California; Sonoran distribution: not yet known.; Notes: Originally the species is described from Berkeley, Califonia and has not yet been reported from the Sonoran region. It is included for comparative purposes with Thelopsis and because its substrate (Umbellularia california) is a common tree in southern California. Thus, it should be found. 56605 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=56605 Placidium acarosporoides (Zahlbr.) Breuss 2986 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:05 2011-02-02 12:17:05 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: squamulose; squamules: ± convex to almost bullate, rounded to slightly lobed, each with a central peduncle, up to 2 mm wide and 0.7 mm thick (including the central peduncle), discrete or (mostly) contiguous (thus forming an areolate-appearing thallus); upper surface: dark brown to red brown, smooth, matt or glossy; upper cortex: 40-60 µm thick; medulla: white, nearly prosoplectenchymatous, with a varying number of globose cells (in thick squamules distinctly filamentous); algal layer: c. 70-100 µm high; lower cortex: indistinctly developed or lacking, composed of ± loosely arranged globular cells (9-12 µm in diam.), brownish below; lower surface: brownish; rhizohyphae: hyaline, confined to the central pedunculate area; Perithecia: few per squamule, subglobose, up to 0.4 mm wide; exciple: colorless except for the apex; periphyses: short (up to 30 µm); asci: primarily cylindrical, later becoming narrowly clavate, 55-60 x 20 µm; ascospores: uniseriate at early stages, then subbiseriate, broadly ellipsoid, c. 13-17 x 8-11 µm; Pycnidia: laminal, immersed; conidia: oblong to shortly cylindrical, 3-5 (-6) x 1 µm; Spot tests: all negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: granitic rocks and sandstone on open dry sites; World distribution: SW North America, Chile, South Africa; Sonoran distribution: fairly common in Arizona, California, Baja California and Baja California Sur.; Notes: This is a characteristic species with ± glossy brown, ± convex squamules and broadly ellipsoid spores. The hyphal construction of the medulla varies somewhat; the medulla of the thickest squamules is distinctly filamentous at least partially, especially in the central parts. Globular cells occur in varying numbers and may dominate in thin squamules especially of poorly developed material. The asci tend to be clavate such that the species was included in Heteroplacidium by Breuss (1996). However, they are distinctly cylindrical at an early stage. The complex thallus anatomy also is characteristic of Placidium. A close relative with narrowly ellipsoid spores is P. lesdainii. 56606 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=56606 Placidium andicola (Breuss) Breuss 2987 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:05 2011-02-02 12:17:05 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: squamulose,; squamules: dispersed or adjacent, broadly adnate but usually the extreme edges slightly ascending, 2-4 mm wide, up to 0.4 mm thick, rounded or lobed, black-rimmed; upper surface: brown, dull; upper cortex: c. 40 µm thick, with or without a thin epinecral layer; medulla: with many spherical cells (10-16 µm in diam.; algal layer: c. 70-120 µm high; lower cortex: indistinct, composed of more densely packed spherical cells; lower surface: dark brown to jet black throughout; rhizohyphae: hyaline, becoming slightly brownish, 5-6 µm thick; Perithecia: up to 0.5 mm wide, broadly pearshaped; exciple: pale except for the ostiolum or darkening with age; periphyses: 35-45 µm long; asci: cylindrical, 65-80 x 10-14 µm, 8-spored; ascospores: uniseriate, ellipsoid, c. 11-14 x 5-6.5 µm; Pycnidia: marginal, forming knob-like projections; conidia: oblong-ellipsoid, 2.5-4 x 1.3-2 µm; Spot tests: all negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: soil, mostly in inland sites at higher, montane elevations, descending to coastal scrubland in Baja California; World distribution: South America (Andes), SW North America; Sonoran distribution: SE Arizona, Sonora, Baja California and Baja California Sur.; Notes: Anatomically and in pycnidial characters Placidium andicola is very similar to P. pilosellum that has somewhat larger spores and whose squamules tend to have free margins and usually pale lower surfaces. However, the discrimination may be difficult. 56607 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=56607 Placidium californicum Breuss 2988 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:05 2011-02-02 12:17:05 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: squamulose; squamules: c. 2-4 mm wide and 0.35 mm thick, fully appressed, roundish or slightly lobed, ± dispersed or a few adjacent; upper surface: brown, dull; upper cortex: c. 30-60 µm thick, epinecral layer almost lacking or up to 20 µm thick; medulla: white, usually with numerous globose cells (c. 9-14 µm in diam.); algal layer: c. 70-100 µm high; lower cortex: absent or at least lacking distinctive development; lower surface: brownish; rhizohyphae: hyaline, rather thin (3.5-4.5 µm); Perithecia: broadly pyriform to subglobose, up to 0.45 mm wide, with colorless wall; asci: cylindrical, 70-80 x 13-17 µm, 8-spored; ascospores: uniseriate, subglobose or broadly ellipsoid, 10-13 (-15) x (7.5-) 8-9 (-10) µm, rather thick-walled; Pycnidia: not seen; Spot tests: all negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: soil, in open places, mostly coastal; World distribution: endemic to SW North America; Sonoran distribution: on coastal sites of southern California and Baja California.; Notes: The species very much resembles P. squamulosum, but differs in its almost spherical and thick-walled spores and in having thinner rhizohyphae. 56608 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=56608 Placidium chilense (RSs.) Breuss 2989 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:05 2011-02-02 12:17:05 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: squamulose or almost foliose; squamules: up to more than 10 mm wide and 0.6 mm thick, loosely adnate with margins free from the substrate or ± wavy and overlapping to imbricate; surface: light to medium brown, dull to slightly glossy; upper cortex: 30-60 µm thick, overlain by an epinecral layer (5-25 µm thick); medulla: white, prosoplectenchymatous, up to 300 µm thick, normally with (very) few spherical cells; algal layer: c. 80-150 µm high; lower cortex: well delimited and 40-90 µm thick, composed of roundish-angular cells (12-20 µm in diam.); lower surface: pale along a broad marginal zone, blackening towards the center, rarely dark throughout; marginal zone: bare of rhizohyphae and often slightly scabrous or with short hyphal outgrowths; rhizohyphae: hyaline, c. 5-6 µm thick, forming a dense hyphal weft in central parts of the squamules; Perithecia: up to 0.5 mm broad, with pale walls; periphyses: 25-35 x 3 µm; asci: cylindrical, 60-70 x 7-10 µm, 8-spored; ascospores: uniseriate, ellipsoid, c. 10-15 x 5-6 (-6.5) µm; Pycnidia: laminal, immersed; conidia: oblong to shortly cylindrical, 3-4 x 1-1.5 µm; Spot tests: all negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: soil, debris and mossy rocks, rarely directly on rock (sandstone, rhyolite, andesite, limestone) mostly in somewhat protected situations in open woodland or scrubland; World distribution: South America and southern North America; Sonoran distribution: common in Arizona, California, Baja California and Baja California Sur, Sonora and Chihuahua.; Notes: Placidium chilense is an easily discernible species due to its comparatively large, almost leafy, thick squamules with a prosoplectenchymatous medulla, small spores and laminal pycnidia. Specimens with unusually numerous spherical medullary cells may be confused with P. squamulosum, but the cells of the lower cortex are smaller in the latter species. Placidium rufescens is similar in appearence, but easily distinguished by marginal pycnidia and large spores. Large forms of P. lacinulatum may be similar, but differ clearly in the anatomy of medulla and in having rhizines. 56609 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=56609 Placidium fingens (Breuss) Breuss 2990 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:05 2011-02-02 12:17:05 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology squamules: discrete, up to 5 mm wide and 0.25-0.35 mm thick, ± deeply lobate, fully appressed with only the very edges somewhat elevated; upper surface: pale to medium brown, dull; upper cortex: 40-60 µm thick, with a thin epinecral layer; medulla: white, with many spherical cells (10-16 µm in diam.); algal layer: c. 50-80 µm high; lower cortex: hardly discernible, composed of more densely aggregated spherical cells, the lowermost ones brownish; lower surface: pale, brownish, with a rhizohyphal weft over all of the underside and ± projecting outwards; rhizohyphae: hyaline, 5-6 µm in diam.; Perithecia: broadly pyriform, up to 0.4 mm wide, with colorless to pale brownish walls; periphyses: 30-35 x 2-3 µm; asci: cylindrical, 70-80 x 11-15 µm, 8-spored; ascospores: uniseriate, ellipsoid, 11-15 x 5-6.5 µm; Pycnidia: laminal, immersed; conidia: bacilliform, 5-7 x 1 µm; Spot tests: all negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: soil and bark (Quercus douglasii in California) in warm, dry places; World distribution: rare in Spain, Canary Islands (Tenerife) and SW North America; Sonoran distribution: Arizona and southern California, only a few collections.; Notes: The corticolous specimens agree in all important respects with terricolous material. All Californian samples were found on bark of oak, growing side by side with Catapyrenium psoromoides. Placidium fingens comes close to P. squamulosum, from which it differs mainly in its longer, bacilliform conidia. Those of the latter species are oblong-ellipsoid and shorter. Placidium pilosellum has marginal pycnidia with short, oblong-ellipsoid conidia. The primarily bark-inhabiting P. tuckermanii is much different (see under that species). 56610 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=56610 Placidium lachneum (Ach.) de Lesd. 2991 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:05 2011-02-02 12:17:05 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: squamulose; squamules: scattered to adjacent or slightly overlapping, up to 10 mm wide (but usually smaller), c. 0.3-0.6 mm thick, roundish to lobate, appressed throughout or with ascending margins and saucer-shaped or variously wavy, often with somewhat raised edges; upper surface: dark brown or red brown, rarely paler, dull, smooth or slightly roughened; upper cortex: c. 40-60 µm thick; epinecral layer lacking or very thin; medulla: white, prosoplectenchymatous, thick (more than 100 µm), composed of irregularly interwoven hyphae with very few globose cells; algal layer: c. 100 µm thick; lower cortex: abruptly delimited from medulla, composed of conglutinated, perpendicular hyphae (thus cells in distinct vertical columns 40-90 µm high); the lowermost cells: with a conspicuous black pigment; lower surface: black throughout, naked where free from the substrate, the remaining part fixed with a dense hyphal weft; rhizohyphae: 6-7.5 µm thick, hyaline or slightly brownish in proximal parts; Perithecia: broadly pyriform, normally not bulging the lower side of the squamules, with colorless walls; periphyses: 40-50 x 2.5-3.5 µm; asci: cylindrical, 70-90 x 12-15 µm, 8-spored; ascospores: uniseriate, ellipsoid, c. 14-18 x 6-8 µm; Pycnidia: marginal, prominent as black globular knobs; conidia: bacilliform, 5-7 x 1-2 µm; Spot tests: all negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: soil, mosses and debris, arctic-alpine; World distribution: northern and high-mountainous regions of Europe, Asia, North America, the Venezuelan Andes; Sonoran distribution: Arizona and southern California.; Notes: A very distinctive species that is hardly to be confused with any other Placidium species due to its very characteristic lower cortex that is made of conglutinated, angular (not rounded) cells in distinct vertical columns and contrasts sharply from the filamentous medullary tissue. The construction of the lower cortex is similar to that in Dermatocarpon but less strongly conglutinated. 56611 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=56611 Placidium lacinulatum (Ach.) Breuss 2992 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:06 2011-02-02 12:17:06 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: squamulose; squamules: c. 3-8 mm wide, c. 0.3-0.5 mm thick; roundish to deeply lobed, discrete or contiguous, flat and closely adnate to the substrate or loosely adnate with ± raised and wavy margins and then with a crispy appearance, ± overlapping, sometimes forming cushion-like aggregates; upper surface: pale to dark brown, dull, epruinose or slightly pruinose; upper cortex: 40-80 µm thick; epinecral layer: lacking or very thin; medulla: white, with many spherical cells (8-14 µm in diam.); algal layer: c. 60-100 µm thick; lower cortex: indistinct or lacking, composed of ± densely aggregated, roundish cells; rhizohyphae: colorless, 4-5 µm in diam.; lower surface: pale or darkening, rhizinate; rhizines: few to many per squamule, pale or brown, simple or ± branched, partly anastomosing, main strands up to 0.3 mm thick and more than 15 mm long (but often smaller and inconspicuous!); Perithecia: broadly pyriform to subglobose, up to 0.6 mm broad and ± bulging on the underside of the squamules; perithecial wall: colorless or brownish, rarely darkening (in overmature specimens and certain varieties): periphyses: 25-35 x 2.5-3.5 µm; asci: cylindrical, 65-80 x 12-17 µm, 8-spored; ascospores: uniseriate, ellipsoid, c. 12-16 x 6-7.5 µm (in the typical form; see below); Pycnidia: laminal, immersed; conidia: rather variable in shape (ellipsoid-oblong to subcylindrical to shortly cylindrical), 3-5 x 1.3-2 µm; Spot tests: all negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: soil (mostly fine-grained) in open, dry areas from low to high elevations; World distribution: Europe, Asia, northern Africa, the Americas in temperate latitudes; Sonoran distribution: very common and frequent in Arizona, California, Baja California, Baja California Sur, Chihuahua and Sonora.; Notes: Placidium lacinulatum is anatomically very similar to P. squamulosum but differs in being rhizinate. The rhizines vary considerably in size and number from few and indistinct to large and conspicuous but are always visible by careful investigation (of wetted specimens as the rhizines easily break off in dry condition). They may originate from most of the underside or centrally crowded. The species is very variable according to thallus form, pigmentation of exciple and underside, and shape and size of ascospores and conidia and may represent several varieties. 56612 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=56612 Placidium lesdainii Breuss 2993 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:06 2011-02-02 12:17:06 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: squamulose; squamules: flat to almost bullate, rounded to slightly lobed, pedunculate, up to 1.5 mm wide and 0.6 mm thick, contiguous, secondarily divided by cracks, forming an areolate appearing thallus; upper surface: brown, smooth, matt; upper cortex: 20-40 µm thick; medulla: white, subparaplectenchymatous with globose cells (8-11 µm in diam.); algal layer: c. 80-110 µm thick; algal cells: 6-12 µm in diam.; lower cortex: not discernible, composed of more densely packed globose-angular cells (8-11 µm in diam.), the lowermost ones brown; lower surface: brownish; rhizohyphae: hyaline, confined to the central peduncle; Perithecia: subglobose, up to 0.45 mm wide; exciple: colorless except for the upper third; periphyses: 20-30 µm long; asci: subcylindrical to narrowly clavate, 8-spored; ascospores: uniseriate at early stages but soon biseriate, narrowly ellipsoid, 15-19 x 5-7 µm; Pycnidia: laminal, immersed; conidia: cylindrical, 4-6 x 1 µm; Spot tests: all negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: on (volcanic) rocks in dry, open situation.; World and Sonoran distribution: known only from Baja California Sur.; Notes: Placidium lesdainii is morphologically indistinct from P. acarosporoides, from which it differs in its cellular medullary tissue and narrow ellipsoid ascospores (15-19 x 5-7 µm versus 13-17 x 8-11 µm). The hyphal texture of the medulla is somewhat variable in P. acarosporoides and well developed material necessary to reveal the difference, but the shape of the spores is a constant diagnostic feature. Placidium lesdainii was possibly already described by de Lesdain (as one out of several Endopyrenium species) but the types were not available, and from the descriptions none of his species could be assigned with certainty to this taxon. 