ID,Topic,Authors,Article Title,Source Title,Abstract,study_type,pathogen_broad,transmission_type,pathogen_type,country
dams_1,dams,"Rodríguez-Rodríguez, V; Castro-Cordero, A; Calderón-Rangel, A; Martínez-Ibarra, E; Yasnot, M; Agudelo-Flórez, P; Monroy, FP",Acute human leptospirosis in a Caribbean region of Colombia: From classic to emerging risk factors,ZOONOSES AND PUBLIC HEALTH,"Background: Leptospirosis is a zoonosis of worldwide incidence, with a broad spectrum of health risk factors.Aim: The objective was to determine risk factors associated with acute human leptospirosis and to explore predictive variables of risk to human leptospirosis.Methods: The study was carried out in the Department of Cordoba, in the north of Colombia. We conducted a longitudinal prospective descriptive study with non-probabilistic sampling, which included 339 patients suspected of leptospirosis. Positive cases were confirmed by MAT and PCR. The determination of social and environmental risk factors was done with a survey on epidemiological and environmental variables to establish an association between cases of leptospirosis and risk factors as well as predictive variables.Results: We found 19.8% (67/339) cases of acute leptospirosis, and the seroprevalence was 27.1% (92/339). The most frequent serogroups were Sejroe, Australis, Pomona, Batavie, Pyrogenes and Grippotyphosa. We identified the following risk factors: age between 10 and 19 years (OR = 2.571; 95% CI); pig ownership (OR = 2.019; 95% CI); bathing or recreational activities in lake/lagoon (OR = 3.85; 95% CI) and in dams (OR = 3.0; 95% CI); floodings 30 days before the onset of symptoms (OR = 2.019; 95% CI), and a mean temperature of 28 degrees C (p 0.044; 95%CI). As significant predictor variables, we identified age (10-19 years), bathing or recreational activities in the lake/lagoon, and flooding 30 days before symptoms were again evidenced. This region presents classic risk factors (pig ownership) and emerging environmental risk factors (recreational practice or bathing in a lake/lagoon and flooding 30 days before the onset of symptoms), and demographic factors such as young age (10-19 years).Conclusions: These factors are also predictors of human cases of acute leptospirosis and provide contextual information on environmental and public health that should be considered for epidemiological surveillance in this endemic area.",D,leptospira,indirect,bacteria,Colombia
dams_130,dams,"Sgarbi, FD; Uhlig, A; Simoes, AF; Goldemberg, J",An assessment of the socioeconomic externalities of hydropower plants in Brazil,ENERGY POLICY,"Hydropower plants (HPPs) have played a key role in the Brazilian electric sector for over a century. As the different options for the generation of electricity are being increasingly scrutinized in terms of their sustain ability, the assessment of the social, economic and environmental impacts has become a strategic factor to support investment decisions geared to expand the power supply. In this study, the construction and operation of a large group of Brazilian HPPs with over 100 MW of installed power was assessed based on the econometric analyses of 28 municipal indicators related to social, economic and environmental issues. Despite the broad variety of indicators analyzed, some environmental interferences typically attributed to HPPs such as a reduction in biodiversity and the interruption of fish migration routes were not assessed due to the lack of indicators. Overall, the study shows that the construction and operation of HPPs benefits mainly the economic activities. On the other hand, the indicators related to public health and safety, including the incidence of water-borne diseases and tropical parasitosis, bear no relation with the analyzed processes, except for the human fertility factor. In terms of Education, one of the indicators declined both during construction and operation stage.",C,Vector-borne pathogen,vector,multiple,Brazil
dams_130,dams,"Sgarbi, FD; Uhlig, A; Simoes, AF; Goldemberg, J",An assessment of the socioeconomic externalities of hydropower plants in Brazil,ENERGY POLICY,"Hydropower plants (HPPs) have played a key role in the Brazilian electric sector for over a century. As the different options for the generation of electricity are being increasingly scrutinized in terms of their sustain ability, the assessment of the social, economic and environmental impacts has become a strategic factor to support investment decisions geared to expand the power supply. In this study, the construction and operation of a large group of Brazilian HPPs with over 100 MW of installed power was assessed based on the econometric analyses of 28 municipal indicators related to social, economic and environmental issues. Despite the broad variety of indicators analyzed, some environmental interferences typically attributed to HPPs such as a reduction in biodiversity and the interruption of fish migration routes were not assessed due to the lack of indicators. Overall, the study shows that the construction and operation of HPPs benefits mainly the economic activities. On the other hand, the indicators related to public health and safety, including the incidence of water-borne diseases and tropical parasitosis, bear no relation with the analyzed processes, except for the human fertility factor. In terms of Education, one of the indicators declined both during construction and operation stage.",C,Water-borne pathogen,indirect,multiple,Brazil
dams_188,dams,"Benbow, ME; Simmonds, R; Merritt, RW; Jordan, HR",Buruli Ulcer: Case Study of a Neglected Tropical Disease,MODELING THE TRANSMISSION AND PREVENTION OF INFECTIOUS DISEASE,"Neglected tropical diseases affect almost all human communities in rural areas of mostly developing nations. They have staggering negative effects on human health and local, regional, and national economies through mortality and morbidity. These diseases are neglected in many large-scale disease management and control programs and therefore do not recieve the research and funding attention of diseases with higher pharmaceutical potential. One such disease that epitomozies this situation is Buruli ulcer disease, also known as Mycobacterium ulcerans infection. This necrotizing skin disease results in severe and lasting morbidity that primarily affects children in rural regions of Africa and other tropical and subtropical regions. It is caused by a mycobacterium related to other pathogens that are the agents for two other diseases, leprosy and tuberculosis; however, this pathogen secretes myolactone which is a cytotoxic molecule that is both necrotizing and immunodepressive and is unique within its phylogeny. As a neglected tropical disease, research and funding has generally been sporadic and diffuse among countries and agencies, limiting scientific gains in better understanding some basic disease system tenants such as the mode of transmission and where the pathogen grows and replicates in the environment. These limitations compounded with the fact that it focally affects rural and poor populations have made the control of Buruli ulcer disease challenging. Further, disease emergence and reemergence is thought to be associated with landscape modifications such as deforestation, dam construction, farming, and mining, coupling this disease with degraded environmental conditions that may faciliate either the emergence or sustainability of other water-related diseases of the rural poor. This chapter generally reviews Buruli ulcer disease within the context of neglected tropical diseases in a way that integrates the research that occurs at the molecular and cellular level of pathogen and host investigation with broader ecosystem factors that include other biological interactions (e.g., food webs) considered to be important to elucidating transmission of the pathogen, all of which must be assessed in combination to achieve successful future disease management activities.",E,mycobacterium ulcerans,indirect,bacteria,Sub-saharan Africa
dams_189,dams,"Confalonieri, U; Menezes, JA; Margonari, C",Environmental Change and the Emergence of Infectious Diseases: A Regional Perspective from South America,EXAMINING THE ROLE OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE ON EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES AND PANDEMICS,"In South America in the past decades several infectious diseases have emerged or re-emerged either as part of larger pandemics or as local processes involving autochthonous pathogens. These included arthropod-borne viral diseases, such as Dengue Fever, Chikungunya and Zika as well as viral hemorrhagic fevers, such as Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome, Junin, Machupo and Guanarito viruses. Parasitic disease was also important such as Malaria, endemic in the northern part of the continent, Leishmaniasis and Chagas Disease. Carrion disease, a bacterial infection originally from the Andes region, also seems to be expanding geographically. Several social and environmental processes have contributed to the emergence of these pathogens, including human migration, deforestation, road and dam building and climate shifts. Due to its high biological diversity of wildlife, arthropods and virus species in still untouched natural ecosystems in the Amazon has the greatest regional potential for the emergence of new human infections.dd",E,Malaria,vector,vector,South America
dams_189,dams,"Confalonieri, U; Menezes, JA; Margonari, C",Environmental Change and the Emergence of Infectious Diseases: A Regional Perspective from South America,EXAMINING THE ROLE OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE ON EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES AND PANDEMICS,"In South America in the past decades several infectious diseases have emerged or re-emerged either as part of larger pandemics or as local processes involving autochthonous pathogens. These included arthropod-borne viral diseases, such as Dengue Fever, Chikungunya and Zika as well as viral hemorrhagic fevers, such as Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome, Junin, Machupo and Guanarito viruses. Parasitic disease was also important such as Malaria, endemic in the northern part of the continent, Leishmaniasis and Chagas Disease. Carrion disease, a bacterial infection originally from the Andes region, also seems to be expanding geographically. Several social and environmental processes have contributed to the emergence of these pathogens, including human migration, deforestation, road and dam building and climate shifts. Due to its high biological diversity of wildlife, arthropods and virus species in still untouched natural ecosystems in the Amazon has the greatest regional potential for the emergence of new human infections.dd",E,Leishmania,vector,vector,South America
dams_197,dams,"Ong, XY; Wang, YC; Sithithaworn, P; Namsanor, J; Taylor, D; Laithavewat, L",Uncovering the Pathogenic Landscape of Helminth (Opisthorchis viverrini) Infections: A Cross-Sectional Study on Contributions of Physical and Social Environment and Healthcare Interventions,PLOS NEGLECTED TROPICAL DISEASES,"Background Helminth infections have proven recalcitrant to control by chemotherapy in many parts of Southeast Asia and indeed farther afield. This study isolates and examines the influence of different aspects of the physical and social environment, and uneven intervention effort contributing to the pathogenic landscape of human Opisthorchis viverrini infections. Methodology A cross-sectional survey, involving 632 participants, was conducted in four villages in northeast Thailand to examine the impact on prevalence and parasite burden of the reservoir dam environment, socio-economic, demographic, and behavioral factors, and health center intervention efforts. Formalin-ether concentration technique was used for diagnoses, and multivariate models were used for analyses. Principal Findings The importance attributed to O. viverrini infections varied among health centers in the four study villages. Villages where O. viverrini infections were not prioritized by the health centers as the healthcare focus were at a higher risk of infection (prevalence) with odds ratio (risk factor) of 5.73 (3.32-10.27) and p-value < 0.01. Priority of healthcare focus, however, did not appear to influence behavior, as the consumption of raw fish, the main source of O. viverrini infections in the study area, was 11.4% higher in villages that prioritized O. viverrini infections than those that did not (p-value = 0.01). Landscape variation, notably proximity to reservoir, affects vulnerability of local population to infection. Infection intensity was higher in population located closer to the reservoir with risk ratio of 2.09 (1.12-4.02) and p-value < 0.01. Patterns of infection intensities among humans were found to match fish infection intensity, where higher infection intensities were associated with fish obtained from the reservoir waterbody type (p-value = 0.023). Conclusions/Significance This study demonstrated the importance of environmental influence and healthcare focus as risk factors of infections in addition to the socio-economic, demographic, and behavioral factors commonly explored in existing studies. The reservoir was identified as a crucial source to target for opisthorchiasis intervention efforts and the need to consider infection intensity in disease control efforts was highlighted. The holistic approach in this study, which underscores the close relationship between the environment, animals, and humans in development of human infections or diseases, is an important contribution to the framework of One Health approach, where consideration of helminth diseases has largely been overlooked.",D,trematodes,food-borne,helminth,Thailand
dams_199,dams,"Mekonnen, Z; Suleman, S; Biruksew, A; Tefera, T; Chelkeba, L","Intestinal polyparasitism with special emphasis to soil-transmitted helminths among residents around Gilgel Gibe Dam, Southwest Ethiopia: a community based survey",BMC PUBLIC HEALTH,"Background: One third of the world population is estimated to be infected with intestinal parasites. The most affected people are children and the poor people living in tropics and subtropics. Polyparasitism (the concurrent infection with multiple intestinal parasite species) is found to be the norm among the same population although accurate estimate of its magnitude is unknown. It was found that polyparasitism might have a greater impact on morbidity than single species infection which might also increase susceptibility to other infections. Therefore, this study aimed at determining the prevalence and distribution of intestinal polyparasitism with special emphasis on Soil-Transmitted Helminths (STH) among residents around Gilgel Gibe dam located in Jimma zone of Oromia regional state, Ethiopia. Methods: A total of 1,021 participants were recruited in this study and provided stool samples for parasitological examination. Direct wet mount and Kato-Katz techniques were employed for stool examination. Pearson chi-square test was employed to assess the association of infection status and polyparasitism with gender and age group of the study participants. Results: Five hundred thirty two individuals were infected with at least one parasite, providing the overall prevalence of 52.1%. Among positive individuals, 405 (76.1%), 114 (21.4%), and 13 (2.5%) individuals were infected with only one, two and three species of parasites, respectively. The overall prevalence of intestinal polyparasitism observed among the study participants was 12.4% (127/1,021). The predominant STH was hookworm, with a prevalence of 44.1%. Hookworm and Ascaris lumbricoides were the most frequently recorded combination in cases of polyparasitic infection. The study revealed that there was no significant difference in the distribution of polyparasitism with regard to age group and sex of the study participants (p > 0.05). Conclusion: The study indicated the presence of high prevalence of parasites as well as distribution of polyparasitism in the area. Moreover, the detection of Schistosoma mansoni in the community living within close proximity of the newly constructed dam would be taken as an indication of future risk factor. Further investigation on the predictors of polyparasitism and the assessment of effects of polyparasitism on the population are needed. Finally, there is a need to undertake integrated control strategies which involve improved sanitation, health education and chemotherapy that targets the whole community instead of only certain segments of populations.",D,soil-transmitted helminths,indirect,helminth,Ethiopia
dams_199,dams,"Mekonnen, Z; Suleman, S; Biruksew, A; Tefera, T; Chelkeba, L","Intestinal polyparasitism with special emphasis to soil-transmitted helminths among residents around Gilgel Gibe Dam, Southwest Ethiopia: a community based survey",BMC PUBLIC HEALTH,"Background: One third of the world population is estimated to be infected with intestinal parasites. The most affected people are children and the poor people living in tropics and subtropics. Polyparasitism (the concurrent infection with multiple intestinal parasite species) is found to be the norm among the same population although accurate estimate of its magnitude is unknown. It was found that polyparasitism might have a greater impact on morbidity than single species infection which might also increase susceptibility to other infections. Therefore, this study aimed at determining the prevalence and distribution of intestinal polyparasitism with special emphasis on Soil-Transmitted Helminths (STH) among residents around Gilgel Gibe dam located in Jimma zone of Oromia regional state, Ethiopia. Methods: A total of 1,021 participants were recruited in this study and provided stool samples for parasitological examination. Direct wet mount and Kato-Katz techniques were employed for stool examination. Pearson chi-square test was employed to assess the association of infection status and polyparasitism with gender and age group of the study participants. Results: Five hundred thirty two individuals were infected with at least one parasite, providing the overall prevalence of 52.1%. Among positive individuals, 405 (76.1%), 114 (21.4%), and 13 (2.5%) individuals were infected with only one, two and three species of parasites, respectively. The overall prevalence of intestinal polyparasitism observed among the study participants was 12.4% (127/1,021). The predominant STH was hookworm, with a prevalence of 44.1%. Hookworm and Ascaris lumbricoides were the most frequently recorded combination in cases of polyparasitic infection. The study revealed that there was no significant difference in the distribution of polyparasitism with regard to age group and sex of the study participants (p > 0.05). Conclusion: The study indicated the presence of high prevalence of parasites as well as distribution of polyparasitism in the area. Moreover, the detection of Schistosoma mansoni in the community living within close proximity of the newly constructed dam would be taken as an indication of future risk factor. Further investigation on the predictors of polyparasitism and the assessment of effects of polyparasitism on the population are needed. Finally, there is a need to undertake integrated control strategies which involve improved sanitation, health education and chemotherapy that targets the whole community instead of only certain segments of populations.",D,schistosomes,indirect,helminth,Ethiopia
dams_203,dams,"Miyagi, K; Hirai, I; Sano, K","Distribution of Aeromonas species in environmental water used in daily life in Okinawa Prefecture, Japan",ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH AND PREVENTIVE MEDICINE,"Objectives The genus Aeromonas is known to causes diseases such as food poisoning, sepsis, and wound infection. However, the mode of Aeromonas transmission from environment to humans is not clearly understood. To evaluate the health risks of Aeromonas spp. in environmental freshwater, the number, proportion and putative virulence factors of Aeromonas species were investigated in Okinawa Prefecture, Japan. Methods Environmental freshwater samples were collected from three dams, two springs and three private wells. Aeromonas strains were identified by the biochemical method and the viable count was calculated. The production of extracellular enzymes and the virulence genes were investigated for possessing putative virulence factors using representative isolates. Results At least seven species of already-known Aeromonas isolates as well as unidentified Aeromonas spp. with/without arginin dehydrolase (ADH) exist in water at these sites. Aeromonas spp. was found to exist at over 1000 CFU/100 ml in one spring and two wells. A. veronii biovar sobria and A. jandaei were the predominant species in dams, and A. hydrophila and/or A. eucrenophila were predominant in wells. Almost all the sampled Aeromonas species produced protease, gelatinase, lipase, esterase and DNase, but A. caviae, A. caviae-like bacteria, and A. eucrenophila had low hemolytic activity. Most sampled A. hydrophila strains possessed both aerolysin gene (aer) and hemolysin gene (hlyA), but A. caviae and A. eucrenophila strains did not possess either gene. Conclusions Since these results indicated that several Aeromonas species having potential pathogenicity exist in environmental water in Okinawa, surveys are recommended as a public health measure.",D,Aeromonas,indirect,bacteria,Japan
dams_205,dams,"Ong, XY; Wang, YC; Sithithaworn, P; Grundy-Warr, C; Pitaksakulrat, O",Dam Influences on Liver Fluke Transmission: Fish Infection and Human Fish Consumption Behavior,ANNALS OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF GEOGRAPHERS,"Infectious diseases associated with dams in many parts of the world suggest a strong possibility of similar occurrence in Southeast Asia, but little is known about the influences of dams on disease occurrences in Southeast Asia, where a wide range of water-related diseases are present. An important public health issue in Southeast Asia is opisthorchiasis, the infection from liver fluke spread by ingesting raw or undercooked freshwater fish. This study investigated the effects of the Ubolratana reservoir in Thailand on Opisthorchis viverrini infection through the analyses of fish species assemblage and fish host infection in the reservoir and rivers, human fish consumption behavior, and their interactions. Multivariate analyses for community ecology and surveys of human practices were used to examine human-environment interactions involved in O. viverrini transmission. The results showed that the reservoir and the rivers harbored different fish species of varied O. viverrini infection densities, with the reservoir having higher overall infection rates than the rivers. Although the preferred species for raw fish dishes was found with low infection, several high-infection species were commonly consumed. The reservoir might have implications for opisthorchiasis risk through the potential change of fish species assemblage and the supply of high O. viverrini-infected fish to most of the villages around it. This study underscored the need to consider human-environment interactions for understanding the risks of disease transmission.",D,trematodes,food-borne,helminth,Thailand
dams_209,dams,"Rachida, S; Matsapola, PN; Wolfaardt, M; Taylor, MB",Genetic characterization of a novel hepatitis a virus strain in irrigation water in South Africa,JOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY,"Hepatitis A virus (HAV) was detected, by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, in irrigation water from a dam on a commercial fresh produce farm in South Africa (SA). The virus was characterized by nucleotide sequence and phylogenetic analysis of a consensus sequence spanning the VP1 and VP1/P2B genomic regions. Amino acid sequence and phylogenetic analysis indicated that the HAV strain was closely related to HAV genotype V and possibly of simian origin. This suggests that a novel HAV may be circulating in SA and its presence in irrigation water highlights the potential for zoonotic or anthroponotic cross-species transmission via environmental food and water sources. J. Med. Virol. 88:734-737, 2016. (c) 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.",D,Hepatitis,indirect,virus,South Africa
dams_215,dams,"El Naga, IFA","Demographic, socioeconomic and environmental changes affecting circulation of neglected tropical diseases in Egypt",ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE,"Egypt has been plagued by many neglected tropical diseases since Pharaonic time. These diseases are Schistosomiasis, soil transmitted helminthiasis, lymphatic filariasis, leishmaniasis and fascioliasis beside the epidermal parasitic skin diseases. Indeed, theses diseases still persist as public. health problem in the country by the influence of demographic, socioeconomic and environmental obstacles. This study seeks for understanding the contribution of each factor in each obstacle in neglected tropical diseases perpetuation which in turn could help the governorate in planning integrated control strategies. It was found that poverty, unregulated urbanization and inadequate sanitation are important socioeconomic factors that have great effect on the transmission dynamics of the diseases. The environmental factors which affect the epidemiology of these diseases in the country are scarcity of water, construction of dams, land reclamation for agriculture beside the climate factors. Unfortunately, the panic increase in the population growth rate minimizes the efforts done by the governorate to elevate the public health services. These conditions also affect the transmission of epidermal parasitic skin diseases including scabies, head lice and hookworm-related cutaneous larva migrans. The control programs and the recommendations to combat the diseases were discussed. The present study showed that the ecological factors affecting each neglected tropical disease in Egypt are somewhat similar which makes it worthy to develop an integrated control approaches aiming at improving the leading factors of neglected tropical diseases circulation in the country.",E,Filariasis,vector,multiple,Egypt
dams_215,dams,"El Naga, IFA","Demographic, socioeconomic and environmental changes affecting circulation of neglected tropical diseases in Egypt",ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE,"Egypt has been plagued by many neglected tropical diseases since Pharaonic time. These diseases are Schistosomiasis, soil transmitted helminthiasis, lymphatic filariasis, leishmaniasis and fascioliasis beside the epidermal parasitic skin diseases. Indeed, theses diseases still persist as public. health problem in the country by the influence of demographic, socioeconomic and environmental obstacles. This study seeks for understanding the contribution of each factor in each obstacle in neglected tropical diseases perpetuation which in turn could help the governorate in planning integrated control strategies. It was found that poverty, unregulated urbanization and inadequate sanitation are important socioeconomic factors that have great effect on the transmission dynamics of the diseases. The environmental factors which affect the epidemiology of these diseases in the country are scarcity of water, construction of dams, land reclamation for agriculture beside the climate factors. Unfortunately, the panic increase in the population growth rate minimizes the efforts done by the governorate to elevate the public health services. These conditions also affect the transmission of epidermal parasitic skin diseases including scabies, head lice and hookworm-related cutaneous larva migrans. The control programs and the recommendations to combat the diseases were discussed. The present study showed that the ecological factors affecting each neglected tropical disease in Egypt are somewhat similar which makes it worthy to develop an integrated control approaches aiming at improving the leading factors of neglected tropical diseases circulation in the country.",E,trematodes,indirect,multiple,Egypt
dams_215,dams,"El Naga, IFA","Demographic, socioeconomic and environmental changes affecting circulation of neglected tropical diseases in Egypt",ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE,"Egypt has been plagued by many neglected tropical diseases since Pharaonic time. These diseases are Schistosomiasis, soil transmitted helminthiasis, lymphatic filariasis, leishmaniasis and fascioliasis beside the epidermal parasitic skin diseases. Indeed, theses diseases still persist as public. health problem in the country by the influence of demographic, socioeconomic and environmental obstacles. This study seeks for understanding the contribution of each factor in each obstacle in neglected tropical diseases perpetuation which in turn could help the governorate in planning integrated control strategies. It was found that poverty, unregulated urbanization and inadequate sanitation are important socioeconomic factors that have great effect on the transmission dynamics of the diseases. The environmental factors which affect the epidemiology of these diseases in the country are scarcity of water, construction of dams, land reclamation for agriculture beside the climate factors. Unfortunately, the panic increase in the population growth rate minimizes the efforts done by the governorate to elevate the public health services. These conditions also affect the transmission of epidermal parasitic skin diseases including scabies, head lice and hookworm-related cutaneous larva migrans. The control programs and the recommendations to combat the diseases were discussed. The present study showed that the ecological factors affecting each neglected tropical disease in Egypt are somewhat similar which makes it worthy to develop an integrated control approaches aiming at improving the leading factors of neglected tropical diseases circulation in the country.",E,schistosomes,indirect,multiple,Egypt
dams_219,dams,"Sri-aroon, P; Chusongsang, P; Chusongsang, Y; Limpanont, Y; Surinthwong, P; Vongphayloth, K; Brey, PT","MALACOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION OF THE FULLY OPERATIONAL NAM THEUN 2 HYDROELECTRIC DAM PROJECT IN KHAMMOUANE PROVINCE, CENTRAL LAO PDR",SOUTHEAST ASIAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND PUBLIC HEALTH,"We conducted a malacological investigation in four districts of the Nam Theun 2 (NT2) hydroelectric dam project area, Khammouane Province, central Lao PDR (Nakai, Gnommalath, Mahaxai and Xe Bang Fai), after the first and second years of full operation in March 2010 and November 2011 to determine health risks for humans. A total 10,863 snail specimens (10 families/23 species) from 57 sampling stations and 12,902 snail specimens (eight families/21 species) from 66 sampling stations were collected in 2010 and 2011, respectively. Neotricula aperta (gamma race), the intermediate host for Schistosoma mekongi, was found in large numbers (5,853 specimens) in 2010 in Nam Gnom (downstream) at Station 25 (Mueang Gnommalath: Gnommalath District) and in fewer numbers (170 specimens) at Station 26 (Ban Thathod: Gnommalath District). In 2011, significantly fewer numbers (434 specimens) of N.aperta were found at Station 25. No snails were found to be infected with S. mekongi; however, 3.6% and 0.45% of Bithynia (D.) s. goniomphalos specimens collected were found to be infected with Opisthorchis viverrini (human liver fluke) during 2010 and 2011, respectively. Pomacea canaliculata, the rice crop pest, the intermediate host of Angiostrongylus (Parastrongylus) cantonensis, was found in the greatest numbers during 2010 and 2011; the prevalence increased significantly from 1.3% in 2010 to 53.3% in 2011. We also found seasonal variation in snail populations in terms of abundance and diversity The snail fauna and risk for transmission of parasitic diseases need to be monitored continuously to evaluate the long-term impact of the dam project.",D,trematodes,indirect,helminth,Laos
dams_220,dams,"Sokolow, SH; Huttinger, E; Jouanard, N; Hsieh, MH; Lafferty, KD; Kuris, AM; Riveau, G; Senghor, S; Thiam, C; N'Diaye, A; Faye, DS; De Leo, GA",Reduced transmission of human schistosomiasis after restoration of a native river prawn that preys on the snail intermediate host,PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,"Eliminating human parasitic disease often requires interrupting complex transmission pathways. Even when drugs to treat people are available, disease control can be difficult if the parasite can persist in nonhuman hosts. Here, we show that restoration of a natural predator of a parasite's intermediate hosts may enhance drug-based schistosomiasis control. Our study site was the Senegal River Basin, where villagers suffered a massive outbreak and persistent epidemic after the 1986 completion of the Diama Dam. The dam blocked the annual migration of native river prawns (Macrobrachium vollenhoveni) that are voracious predators of the snail intermediate hosts for schistosomiasis. We tested schistosomiasis control by reintroduced river prawns in a before-after-control-impact field experiment that tracked parasitism in snails and people at two matched villages after prawns were stocked at one village's river access point. The abundance of infected snails was 80% lower at that village, presumably because prawn predation reduced the abundance and average life span of latently infected snails. As expected from a reduction in infected snails, human schistosomiasis prevalence was 18 +/- 5% lower and egg burden was 50 +/- 8% lower at the prawn-stocking village compared with the control village. In a mathematical model of the system, stocking prawns, coupled with infrequent mass drug treatment, eliminates schistosomiasis from high-transmission sites. We conclude that restoring river prawns could be a novel contribution to controlling, or eliminating, schistosomiasis.",A,schistosomes,indirect,helminth,Senegal
dams_223,dams,"Granath, WO",Habitat Alteration and Parasite Transmission: Is It a One-Way Street?,COMPARATIVE PARASITOLOGY,"Changes to the environment can have a profound effect on parasite transmission, and many examples have been documented. Although such studies describe the changes that occur, they do not usually address the question of whether or not the environmental effects are reversible. Both manmade and natural perturbations can alter habitats, leading to either an increase or decrease in parasite transmission. Two different categories of manmade environmental changes, with examples and whether they can be reversed, are discussed. The first type is where habitats are intentionally altered to improve human well-being but produce unintended consequences to parasite transmission. The examples described include the Aswan High Dam, the Diama Dam, urbanization, and family ranching. The second type is where commercial interests intentionally alter habitats for profit or to avoid expensive treatment of waste products, which then changes parasite transmission. The examples discussed are commercial logging, salmon farming, and water pollution from pulp and paper mills. In some cases, government intervention has mitigated the effects on parasite transmission although the habitat remains altered (e.g., Aswan High Dam). In another example, once the habitat was returned to its normal state, parasite transmission diminished (family ranching). However, there are environmental perturbations that are not easily reversed, such as urbanization and those caused by commercial endeavors. In these cases, improvements to the economy, public advocacy, and special interest groups may reduce the problem of increased parasite transmission, although they will not likely be completely mitigated.",E,schistosomes,indirect,multiple,Global
dams_229,dams,"Adenowo, AF; Oyinloye, BE; Ogunyinka, BI; Kappo, AP",Impact of human schistosomiasis in sub-Saharan Africa,BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES,"Schistosomiasis, a neglected tropical disease of poverty ranks second among the most widespread parasitic disease in various nations in sub-Saharan Africa. Neglected tropical diseases are causes of about 534,000 deaths annually in sub-Saharan Africa and an estimated 57 million disability-adjusted life-years are lost annually due to the neglected tropical diseases. The neglected tropical diseases exert great health, social and financial burden on economies of households and governments. Schistosomiasis has profound negative effects on child development, outcome of pregnancy, and agricultural productivity, thus a key reason why the bottom 500 million inhabitants of sub-Saharan Africa continue to live in poverty. In 2008, 17.5 million people were treated globally for schistosomiasis, 11.7 million of those treated were from sub-Saharan Africa. This enervating disease has been successfully eradicated in Japan, as well as in Tunisia. Morocco and some Caribbean Island countries have made significant progress on control and management of this disease. Brazil, China and Egypt are taking steps towards elimination of the disease, while most sub-Saharan countries are still groaning under the burden of the disease. Various factors are responsible for the continuous and persistent transmission of schistosomiasis in sub-Saharan Africa. These include climatic changes and global warming, proximity to water bodies, irrigation and dam construction as well as socio-economic factors such as occupational activities and poverty. The morbidity and mortality caused by this disease cannot be overemphasized. This review is an exposition of human schistosomiasis as it affects the inhabitants of various communities in sub-Sahara African countries. It is hoped this will bring a re-awakening towards efforts to combat this impoverishing disease in terms of vaccines development, alternative drug design, as well as new point-of-care diagnostics. (C) 2015 Elsevier Editora Ltda. All rights reserved.",E,schistosomes,indirect,helminth,Global
dams_239,dams,"Alkalay, AS; Rosen, O; Sokolow, SH; Faye, YPW; Faye, DS; Aflalo, ED; Jouanard, N; Zilberg, D; Huttinger, E; Sagi, A",The Prawn Macrobrachium vollenhovenii in the Senegal River Basin: Towards Sustainable Restocking of All-Male Populations for Biological Control of Schistosomiasis,PLOS NEGLECTED TROPICAL DISEASES,"Early malacological literature suggests that the outbreak of schistosomiasis, a parasitic disease transmitted by aquatic snails, in the Senegal River basin occurred due to ecological changes resulting from the construction of the Diama dam. The common treatment, the drug praziquantel, does not protect from the high risk of re-infection due to human contact with infested water on a daily basis. The construction of the dam interfered with the life cycle of the prawn Macrobrachium vollenhovenii by blocking its access to breeding grounds in the estuary. These prawns were demonstrated to be potential biological control agents, being effective predators of Schistosoma-susceptible snails. Here, we propose a responsible restocking strategy using all-male prawn populations which could provide sustainable disease control. Male prawns reach a larger size and have a lower tendency to migrate than females. We, therefore, expect that periodic restocking of all-male juveniles will decrease the prevalence of schistosomiasis and increase villagers' welfare. In this interdisciplinary study, we examined current prawn abundance along the river basin, complemented with a retrospective questionnaire completed by local fishermen. We revealed the current absence of prawns upriver and thus demonstrated the need for restocking. Since male prawns are suggested to be preferable for bio-control, we laid the molecular foundation for production of all-male M. vollenhovenii through a complete sequencing of the insulin-like androgenic gland-encoding gene (IAG), which is responsible for sexual differentiation in crustaceans. We also conducted bioinformatics and immunohistochemistry analyses to demonstrate the similarity of this sequence to the IAG of another Macrobrachium species in which neo-females are produced and their progeny are 100% males. At least 100 million people at risk of schistosomiasis are residents of areas that experienced water management manipulations. Our suggested non-breeding sustainable model of control-if proven successful-could prevent re-infections and thus prove useful throughout the world.",E,schistosomes,indirect,helminth,Senegal
dams_246,dams,"Zhang, X; Peng, LB; Liu, WD; Fan, LR; Zhang, Q; Chen, GJ; He, P; Wu, RX; Liu, AP; Yang, YX; Yu, XG; Yun, LJ",Response of primary vectors and related diseases to impoundment by the Three Gorges Dam,TROPICAL MEDICINE & INTERNATIONAL HEALTH,"ObjectivesTo investigate the impact of the Three Gorges Dam on the local ecological environment. We conducted a 3-year cross-sectional survey of natural focus infectious diseases in the area before and after the water level rose to 156m to evaluate the dam's health impacts. MethodsDirect and indirect immunofluorescence methods were applied to detect rat antigen and antibody of haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS). Fresh rat kidneys were inoculated in Korth's culture medium to detect Leptospira. A group of captured crabs were ground to observe the metacercariae of Paragonimus. Serum samples were collected from healthy local individuals. ELISA kits were used to detect human antibody against HFRS and paragonimiasis. Human Leptospira infections were detected by a microscopic agglutination test. ResultsUpstream rodent density increased significantly with Rattus flavipectus and Apodemus agrarius as the major pathophoric genera. The infection rate of human HFRS and Leptospira in the upstream human population samples was significantly higher than in the downstream samples and correlated with the increase in rodent density. Paragonimus infection rates remained at a low level during the study. Culex pipiens fatigan and Armigeres obturbans were the dominant species of mosquito. ConclusionsThe creation of the Three Gorges Dam changed the proliferation of intermediary agents of diseases, but not notably. However, the ecological effects on the environment may require a prolonged period of time to manifest themselves; thus, long-term and effective surveillance of vectors and related diseases needs to be established. ObjectifsInvestiguer l'impact du barrage des Trois Gorges sur l'environnement ecologique local. Nous avons mene une enquete transversale de focalisation naturelle de trois ans sur les maladies infectieuses dans la region avant et apres l'elevation du niveau de l'eau a 156m, afin d'evaluer les impacts du barrage sur la sante. MethodesDes methodes d'immunofluorescence directe et indirecte ont ete appliquees pour detecter l'antigene de rat et les anticorps de la fievre hemorragique a syndrome renal. Des reins de rat frais ont ete inocules dans le milieu de culture de Korth pour detecter Leptospira. Un groupe de crabes captures ont ete broyes pour observer les metacercaires de Paragonimus. Des echantillons de serum ont ete preleves chez des individus locaux sains. Des Kits ELISA ont ete utilises pour detecter les anticorps humains contre la FHRS et la paragonimose. Les infections humaines a Leptospira ont ete detectees au moyen d'un test d'agglutination microscopique. ResultatsLa densite de rongeurs en amont a augmente de facon significative avec Rattus flavipectus et Apodemus agrarius comme principaux agents intermediaires de maladies. Le taux d'infections FHRS humaines et a Leptospira dans les echantillons de la population humaine en amont etait significativement plus eleves que dans les echantillons en aval, et en correlation avec l'augmentation de la densite des rongeurs. Les taux d'infection a Paragonimus sont restes a un niveau bas durant l'etude. Culex pipiens fatigan et Armigeres obturbans etaient les especes de moustiques dominantes. ConclusionsLa creation du barrage des Trois Gorges a change la proliferation des agents intermediaires de maladies, mais pas de facon notable. Cependant, les effets ecologiques sur l'environnement peuvent exiger une periode prolongee de temps pour se manifester. Ainsi une surveillance a long terme et efficace des vecteurs et des maladies connexes doit etre etablie. ObjetivosInvestigar el impacto de la presa de las Tres Gargantas sobre el medio ambiente ecologico local. Para ello, hemos llevado a cabo un estudio croseccional de tres ano sobre los focos naturales de enfermedades infecciosas en el area, antes y despues de que el nivel del agua aumentase 156m, con el fin de evaluar el impacto de la presa sobre la salud. MetodosSe aplicaron metodos de inmunofluorescencia directa e indirecta para detectar antigeno de rata y anticuerpos de fiebre hemorragica con sindrome renal. Se inocularon rinones frescos de rata en medio de cultivo de Korth para detectar Leptospira. Se buscaron metacercos Paragonimus en un grupo de cangrejos capturados. Se recolectaron muestras de suero de individuos locales sanos. Se utilizaron kits de ELISA para detectar anticuerpos humanos frente a fiebre hemorragica con sindrome renal (FHSR) y paragonimosis. Las infecciones humanas por Leptospira se detectaron mediante una prueba microscopica de aglutinacion. ResultadosLa densidad de roedores rio arriba aumento de forma significativa, siendo Rattus flavipectus y Apodemus agrarius los generos mas patogenicos. La tasa de infeccion humana con FHSR y leptospira en las muestras de la poblacion rio arriba era significativamente mayor que en las muestras rio abajo, y estaban correlacionadas con un aumento en la densidad de roedores. Las tasas de infeccion por Paragonimus continuaban siendo bajas durante el estudio. Culex pipiens fatigan y Armigeres obturbans eran las especies dominantes de mosquito. ConclusionesLa construccion de la presa de las Tres Gargantas cambio la proliferacion de los agentes intermediarios de la enfermedad, pero no de manera notable. Sin embargo, los efectos ecologicos sobre el medio ambiente podrian requerir de un periodo de tiempo prolongado antes de manifestarse, por lo que seria necesario establecer una vigilancia efectiva y a largo plazo de los vectores y de las enfermedades relacionadas.",C,leptospira,indirect,bacteria,China
dams_246,dams,"Zhang, X; Peng, LB; Liu, WD; Fan, LR; Zhang, Q; Chen, GJ; He, P; Wu, RX; Liu, AP; Yang, YX; Yu, XG; Yun, LJ",Response of primary vectors and related diseases to impoundment by the Three Gorges Dam,TROPICAL MEDICINE & INTERNATIONAL HEALTH,"ObjectivesTo investigate the impact of the Three Gorges Dam on the local ecological environment. We conducted a 3-year cross-sectional survey of natural focus infectious diseases in the area before and after the water level rose to 156m to evaluate the dam's health impacts. MethodsDirect and indirect immunofluorescence methods were applied to detect rat antigen and antibody of haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS). Fresh rat kidneys were inoculated in Korth's culture medium to detect Leptospira. A group of captured crabs were ground to observe the metacercariae of Paragonimus. Serum samples were collected from healthy local individuals. ELISA kits were used to detect human antibody against HFRS and paragonimiasis. Human Leptospira infections were detected by a microscopic agglutination test. ResultsUpstream rodent density increased significantly with Rattus flavipectus and Apodemus agrarius as the major pathophoric genera. The infection rate of human HFRS and Leptospira in the upstream human population samples was significantly higher than in the downstream samples and correlated with the increase in rodent density. Paragonimus infection rates remained at a low level during the study. Culex pipiens fatigan and Armigeres obturbans were the dominant species of mosquito. ConclusionsThe creation of the Three Gorges Dam changed the proliferation of intermediary agents of diseases, but not notably. However, the ecological effects on the environment may require a prolonged period of time to manifest themselves; thus, long-term and effective surveillance of vectors and related diseases needs to be established. ObjectifsInvestiguer l'impact du barrage des Trois Gorges sur l'environnement ecologique local. Nous avons mene une enquete transversale de focalisation naturelle de trois ans sur les maladies infectieuses dans la region avant et apres l'elevation du niveau de l'eau a 156m, afin d'evaluer les impacts du barrage sur la sante. MethodesDes methodes d'immunofluorescence directe et indirecte ont ete appliquees pour detecter l'antigene de rat et les anticorps de la fievre hemorragique a syndrome renal. Des reins de rat frais ont ete inocules dans le milieu de culture de Korth pour detecter Leptospira. Un groupe de crabes captures ont ete broyes pour observer les metacercaires de Paragonimus. Des echantillons de serum ont ete preleves chez des individus locaux sains. Des Kits ELISA ont ete utilises pour detecter les anticorps humains contre la FHRS et la paragonimose. Les infections humaines a Leptospira ont ete detectees au moyen d'un test d'agglutination microscopique. ResultatsLa densite de rongeurs en amont a augmente de facon significative avec Rattus flavipectus et Apodemus agrarius comme principaux agents intermediaires de maladies. Le taux d'infections FHRS humaines et a Leptospira dans les echantillons de la population humaine en amont etait significativement plus eleves que dans les echantillons en aval, et en correlation avec l'augmentation de la densite des rongeurs. Les taux d'infection a Paragonimus sont restes a un niveau bas durant l'etude. Culex pipiens fatigan et Armigeres obturbans etaient les especes de moustiques dominantes. ConclusionsLa creation du barrage des Trois Gorges a change la proliferation des agents intermediaires de maladies, mais pas de facon notable. Cependant, les effets ecologiques sur l'environnement peuvent exiger une periode prolongee de temps pour se manifester. Ainsi une surveillance a long terme et efficace des vecteurs et des maladies connexes doit etre etablie. ObjetivosInvestigar el impacto de la presa de las Tres Gargantas sobre el medio ambiente ecologico local. Para ello, hemos llevado a cabo un estudio croseccional de tres ano sobre los focos naturales de enfermedades infecciosas en el area, antes y despues de que el nivel del agua aumentase 156m, con el fin de evaluar el impacto de la presa sobre la salud. MetodosSe aplicaron metodos de inmunofluorescencia directa e indirecta para detectar antigeno de rata y anticuerpos de fiebre hemorragica con sindrome renal. Se inocularon rinones frescos de rata en medio de cultivo de Korth para detectar Leptospira. Se buscaron metacercos Paragonimus en un grupo de cangrejos capturados. Se recolectaron muestras de suero de individuos locales sanos. Se utilizaron kits de ELISA para detectar anticuerpos humanos frente a fiebre hemorragica con sindrome renal (FHSR) y paragonimosis. Las infecciones humanas por Leptospira se detectaron mediante una prueba microscopica de aglutinacion. ResultadosLa densidad de roedores rio arriba aumento de forma significativa, siendo Rattus flavipectus y Apodemus agrarius los generos mas patogenicos. La tasa de infeccion humana con FHSR y leptospira en las muestras de la poblacion rio arriba era significativamente mayor que en las muestras rio abajo, y estaban correlacionadas con un aumento en la densidad de roedores. Las tasas de infeccion por Paragonimus continuaban siendo bajas durante el estudio. Culex pipiens fatigan y Armigeres obturbans eran las especies dominantes de mosquito. ConclusionesLa construccion de la presa de las Tres Gargantas cambio la proliferacion de los agentes intermediarios de la enfermedad, pero no de manera notable. Sin embargo, los efectos ecologicos sobre el medio ambiente podrian requerir de un periodo de tiempo prolongado antes de manifestarse, por lo que seria necesario establecer una vigilancia efectiva y a largo plazo de los vectores y de las enfermedades relacionadas.",C,paragonimus,indirect,trematode,China
dams_246,dams,"Zhang, X; Peng, LB; Liu, WD; Fan, LR; Zhang, Q; Chen, GJ; He, P; Wu, RX; Liu, AP; Yang, YX; Yu, XG; Yun, LJ",Response of primary vectors and related diseases to impoundment by the Three Gorges Dam,TROPICAL MEDICINE & INTERNATIONAL HEALTH,"ObjectivesTo investigate the impact of the Three Gorges Dam on the local ecological environment. We conducted a 3-year cross-sectional survey of natural focus infectious diseases in the area before and after the water level rose to 156m to evaluate the dam's health impacts. MethodsDirect and indirect immunofluorescence methods were applied to detect rat antigen and antibody of haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS). Fresh rat kidneys were inoculated in Korth's culture medium to detect Leptospira. A group of captured crabs were ground to observe the metacercariae of Paragonimus. Serum samples were collected from healthy local individuals. ELISA kits were used to detect human antibody against HFRS and paragonimiasis. Human Leptospira infections were detected by a microscopic agglutination test. ResultsUpstream rodent density increased significantly with Rattus flavipectus and Apodemus agrarius as the major pathophoric genera. The infection rate of human HFRS and Leptospira in the upstream human population samples was significantly higher than in the downstream samples and correlated with the increase in rodent density. Paragonimus infection rates remained at a low level during the study. Culex pipiens fatigan and Armigeres obturbans were the dominant species of mosquito. ConclusionsThe creation of the Three Gorges Dam changed the proliferation of intermediary agents of diseases, but not notably. However, the ecological effects on the environment may require a prolonged period of time to manifest themselves; thus, long-term and effective surveillance of vectors and related diseases needs to be established. ObjectifsInvestiguer l'impact du barrage des Trois Gorges sur l'environnement ecologique local. Nous avons mene une enquete transversale de focalisation naturelle de trois ans sur les maladies infectieuses dans la region avant et apres l'elevation du niveau de l'eau a 156m, afin d'evaluer les impacts du barrage sur la sante. MethodesDes methodes d'immunofluorescence directe et indirecte ont ete appliquees pour detecter l'antigene de rat et les anticorps de la fievre hemorragique a syndrome renal. Des reins de rat frais ont ete inocules dans le milieu de culture de Korth pour detecter Leptospira. Un groupe de crabes captures ont ete broyes pour observer les metacercaires de Paragonimus. Des echantillons de serum ont ete preleves chez des individus locaux sains. Des Kits ELISA ont ete utilises pour detecter les anticorps humains contre la FHRS et la paragonimose. Les infections humaines a Leptospira ont ete detectees au moyen d'un test d'agglutination microscopique. ResultatsLa densite de rongeurs en amont a augmente de facon significative avec Rattus flavipectus et Apodemus agrarius comme principaux agents intermediaires de maladies. Le taux d'infections FHRS humaines et a Leptospira dans les echantillons de la population humaine en amont etait significativement plus eleves que dans les echantillons en aval, et en correlation avec l'augmentation de la densite des rongeurs. Les taux d'infection a Paragonimus sont restes a un niveau bas durant l'etude. Culex pipiens fatigan et Armigeres obturbans etaient les especes de moustiques dominantes. ConclusionsLa creation du barrage des Trois Gorges a change la proliferation des agents intermediaires de maladies, mais pas de facon notable. Cependant, les effets ecologiques sur l'environnement peuvent exiger une periode prolongee de temps pour se manifester. Ainsi une surveillance a long terme et efficace des vecteurs et des maladies connexes doit etre etablie. ObjetivosInvestigar el impacto de la presa de las Tres Gargantas sobre el medio ambiente ecologico local. Para ello, hemos llevado a cabo un estudio croseccional de tres ano sobre los focos naturales de enfermedades infecciosas en el area, antes y despues de que el nivel del agua aumentase 156m, con el fin de evaluar el impacto de la presa sobre la salud. MetodosSe aplicaron metodos de inmunofluorescencia directa e indirecta para detectar antigeno de rata y anticuerpos de fiebre hemorragica con sindrome renal. Se inocularon rinones frescos de rata en medio de cultivo de Korth para detectar Leptospira. Se buscaron metacercos Paragonimus en un grupo de cangrejos capturados. Se recolectaron muestras de suero de individuos locales sanos. Se utilizaron kits de ELISA para detectar anticuerpos humanos frente a fiebre hemorragica con sindrome renal (FHSR) y paragonimosis. Las infecciones humanas por Leptospira se detectaron mediante una prueba microscopica de aglutinacion. ResultadosLa densidad de roedores rio arriba aumento de forma significativa, siendo Rattus flavipectus y Apodemus agrarius los generos mas patogenicos. La tasa de infeccion humana con FHSR y leptospira en las muestras de la poblacion rio arriba era significativamente mayor que en las muestras rio abajo, y estaban correlacionadas con un aumento en la densidad de roedores. Las tasas de infeccion por Paragonimus continuaban siendo bajas durante el estudio. Culex pipiens fatigan y Armigeres obturbans eran las especies dominantes de mosquito. ConclusionesLa construccion de la presa de las Tres Gargantas cambio la proliferacion de los agentes intermediarios de la enfermedad, pero no de manera notable. Sin embargo, los efectos ecologicos sobre el medio ambiente podrian requerir de un periodo de tiempo prolongado antes de manifestarse, por lo que seria necesario establecer una vigilancia efectiva y a largo plazo de los vectores y de las enfermedades relacionadas.",C,HFRS,indirect,virus,China
dams_270,dams,"Inci, A; Yazar, S; Tuncbilek, AS; Canhilal, R; Doganay, M; Aydin, L; Aktas, M; Vatansever, Z; Ozdarendeli, A; Ozbel, Y; Yildirim, A; Duzlu, O",Vectors and Vector-Borne Diseases in Turkey,ANKARA UNIVERSITESI VETERINER FAKULTESI DERGISI,"In Turkey, arthropod-borne diseases such as human babesiosis, dirofilariasis, leishmaniasis, malaria, lymphatic filariasis, onchocerciasis, anthrax, bartonellosis, louse-borne relapsing fever, lyme disease, plague, trench fever, tularemia, epidemic typhus, tick-borne typhus, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, phlebovirus infections, tick-borne encephalitis and west nile virus in humans; animal trypanosomiasis, avian haemosporidiasis, babesiosis, canine hepatozoonosis, canine lesihmaniosis, dipetalonemiasis, dirofilariosis, habronemiasis, onchocerciasis, parafilariasis, setariasis, theileriosis, thelaziasis, anaplasmosis, ehrlichiosis, feline infectious anemia, akabane, bluetongue, bovine ephemeral fever, equine infectious anemia, louping ill, west nile virus, colony collapse disorders (CCD) were reported in domestic animals and Wolbachia endobacteria infection was also reported in mosquitos so far. On the other hand, aphids (Aphididae), leafhoppers (Cicadellidae), white flies (Aleyrodidae), beetles (Coleoptera), trips (Thysanoptera), gal mites (Eriophyidae), and nematodes are also very important vectors of plant diseases in Turkey. Some of the most harmful plant viruses in the world such as tristeza, plum pox virus, and tomato ringspot viruses are also transmitted by arthropod vectors. In recent years, in spite of changes in ecological balance caused by abandoning agricultural land, use of natural areas to farm, release of rabbits, preventing water flooding, leaving the fields uncultivated, migration from urban to rural areas, hunting of wild animals, the dramatic drop in the number of farm animals, global warming and the strengthening of wild life was probably responsible for the increase of tick populations. The construction of ponds and dams, changes in riverbeds, drying out of swamps and marshes, dense ad-hoc and haphazard construction, changes in picnicking habits, wild irrigation in agriculture, and the use of unsuitable control measures by local authorities, resulted in an increase of flies. This led to an increase in infected vector populations and vector-borne diseases and a decrease in the potential for economic development. In conclusion, it is very important to initiate and develop integrated control programs targeting arthropod vectors, disease agents of human, animal and plants and natural reservoirs. These diseases have been caused high economic losses in Turkey, and therefore they should be further investigated.",E,Vector-borne pathogen,vector,multiple,Turkey
dams_295,dams,"McManus, DP; Gray, DJ; Ross, AG; Williams, GM; He, HB; Li, YS",Schistosomiasis Research in the Dongting Lake Region and Its Impact on Local and National Treatment and Control in China,PLOS NEGLECTED TROPICAL DISEASES,"Schistosomiasis is a chronic and debilitating parasitic disease that has often been neglected because it is a disease of poverty, affecting poor rural communities in the developing world. This is not the case in the People's Republic of China (PRC), where the disease, caused by Schistosoma japonicum, has long captured the attention of the Chinese authorities who have, over the past 50-60 years, undertaken remarkably successful control programs that have substantially reduced the schistosomiasis disease burden. The Dongting Lake region in Hunan province is one of the major schistosome-endemic areas in the PRC due to its vast marshland habitats for the Oncomelania snail intermediate hosts of S. japonicum. Along with social, demographic, and other environmental factors, the recent completion and closure of the Three Gorges dam will most likely increase the range of these snail habitats, with the potential for re-emergence of schistosomiasis and increased transmission in Hunan and other schistosome-endemic provinces being a particular concern. In this paper, we review the history and the current status of schistosomiasis control in the Dongting Lake region. We explore the epidemiological factors contributing to S. japonicum transmission there, and summarise some of the key research findings from studies undertaken on schistosomiasis in Hunan province over the past 10 years. The impact of this research on current and future approaches for sustainable integrated control of schistosomiasis in this and other endemic areas in the PRC is emphasised.",E,schistosomes,indirect,helminth,China
dams_308,dams,"Lara, RJ; Islam, MS; Yamasaki, S; Neogi, SB; Nair, GB","Aquatic Ecosystems, Human Health, and Ecohydrology","TREATISE ON ESTUARINE AND COASTAL SCIENCE, VOL 10: ECOHYDROLOGY AND RESTORATION","This chapter treats two main topics: the relationship between human health, aquatic ecosystems, and water use; and the necessity of interdisciplinary approaches for the development of water management policies and disease control. Main waterborne diseases, mostly affecting developing countries and relevant in terms of water management and changes in land use, such as malaria, schistosomiasis, or cholera, are discussed stressing links to the global water crisis. Also, the role of artificial and natural wetlands in influenza epidemics is treated. The effects of increasing water use and scarcity on human health are discussed considering historical and contemporary incidence of diarrheal diseases in European and South Asian megacities, relationships between dams and on waterborne diseases in Asia and Africa, and intensive agri- and aquaculture resulting in man-made ecotones, fragmented aquatic ecosystems, and pathogen mutations. It is emphasized that the comprehension of the multiple interactions among changes in environmental settings, land use, and human health requires a new synthesis of ecohydrology, biomedical sciences, and water management for surveillance and control of waterborne diseases in basin-based, transboundary health systems. Surveillance systems should monitor changes in water management, ecotones, and hydrological cycles and shifts in, for example, the outbreak timing of strongly seasonal diseases. These indicators would provide criteria for the development of innovative water management policies, combining methods of vector control and the safe creation of water reservoirs, irrigation systems, and wetland habitats.",E,Water-borne pathogen,indirect,multiple,Global
dams_311,dams,"Merritt, RW; Walker, ED; Small, PLC; Wallace, JR; Johnson, PDR; Benbow, ME; Boakye, DA",Ecology and Transmission of Buruli Ulcer Disease: A Systematic Review,PLOS NEGLECTED TROPICAL DISEASES,"Buruli ulcer is a neglected emerging disease that has recently been reported in some countries as the second most frequent mycobacterial disease in humans after tuberculosis. Cases have been reported from at least 32 countries in Africa (mainly west), Australia, Southeast Asia, China, Central and South America, and the Western Pacific. Large lesions often result in scarring, contractual deformities, amputations, and disabilities, and in Africa, most cases of the disease occur in children between the ages of 4-15 years. This environmental mycobacterium, Mycobacterium ulcerans, is found in communities associated with rivers, swamps, wetlands, and human-linked changes in the aquatic environment, particularly those created as a result of environmental disturbance such as deforestation, dam construction, and agriculture. Buruli ulcer disease is often referred to as the mysterious disease because the mode of transmission remains unclear, although several hypotheses have been proposed. The above review reveals that various routes of transmission may occur, varying amongst epidemiological setting and geographic region, and that there may be some role for living agents as reservoirs and as vectors of M. ulcerans, in particular aquatic insects, adult mosquitoes or other biting arthropods. We discuss traditional and non-traditional methods for indicting the roles of living agents as biologically significant reservoirs and/or vectors of pathogens, and suggest an intellectual framework for establishing criteria for transmission. The application of these criteria to the transmission of M. ulcerans presents a significant challenge.",E,mycobacterium ulcerans,indirect,bacteria,Global
dams_317,dams,"Yami, A; Kebede, S; Mamo, Y",IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF GILGEL GIBE HYDROELECTRIC DAM ON SCHITOSOMIASIS: A CROSS SECTIONAL STUDY IN SOUTHWEST ETHIOPIA,ETHIOPIAN JOURNAL OF HEALTH SCIENCES,"BACKGROUND: Intestinal schistosomiasis is prevalent in East Africa including Ethiopia. Constructed five years back, Gilgel Gibe dam is suspected to harbor the intermediate host for transmission of schistosomiasis. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of intestinal schistosomiasis and risk factors among school children. METHODS: A comparative cross-sectional study was carried out in October 2008 in four Woredas bordering Gilgel Gibe dam, within 10 kilometers, and Bulbul, which is 30 Kms away from the dam. Children attending grades 1-8 in the schools located adjacent to the dam constituted the cases and those living in Bulbul constitute the controls. Using Epinfo version 6.0 for cross-sectional study, a sample size of 937 was determined. Sample size allocation was done 2: 1 for cases and control. After interview, stool sample was collected and analyzed. Screening for the presence of intermediate host and physiochemical analyses of selected water bodies along the major water contact sites of the reservoir was also done Data were entered into computer and analyzed using SPSS for windows version 13.0.1. RESULTS: Out of 624 sampled cases and 312 controls, 585 and 270 participated in the study giving a response rate of 93.8% and 86.5%, respectively. Four hundred seventy four (81.0% of the cases and 203 (75.2%) controls use latrine regularly. On stool examination, 406 (47.5%) children, 295 (50.4%) cases and 111 (41.1%) controls) were positive to intestinal parasites but only two children, both from the control groups, were positive for Schistosoma mansoni. The three river water samples on which malacological survey was done had similar physicochemical characteristics in many ways except high conductivity, pH and percent of dissolved oxygen concentration (milligram per liter) at one site where uninfected Biomphilaria Pfeifferi was found CONCLUSION: The study revealed that schistosomiasis is not yet a problem at Gilgel-Gibe dam. But, continuous surveying is required as the intermediate host is prevalent, the water bodies are suitable for the intermediate host and cases of schistosomiasis are identified 30 kms away the dam, in control area.",C,schistosomes,indirect,helminth,Ethiopia
dams_327,dams,"Kittinger, JN; Coontz, KM; Yuan, ZP; Han, DJ; Zhao, XF; Wilcox, BA",Toward Holistic Evaluation and Assessment: Linking Ecosystems and Human Well-Being for the Three Gorges Dam,ECOHEALTH,"A significant challenge exists in assessing the social and ecological impacts of development projects in a holistic and comprehensive manner. Our objective is to elucidate the linkages between ecological change and human well-being, and its importance in integrated assessment policy for development projects, using the Three Gorges Dam (China) as a case study. A collaborative research initiative was undertaken to review and synthesize published information on the ecological and human health effects of the Three Gorges Dam. Our synthesis suggests that the Three Gorges Dam has altered social-ecological dynamics of human health and ecosystem function in the Yangtze River basin with significant consequences for human well-being. Direct impacts to human well-being were grouped into four primary categories, including: (1) toxicological impacts; (2) shifting infectious disease dynamics; (3) natural hazards; and (4) social health. Social-ecological relationships were altered in complex ways, with both direct and indirect effects, positive and negative interactions, and chronic and acute impacts on human well-being. Our synthesis supports a comprehensive evaluation of development projects via integrated assessments of human and environmental consequences. This is probably best achieved through a coupled social-environmental impact assessment to ensure holistic and comprehensive analyses of expected costs and benefits. The role of research can thereby be to elucidate the linkages between ecosystems and human health to better inform the assessment process. A synthesis of the existing information on the Three Gorges suggests that this is best achieved through institutional collaboration and transdisciplinary integration of expertise.d",E,schistosomes,indirect,helminth,China
dams_327,dams,"Kittinger, JN; Coontz, KM; Yuan, ZP; Han, DJ; Zhao, XF; Wilcox, BA",Toward Holistic Evaluation and Assessment: Linking Ecosystems and Human Well-Being for the Three Gorges Dam,ECOHEALTH,"A significant challenge exists in assessing the social and ecological impacts of development projects in a holistic and comprehensive manner. Our objective is to elucidate the linkages between ecological change and human well-being, and its importance in integrated assessment policy for development projects, using the Three Gorges Dam (China) as a case study. A collaborative research initiative was undertaken to review and synthesize published information on the ecological and human health effects of the Three Gorges Dam. Our synthesis suggests that the Three Gorges Dam has altered social-ecological dynamics of human health and ecosystem function in the Yangtze River basin with significant consequences for human well-being. Direct impacts to human well-being were grouped into four primary categories, including: (1) toxicological impacts; (2) shifting infectious disease dynamics; (3) natural hazards; and (4) social health. Social-ecological relationships were altered in complex ways, with both direct and indirect effects, positive and negative interactions, and chronic and acute impacts on human well-being. Our synthesis supports a comprehensive evaluation of development projects via integrated assessments of human and environmental consequences. This is probably best achieved through a coupled social-environmental impact assessment to ensure holistic and comprehensive analyses of expected costs and benefits. The role of research can thereby be to elucidate the linkages between ecosystems and human health to better inform the assessment process. A synthesis of the existing information on the Three Gorges suggests that this is best achieved through institutional collaboration and transdisciplinary integration of expertise.d",E,Malaria,vector,protozoa,China
dams_333,dams,"Garg, A; Dhiman, RC; Bhattacharya, S; Shukla, PR","Development, Malaria and Adaptation to Climate Change: A Case Study from India",ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT,"India has reasons to be concerned about climate change. Over 650 million people depend on climate-sensitive sectors, such as rain-fed agriculture and forestry, for livelihood and over 973 million people are exposed to vector borne malarial parasites. Projection of climatic factors indicates a wider exposure to malaria for the Indian population in the future. If precautionary measures are not taken and development processes are not managed properly some developmental activities, such as hydro-electric dams and irrigation canal systems, may also exacerbate breeding grounds for malaria. This article integrates climate change and developmental variables in articulating a framework for integrated impact assessment and adaptation responses, with malaria incidence in India as a case study. The climate change variables include temperature, rainfall, humidity, extreme events, and other secondary variables. Development variables are income levels, institutional mechanisms to implement preventive measures, infrastructure development that could promote malarial breeding grounds, and other policies. The case study indicates that sustainable development variables may sometimes reduce the adverse impacts on the system due to climate change alone, while it may sometimes also exacerbate these impacts if the development variables are not managed well and therefore they produce a negative impact on the system. The study concludes that well crafted and well managed developmental policies could result in enhanced resilience of communities and systems, and lower health impacts due to climate change.",E,Malaria,vector,protozoa,India
dams_334,dams,"McManus, DP; Li, YS; Gray, DJ; Ross, AG",Conquering 'snail fever: schistosomiasis and its control in China,EXPERT REVIEW OF ANTI-INFECTIVE THERAPY,"Schistosomiasis japonica is a serious parasitic disease and a major health risk for more than 60 million people living in the tropical and subtropical zones of south China. The disease is a zoonosis and its cause, the parasitic trematode Schistosoma japonicum, has a range of mammalian reservoirs, making control efforts difficult. Current control programs are heavily based on community chemotherapy with a single dose of the highly effective drug praziquantel. However, vaccines (for use in bovines and in humans) in combination with other control strategies are needed to eliminate the disease. In this review, we provide an overview of the transmission, clinical features, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, genetics and susceptibility, epidemiology, and prospects for control of schistosomiasis japonica in China. The threat posed by the Three Gorges Dam may undermine control efforts because it will change the local ecology and associated schistosomiasis transmission risks over the next decade and beyond.",E,schistosomes,indirect,helminth,China
dams_339,dams,"Yewhalaw, D; Legesse, W; Van Bortel, W; Gebre-Selassie, S; Kloos, H; Duchateau, L; Speybroeck, N",Malaria and water resource development: the case of Gilgel-Gibe hydroelectric dam in Ethiopia,MALARIA JOURNAL,"Background: Ethiopia plans to increase its electricity power supply by five-fold over the next five years to fulfill the needs of its people and support the economic growth based on large hydropower dams. Building large dams for hydropower generation may increase the transmission of malaria since they transform ecosystems and create new vector breeding habitats. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of Gilgel-Gibe hydroelectric dam in Ethiopia on malaria transmission and changing levels of prevalence in children. Methods: A cross-sectional, community-based study was carried out between October and December 2005 in Jimma Zone, south-western Ethiopia, among children under 10 years of age living in three 'at-risk' villages (within 3 km from dam) and three 'control' villages (5 to 8 km from dam). The man-made Gilgel-Gibe dam is operating since 2004. Households with children less than 10 years of age were selected and children from the selected households were sampled from all the six villages. This included 1,081 children from 'at-risk' villages and 774 children from 'control' villages. Blood samples collected from children using finger prick were examined microscopically to determine malaria prevalence, density of parasitaemia and identify malarial parasite species. Results: Overall 1,855 children (905 girls and 950 boys) were surveyed. A total of 194 (10.5%) children were positive for malaria, of which, 117 (60.3%) for Plasmodium vivax, 76 (39.2%) for Plasmodium falciparum and one (0.5%) for both P. vivax and P. falciparum. A multivariate design-based analysis indicated that, while controlling for age, sex and time of data collection, children who resided in 'at-risk' villages close to the dam were more likely to have P. vivax infection than children who resided farther away (odds ratio (OR) = 1.63, 95% CI = 1.15, 2.32) and showed a higher OR to have P. falciparum infection than children who resided in 'control' villages, but this was not significant (OR = 2.40, 95% CI = 0.84, 6.88). A classification tree revealed insights in the importance of the dam as a risk factor for malaria. Assuming that the relationship between the dam and malaria is causal, 43% of the malaria occurring in children was due to living in close proximity to the dam. Conclusion: This study indicates that children living in close proximity to a man-made reservoir in Ethiopia are at higher risk of malaria compared to those living farther away. It is recommended that sound prevention and control programme be designed and implemented around the reservoir to reduce the prevalence of malaria. In this respect, in localities near large dams, health impact assessment through periodic survey of potential vectors and periodic medical screening is warranted. Moreover, strategies to mitigate predicted negative health outcomes should be integral parts in the preparation, construction and operational phases of future water resource development and management projects.",C,Malaria,vector,protozoa,Ethiopia
dams_348,dams,"Gomes, AD; de Paula, MB; Duarte, AMRD; Lima, MA; Malafronte, RD; Mucci, LF; Gotlieb, SLD; Natal, D","EPIDEMIOLOGICAL AND ECOLOGICAL ASPECTS RELATED TO MALARIA IN THE AREA OF INFLUENCE OF THE LAKE AT PORTO PRIMAVERA DAM, IN WESTERN SAO PAULO STATE, BRAZIL",REVISTA DO INSTITUTO DE MEDICINA TROPICAL DE SAO PAULO,"A study was carried out in the area of influence of the Porto Primavera Hydroelectric Power Station, in western Sao Paulo State, to investigate ecological and epidemiological aspects of malaria in the area and monitor the profile of the anopheline populations following the environmental changes brought about by the construction of the lake. Mosquitoes captured were analyzed by standardized indicator species analysis (ISA) before and during different flooding phases (253 m and 257 m elevations). The local human population was studied by means of parasitological (thin/thick blood smears), molecular (PCR) and serological tests. Serological tests consisted of Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) with synthetic peptides of the circumsporozoite protein (CSP) from classic Plasmodium vivax, P. vivax variants (VK247 and vivax-like), P. malariae and P. falciparum and Indirect Immunofluorescence Assay (IFA) with asexual forms of P. vivax, P. malariae and P. falciparum. The results of the entomological survey indicated that, although the Anopheles darlingi population increased after the flooding, the population density remained very low. No malaria, parasite infection or DNA was detected in the inhabitants of the study area. However, there was a low frequency of antibodies against asexual forms and a significant prevalence of antibodies against P. vivax, P. vivax variants, P. falciparum and P. malariae; the presence of these antibodies may result from recent or less recent contact with human or simian Plasmodium (a parallel study in the same area revealed the existence of a sylvatic cycle). Nevertheless, these results suggest that, as in other places where malaria is present and potential vectors circulate, the local epidemiological conditions observed could potentially support the transmission of malaria in Porto Primavera Lake if infected individuals are introduced in sufficient numbers. Further studies are required to elucidate the phenomena described in this paper.",C,Malaria,vector,protozoa,Brazil
dams_352,dams,"Brou, T; Broutin, H; Elguero, E; Asse, H; Guegan, JF",Landscape Diversity Related to Buruli Ulcer Disease in Cote d'Ivoire,PLOS NEGLECTED TROPICAL DISEASES,"Background: Buruli ulcer disease (BU), due to the bacteria Mycobacterium ulcerans, represents an important and emerging public health problem, especially in many African countries. Few elements are known nowadays about the routes of transmission of this environmental bacterium to the human population. Methodology/Principal Findings: In this study, we have investigated the relationships between the incidence of BU in Cote d'Ivoire, western Africa, and a group of environmental variables. These environmental variables concern vegetation, crops (rice and banana), dams, and lakes. Using a geographical information system and multivariate analyses, we show a link between cases of BU and different environmental factors for the first time on a country-wide scale. As a result, irrigated rice field cultures areas, and, to a lesser extent, banana fields as well as areas in the vicinity of dams used for irrigation and aquaculture purposes, represent high-risk zones for the human population to contract BU in Cote d'Ivoire. This is much more relevant in the central part of the country. Conclusions/Significance: As already suspected by several case-control studies in different African countries, we strengthen in this work the identification of high-risk areas of BU on a national spatial scale. This first study should now be followed by many others in other countries and at a multi-year temporal scale. This goal implies a strong improvement in data collection and sharing in order to achieve to a global picture of the environmental conditions that drive BU emergence and persistence in human populations.",D,mycobacterium ulcerans,indirect,bacteria,Cote d'Ivoire
dams_36,dams,"Lund, AJ; Harrington, E; Albrecht, TR; Hora, T; Wall, RE; Andarge, T",Tracing the inclusion of health as a component of the food-energy-water nexus in dam management in the Senegal River Basin,ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & POLICY,"Dam development improves water, food, and energy security but often with negative impacts on human health. The transmission of dam-related diseases persists in many dammed catchments despite treatment campaigns. On the Senegal River Basin, the transmission of Schistosoma spp. parasites has been elevated since the construction of dams in the late 1980's. We use narrative analysis and qualitative content analysis of archival documents from this setting to examine health as a component of the food-energy-water (FEW) nexus and understand priorities and trade-offs between sectors across the policy-to-practice continuum. We find that health is recognized as an important component of river basin development, but that priorities articulated at the policy level are not translated into management practices. Incorporating health as a management objective is possible without imposing substantial trade-offs to FEW resources. Coordinated research and surveillance across transboundary jurisdictions will be necessary to inform decision-making on how to operate dams in ways that mitigate their negative health impacts.",E,schistosomes,indirect,helminth,Senegal
dams_361,dams,"Dia, I; Konate, L; Samb, B; Sarr, JB; Diop, A; Rogerie, F; Faye, M; Riveau, G; Remoue, F; Diallo, M; Fontenille, D",Bionomics of malaria vectors and relationship with malaria transmission and epidemiology in three physiographic zones in the Senegal River Basin,ACTA TROPICA,"Following the implementation of two dams in the Senegal River, entomological and parasitological studies were conducted in three different ecological zones in the Senegal River Basin (the low valley of Senegal River, the Guiers Lake area and the low valley of Ferlo) every 3 month in June 2004, September 2004, December 2004 and March 2005. The objective of this work was to study the influence of environmental heterogeneities on vector bionomics and malaria epidemiology. Mosquitoes were collected when landing on human volunteers and by pyrethrum spray catches. In the parasitological survey, blood samples were taken from a cohort of schoolchildren under 9 years during each entomology survey. Seven anopheline species were collected: Anopheles arabiensis, Anopheles gambiae M form, Anopheles funestus, Anopheles pharoensis, Anopheles coustani, Anopheles wellcomei and Anopheles rufipes. A. arabiensis, A.funestus and A. pharoensis were predominant in the low valley of the Senegal River, A. funestus in the Guiers Lake area and A. arabiensis in the low valley of Ferlo. Mosquito populations' dynamics varied temporally depending on the rainy season for each zone. The anthropophilic rates varied between 6 and 76% for A. gambiae s.l. and 23 and 80% for A. funestus. Only 4/396 A. pharoensis and 1/3076 A. funestus tested carried Plasmodium falciparum CS antigen. These results suggest the implication of A. pharoensis in malaria transmission. The related entomological inoculation rates were estimated to 10.44 in Mbilor and 3 infected bites in Gankette Balla and were due, respectively, to A. pharoensis and A.,funestus. Overall, 1636 thick blood smears were tested from blood samples taken from schoolchildren with, respectively, a parasite and gametocyte average prevalence of 9 and 0.9%. The parasite prevalence was uniformly low in Mbilor and Gankette Balla whereas; it increased in September (16%) and then remained stable in December and March (22%) in Mboula where malaria transmission was not perceptible. However, significant differences were observed over time for parasite prevalence in Mbilor and Mboula villages whereas; it was only in Gankette Balla village where gametocyte prevalence was significantly different over time. Our study demonstrates the influence of ecological changes resulted from dams implementation in the Senegal River on the composition of vectorial system, malaria transmission and epidemiology. Such changes should be thoroughly surveyed in order to prevent any possible malaria outbreak in the Senegal River Basin. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.",D,Malaria,vector,protozoa,Senegal
dams_382,dams,"Fenwick, A",Waterborne infectious diseases - Could they be consigned to history?,SCIENCE,"The development of water resources, particularly in Africa, has changed the face of the continent, opening up land for agriculture, providing electric power, encouraging settlements adjacent to water bodies, and bringing prosperity to poor people. Unfortunately, the created or altered water bodies provide ideal conditions for the transmission of waterborne diseases and a favorable habitat for intermediate hosts of tropical parasitic infections that cause disease and suffering. The recent progress in control of these waterborne and vector-borne diseases, such as guinea worm, schistosomiasis, lymphatic filariasis, and onchocerciasis, suggests that many of them could be controlled effectively by 2015, which is the target for reaching the Millennium Development Goals. Donations of safe and effective drugs by several pharmaceutical companies, funds for delivering these donated drugs from foundations and bilateral donors, and effective global health partnerships should make these diseases history.d",E,Water-borne pathogen,various,multiple,sub-Saharan Africa
dams_412,dams,"Vasconcelos, CH; Novo, E","Influence of recipitation, deforestation and Tucurui reservoir operation on malaria incidence rates in southeast Para, Brazil","IGARSS 2003: IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS I - VII, PROCEEDINGS: LEARNING FROM EARTH'S SHAPES AND SIZES","Malaria is a complex disease that reaches million people around the world, mainly in Africa, South America and Asia. Transmission of malaria depends on the interaction between the vector (mosquito Anopheles), the parasite (plasmodium), the hosts and the environment. The time span for the parasite to evolve into anopheles and it is survival rate combined with human exposure determine malaria infection risk. The malaria and mosquito life cycles are directly related to many factors such as precipitation, humidity and temperature. Besides, there are others factors contributing to the increasing of disease all over the world: parasite ant malarial drug resistance; mosquito insecticide resistance; environmental changes (deforestation, construction of dams); climatic changes; migration; population increase and lack of organized health system. For controlling malaria,spread it will be necessary an efficient vaccine associate with effective monitoring systems. While the scientists do not obtain this-vaccine, it is necessary to improve monitoring techniques. The aim of this research is relating incidence of malaria in the region of Tucurui dam, Brazilian Amazon, with deforestation, precipitation and oscillation of reservoir water level. Deforestation data from PRODES-INPE (95 a 97), incidence of malaria information provided by the Health National Foundation of Para State (Brazil), precipitation data provided by the National Agency of Electric Power (ANEEL) and RADARSAT image were used. Preliminary results show a positive correlation between deforestation increase and incidence of malaria, since areas of contact between man and the mosquito are prone to the its spread.",D,Malaria,vector,protozoa,Brazil
dams_425,dams,"Patz, JA; Graczyk, TK; Geller, N; Vittor, AY",Effects of environmental change on emerging parasitic diseases,INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY,"Ecological disturbances exert an influence on the emergence and proliferation of malaria and zoonotic parasitic diseases, including, Leishmaniasis, cryptosporidiosis, giardiasis, trypanosomiasis, schistosomiasis, filariasis, onchocerciasis, and loiasis. Each environmental change, whether occurring as a natural phenomenon or through human intervention, changes the ecological balance and context within which disease hosts or vectors and parasites breed, develop, and transmit disease. Each species occupies a particular ecological niche and vector species sub-populations are distinct behaviourally and genetically as they adapt to man-made environments. Most zoonotic parasites display three distinct life cycles: sylvatic, zoonotic, and anthroponotic. In adapting to changed environmental conditions, including reduced non human population and increased human population, some vectors display conversion from a primarily zoophyllic to primarily anthrophyllic orientation. Deforestation and ensuing changes in landuse, human settlement, commercial development, road construction, water control systems (dams, canals, irrigation systems, reservoirs), and climate, singly, and in combination have been accompanied by global increases in morbidity and mortality from emergent parasitic disease. The replacement of forests with crop farming, ranching, and raising small animals can create supportive habitats for parasites and their host vectors. When the landuse of deforested areas changes, the pattern of human settlement is altered and habitat fragmentation may provide opportunities for exchange and transmission of parasites to the heretofore uninfected humans. Construction of water control projects can lead to shifts in such vector populations as snails and mosquitoes and their parasites. Construction of roads in previously inaccessible forested areas can lead to erosion, and stagnant ponds by blocking the Row of streams when the water rises during the rainy season. The combined effects of environmentally detrimental changes in local landuse and alterations in global climate disrupt the natural ecosystem and can increase the risk of transmission of parasitic diseases to the human population. (C) 2000 Australian Society for Parasitology Inc. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.",E,Vector-borne pathogen,vector,multiple,Global