56613 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=56613 Placidium michelii A. Massal. 2994 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:06 2011-02-02 12:17:06 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: squamulose,; squamules: 1-5 mm in diam., rather thin (up to 0.25 mm thick), dispersed or in groups, appressed to the substrate, roundish or slightly lobed; upper surface: pale to dark chestnut brown, dull; upper cortex: 20-40 µm thick; epinecral layer: very thin or lacking; medulla: white, with many spherical cells (c. 9-14 µm in diam.); algal layer: c. 50-80 µm thick; lower cortex: composed of 2-3 rows of roundish-angular cells (outermost ones: dark brown); lower surface: black, fastened by a dense rhizoidal weft; rhizohyphae: hyaline, 4-6 µm thick; Perithecia: pyriform, up to 0.35 mm broad, bulging the lower side of the squamules; wall: dark brown, thinner than in the other Placidium species (hardly more than 25 µm wide); periphyses: 30-40 x 2.5 µm; asci: cylindrical, c. 60-70 x 10-13 µm, 8-spored; ascospores: uniseriate, ellipsoid, 11-15 x 5-7 µm; Pycnidia: laminal, immersed; conidia: ellipsoid-oblong, 2.5-3.5 x 1.5 µm; Spot tests: all negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: soil; World distribution: widely distributed but scattered in Europe, Asia and North America, but not known from the Southern Hemisphere; Sonoran distribution: rare in Arizona and southern California (San Diego Co.).; Notes: It is very similar to Placidium squamulosum, from which it differs primarily in its dark, thin perithecial walls and the thinner periphyses. The squamules tend to be smaller and are always black on the lower side. 56614 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=56614 Placidium pilosellum (Breuss) Breuss 2995 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:06 2011-02-02 12:17:06 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: squamulose; squamules: c. 2-6 mm wide, rather thin (0.25-0.4 mm thick), roundish or lobed, flat and fully attached or ± wavy and with margins free from the substrate (raised or downrolled), adjacent or overlapping; upper surface: yellowish brown, tan or dark brown, often with an orangish tinge; upper cortex: c. 40-60 µm; epinecral layer: 10-40 µm thick; medulla: white, with many spherical cells (9-17 µm in diam.); algal layer: c. 80-120 µm thick; lower cortex: composed of more densely aggregated spherical cells (9-16 µm diam.) if discernible at all; lower surface: usually pale, sometimes darkening centrally, rarely black throughout; attached by a rhizohyphal weft; rhizohyphae: hyaline, 4.5-6 µm in diam.; Perithecia: broadly pyriform, up to 0.5 mm wide, bulging the lower side of the squamules; exciple: colorless or pale yellowish brown; periphyses: 30-40 x 2.5-3.5 µm; asci: cylindrical, 70-90 x 10-15 µm, 8-spored; ascospores: uniseriate, ellipsoid, c. 12-17 x 5.5-7.5 µm; Pycnidia: marginal, forming knob-like projections; conidia: oblong-ellipsoid, 3-4 x c. 1.5 µm; Spot tests: all negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: soil, moss, debris, preferably in dry, mild climate; World distribution: Europe (excluding the Alps and northernmost parts), North Africa, SW Asia, Australia, temperate North America; Sonoran distribution: common in Arizona, southern California, Baja California, Baja California Sur, and Sinaloa.; Notes: The hyphal outgrowths along the lobe margins and even on the upperside of young squamules described from European material are often lacking in extra-European material. Anatomically the species is identical with Placidium squamulosum, but easily separable by its marginal pycnidia. The distinction from P. andicola may be difficult (see under that species). Placidium rufescens also has the same pycnidial characters but thicker squamules with a well developed prosoplectenchymatous medulla, thicker rhizohyphae, and much larger spores. 56615 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=56615 Placidium pseudorufescens Breuss 2996 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:06 2011-02-02 12:17:06 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: squamulose or subfoliose; squamules: rather large (up to 7 mm wide and 0.3 - 0.5 mm thick) and almost leafy, densely aggregated to slightly overlapping, lobate; margins: variously wavy, free from the substrate and upturned or downturned; upper surface: medium to dark brown, dull; upper cortex: 40-60 µm thick, overlain by a thin epinecral layer; medulla: white, thick, composed of intricately interwoven filamentous hyphae; algal layer: about 100-130 µm thick; lower cortex: distinct, subparaplectenchymatous, composed of roundish cells (8-13 µm in diam.), up to 50 µm thick; lower surface: pale brown, naked where free from the substrate, central parts with a rhizohyphal weft; rhizohyphae: hyaline, c. 5 µm in diam., lacking in a broad marginal zone; also rhizinate; rhizines: few, whitish or pale brownish, thin (50-100 µm in diam.), slightly branched; Perithecia: broadly pyriform, up to 0.4 mm broad, with colorless exciple; asci: subcylindrical to narrowly clavate, 50-65 x 14-18 µm, 8-spored; ascospores: primarily uniseriate, soon (sub)biseriate, ellipsoid, 11-14 x 6-7.5 µm; Pycnidia: laminal, immersed; conidia: bacilliform, 4-5 x 1-1.5 µm; Spot tests: all negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: directly on (volcanic) rock or over cyanophilic lichens thereon or on thin earth cover over rock; World and Sonoran distribution: known only from Baja California Sur.; Notes: Placidium pseudorufescens is the only rhizinate species of the genus that is found growing directly on rock with rhizines fixed in minute fissures. It is morphologically similar to P. rufescens, from which it differs in being rhizinate and having laminally immersed pycnidia with bacilliform conidia, and in having much smaller ascospores. The common P. lacinulatum is ecologically different in that it very rarely grows on thin earth covering (crumbling) rock, but usually it occurs on fine-grained soil. Furthermore, it differs in having a medulla rich in spherical cells, and usually thicker, more conspicuous rhizines. 56616 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=56616 Placidium rufescens (Ach.) Breuss 2997 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:06 2011-02-02 12:17:06 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: squamulose; squamules: large (up to 10 mm wide and up to 0.6 mm thick) and leafy, mostly densely aggregated and overlapping, roundish or with broadly rounded lobes, ± wavy with margins free from the substrate; upper surface: medium to dark chestnut brown or red-brown, dull or glossy; upper cortex: 40-80 µm; epinecral layer: varying from almost lacking to 40 µm thick; medulla: white, 100-300 µm thick, composed of intricately interwoven filamentous hyphae, usually without (or with very few) spherical cells; algal layer: c. 100 µm thick; lower cortex: distinct, paraplectenchymatous, composed of roundish-angular cells (13-20 µm in diam.); lower surface: pale to dark brown, blackening centrally; rhizohyphae: hyaline, c. 6-7.5 µm thick, lacking in a ± broad marginal zone; Perithecia: broadly pyriform, up to 0.5 mm broad, fully immersed in the squamules but without bulging the lower sides; periphyses: 40-60 x 3.5-5 µm; asci: cylindrical, 80-100 x 12-19 µm, 8-spored; ascospores: uniseriate, ellipsoid, c. 15-20 x 7.5-9.5 µm; Pycnidia: marginal, knob-like; conidia: ellipsoid-oblong, 3-5 x 1.5-2 µm; Spot tests: all negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: on soil, plant debris and moss, also directly on (calcareous) rock; World distribution: temperate Northern Hemisphere; Europe, Asia, North Africa, rare in North America; Sonoran distribution: rare in upland Arizona.; Notes: Normally Placidium rufescens is easily identifiable because of the following combination of characters: large, ± wavy squamules with a thick prosoplectenchymatous medullary tissue, thick rhizohyphae, large ascospores, and marginal pycnidia with ellipsoid-oblong conidia. However, forms with many spherical cells in the medulla do occur, but the large spores and pycnidial characters are distinctive. Placidium chilense is anatomically very similar but has smaller spores and laminal pycnidia. 56617 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=56617 Placidium squamulosum (Ach.) BreuÂ¯ 2998 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:06 2011-02-02 12:17:06 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: squamulose; squamules: 2-7 mm wide, c. 0.2-0.4 mm thick, discrete to adjacent to slightly overlapping, nearly completely adnate to the substrate, or the margins slightly raised, round to lobed; upper surface: pale to dark brown, dull; upper cortex: c. 30-60 µm thick; epinecral layer: (almost) lacking or up to 50 µm thick; medulla: white, usually with numerous spherical cells ( c. 9-14 µm in diam.); algal layer: about 70-120 µm high; lower cortex: hardly discernible or of densely aggregated roundish-angular cells (10-16 µm in diam.); lower surface: usually pale, but also blackening, attached with a dense rhizoidal weft; rhizohyphae: hyaline, 4.5-6.5 µm thick; Perithecia: broadly pyriform, up to more than 0.5 mm wide and usually bulging the lower side of squamules; exciple: hyaline or yellowish, 25-30 µm thick; periphyses: 30-40 x 3-4 µm; asci: cylindrical, 70-90 x 10-15 µm, 8-spored; ascospores: uniseriate, ellipsoid, 12-16 x 5.5-7.5 µm; Pycnidia: frequent, laminal, immersed; conidia: oblong-ellipsoid, 2.5-4 x 1.3-2 µm; Spot tests: all negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: soil, moss, debris, mostly over ± calciferous ground in open situations from low to high elevations; World distribution: cosmopolitan, North and South America, Europe, Asia, Africa, Australasia; Sonoran distribution: common in Arizona, southern California, Sonora, Baja California, and Baja California Sur.; Notes: Together with Placidium lacinulatum, P. squamulosum is the most common species in the Sonoran region It is very variable species with a broad ecological amplitude. The lack of rhizines easily separates it from P. lacinulatum, otherwise these two species are almost identical in habit and anatomy with equally great variability in both species. Unusually large specimens with a thick, almost prosoplectenchymatous medullary tissue may be difficult to separate from Placidium chilense, but the latter species has a distinct lower cortex of large cells and narrowly oblong to shortly cylindrical (vs. ellipsoid-oblong) conidia. Placidium pilosellum differs further in having marginal pycnidia.variable species with a broad ecological amplitude. The lack of rhizines easily separates it from P. lacinulatum, otherwise these two species a 56619 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=56619 Placidium arboreum 2999 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:06 2011-02-02 12:17:06 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: squamulose; squamules: 4-10 mm in diam., comparatively thin, 0.2-0.35 mm (where not swollen by perithecia) thick, lobed, flat or undulate, the edges usually slightly inrolled, loosely appressed, ± overlapping to distinctly imbricate; upper surface: pallid alutaceous or tan to grayish brown or darker brown, smooth, dull or subnitid, epruinose or slightly grayish pruinose; upper cortex: 25-40 µm thick; medulla: white, entirely prosoplectenchymatous, composed of hyphae closely interwoven in various directions; algal layer: about 100 µm thick; lower cortex: composed of roundish-angular cells [10-20 (-25) µm in diam.], outwardly becoming gradually dark brown; lower surface: pale along margins (rarely dark throughout), minutely scabrid under 10x lens, centrally blackening and ± fasciculate-matted, i.e. with conspicuous, crowded, black (outer ones may be pale) fascicles of rhizohyphae; rhizohyphae: stilt-like, centrally supporting the squamules (marginal zone: bare), hyaline or brownish, 5-6 µm thick, mostly matted together to form brush-like bundles (50-200 µm in diam.); Perithecia: broadly pyriform, up to 0.35 mm wide; exciple: pale except for the ostiolum; asci: cylindrical, 50-60 x 8-11 µm, 8-spored; ascospores: uniseriate, ellipsoid, 9-12 x 4.5-5.5 µm; Pycnidia: marginal, appearing as small dark knobs; conidia: bacilliform, c. 4 x 1 µm; Spot tests: all negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: on bark (mainly oak) in open woodland, rarely on mosses or humus over rock; World distribution: North and Central America, especially in the southeast, becoming rarer westward; Sonoran distribution: rather rare in SE Arizona, central California, Baja California Sur and Chihuahua.; Notes: It is an easily recognizable species due to its comparatively thin and large squamules that are elevated from the substrate by bundles of rhizohyphae (not true rhizines). The prosoplectenchymatous medulla and small spores are also diagnostic. The species occurs preferably on bark. Specimens on mossy rocks or humus have been misidentified as other species. 56620 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=56620 Placopyrenium caeruleopulvinum (J.W. Thomson) Breuss 3000 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:06 2011-02-02 12:17:06 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: thickly crustose, areolate; areoles: roundish-angular, 1-5 mm broad, convex to almost bullate, up to mm high; marginal areoles: somewhat incised but not effigurate, separated by deep cracks; upper surface: strongly gray or bluish gray, pruinose; upper cortex: composed of cells c. 6-8 µm diam., 15-25 µm thick; medulla: thick, composed of densely intricate hyphae with ± many globular cells (7-12 µm diam.); algal layer: c. 100 µm high; algal cells: 9-15 µm wide; lateral and lower cortices: black to dark brown; attached by a central stipe or by several rhizine-like structures (150-350 µm diam. and up to several mm long) originating from the medullary tissue; the outermost hyphae: brown; the central ones: hyaline; Perithecia: subglobose, up to 0.4 mm broad; exciple colorless; asci: clavate, 60-70 x 14-16 µm; ascospores: simple, ellipsoid, 13-20 x 5.5-7.5 µm; Pycnidia: laminal, with slightly sunken mouth, up to 300 µm wide; conidia: bacilliform, c. 5 x 1 µm; Spot tests: all negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: on rock and hard stony soil; World distribution: SW North America; Sonoran distribution: Arizona, CalIfornia, Baja California Sur, Sonora. 