dams_429,dams,"Li, YS; Sleigh, AC; Ross, AGP; Williams, GM; Tanner, M; McManus, DP",Epidemiology of Schistosoma japonicum in China:: morbidity and strategies for control in the Dongting Lake region,INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY,"Dongting Lake, covering a very large surface water area of 2691 km(2), is located in Hunan Province in the southern part of the People's Republic of China. It is the second-largest freshwater lake in China and plays an important role in regulating the amount of water in the Yangtze River, China's longest river. The annual water level of the lake changes by as much as 15 m, rising in summer and falling in winter. Asian schistosomiasis has been endemic in the Dongting Lake region for centuries and it has had a devastating effect on the public health of the local people. After a difficult struggle for more than four decades, a concerted programme, supported by the World Bank Loan and instigated in 1992, has resulted in remarkable progress in the control of the disease in many endemic areas of the region. However, the great challenge remains to consolidate and maintain the achievements made to date. The Schistosoma japonicum intermediate host (Oncomelania hupensis hupensis) snail habitats are huge, estimated at 1768 km(2) in 1996; these are increasing at a rate of 34.7 km(2) annually due to high silt deposition from the Yangtze River itself and from the connecting rivers in Hunan province, and construction of embankments in the Dongting Lake region. It is anticipated that the construction of the Three Gorges Super Dam, the largest engineering project ever undertaken, will substantially extend the range of the snail habitats and increase the number of new schistosomiasis cases. In many areas, human re-infections with S. japonicum after drug (praziquantel) treatment remain unacceptably high (up to 20% of those treated are re-infected annually) due to occupational (mainly fishing) water contact. This paper reviews the history and the current status of schistosomiasis control in the lake region, it explores the epidemiological factors which influence the prevalence of the infection and the disease it causes, and it provides insight into future approaches to control which might finally eradicate the infection. (C) 2000 Australian Society for Parasitology Inc. Published by Elsevier Science. All rights reserved.",E,schistosomes,indirect,helminth,China
dams_442,dams,"Gratz, NG",Emerging and resurging vector-borne diseases,ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY,"Over the last four decades, a number of arthropod-borne infections have been recognized for the first time. Some have become of considerable public health importance, such as dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF), and others are spreading geographically and their incidence is increasing. There has been an important recrudescence of several long-known vector-borne diseases. Malaria, leishmaniasis, dengue, and plague have resurged in numerous foci, in some cases where they were thought re be under effective control. In most instances, the appearance of new diseases and syndromes and the resurgence of old can be associated with ecological changes that have favored increased vector densities. Dam construction, irrigation and other development projects, urbanization, and deforestation have all resulted in changes in vector population densities that appear to have enabled the emergence of new diseases and the resurgence of old diseases. Greatly increased human travel has spread infectious agents, introducing them into areas in which they had been hitherto absent. It is essential to understand the factors that caused increased vector densities and hence the transmission of disease to prevent the emergence and resurgence of more diseases, as well as to serve as a basis for effective control.",E,Vector-borne pathogen,vector,multiple,Global
dams_454,dams,"Southgate, VR","Schistosomiasis in the Senegal river basin: Before and after the construction of the dams at Diama, Senegal and Manantali, Mali and future prospects",JOURNAL OF HELMINTHOLOGY,"Ecological changes in the Senegal River Basin (SRB) resulting from the construction of a barrage at Diama, Senegal on the Senegal River to prevent the intrusion of sea water into the river, and a dam at Manantali, Mall on the Bafing River to control the flow of water and to generate electricity, have been responsible for changes in the epidemiology of human schistosomiasis. The introduction of Schistosoma mansoni into the Lower and Middle Valleys of the SRB and subsequent spread of the parasite in the human population is recorded with regard to prevalence and intensity. New foci of S. haematobium are described. The reduction in salinity and change from an acidic to an alkaline environment in the water are beneficial to both the fecundity and growth of freshwater snails and transmission of the parasite. The creation of new irrigation canals and expansion of the rice fields have provided new habitats for intermediate hosts to colonize. The evidence for praziquantel resistance/tolerance by populations of S. mansoni and the possibilities of the development, production and testing of a vaccine against human schistosomiasis are discussed. Future studies will monitor the spread of human urinary and mesenteric schistosomiasis in the SRB, will evaluate further the presence of praziquantel resistance/tolerance in S. mansoni, will examine the heavily infected human population for pathological symptoms and determine the most appropriate methods to control this severe outbreak of human schistosomiasis.",E,schistosomes,indirect,helminth,Senegal
dams_455,dams,"Ross, AGP; Li, YS; Sleigh, AC; McManus, DP",Schistosomiasis control in the People's Republic of China,PARASITOLOGY TODAY,"Schistosomes, snail-transmitted trematodes (blood flukes), cause a major parasitic disease that ranks second only to malaria in terms of human suffering in the tropics. Schistosoma japonicum has occupied its ecological niche in China for thousands of years; through natural selection it has evolved survival mechanisms that make it difficult (if not impossible) to eradicate. As discussed here by Allen Ross, Li Yuesheng, Adrian Sleigh and Don McManus, vaccination, in combination with current control strategies, may significantly reduce the morbidity of this disease and ultimately improve the quality of life for those living adjacent to endemic zones. This article provides a special focus in Hunan province and examines the potential impact of the Three Gorges Super Dam Project on schistosomiasis control.",E,schistosomes,indirect,helminth,China
dams_462,dams,"KHAEMBA, BM; MUTANI, A; BETT, MK",STUDIES OF ANOPHELINE MOSQUITOS TRANSMITTING MALARIA IN A NEWLY DEVELOPED HIGHLAND URBAN AREA - A CASE-STUDY OF MOI-UNIVERSITY AND ITS ENVIRONS,EAST AFRICAN MEDICAL JOURNAL,"Throughout the duration of these studies, Anopheles gambiae was the only mosquito species recovered at the study site. It bred in several habitats, showing strong preference for temporary waterponds contained in a variety of reservoirs created through man's construction activities. The dams as permanent water bodies were the most favoured perennial breeding habitat as opposed to swamps. Of the 393 mosquitoes tested, a very small percentage (0.76%) was infected with sporozoites (0.51%) and oocysts (0.25%). The overall human malaria rate was 5.3%. Males (3.3%) were apparently more parasitaemic than the females (2.0%). The difference was not significant (P>0.05), indicating that the infection was not sex-linked. Of the four known malarial parasites, the only two species that were diagnosed were Plasmodium malariae (Laveran) and Plasmodium falciparum (Welch), the latter species being the most prevalent (86.2%). Only 3 cases of mixed malaria infections were diagnosed. Apparently, the infections of P. falciparum were the most prevalent in age groups below 16 years accounting for 96.6% of all the infections.",C,Malaria,vector,protozoa,Kenya
dams_50,dams,"Bawm, S; Khaing, NHE; Win, SY; Thein, SS; Khaing, Y; Thaw, YN; Soe, NC; Chel, HM; Hmoon, MM; Hayashi, N; Htun, LL; Katakura, K; Nonaka, N; Nakao, R",Morphological and molecular identification of trematode cercariae related with humans and animal health in freshwater snails from a lake and a dam in Myanmar,PARASITOLOGY RESEARCH,"Freshwater snails play an essential role in the transmission of trematode parasitic flatworms that can infect wild and domestic animals, as well as humans. This study aimed to investigate the rate of cercarial infections in freshwater snails collected from two study areas, Inlay Lake and Yezin Dam, in Myanmar. A total of 4,740 snail samples were collected from Inlay Lake (n = 3,837) and Yezin Dam (n = 903), and infection rate by cercarial emergence was examined. Cercarial DNA samples were analysed by PCR. Based on morphological characteristics, eleven snail species and eight cercarial types were identified. Snails of Melanoides tuberculata in the family Thiaridae were found as the most abundant, followed by Indoplanorbis exustus of the family Planorbidae, in both study areas. The infection rate by cercarial emergence in snails in Inlay Lake and Yezin Dam was 5.8% (224/3,837) and 48.6% (439/903), respectively. Echinostome cercariae showed the highest infection rate in both study areas. Phylogenetic analysis of cercarial internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) sequences revealed that at least seven cercaria types belonged to five digenean trematode families, two of which were zoonotic trematodes in the families of Opisthorchiidae/Heterophyidae and Schistosomatidae. Furthermore, cercarial 28S ribosomal RNA gene analysis showed that the furcocercous cercariae in Yezin Dam were identified as Schistosoma spindale, a causative agent of ruminant schistosomiasis. This is the first report on zoonotic trematode cercariae in snails in Myanmar. The findings indicate that various snail species act as intermediate host for trematode species that infect aquatic animals, mammals and humans in the country.",E,trematodes,indirect,helminth,Myanmar
dams_59,dams,"Liu, S; Wang, PF; Wang, C; Wang, X; Chen, J",Anthropogenic disturbances on antibiotic resistome along the Yarlung Tsangpo River on the Tibetan Plateau: Ecological dissemination mechanisms of antibiotic resistance genes to bacterial pathogens,WATER RESEARCH,"Human activities can accelerate the antibiotic resistome prevalence and pose threats to ecological safety and public health globally. However, antibiotic resistance gene (ARG) mobility and dissemination into bacterial pathogens under anthropogenic disturbances are still poorly understood. Here, we used a metagenomic approach to profile the biogeography of ARGs and pathogenic antibiotic resistant bacteria (PARB) under anthropogenic disturbances along the Yarlung Tsangpo River. Results showed the ARGs was dominated by bacA gene along the Yarlung Tsangpo River on the Tibetan Plateau. The ARG composition was differently impacted by rapid urbanization and dam construction, which urbanization could promote ARGs resistant to sulfonamide and tetracycline, whereas dam construction could elevate the resistance to chloramphenicol and aminoglycoside. Land use pattern was identified as a critical factor influencing ARG composition under anthropogenic disturbances, as it could directly reflect the land degradation level and indicate the inputs of ARG-selective chemicals of different human activities. Moreover, despite of the lack of variation in ARG relative abundance, PARB were highly promoted by anthropogenic activities, indicating increasing ARG dissemination to pathogen. We found that human-impacted environments harbored high proportion of mobile genetic elements (MGEs), and the MGE carrying ARGs also increased under anthropogenic disturbances in the pathogenic hosts, which confirmed that anthropogenic activities could promote ARG horizontal gene transfer. Furthermore, anthropogenic activities could influence PARB assembly processes. Basically, stochastic processes dominated PARB assembly along the river, and with increasing level of anthropogenic activities, these processes shifted from undominated stochastic processes to dispersal limitation. In summary, this study provides useful strategies in watershed resistome management and reduction of ARG dissemination to pathogens, which should consider the mode and intensity of human activity and its potential influence on horizontal gene transfer and assembly processes.",D,AMR bacteria,indirect,bacteria,Tibet
dams_80,dams,"Abong, RA; Amambo, GN; Hamid, AA; Enow, BA; Beng, AA; Nietcho, FN; Nji, TM; Njouendou, AJ; Ritter, M; Esum, ME; Deribe, K; Cho, JF; Fombad, FF; Enyong, PI; Poole, C; Pfarr, K; Hoerauf, A; Carlow, C; Wanji, S","The Mbam drainage system and onchocerciasis transmission post ivermectin mass drug administration (MDA) campaign, Cameroon",PLOS NEGLECTED TROPICAL DISEASES,"Background The impact of large scale Mass Drug Adminstration (MDA) of ivermectin on active onchocerciasis transmission by Simulium damnosum, which transmits the parasite O. volvulus is of great importance for onchocerciasis control programmes. We investigated in the Mbam river system area, the impact of MDA of ivermectin on entomological indices and also verify if there are river system factors that could have favoured the transmission of onchocerciasis in this area and contribute to the persistence of disease. We compared three independent techniques to detect Onchocerca larvae in blackflies and also analyzed the river system within 9 months post-MDA of ivermectin. Method Simulium flies were captured before and after 1, 3, 6 and 9months of ivermectin-MDA. The biting rate was determined and 41% of the flies dissected while the rest were grouped into pools of 100 flies for DNA extraction. The extracted DNA was then subjected to O-150 LAMP and real-time PCR for the detection of infection by Onchocerca species using pool screening. The river system was analysed and the water discharge compared between rainy and dry seasons. Principal findings We used human landing collection method (previously called human bait) to collect 22,274 adult female Simulium flies from Mbam River System. Of this number, 9,134 were dissected while 129 pools constituted for molecular screening. Overall biting and parous rates of 1113 flies/man/day and 24.7%, respectively, were observed. All diagnostic techniques detected similar rates of O. volvulus infection (P = 0.9252) and infectivity (P = 0.4825) at all monitoring time points. Onchocerca ochengi larvae were only detected in 2 of the 129 pools. Analysis of the river drainage revealed two hydroelectric dams constructed on the tributaries of the Mbam river were the key contributing factor to the high-water discharge during both rainy and dry seasons. Conclusion Results from fly dissection (Microscopy), real-time PCR and LAMP revealed the same trends pre- and post-MDA. The infection rate with animal Onchocerca sp was exceptionally low. The dense river system generate important breeding sites that govern the abundance of Simulium during both dry and rainy seasons. Author summary The presence of parasite strains that respond sub-optimally to an approved drug, favourable breeding sites for the vector and infected individual in an area, will surely provide conditions for continuous and persistent transmission of a disease despite a long-term control intervention. We investigated the impact of ivermectin on entomological indices within 9 months following a large-scale MDA in the Mbam river drainage. The river system factors that could have favoured abundance vector breeding and contribute to the persistence of disease transmission were also examined within the study period. We observed vector abundance and high entomological indices throughout the study period following ivermectin MDA. We also observed high water discharge along the main river of the drainage basin in both the rainy and dry seasons and this is due to the presence of two dams constructed upstream at Bamendjing and Mape to regularize the course of river Sanaga in view of generating hydroelectric power at Edea. Factors favouring continuous and persistent disease transmission are present in this drainage basin despite over 20 years of annual IVM-MDA. There is need for alternative control strategy in order to accelerate the fight against onchocerciasis in the area.",E,Onchocerca,vector,helminth,Cameroon
migration_1,migration_movement,"Bamorovat, M; Sharifi, I; Aflatoonian, MR; Salarkia, E; Afshari, SAK; Pourkhosravani, M; Karamoozian, A; Khosravi, A; Aflatoonian, B; Sharifi, F; Divsalar, H; Amiri, B; Shirzadi, MR","A prospective longitudinal study on the elimination trend of rural cutaneous leishmaniasis in southeastern Iran: Climate change, population displacement, and agricultural transition from 1991 to 2021",SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT,"Leishmaniasis is a complex disease. Any change in weather conditions affects the humans' social and agricultural expansion and, consequently, the parasite's life cycle in terms of ecology, biodiversity, social stigma, and exclusion. This population-based prospective longitudinal investigation was conducted between 1991 and 2021 in a well-defined CL (cutaneous leishmaniasis) focus in Bam County, southeastern Iran. A robust health clinic and health surveillance system were responsible for the ongoing systematic documentation, detection, identification, and management of CL cases. The exponential smoothing method via the state space model was used in the univariate time series. The TTR, smooth, and forecast packages were used in R software. Landsat satellite images from 1991, 2001, 2011, and 2021 were employed in the physical development. During this period, the temperature increased while the rainfall and humidity decreased. The findings showed a downward trend in the standardized drought index. Also, the results showed that climate warming and ecological changes profoundly affected the area's agricultural patterns and topographical features. Furthermore, the last three decades witnessed an elimination trend for zoonotic CL (ZCL) and the predominance of anthroponotic CL (ACL). The present findings showed that the critical factors in the predominance of ACL and elimination of ZCL were rising temperature, drought, migration, unplanned urbanization, earthquake, and agrarian reform. The wall-enclosed palm tree gardens excluded the primary ZCL reservoir host. They controlled the disease while providing suitable conditions for the emergence/re-emergence of ACL in the newly established settlements and the unplanned ecozone. Therefore, robust health infrastructures, sustained financial support, and evidence-based research studies are crucial to facilitating the necessary surveillance, monitoring, and evaluation to control and eliminate the disease.",A,Leishmania,vector,protozoa,Iran
migration_2,migration_movement,"Riebenbauer, K; Czerny, S; Egg, M; Urban, N; Kinaciyan, T; Hampel, A; Fidelsberger, L; Karlhofer, F; Porkert, S; Walochnik, J; Handisurya, A","The changing epidemiology of human leishmaniasis in the non-endemic country of Austria between 2000 to 2021, including a congenital case",PLOS NEGLECTED TROPICAL DISEASES,"Background Leishmaniasis is caused by infection with intracellular protozoans of the genus Leishmania. Transmission occurs predominantly by the bite of phlebotomine sandflies, other routes, including congenital transmission, are rare. The disease manifests as either cutaneous, visceral or mucosal/mucocutaneous leishmaniasis. In recent years, changes in the epidemiological pattern have been reported from Europe.Principal findings A total of 311 new and 29 published leishmaniasis cases occurring between 01/01/2000 and 12/31/2021 in Austria were collected and analyzed. These encompassed 146 cutaneous (CL), 14 visceral (VL), 4 mucosal, and 3 cases with concurrent VL and CL. In addition, asymptomatic infections, comprising 11 unspecified cases with Leishmania DNA detectable only in the blood and 162 cases with anti-Leishmania antibodies were reported. Particularly since 2016, the incidence of leishmaniasis has steadily risen, mainly attributable to increasing numbers of CL and cases with positive serology against Leishmania species, whereas the incidence of VL has slowly decreased. Analysis revealed that a shift in the causative species spectrum had occurred and that a substantial number of CL cases were caused by members of the Leishmania donovani/infantum complex. Simultaneous occurrence of VL and CL was identified in immunocompromised individuals, but also in a not yet reported case of an immunocompetent child after vertical transmission.Conclusions The incidence of leishmaniasis has risen in the recent years. The numbers are anticipated to keep rising due to increasing human mobility, including travel and forced migration, growing reservoir host populations as well as expansion and dispersal of vector species caused by climate and habitat changes, urbanization and globalization. Hence, elevated awareness for the disease, including possible transmission in previously non-endemic regions and non-vector transmission modes, support of sandfly surveillance efforts and implementation and establishment of public health interventions in a One Health approach are pivotal in the global efforts to control and reduce leishmaniasis. Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne infectious disease caused by intracellular parasites and affects 12-15 million people worldwide. The clinical presentation is variable, and the disease mainly manifests as cutaneous, visceral or mucosal forms. We collected 340 cases of leishmaniasis occurring in Austria over a period of 21 years and performed an analysis of trends to understand the epidemiology of the disease in a non-endemic Central European country. In addition, we report a rare case of concurrent visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis which was vertically transmitted to an immunocompetent child. Our analyses revealed that the incidences of cutaneous leishmaniasis are rising in Austria and that a shift in the causative species spectrum has occurred. Due to increased population migration, travel activities of humans and animal hosts, growth and spread of the vector populations facilitated primarily by climate changes, a rising number of leishmaniasis cases can be anticipated in many endemic, but intriguingly also in non-endemic regions. The potential expansion of endemicity necessitates raising awareness towards the burden of this disease and provides an incentive to the global health community to continue their efforts in disease control.",E,Leishmania,vector,protozoa,Austria
migration_3,migration_movement,"Silenzi, A; Marotta, C; Caredda, E; Machado, RS; Severoni, S; Rezza, G","Climate change, human migration and health nexus: what do we know about public health implications on a global scale?",EPIDEMIOLOGIA & PREVENZIONE,"Objective: to address the nexus among climate change, migration, and health at global and Italian levels. Design: narrative review. Setting and participants: comprehensive, critical, and objective analysis of the current knowledge on the topic by searching online databases. Main outcome measures: evidence from the literature examining health issues associated with migration in the context of climate change. Results: anthropogenic climate change has recently influenced the scale and patterns of human mobility, not only as a driver of migration, but also by interacting with and amplifying the effects of migration determinants, including health determinants. Despite research focusing on the distinct relationship between climate change and migration, as well as climate change and health, little attention has been paid to the nexus among climate change, migration, and health. Evidence available examining various health issues associated with migration in the context of climate change include changing patterns of infectious diseases and their risks, rising cases of malnutrition, trauma and injuries, changing patterns of noncommunicable diseases, impact on mental health. Inadequacy of access to health services due to the weakening and overstretching health systems also plays an important role. In a country like Italy, even if the immediate threats posed by climate change differ from one area to another, these threats are already exacerbating the country's existing infrastructure deficiencies, industrial pollution, and hydrogeological and seismic vulnerability. In addition, Italy has historically been a destination country of immigrant afflux through different migration routes. It is possible that the consequences of climate change in Sub-Saharan Africa will drive a growing number of people to cross the sea to reach Europe, specifically Italy. Conclusions: climate change, human migration, and health should be considered as an interconnected and complex issue. A shift to climate resilient health systems' is a useful precautionary measure as it aims to strengthen multiple aspects of national and sub-national health systems, regardless of the extent to which climate-related migration might occur.",E,TBD,vector,virus,Italy
migration_3,migration_movement,"Silenzi, A; Marotta, C; Caredda, E; Machado, RS; Severoni, S; Rezza, G","Climate change, human migration and health nexus: what do we know about public health implications on a global scale?",EPIDEMIOLOGIA & PREVENZIONE,"Objective: to address the nexus among climate change, migration, and health at global and Italian levels. Design: narrative review. Setting and participants: comprehensive, critical, and objective analysis of the current knowledge on the topic by searching online databases. Main outcome measures: evidence from the literature examining health issues associated with migration in the context of climate change. Results: anthropogenic climate change has recently influenced the scale and patterns of human mobility, not only as a driver of migration, but also by interacting with and amplifying the effects of migration determinants, including health determinants. Despite research focusing on the distinct relationship between climate change and migration, as well as climate change and health, little attention has been paid to the nexus among climate change, migration, and health. Evidence available examining various health issues associated with migration in the context of climate change include changing patterns of infectious diseases and their risks, rising cases of malnutrition, trauma and injuries, changing patterns of noncommunicable diseases, impact on mental health. Inadequacy of access to health services due to the weakening and overstretching health systems also plays an important role. In a country like Italy, even if the immediate threats posed by climate change differ from one area to another, these threats are already exacerbating the country's existing infrastructure deficiencies, industrial pollution, and hydrogeological and seismic vulnerability. In addition, Italy has historically been a destination country of immigrant afflux through different migration routes. It is possible that the consequences of climate change in Sub-Saharan Africa will drive a growing number of people to cross the sea to reach Europe, specifically Italy. Conclusions: climate change, human migration, and health should be considered as an interconnected and complex issue. A shift to climate resilient health systems' is a useful precautionary measure as it aims to strengthen multiple aspects of national and sub-national health systems, regardless of the extent to which climate-related migration might occur.",E,Arbovirus,vector,virus,Italy
migration_3,migration_movement,"Silenzi, A; Marotta, C; Caredda, E; Machado, RS; Severoni, S; Rezza, G","Climate change, human migration and health nexus: what do we know about public health implications on a global scale?",EPIDEMIOLOGIA & PREVENZIONE,"Objective: to address the nexus among climate change, migration, and health at global and Italian levels. Design: narrative review. Setting and participants: comprehensive, critical, and objective analysis of the current knowledge on the topic by searching online databases. Main outcome measures: evidence from the literature examining health issues associated with migration in the context of climate change. Results: anthropogenic climate change has recently influenced the scale and patterns of human mobility, not only as a driver of migration, but also by interacting with and amplifying the effects of migration determinants, including health determinants. Despite research focusing on the distinct relationship between climate change and migration, as well as climate change and health, little attention has been paid to the nexus among climate change, migration, and health. Evidence available examining various health issues associated with migration in the context of climate change include changing patterns of infectious diseases and their risks, rising cases of malnutrition, trauma and injuries, changing patterns of noncommunicable diseases, impact on mental health. Inadequacy of access to health services due to the weakening and overstretching health systems also plays an important role. In a country like Italy, even if the immediate threats posed by climate change differ from one area to another, these threats are already exacerbating the country's existing infrastructure deficiencies, industrial pollution, and hydrogeological and seismic vulnerability. In addition, Italy has historically been a destination country of immigrant afflux through different migration routes. It is possible that the consequences of climate change in Sub-Saharan Africa will drive a growing number of people to cross the sea to reach Europe, specifically Italy. Conclusions: climate change, human migration, and health should be considered as an interconnected and complex issue. A shift to climate resilient health systems' is a useful precautionary measure as it aims to strengthen multiple aspects of national and sub-national health systems, regardless of the extent to which climate-related migration might occur.",E,RVF,vector,virus,Italy
migration_4,migration_movement,"Archibong, B; Annan, F","Climate Change, Epidemics, and Inequality",REVIEW OF ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS AND POLICY,"What are the links among climate change, epidemics, and socioeconomic inequality? Although the recent pandemic has focused attention on the effects of epidemics on economic outcomes, and a separate literature in climate science and environmental health has linked global environmental change to an increase in infectious disease epidemics, there is relatively little work connecting these two strands of literature. We explore the links among climate change, epidemics, and group-based inequality by first reviewing the scientific literature modeling the effects of global warming on infectious disease epidemics. We highlight the ways in which climate variables (such as temperature, precipitation, and wind speeds) and adaptive human behavior (such as migration) in response to climate events may facilitate the spread of infectious disease. We then examine the effects of climate-induced epidemics on gender inequality using evidence from the African meningitis belt. The results show that epidemics can worsen outcomes for groups in already economically precarious circumstances, thereby widening group-based socioeconomic inequality. Effective policies to combat the negative effects of epidemics must be mindful not to increase existing group-based inequalities and should aim to reduce these inequalities by minimizing damage for members of the most marginalized groups in societies.",E,Meningitis,direct,bacteria,Niger
migration_5,migration_movement,"Chitre, SD; Crews, CM; Tessema, MT; Plestyte-Butiene, I; Coffee, M; Richardson, ET",The impact of anthropogenic climate change on pediatric viral diseases,PEDIATRIC RESEARCH,"The adverse effects of climate change on human health are unfolding in real time. Environmental fragmentation is amplifying spillover of viruses from wildlife to humans. Increasing temperatures are expanding mosquito and tick habitats, introducing vector-borne viruses into immunologically susceptible populations. More frequent flooding is spreading water-borne viral pathogens, while prolonged droughts reduce regional capacity to prevent and respond to disease outbreaks with adequate water, sanitation, and hygiene resources. Worsening air quality and altered transmission seasons due to an increasingly volatile climate may exacerbate the impacts of respiratory viruses. Furthermore, both extreme weather events and long-term climate variation are causing the destruction of health systems and large-scale migrations, reshaping health care delivery in the face of an evolving global burden of viral disease. Because of their immunological immaturity, differences in physiology (e.g., size), dependence on caregivers, and behavioral traits, children are particularly vulnerable to climate change. This investigation into the unique pediatric viral threats posed by an increasingly inhospitable world elucidates potential avenues of targeted programming and uncovers future research questions to effect equitable, actionable change.",E,Ebola,direct,virus,West Africa
migration_5,migration_movement,"Chitre, SD; Crews, CM; Tessema, MT; Plestyte-Butiene, I; Coffee, M; Richardson, ET",The impact of anthropogenic climate change on pediatric viral diseases,PEDIATRIC RESEARCH,"The adverse effects of climate change on human health are unfolding in real time. Environmental fragmentation is amplifying spillover of viruses from wildlife to humans. Increasing temperatures are expanding mosquito and tick habitats, introducing vector-borne viruses into immunologically susceptible populations. More frequent flooding is spreading water-borne viral pathogens, while prolonged droughts reduce regional capacity to prevent and respond to disease outbreaks with adequate water, sanitation, and hygiene resources. Worsening air quality and altered transmission seasons due to an increasingly volatile climate may exacerbate the impacts of respiratory viruses. Furthermore, both extreme weather events and long-term climate variation are causing the destruction of health systems and large-scale migrations, reshaping health care delivery in the face of an evolving global burden of viral disease. Because of their immunological immaturity, differences in physiology (e.g., size), dependence on caregivers, and behavioral traits, children are particularly vulnerable to climate change. This investigation into the unique pediatric viral threats posed by an increasingly inhospitable world elucidates potential avenues of targeted programming and uncovers future research questions to effect equitable, actionable change.",E,Ebola,direct,virus,Central Africa
migration_5,migration_movement,"Chitre, SD; Crews, CM; Tessema, MT; Plestyte-Butiene, I; Coffee, M; Richardson, ET",The impact of anthropogenic climate change on pediatric viral diseases,PEDIATRIC RESEARCH,"The adverse effects of climate change on human health are unfolding in real time. Environmental fragmentation is amplifying spillover of viruses from wildlife to humans. Increasing temperatures are expanding mosquito and tick habitats, introducing vector-borne viruses into immunologically susceptible populations. More frequent flooding is spreading water-borne viral pathogens, while prolonged droughts reduce regional capacity to prevent and respond to disease outbreaks with adequate water, sanitation, and hygiene resources. Worsening air quality and altered transmission seasons due to an increasingly volatile climate may exacerbate the impacts of respiratory viruses. Furthermore, both extreme weather events and long-term climate variation are causing the destruction of health systems and large-scale migrations, reshaping health care delivery in the face of an evolving global burden of viral disease. Because of their immunological immaturity, differences in physiology (e.g., size), dependence on caregivers, and behavioral traits, children are particularly vulnerable to climate change. This investigation into the unique pediatric viral threats posed by an increasingly inhospitable world elucidates potential avenues of targeted programming and uncovers future research questions to effect equitable, actionable change.",E,Hendra,indirect,virus,Australia
migration_5,migration_movement,"Chitre, SD; Crews, CM; Tessema, MT; Plestyte-Butiene, I; Coffee, M; Richardson, ET",The impact of anthropogenic climate change on pediatric viral diseases,PEDIATRIC RESEARCH,"The adverse effects of climate change on human health are unfolding in real time. Environmental fragmentation is amplifying spillover of viruses from wildlife to humans. Increasing temperatures are expanding mosquito and tick habitats, introducing vector-borne viruses into immunologically susceptible populations. More frequent flooding is spreading water-borne viral pathogens, while prolonged droughts reduce regional capacity to prevent and respond to disease outbreaks with adequate water, sanitation, and hygiene resources. Worsening air quality and altered transmission seasons due to an increasingly volatile climate may exacerbate the impacts of respiratory viruses. Furthermore, both extreme weather events and long-term climate variation are causing the destruction of health systems and large-scale migrations, reshaping health care delivery in the face of an evolving global burden of viral disease. Because of their immunological immaturity, differences in physiology (e.g., size), dependence on caregivers, and behavioral traits, children are particularly vulnerable to climate change. This investigation into the unique pediatric viral threats posed by an increasingly inhospitable world elucidates potential avenues of targeted programming and uncovers future research questions to effect equitable, actionable change.",E,Nipah,indirect,virus,Malaysia
migration_5,migration_movement,"Chitre, SD; Crews, CM; Tessema, MT; Plestyte-Butiene, I; Coffee, M; Richardson, ET",The impact of anthropogenic climate change on pediatric viral diseases,PEDIATRIC RESEARCH,"The adverse effects of climate change on human health are unfolding in real time. Environmental fragmentation is amplifying spillover of viruses from wildlife to humans. Increasing temperatures are expanding mosquito and tick habitats, introducing vector-borne viruses into immunologically susceptible populations. More frequent flooding is spreading water-borne viral pathogens, while prolonged droughts reduce regional capacity to prevent and respond to disease outbreaks with adequate water, sanitation, and hygiene resources. Worsening air quality and altered transmission seasons due to an increasingly volatile climate may exacerbate the impacts of respiratory viruses. Furthermore, both extreme weather events and long-term climate variation are causing the destruction of health systems and large-scale migrations, reshaping health care delivery in the face of an evolving global burden of viral disease. Because of their immunological immaturity, differences in physiology (e.g., size), dependence on caregivers, and behavioral traits, children are particularly vulnerable to climate change. This investigation into the unique pediatric viral threats posed by an increasingly inhospitable world elucidates potential avenues of targeted programming and uncovers future research questions to effect equitable, actionable change.",E,Diarrheal disease,indirect,multiple,displaced persons camps
migration_5,migration_movement,"Chitre, SD; Crews, CM; Tessema, MT; Plestyte-Butiene, I; Coffee, M; Richardson, ET",The impact of anthropogenic climate change on pediatric viral diseases,PEDIATRIC RESEARCH,"The adverse effects of climate change on human health are unfolding in real time. Environmental fragmentation is amplifying spillover of viruses from wildlife to humans. Increasing temperatures are expanding mosquito and tick habitats, introducing vector-borne viruses into immunologically susceptible populations. More frequent flooding is spreading water-borne viral pathogens, while prolonged droughts reduce regional capacity to prevent and respond to disease outbreaks with adequate water, sanitation, and hygiene resources. Worsening air quality and altered transmission seasons due to an increasingly volatile climate may exacerbate the impacts of respiratory viruses. Furthermore, both extreme weather events and long-term climate variation are causing the destruction of health systems and large-scale migrations, reshaping health care delivery in the face of an evolving global burden of viral disease. Because of their immunological immaturity, differences in physiology (e.g., size), dependence on caregivers, and behavioral traits, children are particularly vulnerable to climate change. This investigation into the unique pediatric viral threats posed by an increasingly inhospitable world elucidates potential avenues of targeted programming and uncovers future research questions to effect equitable, actionable change.",E,Respiratory infection,indirect,multiple,displaced persons camps
migration_5,migration_movement,"Chitre, SD; Crews, CM; Tessema, MT; Plestyte-Butiene, I; Coffee, M; Richardson, ET",The impact of anthropogenic climate change on pediatric viral diseases,PEDIATRIC RESEARCH,"The adverse effects of climate change on human health are unfolding in real time. Environmental fragmentation is amplifying spillover of viruses from wildlife to humans. Increasing temperatures are expanding mosquito and tick habitats, introducing vector-borne viruses into immunologically susceptible populations. More frequent flooding is spreading water-borne viral pathogens, while prolonged droughts reduce regional capacity to prevent and respond to disease outbreaks with adequate water, sanitation, and hygiene resources. Worsening air quality and altered transmission seasons due to an increasingly volatile climate may exacerbate the impacts of respiratory viruses. Furthermore, both extreme weather events and long-term climate variation are causing the destruction of health systems and large-scale migrations, reshaping health care delivery in the face of an evolving global burden of viral disease. Because of their immunological immaturity, differences in physiology (e.g., size), dependence on caregivers, and behavioral traits, children are particularly vulnerable to climate change. This investigation into the unique pediatric viral threats posed by an increasingly inhospitable world elucidates potential avenues of targeted programming and uncovers future research questions to effect equitable, actionable change.",E,Measles,direct,virus,displaced persons camps
migration_5,migration_movement,"Chitre, SD; Crews, CM; Tessema, MT; Plestyte-Butiene, I; Coffee, M; Richardson, ET",The impact of anthropogenic climate change on pediatric viral diseases,PEDIATRIC RESEARCH,"The adverse effects of climate change on human health are unfolding in real time. Environmental fragmentation is amplifying spillover of viruses from wildlife to humans. Increasing temperatures are expanding mosquito and tick habitats, introducing vector-borne viruses into immunologically susceptible populations. More frequent flooding is spreading water-borne viral pathogens, while prolonged droughts reduce regional capacity to prevent and respond to disease outbreaks with adequate water, sanitation, and hygiene resources. Worsening air quality and altered transmission seasons due to an increasingly volatile climate may exacerbate the impacts of respiratory viruses. Furthermore, both extreme weather events and long-term climate variation are causing the destruction of health systems and large-scale migrations, reshaping health care delivery in the face of an evolving global burden of viral disease. Because of their immunological immaturity, differences in physiology (e.g., size), dependence on caregivers, and behavioral traits, children are particularly vulnerable to climate change. This investigation into the unique pediatric viral threats posed by an increasingly inhospitable world elucidates potential avenues of targeted programming and uncovers future research questions to effect equitable, actionable change.",E,varicella,direct,virus,refugee camps
migration_5,migration_movement,"Chitre, SD; Crews, CM; Tessema, MT; Plestyte-Butiene, I; Coffee, M; Richardson, ET",The impact of anthropogenic climate change on pediatric viral diseases,PEDIATRIC RESEARCH,"The adverse effects of climate change on human health are unfolding in real time. Environmental fragmentation is amplifying spillover of viruses from wildlife to humans. Increasing temperatures are expanding mosquito and tick habitats, introducing vector-borne viruses into immunologically susceptible populations. More frequent flooding is spreading water-borne viral pathogens, while prolonged droughts reduce regional capacity to prevent and respond to disease outbreaks with adequate water, sanitation, and hygiene resources. Worsening air quality and altered transmission seasons due to an increasingly volatile climate may exacerbate the impacts of respiratory viruses. Furthermore, both extreme weather events and long-term climate variation are causing the destruction of health systems and large-scale migrations, reshaping health care delivery in the face of an evolving global burden of viral disease. Because of their immunological immaturity, differences in physiology (e.g., size), dependence on caregivers, and behavioral traits, children are particularly vulnerable to climate change. This investigation into the unique pediatric viral threats posed by an increasingly inhospitable world elucidates potential avenues of targeted programming and uncovers future research questions to effect equitable, actionable change.",E,Influenza,direct,virus,refugee camps