56621 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=56621 Placopyrenium heppioides (Zahlbr.) Breuss 3001 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:06 2011-02-02 12:17:06 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology stipe: paraplectenchymatous, similar in construction as lower cortex, colorless inside, coated by a black pigment layer; squamules: c. 2-4 mm broad, 0.4-0.65 mm thick, densely aggregated, adjacent or with overlapping margins, flat or slightly convex or undulate, sparsely divided by cracks; margins: slightly incised or lobate; upper surface: greenish to ashy gray; upper cortex: very thin (hardly more than 10 µm thick), composed of roundish-angular cells (4-6 µm diam.); medulla: up to more than 250 µm thick, composed of intricately interwoven, filamentous hyphae; algal layer: 100-150 µm thick, discontinuous, interrupted by hyphal bundles; algal cells: in vertical rows, 6-10 µm diam.; lower cortex: abruptly delimited, paraplectenchymatous, 40-100 µm thick, composed of conglutinated, hyaline, polygonal cells (6-13 µm diam.); lowermost cell layer: blackening; lower surface: black throughout, largely free from the substrate, attached by their basal ends or by stipe-like holdfasts; Perithecia: broadly pyriform, up to 0.5 mm wide; exciple: pale brown; periphyses: 35-40 µm long and 2-2.5 µm thick; asci: no mature ones seen (only immature ones and numerous free, mature ascospores); ascospores: simple but partly pseudoseptate, oblong ellipsoid to narrowly ovoid, 16-23 x 7-9 µm; Pycnidia: laminal, up to 300 µm wide; conidia: bacilliform, 3-4 x 1 µm; Spot tests: all negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: on sandstone; World and Sonoran distribution: southern California, known only from the type locality in the Santa Monica Mountains.; Notes: Placopyrenium heppioides has the most distinctly sqaumulous thallus of all species. The squamules are being secondarily divided by few cracks into smaller fragments the margins of which become lobed again. 56622 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=56622 Placopyrenium insuetum Breuss 3002 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:06 2011-02-02 12:17:06 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: crustose, chinky-areolate; stipe: subparaplectenchymatous with filamentous hyphae in lower parts; areoles: in the center angular, 1-3 mm broad, flat or ± convex, 0.25-0.55 mm thick; the marginal areoles: effigurate, radiating, up to 4 mm long and 2 mm broad; upper surface: brown, smooth, without pruina; upper cortex: 20-30 µm thick, of cells c. 4-7 µ in diam., overlain by a compact smooth epinecral layer up to 25 µm high; medulla: subparaplectenchymatous; cells: c. 7-12 µm in diam. in the upper part but somewhat smaller in the lower part and more densely packed; algal layer c. 70-100 µm thick, algal cells 5-10 in diam.; lower cortex: not clearly delimited, of more densely compacted medullary globose cells 5-8 µm in diam.; lower surface: brown, lighter along margins, attached to the substrate by 1 to several stipe-like holdfasts; Perithecia: subglobose, up to 0.4 mm broad; exciple: colorless or slightly brownish; asci: clavate, 8-spored; ascospores: simple, oblong-ellipsoid, 15-18 x (4-) 5-6 (-7) µm; Pycnidia: laminal, immersed, up to 300 µm wide; conidia: shortly bacilliform, 4-5 x 1 µm; Spot tests: all negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: on (volcanic) rocks on exposed sites.; World and Sonoran distribution: Baja California Sur, Sinaloa and Sonora.; Notes: Placopyrenium insuetum is the only species of the genus with a brown, epruinose upper surface. 56623 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=56623 Placopyrenium noxium Breuss 3003 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:06 2011-02-02 12:17:06 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: crustose, rimose-areolate; stipe: similar in anatomy to the medulla but with more longitudinally arranged hyphae; areoles: 0.5-2 mm wide, flat or slightly convex, grayish, up to 1 mm thick, basally constricted, subangular in the center; the marginal areoles: roundish or somewhat incised or lobed; upper surface: grayish; upper cortex: 15-20 µm thick, composed of roundish-angular cells (4-6 µm diam., the uppermost ones brown and overlain by a 20-40 µm thick amorphous layer); medulla: subparaplectenchymatous, composed of densely intricated hyphae which are often divided into spherical cells (6-9 µm diam.); algal layer: c. 100-150 µm thick; algal cells: 7-12 µm in diam.; lateral and lower cortices: the same type but without amorphous layer; lower surface: attached by a stipe; Perithecia: broadly pyriform to subglobose; exciple: 25-30 µm thick, colorless or with the outermost layer darkening; periphyses: 30-40 µm long and 2-3 µm thick; asci: clavate, 60-70 x 20-25 µm, 8-spored; ascospores: simple, ellipsoid, 14-18 x 6-9 µm; Pycnidia: laminal; conidia: bacilliform, 5.5-7.5 x 1 µm long; Spot tests: all negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: parasitic on Staurothele areolata at least when young, later becoming independent; World distribution: North America; Sonoran distribution: only known from Baja California Sur.; Notes: It is very similar to some Verrucaria species, from which it differs in its pycnidial type. Placopyrenium zahlbruckneri is similar in habit, but has larger areoles, is not parasitic, and has shorter periphyses and conidia and larger spores. 56639 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=56639 Dictyonema glabratum (Sprengel) D. Hawksw. 3004 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:06 2011-02-02 12:17:06 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Basidiomata: sessile, solitary or imbricate and united in rosettes up to 20 cm or more in diam. (to over 60 cm across the longer axis in some specimens, but mostly under 5 cm across in Sonoran region material); the individual pilei (bracket-like units) flabelliform, semicircular, or reniform, rarely almost stalked, frequently laterally fusing, 1-6 (-8) x 1-6 (-8) cm across (mostly 1-2 cm across in our material), thin, 0.18-1.2 (-1.4) mm, membranaceous or almost paper-like, brittle when dry; upper surface: usually distinctly and densely but shallowly sulcate-zonate (but in our material rather plane and even but sometimes with fine, concentric wrinkles), without radial fibrils, smooth, under a lens slightly villose (appearing faintly powdery-roughened), in live state glossy blue-green or greenish blue, in herbarium becoming creamy white to whitish gray, grayish yellow, or (especially outside the Sonoran region) grayish green, gray-blue-green, blue-green, or bluish gray, in central part usually darker, the outer 2-3 mm usually ochraceous-cream-colored (more yellowish than rest of upper surface), or greenish or ink-green at the edge; margin: usually with few and coarse, rounded lobes, acute (thinning towards edge), at the edge when dry narrowly but strongly involute downward; photobiont: a "Chroococcus" (Rivulariaceae); cells: green or yellowish, irregularly ellipsoidal or almost polygonal, oblong, (8-) 10-15 um long, without a mucous shell; forming a layer c. 150-200 um thick; lower surface: densely concentrically zonate, gray to greenish or blue-gray (somewhat darker than upper surface), under a lens appearing granulose or faintly white-arachnoid; hymenophores: at first scattered, 0.2-0.4 mm, then up to 1 mm diam. and 0.3-0.6 (-1) mm high, 1-2 mm distant from each other, irregularly cup-like or apothecium-like, later uniting to form interrupted concentrical ridges, finally polygonally or almost reticulately cracked; surface initially deep cream color, then pale ochraceous or dull yellowish-grayish-reddish; in old specimens the hymenial spots fall away beginning from the margin and thus the lower surface becomes sterile again; basidiomata anatomy: context (hyphal mass between upper surface and subhymenium): layered; subhymenium: (30-) 50-150 (-200) µm thick; hymenium: consisting of very numerous basidioles and scattered basidia; basidioles: 4-7 µm diam.; hyphae: without clamps; basidia: often few or absent, 15-20 (-25) x (5.5-) 6-8.5 µm; sterigmata (spore-bearing projections): 4 or rarely 2, slightly subconical, 5-7.5 µm long, soon collapsed; basidiospores: often few and in poor condition, ellipsoid-teardrop-shaped, slightly boat-shaped, with lateral apiculus (projection for attachment to the sterigma), without droplets, (6.5-) 7.5-8.5 x (3.8-) 4-4.5 (-5) µm; spore print: white; Spot tests: all negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: on soil or mosses (sometimes over acidic rocks) and trees, rarely on bare loam; in sheltered to rather sunny and arid habitats; World distribution: U.S.A. (Florida, Hawaii); widely distributed in southern to north-central Mexico, Central America, the Caribbean, and South America; Africa (Mauritius Island, E of Madagascar); early reports (Berkeley and Curtis [1869]) from "west Africa" and the Indian subcontinent ("Hindustan") need to be confirmed; Sonoran distribution: Chihuahua (2000-2300 m) and occasional in Sinaloa (1700 m), generally on shaded, mossy acidic rocks (often rhyolite) in pine-oak forests.; Notes: The internal anatomy of this species is described more fully by Parmasto (1978). As discussed in that treatment, although this species (over its full distribution range) is highly variable, especially in the color of the upper surface and in the external structure of the hymenium, the microscopic characters are much more uniform, and most apparent variations in the spores reported in the earlier literature [e.g, 10-15 x 6-12 µm, given by Fink (1935)] are based on extraneous spores or conidia from other fungi. The basidiomata in our material tend to be rather small, and with a rather paler and smooth upper surface, but fall well within the range of variation exhibited by material from other areas. This species is similar to D. sericeum (which occurs further south in Mexico) in the bracket-like (not crustose) form and lack of clamp connections, but D. glabratum differs by the densely sulcate-zonate upper surface, lack of radial fibrils, and narrowly but strongly involute margin of the basidiocarp, and photobiont not Scytonema. 56663 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=56663 Toninia ruginosa subsp. pacifica Timdal 3005 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:06 2011-02-02 12:17:06 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Squamules: up to 5 mm diam., dispersed to adjacent, bullate; upper surface: medium brown to reddish brown; ascospores: narrowly ellipsoid to bacilliform, 1- to 3 (-4) septate, 12-31 x 3-4.5 µm.; Host: cyanolichens; Substrate and ecology: on soil and rock in Californian coastal scrub and Vizcaino subdivision of Sonoran Desert, up to 800 m; World and Sonoran distribution: rather common in coastal California (extending north of the Sonoran area) and Baja California. 56664 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=56664 Toninia ruginosa subsp. ruginosa 3006 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:06 2011-02-02 12:17:06 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology upper surface: dark olivaceous brown; Squamules: up to 3 mm diam., adjacent or forming a ± continuous crust, weakly to moderately convex; ascospores: bacilliform to acicular, 3- to 7 (-9) septate, 20-42 x 3-4 µm.; Host: cyanolichens; Substrate and ecology: on soil and rock, mainly among mosses or in rock fissures, in open habitats and woodlands, up to 2470 m; World distribution: see species; Sonoran distribution: rather common in Arizona, California, Baja California and Baja California Sur. 56665 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=56665 Toninia tristis subsp. arizonica Timdal 3007 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:06 2011-02-02 12:17:06 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Squamules: up to 6 (-8) mm diam.; epithecium brown, partly with a green tinge; orange pigment: (K+ red) present in the upper part of the hypothecium and inside the lumina of many paraphyses, asci, and spores; ascospores: narrowly ellipsoid to fusiform, simple, 11.5-17 x 4-5.5 µm; Secondary metabolites: terpenoids (chemotype 6).; Host: Heppia; Substrate and ecology: on soil over limestone, rock wall in small canyon; World and Sonoran distribution: southeastern Arizona (single locality), at 1750 m (triangle). 56666 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=56666 Toninia tristis subsp. asiae-centralis (H. Magn.) Timdal 3008 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:06 2011-02-02 12:17:06 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Squamules: up to 2 (-3) mm diam.; epithecium brown, sometimes with a faintly green tinge; orange pigment: (K+ red) present in the upper part of the hypothecium and inside the lumina of many paraphyses, asci, and spores; ascospores: narrowly ellipsoid to fusiform, mainly 1-septate, 12.5-19 x 3.5-5.5 µm; Secondary metabolites: terpenoids (chemotype 4).; Host: cyanolichens; Substrate and ecology: on soil and sandstone at 1650-2160 m; World distribution: widely distributed in arid areas in the arctic and temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere, Peru; Sonoran distribution: rare in northern Arizona (open circle). 56669 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=56669 Toninia tristis subsp. tristis 3009 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:06 2011-02-02 12:17:06 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Squamules: up to 2 (-3) mm diam.; epithecium brown, sometimes with a faintly green tinge; orange pigment: absent; ascospores: narrowly ellipsoid to fusiform, mainly 1-septate, 13.5-20.5 x 3.5-5.5 µm; Secondary metabolites: terpenoids (chemotype 1).; Host: cyanolichens; Substrate and ecology: on soil and in fissures of calciferous rock in pinyon-juniper woodland, at 1460-1950 m; World distribution: northern and central Europe, western North America; Sonoran distribution: rare in northern Arizona (star). 56670 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=56670 Toninia tristis subsp. chihuahuana Timdal 3010 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:06 2011-02-02 12:17:06 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Squamules: up to 3 (-4) mm diam.; epithecium brown with a green tinge; orange pigment: absent; ascospores: broadly to narrowly ellipsoid, simple, 10.5-17 x 5-5.5 µm; Secondary metabolites: undescribed chemotype 8 (series of undetermined terpenoids).; Host: cyanolichens; Substrate and ecology: on soil in oak-pine-cypress forest at 1800 m; World and Sonoran distribution: Chihuahua (single locality) (cross).; Notes: The subspecies is mainly recognized by its unique chemotype. In addition, ssp. arizonica differs in containing an orange pigment (K+ red) in the hypothecium and inside the lumina of many paraphyses, asci, and spores; ssp. gigantea in having partly 1-septate, longer spores and a more green epithecium. The three other most similar subspecies, ssp. fujikawae (Satô) Timdal (Japan), ssp. pseudotabacina Timdal (Europe, North Africa, Macaronesia), and ssp. thalloedaemiformis (Szatala) Timdal (eastern Mediterranean Europe), all have a green epithecium. 56671 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=56671 Toninia tristis subsp. gigantea Timdal 3011 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:06 2011-02-02 12:17:06 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Squamules: up to 4 (-6) mm diam.; epithecium pure or olivaceous green; orange pigment: absent; ascospores: narrowly ellipsoid to fusiform or bacilliform, simple or 1-septate, 14-22.5 x 4-5.5 µm; Secondary metabolites: undescribed chemotype 9 (series of undetermined terpenoids).; Host: cyanolichens; Substrate and ecology: on rock, mainly on steep, shady rock walls in thorn forest vegetation, at 400-1090 m; World and Sonoran distribution: rare in Baja California Sur and Sonora (filled dot).; Notes: The subspecies is mainly recognized by its unique chemotype. In addition, ssp. asiae-centralis, ssp. coahuilae Timdal (Coahuila), and ssp. tristis, which also have partly 1-septate spores, differ in having smaller squamules and a brown epithecium. Ssp. asiae-centralis also contains an orange pigment (K+ red) in the hypothecium and inside the lumina of many paraphyses, asci and spores. Most similar is perhaps ssp. canadensis Timdal (Alaska and Canadian Rocky Mountains), which differs merely in the size of the squamules and in the chemotype. 56786 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=56786 Peltula obscurans var. deserticola (Zahlbr.) Wetmore 3012 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:06 2011-02-02 12:17:06 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: squamulose, usually widely scattered; squamules: orbicular, not lobed, flat to convex at top, 0.5-1.2 mm diam.; upper surface: olive-brown, not sorediate; upper cortex: not developed but with a yellowish epinecral layer; medulla: partly consisting of loosely interwoven hyphae and partly paraplectenchymatous; algal layer: 60-120 µm thick; lower cortex: poorly developed or not present; lower surface: paler than the upper surface, attached by rhizines or an umbilicus,; Apothecia: one or two per squamule, immersed and finally filling the whole squamule, leaving the squamule margin as the rim; disc: yellowish brown, 0.3-1.2 mm diam.; epihymenium: yellowish brown, K-; hymenium: I+ wine-red, 105-140 µm high; asci: clavate to obclavate, >100-spored; ascospores: ovoid to ellipsoid, 4.6-7.7 x 3-4.6 µm; Pycnidia: no data; conidia: fusiform, 3.1-3.7 x 1.2-1.8 µm; Spot tests: all negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: primarily on calcareous rocks, including secondary deposits of caliche and along pebble edges in deserts and other open, arid habitats; World distribution: SW North America to central Mexico; Sonoran distribution: desert areas of Arizona, southern California, Sonora and Baja California and Baja California Sur. 56787 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=56787 Peltula obscurans var. hassei (Zahlbr.) Wetmore 3013 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:06 2011-02-02 12:17:06 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: squamulose, scattered or sometimes forming rosette-shaped patches; squamules: shallowly or deeply lobed, flat to convex, up to 2 mm diam.; upper surface: olive-brown to brown, not sorediate; upper cortex: not developed but with a yellowish epinecral layer (11-13 µm thick); medulla: partly consisting of loosely interwoven hyphae and partly paraplectenchymatous (cells: elongated, 1-1.5 µm thick); algal layer: 45-100 µm thick; lower cortex: proso- to paraplectenchymatous, 15-26 µm thick; cells: globose, up to 6.5 µm in diam.; lower surface: paler than the upper surface, attached by a tuft of rhizines or a branched umbilicus; Apothecia: one per squamule (extremely rarely 2-3), adnate, with a raised rim when mature; disc: red to yellow-brown, 0.5-1 mm in diam.; epihymenium: yellow-brown, K-; hymenium: I+ blue, 120-150 µm high; asci: clavate to obclavate; wall: I+ orange but blue after pretreatment with K, >100-spored; ascospores: subglobose to ellipsoid, 5-8 x 2-4 µm; Pycnidia: no data available; conidia: ovoid-fusiform, 3.1-4.3 x 1.8-2.4 (-3.1) µm; Spot tests: all negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: commonly on soil and acidic rocks, occasionally on calcareous rocks in deserts and other open, arid habitats; World distribution: SW North America, southern and West Africa, Europe, Asia, Australia; Sonoran distribution: desert areas of Arizona, southern California, Sonora, Sinaloa, Baja California and Baja California Sur. 67073 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=67073 Parmotrema cetratum 3014 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:06 2011-02-02 12:17:06 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: foliose, loosely adnate to adnate, 3-15 cm in diam., lobate; lobes: subirregular, elongate, slightly imbricate, plane, separate, 8-15 mm wide (very variable); margin: becoming dentate lacinate with age; lacinae: 5-10 x 1-2 mm; apices: rotund, ciliate; cilia: sparse, simple, up to 2.0 mm long; upper surface: ashy white to gray, smooth, dull, strongly reticulate maculate, becoming reticulately cracked with age along the maculae; soredia, isidia and pustulae absent; medulla: white with continuous algal layer; lower surface: black with narrow brown zone peripherally, rhizinate to margin or narrowly erhizinate marginally; rhizines: scattered, simple to squarrosely branched; Apothecia: common, substipitate, up to 10 mm in diam.; margin: rugose, white maculate; disc: often perforate, concave or flat; ascospores: simple, hyaline, ellipsoid, 13-15 x 7-9; Pycnidia: common marginally; conidia: filiform, 10-14 x 1 µm; Spot tests: upper cortex K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P+ yellow; medulla K+ yellow turning deep red, C-, KC-, P+ orange; Secondary metabolites: upper cortex with atranorin and chloroatranorin; medulla with salazinic acid (major) and consalazinic acids (minor).; Substrate and ecology: usually on trees; World distribution: pansubtropical and pantemperate; common especially in SE USA and South Africa; Sonoran distribution: SE Arizona and adjacent Sierra Madre Occidental of Chihuahua, Sonoran and Sinaloa. 67075 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=67075 Parmotrema conferendum 3015 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:06 2011-02-02 12:17:06 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: loosely adnate, foliose, 4-12 cm in diam., membranous, lobate; lobes: narrow, sublinear, contiguous to imbricate, elongate, plane, separate, 5-12 mm wide; apices: subrotund, ciliate; cilia: simple, up to 2 mm long; upper surface: pale greenish to yellowish gray, smooth but cracked with age, shiny, becoming rimose, strongly effigurate maculate, becoming rugulose; soredia: farinose, in linear to irregular, submarginal soralia; isidia and pustulae: absent; medulla: white; lower surface: pale brown to blackening, densely rhizinate, rhizines: black, simple; Apothecia: not seen; Pycnidia: not seen; Spot tests: cortex K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P+ yellow; medulla K-, C-, KC-, P-; Secondary metabolites: upper cortex with atranorin and chloroatranorin; medulla with norlobaridone (major).; Substrate and ecology: frequent on bark and rocks in woodlands and forests; World distribution: neotropics and subtropics, from Texas to Argentina; Sonoran distribution: rare on oaks in the foothills of the Sierra Madre Occidental in northern Sinaloa. 67080 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=67080 Parmotrema reticulatum 3016 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:07 2011-02-02 12:17:07 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: foliose, loosely adnate, 4-20 cm in diam., lobate; lobes: subirregular, elongate, slightly imbricate, plane, separate, 5-15 mm wide; margin: deeply crenate; apices: rotund, sometimes subascending, ciliate; cilia: simple, up to 3.0 mm long; upper surface: pale gray to gray-green, smooth, dull, strongly reticulately maculate; soredia: common, powdery to subpustular, laminal or marginal, in linear to orbicular soralia that are often subcapitate, or spreading and becoming somewhat diffuse; isidia, pustulae and dactyls absent; medulla: white with continuous algal layer; lower surface: black with narrow brown to rarely white, papillate zone peripherally, centrally rhizinate; rhizines: scattered to dense, mostly simple (to squarrose), black; Apothecia: rare, submarginal, substipitate, up to 8 mm in diam.; margin: thick, thalline, entire to crenulate, sorediate; disc: perforate, brown to dark brown, concave; ascospores: simple, hyaline, ellipsoid, 12-18 x 8-11 µm; Pycnidia: rare, punctiform; conidia: filiform, 12-16 x 1-1.5 µm; Spot tests: upper cortex K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P+ yellow; medulla K+ yellow turning deep red, C-, KC-, P+ orange; Secondary metabolites: upper cortex with atranorin and chloroatranorin; medulla with salazinic acid (major) and consalazinic acids (minor).; Substrate and ecology: commonly on rocks, also on trees in open habitats; World distribution: pansubtropical and pantemperate; North and South America, Africa, southern Asia, Australasia, Oceania; Sonoran distribution: common in SE Arizona and southwards in the Sierra Madre Occidental region of Chihuahua, Sonora and Sinaloa and southern mountains of Baja California Sur. 67082 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=67082 Parmotrema simulans 3017 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:07 2011-02-02 12:17:07 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: foliose, loosely adnate, 3-15 cm in diam., lobate; lobes: subirregular, elongate, slightly imbricate, plane, separate, 4-10 mm wide; margin: strongly laciniate, apices: rotund, ciliate; cilia: simple, up to 2.0 mm long; upper surface: gray, smooth, dull, strongly reticulately maculate; soredia: common, coarse and granular, often on the lacinae, in orbicular soralia or spreading and becoming somewhat diffuse; isidia, pustulae and dactyls absent; medulla: white with continuous algal layer; lower surface: black with brown zone peripherally, rhizinate to the margin; rhizines: scattered to dense, mostly simple, black; Apothecia: rare, substipitate, up to 5 mm in diam.; margin: entire to crenulate, sorediate, disc: perforate, brown, concave; ascospores: simple, hyaline, ellipsoid, 12-17 x 6-9 µm; Pycnidia: common, punctiform; conidia: sublageniform, 4-6 x 1 µm; Spot tests: upper cortex K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P+ yellow; medulla K-, C-, KC-, P-; Secondary metabolites: upper cortex with atranorin and chloroatranorin; medulla with caperatic acid (major).; Substrate and ecology: commonly on rocks, also on trees in open habitats; World distribution: North and tropical America; Sonoran distribution: common in SE Arizona and southwards in the Sierra Madre Occidental region of Chihuahua. 67083 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=67083 Parmotrema subisidiosum 3018 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:07 2011-02-02 12:17:07 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: foliose, loosely adnate to adnate, 3-10 cm in diam., lobate; lobes: subirregular, elongate, slightly imbricate, plane, separate, 5-12 mm wide; margin: becoming dentate or lacinate with age; lacinae: 5-10 x 1-2 mm; apices: rotund, ciliate; cilia: sparse, simple, up to 2.0 mm long; upper surface: gray to green-gray, smooth, dull, strongly reticulate maculate, becoming reticulately cracked with age along the maculae, isidiate; isidia: laminal and marginal, cylindrical, simple to branched, tips often bearing cilia, more common marginally; soredia and pustulae absent; medulla: white with continuous algal layer; lower surface: black with brown zone peripherally, rhizinate to margin; rhizines: scattered, mostly simple, sometimes bifurcate to squarrose; Apothecia: rare, up to 5 mm wide; margin: thalline, isidiate; disc: brown, imperforate or perforate; ascospores: simple, hyaline, ellipsoid, 12-14 x 6-10 µm; Pycnidia: common, immersed; conidia: filiform, 10-12 x 1 µm; Spot tests: upper cortex K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P+ yellow; medulla K+ yellow turning deep red, C-, KC-, P+ orange; Secondary metabolites: upper cortex with atranorin and chloroatranorin; medulla with salazinic acid (major) and consalazinic acids (minor).; Substrate and ecology: usually on trees; World distribution: Arizona to Central America, east Africa; Sonoran distribution: Sierra Madre Occidental of Chihuahua and Sonoran and southern Baja California Sur. 67085 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=67085 Parmotrema subtinctorium 3019 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:07 2011-02-02 12:17:07 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology lobes: narrow, sublinear to subirregular, contiguous to imbricate, elongate, plane, separate, 7-13 mm wide; tips: rotund, sparsely to moderately ciliate; cilia: simple, black, up to 4 mm long; upper surface: mineral gray (but turning buff in herbarium), smooth but cracked with age, shiny, becoming rimose, strongly effigurate maculate, becoming rugose; isidia: cylindrical, simple to coralloid branched, laminal, rarely ciliate apically; soredia and pustulae absent; medulla: white; lower surface: pale brown to dark brown in center, densely rhizinate, rhizines black, simple; Apothecia: rare, 3-8 mm diam.; margin: isidiate; disc: imperforate when young; asci: clavate, 8-spored; ascospores: ellipsoid, 8-11 x 5-8 um; Pycnidia: laminal, immersed; conidia: cylindrical-fusiform, 4-7 x 1 micro meter; Spot tests: cortex K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P+ yellow; medulla K+ yellow turning dark red, C-, KC-, P+ orange; Secondary metabolites: upper cortex with atranorin and chloroatranorin (both major) and usnic acid (accessory); medulla with salazinic acid (major), consalazinic acid and norlobaridone (both minor) and protolichesterinic acid (accessory).; Substrate and ecology: frequent on bark in woodlands, rare on rock; World distribution: pantropical and into adjacent temperate regions; North America, Europe, Asia and Australasia; Sonoran distribution: common on boulders and canyon walls in mid-montane habitats from SE Arizona south through the Sierra Madre Occidental in Chihuahua, Sonora and Sinaloa and in the mountains of southern Baja California Sur.; Notes: The chemistry profile basically corresponds to Hale's (1977) interpretation for the species (e.g. see discussion under Parmotrema neotropicum, p. 438). Earlier reports (Hale 1965) of cryptochlorophaic acid was a misidentification of norlobaridone. 70195 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=70195 Pseudosagedia aenea 3020 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:07 2011-02-02 12:17:07 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: continuous, superficial to semi-immersed in the substrate, forming small ± delimited patches; prothallus: absent; upper surface: dark gray (elsewhere deep red-brown or dark brown and becoming olivaceous in shade), smooth; photobiont: a trentepohlioid alga; Perithecia: hemispherical, black, semi-immersed in the thallus, usually scattered, 0.1-0.5 mm diam.; involucrellum: black, exposed, shiny; true; ascomatal wall: black, absent below the hamathecium; exciple: semi-opaque, ± colorless with brown inclusions; hamathecium: composed of nearly unbranched pseudoparaphyses, not anastomosing; filaments: c. 0.5-1 µm wide, not inspersed with oil droplets; asci: cylindrical, c. 70-100 x 10-15 µm, with 8, irregularly arranged ascospores; ascospores: hyaline, fusiform, 3-septate (starting with a median euseptum), 19-22 x 4.5-5.5 µm; walls: not ornamented, without a gelatinous sheath; Pycnidia: immersed; conidia: macroconidia: 1-septate, 12-16 x 4.5 µm; microconidia: ellipsoid, 2 x 0.5 µm; Spot tests: all negative, UV negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: on bark of Quercus; World distribution: temperate in the Northern Hemisphere; Sonoran distribution: only collected on the Channel Islands (California). 70196 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=70196 Pseudosagedia chlorotica 3021 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:07 2011-02-02 12:17:07 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: continuous, usually superficial on the substrate and well defined but sometimes disappearing; upper surface: greenish brown, gray, brown or blackish, smooth or cracked; photobiont: a trentepohlioid alga or absent; Perithecia: hemispherical, black, semi-immersed in the thallus or sessile, c. 0.2-0.35 mm diam.; involucrellum: shiny, black, extending ± halfway down exciple, not continuous below the exciple; true; ascomatal wall: black, absent below the hamathecium; exciple: outer layers brown-black, inner layers ± colorless; hamathecium: composed of nearly unbranched pseudoparaphyses, not anastomosing; filaments: c. 0.5-1 µm wide, not inspersed with oil droplets; asci: cylindrical, c. 75-100 x 10-15 µm, with 8, irregularly arranged ascospores; ascospores: hyaline, fusiform, 3-septate (starting with a median euseptum), 16-25 x 4-6 µm; walls: not ornamented, without a gelatinous sheath; Spot tests: all negative, UV negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: on various rock types; World distribution: cosmopolitan but primarily temperate; Sonoran distribution: so far collected on the Channel Islands (Califonia) and in Sinaloa. 