migration_5,migration_movement,"Chitre, SD; Crews, CM; Tessema, MT; Plestyte-Butiene, I; Coffee, M; Richardson, ET",The impact of anthropogenic climate change on pediatric viral diseases,PEDIATRIC RESEARCH,"The adverse effects of climate change on human health are unfolding in real time. Environmental fragmentation is amplifying spillover of viruses from wildlife to humans. Increasing temperatures are expanding mosquito and tick habitats, introducing vector-borne viruses into immunologically susceptible populations. More frequent flooding is spreading water-borne viral pathogens, while prolonged droughts reduce regional capacity to prevent and respond to disease outbreaks with adequate water, sanitation, and hygiene resources. Worsening air quality and altered transmission seasons due to an increasingly volatile climate may exacerbate the impacts of respiratory viruses. Furthermore, both extreme weather events and long-term climate variation are causing the destruction of health systems and large-scale migrations, reshaping health care delivery in the face of an evolving global burden of viral disease. Because of their immunological immaturity, differences in physiology (e.g., size), dependence on caregivers, and behavioral traits, children are particularly vulnerable to climate change. This investigation into the unique pediatric viral threats posed by an increasingly inhospitable world elucidates potential avenues of targeted programming and uncovers future research questions to effect equitable, actionable change.",E,Respiratory infection,direct,multiple,refugee camps
migration_5,migration_movement,"Chitre, SD; Crews, CM; Tessema, MT; Plestyte-Butiene, I; Coffee, M; Richardson, ET",The impact of anthropogenic climate change on pediatric viral diseases,PEDIATRIC RESEARCH,"The adverse effects of climate change on human health are unfolding in real time. Environmental fragmentation is amplifying spillover of viruses from wildlife to humans. Increasing temperatures are expanding mosquito and tick habitats, introducing vector-borne viruses into immunologically susceptible populations. More frequent flooding is spreading water-borne viral pathogens, while prolonged droughts reduce regional capacity to prevent and respond to disease outbreaks with adequate water, sanitation, and hygiene resources. Worsening air quality and altered transmission seasons due to an increasingly volatile climate may exacerbate the impacts of respiratory viruses. Furthermore, both extreme weather events and long-term climate variation are causing the destruction of health systems and large-scale migrations, reshaping health care delivery in the face of an evolving global burden of viral disease. Because of their immunological immaturity, differences in physiology (e.g., size), dependence on caregivers, and behavioral traits, children are particularly vulnerable to climate change. This investigation into the unique pediatric viral threats posed by an increasingly inhospitable world elucidates potential avenues of targeted programming and uncovers future research questions to effect equitable, actionable change.",E,Molluscum,direct,virus,refugee camps
migration_5,migration_movement,"Chitre, SD; Crews, CM; Tessema, MT; Plestyte-Butiene, I; Coffee, M; Richardson, ET",The impact of anthropogenic climate change on pediatric viral diseases,PEDIATRIC RESEARCH,"The adverse effects of climate change on human health are unfolding in real time. Environmental fragmentation is amplifying spillover of viruses from wildlife to humans. Increasing temperatures are expanding mosquito and tick habitats, introducing vector-borne viruses into immunologically susceptible populations. More frequent flooding is spreading water-borne viral pathogens, while prolonged droughts reduce regional capacity to prevent and respond to disease outbreaks with adequate water, sanitation, and hygiene resources. Worsening air quality and altered transmission seasons due to an increasingly volatile climate may exacerbate the impacts of respiratory viruses. Furthermore, both extreme weather events and long-term climate variation are causing the destruction of health systems and large-scale migrations, reshaping health care delivery in the face of an evolving global burden of viral disease. Because of their immunological immaturity, differences in physiology (e.g., size), dependence on caregivers, and behavioral traits, children are particularly vulnerable to climate change. This investigation into the unique pediatric viral threats posed by an increasingly inhospitable world elucidates potential avenues of targeted programming and uncovers future research questions to effect equitable, actionable change.",E,Papillomavirus,sexual,virus,refugee camps
migration_5,migration_movement,"Chitre, SD; Crews, CM; Tessema, MT; Plestyte-Butiene, I; Coffee, M; Richardson, ET",The impact of anthropogenic climate change on pediatric viral diseases,PEDIATRIC RESEARCH,"The adverse effects of climate change on human health are unfolding in real time. Environmental fragmentation is amplifying spillover of viruses from wildlife to humans. Increasing temperatures are expanding mosquito and tick habitats, introducing vector-borne viruses into immunologically susceptible populations. More frequent flooding is spreading water-borne viral pathogens, while prolonged droughts reduce regional capacity to prevent and respond to disease outbreaks with adequate water, sanitation, and hygiene resources. Worsening air quality and altered transmission seasons due to an increasingly volatile climate may exacerbate the impacts of respiratory viruses. Furthermore, both extreme weather events and long-term climate variation are causing the destruction of health systems and large-scale migrations, reshaping health care delivery in the face of an evolving global burden of viral disease. Because of their immunological immaturity, differences in physiology (e.g., size), dependence on caregivers, and behavioral traits, children are particularly vulnerable to climate change. This investigation into the unique pediatric viral threats posed by an increasingly inhospitable world elucidates potential avenues of targeted programming and uncovers future research questions to effect equitable, actionable change.",E,Poliovirus,direct,virus,refugee camps
migration_5,migration_movement,"Chitre, SD; Crews, CM; Tessema, MT; Plestyte-Butiene, I; Coffee, M; Richardson, ET",The impact of anthropogenic climate change on pediatric viral diseases,PEDIATRIC RESEARCH,"The adverse effects of climate change on human health are unfolding in real time. Environmental fragmentation is amplifying spillover of viruses from wildlife to humans. Increasing temperatures are expanding mosquito and tick habitats, introducing vector-borne viruses into immunologically susceptible populations. More frequent flooding is spreading water-borne viral pathogens, while prolonged droughts reduce regional capacity to prevent and respond to disease outbreaks with adequate water, sanitation, and hygiene resources. Worsening air quality and altered transmission seasons due to an increasingly volatile climate may exacerbate the impacts of respiratory viruses. Furthermore, both extreme weather events and long-term climate variation are causing the destruction of health systems and large-scale migrations, reshaping health care delivery in the face of an evolving global burden of viral disease. Because of their immunological immaturity, differences in physiology (e.g., size), dependence on caregivers, and behavioral traits, children are particularly vulnerable to climate change. This investigation into the unique pediatric viral threats posed by an increasingly inhospitable world elucidates potential avenues of targeted programming and uncovers future research questions to effect equitable, actionable change.",E,Hepatitis,indirect,virus,refugee camps
migration_5,migration_movement,"Chitre, SD; Crews, CM; Tessema, MT; Plestyte-Butiene, I; Coffee, M; Richardson, ET",The impact of anthropogenic climate change on pediatric viral diseases,PEDIATRIC RESEARCH,"The adverse effects of climate change on human health are unfolding in real time. Environmental fragmentation is amplifying spillover of viruses from wildlife to humans. Increasing temperatures are expanding mosquito and tick habitats, introducing vector-borne viruses into immunologically susceptible populations. More frequent flooding is spreading water-borne viral pathogens, while prolonged droughts reduce regional capacity to prevent and respond to disease outbreaks with adequate water, sanitation, and hygiene resources. Worsening air quality and altered transmission seasons due to an increasingly volatile climate may exacerbate the impacts of respiratory viruses. Furthermore, both extreme weather events and long-term climate variation are causing the destruction of health systems and large-scale migrations, reshaping health care delivery in the face of an evolving global burden of viral disease. Because of their immunological immaturity, differences in physiology (e.g., size), dependence on caregivers, and behavioral traits, children are particularly vulnerable to climate change. This investigation into the unique pediatric viral threats posed by an increasingly inhospitable world elucidates potential avenues of targeted programming and uncovers future research questions to effect equitable, actionable change.",E,Arbovirus,vector,virus,refugee camps
migration_5,migration_movement,"Chitre, SD; Crews, CM; Tessema, MT; Plestyte-Butiene, I; Coffee, M; Richardson, ET",The impact of anthropogenic climate change on pediatric viral diseases,PEDIATRIC RESEARCH,"The adverse effects of climate change on human health are unfolding in real time. Environmental fragmentation is amplifying spillover of viruses from wildlife to humans. Increasing temperatures are expanding mosquito and tick habitats, introducing vector-borne viruses into immunologically susceptible populations. More frequent flooding is spreading water-borne viral pathogens, while prolonged droughts reduce regional capacity to prevent and respond to disease outbreaks with adequate water, sanitation, and hygiene resources. Worsening air quality and altered transmission seasons due to an increasingly volatile climate may exacerbate the impacts of respiratory viruses. Furthermore, both extreme weather events and long-term climate variation are causing the destruction of health systems and large-scale migrations, reshaping health care delivery in the face of an evolving global burden of viral disease. Because of their immunological immaturity, differences in physiology (e.g., size), dependence on caregivers, and behavioral traits, children are particularly vulnerable to climate change. This investigation into the unique pediatric viral threats posed by an increasingly inhospitable world elucidates potential avenues of targeted programming and uncovers future research questions to effect equitable, actionable change.",E,TBD,vector,virus,refugee camps
migration_5,migration_movement,"Chitre, SD; Crews, CM; Tessema, MT; Plestyte-Butiene, I; Coffee, M; Richardson, ET",The impact of anthropogenic climate change on pediatric viral diseases,PEDIATRIC RESEARCH,"The adverse effects of climate change on human health are unfolding in real time. Environmental fragmentation is amplifying spillover of viruses from wildlife to humans. Increasing temperatures are expanding mosquito and tick habitats, introducing vector-borne viruses into immunologically susceptible populations. More frequent flooding is spreading water-borne viral pathogens, while prolonged droughts reduce regional capacity to prevent and respond to disease outbreaks with adequate water, sanitation, and hygiene resources. Worsening air quality and altered transmission seasons due to an increasingly volatile climate may exacerbate the impacts of respiratory viruses. Furthermore, both extreme weather events and long-term climate variation are causing the destruction of health systems and large-scale migrations, reshaping health care delivery in the face of an evolving global burden of viral disease. Because of their immunological immaturity, differences in physiology (e.g., size), dependence on caregivers, and behavioral traits, children are particularly vulnerable to climate change. This investigation into the unique pediatric viral threats posed by an increasingly inhospitable world elucidates potential avenues of targeted programming and uncovers future research questions to effect equitable, actionable change.",E,Lassa fever,vector,virus,refugee camps
migration_5,migration_movement,"Chitre, SD; Crews, CM; Tessema, MT; Plestyte-Butiene, I; Coffee, M; Richardson, ET",The impact of anthropogenic climate change on pediatric viral diseases,PEDIATRIC RESEARCH,"The adverse effects of climate change on human health are unfolding in real time. Environmental fragmentation is amplifying spillover of viruses from wildlife to humans. Increasing temperatures are expanding mosquito and tick habitats, introducing vector-borne viruses into immunologically susceptible populations. More frequent flooding is spreading water-borne viral pathogens, while prolonged droughts reduce regional capacity to prevent and respond to disease outbreaks with adequate water, sanitation, and hygiene resources. Worsening air quality and altered transmission seasons due to an increasingly volatile climate may exacerbate the impacts of respiratory viruses. Furthermore, both extreme weather events and long-term climate variation are causing the destruction of health systems and large-scale migrations, reshaping health care delivery in the face of an evolving global burden of viral disease. Because of their immunological immaturity, differences in physiology (e.g., size), dependence on caregivers, and behavioral traits, children are particularly vulnerable to climate change. This investigation into the unique pediatric viral threats posed by an increasingly inhospitable world elucidates potential avenues of targeted programming and uncovers future research questions to effect equitable, actionable change.",E,Arbovirus,vector,virus,Singapore
migration_5,migration_movement,"Chitre, SD; Crews, CM; Tessema, MT; Plestyte-Butiene, I; Coffee, M; Richardson, ET",The impact of anthropogenic climate change on pediatric viral diseases,PEDIATRIC RESEARCH,"The adverse effects of climate change on human health are unfolding in real time. Environmental fragmentation is amplifying spillover of viruses from wildlife to humans. Increasing temperatures are expanding mosquito and tick habitats, introducing vector-borne viruses into immunologically susceptible populations. More frequent flooding is spreading water-borne viral pathogens, while prolonged droughts reduce regional capacity to prevent and respond to disease outbreaks with adequate water, sanitation, and hygiene resources. Worsening air quality and altered transmission seasons due to an increasingly volatile climate may exacerbate the impacts of respiratory viruses. Furthermore, both extreme weather events and long-term climate variation are causing the destruction of health systems and large-scale migrations, reshaping health care delivery in the face of an evolving global burden of viral disease. Because of their immunological immaturity, differences in physiology (e.g., size), dependence on caregivers, and behavioral traits, children are particularly vulnerable to climate change. This investigation into the unique pediatric viral threats posed by an increasingly inhospitable world elucidates potential avenues of targeted programming and uncovers future research questions to effect equitable, actionable change.",E,TBD,vector,virus,Pakistan
migration_6,migration_movement,"Tunali, V; Korkmaz, M",Emerging and Re-Emerging Parasitic Infections of the Central Nervous System (CNS) in Europe,INFECTIOUS DISEASE REPORTS,"In a rapidly evolving global landscape characterized by increased international travel, migration, and ecological shifts, this study sheds light on the emergence of protozoal and helminthic infections targeting the central nervous system (CNS) within Europe. Despite being traditionally associated with tropical regions, these infections are progressively becoming more prevalent in non-endemic areas. By scrutinizing the inherent risks, potential outcomes, and attendant challenges, this study underscores the intricate interplay between diagnostic limitations, susceptibility of specific population subsets, and the profound influence of climate fluctuations. The contemporary interconnectedness of societies serves as a conduit for introducing and establishing these infections, warranting comprehensive assessment. This study emphasizes the pivotal role of heightened clinician vigilance, judicious public health interventions, and synergistic research collaborations to mitigate the potential consequences of these infections. Though rare, their profound impact on morbidity and mortality underscores the collective urgency required to safeguard the neurological well-being of the European populace. Through this multifaceted approach, Europe can effectively navigate the complex terrain posed with these emergent infections.",E,Cystercercosis,indirect,helminth,Europe
migration_6,migration_movement,"Tunali, V; Korkmaz, M",Emerging and Re-Emerging Parasitic Infections of the Central Nervous System (CNS) in Europe,INFECTIOUS DISEASE REPORTS,"In a rapidly evolving global landscape characterized by increased international travel, migration, and ecological shifts, this study sheds light on the emergence of protozoal and helminthic infections targeting the central nervous system (CNS) within Europe. Despite being traditionally associated with tropical regions, these infections are progressively becoming more prevalent in non-endemic areas. By scrutinizing the inherent risks, potential outcomes, and attendant challenges, this study underscores the intricate interplay between diagnostic limitations, susceptibility of specific population subsets, and the profound influence of climate fluctuations. The contemporary interconnectedness of societies serves as a conduit for introducing and establishing these infections, warranting comprehensive assessment. This study emphasizes the pivotal role of heightened clinician vigilance, judicious public health interventions, and synergistic research collaborations to mitigate the potential consequences of these infections. Though rare, their profound impact on morbidity and mortality underscores the collective urgency required to safeguard the neurological well-being of the European populace. Through this multifaceted approach, Europe can effectively navigate the complex terrain posed with these emergent infections.",E,Meningitis,direct,multiple,Europe
migration_6,migration_movement,"Tunali, V; Korkmaz, M",Emerging and Re-Emerging Parasitic Infections of the Central Nervous System (CNS) in Europe,INFECTIOUS DISEASE REPORTS,"In a rapidly evolving global landscape characterized by increased international travel, migration, and ecological shifts, this study sheds light on the emergence of protozoal and helminthic infections targeting the central nervous system (CNS) within Europe. Despite being traditionally associated with tropical regions, these infections are progressively becoming more prevalent in non-endemic areas. By scrutinizing the inherent risks, potential outcomes, and attendant challenges, this study underscores the intricate interplay between diagnostic limitations, susceptibility of specific population subsets, and the profound influence of climate fluctuations. The contemporary interconnectedness of societies serves as a conduit for introducing and establishing these infections, warranting comprehensive assessment. This study emphasizes the pivotal role of heightened clinician vigilance, judicious public health interventions, and synergistic research collaborations to mitigate the potential consequences of these infections. Though rare, their profound impact on morbidity and mortality underscores the collective urgency required to safeguard the neurological well-being of the European populace. Through this multifaceted approach, Europe can effectively navigate the complex terrain posed with these emergent infections.",E,Arbovirus,multiple,multiple,Europe
migration_6,migration_movement,"Tunali, V; Korkmaz, M",Emerging and Re-Emerging Parasitic Infections of the Central Nervous System (CNS) in Europe,INFECTIOUS DISEASE REPORTS,"In a rapidly evolving global landscape characterized by increased international travel, migration, and ecological shifts, this study sheds light on the emergence of protozoal and helminthic infections targeting the central nervous system (CNS) within Europe. Despite being traditionally associated with tropical regions, these infections are progressively becoming more prevalent in non-endemic areas. By scrutinizing the inherent risks, potential outcomes, and attendant challenges, this study underscores the intricate interplay between diagnostic limitations, susceptibility of specific population subsets, and the profound influence of climate fluctuations. The contemporary interconnectedness of societies serves as a conduit for introducing and establishing these infections, warranting comprehensive assessment. This study emphasizes the pivotal role of heightened clinician vigilance, judicious public health interventions, and synergistic research collaborations to mitigate the potential consequences of these infections. Though rare, their profound impact on morbidity and mortality underscores the collective urgency required to safeguard the neurological well-being of the European populace. Through this multifaceted approach, Europe can effectively navigate the complex terrain posed with these emergent infections.",E,Chagas,vector,protozoa,Spain
migration_6,migration_movement,"Tunali, V; Korkmaz, M",Emerging and Re-Emerging Parasitic Infections of the Central Nervous System (CNS) in Europe,INFECTIOUS DISEASE REPORTS,"In a rapidly evolving global landscape characterized by increased international travel, migration, and ecological shifts, this study sheds light on the emergence of protozoal and helminthic infections targeting the central nervous system (CNS) within Europe. Despite being traditionally associated with tropical regions, these infections are progressively becoming more prevalent in non-endemic areas. By scrutinizing the inherent risks, potential outcomes, and attendant challenges, this study underscores the intricate interplay between diagnostic limitations, susceptibility of specific population subsets, and the profound influence of climate fluctuations. The contemporary interconnectedness of societies serves as a conduit for introducing and establishing these infections, warranting comprehensive assessment. This study emphasizes the pivotal role of heightened clinician vigilance, judicious public health interventions, and synergistic research collaborations to mitigate the potential consequences of these infections. Though rare, their profound impact on morbidity and mortality underscores the collective urgency required to safeguard the neurological well-being of the European populace. Through this multifaceted approach, Europe can effectively navigate the complex terrain posed with these emergent infections.",E,Chagas,vector,protozoa,Portugal
migration_6,migration_movement,"Tunali, V; Korkmaz, M",Emerging and Re-Emerging Parasitic Infections of the Central Nervous System (CNS) in Europe,INFECTIOUS DISEASE REPORTS,"In a rapidly evolving global landscape characterized by increased international travel, migration, and ecological shifts, this study sheds light on the emergence of protozoal and helminthic infections targeting the central nervous system (CNS) within Europe. Despite being traditionally associated with tropical regions, these infections are progressively becoming more prevalent in non-endemic areas. By scrutinizing the inherent risks, potential outcomes, and attendant challenges, this study underscores the intricate interplay between diagnostic limitations, susceptibility of specific population subsets, and the profound influence of climate fluctuations. The contemporary interconnectedness of societies serves as a conduit for introducing and establishing these infections, warranting comprehensive assessment. This study emphasizes the pivotal role of heightened clinician vigilance, judicious public health interventions, and synergistic research collaborations to mitigate the potential consequences of these infections. Though rare, their profound impact on morbidity and mortality underscores the collective urgency required to safeguard the neurological well-being of the European populace. Through this multifaceted approach, Europe can effectively navigate the complex terrain posed with these emergent infections.",E,Chagas,vector,protozoa,Italy
migration_6,migration_movement,"Tunali, V; Korkmaz, M",Emerging and Re-Emerging Parasitic Infections of the Central Nervous System (CNS) in Europe,INFECTIOUS DISEASE REPORTS,"In a rapidly evolving global landscape characterized by increased international travel, migration, and ecological shifts, this study sheds light on the emergence of protozoal and helminthic infections targeting the central nervous system (CNS) within Europe. Despite being traditionally associated with tropical regions, these infections are progressively becoming more prevalent in non-endemic areas. By scrutinizing the inherent risks, potential outcomes, and attendant challenges, this study underscores the intricate interplay between diagnostic limitations, susceptibility of specific population subsets, and the profound influence of climate fluctuations. The contemporary interconnectedness of societies serves as a conduit for introducing and establishing these infections, warranting comprehensive assessment. This study emphasizes the pivotal role of heightened clinician vigilance, judicious public health interventions, and synergistic research collaborations to mitigate the potential consequences of these infections. Though rare, their profound impact on morbidity and mortality underscores the collective urgency required to safeguard the neurological well-being of the European populace. Through this multifaceted approach, Europe can effectively navigate the complex terrain posed with these emergent infections.",E,Chagas,vector,protozoa,France
migration_6,migration_movement,"Tunali, V; Korkmaz, M",Emerging and Re-Emerging Parasitic Infections of the Central Nervous System (CNS) in Europe,INFECTIOUS DISEASE REPORTS,"In a rapidly evolving global landscape characterized by increased international travel, migration, and ecological shifts, this study sheds light on the emergence of protozoal and helminthic infections targeting the central nervous system (CNS) within Europe. Despite being traditionally associated with tropical regions, these infections are progressively becoming more prevalent in non-endemic areas. By scrutinizing the inherent risks, potential outcomes, and attendant challenges, this study underscores the intricate interplay between diagnostic limitations, susceptibility of specific population subsets, and the profound influence of climate fluctuations. The contemporary interconnectedness of societies serves as a conduit for introducing and establishing these infections, warranting comprehensive assessment. This study emphasizes the pivotal role of heightened clinician vigilance, judicious public health interventions, and synergistic research collaborations to mitigate the potential consequences of these infections. Though rare, their profound impact on morbidity and mortality underscores the collective urgency required to safeguard the neurological well-being of the European populace. Through this multifaceted approach, Europe can effectively navigate the complex terrain posed with these emergent infections.",E,Chagas,vector,protozoa,United Kingdom
migration_6,migration_movement,"Tunali, V; Korkmaz, M",Emerging and Re-Emerging Parasitic Infections of the Central Nervous System (CNS) in Europe,INFECTIOUS DISEASE REPORTS,"In a rapidly evolving global landscape characterized by increased international travel, migration, and ecological shifts, this study sheds light on the emergence of protozoal and helminthic infections targeting the central nervous system (CNS) within Europe. Despite being traditionally associated with tropical regions, these infections are progressively becoming more prevalent in non-endemic areas. By scrutinizing the inherent risks, potential outcomes, and attendant challenges, this study underscores the intricate interplay between diagnostic limitations, susceptibility of specific population subsets, and the profound influence of climate fluctuations. The contemporary interconnectedness of societies serves as a conduit for introducing and establishing these infections, warranting comprehensive assessment. This study emphasizes the pivotal role of heightened clinician vigilance, judicious public health interventions, and synergistic research collaborations to mitigate the potential consequences of these infections. Though rare, their profound impact on morbidity and mortality underscores the collective urgency required to safeguard the neurological well-being of the European populace. Through this multifaceted approach, Europe can effectively navigate the complex terrain posed with these emergent infections.",E,Chagas,vector,protozoa,Switzerland
migration_6,migration_movement,"Tunali, V; Korkmaz, M",Emerging and Re-Emerging Parasitic Infections of the Central Nervous System (CNS) in Europe,INFECTIOUS DISEASE REPORTS,"In a rapidly evolving global landscape characterized by increased international travel, migration, and ecological shifts, this study sheds light on the emergence of protozoal and helminthic infections targeting the central nervous system (CNS) within Europe. Despite being traditionally associated with tropical regions, these infections are progressively becoming more prevalent in non-endemic areas. By scrutinizing the inherent risks, potential outcomes, and attendant challenges, this study underscores the intricate interplay between diagnostic limitations, susceptibility of specific population subsets, and the profound influence of climate fluctuations. The contemporary interconnectedness of societies serves as a conduit for introducing and establishing these infections, warranting comprehensive assessment. This study emphasizes the pivotal role of heightened clinician vigilance, judicious public health interventions, and synergistic research collaborations to mitigate the potential consequences of these infections. Though rare, their profound impact on morbidity and mortality underscores the collective urgency required to safeguard the neurological well-being of the European populace. Through this multifaceted approach, Europe can effectively navigate the complex terrain posed with these emergent infections.",E,Trypanosomiasis,vector,protozoa,France
migration_6,migration_movement,"Tunali, V; Korkmaz, M",Emerging and Re-Emerging Parasitic Infections of the Central Nervous System (CNS) in Europe,INFECTIOUS DISEASE REPORTS,"In a rapidly evolving global landscape characterized by increased international travel, migration, and ecological shifts, this study sheds light on the emergence of protozoal and helminthic infections targeting the central nervous system (CNS) within Europe. Despite being traditionally associated with tropical regions, these infections are progressively becoming more prevalent in non-endemic areas. By scrutinizing the inherent risks, potential outcomes, and attendant challenges, this study underscores the intricate interplay between diagnostic limitations, susceptibility of specific population subsets, and the profound influence of climate fluctuations. The contemporary interconnectedness of societies serves as a conduit for introducing and establishing these infections, warranting comprehensive assessment. This study emphasizes the pivotal role of heightened clinician vigilance, judicious public health interventions, and synergistic research collaborations to mitigate the potential consequences of these infections. Though rare, their profound impact on morbidity and mortality underscores the collective urgency required to safeguard the neurological well-being of the European populace. Through this multifaceted approach, Europe can effectively navigate the complex terrain posed with these emergent infections.",E,Trypanosomiasis,vector,protozoa,Italy
migration_6,migration_movement,"Tunali, V; Korkmaz, M",Emerging and Re-Emerging Parasitic Infections of the Central Nervous System (CNS) in Europe,INFECTIOUS DISEASE REPORTS,"In a rapidly evolving global landscape characterized by increased international travel, migration, and ecological shifts, this study sheds light on the emergence of protozoal and helminthic infections targeting the central nervous system (CNS) within Europe. Despite being traditionally associated with tropical regions, these infections are progressively becoming more prevalent in non-endemic areas. By scrutinizing the inherent risks, potential outcomes, and attendant challenges, this study underscores the intricate interplay between diagnostic limitations, susceptibility of specific population subsets, and the profound influence of climate fluctuations. The contemporary interconnectedness of societies serves as a conduit for introducing and establishing these infections, warranting comprehensive assessment. This study emphasizes the pivotal role of heightened clinician vigilance, judicious public health interventions, and synergistic research collaborations to mitigate the potential consequences of these infections. Though rare, their profound impact on morbidity and mortality underscores the collective urgency required to safeguard the neurological well-being of the European populace. Through this multifaceted approach, Europe can effectively navigate the complex terrain posed with these emergent infections.",E,Trypanosomiasis,vector,protozoa,Spain
migration_6,migration_movement,"Tunali, V; Korkmaz, M",Emerging and Re-Emerging Parasitic Infections of the Central Nervous System (CNS) in Europe,INFECTIOUS DISEASE REPORTS,"In a rapidly evolving global landscape characterized by increased international travel, migration, and ecological shifts, this study sheds light on the emergence of protozoal and helminthic infections targeting the central nervous system (CNS) within Europe. Despite being traditionally associated with tropical regions, these infections are progressively becoming more prevalent in non-endemic areas. By scrutinizing the inherent risks, potential outcomes, and attendant challenges, this study underscores the intricate interplay between diagnostic limitations, susceptibility of specific population subsets, and the profound influence of climate fluctuations. The contemporary interconnectedness of societies serves as a conduit for introducing and establishing these infections, warranting comprehensive assessment. This study emphasizes the pivotal role of heightened clinician vigilance, judicious public health interventions, and synergistic research collaborations to mitigate the potential consequences of these infections. Though rare, their profound impact on morbidity and mortality underscores the collective urgency required to safeguard the neurological well-being of the European populace. Through this multifaceted approach, Europe can effectively navigate the complex terrain posed with these emergent infections.",E,Trypanosomiasis,vector,protozoa,United Kingdom
migration_6,migration_movement,"Tunali, V; Korkmaz, M",Emerging and Re-Emerging Parasitic Infections of the Central Nervous System (CNS) in Europe,INFECTIOUS DISEASE REPORTS,"In a rapidly evolving global landscape characterized by increased international travel, migration, and ecological shifts, this study sheds light on the emergence of protozoal and helminthic infections targeting the central nervous system (CNS) within Europe. Despite being traditionally associated with tropical regions, these infections are progressively becoming more prevalent in non-endemic areas. By scrutinizing the inherent risks, potential outcomes, and attendant challenges, this study underscores the intricate interplay between diagnostic limitations, susceptibility of specific population subsets, and the profound influence of climate fluctuations. The contemporary interconnectedness of societies serves as a conduit for introducing and establishing these infections, warranting comprehensive assessment. This study emphasizes the pivotal role of heightened clinician vigilance, judicious public health interventions, and synergistic research collaborations to mitigate the potential consequences of these infections. Though rare, their profound impact on morbidity and mortality underscores the collective urgency required to safeguard the neurological well-being of the European populace. Through this multifaceted approach, Europe can effectively navigate the complex terrain posed with these emergent infections.",E,Trypanosomiasis,vector,protozoa,Netherlands
migration_6,migration_movement,"Tunali, V; Korkmaz, M",Emerging and Re-Emerging Parasitic Infections of the Central Nervous System (CNS) in Europe,INFECTIOUS DISEASE REPORTS,"In a rapidly evolving global landscape characterized by increased international travel, migration, and ecological shifts, this study sheds light on the emergence of protozoal and helminthic infections targeting the central nervous system (CNS) within Europe. Despite being traditionally associated with tropical regions, these infections are progressively becoming more prevalent in non-endemic areas. By scrutinizing the inherent risks, potential outcomes, and attendant challenges, this study underscores the intricate interplay between diagnostic limitations, susceptibility of specific population subsets, and the profound influence of climate fluctuations. The contemporary interconnectedness of societies serves as a conduit for introducing and establishing these infections, warranting comprehensive assessment. This study emphasizes the pivotal role of heightened clinician vigilance, judicious public health interventions, and synergistic research collaborations to mitigate the potential consequences of these infections. Though rare, their profound impact on morbidity and mortality underscores the collective urgency required to safeguard the neurological well-being of the European populace. Through this multifaceted approach, Europe can effectively navigate the complex terrain posed with these emergent infections.",E,Trypanosomiasis,vector,protozoa,Belgium
migration_6,migration_movement,"Tunali, V; Korkmaz, M",Emerging and Re-Emerging Parasitic Infections of the Central Nervous System (CNS) in Europe,INFECTIOUS DISEASE REPORTS,"In a rapidly evolving global landscape characterized by increased international travel, migration, and ecological shifts, this study sheds light on the emergence of protozoal and helminthic infections targeting the central nervous system (CNS) within Europe. Despite being traditionally associated with tropical regions, these infections are progressively becoming more prevalent in non-endemic areas. By scrutinizing the inherent risks, potential outcomes, and attendant challenges, this study underscores the intricate interplay between diagnostic limitations, susceptibility of specific population subsets, and the profound influence of climate fluctuations. The contemporary interconnectedness of societies serves as a conduit for introducing and establishing these infections, warranting comprehensive assessment. This study emphasizes the pivotal role of heightened clinician vigilance, judicious public health interventions, and synergistic research collaborations to mitigate the potential consequences of these infections. Though rare, their profound impact on morbidity and mortality underscores the collective urgency required to safeguard the neurological well-being of the European populace. Through this multifaceted approach, Europe can effectively navigate the complex terrain posed with these emergent infections.",E,Trypanosomiasis,vector,protozoa,Norway
migration_6,migration_movement,"Tunali, V; Korkmaz, M",Emerging and Re-Emerging Parasitic Infections of the Central Nervous System (CNS) in Europe,INFECTIOUS DISEASE REPORTS,"In a rapidly evolving global landscape characterized by increased international travel, migration, and ecological shifts, this study sheds light on the emergence of protozoal and helminthic infections targeting the central nervous system (CNS) within Europe. Despite being traditionally associated with tropical regions, these infections are progressively becoming more prevalent in non-endemic areas. By scrutinizing the inherent risks, potential outcomes, and attendant challenges, this study underscores the intricate interplay between diagnostic limitations, susceptibility of specific population subsets, and the profound influence of climate fluctuations. The contemporary interconnectedness of societies serves as a conduit for introducing and establishing these infections, warranting comprehensive assessment. This study emphasizes the pivotal role of heightened clinician vigilance, judicious public health interventions, and synergistic research collaborations to mitigate the potential consequences of these infections. Though rare, their profound impact on morbidity and mortality underscores the collective urgency required to safeguard the neurological well-being of the European populace. Through this multifaceted approach, Europe can effectively navigate the complex terrain posed with these emergent infections.",E,Trypanosomiasis,vector,protozoa,Sweden
migration_6,migration_movement,"Tunali, V; Korkmaz, M",Emerging and Re-Emerging Parasitic Infections of the Central Nervous System (CNS) in Europe,INFECTIOUS DISEASE REPORTS,"In a rapidly evolving global landscape characterized by increased international travel, migration, and ecological shifts, this study sheds light on the emergence of protozoal and helminthic infections targeting the central nervous system (CNS) within Europe. Despite being traditionally associated with tropical regions, these infections are progressively becoming more prevalent in non-endemic areas. By scrutinizing the inherent risks, potential outcomes, and attendant challenges, this study underscores the intricate interplay between diagnostic limitations, susceptibility of specific population subsets, and the profound influence of climate fluctuations. The contemporary interconnectedness of societies serves as a conduit for introducing and establishing these infections, warranting comprehensive assessment. This study emphasizes the pivotal role of heightened clinician vigilance, judicious public health interventions, and synergistic research collaborations to mitigate the potential consequences of these infections. Though rare, their profound impact on morbidity and mortality underscores the collective urgency required to safeguard the neurological well-being of the European populace. Through this multifaceted approach, Europe can effectively navigate the complex terrain posed with these emergent infections.",E,Trypanosomiasis,vector,protozoa,Switzerland
migration_6,migration_movement,"Tunali, V; Korkmaz, M",Emerging and Re-Emerging Parasitic Infections of the Central Nervous System (CNS) in Europe,INFECTIOUS DISEASE REPORTS,"In a rapidly evolving global landscape characterized by increased international travel, migration, and ecological shifts, this study sheds light on the emergence of protozoal and helminthic infections targeting the central nervous system (CNS) within Europe. Despite being traditionally associated with tropical regions, these infections are progressively becoming more prevalent in non-endemic areas. By scrutinizing the inherent risks, potential outcomes, and attendant challenges, this study underscores the intricate interplay between diagnostic limitations, susceptibility of specific population subsets, and the profound influence of climate fluctuations. The contemporary interconnectedness of societies serves as a conduit for introducing and establishing these infections, warranting comprehensive assessment. This study emphasizes the pivotal role of heightened clinician vigilance, judicious public health interventions, and synergistic research collaborations to mitigate the potential consequences of these infections. Though rare, their profound impact on morbidity and mortality underscores the collective urgency required to safeguard the neurological well-being of the European populace. Through this multifaceted approach, Europe can effectively navigate the complex terrain posed with these emergent infections.",E,Trypanosomiasis,vector,protozoa,Poland
migration_6,migration_movement,"Tunali, V; Korkmaz, M",Emerging and Re-Emerging Parasitic Infections of the Central Nervous System (CNS) in Europe,INFECTIOUS DISEASE REPORTS,"In a rapidly evolving global landscape characterized by increased international travel, migration, and ecological shifts, this study sheds light on the emergence of protozoal and helminthic infections targeting the central nervous system (CNS) within Europe. Despite being traditionally associated with tropical regions, these infections are progressively becoming more prevalent in non-endemic areas. By scrutinizing the inherent risks, potential outcomes, and attendant challenges, this study underscores the intricate interplay between diagnostic limitations, susceptibility of specific population subsets, and the profound influence of climate fluctuations. The contemporary interconnectedness of societies serves as a conduit for introducing and establishing these infections, warranting comprehensive assessment. This study emphasizes the pivotal role of heightened clinician vigilance, judicious public health interventions, and synergistic research collaborations to mitigate the potential consequences of these infections. Though rare, their profound impact on morbidity and mortality underscores the collective urgency required to safeguard the neurological well-being of the European populace. Through this multifaceted approach, Europe can effectively navigate the complex terrain posed with these emergent infections.",E,Toxoplasmosis,indirect,protozoa,France
migration_6,migration_movement,"Tunali, V; Korkmaz, M",Emerging and Re-Emerging Parasitic Infections of the Central Nervous System (CNS) in Europe,INFECTIOUS DISEASE REPORTS,"In a rapidly evolving global landscape characterized by increased international travel, migration, and ecological shifts, this study sheds light on the emergence of protozoal and helminthic infections targeting the central nervous system (CNS) within Europe. Despite being traditionally associated with tropical regions, these infections are progressively becoming more prevalent in non-endemic areas. By scrutinizing the inherent risks, potential outcomes, and attendant challenges, this study underscores the intricate interplay between diagnostic limitations, susceptibility of specific population subsets, and the profound influence of climate fluctuations. The contemporary interconnectedness of societies serves as a conduit for introducing and establishing these infections, warranting comprehensive assessment. This study emphasizes the pivotal role of heightened clinician vigilance, judicious public health interventions, and synergistic research collaborations to mitigate the potential consequences of these infections. Though rare, their profound impact on morbidity and mortality underscores the collective urgency required to safeguard the neurological well-being of the European populace. Through this multifaceted approach, Europe can effectively navigate the complex terrain posed with these emergent infections.",E,Toxoplasmosis,indirect,protozoa,Spain
migration_6,migration_movement,"Tunali, V; Korkmaz, M",Emerging and Re-Emerging Parasitic Infections of the Central Nervous System (CNS) in Europe,INFECTIOUS DISEASE REPORTS,"In a rapidly evolving global landscape characterized by increased international travel, migration, and ecological shifts, this study sheds light on the emergence of protozoal and helminthic infections targeting the central nervous system (CNS) within Europe. Despite being traditionally associated with tropical regions, these infections are progressively becoming more prevalent in non-endemic areas. By scrutinizing the inherent risks, potential outcomes, and attendant challenges, this study underscores the intricate interplay between diagnostic limitations, susceptibility of specific population subsets, and the profound influence of climate fluctuations. The contemporary interconnectedness of societies serves as a conduit for introducing and establishing these infections, warranting comprehensive assessment. This study emphasizes the pivotal role of heightened clinician vigilance, judicious public health interventions, and synergistic research collaborations to mitigate the potential consequences of these infections. Though rare, their profound impact on morbidity and mortality underscores the collective urgency required to safeguard the neurological well-being of the European populace. Through this multifaceted approach, Europe can effectively navigate the complex terrain posed with these emergent infections.",E,Toxoplasmosis,indirect,protozoa,Czech Republic
migration_6,migration_movement,"Tunali, V; Korkmaz, M",Emerging and Re-Emerging Parasitic Infections of the Central Nervous System (CNS) in Europe,INFECTIOUS DISEASE REPORTS,"In a rapidly evolving global landscape characterized by increased international travel, migration, and ecological shifts, this study sheds light on the emergence of protozoal and helminthic infections targeting the central nervous system (CNS) within Europe. Despite being traditionally associated with tropical regions, these infections are progressively becoming more prevalent in non-endemic areas. By scrutinizing the inherent risks, potential outcomes, and attendant challenges, this study underscores the intricate interplay between diagnostic limitations, susceptibility of specific population subsets, and the profound influence of climate fluctuations. The contemporary interconnectedness of societies serves as a conduit for introducing and establishing these infections, warranting comprehensive assessment. This study emphasizes the pivotal role of heightened clinician vigilance, judicious public health interventions, and synergistic research collaborations to mitigate the potential consequences of these infections. Though rare, their profound impact on morbidity and mortality underscores the collective urgency required to safeguard the neurological well-being of the European populace. Through this multifaceted approach, Europe can effectively navigate the complex terrain posed with these emergent infections.",E,Toxoplasmosis,indirect,protozoa,United Kingdom
migration_6,migration_movement,"Tunali, V; Korkmaz, M",Emerging and Re-Emerging Parasitic Infections of the Central Nervous System (CNS) in Europe,INFECTIOUS DISEASE REPORTS,"In a rapidly evolving global landscape characterized by increased international travel, migration, and ecological shifts, this study sheds light on the emergence of protozoal and helminthic infections targeting the central nervous system (CNS) within Europe. Despite being traditionally associated with tropical regions, these infections are progressively becoming more prevalent in non-endemic areas. By scrutinizing the inherent risks, potential outcomes, and attendant challenges, this study underscores the intricate interplay between diagnostic limitations, susceptibility of specific population subsets, and the profound influence of climate fluctuations. The contemporary interconnectedness of societies serves as a conduit for introducing and establishing these infections, warranting comprehensive assessment. This study emphasizes the pivotal role of heightened clinician vigilance, judicious public health interventions, and synergistic research collaborations to mitigate the potential consequences of these infections. Though rare, their profound impact on morbidity and mortality underscores the collective urgency required to safeguard the neurological well-being of the European populace. Through this multifaceted approach, Europe can effectively navigate the complex terrain posed with these emergent infections.",E,Toxoplasmosis,indirect,protozoa,Germany
migration_6,migration_movement,"Tunali, V; Korkmaz, M",Emerging and Re-Emerging Parasitic Infections of the Central Nervous System (CNS) in Europe,INFECTIOUS DISEASE REPORTS,"In a rapidly evolving global landscape characterized by increased international travel, migration, and ecological shifts, this study sheds light on the emergence of protozoal and helminthic infections targeting the central nervous system (CNS) within Europe. Despite being traditionally associated with tropical regions, these infections are progressively becoming more prevalent in non-endemic areas. By scrutinizing the inherent risks, potential outcomes, and attendant challenges, this study underscores the intricate interplay between diagnostic limitations, susceptibility of specific population subsets, and the profound influence of climate fluctuations. The contemporary interconnectedness of societies serves as a conduit for introducing and establishing these infections, warranting comprehensive assessment. This study emphasizes the pivotal role of heightened clinician vigilance, judicious public health interventions, and synergistic research collaborations to mitigate the potential consequences of these infections. Though rare, their profound impact on morbidity and mortality underscores the collective urgency required to safeguard the neurological well-being of the European populace. Through this multifaceted approach, Europe can effectively navigate the complex terrain posed with these emergent infections.",E,Toxoplasmosis,indirect,protozoa,Denmark
migration_6,migration_movement,"Tunali, V; Korkmaz, M",Emerging and Re-Emerging Parasitic Infections of the Central Nervous System (CNS) in Europe,INFECTIOUS DISEASE REPORTS,"In a rapidly evolving global landscape characterized by increased international travel, migration, and ecological shifts, this study sheds light on the emergence of protozoal and helminthic infections targeting the central nervous system (CNS) within Europe. Despite being traditionally associated with tropical regions, these infections are progressively becoming more prevalent in non-endemic areas. By scrutinizing the inherent risks, potential outcomes, and attendant challenges, this study underscores the intricate interplay between diagnostic limitations, susceptibility of specific population subsets, and the profound influence of climate fluctuations. The contemporary interconnectedness of societies serves as a conduit for introducing and establishing these infections, warranting comprehensive assessment. This study emphasizes the pivotal role of heightened clinician vigilance, judicious public health interventions, and synergistic research collaborations to mitigate the potential consequences of these infections. Though rare, their profound impact on morbidity and mortality underscores the collective urgency required to safeguard the neurological well-being of the European populace. Through this multifaceted approach, Europe can effectively navigate the complex terrain posed with these emergent infections.",E,Toxoplasmosis,indirect,protozoa,Serbia
migration_6,migration_movement,"Tunali, V; Korkmaz, M",Emerging and Re-Emerging Parasitic Infections of the Central Nervous System (CNS) in Europe,INFECTIOUS DISEASE REPORTS,"In a rapidly evolving global landscape characterized by increased international travel, migration, and ecological shifts, this study sheds light on the emergence of protozoal and helminthic infections targeting the central nervous system (CNS) within Europe. Despite being traditionally associated with tropical regions, these infections are progressively becoming more prevalent in non-endemic areas. By scrutinizing the inherent risks, potential outcomes, and attendant challenges, this study underscores the intricate interplay between diagnostic limitations, susceptibility of specific population subsets, and the profound influence of climate fluctuations. The contemporary interconnectedness of societies serves as a conduit for introducing and establishing these infections, warranting comprehensive assessment. This study emphasizes the pivotal role of heightened clinician vigilance, judicious public health interventions, and synergistic research collaborations to mitigate the potential consequences of these infections. Though rare, their profound impact on morbidity and mortality underscores the collective urgency required to safeguard the neurological well-being of the European populace. Through this multifaceted approach, Europe can effectively navigate the complex terrain posed with these emergent infections.",E,Malaria,vector,protozoa,United Kingdom
migration_6,migration_movement,"Tunali, V; Korkmaz, M",Emerging and Re-Emerging Parasitic Infections of the Central Nervous System (CNS) in Europe,INFECTIOUS DISEASE REPORTS,"In a rapidly evolving global landscape characterized by increased international travel, migration, and ecological shifts, this study sheds light on the emergence of protozoal and helminthic infections targeting the central nervous system (CNS) within Europe. Despite being traditionally associated with tropical regions, these infections are progressively becoming more prevalent in non-endemic areas. By scrutinizing the inherent risks, potential outcomes, and attendant challenges, this study underscores the intricate interplay between diagnostic limitations, susceptibility of specific population subsets, and the profound influence of climate fluctuations. The contemporary interconnectedness of societies serves as a conduit for introducing and establishing these infections, warranting comprehensive assessment. This study emphasizes the pivotal role of heightened clinician vigilance, judicious public health interventions, and synergistic research collaborations to mitigate the potential consequences of these infections. Though rare, their profound impact on morbidity and mortality underscores the collective urgency required to safeguard the neurological well-being of the European populace. Through this multifaceted approach, Europe can effectively navigate the complex terrain posed with these emergent infections.",E,Malaria,vector,protozoa,Switzerland
migration_6,migration_movement,"Tunali, V; Korkmaz, M",Emerging and Re-Emerging Parasitic Infections of the Central Nervous System (CNS) in Europe,INFECTIOUS DISEASE REPORTS,"In a rapidly evolving global landscape characterized by increased international travel, migration, and ecological shifts, this study sheds light on the emergence of protozoal and helminthic infections targeting the central nervous system (CNS) within Europe. Despite being traditionally associated with tropical regions, these infections are progressively becoming more prevalent in non-endemic areas. By scrutinizing the inherent risks, potential outcomes, and attendant challenges, this study underscores the intricate interplay between diagnostic limitations, susceptibility of specific population subsets, and the profound influence of climate fluctuations. The contemporary interconnectedness of societies serves as a conduit for introducing and establishing these infections, warranting comprehensive assessment. This study emphasizes the pivotal role of heightened clinician vigilance, judicious public health interventions, and synergistic research collaborations to mitigate the potential consequences of these infections. Though rare, their profound impact on morbidity and mortality underscores the collective urgency required to safeguard the neurological well-being of the European populace. Through this multifaceted approach, Europe can effectively navigate the complex terrain posed with these emergent infections.",E,Malaria,vector,protozoa,Italy
migration_6,migration_movement,"Tunali, V; Korkmaz, M",Emerging and Re-Emerging Parasitic Infections of the Central Nervous System (CNS) in Europe,INFECTIOUS DISEASE REPORTS,"In a rapidly evolving global landscape characterized by increased international travel, migration, and ecological shifts, this study sheds light on the emergence of protozoal and helminthic infections targeting the central nervous system (CNS) within Europe. Despite being traditionally associated with tropical regions, these infections are progressively becoming more prevalent in non-endemic areas. By scrutinizing the inherent risks, potential outcomes, and attendant challenges, this study underscores the intricate interplay between diagnostic limitations, susceptibility of specific population subsets, and the profound influence of climate fluctuations. The contemporary interconnectedness of societies serves as a conduit for introducing and establishing these infections, warranting comprehensive assessment. This study emphasizes the pivotal role of heightened clinician vigilance, judicious public health interventions, and synergistic research collaborations to mitigate the potential consequences of these infections. Though rare, their profound impact on morbidity and mortality underscores the collective urgency required to safeguard the neurological well-being of the European populace. Through this multifaceted approach, Europe can effectively navigate the complex terrain posed with these emergent infections.",E,Malaria,vector,protozoa,Germany
migration_6,migration_movement,"Tunali, V; Korkmaz, M",Emerging and Re-Emerging Parasitic Infections of the Central Nervous System (CNS) in Europe,INFECTIOUS DISEASE REPORTS,"In a rapidly evolving global landscape characterized by increased international travel, migration, and ecological shifts, this study sheds light on the emergence of protozoal and helminthic infections targeting the central nervous system (CNS) within Europe. Despite being traditionally associated with tropical regions, these infections are progressively becoming more prevalent in non-endemic areas. By scrutinizing the inherent risks, potential outcomes, and attendant challenges, this study underscores the intricate interplay between diagnostic limitations, susceptibility of specific population subsets, and the profound influence of climate fluctuations. The contemporary interconnectedness of societies serves as a conduit for introducing and establishing these infections, warranting comprehensive assessment. This study emphasizes the pivotal role of heightened clinician vigilance, judicious public health interventions, and synergistic research collaborations to mitigate the potential consequences of these infections. Though rare, their profound impact on morbidity and mortality underscores the collective urgency required to safeguard the neurological well-being of the European populace. Through this multifaceted approach, Europe can effectively navigate the complex terrain posed with these emergent infections.",E,Malaria,vector,protozoa,France
migration_6,migration_movement,"Tunali, V; Korkmaz, M",Emerging and Re-Emerging Parasitic Infections of the Central Nervous System (CNS) in Europe,INFECTIOUS DISEASE REPORTS,"In a rapidly evolving global landscape characterized by increased international travel, migration, and ecological shifts, this study sheds light on the emergence of protozoal and helminthic infections targeting the central nervous system (CNS) within Europe. Despite being traditionally associated with tropical regions, these infections are progressively becoming more prevalent in non-endemic areas. By scrutinizing the inherent risks, potential outcomes, and attendant challenges, this study underscores the intricate interplay between diagnostic limitations, susceptibility of specific population subsets, and the profound influence of climate fluctuations. The contemporary interconnectedness of societies serves as a conduit for introducing and establishing these infections, warranting comprehensive assessment. This study emphasizes the pivotal role of heightened clinician vigilance, judicious public health interventions, and synergistic research collaborations to mitigate the potential consequences of these infections. Though rare, their profound impact on morbidity and mortality underscores the collective urgency required to safeguard the neurological well-being of the European populace. Through this multifaceted approach, Europe can effectively navigate the complex terrain posed with these emergent infections.",E,Malaria,vector,protozoa,Denmark
migration_6,migration_movement,"Tunali, V; Korkmaz, M",Emerging and Re-Emerging Parasitic Infections of the Central Nervous System (CNS) in Europe,INFECTIOUS DISEASE REPORTS,"In a rapidly evolving global landscape characterized by increased international travel, migration, and ecological shifts, this study sheds light on the emergence of protozoal and helminthic infections targeting the central nervous system (CNS) within Europe. Despite being traditionally associated with tropical regions, these infections are progressively becoming more prevalent in non-endemic areas. By scrutinizing the inherent risks, potential outcomes, and attendant challenges, this study underscores the intricate interplay between diagnostic limitations, susceptibility of specific population subsets, and the profound influence of climate fluctuations. The contemporary interconnectedness of societies serves as a conduit for introducing and establishing these infections, warranting comprehensive assessment. This study emphasizes the pivotal role of heightened clinician vigilance, judicious public health interventions, and synergistic research collaborations to mitigate the potential consequences of these infections. Though rare, their profound impact on morbidity and mortality underscores the collective urgency required to safeguard the neurological well-being of the European populace. Through this multifaceted approach, Europe can effectively navigate the complex terrain posed with these emergent infections.",E,Malaria,vector,protozoa,Belgium
migration_6,migration_movement,"Tunali, V; Korkmaz, M",Emerging and Re-Emerging Parasitic Infections of the Central Nervous System (CNS) in Europe,INFECTIOUS DISEASE REPORTS,"In a rapidly evolving global landscape characterized by increased international travel, migration, and ecological shifts, this study sheds light on the emergence of protozoal and helminthic infections targeting the central nervous system (CNS) within Europe. Despite being traditionally associated with tropical regions, these infections are progressively becoming more prevalent in non-endemic areas. By scrutinizing the inherent risks, potential outcomes, and attendant challenges, this study underscores the intricate interplay between diagnostic limitations, susceptibility of specific population subsets, and the profound influence of climate fluctuations. The contemporary interconnectedness of societies serves as a conduit for introducing and establishing these infections, warranting comprehensive assessment. This study emphasizes the pivotal role of heightened clinician vigilance, judicious public health interventions, and synergistic research collaborations to mitigate the potential consequences of these infections. Though rare, their profound impact on morbidity and mortality underscores the collective urgency required to safeguard the neurological well-being of the European populace. Through this multifaceted approach, Europe can effectively navigate the complex terrain posed with these emergent infections.",E,Amoeba,indirect,protozoa,Belgium
migration_6,migration_movement,"Tunali, V; Korkmaz, M",Emerging and Re-Emerging Parasitic Infections of the Central Nervous System (CNS) in Europe,INFECTIOUS DISEASE REPORTS,"In a rapidly evolving global landscape characterized by increased international travel, migration, and ecological shifts, this study sheds light on the emergence of protozoal and helminthic infections targeting the central nervous system (CNS) within Europe. Despite being traditionally associated with tropical regions, these infections are progressively becoming more prevalent in non-endemic areas. By scrutinizing the inherent risks, potential outcomes, and attendant challenges, this study underscores the intricate interplay between diagnostic limitations, susceptibility of specific population subsets, and the profound influence of climate fluctuations. The contemporary interconnectedness of societies serves as a conduit for introducing and establishing these infections, warranting comprehensive assessment. This study emphasizes the pivotal role of heightened clinician vigilance, judicious public health interventions, and synergistic research collaborations to mitigate the potential consequences of these infections. Though rare, their profound impact on morbidity and mortality underscores the collective urgency required to safeguard the neurological well-being of the European populace. Through this multifaceted approach, Europe can effectively navigate the complex terrain posed with these emergent infections.",E,Amoeba,indirect,protozoa,Czech Republic
migration_6,migration_movement,"Tunali, V; Korkmaz, M",Emerging and Re-Emerging Parasitic Infections of the Central Nervous System (CNS) in Europe,INFECTIOUS DISEASE REPORTS,"In a rapidly evolving global landscape characterized by increased international travel, migration, and ecological shifts, this study sheds light on the emergence of protozoal and helminthic infections targeting the central nervous system (CNS) within Europe. Despite being traditionally associated with tropical regions, these infections are progressively becoming more prevalent in non-endemic areas. By scrutinizing the inherent risks, potential outcomes, and attendant challenges, this study underscores the intricate interplay between diagnostic limitations, susceptibility of specific population subsets, and the profound influence of climate fluctuations. The contemporary interconnectedness of societies serves as a conduit for introducing and establishing these infections, warranting comprehensive assessment. This study emphasizes the pivotal role of heightened clinician vigilance, judicious public health interventions, and synergistic research collaborations to mitigate the potential consequences of these infections. Though rare, their profound impact on morbidity and mortality underscores the collective urgency required to safeguard the neurological well-being of the European populace. Through this multifaceted approach, Europe can effectively navigate the complex terrain posed with these emergent infections.",E,Amoeba,indirect,protozoa,Italy
migration_6,migration_movement,"Tunali, V; Korkmaz, M",Emerging and Re-Emerging Parasitic Infections of the Central Nervous System (CNS) in Europe,INFECTIOUS DISEASE REPORTS,"In a rapidly evolving global landscape characterized by increased international travel, migration, and ecological shifts, this study sheds light on the emergence of protozoal and helminthic infections targeting the central nervous system (CNS) within Europe. Despite being traditionally associated with tropical regions, these infections are progressively becoming more prevalent in non-endemic areas. By scrutinizing the inherent risks, potential outcomes, and attendant challenges, this study underscores the intricate interplay between diagnostic limitations, susceptibility of specific population subsets, and the profound influence of climate fluctuations. The contemporary interconnectedness of societies serves as a conduit for introducing and establishing these infections, warranting comprehensive assessment. This study emphasizes the pivotal role of heightened clinician vigilance, judicious public health interventions, and synergistic research collaborations to mitigate the potential consequences of these infections. Though rare, their profound impact on morbidity and mortality underscores the collective urgency required to safeguard the neurological well-being of the European populace. Through this multifaceted approach, Europe can effectively navigate the complex terrain posed with these emergent infections.",E,Amoeba,indirect,protozoa,Netherlands
migration_6,migration_movement,"Tunali, V; Korkmaz, M",Emerging and Re-Emerging Parasitic Infections of the Central Nervous System (CNS) in Europe,INFECTIOUS DISEASE REPORTS,"In a rapidly evolving global landscape characterized by increased international travel, migration, and ecological shifts, this study sheds light on the emergence of protozoal and helminthic infections targeting the central nervous system (CNS) within Europe. Despite being traditionally associated with tropical regions, these infections are progressively becoming more prevalent in non-endemic areas. By scrutinizing the inherent risks, potential outcomes, and attendant challenges, this study underscores the intricate interplay between diagnostic limitations, susceptibility of specific population subsets, and the profound influence of climate fluctuations. The contemporary interconnectedness of societies serves as a conduit for introducing and establishing these infections, warranting comprehensive assessment. This study emphasizes the pivotal role of heightened clinician vigilance, judicious public health interventions, and synergistic research collaborations to mitigate the potential consequences of these infections. Though rare, their profound impact on morbidity and mortality underscores the collective urgency required to safeguard the neurological well-being of the European populace. Through this multifaceted approach, Europe can effectively navigate the complex terrain posed with these emergent infections.",E,Amoeba,indirect,protozoa,United Kingdom
migration_6,migration_movement,"Tunali, V; Korkmaz, M",Emerging and Re-Emerging Parasitic Infections of the Central Nervous System (CNS) in Europe,INFECTIOUS DISEASE REPORTS,"In a rapidly evolving global landscape characterized by increased international travel, migration, and ecological shifts, this study sheds light on the emergence of protozoal and helminthic infections targeting the central nervous system (CNS) within Europe. Despite being traditionally associated with tropical regions, these infections are progressively becoming more prevalent in non-endemic areas. By scrutinizing the inherent risks, potential outcomes, and attendant challenges, this study underscores the intricate interplay between diagnostic limitations, susceptibility of specific population subsets, and the profound influence of climate fluctuations. The contemporary interconnectedness of societies serves as a conduit for introducing and establishing these infections, warranting comprehensive assessment. This study emphasizes the pivotal role of heightened clinician vigilance, judicious public health interventions, and synergistic research collaborations to mitigate the potential consequences of these infections. Though rare, their profound impact on morbidity and mortality underscores the collective urgency required to safeguard the neurological well-being of the European populace. Through this multifaceted approach, Europe can effectively navigate the complex terrain posed with these emergent infections.",E,Angiostrongylus,indirect,helminth,France
migration_6,migration_movement,"Tunali, V; Korkmaz, M",Emerging and Re-Emerging Parasitic Infections of the Central Nervous System (CNS) in Europe,INFECTIOUS DISEASE REPORTS,"In a rapidly evolving global landscape characterized by increased international travel, migration, and ecological shifts, this study sheds light on the emergence of protozoal and helminthic infections targeting the central nervous system (CNS) within Europe. Despite being traditionally associated with tropical regions, these infections are progressively becoming more prevalent in non-endemic areas. By scrutinizing the inherent risks, potential outcomes, and attendant challenges, this study underscores the intricate interplay between diagnostic limitations, susceptibility of specific population subsets, and the profound influence of climate fluctuations. The contemporary interconnectedness of societies serves as a conduit for introducing and establishing these infections, warranting comprehensive assessment. This study emphasizes the pivotal role of heightened clinician vigilance, judicious public health interventions, and synergistic research collaborations to mitigate the potential consequences of these infections. Though rare, their profound impact on morbidity and mortality underscores the collective urgency required to safeguard the neurological well-being of the European populace. Through this multifaceted approach, Europe can effectively navigate the complex terrain posed with these emergent infections.",E,Angiostrongylus,indirect,helminth,Germany
migration_6,migration_movement,"Tunali, V; Korkmaz, M",Emerging and Re-Emerging Parasitic Infections of the Central Nervous System (CNS) in Europe,INFECTIOUS DISEASE REPORTS,"In a rapidly evolving global landscape characterized by increased international travel, migration, and ecological shifts, this study sheds light on the emergence of protozoal and helminthic infections targeting the central nervous system (CNS) within Europe. Despite being traditionally associated with tropical regions, these infections are progressively becoming more prevalent in non-endemic areas. By scrutinizing the inherent risks, potential outcomes, and attendant challenges, this study underscores the intricate interplay between diagnostic limitations, susceptibility of specific population subsets, and the profound influence of climate fluctuations. The contemporary interconnectedness of societies serves as a conduit for introducing and establishing these infections, warranting comprehensive assessment. This study emphasizes the pivotal role of heightened clinician vigilance, judicious public health interventions, and synergistic research collaborations to mitigate the potential consequences of these infections. Though rare, their profound impact on morbidity and mortality underscores the collective urgency required to safeguard the neurological well-being of the European populace. Through this multifaceted approach, Europe can effectively navigate the complex terrain posed with these emergent infections.",E,Angiostrongylus,indirect,helminth,Netherlands
migration_6,migration_movement,"Tunali, V; Korkmaz, M",Emerging and Re-Emerging Parasitic Infections of the Central Nervous System (CNS) in Europe,INFECTIOUS DISEASE REPORTS,"In a rapidly evolving global landscape characterized by increased international travel, migration, and ecological shifts, this study sheds light on the emergence of protozoal and helminthic infections targeting the central nervous system (CNS) within Europe. Despite being traditionally associated with tropical regions, these infections are progressively becoming more prevalent in non-endemic areas. By scrutinizing the inherent risks, potential outcomes, and attendant challenges, this study underscores the intricate interplay between diagnostic limitations, susceptibility of specific population subsets, and the profound influence of climate fluctuations. The contemporary interconnectedness of societies serves as a conduit for introducing and establishing these infections, warranting comprehensive assessment. This study emphasizes the pivotal role of heightened clinician vigilance, judicious public health interventions, and synergistic research collaborations to mitigate the potential consequences of these infections. Though rare, their profound impact on morbidity and mortality underscores the collective urgency required to safeguard the neurological well-being of the European populace. Through this multifaceted approach, Europe can effectively navigate the complex terrain posed with these emergent infections.",E,Angiostrongylus,indirect,helminth,Switzerland
migration_6,migration_movement,"Tunali, V; Korkmaz, M",Emerging and Re-Emerging Parasitic Infections of the Central Nervous System (CNS) in Europe,INFECTIOUS DISEASE REPORTS,"In a rapidly evolving global landscape characterized by increased international travel, migration, and ecological shifts, this study sheds light on the emergence of protozoal and helminthic infections targeting the central nervous system (CNS) within Europe. Despite being traditionally associated with tropical regions, these infections are progressively becoming more prevalent in non-endemic areas. By scrutinizing the inherent risks, potential outcomes, and attendant challenges, this study underscores the intricate interplay between diagnostic limitations, susceptibility of specific population subsets, and the profound influence of climate fluctuations. The contemporary interconnectedness of societies serves as a conduit for introducing and establishing these infections, warranting comprehensive assessment. This study emphasizes the pivotal role of heightened clinician vigilance, judicious public health interventions, and synergistic research collaborations to mitigate the potential consequences of these infections. Though rare, their profound impact on morbidity and mortality underscores the collective urgency required to safeguard the neurological well-being of the European populace. Through this multifaceted approach, Europe can effectively navigate the complex terrain posed with these emergent infections.",E,Angiostrongylus,indirect,helminth,Belgium
migration_6,migration_movement,"Tunali, V; Korkmaz, M",Emerging and Re-Emerging Parasitic Infections of the Central Nervous System (CNS) in Europe,INFECTIOUS DISEASE REPORTS,"In a rapidly evolving global landscape characterized by increased international travel, migration, and ecological shifts, this study sheds light on the emergence of protozoal and helminthic infections targeting the central nervous system (CNS) within Europe. Despite being traditionally associated with tropical regions, these infections are progressively becoming more prevalent in non-endemic areas. By scrutinizing the inherent risks, potential outcomes, and attendant challenges, this study underscores the intricate interplay between diagnostic limitations, susceptibility of specific population subsets, and the profound influence of climate fluctuations. The contemporary interconnectedness of societies serves as a conduit for introducing and establishing these infections, warranting comprehensive assessment. This study emphasizes the pivotal role of heightened clinician vigilance, judicious public health interventions, and synergistic research collaborations to mitigate the potential consequences of these infections. Though rare, their profound impact on morbidity and mortality underscores the collective urgency required to safeguard the neurological well-being of the European populace. Through this multifaceted approach, Europe can effectively navigate the complex terrain posed with these emergent infections.",E,Angiostrongylus,indirect,helminth,Croatia
migration_6,migration_movement,"Tunali, V; Korkmaz, M",Emerging and Re-Emerging Parasitic Infections of the Central Nervous System (CNS) in Europe,INFECTIOUS DISEASE REPORTS,"In a rapidly evolving global landscape characterized by increased international travel, migration, and ecological shifts, this study sheds light on the emergence of protozoal and helminthic infections targeting the central nervous system (CNS) within Europe. Despite being traditionally associated with tropical regions, these infections are progressively becoming more prevalent in non-endemic areas. By scrutinizing the inherent risks, potential outcomes, and attendant challenges, this study underscores the intricate interplay between diagnostic limitations, susceptibility of specific population subsets, and the profound influence of climate fluctuations. The contemporary interconnectedness of societies serves as a conduit for introducing and establishing these infections, warranting comprehensive assessment. This study emphasizes the pivotal role of heightened clinician vigilance, judicious public health interventions, and synergistic research collaborations to mitigate the potential consequences of these infections. Though rare, their profound impact on morbidity and mortality underscores the collective urgency required to safeguard the neurological well-being of the European populace. Through this multifaceted approach, Europe can effectively navigate the complex terrain posed with these emergent infections.",E,Angiostrongylus,indirect,helminth,Italy
migration_6,migration_movement,"Tunali, V; Korkmaz, M",Emerging and Re-Emerging Parasitic Infections of the Central Nervous System (CNS) in Europe,INFECTIOUS DISEASE REPORTS,"In a rapidly evolving global landscape characterized by increased international travel, migration, and ecological shifts, this study sheds light on the emergence of protozoal and helminthic infections targeting the central nervous system (CNS) within Europe. Despite being traditionally associated with tropical regions, these infections are progressively becoming more prevalent in non-endemic areas. By scrutinizing the inherent risks, potential outcomes, and attendant challenges, this study underscores the intricate interplay between diagnostic limitations, susceptibility of specific population subsets, and the profound influence of climate fluctuations. The contemporary interconnectedness of societies serves as a conduit for introducing and establishing these infections, warranting comprehensive assessment. This study emphasizes the pivotal role of heightened clinician vigilance, judicious public health interventions, and synergistic research collaborations to mitigate the potential consequences of these infections. Though rare, their profound impact on morbidity and mortality underscores the collective urgency required to safeguard the neurological well-being of the European populace. Through this multifaceted approach, Europe can effectively navigate the complex terrain posed with these emergent infections.",E,Angiostrongylus,indirect,helminth,Spain
migration_6,migration_movement,"Tunali, V; Korkmaz, M",Emerging and Re-Emerging Parasitic Infections of the Central Nervous System (CNS) in Europe,INFECTIOUS DISEASE REPORTS,"In a rapidly evolving global landscape characterized by increased international travel, migration, and ecological shifts, this study sheds light on the emergence of protozoal and helminthic infections targeting the central nervous system (CNS) within Europe. Despite being traditionally associated with tropical regions, these infections are progressively becoming more prevalent in non-endemic areas. By scrutinizing the inherent risks, potential outcomes, and attendant challenges, this study underscores the intricate interplay between diagnostic limitations, susceptibility of specific population subsets, and the profound influence of climate fluctuations. The contemporary interconnectedness of societies serves as a conduit for introducing and establishing these infections, warranting comprehensive assessment. This study emphasizes the pivotal role of heightened clinician vigilance, judicious public health interventions, and synergistic research collaborations to mitigate the potential consequences of these infections. Though rare, their profound impact on morbidity and mortality underscores the collective urgency required to safeguard the neurological well-being of the European populace. Through this multifaceted approach, Europe can effectively navigate the complex terrain posed with these emergent infections.",E,Angiostrongylus,indirect,helminth,United Kingdom
migration_6,migration_movement,"Tunali, V; Korkmaz, M",Emerging and Re-Emerging Parasitic Infections of the Central Nervous System (CNS) in Europe,INFECTIOUS DISEASE REPORTS,"In a rapidly evolving global landscape characterized by increased international travel, migration, and ecological shifts, this study sheds light on the emergence of protozoal and helminthic infections targeting the central nervous system (CNS) within Europe. Despite being traditionally associated with tropical regions, these infections are progressively becoming more prevalent in non-endemic areas. By scrutinizing the inherent risks, potential outcomes, and attendant challenges, this study underscores the intricate interplay between diagnostic limitations, susceptibility of specific population subsets, and the profound influence of climate fluctuations. The contemporary interconnectedness of societies serves as a conduit for introducing and establishing these infections, warranting comprehensive assessment. This study emphasizes the pivotal role of heightened clinician vigilance, judicious public health interventions, and synergistic research collaborations to mitigate the potential consequences of these infections. Though rare, their profound impact on morbidity and mortality underscores the collective urgency required to safeguard the neurological well-being of the European populace. Through this multifaceted approach, Europe can effectively navigate the complex terrain posed with these emergent infections.",E,Echinococcus,indirect,helminth,Greece
migration_6,migration_movement,"Tunali, V; Korkmaz, M",Emerging and Re-Emerging Parasitic Infections of the Central Nervous System (CNS) in Europe,INFECTIOUS DISEASE REPORTS,"In a rapidly evolving global landscape characterized by increased international travel, migration, and ecological shifts, this study sheds light on the emergence of protozoal and helminthic infections targeting the central nervous system (CNS) within Europe. Despite being traditionally associated with tropical regions, these infections are progressively becoming more prevalent in non-endemic areas. By scrutinizing the inherent risks, potential outcomes, and attendant challenges, this study underscores the intricate interplay between diagnostic limitations, susceptibility of specific population subsets, and the profound influence of climate fluctuations. The contemporary interconnectedness of societies serves as a conduit for introducing and establishing these infections, warranting comprehensive assessment. This study emphasizes the pivotal role of heightened clinician vigilance, judicious public health interventions, and synergistic research collaborations to mitigate the potential consequences of these infections. Though rare, their profound impact on morbidity and mortality underscores the collective urgency required to safeguard the neurological well-being of the European populace. Through this multifaceted approach, Europe can effectively navigate the complex terrain posed with these emergent infections.",E,Echinococcus,indirect,helminth,Italy
migration_6,migration_movement,"Tunali, V; Korkmaz, M",Emerging and Re-Emerging Parasitic Infections of the Central Nervous System (CNS) in Europe,INFECTIOUS DISEASE REPORTS,"In a rapidly evolving global landscape characterized by increased international travel, migration, and ecological shifts, this study sheds light on the emergence of protozoal and helminthic infections targeting the central nervous system (CNS) within Europe. Despite being traditionally associated with tropical regions, these infections are progressively becoming more prevalent in non-endemic areas. By scrutinizing the inherent risks, potential outcomes, and attendant challenges, this study underscores the intricate interplay between diagnostic limitations, susceptibility of specific population subsets, and the profound influence of climate fluctuations. The contemporary interconnectedness of societies serves as a conduit for introducing and establishing these infections, warranting comprehensive assessment. This study emphasizes the pivotal role of heightened clinician vigilance, judicious public health interventions, and synergistic research collaborations to mitigate the potential consequences of these infections. Though rare, their profound impact on morbidity and mortality underscores the collective urgency required to safeguard the neurological well-being of the European populace. Through this multifaceted approach, Europe can effectively navigate the complex terrain posed with these emergent infections.",E,Echinococcus,indirect,helminth,Turkey