124779 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=124779 Pseudopyrenula diluta 3022 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:07 2011-02-02 12:17:07 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: continuous, superficial or semi-immersed in the substrate; upper surface: white, smooth; photobiont: a trentepohlioid alga; Perithecia: spherical, black, semi-immersed in the thallus, 0.3-0.7 mm diam.; ascomatal wall: black, continuous (but thinner) below the hamathecium; hamathecium: composed of branched pseudoparaphyses, anastomosing above and between the asci; filaments: c. 2 µm wide, heavily inspersed with yellowish oil droplets in gel; asci: cylindrical, c. 90-110 x 12-17 µm, with 8, irregularly arranged ascospores; ascospores: hyaline, fusiform to long-ellipsoid, 3-septate with distosepta leaving angular, diamond-shaped lumina, 21-24 x 6-8 µm; walls: not ornamented, without a gelatinous sheath; Spot tests: all negative, UV+ yellow; Secondary metabolite: lichexanthone.; Substrate and ecology: on bark of unidentified woody plants; World distribution: pantropical and extending somewhat northwards; Sonoran distribution: only collected once on the Channel Islands (California). 124805 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=124805 Thelenella muscorum 3023 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:07 2011-02-02 12:17:07 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: effuse, often mixed with scattered pale granules; upper surface: whitish or pale brown, membranous; prothallus: absent; Perithecia: immersed, amongst moss leaves and stems with only ostioles obvious, dispersed, rounded to broadly pyriform; exciple: colorless becoming brownish above, pale or colorless below, 50-70 micro meter thick; asci: cylindrical, 2- to 4-spored; ascospores: colorless, becoming straw-colored or brownish when old, muriform, elongate-ellipsoid or subcylindrical, 60-110 x 20-27 micro meter; Pycnidia: not seen; Spot tests: all negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: encrusting mosses in montane habitats; World distribution: Europe, northern Africa, Canary Islands and North America; Sonoran distribution: Arizona, southern California and Chihuahua.; Notes: This species is characterized by its thin thallus, its very thick-walled asci with an ocular chamber and fissitunicate dehiscence, its muriform ascospores, its persistent, branched-anastomosed paraphysoids and the presence of periphysoids. 124849 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=124849 Anaptychia elbursiana (Szatala) Poelt 3024 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:07 2011-02-02 12:17:07 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: foliose, up to 5 cm in diam., irregular to somewhat orbicular; lobes: mostly irregular-flabellate, ± contiguous to slightly overlapping, 0.8-2 mm broad, ± flat at the tips but often becoming somewhat convex inwardly; surface: gray to gray-brown, usually with a ± complete pruina; sorediate: the soredia primarily in marginal and terminal soralia on lateral lobes, becoming labriform, scattered punctiform laminal soralia sometimes forming in older thallus parts; individual soredia coarsely granular, mostly becoming distinctly darkened, to almost black; upper cortex: prosoplectenchymatous, irregularly so in parts; medulla: white; lower cortex: very thin, poorly organized to weakly prosoplectenchymatous, intergrading with the medulla; lower surface: almost white on the lobe tips, inward becoming pale tan to deep tan; rhizines scattered, simple to irregularly furcate, concolorous with the lower surface; Apothecia: not seen; Pycnidia: infrequent, dark brown to blackened and flush with the surface; conidia: cylindrical (a few becoming slightly curved), 5-6 x 1 µm; Spot tests: all negative for both cortex and medulla; Secondary metabolites: small amounts of unidentified terpenoids (2 or 3).; Substrate and ecology: rock or very thin soil or mosses over rock, in open areas; World distribution: western North America and central Asia.; Sonoran distribution: northern half of Arizona, in the mountains 125096 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=125096 Cladonia symphycarpia (Flörke) Fr. 3025 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:07 2011-02-02 12:17:07 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Primary thallus: squamulose, persistent; squamules: 3-10 mm long, 1-5 mm wide, lead-gray above, conspicuously white below; surface: papillate and maculate, often somewhat pruinose; podetia: rare, 5-25 mm tall, 1-4 mm thick, gray, stoutish, club-like or slightly branched at tips, without cups; surface: areolate-corticate, pruinose, esorediate, verruculose, grooved; Apothecia: common on podetia, 2-4 mm wide, dark brown, pruinose; ascospores: not observed; Pycnidia: frequent, on primary squamules, globose to broadly conical, large (to 400 micro meter thick), constricted at base, with hyaline gelatin; conidia: not observed; Spot tests: K+ pale yellow to golden yellow, or slowly red, C-, KC-, P+ yellow, or slowly red, UV-; Secondary metabolites: having several chemotypes but in our area only one with atranorin and psoromic acid known; other chemotypes (Huovinen et al. 1989) are expected.; Habitat and ecology: on calcareous or otherwise base-rich soil, also on mossy, calcareous rocks; World distribution: Asia, Europe, North America and South America, from polar to temperate regions; Sonoran distribution: eastern and northern Arizona.; Notes: This species (often misspelled C. symphycarpa, see Ahti 2000: 266) has been overlooked and confused in North America, apparently because it is normally found in the sterile, non-podetiate stage only. It is expected to be more widespread than indicated here, particularly in limestone areas. All the Arizona material recorded (preserved in MIN) represents the psoromic acid chemotype, which is frequently (e.g., Hammer 1995) recognized as a distinct species, C. dahliana, but following Harris (1975b) and Huovinen and Ahti (1989), we include the material in C. symphycarpia. Large morphs of C. cariosa are difficult to distinguish from C. symphycarpia and C. macrophyllodes, both of which occur on acidic substrates and frequently lack podetia. 125118 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=125118 Culbersonia nubila (Moberg) Essl. 3026 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:07 2011-02-02 12:17:07 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Life habit: lichenized; Thallus: foliose, appressed but loosely adnate, up to 3 or 4 cm in diameter, but somewhat difficult to measure in the irregular, often non-rosette forming thallus; lobes: 1-3 mm broad, ± flat to irregularly concave, rounded and irregularly overlapping to somewhat elongate; 120-180 µm thick, upper cortex distinctly paraplectenchymatous, 17-40 µm thick, lower cortex irregularly prosoplectenchymatous, 12-35 µm thick, in part intergrading with and poorly delimited from the medulla; upper surface: gray (distinctly green when wet!), usually with a bluish tint, especially in younger areas, darkening with a bluish to greenish tint in older central areas, the entire upper surface evenly to somewhat unevenly pruinose, mostly smooth on the lobes and only slightly roughened or cracked inwardly; soredia: granular (25-50 µm diam.), bluish-gray, in small soralia (0.5-1.5 mm); soralia: marginal first and then also laminal in older regions, rounded on the lamina, rounded to irregular on the margins; medulla: white; photobiont: primary one a Trebouxia, secondary photobiont absent; lower surface: mostly pale, white to slightly tan, peripheral areas with a conspicuous broad region on the lobes with the same bluish pigment as the upper cortex (and the same spot tests, below), older parts often becoming darkened (necrotically), sometimes to almost black; moderately rhizinate (but rhizines not evenly distributed, sparse to rather abundant in different areas), the rhizines simple to irregularly furcate, up to 0.5-1 mm long, concolorous with the lower surface; Ascomata: not seen (but one apothecium reportedly seen by Moberg 1980b); Conidiomata: pycnidial, rare; conidia: ± cylindrical to weakly fusiform (faintly wider in the middle), 5-6.5 x 1µm; Spot tests: bluish-greenish regions (of both the upper and lower cortex) are K+ rose-violet, C+ faint but quickly bleaching, N+ rose (fading somewhat); medulla K-, C-, KC-, P-; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate: in the study area known only on acidic rock; World distribution: Arizona, Peru, Africa, Saudi Arabia, Tasmania; Sonoran distribution: known only from several sites in the Mount Baldy Wilderness Area in east-central Arizona, above 2900 m.; Notes: Based on the characters of the single observed apothecium, Moberg (1980b) placed this species in Pyxine, but noted that its pale lower surface, lack of secondary chemistry, and bluish pigmentation were unique for that genus. He did not find pycnidia (present however in Krog 3K18/110 from Kenya), and therefore did not observe that the conidia of this species are larger (5-6.5 µm vs. 3-4 µm) and different in shape (cylindrical to weakly fusiform vs. bacilliform to weakly bifusiform) than other species of Pyxine. Regardless of the apothecial or spore types, this list of distinctions seems to me sufficient basis for separation of C. nubila from Pyxine. This unusual species is more likely to be identified as a species of Physconia, primarily because of its darkened and K- (or at least not yellow) upper cortex and its distinctive pruina. However, the unusual bluish or greenish gray pigments (K+ rose-violet) found in both the upper and lower cortex, and the mostly pale lower surface with simple or sparsely furcate rhizines, will clearly distinguish Culbersonia from all species of Physconia as well as all other foliose species in the area. 125253 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=125253 Heterodermia leucomela (L.) Poelt 3027 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:07 2011-02-02 12:17:07 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: foliose but may appear fruticose, composed of interwoven, dichotomously lobate; lobes: irregular, narrow, sometimes several cm long, (0.5-) 1-1.5 (-4) mm wide, parallel-sided, not widening towards apices, with long mostly dichotomously branched sometimes squarrose cilia along the margins; upper surface: whitish to cream-colored, shiny, without pruina;.sorediate; soredia: in irregular soralia formed on the underside causing the lobes to widen; upper cortex: prosoplectenchymatous, around half of the lobe thickness; medulla: white, very thin; lower cortex: absent; lower surface: white throughout or partially pinkish brown (paricularly in the herbarium) or rarely purple, margin corticate and prominent (e.g. becoming canaliculate), erhizinate; Apothecia: rather rare, subterminal, 2-3 (-5) mm diam., stipitate; disc: dark brown to black, ± pruinose, margin crenulate to lobulate, lobes up to 10 mm; asci: cylindrical to subclavate, 8-spored; ascospores: brown, l-septate, ellipsoid, Pachysporaria-type, (31-) 34.5-42.5 (-49.5) x (15-) 16-20 (-23.5) µm; Pycnidia: rare, immersed; conidia: bacilliform, 4-5 x 1 µm; Spot tests: cortex K+ yellow C-, KC-, P+ yellow; medulla K- or K+ yellow to red, C-, KC-, P- or P+ orange; Secondary metabolites: cortex with atranorin and chloroatranorin, medulla with atranorin, zeorin and ± salazinic acid.; Substrate and ecology: growing both on trees and over mosses on rocks in both moist and fairly dry situations; World distribution: one of the most widespread and abundant species throughout tropical and subtropical regions, extending to warm temperate areas; Sonoran distribution: known from coastal localities in southern California and Baja California, the mountains in the southern tip of Baja California Sur and the Sierra Madre Occidental region of Chihuahua, Sonora and Sinaloa; the subsp. boryi occurs in Arizona, southern California, Chihuahua, Sonora and Baja California Sur.; Notes: Heterodermia leucomela is easily characterized by the entangled mats of elongate, linear lobes bearing long black cilia and the ecorticate lower surface with ± thick corticate margins. The epithet lecuomelos (leucomelas), in the feminine should be leucomelaena, or it could be abbreviated as leucomela. Although Poelt in his combination correctly used leucomelaena, we prefer to use the abbreviated form leucomela as several publications since Poelts combination have used this form. It differs from H. linearis by the presence of soralia and when apothecia rarely are present they have long lobes on the margins. Heterodermia leucomela ssp. boryi (H. boryi) is included in the treatment. 125272 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=125272 Hypotrachyna meridensis Hale & López 3028 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:07 2011-02-02 12:17:07 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: foliose, 2-5 cm in diam., adnate to loosely adnate, subdichotomously lobate; lobes: sublinear, elongate, usually convex, initially separate, becoming weakly imbricate, 0.5-2 mm wide, apices subtruncate, revolute to plane; upper surface: light to greenish gray, smooth, dull to shiny, emaculate; isidia: laminal, cylindrical; tips darker than thallus surface; soralia, pustulae and dactyls absent; medulla: white with continuous algal layer; lower surface: black with peripherally brown tips; rhizines: abundant but not at margins, black, dichotomous; Apothecia: rare, laminal, substipitate, 3-8 mm in diam.; disc: brown; margin: smooth to crenulate, rarely isidiate; asci: clavate, 8-spored; ascospores: broadly ellipsoid, 14-18 x 8-10 µm; Pycnidia: laminal, immersed; conidia: not seen; Spot tests: upper cortex K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P+ yellow, UV-; medulla K-, C-, KC+ rose to red, P-, UV+ white; Secondary metabolites: upper cortex with atranorin and chloroatranorin; medulla with alectoronic acid (major), α-collatolic acid (minor), ß-alectoronic and α-collatolic acids (trace).; Substrate and ecology: on various acidic rocks, frequently with a layer of detritus between the specimen and the rock in lower montane to montane regions, particularly in sheltered canyons; World distribution: neotropics and extending into SW USA; Sonoran distribution: in shaded canyons throughout SE Arizona southwards through the Sierra Madre Occidental of Sonora, Chihuahua and Sinaloa and in southern mountains of Baja California Sur.; Notes: Initially these specimens were determined as H. ensifolia (Kurok.) Hale and confirmed by Hale. The presence of isidia and similar chemistry was consistent with this evaluation. However, the availability of a wider range of specimens reveals substantial morphological differences between H. ensifolia and H. meridensis. H. ensifolia is a substantially larger speices with more linear, wider lobes, marginal lobulae (or lacinae) and a looser attachment to its substrate. Secondary lobes in H. ensifolia are not as well developed as in H. meridensis and do not exhibit the typical dichotomous branching of H. meridensis. 