migration_6,migration_movement,"Tunali, V; Korkmaz, M",Emerging and Re-Emerging Parasitic Infections of the Central Nervous System (CNS) in Europe,INFECTIOUS DISEASE REPORTS,"In a rapidly evolving global landscape characterized by increased international travel, migration, and ecological shifts, this study sheds light on the emergence of protozoal and helminthic infections targeting the central nervous system (CNS) within Europe. Despite being traditionally associated with tropical regions, these infections are progressively becoming more prevalent in non-endemic areas. By scrutinizing the inherent risks, potential outcomes, and attendant challenges, this study underscores the intricate interplay between diagnostic limitations, susceptibility of specific population subsets, and the profound influence of climate fluctuations. The contemporary interconnectedness of societies serves as a conduit for introducing and establishing these infections, warranting comprehensive assessment. This study emphasizes the pivotal role of heightened clinician vigilance, judicious public health interventions, and synergistic research collaborations to mitigate the potential consequences of these infections. Though rare, their profound impact on morbidity and mortality underscores the collective urgency required to safeguard the neurological well-being of the European populace. Through this multifaceted approach, Europe can effectively navigate the complex terrain posed with these emergent infections.",E,Echinococcus,indirect,helminth,Romania
migration_6,migration_movement,"Tunali, V; Korkmaz, M",Emerging and Re-Emerging Parasitic Infections of the Central Nervous System (CNS) in Europe,INFECTIOUS DISEASE REPORTS,"In a rapidly evolving global landscape characterized by increased international travel, migration, and ecological shifts, this study sheds light on the emergence of protozoal and helminthic infections targeting the central nervous system (CNS) within Europe. Despite being traditionally associated with tropical regions, these infections are progressively becoming more prevalent in non-endemic areas. By scrutinizing the inherent risks, potential outcomes, and attendant challenges, this study underscores the intricate interplay between diagnostic limitations, susceptibility of specific population subsets, and the profound influence of climate fluctuations. The contemporary interconnectedness of societies serves as a conduit for introducing and establishing these infections, warranting comprehensive assessment. This study emphasizes the pivotal role of heightened clinician vigilance, judicious public health interventions, and synergistic research collaborations to mitigate the potential consequences of these infections. Though rare, their profound impact on morbidity and mortality underscores the collective urgency required to safeguard the neurological well-being of the European populace. Through this multifaceted approach, Europe can effectively navigate the complex terrain posed with these emergent infections.",E,Echinococcus,indirect,helminth,Bulgaria
migration_6,migration_movement,"Tunali, V; Korkmaz, M",Emerging and Re-Emerging Parasitic Infections of the Central Nervous System (CNS) in Europe,INFECTIOUS DISEASE REPORTS,"In a rapidly evolving global landscape characterized by increased international travel, migration, and ecological shifts, this study sheds light on the emergence of protozoal and helminthic infections targeting the central nervous system (CNS) within Europe. Despite being traditionally associated with tropical regions, these infections are progressively becoming more prevalent in non-endemic areas. By scrutinizing the inherent risks, potential outcomes, and attendant challenges, this study underscores the intricate interplay between diagnostic limitations, susceptibility of specific population subsets, and the profound influence of climate fluctuations. The contemporary interconnectedness of societies serves as a conduit for introducing and establishing these infections, warranting comprehensive assessment. This study emphasizes the pivotal role of heightened clinician vigilance, judicious public health interventions, and synergistic research collaborations to mitigate the potential consequences of these infections. Though rare, their profound impact on morbidity and mortality underscores the collective urgency required to safeguard the neurological well-being of the European populace. Through this multifaceted approach, Europe can effectively navigate the complex terrain posed with these emergent infections.",E,Echinococcus,indirect,helminth,Belgium
migration_6,migration_movement,"Tunali, V; Korkmaz, M",Emerging and Re-Emerging Parasitic Infections of the Central Nervous System (CNS) in Europe,INFECTIOUS DISEASE REPORTS,"In a rapidly evolving global landscape characterized by increased international travel, migration, and ecological shifts, this study sheds light on the emergence of protozoal and helminthic infections targeting the central nervous system (CNS) within Europe. Despite being traditionally associated with tropical regions, these infections are progressively becoming more prevalent in non-endemic areas. By scrutinizing the inherent risks, potential outcomes, and attendant challenges, this study underscores the intricate interplay between diagnostic limitations, susceptibility of specific population subsets, and the profound influence of climate fluctuations. The contemporary interconnectedness of societies serves as a conduit for introducing and establishing these infections, warranting comprehensive assessment. This study emphasizes the pivotal role of heightened clinician vigilance, judicious public health interventions, and synergistic research collaborations to mitigate the potential consequences of these infections. Though rare, their profound impact on morbidity and mortality underscores the collective urgency required to safeguard the neurological well-being of the European populace. Through this multifaceted approach, Europe can effectively navigate the complex terrain posed with these emergent infections.",E,Echinococcus,indirect,helminth,Netherlands
migration_6,migration_movement,"Tunali, V; Korkmaz, M",Emerging and Re-Emerging Parasitic Infections of the Central Nervous System (CNS) in Europe,INFECTIOUS DISEASE REPORTS,"In a rapidly evolving global landscape characterized by increased international travel, migration, and ecological shifts, this study sheds light on the emergence of protozoal and helminthic infections targeting the central nervous system (CNS) within Europe. Despite being traditionally associated with tropical regions, these infections are progressively becoming more prevalent in non-endemic areas. By scrutinizing the inherent risks, potential outcomes, and attendant challenges, this study underscores the intricate interplay between diagnostic limitations, susceptibility of specific population subsets, and the profound influence of climate fluctuations. The contemporary interconnectedness of societies serves as a conduit for introducing and establishing these infections, warranting comprehensive assessment. This study emphasizes the pivotal role of heightened clinician vigilance, judicious public health interventions, and synergistic research collaborations to mitigate the potential consequences of these infections. Though rare, their profound impact on morbidity and mortality underscores the collective urgency required to safeguard the neurological well-being of the European populace. Through this multifaceted approach, Europe can effectively navigate the complex terrain posed with these emergent infections.",E,Echinococcus,indirect,helminth,Italy
migration_6,migration_movement,"Tunali, V; Korkmaz, M",Emerging and Re-Emerging Parasitic Infections of the Central Nervous System (CNS) in Europe,INFECTIOUS DISEASE REPORTS,"In a rapidly evolving global landscape characterized by increased international travel, migration, and ecological shifts, this study sheds light on the emergence of protozoal and helminthic infections targeting the central nervous system (CNS) within Europe. Despite being traditionally associated with tropical regions, these infections are progressively becoming more prevalent in non-endemic areas. By scrutinizing the inherent risks, potential outcomes, and attendant challenges, this study underscores the intricate interplay between diagnostic limitations, susceptibility of specific population subsets, and the profound influence of climate fluctuations. The contemporary interconnectedness of societies serves as a conduit for introducing and establishing these infections, warranting comprehensive assessment. This study emphasizes the pivotal role of heightened clinician vigilance, judicious public health interventions, and synergistic research collaborations to mitigate the potential consequences of these infections. Though rare, their profound impact on morbidity and mortality underscores the collective urgency required to safeguard the neurological well-being of the European populace. Through this multifaceted approach, Europe can effectively navigate the complex terrain posed with these emergent infections.",E,Echinococcus,indirect,helminth,Austria
migration_6,migration_movement,"Tunali, V; Korkmaz, M",Emerging and Re-Emerging Parasitic Infections of the Central Nervous System (CNS) in Europe,INFECTIOUS DISEASE REPORTS,"In a rapidly evolving global landscape characterized by increased international travel, migration, and ecological shifts, this study sheds light on the emergence of protozoal and helminthic infections targeting the central nervous system (CNS) within Europe. Despite being traditionally associated with tropical regions, these infections are progressively becoming more prevalent in non-endemic areas. By scrutinizing the inherent risks, potential outcomes, and attendant challenges, this study underscores the intricate interplay between diagnostic limitations, susceptibility of specific population subsets, and the profound influence of climate fluctuations. The contemporary interconnectedness of societies serves as a conduit for introducing and establishing these infections, warranting comprehensive assessment. This study emphasizes the pivotal role of heightened clinician vigilance, judicious public health interventions, and synergistic research collaborations to mitigate the potential consequences of these infections. Though rare, their profound impact on morbidity and mortality underscores the collective urgency required to safeguard the neurological well-being of the European populace. Through this multifaceted approach, Europe can effectively navigate the complex terrain posed with these emergent infections.",E,Echinococcus,indirect,helminth,Hungary
migration_6,migration_movement,"Tunali, V; Korkmaz, M",Emerging and Re-Emerging Parasitic Infections of the Central Nervous System (CNS) in Europe,INFECTIOUS DISEASE REPORTS,"In a rapidly evolving global landscape characterized by increased international travel, migration, and ecological shifts, this study sheds light on the emergence of protozoal and helminthic infections targeting the central nervous system (CNS) within Europe. Despite being traditionally associated with tropical regions, these infections are progressively becoming more prevalent in non-endemic areas. By scrutinizing the inherent risks, potential outcomes, and attendant challenges, this study underscores the intricate interplay between diagnostic limitations, susceptibility of specific population subsets, and the profound influence of climate fluctuations. The contemporary interconnectedness of societies serves as a conduit for introducing and establishing these infections, warranting comprehensive assessment. This study emphasizes the pivotal role of heightened clinician vigilance, judicious public health interventions, and synergistic research collaborations to mitigate the potential consequences of these infections. Though rare, their profound impact on morbidity and mortality underscores the collective urgency required to safeguard the neurological well-being of the European populace. Through this multifaceted approach, Europe can effectively navigate the complex terrain posed with these emergent infections.",E,Echinococcus,indirect,helminth,Slovenia
migration_6,migration_movement,"Tunali, V; Korkmaz, M",Emerging and Re-Emerging Parasitic Infections of the Central Nervous System (CNS) in Europe,INFECTIOUS DISEASE REPORTS,"In a rapidly evolving global landscape characterized by increased international travel, migration, and ecological shifts, this study sheds light on the emergence of protozoal and helminthic infections targeting the central nervous system (CNS) within Europe. Despite being traditionally associated with tropical regions, these infections are progressively becoming more prevalent in non-endemic areas. By scrutinizing the inherent risks, potential outcomes, and attendant challenges, this study underscores the intricate interplay between diagnostic limitations, susceptibility of specific population subsets, and the profound influence of climate fluctuations. The contemporary interconnectedness of societies serves as a conduit for introducing and establishing these infections, warranting comprehensive assessment. This study emphasizes the pivotal role of heightened clinician vigilance, judicious public health interventions, and synergistic research collaborations to mitigate the potential consequences of these infections. Though rare, their profound impact on morbidity and mortality underscores the collective urgency required to safeguard the neurological well-being of the European populace. Through this multifaceted approach, Europe can effectively navigate the complex terrain posed with these emergent infections.",E,schistosomes,indirect,helminth,France
migration_6,migration_movement,"Tunali, V; Korkmaz, M",Emerging and Re-Emerging Parasitic Infections of the Central Nervous System (CNS) in Europe,INFECTIOUS DISEASE REPORTS,"In a rapidly evolving global landscape characterized by increased international travel, migration, and ecological shifts, this study sheds light on the emergence of protozoal and helminthic infections targeting the central nervous system (CNS) within Europe. Despite being traditionally associated with tropical regions, these infections are progressively becoming more prevalent in non-endemic areas. By scrutinizing the inherent risks, potential outcomes, and attendant challenges, this study underscores the intricate interplay between diagnostic limitations, susceptibility of specific population subsets, and the profound influence of climate fluctuations. The contemporary interconnectedness of societies serves as a conduit for introducing and establishing these infections, warranting comprehensive assessment. This study emphasizes the pivotal role of heightened clinician vigilance, judicious public health interventions, and synergistic research collaborations to mitigate the potential consequences of these infections. Though rare, their profound impact on morbidity and mortality underscores the collective urgency required to safeguard the neurological well-being of the European populace. Through this multifaceted approach, Europe can effectively navigate the complex terrain posed with these emergent infections.",E,schistosomes,indirect,helminth,United Kingdom
migration_6,migration_movement,"Tunali, V; Korkmaz, M",Emerging and Re-Emerging Parasitic Infections of the Central Nervous System (CNS) in Europe,INFECTIOUS DISEASE REPORTS,"In a rapidly evolving global landscape characterized by increased international travel, migration, and ecological shifts, this study sheds light on the emergence of protozoal and helminthic infections targeting the central nervous system (CNS) within Europe. Despite being traditionally associated with tropical regions, these infections are progressively becoming more prevalent in non-endemic areas. By scrutinizing the inherent risks, potential outcomes, and attendant challenges, this study underscores the intricate interplay between diagnostic limitations, susceptibility of specific population subsets, and the profound influence of climate fluctuations. The contemporary interconnectedness of societies serves as a conduit for introducing and establishing these infections, warranting comprehensive assessment. This study emphasizes the pivotal role of heightened clinician vigilance, judicious public health interventions, and synergistic research collaborations to mitigate the potential consequences of these infections. Though rare, their profound impact on morbidity and mortality underscores the collective urgency required to safeguard the neurological well-being of the European populace. Through this multifaceted approach, Europe can effectively navigate the complex terrain posed with these emergent infections.",E,schistosomes,indirect,helminth,Spain
migration_6,migration_movement,"Tunali, V; Korkmaz, M",Emerging and Re-Emerging Parasitic Infections of the Central Nervous System (CNS) in Europe,INFECTIOUS DISEASE REPORTS,"In a rapidly evolving global landscape characterized by increased international travel, migration, and ecological shifts, this study sheds light on the emergence of protozoal and helminthic infections targeting the central nervous system (CNS) within Europe. Despite being traditionally associated with tropical regions, these infections are progressively becoming more prevalent in non-endemic areas. By scrutinizing the inherent risks, potential outcomes, and attendant challenges, this study underscores the intricate interplay between diagnostic limitations, susceptibility of specific population subsets, and the profound influence of climate fluctuations. The contemporary interconnectedness of societies serves as a conduit for introducing and establishing these infections, warranting comprehensive assessment. This study emphasizes the pivotal role of heightened clinician vigilance, judicious public health interventions, and synergistic research collaborations to mitigate the potential consequences of these infections. Though rare, their profound impact on morbidity and mortality underscores the collective urgency required to safeguard the neurological well-being of the European populace. Through this multifaceted approach, Europe can effectively navigate the complex terrain posed with these emergent infections.",E,schistosomes,indirect,helminth,Portugal
migration_6,migration_movement,"Tunali, V; Korkmaz, M",Emerging and Re-Emerging Parasitic Infections of the Central Nervous System (CNS) in Europe,INFECTIOUS DISEASE REPORTS,"In a rapidly evolving global landscape characterized by increased international travel, migration, and ecological shifts, this study sheds light on the emergence of protozoal and helminthic infections targeting the central nervous system (CNS) within Europe. Despite being traditionally associated with tropical regions, these infections are progressively becoming more prevalent in non-endemic areas. By scrutinizing the inherent risks, potential outcomes, and attendant challenges, this study underscores the intricate interplay between diagnostic limitations, susceptibility of specific population subsets, and the profound influence of climate fluctuations. The contemporary interconnectedness of societies serves as a conduit for introducing and establishing these infections, warranting comprehensive assessment. This study emphasizes the pivotal role of heightened clinician vigilance, judicious public health interventions, and synergistic research collaborations to mitigate the potential consequences of these infections. Though rare, their profound impact on morbidity and mortality underscores the collective urgency required to safeguard the neurological well-being of the European populace. Through this multifaceted approach, Europe can effectively navigate the complex terrain posed with these emergent infections.",E,Strongyloides,indirect,helminth,France
migration_6,migration_movement,"Tunali, V; Korkmaz, M",Emerging and Re-Emerging Parasitic Infections of the Central Nervous System (CNS) in Europe,INFECTIOUS DISEASE REPORTS,"In a rapidly evolving global landscape characterized by increased international travel, migration, and ecological shifts, this study sheds light on the emergence of protozoal and helminthic infections targeting the central nervous system (CNS) within Europe. Despite being traditionally associated with tropical regions, these infections are progressively becoming more prevalent in non-endemic areas. By scrutinizing the inherent risks, potential outcomes, and attendant challenges, this study underscores the intricate interplay between diagnostic limitations, susceptibility of specific population subsets, and the profound influence of climate fluctuations. The contemporary interconnectedness of societies serves as a conduit for introducing and establishing these infections, warranting comprehensive assessment. This study emphasizes the pivotal role of heightened clinician vigilance, judicious public health interventions, and synergistic research collaborations to mitigate the potential consequences of these infections. Though rare, their profound impact on morbidity and mortality underscores the collective urgency required to safeguard the neurological well-being of the European populace. Through this multifaceted approach, Europe can effectively navigate the complex terrain posed with these emergent infections.",E,Strongyloides,indirect,helminth,Belgium
migration_6,migration_movement,"Tunali, V; Korkmaz, M",Emerging and Re-Emerging Parasitic Infections of the Central Nervous System (CNS) in Europe,INFECTIOUS DISEASE REPORTS,"In a rapidly evolving global landscape characterized by increased international travel, migration, and ecological shifts, this study sheds light on the emergence of protozoal and helminthic infections targeting the central nervous system (CNS) within Europe. Despite being traditionally associated with tropical regions, these infections are progressively becoming more prevalent in non-endemic areas. By scrutinizing the inherent risks, potential outcomes, and attendant challenges, this study underscores the intricate interplay between diagnostic limitations, susceptibility of specific population subsets, and the profound influence of climate fluctuations. The contemporary interconnectedness of societies serves as a conduit for introducing and establishing these infections, warranting comprehensive assessment. This study emphasizes the pivotal role of heightened clinician vigilance, judicious public health interventions, and synergistic research collaborations to mitigate the potential consequences of these infections. Though rare, their profound impact on morbidity and mortality underscores the collective urgency required to safeguard the neurological well-being of the European populace. Through this multifaceted approach, Europe can effectively navigate the complex terrain posed with these emergent infections.",E,Strongyloides,indirect,helminth,Portugal
migration_6,migration_movement,"Tunali, V; Korkmaz, M",Emerging and Re-Emerging Parasitic Infections of the Central Nervous System (CNS) in Europe,INFECTIOUS DISEASE REPORTS,"In a rapidly evolving global landscape characterized by increased international travel, migration, and ecological shifts, this study sheds light on the emergence of protozoal and helminthic infections targeting the central nervous system (CNS) within Europe. Despite being traditionally associated with tropical regions, these infections are progressively becoming more prevalent in non-endemic areas. By scrutinizing the inherent risks, potential outcomes, and attendant challenges, this study underscores the intricate interplay between diagnostic limitations, susceptibility of specific population subsets, and the profound influence of climate fluctuations. The contemporary interconnectedness of societies serves as a conduit for introducing and establishing these infections, warranting comprehensive assessment. This study emphasizes the pivotal role of heightened clinician vigilance, judicious public health interventions, and synergistic research collaborations to mitigate the potential consequences of these infections. Though rare, their profound impact on morbidity and mortality underscores the collective urgency required to safeguard the neurological well-being of the European populace. Through this multifaceted approach, Europe can effectively navigate the complex terrain posed with these emergent infections.",E,Cystercercosis,indirect,helminth,Eastern Europe
migration_6,migration_movement,"Tunali, V; Korkmaz, M",Emerging and Re-Emerging Parasitic Infections of the Central Nervous System (CNS) in Europe,INFECTIOUS DISEASE REPORTS,"In a rapidly evolving global landscape characterized by increased international travel, migration, and ecological shifts, this study sheds light on the emergence of protozoal and helminthic infections targeting the central nervous system (CNS) within Europe. Despite being traditionally associated with tropical regions, these infections are progressively becoming more prevalent in non-endemic areas. By scrutinizing the inherent risks, potential outcomes, and attendant challenges, this study underscores the intricate interplay between diagnostic limitations, susceptibility of specific population subsets, and the profound influence of climate fluctuations. The contemporary interconnectedness of societies serves as a conduit for introducing and establishing these infections, warranting comprehensive assessment. This study emphasizes the pivotal role of heightened clinician vigilance, judicious public health interventions, and synergistic research collaborations to mitigate the potential consequences of these infections. Though rare, their profound impact on morbidity and mortality underscores the collective urgency required to safeguard the neurological well-being of the European populace. Through this multifaceted approach, Europe can effectively navigate the complex terrain posed with these emergent infections.",E,Cystercercosis,indirect,helminth,Western Europe
migration_6,migration_movement,"Tunali, V; Korkmaz, M",Emerging and Re-Emerging Parasitic Infections of the Central Nervous System (CNS) in Europe,INFECTIOUS DISEASE REPORTS,"In a rapidly evolving global landscape characterized by increased international travel, migration, and ecological shifts, this study sheds light on the emergence of protozoal and helminthic infections targeting the central nervous system (CNS) within Europe. Despite being traditionally associated with tropical regions, these infections are progressively becoming more prevalent in non-endemic areas. By scrutinizing the inherent risks, potential outcomes, and attendant challenges, this study underscores the intricate interplay between diagnostic limitations, susceptibility of specific population subsets, and the profound influence of climate fluctuations. The contemporary interconnectedness of societies serves as a conduit for introducing and establishing these infections, warranting comprehensive assessment. This study emphasizes the pivotal role of heightened clinician vigilance, judicious public health interventions, and synergistic research collaborations to mitigate the potential consequences of these infections. Though rare, their profound impact on morbidity and mortality underscores the collective urgency required to safeguard the neurological well-being of the European populace. Through this multifaceted approach, Europe can effectively navigate the complex terrain posed with these emergent infections.",E,Toxocara,indirect,helminth,Spain
migration_6,migration_movement,"Tunali, V; Korkmaz, M",Emerging and Re-Emerging Parasitic Infections of the Central Nervous System (CNS) in Europe,INFECTIOUS DISEASE REPORTS,"In a rapidly evolving global landscape characterized by increased international travel, migration, and ecological shifts, this study sheds light on the emergence of protozoal and helminthic infections targeting the central nervous system (CNS) within Europe. Despite being traditionally associated with tropical regions, these infections are progressively becoming more prevalent in non-endemic areas. By scrutinizing the inherent risks, potential outcomes, and attendant challenges, this study underscores the intricate interplay between diagnostic limitations, susceptibility of specific population subsets, and the profound influence of climate fluctuations. The contemporary interconnectedness of societies serves as a conduit for introducing and establishing these infections, warranting comprehensive assessment. This study emphasizes the pivotal role of heightened clinician vigilance, judicious public health interventions, and synergistic research collaborations to mitigate the potential consequences of these infections. Though rare, their profound impact on morbidity and mortality underscores the collective urgency required to safeguard the neurological well-being of the European populace. Through this multifaceted approach, Europe can effectively navigate the complex terrain posed with these emergent infections.",E,Toxocara,indirect,helminth,France
migration_6,migration_movement,"Tunali, V; Korkmaz, M",Emerging and Re-Emerging Parasitic Infections of the Central Nervous System (CNS) in Europe,INFECTIOUS DISEASE REPORTS,"In a rapidly evolving global landscape characterized by increased international travel, migration, and ecological shifts, this study sheds light on the emergence of protozoal and helminthic infections targeting the central nervous system (CNS) within Europe. Despite being traditionally associated with tropical regions, these infections are progressively becoming more prevalent in non-endemic areas. By scrutinizing the inherent risks, potential outcomes, and attendant challenges, this study underscores the intricate interplay between diagnostic limitations, susceptibility of specific population subsets, and the profound influence of climate fluctuations. The contemporary interconnectedness of societies serves as a conduit for introducing and establishing these infections, warranting comprehensive assessment. This study emphasizes the pivotal role of heightened clinician vigilance, judicious public health interventions, and synergistic research collaborations to mitigate the potential consequences of these infections. Though rare, their profound impact on morbidity and mortality underscores the collective urgency required to safeguard the neurological well-being of the European populace. Through this multifaceted approach, Europe can effectively navigate the complex terrain posed with these emergent infections.",E,Toxocara,indirect,helminth,Denmark
migration_6,migration_movement,"Tunali, V; Korkmaz, M",Emerging and Re-Emerging Parasitic Infections of the Central Nervous System (CNS) in Europe,INFECTIOUS DISEASE REPORTS,"In a rapidly evolving global landscape characterized by increased international travel, migration, and ecological shifts, this study sheds light on the emergence of protozoal and helminthic infections targeting the central nervous system (CNS) within Europe. Despite being traditionally associated with tropical regions, these infections are progressively becoming more prevalent in non-endemic areas. By scrutinizing the inherent risks, potential outcomes, and attendant challenges, this study underscores the intricate interplay between diagnostic limitations, susceptibility of specific population subsets, and the profound influence of climate fluctuations. The contemporary interconnectedness of societies serves as a conduit for introducing and establishing these infections, warranting comprehensive assessment. This study emphasizes the pivotal role of heightened clinician vigilance, judicious public health interventions, and synergistic research collaborations to mitigate the potential consequences of these infections. Though rare, their profound impact on morbidity and mortality underscores the collective urgency required to safeguard the neurological well-being of the European populace. Through this multifaceted approach, Europe can effectively navigate the complex terrain posed with these emergent infections.",E,Toxocara,indirect,helminth,Sweden
migration_6,migration_movement,"Tunali, V; Korkmaz, M",Emerging and Re-Emerging Parasitic Infections of the Central Nervous System (CNS) in Europe,INFECTIOUS DISEASE REPORTS,"In a rapidly evolving global landscape characterized by increased international travel, migration, and ecological shifts, this study sheds light on the emergence of protozoal and helminthic infections targeting the central nervous system (CNS) within Europe. Despite being traditionally associated with tropical regions, these infections are progressively becoming more prevalent in non-endemic areas. By scrutinizing the inherent risks, potential outcomes, and attendant challenges, this study underscores the intricate interplay between diagnostic limitations, susceptibility of specific population subsets, and the profound influence of climate fluctuations. The contemporary interconnectedness of societies serves as a conduit for introducing and establishing these infections, warranting comprehensive assessment. This study emphasizes the pivotal role of heightened clinician vigilance, judicious public health interventions, and synergistic research collaborations to mitigate the potential consequences of these infections. Though rare, their profound impact on morbidity and mortality underscores the collective urgency required to safeguard the neurological well-being of the European populace. Through this multifaceted approach, Europe can effectively navigate the complex terrain posed with these emergent infections.",E,Trichinellosis,indirect,helminth,France
migration_6,migration_movement,"Tunali, V; Korkmaz, M",Emerging and Re-Emerging Parasitic Infections of the Central Nervous System (CNS) in Europe,INFECTIOUS DISEASE REPORTS,"In a rapidly evolving global landscape characterized by increased international travel, migration, and ecological shifts, this study sheds light on the emergence of protozoal and helminthic infections targeting the central nervous system (CNS) within Europe. Despite being traditionally associated with tropical regions, these infections are progressively becoming more prevalent in non-endemic areas. By scrutinizing the inherent risks, potential outcomes, and attendant challenges, this study underscores the intricate interplay between diagnostic limitations, susceptibility of specific population subsets, and the profound influence of climate fluctuations. The contemporary interconnectedness of societies serves as a conduit for introducing and establishing these infections, warranting comprehensive assessment. This study emphasizes the pivotal role of heightened clinician vigilance, judicious public health interventions, and synergistic research collaborations to mitigate the potential consequences of these infections. Though rare, their profound impact on morbidity and mortality underscores the collective urgency required to safeguard the neurological well-being of the European populace. Through this multifaceted approach, Europe can effectively navigate the complex terrain posed with these emergent infections.",E,Trichinellosis,indirect,helminth,Romania
migration_6,migration_movement,"Tunali, V; Korkmaz, M",Emerging and Re-Emerging Parasitic Infections of the Central Nervous System (CNS) in Europe,INFECTIOUS DISEASE REPORTS,"In a rapidly evolving global landscape characterized by increased international travel, migration, and ecological shifts, this study sheds light on the emergence of protozoal and helminthic infections targeting the central nervous system (CNS) within Europe. Despite being traditionally associated with tropical regions, these infections are progressively becoming more prevalent in non-endemic areas. By scrutinizing the inherent risks, potential outcomes, and attendant challenges, this study underscores the intricate interplay between diagnostic limitations, susceptibility of specific population subsets, and the profound influence of climate fluctuations. The contemporary interconnectedness of societies serves as a conduit for introducing and establishing these infections, warranting comprehensive assessment. This study emphasizes the pivotal role of heightened clinician vigilance, judicious public health interventions, and synergistic research collaborations to mitigate the potential consequences of these infections. Though rare, their profound impact on morbidity and mortality underscores the collective urgency required to safeguard the neurological well-being of the European populace. Through this multifaceted approach, Europe can effectively navigate the complex terrain posed with these emergent infections.",E,Trichinellosis,indirect,helminth,Germany
migration_6,migration_movement,"Tunali, V; Korkmaz, M",Emerging and Re-Emerging Parasitic Infections of the Central Nervous System (CNS) in Europe,INFECTIOUS DISEASE REPORTS,"In a rapidly evolving global landscape characterized by increased international travel, migration, and ecological shifts, this study sheds light on the emergence of protozoal and helminthic infections targeting the central nervous system (CNS) within Europe. Despite being traditionally associated with tropical regions, these infections are progressively becoming more prevalent in non-endemic areas. By scrutinizing the inherent risks, potential outcomes, and attendant challenges, this study underscores the intricate interplay between diagnostic limitations, susceptibility of specific population subsets, and the profound influence of climate fluctuations. The contemporary interconnectedness of societies serves as a conduit for introducing and establishing these infections, warranting comprehensive assessment. This study emphasizes the pivotal role of heightened clinician vigilance, judicious public health interventions, and synergistic research collaborations to mitigate the potential consequences of these infections. Though rare, their profound impact on morbidity and mortality underscores the collective urgency required to safeguard the neurological well-being of the European populace. Through this multifaceted approach, Europe can effectively navigate the complex terrain posed with these emergent infections.",E,Trichinellosis,indirect,helminth,Turkey
migration_6,migration_movement,"Tunali, V; Korkmaz, M",Emerging and Re-Emerging Parasitic Infections of the Central Nervous System (CNS) in Europe,INFECTIOUS DISEASE REPORTS,"In a rapidly evolving global landscape characterized by increased international travel, migration, and ecological shifts, this study sheds light on the emergence of protozoal and helminthic infections targeting the central nervous system (CNS) within Europe. Despite being traditionally associated with tropical regions, these infections are progressively becoming more prevalent in non-endemic areas. By scrutinizing the inherent risks, potential outcomes, and attendant challenges, this study underscores the intricate interplay between diagnostic limitations, susceptibility of specific population subsets, and the profound influence of climate fluctuations. The contemporary interconnectedness of societies serves as a conduit for introducing and establishing these infections, warranting comprehensive assessment. This study emphasizes the pivotal role of heightened clinician vigilance, judicious public health interventions, and synergistic research collaborations to mitigate the potential consequences of these infections. Though rare, their profound impact on morbidity and mortality underscores the collective urgency required to safeguard the neurological well-being of the European populace. Through this multifaceted approach, Europe can effectively navigate the complex terrain posed with these emergent infections.",E,Trichinellosis,indirect,helminth,Serbia
migration_7,migration_movement,"Gunderson, AK; Recalde-Coronel, C; Zaitchick, BF; Yori, PP; Pinedo, SR; Olortegui, MP; Kosek, M; Vinetz, JM; Pan, WK","A prospective cohort study linking migration, climate, and malaria risk in the Peruvian Amazon",EPIDEMIOLOGY AND INFECTION,"Migration is an important risk factor for malaria transmission for malaria transmission, creating networks that connect Plasmodium between communities. This study aims to understand the timing of why people in the Peruvian Amazon migrated and how characteristics of these migrants are associated with malaria risk. A cohort of 2,202 participants was followed for three years (July 2006 - October 2009), with thrice-weekly active surveillance to record infection and recent travel, which included travel destination(s) and duration away. Migration occurred more frequently in the dry season, but the 7-day rolling mean (7DRM) streamflow was positively correlated with migration events (OR 1.25 (95% CI: 1.138, 1.368)). High-frequency and low-frequency migrant populations reported 9.7 (IRR 7.59 (95% CI:.381, 13.160)) and 4.1 (IRR 2.89 (95% CI: 1.636, 5.099)) times more P. vivax cases than those considered non-migrants and 30.7 (IRR 32.42 (95% CI: 7.977, 131.765)) and 7.4 (IRR 7.44 (95% CI: 1.783, 31.066)) times more P. falciparum cases, respectively. High-frequency migrants employed in manual labour within their community were at 2.45 (95% CI: 1.113, 5.416) times higher risk than non-employed low-frequency migrants. This study confirms the importance of migration for malaria risk as well as factors increasing risk among the migratory community, including, sex, occupation, and educational status.",C,Malaria,vector,protozoa,Peru
migration_8,migration_movement,"Tunali, V; Özbilgin, A","Knock, knock, knocking on Europe's door: Threat of leishmaniasis in Europe with a focus on Turkey",CURRENT RESEARCH IN PARASITOLOGY & VECTOR-BORNE DISEASES,"Leishmaniasis epidemiology is currently undergoing substantial transformations in both Turkey and Europe, signifying potential implications for public health. This review analyzes the evolving patterns within Turkey and their potential ramifications for Europe. Within Turkey, the dynamics of leishmaniasis are undergoing noteworthy alterations, manifesting in a rise in cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) cases and the emergence of Leishmania major and Leishmania donovani. These transformations are predominantly driven by factors such as the distribution of vectors, human activities, climate fluctuations, and migration. Across Europe, particularly in countries within the Mediterranean basin, leishmaniasis is endemic, primarily attributed to Leishmania infantum. Recent evidence suggests a resurgence of the disease even in previously non-endemic areas, propelled by climate change, urbanization, and migration. The changing landscape of leishmaniasis in Turkey carries direct implications for Europe. The presence and distribution of Leishmania tropica, L. major, and L. donovani raise concerns regarding cross-border transmission. Turkey's strategic position along migration routes further compounds the risk, alongside the facilitative effects of climate change and host mobility. Embracing a One Health approach with public awareness campaigns should be a priority. To ensure the protection of public health in Europe, it is imperative to adopt a proactive approach by establishing robust surveillance mechanisms, implementing preventive measures, and cultivating collaboration with Turkey. The invaluable experience, strategic geographical location, and well-established infrastructure of Turkey make this collaboration crucial in effectively addressing the evolving dynamics of leishmaniasis and its potential impacts on Europe.",E,Leishmania,vector,protozoa,Turkey
migration_9,migration_movement,"Dayrit, JF; Sugiharto, A; Coates, SJ; Lucero-Prisno, DE; Davis, MDD; Andersen, LK","Climate change, human migration, and skin disease: is there a link?",INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DERMATOLOGY,"Climate change, exemplified by higher average global temperatures resulting in more frequent extreme weather events, has the potential to significantly impact human migration patterns and health. The consequences of environmental catastrophes further destabilize regions with pre-existing states of conflict due to social, political, and/or economic unrest. Migrants may carry diseases from their place of origin to their destinations and once there may be susceptible to diseases in which they had not been previously exposed to. Skin diseases are among the most commonly observed health conditions observed in migrant populations. To improve awareness among dermatologists of the burden of skin diseases among migrants, the group searched the English language scientific literature to identify articles linking climate change, migration, and skin disease. Skin diseases associated with human migration fall into three major categories: (i) communicable diseases, (ii) noncommunicable diseases, and (iii) environmentally mediated diseases. Adopting comprehensive global strategies to improve the health of migrants requires urgent attention.",E,Arbovirus,vector,virus,Somalia