125432 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=125432 Llimonaea californica (Tuck.) Sparrius 3029 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:07 2011-02-02 12:17:07 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: crustose, effuse, continuous to cracked-areolate, sometimes bullate, up to 1.5 mm thick; upper surface: creamy white to yellowish or geenish, smooth to slightly verrulose; upper cortex: up to 25 µm thick, composed of interwoven hyphae with hyaline tips; medulla: white, cretaceous; lower cortex: absent; prothallus: often present, thin, smooth, black; Ascomata: perithecioid and lirellate or apothecioid, usually aggregated into stroma-like structures, 1-3 mm diam., with slightly constricted base, usually with more than 7 ascomata surrounded by a thin slightly elevated thalline margin; lecanoroid ascomata: roundish to ± irregular, 0.4-1.2 mm diam., sessile with a constricted base, smooth, entire or crenulate; disc: plane, black, with whitish pruina; proper exciple: up to 15 µm thick, dark brown; hypothecium: carbonaceous or dark brown, extending to medulla or substrate; hymenium: 140-160 µm thick, I+ reddish, K/I+ pale blue; asci: 56-70 x 16-19µm, 8-spored; ascospores: ellipsoid to oblong-fusiform, hyaline when young, brown at maturity, 22-30 (-32) x 5-8 (-9) µm, (3-) 5-7 septate, constricted at each septum, with thick gelatinous sheath; Pycnidia: laminal, pyriform, up to 0.25 mm tall and 0.18 mm wide; walls: colorless or reddish brown at upper part; conidia: filiform, curved, 18-25 x 1 µm; Spot tests: thallus and medulla K- or K+ yellowish, C+ reddish, KC-, P-; Secondary metabolites: lecanoric acid (major) and erythrin.; Substrate and ecology: on bark and rocks; World and Sonoran distribution: along the coast (including the Channel Islands) from San Luis Obispo County, California, southwards to Baja California.; Notes: At an early stage of development the ascomata resemble those of S. circumscriptum, but they become quite different with age. 125433 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=125433 Llimonaea cerebriformis (Egea & Torrente) Sparrius 3030 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:07 2011-02-02 12:17:07 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: crustose, effuse, continuous to rimose or verrucose, sometimes bullate, up to 0.6 mm thick; upper surface: white to geenish, smooth to slightly verrulose; upper cortex: up to 40 µm thick, composed of interwoven hyphae with hyaline tips; medulla: white, cretaceous; lower cortex: absent; prothallus: often present, thin, smooth, black; Ascomata: lirellate to dendroid, immersed, usually aggregated into rounded or elongate, slightly elevated stroma-like structures, usually with many ascomata surrounded by a thin, white rim; disc: plane, narrow, slit-like, black, with whitish pruina; proper exciple: up to 15 µm thick, dark brown; hypothecium: dark brown, extending to the substrate; hymenium: 300-350 µm thick, I+ reddish, K/I+ pale blue; asci: 125-160 x 25-30µm, 8-spored; ascospores: oblong-fusiform to fusiform, hyaline when young, brown at maturity, 30-40 x 8-12 µm, 6-9 (-10) septate transversely and 1-2 septate logitudinally, constricted at each septum, with thick gelatinous sheath; Pycnidia: laminal, subglobose, up to 0.25 mm tall and 0.20 mm wide; walls: colorless or reddish brown at upper part; conidia: filiform, curved, 13-20 x 1 µm; Spot tests: thallus and medulla K- or K+ yellowish, C+ reddish, KC-, P-; Secondary metabolites: lecanoric acid (major) and erythrin.; Substrate and ecology: on rocks in coastal habitats; World and Sonoran distribution: along the coast (including the Channel Islands) from San Luis Obispo County, California, southwards to Baja California.; Notes: At an early stage of development the ascomata resemble those of S. circumscriptum, but they become quite different with age. 125453 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=125453 Melanelixia albertana (Ahti) O. Blanco et al. 3031 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:07 2011-02-02 12:17:07 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: moderately to loosely adnate, appressed throughout or somewhat reflexed at the periphery, foliose, up to 9 cm diam., lobate; lobes: short and rounded to somewhat elongate, discrete to subimbricate, 2-4 mm broad, ± flat; upper surface: olive-brown to darker reddish brown, smooth to weakly pitted at the periphery, inward often more coarsely rugose; dull throughout or often somewhat shiny near the lobe-ends, sometimes with a few scattered cortical hairs, especially on or near the lobe margins, without typical pseudocyphellae, but lobe edges at times with linear, sometimes pale, pseudocyphelloid abrasions (like those of M. glabra); soredia: granular, whitish or darkening to brown and becoming isidioid, in marginal and distinctly labriform soralia; lower surface: dark brown to black, generally with a paler zone at the periphery, 5-6 x 1µm, ± smooth to weakly rugulose, mostly dull; moderately rhizinate, the rhizines ± concolorous with the lower surface; Apothecia: not seen; Pycnidia: not seen; Spot tests: upper cortex K-, C-, KC-, P-, HNO3-; medulla K-, C+ rose-red or red, KC+ red, P-; Secondary metabolite: lecanoric acid.; Substrate: bark, or occasionally on rocks among mosses; World distribution: western and northern North America, Mongolia, Siberia; Sonoran distribution: known only from a single rather sparse collection on rock at 3,000 m in the Mt. Baldy Wilderness Area (Apache Co., Arizona).; Notes: When poorly developed, this species can be confused with the related M. subargentifera, which differs by having both laminal and marginal soralia. The marginal soralia of M. subargentifera occasionally become reflexed, but are never distinctly labriform like those of M. albertana. Melanelia albertana also seems to consistently lack the pruina that are so common (but not universal) in M. subargentifera. 125454 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=125454 Melanelixia fuliginosa (Fr. ex Duby) O. Blanco et al. 3032 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:07 2011-02-02 12:17:07 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: loosely adnate to adnate; appressed throughout or somewhat reflexed at the periphery, foliose, up to 7 (10) cm diam., lobate; lobes: short and rounded to somewhat elongate, contiguous to imbricate, l-3 (-5) mm broad, ± flat; upper surface: pale olive-green to olive-brown, reddish brown, dark brown or blackening, smooth to weakly and irregularly pitted and/or wrinkled, rarely becoming lobulate in the center; dull to more often strongly shiny, especially near the periphery; without pseudocyphellae; isidia: sparse to dense, ± cylindrical, often branched, attenuate or distinctly knobbed at the end, up to 0.8 (-1.5) mm long and 0.05-0.1 (-0.5) mm diam., easily and frequently broken off near the base and leaving conspicuous white spots; lower surface: dark brown to black, somewhat paler near the periphery, occasionally almost smooth but more often rather evenly rugulose, usually distinctly shiny, occasionally dull; moderately rhizinate, the rhizines ± concolorous with the lower surface; Apothecia: occasional, up to 6 mm diam., sessile, concave to flattening or somewhat irregular, margin entire when small, soon papillate and/or isidiate, easily and commonly eroded; asci: clavate, 8-spored; ascospores: ellipsoid to rarely almost subglobose, 10-14 x 5.5-9.5 µm; Pycnidia: rare, immersed; conidia: weakly bifusiform, 6-7.5 x 1 um; Spot tests: cortex K-, C-, KC-, P-, HNO3-; medulla K- (or K+ violet in occasional pigmented parts), C+ red, P-; Secondary metabolites: lecanoric acid, unknown TE-12 (minor) (Esslinger 1977), skyrin (minor, in the lower part of the medulla).; Substrate: rocks or bark, occasionally wood; World distribution: western and eastern North America, south in the mountains, Europe; Sonoran distribution: on bark in oak forests in California and on rock in montane conifer forests in Arizona.; Notes: This species, with its true isidia and C+ red medulla, is most commonly confused with M. subaurifera, a similar species distinguished by much finer, usually unbranched isidia which are accompanied by soredia, and having a much less shiny upper cortex. Poorly developed or otherwise questionable specimens can be distinguished chemically, because M. subaurifera lacks unknown TE-12 (Esslinger 1977), which is uniformly present in M. fuliginosa. The skyrin often found in the lower part of the medulla in this species is also missing from M. subaurifera. An even rarer species that might be confused with M. fuliginosa is M. villosella. 125455 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=125455 Melanelixia glabra (Schaerer) O. Blanco et al. 3033 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:07 2011-02-02 12:17:07 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: adnate to rather loosely adnate, ± appressed throughout or ascending somewhat at the periphery, foliose, up to 11 (-15) cm diam., lobate; lobes: short and rounded to slightly elongate, contiguous to imbricate, 2-5 (-7) mm broad, ± flat; upper surface: olive-green to dark olive-brown, sometimes tinged yellowish or reddish, smooth to somewhat wrinkled or pitted on the lobes, inward soon becoming ± strongly rugose or irregularly papillate, occasionally foliolate; ± dull throughout or occasionally rather shiny on the lobe-ends or over larger areas, occasionally lightly pruinose, bearing tiny, hyaline, cortical hairs, these dense to sparse (rarely totally absent) but usually present at least on some lobe ends and apothecial margins; pseudocyphellae limited to the warts of the upper surface, but, on many thalli, there are pale, pseudocyphelloid lines on the extreme outer edge of the lobes; lower surface: dark brown or black, often paler at the margin, smooth to uneven or locally wrinkled, dull to slightly shiny; moderately rhizinate, the rhizines concolorous with the lower surface; Apothecia: common, up to 8 (-11) mm diam., sessile to short stipitate, at first concave, becoming irregularly flattened with age, the margin entire when young, soon becoming crenate, crenate-papillate, or even reticulately ridged, the papillae or ridges bearing ± obscure pseudocyphellae, nearly always bearing cortical hairs; asci: clavate, 8-spored; ascospores: ellipsoid to broadly ovoid, 11-15 x 5.5-8 (-10) µm; Pycnidia: common, immersed; conidia: ± acerose or cylindrical, (6.5-) 8-9 x 1 µm; Spot tests: cortex K-, C-, KC-, P-, HNO3-; medulla K-, C+ rose or red, KC+ red, P-; Secondary metabolite: lecanoric acid.; Substrate: bark, occasionally on rocks; World distribution: SW North America, southern Europe, northern Africa, Asia; Sonoran distribution: common in California oak forests, known from a single locality in Arizona.; Notes: The other fertile, corticolous species occurring in the Sonoran Region, M. subolivacea and M. multispora, are easily distinguished by their thinner thalli and C- medulla. Rare saxicolous specimens of M. glabra are most likely to be confused with M. glabroides, which can be identified by its more lobulate/subpanniform habit, with lobes that are commonly somewhat to strongly reticulately pitted and have few or no cortical hairs, and its sparse or absent apothecia. 125456 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=125456 Melanelixia glabroides (Essl.) O. Blanco et al. 3034 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:07 2011-02-02 12:17:07 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: adnate to loosely adnate, appressed to pulvinate, foliose, up to 8 (-11) cm diam., lobate; lobes: short and rounded to somewhat elongate and irregular, contiguous to more often imbricate, 2-3 (-5) mm broad, ± flat; upper surface: olive-green to brown or reddish-brown, smooth to more often reticulately ridged and pitted, especially near the periphery, inward often becoming warted and/or lobulate; somewhat shiny on the lobe ends, the central parts or occasionally the entire thallus rather dull, only rarely bearing tiny, hyaline, cortical hairs (like those of M. glabra); without pseudocyphellae, but some lobes with linear, pale, pseudocyphelloid lines on the margins (as in M. glabra); lower surface: usually uniformly black, sometimes brown or even tan on the lobe ends; rather smooth to minutely and irregularly wrinkled or occasionally weakly reticulately ridged, usually dull; moderately rhizinate, the rhizines concolorous with the lower surface; Apothecia: rare, up to 6 mm diam., sessile, concave to flattened or irregularly convex; the margin entire when small, becoming minutely to grossly crenate, sometimes with sparse cortical hairs; asci: clavate, 8-spored; ascospores: ellipsoid, 11-13 x 7-8 µm; Pycnidia: frequent, immersed; conidia: ± acerose to weakly fusiform, 6.5-7.5 x 1 µm; Spot tests: cortex K-, C-, KC-, P-, HNO3-; medulla K-, C+ rose or red, KC+ red, P-; Secondary metabolite: lecanoric acid.; Substrate: rocks, sometimes with mosses; World distribution: western North America, from Washington to Colorado, California, Arizona, and Baja California, Mexico; Sonoran distribution: infrequent throughout its range; in the study area, this species is known from only four localities.; Notes: This species is most closely related to the primarily corticolous species M. glabra. Although otherwise completely typical for M. glabroides, the single Arizona specimen seen (Esslinger 15826), has a few tiny hyaline cortical hairs on some lobes and on the rim of a single old apothecium. These hairs have not so far been observed in any other specimens of this species. Among herbarium specimens, the species most commonly confused with M. glabroides is unrelated M. tominii, which sometimes lacks soredia, and also has a C+ rose or reddish medulla (but due to gyrophoric, not lecanoric acid). It can be distinguished from M. glabroides by the presence on the lobes of laminal pseudocyphellae, which vary from conspicuous to somewhat obscure, but are not easy to overlook. 125457 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=125457 Melanelixia subargentifera (Nyl.) O. Blanco et al. 3035 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:07 2011-02-02 12:17:07 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: adnate to loosely adnate, appressed but often somewhat raised on the margins and ends of the lobes, foliose, up to 8 (-11) cm diam., lobate; lobes: short and rounded to somewhat elongate, discrete to more often contiguous or imbricate, (1-) 2-4 (-7) mm broad, ± flat; upper surface: pale olive-brown to dark brown, often with a distinctly reddish or yellowish cast, smooth to distinctly rugose or pitted at the periphery, inward usually somewhat more strongly rugose; dull throughout or occasionally somewhat shiny, very often lightly to rather heavily pruinose, especially near the lobe margins; usually bearing tiny, hyaline, cortical hairs especially near lobe edges, these dense to sparse, but rarely missing altogether; without typical pseudocyphellae, but the lobes in places with linear, sometimes pale, pseudocyphelloid lines on the margins (like those of M. glabra); soredia: granular to occasionally rather strongly isidioid, brown to dark brown (whitish when abraded), in laminal and marginal (rarely weakly labriform) soralia; laminal soralia: mostly developing from small pustules by gradual dissolution of the cortex; soralia: punctiform to weakly capitate, often becoming numerous and ± confluent in older parts of the thallus; lower surface: dark brown to black, paler at the periphery, smooth to weakly rugose or weakly trabeculate, dull to somewhat shiny; moderately rhizinate, the rhizines ± concolorous with the lower surface; Apothecia: rare, up to 3 mm diam., sessile, concave to ± flat, the margin very soon becoming sorediate; asci: clavate, 8-spored; ascospores: ellipsoid to broadly ellipsoid, 11-13 x 7-8.5 µm; Pycnidia: rare, immersed; conidia: acerose to weakly fusiform or weakly bifusiform, 5-7.5 x 1 µm; Spot tests: cortex K-, C-, KC-, P-, HNO3-; medulla K-, C+ rose-red or red, KC+ red, P-; Secondary metabolite: lecanoric acid.; Substrate: bark, wood, and rocks; World distribution: western and northern North America, Europe, Central Africa, Asia; Sonoran distribution: forested regions, usually between 1500 and 2500 m in Arizona, lower in California.; Notes: This is the most common sorediate species of Melanelia in the study area, especially on bark. The usually somewhat uplifted lobes (i.e., not appressed out to the ends), presence of at least sparse hyaline cortical hairs, possession of both laminal and marginal soralia, and the C+ medulla should adequately distinguish it from all others. Much rarer (in the study area) M. subaurifera is sometimes confused, but has primarily laminal soredia, usually with very slender true isidia interspersed, and is usually appressed. The most closely related species is M. albertana, known from only a single collection in the Sonoran region, and differing by the very distinctly labriform soralia. 