migration_9,migration_movement,"Dayrit, JF; Sugiharto, A; Coates, SJ; Lucero-Prisno, DE; Davis, MDD; Andersen, LK","Climate change, human migration, and skin disease: is there a link?",INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DERMATOLOGY,"Climate change, exemplified by higher average global temperatures resulting in more frequent extreme weather events, has the potential to significantly impact human migration patterns and health. The consequences of environmental catastrophes further destabilize regions with pre-existing states of conflict due to social, political, and/or economic unrest. Migrants may carry diseases from their place of origin to their destinations and once there may be susceptible to diseases in which they had not been previously exposed to. Skin diseases are among the most commonly observed health conditions observed in migrant populations. To improve awareness among dermatologists of the burden of skin diseases among migrants, the group searched the English language scientific literature to identify articles linking climate change, migration, and skin disease. Skin diseases associated with human migration fall into three major categories: (i) communicable diseases, (ii) noncommunicable diseases, and (iii) environmentally mediated diseases. Adopting comprehensive global strategies to improve the health of migrants requires urgent attention.",E,Arbovirus,vector,virus,Sudan
migration_9,migration_movement,"Dayrit, JF; Sugiharto, A; Coates, SJ; Lucero-Prisno, DE; Davis, MDD; Andersen, LK","Climate change, human migration, and skin disease: is there a link?",INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DERMATOLOGY,"Climate change, exemplified by higher average global temperatures resulting in more frequent extreme weather events, has the potential to significantly impact human migration patterns and health. The consequences of environmental catastrophes further destabilize regions with pre-existing states of conflict due to social, political, and/or economic unrest. Migrants may carry diseases from their place of origin to their destinations and once there may be susceptible to diseases in which they had not been previously exposed to. Skin diseases are among the most commonly observed health conditions observed in migrant populations. To improve awareness among dermatologists of the burden of skin diseases among migrants, the group searched the English language scientific literature to identify articles linking climate change, migration, and skin disease. Skin diseases associated with human migration fall into three major categories: (i) communicable diseases, (ii) noncommunicable diseases, and (iii) environmentally mediated diseases. Adopting comprehensive global strategies to improve the health of migrants requires urgent attention.",E,Arbovirus,vector,virus,Sudan
migration_9,migration_movement,"Dayrit, JF; Sugiharto, A; Coates, SJ; Lucero-Prisno, DE; Davis, MDD; Andersen, LK","Climate change, human migration, and skin disease: is there a link?",INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DERMATOLOGY,"Climate change, exemplified by higher average global temperatures resulting in more frequent extreme weather events, has the potential to significantly impact human migration patterns and health. The consequences of environmental catastrophes further destabilize regions with pre-existing states of conflict due to social, political, and/or economic unrest. Migrants may carry diseases from their place of origin to their destinations and once there may be susceptible to diseases in which they had not been previously exposed to. Skin diseases are among the most commonly observed health conditions observed in migrant populations. To improve awareness among dermatologists of the burden of skin diseases among migrants, the group searched the English language scientific literature to identify articles linking climate change, migration, and skin disease. Skin diseases associated with human migration fall into three major categories: (i) communicable diseases, (ii) noncommunicable diseases, and (iii) environmentally mediated diseases. Adopting comprehensive global strategies to improve the health of migrants requires urgent attention.",E,varicella,direct,virus,France
migration_9,migration_movement,"Dayrit, JF; Sugiharto, A; Coates, SJ; Lucero-Prisno, DE; Davis, MDD; Andersen, LK","Climate change, human migration, and skin disease: is there a link?",INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DERMATOLOGY,"Climate change, exemplified by higher average global temperatures resulting in more frequent extreme weather events, has the potential to significantly impact human migration patterns and health. The consequences of environmental catastrophes further destabilize regions with pre-existing states of conflict due to social, political, and/or economic unrest. Migrants may carry diseases from their place of origin to their destinations and once there may be susceptible to diseases in which they had not been previously exposed to. Skin diseases are among the most commonly observed health conditions observed in migrant populations. To improve awareness among dermatologists of the burden of skin diseases among migrants, the group searched the English language scientific literature to identify articles linking climate change, migration, and skin disease. Skin diseases associated with human migration fall into three major categories: (i) communicable diseases, (ii) noncommunicable diseases, and (iii) environmentally mediated diseases. Adopting comprehensive global strategies to improve the health of migrants requires urgent attention.",E,varicella,direct,virus,Italy
migration_9,migration_movement,"Dayrit, JF; Sugiharto, A; Coates, SJ; Lucero-Prisno, DE; Davis, MDD; Andersen, LK","Climate change, human migration, and skin disease: is there a link?",INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DERMATOLOGY,"Climate change, exemplified by higher average global temperatures resulting in more frequent extreme weather events, has the potential to significantly impact human migration patterns and health. The consequences of environmental catastrophes further destabilize regions with pre-existing states of conflict due to social, political, and/or economic unrest. Migrants may carry diseases from their place of origin to their destinations and once there may be susceptible to diseases in which they had not been previously exposed to. Skin diseases are among the most commonly observed health conditions observed in migrant populations. To improve awareness among dermatologists of the burden of skin diseases among migrants, the group searched the English language scientific literature to identify articles linking climate change, migration, and skin disease. Skin diseases associated with human migration fall into three major categories: (i) communicable diseases, (ii) noncommunicable diseases, and (iii) environmentally mediated diseases. Adopting comprehensive global strategies to improve the health of migrants requires urgent attention.",E,Leprosy,direct,bacteria,Spain
migration_10,migration_movement,"Hirschfeld, K; de Beurs, K; Brayfield, BP; Melkonyan, A",Ethnic conflict as a risk amplifier for resurgent P. vivax malaria in temperate zones: A case study from the Caucasus region,GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE-HUMAN AND POLICY DIMENSIONS,"One of the most protracted post-Soviet conflicts of the 1990s was a territorial dispute between Armenia and Azerbaijan over the contested Karabakh region. Years of ethnic violence led to the displacement of nearly a million refugees, as well as a public health crisis that included epidemics of malaria, diphtheria and other preventable diseases. Malaria is not usually considered a health risk in temperate climates, but seasonal epidemics were widespread throughout the Caucasus in the early decades of the twentieth century. This paper combines qualitative historical research with geospatial analysis to explore how endemic malaria was controlled during the Soviet era, and how ethnic conflict reconfigured local ecologies to facilitate the re-emergence of P. vivax after the Soviet collapse in the 1990s. This research reveals that ethnic conflicts have specific qualities that increase risks of infectious and vector borne disease outbreaks, even in places that have successfully achieved a modern health and mortality profile. The risk amplifiers of ethnic conflicts include 1) the creation of contested spaces controlled by separatists that are outside of any national public health surveillance system; 2) mass population movements and refugee outflows due to ethnic violence; and 3) changes in land use that expand potential mosquito breeding sites throughout the conflict zone. Continued hostilities between Armenia and Azerbaijan, combined with the repopulation of key vector species (specifically An. sacharovi) lead us to conclude that populations in the Caucasus remain vulnerable to resurgent outbreaks of ethno-nationalist violence as well as the return of seasonal malaria, even after decades of successful control.",E,Malaria,vector,protozoa,Caucasus region
migration_11,migration_movement,"Williams, PCM; Bartlett, AW; Howard-Jones, A; McMullan, B; Khatami, A; Britton, PN; Marais, B",Impact of climate change and biodiversity collapse on the global emergence and spread of infectious diseases,JOURNAL OF PAEDIATRICS AND CHILD HEALTH,"The reality of climate change and biodiversity collapse is irrefutable in the 21st century, with urgent action required not only to conserve threatened species but also to protect human life and wellbeing. This existential threat forces us to recognise that our existence is completely dependent upon well-functioning ecosystems that sustain the diversity of life on our planet, including that required for human health. By synthesising data on the ecology, epidemiology and evolutionary biology of various pathogens, we are gaining a better understanding of factors that underlie disease emergence and spread. However, our knowledge remains rudimentary with limited insight into the complex feedback loops that underlie ecological stability, which are at risk of rapidly unravelling once certain tipping points are breached. In this paper, we consider the impact of climate change and biodiversity collapse on the ever-present risk of infectious disease emergence and spread. We review historical and contemporaneous infectious diseases that have been influenced by human environmental manipulation, including zoonoses and vector- and water-borne diseases, alongside an evaluation of the impact of migration, urbanisation and human density on transmissible diseases. The current lack of urgency in political commitment to address climate change warrants enhanced understanding and action from paediatricians - to ensure that we safeguard the health and wellbeing of children in our care today, as well as those of future generations.",E,Arbovirus,vector,virus,USA
migration_11,migration_movement,"Williams, PCM; Bartlett, AW; Howard-Jones, A; McMullan, B; Khatami, A; Britton, PN; Marais, B",Impact of climate change and biodiversity collapse on the global emergence and spread of infectious diseases,JOURNAL OF PAEDIATRICS AND CHILD HEALTH,"The reality of climate change and biodiversity collapse is irrefutable in the 21st century, with urgent action required not only to conserve threatened species but also to protect human life and wellbeing. This existential threat forces us to recognise that our existence is completely dependent upon well-functioning ecosystems that sustain the diversity of life on our planet, including that required for human health. By synthesising data on the ecology, epidemiology and evolutionary biology of various pathogens, we are gaining a better understanding of factors that underlie disease emergence and spread. However, our knowledge remains rudimentary with limited insight into the complex feedback loops that underlie ecological stability, which are at risk of rapidly unravelling once certain tipping points are breached. In this paper, we consider the impact of climate change and biodiversity collapse on the ever-present risk of infectious disease emergence and spread. We review historical and contemporaneous infectious diseases that have been influenced by human environmental manipulation, including zoonoses and vector- and water-borne diseases, alongside an evaluation of the impact of migration, urbanisation and human density on transmissible diseases. The current lack of urgency in political commitment to address climate change warrants enhanced understanding and action from paediatricians - to ensure that we safeguard the health and wellbeing of children in our care today, as well as those of future generations.",E,Dysentery,indirect,multiple,Kenya
migration_11,migration_movement,"Williams, PCM; Bartlett, AW; Howard-Jones, A; McMullan, B; Khatami, A; Britton, PN; Marais, B",Impact of climate change and biodiversity collapse on the global emergence and spread of infectious diseases,JOURNAL OF PAEDIATRICS AND CHILD HEALTH,"The reality of climate change and biodiversity collapse is irrefutable in the 21st century, with urgent action required not only to conserve threatened species but also to protect human life and wellbeing. This existential threat forces us to recognise that our existence is completely dependent upon well-functioning ecosystems that sustain the diversity of life on our planet, including that required for human health. By synthesising data on the ecology, epidemiology and evolutionary biology of various pathogens, we are gaining a better understanding of factors that underlie disease emergence and spread. However, our knowledge remains rudimentary with limited insight into the complex feedback loops that underlie ecological stability, which are at risk of rapidly unravelling once certain tipping points are breached. In this paper, we consider the impact of climate change and biodiversity collapse on the ever-present risk of infectious disease emergence and spread. We review historical and contemporaneous infectious diseases that have been influenced by human environmental manipulation, including zoonoses and vector- and water-borne diseases, alongside an evaluation of the impact of migration, urbanisation and human density on transmissible diseases. The current lack of urgency in political commitment to address climate change warrants enhanced understanding and action from paediatricians - to ensure that we safeguard the health and wellbeing of children in our care today, as well as those of future generations.",E,Cholera,indirect,bacteria,Kenya
migration_11,migration_movement,"Williams, PCM; Bartlett, AW; Howard-Jones, A; McMullan, B; Khatami, A; Britton, PN; Marais, B",Impact of climate change and biodiversity collapse on the global emergence and spread of infectious diseases,JOURNAL OF PAEDIATRICS AND CHILD HEALTH,"The reality of climate change and biodiversity collapse is irrefutable in the 21st century, with urgent action required not only to conserve threatened species but also to protect human life and wellbeing. This existential threat forces us to recognise that our existence is completely dependent upon well-functioning ecosystems that sustain the diversity of life on our planet, including that required for human health. By synthesising data on the ecology, epidemiology and evolutionary biology of various pathogens, we are gaining a better understanding of factors that underlie disease emergence and spread. However, our knowledge remains rudimentary with limited insight into the complex feedback loops that underlie ecological stability, which are at risk of rapidly unravelling once certain tipping points are breached. In this paper, we consider the impact of climate change and biodiversity collapse on the ever-present risk of infectious disease emergence and spread. We review historical and contemporaneous infectious diseases that have been influenced by human environmental manipulation, including zoonoses and vector- and water-borne diseases, alongside an evaluation of the impact of migration, urbanisation and human density on transmissible diseases. The current lack of urgency in political commitment to address climate change warrants enhanced understanding and action from paediatricians - to ensure that we safeguard the health and wellbeing of children in our care today, as well as those of future generations.",E,Hepatitis,indirect,virus,Kenya
migration_11,migration_movement,"Williams, PCM; Bartlett, AW; Howard-Jones, A; McMullan, B; Khatami, A; Britton, PN; Marais, B",Impact of climate change and biodiversity collapse on the global emergence and spread of infectious diseases,JOURNAL OF PAEDIATRICS AND CHILD HEALTH,"The reality of climate change and biodiversity collapse is irrefutable in the 21st century, with urgent action required not only to conserve threatened species but also to protect human life and wellbeing. This existential threat forces us to recognise that our existence is completely dependent upon well-functioning ecosystems that sustain the diversity of life on our planet, including that required for human health. By synthesising data on the ecology, epidemiology and evolutionary biology of various pathogens, we are gaining a better understanding of factors that underlie disease emergence and spread. However, our knowledge remains rudimentary with limited insight into the complex feedback loops that underlie ecological stability, which are at risk of rapidly unravelling once certain tipping points are breached. In this paper, we consider the impact of climate change and biodiversity collapse on the ever-present risk of infectious disease emergence and spread. We review historical and contemporaneous infectious diseases that have been influenced by human environmental manipulation, including zoonoses and vector- and water-borne diseases, alongside an evaluation of the impact of migration, urbanisation and human density on transmissible diseases. The current lack of urgency in political commitment to address climate change warrants enhanced understanding and action from paediatricians - to ensure that we safeguard the health and wellbeing of children in our care today, as well as those of future generations.",E,Arbovirus,vector,virus,Bangladesh
migration_12,migration_movement,"Hauser, N; Conlon, KC; Desai, A; Kobziar, LN",Climate Change and Infections on the Move in North America,INFECTION AND DRUG RESISTANCE,"Climate change is increasingly recognized for its impacts on human health, including how biotic and abiotic factors are driving shifts in infectious disease. Changes in ecological conditions and processes due to temperature and precipitation fluctuations and intensified disturbance regimes are affecting infectious pathogen transmission, habitat, hosts, and the characteristics of pathogens themselves. Understanding the relationships between climate change and infectious diseases can help clinicians broaden the scope of differential diagnoses when interviewing, diagnosing, and treating patients presenting with infections lacking obvious agents or transmission pathways. Here, we highlight key examples of how the mechanisms of climate change affect infectious diseases associated with water, fire, land, insects, and human transmission pathways in the hope of expanding the analytical framework for infectious disease diagnoses. Increased awareness of these relationships can help prepare both clinical physicians and epidemiologists for continued impacts of climate change on infectious disease in the future.",E,Gastroenteritis,indirect,multiple,USA
migration_12,migration_movement,"Hauser, N; Conlon, KC; Desai, A; Kobziar, LN",Climate Change and Infections on the Move in North America,INFECTION AND DRUG RESISTANCE,"Climate change is increasingly recognized for its impacts on human health, including how biotic and abiotic factors are driving shifts in infectious disease. Changes in ecological conditions and processes due to temperature and precipitation fluctuations and intensified disturbance regimes are affecting infectious pathogen transmission, habitat, hosts, and the characteristics of pathogens themselves. Understanding the relationships between climate change and infectious diseases can help clinicians broaden the scope of differential diagnoses when interviewing, diagnosing, and treating patients presenting with infections lacking obvious agents or transmission pathways. Here, we highlight key examples of how the mechanisms of climate change affect infectious diseases associated with water, fire, land, insects, and human transmission pathways in the hope of expanding the analytical framework for infectious disease diagnoses. Increased awareness of these relationships can help prepare both clinical physicians and epidemiologists for continued impacts of climate change on infectious disease in the future.",E,Norovirus,indirect,virus,USA
migration_13,migration_movement,"Lieber, M; Chin-Hong, P; Whittle, HJ; Hogg, R; Weiser, SD",The Synergistic Relationship Between Climate Change and the HIV/AIDS Epidemic: A Conceptual Framework,AIDS AND BEHAVIOR,"Climate change and HIV/AIDS represent two of the greatest threats to human health in the 21st century. However, limitations in understanding the complex relationship between these syndemics continue to constrain advancements in the prevention and management of HIV/AIDS in the context of a rapidly changing climate. Here, we present a conceptual framework that identifies four pathways linking climate change with HIV/AIDS transmission and health outcomes: increased food insecurity, increased prevalence of other infectious diseases, increased human migration, and erosion of public health infrastructure. This framework is based on an in-depth literature review in PubMed and Google Scholar from June 6 to June 27, 2019. The pathways linking climate change with HIV transmission and health outcomes are complex with multiple interacting factors. Food insecurity emerged as a particularly important mediator by driving sexual risk-taking behaviours and migration, as well as by increasing susceptibility to infections that are common among people living with HIV (PLWHIV). Future interventions should focus on decreasing carbon dioxide emissions globally and increasing education and investment in adaptation strategies, particularly in those areas of sub-Saharan Africa and southeast Asia heavily impacted by both HIV and climate change. Environmentally sustainable interventions such as urban gardening and investing in sustainable agriculture technologies also have significant health co-benefits that may help PLWHIV adapt to the environmental consequences of climate change. [GRAPHICS] .",E,HIV,direct,virus,Global
migration_14,migration_movement,"Ullah, A; Zeb, A; Liu, JL; Mahmood, N; Kächele, H",Transhumant pastoralist knowledge of infectious diseases and adoption of alternative land use strategies in the Hindu-Kush Himalayan (HKH) region of Pakistan,LAND USE POLICY,"Pastoralists' awareness of infectious disease outbreaks depends on their socioeconomic characteristics and considerably affects their land use strategies. This study aimed to identify the factors that affect transhumant communities' awareness of recently emerged Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in humans and foot and mouth disease (FMD) in animals. This study also investigated the key factors that govern the adoption of alternative land use strategies by nonmigrating transhumants to avoid seasonal migration in the Hindu-Kush Himalayan (HKH) region of Pakistan. To link the awareness of disease spread to the adoption of alternative land use strategies, a focus group discussion and a socioeconomic survey were conducted in the study area. A total of 300 households were randomly selected from a nonmigrating transhumant community. The results of the binary logit model showed that landholding size, good relationships with extension field staff, and extension contact were positively related, whereas household education was negatively related to pastoralists' awareness of infectious disease outbreaks. In the case of adopting alternative strategies to avoid future long-distance migration, our model showed that pastoralists' awareness of infectious disease outbreaks significantly and positively affected pastoralists' adoption of these strategies. The other variables that were positively associated with the pastoralists' adoption of these strategies included good relationships with extension field staff, household size and primary dependence on pastoral-based livelihood, whereas the education level of the head of the household, lack of financial resources and disputes over agricultural lands/forests were negatively associated with the pastoralists' adoption of these strategies. We conclude that to avoid infectious disease spread and promote adoption of alternative strategies, the government should pay attention to creating awareness among transhumant communities. Communicating the latest scientific research on infectious disease outbreaks and effective control measures that are translated in an understandable (pictographic) manner could be an effective policy intervention.",E,COVID,direct,virus,Pakistan
migration_15,migration_movement,"Núñez-López, M; Ramos, LA; Velasco-Hernández, JX",Migration rate estimation in an epidemic network,APPLIED MATHEMATICAL MODELLING,"Most of the recent epidemic outbreaks in the world have as a trigger, a strong migratory component as has been evident in the recent Covid-19 pandemic. In this work we address the problem of migration of human populations and its effect on pathogen reinfections in the case of Dengue, using a Markov-chain susceptible-infected-susceptible (SIS) metapopulation model over a network. Our model postulates a general contact rate that represents a local measure of several factors: the population size of infected hosts that arrive at a given location as a function of total population size, the current incidence at neighboring locations, and the connectivity of the network where the disease spreads. This parameter can be interpreted as an indicator of outbreak risk at a given location. This parameter is tied to the fraction of individuals that move across boundaries (migration). To illustrate our model capabilities, we estimate from epidemic Dengue data in Mexico the dynamics of migration at a regional scale incorporating climate variability represented by an index based on precipitation data. (C) 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.",D,Arbovirus,vector,virus,Mexico
migration_16,migration_movement,"Guhl, F; Ramírez, JD","Poverty, Migration, and Chagas Disease",CURRENT TROPICAL MEDICINE REPORTS,"Purpose of Review Chagas disease is among the most serious problems for public health in Latin America. Although the causative agent Trypanosoma cruzi and its triatomine insect vectors are widely distributed from the northern United States of America (USA) to southern Argentina, almost all human cases of infection are recorded from Latin American countries. The disease is associated to poorly constructed houses, in rural and periurban areas throughout Latin America, and to very low socioeconomic conditions. This article aims to review the different variables involved in the persistence of the different routes of transmission in endemic and non-endemic countries. Recent Findings Despite the efforts made by the governments of Latin American countries to control Chagas disease under the coordination of the World Health Organization (WHO)/Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), there are still extensive areas where vector transmission is present due to different causes: colonization fronts and land-use change, human migration, deforestation, mining and industrial crops, among others. In the same way, the increase in environmental temperature accelerates the speed of vector transmission. On the other hand, human migration to non-endemic countries in search of better living conditions has changed the panorama of distribution of Chagas disease globally. Globalization of Chagas disease has become a widespread public health and medical problem that requires to implement new prevention and control measures in non-endemic regions. The evidence shows that there are different factors involved in new epidemiological scenarios in endemic areas that require the implementation of strategies and policies to mitigate the transmission of the parasite to humans. Likewise, the implementation of health policies is required for the management and treatment of infected patients and to overcome barriers to access to available drugs.",E,Chagas,vector,protozoa,USA
migration_16,migration_movement,"Guhl, F; Ramírez, JD","Poverty, Migration, and Chagas Disease",CURRENT TROPICAL MEDICINE REPORTS,"Purpose of Review Chagas disease is among the most serious problems for public health in Latin America. Although the causative agent Trypanosoma cruzi and its triatomine insect vectors are widely distributed from the northern United States of America (USA) to southern Argentina, almost all human cases of infection are recorded from Latin American countries. The disease is associated to poorly constructed houses, in rural and periurban areas throughout Latin America, and to very low socioeconomic conditions. This article aims to review the different variables involved in the persistence of the different routes of transmission in endemic and non-endemic countries. Recent Findings Despite the efforts made by the governments of Latin American countries to control Chagas disease under the coordination of the World Health Organization (WHO)/Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), there are still extensive areas where vector transmission is present due to different causes: colonization fronts and land-use change, human migration, deforestation, mining and industrial crops, among others. In the same way, the increase in environmental temperature accelerates the speed of vector transmission. On the other hand, human migration to non-endemic countries in search of better living conditions has changed the panorama of distribution of Chagas disease globally. Globalization of Chagas disease has become a widespread public health and medical problem that requires to implement new prevention and control measures in non-endemic regions. The evidence shows that there are different factors involved in new epidemiological scenarios in endemic areas that require the implementation of strategies and policies to mitigate the transmission of the parasite to humans. Likewise, the implementation of health policies is required for the management and treatment of infected patients and to overcome barriers to access to available drugs.",E,Chagas,vector,protozoa,Spain
migration_16,migration_movement,"Guhl, F; Ramírez, JD","Poverty, Migration, and Chagas Disease",CURRENT TROPICAL MEDICINE REPORTS,"Purpose of Review Chagas disease is among the most serious problems for public health in Latin America. Although the causative agent Trypanosoma cruzi and its triatomine insect vectors are widely distributed from the northern United States of America (USA) to southern Argentina, almost all human cases of infection are recorded from Latin American countries. The disease is associated to poorly constructed houses, in rural and periurban areas throughout Latin America, and to very low socioeconomic conditions. This article aims to review the different variables involved in the persistence of the different routes of transmission in endemic and non-endemic countries. Recent Findings Despite the efforts made by the governments of Latin American countries to control Chagas disease under the coordination of the World Health Organization (WHO)/Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), there are still extensive areas where vector transmission is present due to different causes: colonization fronts and land-use change, human migration, deforestation, mining and industrial crops, among others. In the same way, the increase in environmental temperature accelerates the speed of vector transmission. On the other hand, human migration to non-endemic countries in search of better living conditions has changed the panorama of distribution of Chagas disease globally. Globalization of Chagas disease has become a widespread public health and medical problem that requires to implement new prevention and control measures in non-endemic regions. The evidence shows that there are different factors involved in new epidemiological scenarios in endemic areas that require the implementation of strategies and policies to mitigate the transmission of the parasite to humans. Likewise, the implementation of health policies is required for the management and treatment of infected patients and to overcome barriers to access to available drugs.",E,Chagas,vector,protozoa,Canada
migration_16,migration_movement,"Guhl, F; Ramírez, JD","Poverty, Migration, and Chagas Disease",CURRENT TROPICAL MEDICINE REPORTS,"Purpose of Review Chagas disease is among the most serious problems for public health in Latin America. Although the causative agent Trypanosoma cruzi and its triatomine insect vectors are widely distributed from the northern United States of America (USA) to southern Argentina, almost all human cases of infection are recorded from Latin American countries. The disease is associated to poorly constructed houses, in rural and periurban areas throughout Latin America, and to very low socioeconomic conditions. This article aims to review the different variables involved in the persistence of the different routes of transmission in endemic and non-endemic countries. Recent Findings Despite the efforts made by the governments of Latin American countries to control Chagas disease under the coordination of the World Health Organization (WHO)/Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), there are still extensive areas where vector transmission is present due to different causes: colonization fronts and land-use change, human migration, deforestation, mining and industrial crops, among others. In the same way, the increase in environmental temperature accelerates the speed of vector transmission. On the other hand, human migration to non-endemic countries in search of better living conditions has changed the panorama of distribution of Chagas disease globally. Globalization of Chagas disease has become a widespread public health and medical problem that requires to implement new prevention and control measures in non-endemic regions. The evidence shows that there are different factors involved in new epidemiological scenarios in endemic areas that require the implementation of strategies and policies to mitigate the transmission of the parasite to humans. Likewise, the implementation of health policies is required for the management and treatment of infected patients and to overcome barriers to access to available drugs.",E,Chagas,vector,protozoa,Japan
migration_16,migration_movement,"Guhl, F; Ramírez, JD","Poverty, Migration, and Chagas Disease",CURRENT TROPICAL MEDICINE REPORTS,"Purpose of Review Chagas disease is among the most serious problems for public health in Latin America. Although the causative agent Trypanosoma cruzi and its triatomine insect vectors are widely distributed from the northern United States of America (USA) to southern Argentina, almost all human cases of infection are recorded from Latin American countries. The disease is associated to poorly constructed houses, in rural and periurban areas throughout Latin America, and to very low socioeconomic conditions. This article aims to review the different variables involved in the persistence of the different routes of transmission in endemic and non-endemic countries. Recent Findings Despite the efforts made by the governments of Latin American countries to control Chagas disease under the coordination of the World Health Organization (WHO)/Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), there are still extensive areas where vector transmission is present due to different causes: colonization fronts and land-use change, human migration, deforestation, mining and industrial crops, among others. In the same way, the increase in environmental temperature accelerates the speed of vector transmission. On the other hand, human migration to non-endemic countries in search of better living conditions has changed the panorama of distribution of Chagas disease globally. Globalization of Chagas disease has become a widespread public health and medical problem that requires to implement new prevention and control measures in non-endemic regions. The evidence shows that there are different factors involved in new epidemiological scenarios in endemic areas that require the implementation of strategies and policies to mitigate the transmission of the parasite to humans. Likewise, the implementation of health policies is required for the management and treatment of infected patients and to overcome barriers to access to available drugs.",E,Chagas,vector,protozoa,Australia
migration_16,migration_movement,"Guhl, F; Ramírez, JD","Poverty, Migration, and Chagas Disease",CURRENT TROPICAL MEDICINE REPORTS,"Purpose of Review Chagas disease is among the most serious problems for public health in Latin America. Although the causative agent Trypanosoma cruzi and its triatomine insect vectors are widely distributed from the northern United States of America (USA) to southern Argentina, almost all human cases of infection are recorded from Latin American countries. The disease is associated to poorly constructed houses, in rural and periurban areas throughout Latin America, and to very low socioeconomic conditions. This article aims to review the different variables involved in the persistence of the different routes of transmission in endemic and non-endemic countries. Recent Findings Despite the efforts made by the governments of Latin American countries to control Chagas disease under the coordination of the World Health Organization (WHO)/Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), there are still extensive areas where vector transmission is present due to different causes: colonization fronts and land-use change, human migration, deforestation, mining and industrial crops, among others. In the same way, the increase in environmental temperature accelerates the speed of vector transmission. On the other hand, human migration to non-endemic countries in search of better living conditions has changed the panorama of distribution of Chagas disease globally. Globalization of Chagas disease has become a widespread public health and medical problem that requires to implement new prevention and control measures in non-endemic regions. The evidence shows that there are different factors involved in new epidemiological scenarios in endemic areas that require the implementation of strategies and policies to mitigate the transmission of the parasite to humans. Likewise, the implementation of health policies is required for the management and treatment of infected patients and to overcome barriers to access to available drugs.",E,Chagas,vector,protozoa,Austria
migration_16,migration_movement,"Guhl, F; Ramírez, JD","Poverty, Migration, and Chagas Disease",CURRENT TROPICAL MEDICINE REPORTS,"Purpose of Review Chagas disease is among the most serious problems for public health in Latin America. Although the causative agent Trypanosoma cruzi and its triatomine insect vectors are widely distributed from the northern United States of America (USA) to southern Argentina, almost all human cases of infection are recorded from Latin American countries. The disease is associated to poorly constructed houses, in rural and periurban areas throughout Latin America, and to very low socioeconomic conditions. This article aims to review the different variables involved in the persistence of the different routes of transmission in endemic and non-endemic countries. Recent Findings Despite the efforts made by the governments of Latin American countries to control Chagas disease under the coordination of the World Health Organization (WHO)/Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), there are still extensive areas where vector transmission is present due to different causes: colonization fronts and land-use change, human migration, deforestation, mining and industrial crops, among others. In the same way, the increase in environmental temperature accelerates the speed of vector transmission. On the other hand, human migration to non-endemic countries in search of better living conditions has changed the panorama of distribution of Chagas disease globally. Globalization of Chagas disease has become a widespread public health and medical problem that requires to implement new prevention and control measures in non-endemic regions. The evidence shows that there are different factors involved in new epidemiological scenarios in endemic areas that require the implementation of strategies and policies to mitigate the transmission of the parasite to humans. Likewise, the implementation of health policies is required for the management and treatment of infected patients and to overcome barriers to access to available drugs.",E,Chagas,vector,protozoa,Europe
migration_17,migration_movement,"Schwerdtle, PN; McMichael, C; Mank, I; Sauerborn, R; Danquah, I; Bowen, KJ",Health and migration in the context of a changing climate: a systematic literature assessment,ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS,"Background.Climate change and climate variability interact with political, economic, social, demographic, and other environmental drivers to change the scale and patterns of human migration(5). In the context of accelerating climate change and breaches to other planetary boundaries, there is an urgent need to better understand how migrant health can be protected and promoted in the context of a changing climate to manage safe and orderly migration(6). While research has focused on the separate dyads of (i) climate change and migration and (ii) climate change and health, limited consideration has been given to the nexus between climate change, migration, and health. This assessment synthesizes research that has investigated this relationship since 1990.Methods.Following ana prioriprotocol and with the assistance of a subject librarian, systematic searches were conducted in four academic databases (PubMed, Scopus, Ovid Medline, and Global Health) and Google Scholar for empirical studies investigating migration and health in the context of climate change with any study design between 1990 and 2018. The search results underwent a two-stage screening process and the eligible studies were subjected to quality appraisal using a mixed methods appraisal tool. Data extraction and a meta-synthesis followed producing outputs deemed most useful for policy, practice, and further research.Findings.The registered protocol and search strategy revealed 1904 studies of which 180 were screened in full- text and 50 were included in the meta-synthesis. Overall, the methodological and reporting quality of the included studies was high. This assessment produced five main findings: (1) there is a paucity of empirical research investigating the climate-health-migration nexus; (2) the relationships between migration and health in the context of climate change are strongly heterogeneous and global findings are unlikely to emerge; (3) studies have examined diverse health issues associated with migration in the context of climate change including changing patterns of infectious disease, non-communicable disease, psychosocial conditions, and access to health care; (4) food and water security are important mediators between climate change, human mobility and health outcomes; (5) there is no consistent approach to integrating climate data in studies exploring migration and health in the context of climate change.Conclusions.Although migrant health and climate-related health risks are significant population health concerns, there has been limited consideration of the complex connections between climate change, migration, and health. This assessment indicates that there are potentially important intersections between climate-health- migration and that further research is required to better understand this nexus. To date and based on this assessment, it seems important that research and policy related to migration also consider the links between climate change and health and that migration is considered a determinant of health in climate change and health research. Given the diverse mobility patterns that arise in the context of climate change, responsive approaches are required that address the vulnerabilities of communities at risk of, or involved in forced migration, whilst supporting the adaptive potential of mobility responses. There is a need to develop policies that are responsive enough to protect health and health determinants especially food and water security regardless of the climate scenario. The degree to which climate data are meaningfully integrated into research exploring migration and health in the context of a changing climate warrants further consideration and analysis, to maintain quality in this emerging field of nexus research. Health systems that are migrant inclusive and climate-resilient have the potential to mitigate the worst health impacts of climate-related migration.",E,HIV,direct,virus,Nigeria