125458 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=125458 Melanelixia subaurifera (Nyl.) O. Blanco et al. 3036 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:07 2011-02-02 12:17:07 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: adnate to loosely adnate appressed throughout or occasionally slightly reflexed at the periphery, foliose, up to 8 (-10) cm diam., lobate; lobes: short and rounded to somewhat elongate, discrete to more often contiguous or subimbricate, 1-4 (-6) mm broad, ± flat; upper surface: olive-green or olive-brown to rather dark reddish brown, smooth to weakly pitted or rugulose near the periphery, inward usually somewhat more strongly rugose; dull throughout or occasionally shiny, especially near the periphery; sometimes with small and very obscure, concolorous pseudocyphellae on the lobes; sorediate or isidiate or (usually) both; isidia: arising within but also between the soralia, cylindrical, not or infrequently branched, to 0.2 (-0.4) mm long and 0.02-0.06 mm diam.; soredia: granular, frequently becoming brownish and isidioid or isidiate; in laminal soralia that often arise from the obscure pseudocyphellae and are punctiform and discrete, or become ± confluent in central parts; lower surface: pale brown to dark brown or black, often paler at the periphery; ± smooth to rugose, dull to rather shiny; moderately rhizinate, the rhizines concolorous with the lower surface; Apothecia: rare, up to 2.5 mm diam., sessile, ± flat, the margin entire when young, soon sorediate and isidiate; asci: clavate, 8-spored; ascospores: ellipsoid, 10-13 x 5.5-7 µm; Pycnidia: rare, immersed; conidia: weakly fusiform to weakly bifusiform, 5.5-7 x 1µm; Spot tests: cortex K-, C-, KC-, P-, HNO3-; medulla K-, C+ rose-red or red, KC+ red, P-; Secondary metabolite: lecanoric acid.; Substrate: bark or wood, rarer on rocks; World distribution: much of temperate and boreal North America and Europe, North and Central Africa, Asia; Sonoran distribution: infrequent, only in the California part of the Sonoran region.; Notes: The presence of both soredia and true, very slender isidia on the lamina, a C+ medulla, and a mostly appressed thallus will distinguish this species from most others in the genus. Melanelia subargentifera has soredia which sometimes become isidioid, but they are much coarser than the isidia of M. subaurifera, which also lacks the hyaline cortical hairs characteristic of that species. Melanelia fuliginosa sometimes has the thallus surface eroded around its isidia, and this situation has been mistaken for the presence of soredia. 125459 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=125459 Melanelixia villosella (Essl.) O. Blanco et al. 3037 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:07 2011-02-02 12:17:07 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: adnate to loosely adnate ± appressed throughout or somewhat ascending at the periphery, foliose, up to 6 cm diam., lobate; lobes: short and rounded to somewhat elongate, ± contiguous to imbricate, 2-4 (-5) mm broad, ± flat; upper surface: olive-brown to reddish brown, smooth to weakly wrinkled or pitted on the lobe-ends, inward smooth to rugose, dull throughout or slightlv shiny on some lobe ends, with usually rather numerous small, hyaline cortical hairs; without typical pseudocyphellae, but lobe edges in places with linear, sometimes pale abrasions (like those of M. glabra); isidia: sparse or more abundant, largely marginal to more often evenly scattered over the thallus, cylindrical, simple or much branched, up to 0.8 mm long and 0.05-0.2 mm diam., usually with many cortical hairs (but see discussion); lower surface: pale tan to black or mottled; smooth to rather strongly wrinkled, especially on the lobe-ends, ± dull; moderately to somewhat sparsely rhizinate, the rhizines concolorous with the lower surface or darkening; Apothecia: frequent, up to 3.5 mm diam., sessile to very short stipitate, concave when small, becoming irregularly flattened with age, the margin at first entire, becoming ± crenulate or lacerate, densely hairy, sometimes becoming sparsely isidiate; asci: clavate, 8-spored; ascospores: ellipsoid, 11.5-14 x 5.5-8 µm; Pycnidia: infrequent, immersed; conidia: ± acerose to filiform, 6.5-8 (-10) x c. 1 µm; Spot tests: cortex K-, C-, KC-, P-, HNO3-; medulla K-, C+ red, KC+ red, P-; Secondary metabolite: lecanoric acid.; Substrate: bark or rocks; World distribution: Arizona, Utah, northern India, Pakistan, Nepal; Sonoran distribution: known from a single locality in Gila County, Arizona.; Notes: This species has not previously been reported for North America, and the identification of the single specimen from Arizona has to be considered tentative. It is a well developed specimen, and although it matches most characters observed in the original Asian material, it lacks the usually numerous cortical hairs of those specimens. However, the pattern of occurrence of these hyaline cortical hairs is variable enough in other species of this group (M. glabra, M. glabroides, M. subargentifera), that their absence from one specimen is inconclusive. There is also one scrappy specimen from Utah (San Juan Co., Devils Canyon, Nash 14956 [ASU]) that appears to be this same taxon. If more material is found, and the lack of hairs is constant, a more careful comparison may require recognition of a new taxon. Because of the isidia, this species, especially when lacking cortical hairs, is most likely to be confused with M. fuliginosa, but the isidia are coarser, more branched, and rounded at the end (instead of tapered), and the form of the lobes (e.g. ± up-turned lobe margins with pseudocyphelloid lines on the edges) clearly indicate a closer relationship with M. subargentifera. That species does sometimes have rather strongly isidioid soredia (when the pustules dont break open in the usual way) and such specimens could be confused with M. villosella, but the cortex of these pseudoisidia in M. subargentifera is dull and unlike that of the rest of the cortex on the upper surface. 125460 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=125460 Melanohalea elegantula (Zahlbr.) O. Blanco et al. 3038 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:07 2011-02-02 12:17:07 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: adnate to loosely adnate, appressed throughout or somewhat raised near the periphery, foliose, up to 6 (10) cm diam., lobate; lobes: short and rounded to slightly elongate, ± contiguous to imbricate, 1-4 (-7) mm broad, ± flat; upper surface: pale olive-green to dark olive-brown, red-brown or darkening, ± smooth to irregularly and slightly pitted or wrinkled; usually dull, occasionally weakly shiny, especially near the lobe ends, frequently lightly to quite heavily pruinose; isidia: arising near the lobe ends as small rather evenly scattered, conical to hemispherical papillae (not constricted at the base) with obscure to distinct pseudocyphellae at the tips, growing into usually ± cylindrical isidia up to 1 or occasionally 1.5 mm long and (0.03-) 0.05-0.2 (-0.4) mm diam., often developing unequal side branches; lower surface: pale tan to dark brown or black, generally paler near the periphery, or often mottled pale and dark throughout, smooth to irregularly wrinkled or trabeculate in spots, dull to slightly shiny; moderately to somewhat sparsely rhizinate, the rhizines mostly concolorous with the lower surface; Apothecia: infrequent, up to 3.5 mm diam., sessile to very short- stipitate, concave or flattening, the margin entire to crenulate at first, becoming papillate to strongly isidiate; asci: clavate, 8-spored; ascospores: ellipsoid to broadly ovoid or occasionally almost subglobose, 8-11.5 x 4.5-7 µm; Pycnidia: rare, immersed; conidia: acerose to fusiform, c. 7 x 1 µm; Spot tests: upper cortex K-, C-, KC-, P-, HNO3-; medulla K-, C-, KC-, P-; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate: most common on bark or wood, also on rocks; World distribution: northern and western North America, Europe, North and Central Africa, Asia, southern South America; Sonoran distribution: widely distributed, from boojum forest in Baja California to montane conifer forests.; Notes: Very few species within the Sonoran region can be confused with M. elegantula. Melanelia fuliginosa, M. villosella, and sometimes M. subaurifera and M. subargentifera have isidia or isidioid structures, but all are easily distinguished by the C+ red medulla (lecanoric acid), among many other differences. Within the region, only M. exasperatula has true isidia and a C- medulla, but clearly differs by its lack of pseudocyphellate papillae, isidia which are spherical to clavate or spatulate and usually hollow, and a much shinier thallus. The extremely variable and usually fertile species M. subolivacea sometimes has irregular isidia-like warts or knobs, and occasionally also has pseudocyphellate papillae on the lobes, and such specimens have sometimes been misidentified as M. elegantula. However, the warts of M. subolivacea are usually very irregular and seldom become elongate or branched as do the true isidia of M. elegantula, and so the distinction should usually be easy to make. 125462 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=125462 Melanohalea exasperatula (De Not.) O. Blanco et al. 3039 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:07 2011-02-02 12:17:07 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: loosely adnate to adnate, appressed throughout or more often somewhat raised at the periphery, foliose, up to 5 cm diam., lobate; lobes: broadly rounded, contiguous to ± imbricate, (l-) 2-5 mm broad, ± flat but often with reflexed margins; upper surface: pale olive-green to dark olive-brown or red-brown, smooth to slightly and irregularly wrinkled or occasionally ± shallowly and reticulately pitted; often very oily-shiny, especially near the periphery, central areas (and rarely the lobes as well) becoming ± dull, occasionally with a scattered, light pruina; without pseudocyphellae; isidia: arising as small hemispherical to spherical papillae, enlarging to form distinctly inflated, clavate to spatulate (rarely spherical), 0.3-1 (-2) mm long, remaining simple or sometimes becoming notched or bifurcate at the tip; lower surface: pale tan to dark brown or rarely blackening, uniformly colored or often mottled, ± flat and smooth to irregularly or reticulately wrinkled, somewhat shiny to dull, especially inward; moderately rhizinate, the rhizines ± concolorous with the lower surface or paler; Apothecia: uncommon, up to 3 mm diam., ± sessile, weakly concave or flattening, margin at first entire, becoming crenate or crenate-papillate; asci: clavate, 8-spored; ascospores: broadly ellipsoid to almost subglobose, 8-10.5 x 5.5-8 µm; Pycnidia: not seen; Spot tests: cortex K-, C-, KC-, P-, HNO3-; medulla K-, C-, KC-, P-; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate: bark or wood, rarely on rocks; World distribution: western and northern North America, Europe, Asia; Sonoran distribution: known from only three Arizonan collections on fir or spruce in mixed conifer forest above 2800 m.; Notes: This species is still most frequently confused with M. elegantula, the only other isidiate species with a C- medulla that occurs in the study area. The two are sometimes found growing together, although M. elegantula is the much more common of the two. Melanelia elegantula is easily distinguished by the less shiny thallus with pseudocyphellate papillae near the margin, and the more cylindrical, usually branched isidia. 125465 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=125465 Melanohalea multispora (A. Schneider) O. Blanco et al. 3040 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:08 2011-02-02 12:17:08 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: adnate to loosely adnate appressed or somewhat raised at the periphery, foliose, up to 7 cm diam., lobate; lobes: short and rounded to somewhat elongate and angular, discrete to contiguous or subimbricate, 1-3 (-4) mm broad, flat; upper surface: olive-brown to dark reddish-brown, smooth to weakly rugose or pitted at the periphery, inward usually even more so, occasionally developing scattered papillae or tubercles; dull throughout or slightly shiny at the periphery; occasionally pruinose in scattered areas; usually with pseudocyphellae only on the occasional tubercles; lower surface: dark brown to black, sometimes pale tan at the periphery or (rarely) throughout; smooth to distinctly rugulose or weakly traberculate; usually somewhat shiny; moderately to densely rhizinate, the rhizines ± concolorous with the lower surface; Apothecia: common, up to 4 mm diam., sessile, concave to flat or somewhat convex with age, the margin entire to tuberculate, the tubercles usually pseudocyphellate; asci: clavate, 12-32 (usually c. 26)-spored; ascospores: subglobose to broadly ovoid or ellipsoid, 5.5-10 (-11.5) x 5-8 µm; Pycnidia: common, immersed; conidia: acerose to slightly fusiform, 5-8 x 1 µm; Spot tests: cortex K-, C-, KC-, P-, HNO3-; medulla K-, C-, KC-, P-; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate: bark of shrubs or trees; World distribution: west coast of North America, south-central Alaska to southern California; Sonoran distribution: southern California.; Notes: Based on external morphology alone, this species is not consistently distinguishable from closely related M. subolivacea. However, fertile specimens are easily identified by their 12-32 ascospores occurring in each ascus. Melanelia multispora also has a narrower distribution in western North America, and is not found in the main part of the study area. 125470 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=125470 Melanohalea subolivacea (Nyl.) O. Blanco et al. 3041 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:08 2011-02-02 12:17:08 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: adnate to loosely adnate appressed throughout or somewhat raised at the periphery, foliose, up to 8 (-11) cm diam., lobate; lobes: short and rounded, ± contiguous to imbricate, (1-) 2-6 (-l 0) mm broad, ± flat; upper surface: olive-brown to dark brown, smooth to weakly rugose or pitted near the periphery, inward becoming more strongly rugose and often grossly so, sometimes with isidioid papillae or tubercles, these verging on true isidia in extreme cases; dull throughout or somewhat shiny on the lobe-ends; pseudocyphellae usually sparse or absent, occasionally rather numerous but even then small and rather obscure, the laminal tubercles developed by some specimens often bearing distinctive pseudocyphellae; lower surface: dark brown or black, pale brown to tan at the periphery or occasionally throughout; smooth to rugulose, dull to rather shiny; moderately to rather densely rhizinate, the rhizines concolorous with the lower surface or paler; Apothecia: common, up to 5 mm diam., sessile to short stipitate, concave to flattening or sometimes convex, the margin entire to more often crenate or tuberculate, often with rather numerous pseudocyphellae, especially on the tubercles; asci: clavate, 8-spored; ascospores: ellipsoid to subglobose, (7-) 8-10.5 x 5-8 (-9) µm; Pycnidia: common, immersed; conidia: acerose to weakly fusiform or weakly bifusiform, 6.5-8.5 (-10) x 1 µm; Spot tests: cortex K-, C-, KC-, P-, HNO3-; medulla K-, C-, KC-, P-; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate: bark or rarely wood; World distribution: western North America, Michigan, Canary Islands; Sonoran distribution: frequent, from coastal islands to mountains of Arizona.; Notes: Typical specimens of M. subolivacea are only likely to be confused with M. multispora, which is essentially indistinguishable in outward morphology, but has more than eight spores per ascus (usually 12-32), and a more restricted distribution. However, M. subolivacea is extremely variable in size, general appearance, and in the amount and size of papillae or tubercles it produces. Specimens with distinctive papillae, especially if they are rather uniformly distributed, are still sometimes misidentified as M. exasperata, a species occurring in eastern North America. At times the papillae and tubercles of M. subolivacea become so elongate that they appear like very irregular isidia, and these specimens have been often misdetermined as e.g. M. elegantula. 125614 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=125614 Pertusaria stenhammarii Hellb. 3042 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:08 2011-02-02 12:17:08 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: continuous to weakly fissured, with thin to very thin verrucae; margins: entire, unzoned; upper surface: ash gray to greenish gray, smooth, shiny, epruinose; lacking soredia or isidia; fertile verrucae: darker than thallus, lecanorate, numerous, c. 0.2-1.2 mm in diam.; Apothecia: 1 (-2) per verruca; disc: black, sunken, grayish pruinose; epithecium: yellowish brown to dark brown, K+ strongly violet; hypothecium: yellowish; asci: clavate, 120-250 x 40-70 µm, (-1) 2 (-3)-spored; ascospores: hyaline, ellipsoid to fusiform, 60-120 x 30-65 µm, K-; spore wall: c. 2-16 µm thick, smooth, apices up to 30 µm thick, 1-layered; Pycnidia: not seen; Spot tests: K-, C-, KC-, P-, UV-; Secondary metabolites: no phenolic substances detectable by HPLC.; Substrate and ecology: Pertusaria stenhammarii grows on bark of high elevation conifers; World distribution: circumboreal in the Northern Hemisphere; Sonoran distribution: mountainous areas of Arizona.; Notes: This 2-spored species is characterized by a hypophloedal, grayish thallus, disciform apothecia, a K+ violet epithecium, and the lack of lichen substances. It might be confused with P. sommerfeltii but this species differs in having poriform ascomata and the presence of stictic acid and 4,5-dichlorolichexanthone. 125661 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=125661 Placopyrenium stanfordii (Herre) K. Knudsen 3043 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:08 2011-02-02 12:17:08 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: chinky areolate; stipe: composed of filamentous hyphae; areoles: c. 1-2 mm broad, up to 0.7 mm high, basally ± constricted, slightly convex, separated by deep cracks, ± angular; marginal areoles: more roundish or slightly incised; upper surface: grayish, lateral parts brown to blackish; upper cortex: c. 15-25 µm thick, continuing laterally, composed of rounded-angular cells (5-9 µm diam.); epinecral layer: thin, causing the pruina; medulla: subparaplectenchymatous, composed of cells 6-10 µm diam.; algal layer: 100-150 µm high; algal cells: 8-15 µm in diam.; lower surface: brown to black; attached with a central stipe as a holdfast; Perithecia: broadly pyriform to subglobose, up to 0.45 mm broad; wall: pale except for the ostiole, browning with age throughout; periphyses: 15-20 x 3-4 µm; asci: clavate, 65-75 x 17-25 µm, 8-spored; ascospores: simple, ellipsoid, 17-24 x 6-8 µm; Pycnidia: immersed; conidia: oblong-subcylindrical, 3-4 x 1 µm long; Spot tests: all negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: on rock of different kinds (limestone, granite, sandstone, basalt) from low elevations to 1000 m, often among other crustose lichens, but not truly parasitic; World distribution: SW North America in the mediterranean climate, northwards to Oregon; Sonoran distribution: Arizona, southern California, Baja California and Baja California Sur.; Notes: Within the genus the species is outstanding in its short and rather thickish periphyses. A specimen from Baja California has larger areoles (-4 mm), slightly broader spores (20-24 x 8-9 µm) often with an end attenuated, and larger conidia and may represent a separate species. Placopyrenium noxium has smaller thalli, smaller spores and longer conidia and is a constant parasite on Staurothele areolata. Dermatocarpon lorenzianum may be morphologically similar and has spores of almost equal size, but is easily separated by its prosoplectenchymatous medulla and a lower cortex of anticlinally arranged, strongly conglutinated hyphae. 125716 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=125716 Pycnora praestabilis (Nyl.) Hafellner 3044 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:08 2011-02-02 12:17:08 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: crustose; areoles: up to 1.0 (-1.5) mm diam., adnate, weakly convex; upper surface: light gray or yellowish brown, dull; soredia: absent; upper cortex: up to 15 µm thick, composed of thin-walled hyphae; Apothecia: up to 0.8 (-1.1) mm diam., marginal or laminal, plane; disc: black, epruinose, egyrose; margin: remaining prominent, entire or flexuose; exciple: composed of closely conglutinated hyphae, brown in inner part, brownish black in the rim, not containing crystals, K+ violet, N-; hypothecium: dark brown; epithecium: dark brown, not containing crystals, K+ violet, N-; paraphyses: without swelling and pigment cap in apical cell; asci: with a well developed tholus containing an amyloid flank; ascospores: common, broadly to narrowly ellipsoid, simple, 7-11.5 x 3-4.5 µm; Pycnidia: sessile, black, attached to the areole or apparently directly to the substrate; conidia: ellipsoid, 3-5.5 x 1.5-2.5 µm; Spot tests: upper cortex and medulla K+ yellow, C+ red, KC+ red, P+ yellow; Secondary metabolite: alectorialic acid.; Substrate and ecology: on wood, more rarely bark, of conifers, in conifer forests at 1970-3400 m alt., not on charred substrates; World distribution: Europe and North America; Sonoran distribution: Arizona and Chihuahua, uncommon.; Notes: The closely related boreal species H. xanthococca (Sommerf.) P. James & Gotth. Schneid. has subglobose conidia, 2.5-4 x 1.5-3 µm (see Timdal 1984b: 102, fig. 19). There are no reliable reports of H. xanthococca from North America. 125717 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=125717 Pycnora sorophora (Vainio) Hafellner 3045 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:08 2011-02-02 12:17:08 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: crustose; areoles: up to 0.5 (-1.0) mm diam., adnate, weakly convex; upper surface: light gray or yellowish brown, dull; soredia: yellowish brown, diffuse; upper cortex: up to 15 µm thick, composed of thin-walled hyphae; Apothecia: up to 0.6 (-0.8) mm diam., marginal or laminal, plane; disc: black, epruinose, egyrose; margin: remaining prominent, entire or flexuose; exciple: composed of closely conglutinated hyphae, brown in inner part, brownish black in the rim, not containing crystals, K+ violet, N-; hypothecium: dark brown; epithecium: dark brown, not containing crystals, K+ violet, N-; paraphyses: without swelling or pigment cap in apical cell; asci: with a well developed tholus containing an amyloid flank; ascospores: broadly to narrowly ellipsoid, simple, 6-9 x 2.5-4.5 µm; Pycnidia: sessile, black, attached to the areole or apparently directly to the substrate; conidia: ellipsoid to shortly bacilliform, 3.5-5 x 1.5-2.5 µm; Spot tests: upper cortex and medulla K+ yellow, C+ red, KC+ red, P+ yellow; Secondary metabolite: alectorialic acid.; Substrate and ecology: on wood (elsewhere also bark) of conifers, not charred, in conifer forests at 2750-3400 m alt.; World distribution: Europe and North America; Sonoran distribution: Arizona and Chihuahua, rare.; Notes: The species may be regarded as the sorediate counterpart of H. praestabilis. 125773 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=125773 Roccella gracilis Bory 3046 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:08 2011-02-02 12:17:08 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: fruticose, pendent, main branches flattened, usually 5-15 cm long; lobe surface: grayish, often uneven with ridges and wrinkles; soredia: farinose, in maculiform soralia which may often fuse to cover much of the lobe surface; medulla: white but brown in the holdfast zone, usually with a yellowish tinge; Ascomata: not seen; Spot tests: cortex K+ more or less yellowish red (sometimes inconspicuous), C+ red, KC+ red, P-; medulla K-, C-, KC-, P-; Secondary metabolites: erythrin and lecanoric acid.; Substrate and ecology: grows near the sea on any suitable substrate, such as the vertical rocks and cliffs and on the trunks, branches and twigs of various trees and shrubs; World distribution: uncertain, but probably from California to south-central Chile, and possibly Carribean and pantropical; Sonoran distribution: extending from southern California south to the tip of Baja California along the Pacific coast and also occurring in southern parts of Sonora and adjacent Sinaloa.; Notes: Roccella peruensis is characterized by its sterile, sorediate thallus. Roccella peruensis feels somewhat softer and less robust than R. decipiens, probably due to the presence of soralia. The name and R. babingtonii Mont. (Montagne 1852) has been frequently used for this taxon in California and Mexico. Roccella babingtonii, however, was described by Montagne as having apothecia only; soredia were not mentioned by him. Thus, Montagne's description cannot be applied to the sterile, sorediate taxon R. peruensis (Krempelh.) Darb. The description of R. babingtonii Mont. better fits to the fertile R. decipiens Darb. above and may in fact be the oldest name for that taxon. Morphological, chemical and molecular investigations (Myllys et al., 1999) indicate that Roccella peruensis may be the sterile counterpart in a species pair relationship with the fertile R. decipiens (above). Thus, the name R. peruensis may be subject to change when the the genus Roccella is revised. 125883 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=125883 Thelenella sychnogonioides (Zahlbr.) R. C. Harris 3047 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:08 2011-02-02 12:17:08 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: inconspicuous, superficial, partially indistinct, membranous to rimose; upper surface: pale brown to gray-brown, smooth; prothallus: absent; Perithecia: immersed but appearing as prominent warts, dispersed; ostiole pale brown; involucrellum: absent; exciple: colorless to pale brown; hamathecium: composed of persistent paraphyses, richly branched and anastomosed; periphysoids towards the inner side of the ostiole; periphyses absent; asci: cylindrical, 8-spored; ascospores: colorless, submuriform to rarely muriform, with 6-7 lateral septa and 1 (-2) longitudinal septa, narrowly ellipsoid, 20-30 x 7-11 µm; Pycnidia: not seen; Spot tests: all negative; Secondary metabolites: none detected.; Substrate and ecology: bark, (on smooth bark of Quercus agrifolia and Juglans californica in southern California); World distribution: southern California and temperate Australia; Sonoran distribution: San Gabriel Mountains and the Santa Monica Range in southern California.; Notes: Thelenella sychnogonioides is characterized by its inconspicuous thallus, immersed perithecia appearing as prominent warts and submuriform ascospores. The arctic-alpine distributed Thelenella pertusariella is distinguished by its darker thallus and smaller ascospores. 126080 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=126080 Hypotrachyna lividescens (Kurok.) Hale 3048 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:08 2011-02-02 12:17:08 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: foliose, 3-10 cm in diam., closely adnate, dichotomously lobate; lobes: sublinear, elongate, plane to subconvex, separate to contiguous, 1-3 mm wide; margin: entire to subcrenate; apices: subtruncate to subrotund, plane to convex; upper surface: light gray, gray to yellowish gray, smooth to somewhat rugulose, dull but shiny in younger lobes, irregularly cracked in older lobes, emaculate, epruinose; soredia: farinose to slightly granular, in mostly subterminal, capitate soralia; isidia, pustules and dactyls absent; medulla: white with continuous algal layer; lower surface: black centrally, brown peripherally; rhizines: sparse to moderate, black, dichotomous; Apothecia: rare, laminal, substipitate, 2-3 mm diam.; disc: dark brown; margin: sorediate; asci: clavate, 8-spored; ascospores: broadly ellipsoid, 9-11 x 5-7 µm; Pycnidia: not seen; Spot tests: upper cortex K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P+ yellow, UV-; medulla K-, C+ red, KC+ red, P-; Secondary metabolites: upper cortex with atranorin and chloroatranorin; medulla with olivetoric acid (major).; Substrate and ecology: on bark of hardwoods and pines in montane and upper montane forests; World distribution: neotropics (Columbia to Mexico), South Africa and Australasia; Sonoran distribution: Baja California (Cedros Island). 126146 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=126146 Dendrographa alectoroides f. alectoroides Sundin & Tehler 3049 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:08 2011-02-02 12:17:08 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: with ascomata.; Substrate and ecology: growing near the sea on trees and rocks, usually on the vertical, northern side; World and Sonoran distribution: from Monterey, San Francisco and Marin Counties in California, and, thus, lies somewhat north of the Sonoran region. 126147 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=126147 Dendrographa alectoroides f. parva Sundin & Tehler (1996) 3050 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:08 2011-02-02 12:17:08 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: without ascomata.; Substrate and ecology: near the sea on trees and rocks, usually on the vertical, northern side; World and Sonoran distribution: from California in Monterey, San Francisco and Marin Counties in the north and extending south to Santa Cruz Island in Santa Barbara County. 126148 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=126148 Dendrographa leucophaea f. leucophaea 3051 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:08 2011-02-02 12:17:08 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: with ascomata, internodes (2-) 4-20 (-30) mm, rarely with lateral branchlets.; Substrate and ecology: common on shrubs, especially on dead branches, often found in more exposed microhabitats than Dendrographa leucophaea f. minor (see below); World and Sonoran distribution: ranges from southern Baja California Sur to Monterey County, California but not collected north of Santa Barbara Island later than 1885 (Sundin and Tehler 1996). 126149 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=126149 Dendrographa leucophaea f. minor (Darb.) Sundin & Tehler (1996) 3052 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:08 2011-02-02 12:17:08 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: without ascomata, internodes 1-5 mm, with abundant lateral branchlets.; Substrate and ecology: abundant on shaded, north-exposed rocks, also often on bark in shaded situations; World and Sonoran distribution: somewhat more restricted than that of D. leucophaea f. leucophaea, occurring from Monterey Co., California to Baja California; more common than Dendrographa leucophaea f. leucophaea in the northern part of the range. 126150 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=126150 Dirina catalinariae f. catalinariae Hasse (1911) 3053 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:08 2011-02-02 12:17:08 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: without soredia. 126151 http://symbiota.org/nalichens/taxa/index.php?taxon=126151 Dirina catalinariae f. sorediata Tehler (1983) 3054 http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text text/html 2011-02-02 12:17:08 2011-02-02 12:17:08 Description en http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. 2002-2011 Lichen Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe. Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan, C. Gries and F. Bungartz. (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I. pp. 532. Lichens Unlimited: Arizona State University, Tempe.http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#TaxonBiology Thallus: with soredia.