migration_17,migration_movement,"Schwerdtle, PN; McMichael, C; Mank, I; Sauerborn, R; Danquah, I; Bowen, KJ",Health and migration in the context of a changing climate: a systematic literature assessment,ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS,"Background.Climate change and climate variability interact with political, economic, social, demographic, and other environmental drivers to change the scale and patterns of human migration(5). In the context of accelerating climate change and breaches to other planetary boundaries, there is an urgent need to better understand how migrant health can be protected and promoted in the context of a changing climate to manage safe and orderly migration(6). While research has focused on the separate dyads of (i) climate change and migration and (ii) climate change and health, limited consideration has been given to the nexus between climate change, migration, and health. This assessment synthesizes research that has investigated this relationship since 1990.Methods.Following ana prioriprotocol and with the assistance of a subject librarian, systematic searches were conducted in four academic databases (PubMed, Scopus, Ovid Medline, and Global Health) and Google Scholar for empirical studies investigating migration and health in the context of climate change with any study design between 1990 and 2018. The search results underwent a two-stage screening process and the eligible studies were subjected to quality appraisal using a mixed methods appraisal tool. Data extraction and a meta-synthesis followed producing outputs deemed most useful for policy, practice, and further research.Findings.The registered protocol and search strategy revealed 1904 studies of which 180 were screened in full- text and 50 were included in the meta-synthesis. Overall, the methodological and reporting quality of the included studies was high. This assessment produced five main findings: (1) there is a paucity of empirical research investigating the climate-health-migration nexus; (2) the relationships between migration and health in the context of climate change are strongly heterogeneous and global findings are unlikely to emerge; (3) studies have examined diverse health issues associated with migration in the context of climate change including changing patterns of infectious disease, non-communicable disease, psychosocial conditions, and access to health care; (4) food and water security are important mediators between climate change, human mobility and health outcomes; (5) there is no consistent approach to integrating climate data in studies exploring migration and health in the context of climate change.Conclusions.Although migrant health and climate-related health risks are significant population health concerns, there has been limited consideration of the complex connections between climate change, migration, and health. This assessment indicates that there are potentially important intersections between climate-health- migration and that further research is required to better understand this nexus. To date and based on this assessment, it seems important that research and policy related to migration also consider the links between climate change and health and that migration is considered a determinant of health in climate change and health research. Given the diverse mobility patterns that arise in the context of climate change, responsive approaches are required that address the vulnerabilities of communities at risk of, or involved in forced migration, whilst supporting the adaptive potential of mobility responses. There is a need to develop policies that are responsive enough to protect health and health determinants especially food and water security regardless of the climate scenario. The degree to which climate data are meaningfully integrated into research exploring migration and health in the context of a changing climate warrants further consideration and analysis, to maintain quality in this emerging field of nexus research. Health systems that are migrant inclusive and climate-resilient have the potential to mitigate the worst health impacts of climate-related migration.",E,HIV,direct,virus,Cameroon
migration_17,migration_movement,"Schwerdtle, PN; McMichael, C; Mank, I; Sauerborn, R; Danquah, I; Bowen, KJ",Health and migration in the context of a changing climate: a systematic literature assessment,ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS,"Background.Climate change and climate variability interact with political, economic, social, demographic, and other environmental drivers to change the scale and patterns of human migration(5). In the context of accelerating climate change and breaches to other planetary boundaries, there is an urgent need to better understand how migrant health can be protected and promoted in the context of a changing climate to manage safe and orderly migration(6). While research has focused on the separate dyads of (i) climate change and migration and (ii) climate change and health, limited consideration has been given to the nexus between climate change, migration, and health. This assessment synthesizes research that has investigated this relationship since 1990.Methods.Following ana prioriprotocol and with the assistance of a subject librarian, systematic searches were conducted in four academic databases (PubMed, Scopus, Ovid Medline, and Global Health) and Google Scholar for empirical studies investigating migration and health in the context of climate change with any study design between 1990 and 2018. The search results underwent a two-stage screening process and the eligible studies were subjected to quality appraisal using a mixed methods appraisal tool. Data extraction and a meta-synthesis followed producing outputs deemed most useful for policy, practice, and further research.Findings.The registered protocol and search strategy revealed 1904 studies of which 180 were screened in full- text and 50 were included in the meta-synthesis. Overall, the methodological and reporting quality of the included studies was high. This assessment produced five main findings: (1) there is a paucity of empirical research investigating the climate-health-migration nexus; (2) the relationships between migration and health in the context of climate change are strongly heterogeneous and global findings are unlikely to emerge; (3) studies have examined diverse health issues associated with migration in the context of climate change including changing patterns of infectious disease, non-communicable disease, psychosocial conditions, and access to health care; (4) food and water security are important mediators between climate change, human mobility and health outcomes; (5) there is no consistent approach to integrating climate data in studies exploring migration and health in the context of climate change.Conclusions.Although migrant health and climate-related health risks are significant population health concerns, there has been limited consideration of the complex connections between climate change, migration, and health. This assessment indicates that there are potentially important intersections between climate-health- migration and that further research is required to better understand this nexus. To date and based on this assessment, it seems important that research and policy related to migration also consider the links between climate change and health and that migration is considered a determinant of health in climate change and health research. Given the diverse mobility patterns that arise in the context of climate change, responsive approaches are required that address the vulnerabilities of communities at risk of, or involved in forced migration, whilst supporting the adaptive potential of mobility responses. There is a need to develop policies that are responsive enough to protect health and health determinants especially food and water security regardless of the climate scenario. The degree to which climate data are meaningfully integrated into research exploring migration and health in the context of a changing climate warrants further consideration and analysis, to maintain quality in this emerging field of nexus research. Health systems that are migrant inclusive and climate-resilient have the potential to mitigate the worst health impacts of climate-related migration.",E,Water-borne pathogen,indirect,multiple,Solomon Islands
migration_17,migration_movement,"Schwerdtle, PN; McMichael, C; Mank, I; Sauerborn, R; Danquah, I; Bowen, KJ",Health and migration in the context of a changing climate: a systematic literature assessment,ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS,"Background.Climate change and climate variability interact with political, economic, social, demographic, and other environmental drivers to change the scale and patterns of human migration(5). In the context of accelerating climate change and breaches to other planetary boundaries, there is an urgent need to better understand how migrant health can be protected and promoted in the context of a changing climate to manage safe and orderly migration(6). While research has focused on the separate dyads of (i) climate change and migration and (ii) climate change and health, limited consideration has been given to the nexus between climate change, migration, and health. This assessment synthesizes research that has investigated this relationship since 1990.Methods.Following ana prioriprotocol and with the assistance of a subject librarian, systematic searches were conducted in four academic databases (PubMed, Scopus, Ovid Medline, and Global Health) and Google Scholar for empirical studies investigating migration and health in the context of climate change with any study design between 1990 and 2018. The search results underwent a two-stage screening process and the eligible studies were subjected to quality appraisal using a mixed methods appraisal tool. Data extraction and a meta-synthesis followed producing outputs deemed most useful for policy, practice, and further research.Findings.The registered protocol and search strategy revealed 1904 studies of which 180 were screened in full- text and 50 were included in the meta-synthesis. Overall, the methodological and reporting quality of the included studies was high. This assessment produced five main findings: (1) there is a paucity of empirical research investigating the climate-health-migration nexus; (2) the relationships between migration and health in the context of climate change are strongly heterogeneous and global findings are unlikely to emerge; (3) studies have examined diverse health issues associated with migration in the context of climate change including changing patterns of infectious disease, non-communicable disease, psychosocial conditions, and access to health care; (4) food and water security are important mediators between climate change, human mobility and health outcomes; (5) there is no consistent approach to integrating climate data in studies exploring migration and health in the context of climate change.Conclusions.Although migrant health and climate-related health risks are significant population health concerns, there has been limited consideration of the complex connections between climate change, migration, and health. This assessment indicates that there are potentially important intersections between climate-health- migration and that further research is required to better understand this nexus. To date and based on this assessment, it seems important that research and policy related to migration also consider the links between climate change and health and that migration is considered a determinant of health in climate change and health research. Given the diverse mobility patterns that arise in the context of climate change, responsive approaches are required that address the vulnerabilities of communities at risk of, or involved in forced migration, whilst supporting the adaptive potential of mobility responses. There is a need to develop policies that are responsive enough to protect health and health determinants especially food and water security regardless of the climate scenario. The degree to which climate data are meaningfully integrated into research exploring migration and health in the context of a changing climate warrants further consideration and analysis, to maintain quality in this emerging field of nexus research. Health systems that are migrant inclusive and climate-resilient have the potential to mitigate the worst health impacts of climate-related migration.",E,Vector-borne pathogen,vector,multiple,Solomon Islands
migration_17,migration_movement,"Schwerdtle, PN; McMichael, C; Mank, I; Sauerborn, R; Danquah, I; Bowen, KJ",Health and migration in the context of a changing climate: a systematic literature assessment,ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS,"Background.Climate change and climate variability interact with political, economic, social, demographic, and other environmental drivers to change the scale and patterns of human migration(5). In the context of accelerating climate change and breaches to other planetary boundaries, there is an urgent need to better understand how migrant health can be protected and promoted in the context of a changing climate to manage safe and orderly migration(6). While research has focused on the separate dyads of (i) climate change and migration and (ii) climate change and health, limited consideration has been given to the nexus between climate change, migration, and health. This assessment synthesizes research that has investigated this relationship since 1990.Methods.Following ana prioriprotocol and with the assistance of a subject librarian, systematic searches were conducted in four academic databases (PubMed, Scopus, Ovid Medline, and Global Health) and Google Scholar for empirical studies investigating migration and health in the context of climate change with any study design between 1990 and 2018. The search results underwent a two-stage screening process and the eligible studies were subjected to quality appraisal using a mixed methods appraisal tool. Data extraction and a meta-synthesis followed producing outputs deemed most useful for policy, practice, and further research.Findings.The registered protocol and search strategy revealed 1904 studies of which 180 were screened in full- text and 50 were included in the meta-synthesis. Overall, the methodological and reporting quality of the included studies was high. This assessment produced five main findings: (1) there is a paucity of empirical research investigating the climate-health-migration nexus; (2) the relationships between migration and health in the context of climate change are strongly heterogeneous and global findings are unlikely to emerge; (3) studies have examined diverse health issues associated with migration in the context of climate change including changing patterns of infectious disease, non-communicable disease, psychosocial conditions, and access to health care; (4) food and water security are important mediators between climate change, human mobility and health outcomes; (5) there is no consistent approach to integrating climate data in studies exploring migration and health in the context of climate change.Conclusions.Although migrant health and climate-related health risks are significant population health concerns, there has been limited consideration of the complex connections between climate change, migration, and health. This assessment indicates that there are potentially important intersections between climate-health- migration and that further research is required to better understand this nexus. To date and based on this assessment, it seems important that research and policy related to migration also consider the links between climate change and health and that migration is considered a determinant of health in climate change and health research. Given the diverse mobility patterns that arise in the context of climate change, responsive approaches are required that address the vulnerabilities of communities at risk of, or involved in forced migration, whilst supporting the adaptive potential of mobility responses. There is a need to develop policies that are responsive enough to protect health and health determinants especially food and water security regardless of the climate scenario. The degree to which climate data are meaningfully integrated into research exploring migration and health in the context of a changing climate warrants further consideration and analysis, to maintain quality in this emerging field of nexus research. Health systems that are migrant inclusive and climate-resilient have the potential to mitigate the worst health impacts of climate-related migration.",E,Water-borne pathogen,indirect,multiple,USA
migration_17,migration_movement,"Schwerdtle, PN; McMichael, C; Mank, I; Sauerborn, R; Danquah, I; Bowen, KJ",Health and migration in the context of a changing climate: a systematic literature assessment,ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS,"Background.Climate change and climate variability interact with political, economic, social, demographic, and other environmental drivers to change the scale and patterns of human migration(5). In the context of accelerating climate change and breaches to other planetary boundaries, there is an urgent need to better understand how migrant health can be protected and promoted in the context of a changing climate to manage safe and orderly migration(6). While research has focused on the separate dyads of (i) climate change and migration and (ii) climate change and health, limited consideration has been given to the nexus between climate change, migration, and health. This assessment synthesizes research that has investigated this relationship since 1990.Methods.Following ana prioriprotocol and with the assistance of a subject librarian, systematic searches were conducted in four academic databases (PubMed, Scopus, Ovid Medline, and Global Health) and Google Scholar for empirical studies investigating migration and health in the context of climate change with any study design between 1990 and 2018. The search results underwent a two-stage screening process and the eligible studies were subjected to quality appraisal using a mixed methods appraisal tool. Data extraction and a meta-synthesis followed producing outputs deemed most useful for policy, practice, and further research.Findings.The registered protocol and search strategy revealed 1904 studies of which 180 were screened in full- text and 50 were included in the meta-synthesis. Overall, the methodological and reporting quality of the included studies was high. This assessment produced five main findings: (1) there is a paucity of empirical research investigating the climate-health-migration nexus; (2) the relationships between migration and health in the context of climate change are strongly heterogeneous and global findings are unlikely to emerge; (3) studies have examined diverse health issues associated with migration in the context of climate change including changing patterns of infectious disease, non-communicable disease, psychosocial conditions, and access to health care; (4) food and water security are important mediators between climate change, human mobility and health outcomes; (5) there is no consistent approach to integrating climate data in studies exploring migration and health in the context of climate change.Conclusions.Although migrant health and climate-related health risks are significant population health concerns, there has been limited consideration of the complex connections between climate change, migration, and health. This assessment indicates that there are potentially important intersections between climate-health- migration and that further research is required to better understand this nexus. To date and based on this assessment, it seems important that research and policy related to migration also consider the links between climate change and health and that migration is considered a determinant of health in climate change and health research. Given the diverse mobility patterns that arise in the context of climate change, responsive approaches are required that address the vulnerabilities of communities at risk of, or involved in forced migration, whilst supporting the adaptive potential of mobility responses. There is a need to develop policies that are responsive enough to protect health and health determinants especially food and water security regardless of the climate scenario. The degree to which climate data are meaningfully integrated into research exploring migration and health in the context of a changing climate warrants further consideration and analysis, to maintain quality in this emerging field of nexus research. Health systems that are migrant inclusive and climate-resilient have the potential to mitigate the worst health impacts of climate-related migration.",E,Vector-borne pathogen,vector,multiple,USA
migration_17,migration_movement,"Schwerdtle, PN; McMichael, C; Mank, I; Sauerborn, R; Danquah, I; Bowen, KJ",Health and migration in the context of a changing climate: a systematic literature assessment,ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS,"Background.Climate change and climate variability interact with political, economic, social, demographic, and other environmental drivers to change the scale and patterns of human migration(5). In the context of accelerating climate change and breaches to other planetary boundaries, there is an urgent need to better understand how migrant health can be protected and promoted in the context of a changing climate to manage safe and orderly migration(6). While research has focused on the separate dyads of (i) climate change and migration and (ii) climate change and health, limited consideration has been given to the nexus between climate change, migration, and health. This assessment synthesizes research that has investigated this relationship since 1990.Methods.Following ana prioriprotocol and with the assistance of a subject librarian, systematic searches were conducted in four academic databases (PubMed, Scopus, Ovid Medline, and Global Health) and Google Scholar for empirical studies investigating migration and health in the context of climate change with any study design between 1990 and 2018. The search results underwent a two-stage screening process and the eligible studies were subjected to quality appraisal using a mixed methods appraisal tool. Data extraction and a meta-synthesis followed producing outputs deemed most useful for policy, practice, and further research.Findings.The registered protocol and search strategy revealed 1904 studies of which 180 were screened in full- text and 50 were included in the meta-synthesis. Overall, the methodological and reporting quality of the included studies was high. This assessment produced five main findings: (1) there is a paucity of empirical research investigating the climate-health-migration nexus; (2) the relationships between migration and health in the context of climate change are strongly heterogeneous and global findings are unlikely to emerge; (3) studies have examined diverse health issues associated with migration in the context of climate change including changing patterns of infectious disease, non-communicable disease, psychosocial conditions, and access to health care; (4) food and water security are important mediators between climate change, human mobility and health outcomes; (5) there is no consistent approach to integrating climate data in studies exploring migration and health in the context of climate change.Conclusions.Although migrant health and climate-related health risks are significant population health concerns, there has been limited consideration of the complex connections between climate change, migration, and health. This assessment indicates that there are potentially important intersections between climate-health- migration and that further research is required to better understand this nexus. To date and based on this assessment, it seems important that research and policy related to migration also consider the links between climate change and health and that migration is considered a determinant of health in climate change and health research. Given the diverse mobility patterns that arise in the context of climate change, responsive approaches are required that address the vulnerabilities of communities at risk of, or involved in forced migration, whilst supporting the adaptive potential of mobility responses. There is a need to develop policies that are responsive enough to protect health and health determinants especially food and water security regardless of the climate scenario. The degree to which climate data are meaningfully integrated into research exploring migration and health in the context of a changing climate warrants further consideration and analysis, to maintain quality in this emerging field of nexus research. Health systems that are migrant inclusive and climate-resilient have the potential to mitigate the worst health impacts of climate-related migration.",E,HIV,direct,virus,India
migration_17,migration_movement,"Schwerdtle, PN; McMichael, C; Mank, I; Sauerborn, R; Danquah, I; Bowen, KJ",Health and migration in the context of a changing climate: a systematic literature assessment,ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS,"Background.Climate change and climate variability interact with political, economic, social, demographic, and other environmental drivers to change the scale and patterns of human migration(5). In the context of accelerating climate change and breaches to other planetary boundaries, there is an urgent need to better understand how migrant health can be protected and promoted in the context of a changing climate to manage safe and orderly migration(6). While research has focused on the separate dyads of (i) climate change and migration and (ii) climate change and health, limited consideration has been given to the nexus between climate change, migration, and health. This assessment synthesizes research that has investigated this relationship since 1990.Methods.Following ana prioriprotocol and with the assistance of a subject librarian, systematic searches were conducted in four academic databases (PubMed, Scopus, Ovid Medline, and Global Health) and Google Scholar for empirical studies investigating migration and health in the context of climate change with any study design between 1990 and 2018. The search results underwent a two-stage screening process and the eligible studies were subjected to quality appraisal using a mixed methods appraisal tool. Data extraction and a meta-synthesis followed producing outputs deemed most useful for policy, practice, and further research.Findings.The registered protocol and search strategy revealed 1904 studies of which 180 were screened in full- text and 50 were included in the meta-synthesis. Overall, the methodological and reporting quality of the included studies was high. This assessment produced five main findings: (1) there is a paucity of empirical research investigating the climate-health-migration nexus; (2) the relationships between migration and health in the context of climate change are strongly heterogeneous and global findings are unlikely to emerge; (3) studies have examined diverse health issues associated with migration in the context of climate change including changing patterns of infectious disease, non-communicable disease, psychosocial conditions, and access to health care; (4) food and water security are important mediators between climate change, human mobility and health outcomes; (5) there is no consistent approach to integrating climate data in studies exploring migration and health in the context of climate change.Conclusions.Although migrant health and climate-related health risks are significant population health concerns, there has been limited consideration of the complex connections between climate change, migration, and health. This assessment indicates that there are potentially important intersections between climate-health- migration and that further research is required to better understand this nexus. To date and based on this assessment, it seems important that research and policy related to migration also consider the links between climate change and health and that migration is considered a determinant of health in climate change and health research. Given the diverse mobility patterns that arise in the context of climate change, responsive approaches are required that address the vulnerabilities of communities at risk of, or involved in forced migration, whilst supporting the adaptive potential of mobility responses. There is a need to develop policies that are responsive enough to protect health and health determinants especially food and water security regardless of the climate scenario. The degree to which climate data are meaningfully integrated into research exploring migration and health in the context of a changing climate warrants further consideration and analysis, to maintain quality in this emerging field of nexus research. Health systems that are migrant inclusive and climate-resilient have the potential to mitigate the worst health impacts of climate-related migration.",E,Water-borne pathogen,indirect,multiple,India
migration_17,migration_movement,"Schwerdtle, PN; McMichael, C; Mank, I; Sauerborn, R; Danquah, I; Bowen, KJ",Health and migration in the context of a changing climate: a systematic literature assessment,ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS,"Background.Climate change and climate variability interact with political, economic, social, demographic, and other environmental drivers to change the scale and patterns of human migration(5). In the context of accelerating climate change and breaches to other planetary boundaries, there is an urgent need to better understand how migrant health can be protected and promoted in the context of a changing climate to manage safe and orderly migration(6). While research has focused on the separate dyads of (i) climate change and migration and (ii) climate change and health, limited consideration has been given to the nexus between climate change, migration, and health. This assessment synthesizes research that has investigated this relationship since 1990.Methods.Following ana prioriprotocol and with the assistance of a subject librarian, systematic searches were conducted in four academic databases (PubMed, Scopus, Ovid Medline, and Global Health) and Google Scholar for empirical studies investigating migration and health in the context of climate change with any study design between 1990 and 2018. The search results underwent a two-stage screening process and the eligible studies were subjected to quality appraisal using a mixed methods appraisal tool. Data extraction and a meta-synthesis followed producing outputs deemed most useful for policy, practice, and further research.Findings.The registered protocol and search strategy revealed 1904 studies of which 180 were screened in full- text and 50 were included in the meta-synthesis. Overall, the methodological and reporting quality of the included studies was high. This assessment produced five main findings: (1) there is a paucity of empirical research investigating the climate-health-migration nexus; (2) the relationships between migration and health in the context of climate change are strongly heterogeneous and global findings are unlikely to emerge; (3) studies have examined diverse health issues associated with migration in the context of climate change including changing patterns of infectious disease, non-communicable disease, psychosocial conditions, and access to health care; (4) food and water security are important mediators between climate change, human mobility and health outcomes; (5) there is no consistent approach to integrating climate data in studies exploring migration and health in the context of climate change.Conclusions.Although migrant health and climate-related health risks are significant population health concerns, there has been limited consideration of the complex connections between climate change, migration, and health. This assessment indicates that there are potentially important intersections between climate-health- migration and that further research is required to better understand this nexus. To date and based on this assessment, it seems important that research and policy related to migration also consider the links between climate change and health and that migration is considered a determinant of health in climate change and health research. Given the diverse mobility patterns that arise in the context of climate change, responsive approaches are required that address the vulnerabilities of communities at risk of, or involved in forced migration, whilst supporting the adaptive potential of mobility responses. There is a need to develop policies that are responsive enough to protect health and health determinants especially food and water security regardless of the climate scenario. The degree to which climate data are meaningfully integrated into research exploring migration and health in the context of a changing climate warrants further consideration and analysis, to maintain quality in this emerging field of nexus research. Health systems that are migrant inclusive and climate-resilient have the potential to mitigate the worst health impacts of climate-related migration.",E,Vector-borne pathogen,vector,multiple,Global
migration_17,migration_movement,"Schwerdtle, PN; McMichael, C; Mank, I; Sauerborn, R; Danquah, I; Bowen, KJ",Health and migration in the context of a changing climate: a systematic literature assessment,ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS,"Background.Climate change and climate variability interact with political, economic, social, demographic, and other environmental drivers to change the scale and patterns of human migration(5). In the context of accelerating climate change and breaches to other planetary boundaries, there is an urgent need to better understand how migrant health can be protected and promoted in the context of a changing climate to manage safe and orderly migration(6). While research has focused on the separate dyads of (i) climate change and migration and (ii) climate change and health, limited consideration has been given to the nexus between climate change, migration, and health. This assessment synthesizes research that has investigated this relationship since 1990.Methods.Following ana prioriprotocol and with the assistance of a subject librarian, systematic searches were conducted in four academic databases (PubMed, Scopus, Ovid Medline, and Global Health) and Google Scholar for empirical studies investigating migration and health in the context of climate change with any study design between 1990 and 2018. The search results underwent a two-stage screening process and the eligible studies were subjected to quality appraisal using a mixed methods appraisal tool. Data extraction and a meta-synthesis followed producing outputs deemed most useful for policy, practice, and further research.Findings.The registered protocol and search strategy revealed 1904 studies of which 180 were screened in full- text and 50 were included in the meta-synthesis. Overall, the methodological and reporting quality of the included studies was high. This assessment produced five main findings: (1) there is a paucity of empirical research investigating the climate-health-migration nexus; (2) the relationships between migration and health in the context of climate change are strongly heterogeneous and global findings are unlikely to emerge; (3) studies have examined diverse health issues associated with migration in the context of climate change including changing patterns of infectious disease, non-communicable disease, psychosocial conditions, and access to health care; (4) food and water security are important mediators between climate change, human mobility and health outcomes; (5) there is no consistent approach to integrating climate data in studies exploring migration and health in the context of climate change.Conclusions.Although migrant health and climate-related health risks are significant population health concerns, there has been limited consideration of the complex connections between climate change, migration, and health. This assessment indicates that there are potentially important intersections between climate-health- migration and that further research is required to better understand this nexus. To date and based on this assessment, it seems important that research and policy related to migration also consider the links between climate change and health and that migration is considered a determinant of health in climate change and health research. Given the diverse mobility patterns that arise in the context of climate change, responsive approaches are required that address the vulnerabilities of communities at risk of, or involved in forced migration, whilst supporting the adaptive potential of mobility responses. There is a need to develop policies that are responsive enough to protect health and health determinants especially food and water security regardless of the climate scenario. The degree to which climate data are meaningfully integrated into research exploring migration and health in the context of a changing climate warrants further consideration and analysis, to maintain quality in this emerging field of nexus research. Health systems that are migrant inclusive and climate-resilient have the potential to mitigate the worst health impacts of climate-related migration.",E,Malaria,vector,protozoa,Bangladesh
migration_17,migration_movement,"Schwerdtle, PN; McMichael, C; Mank, I; Sauerborn, R; Danquah, I; Bowen, KJ",Health and migration in the context of a changing climate: a systematic literature assessment,ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS,"Background.Climate change and climate variability interact with political, economic, social, demographic, and other environmental drivers to change the scale and patterns of human migration(5). In the context of accelerating climate change and breaches to other planetary boundaries, there is an urgent need to better understand how migrant health can be protected and promoted in the context of a changing climate to manage safe and orderly migration(6). While research has focused on the separate dyads of (i) climate change and migration and (ii) climate change and health, limited consideration has been given to the nexus between climate change, migration, and health. This assessment synthesizes research that has investigated this relationship since 1990.Methods.Following ana prioriprotocol and with the assistance of a subject librarian, systematic searches were conducted in four academic databases (PubMed, Scopus, Ovid Medline, and Global Health) and Google Scholar for empirical studies investigating migration and health in the context of climate change with any study design between 1990 and 2018. The search results underwent a two-stage screening process and the eligible studies were subjected to quality appraisal using a mixed methods appraisal tool. Data extraction and a meta-synthesis followed producing outputs deemed most useful for policy, practice, and further research.Findings.The registered protocol and search strategy revealed 1904 studies of which 180 were screened in full- text and 50 were included in the meta-synthesis. Overall, the methodological and reporting quality of the included studies was high. This assessment produced five main findings: (1) there is a paucity of empirical research investigating the climate-health-migration nexus; (2) the relationships between migration and health in the context of climate change are strongly heterogeneous and global findings are unlikely to emerge; (3) studies have examined diverse health issues associated with migration in the context of climate change including changing patterns of infectious disease, non-communicable disease, psychosocial conditions, and access to health care; (4) food and water security are important mediators between climate change, human mobility and health outcomes; (5) there is no consistent approach to integrating climate data in studies exploring migration and health in the context of climate change.Conclusions.Although migrant health and climate-related health risks are significant population health concerns, there has been limited consideration of the complex connections between climate change, migration, and health. This assessment indicates that there are potentially important intersections between climate-health- migration and that further research is required to better understand this nexus. To date and based on this assessment, it seems important that research and policy related to migration also consider the links between climate change and health and that migration is considered a determinant of health in climate change and health research. Given the diverse mobility patterns that arise in the context of climate change, responsive approaches are required that address the vulnerabilities of communities at risk of, or involved in forced migration, whilst supporting the adaptive potential of mobility responses. There is a need to develop policies that are responsive enough to protect health and health determinants especially food and water security regardless of the climate scenario. The degree to which climate data are meaningfully integrated into research exploring migration and health in the context of a changing climate warrants further consideration and analysis, to maintain quality in this emerging field of nexus research. Health systems that are migrant inclusive and climate-resilient have the potential to mitigate the worst health impacts of climate-related migration.",E,Arbovirus,vector,virus,Bangladesh
migration_17,migration_movement,"Schwerdtle, PN; McMichael, C; Mank, I; Sauerborn, R; Danquah, I; Bowen, KJ",Health and migration in the context of a changing climate: a systematic literature assessment,ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS,"Background.Climate change and climate variability interact with political, economic, social, demographic, and other environmental drivers to change the scale and patterns of human migration(5). In the context of accelerating climate change and breaches to other planetary boundaries, there is an urgent need to better understand how migrant health can be protected and promoted in the context of a changing climate to manage safe and orderly migration(6). While research has focused on the separate dyads of (i) climate change and migration and (ii) climate change and health, limited consideration has been given to the nexus between climate change, migration, and health. This assessment synthesizes research that has investigated this relationship since 1990.Methods.Following ana prioriprotocol and with the assistance of a subject librarian, systematic searches were conducted in four academic databases (PubMed, Scopus, Ovid Medline, and Global Health) and Google Scholar for empirical studies investigating migration and health in the context of climate change with any study design between 1990 and 2018. The search results underwent a two-stage screening process and the eligible studies were subjected to quality appraisal using a mixed methods appraisal tool. Data extraction and a meta-synthesis followed producing outputs deemed most useful for policy, practice, and further research.Findings.The registered protocol and search strategy revealed 1904 studies of which 180 were screened in full- text and 50 were included in the meta-synthesis. Overall, the methodological and reporting quality of the included studies was high. This assessment produced five main findings: (1) there is a paucity of empirical research investigating the climate-health-migration nexus; (2) the relationships between migration and health in the context of climate change are strongly heterogeneous and global findings are unlikely to emerge; (3) studies have examined diverse health issues associated with migration in the context of climate change including changing patterns of infectious disease, non-communicable disease, psychosocial conditions, and access to health care; (4) food and water security are important mediators between climate change, human mobility and health outcomes; (5) there is no consistent approach to integrating climate data in studies exploring migration and health in the context of climate change.Conclusions.Although migrant health and climate-related health risks are significant population health concerns, there has been limited consideration of the complex connections between climate change, migration, and health. This assessment indicates that there are potentially important intersections between climate-health- migration and that further research is required to better understand this nexus. To date and based on this assessment, it seems important that research and policy related to migration also consider the links between climate change and health and that migration is considered a determinant of health in climate change and health research. Given the diverse mobility patterns that arise in the context of climate change, responsive approaches are required that address the vulnerabilities of communities at risk of, or involved in forced migration, whilst supporting the adaptive potential of mobility responses. There is a need to develop policies that are responsive enough to protect health and health determinants especially food and water security regardless of the climate scenario. The degree to which climate data are meaningfully integrated into research exploring migration and health in the context of a changing climate warrants further consideration and analysis, to maintain quality in this emerging field of nexus research. Health systems that are migrant inclusive and climate-resilient have the potential to mitigate the worst health impacts of climate-related migration.",E,Pneumonia,direct,multiple,Bangladesh
migration_17,migration_movement,"Schwerdtle, PN; McMichael, C; Mank, I; Sauerborn, R; Danquah, I; Bowen, KJ",Health and migration in the context of a changing climate: a systematic literature assessment,ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS,"Background.Climate change and climate variability interact with political, economic, social, demographic, and other environmental drivers to change the scale and patterns of human migration(5). In the context of accelerating climate change and breaches to other planetary boundaries, there is an urgent need to better understand how migrant health can be protected and promoted in the context of a changing climate to manage safe and orderly migration(6). While research has focused on the separate dyads of (i) climate change and migration and (ii) climate change and health, limited consideration has been given to the nexus between climate change, migration, and health. This assessment synthesizes research that has investigated this relationship since 1990.Methods.Following ana prioriprotocol and with the assistance of a subject librarian, systematic searches were conducted in four academic databases (PubMed, Scopus, Ovid Medline, and Global Health) and Google Scholar for empirical studies investigating migration and health in the context of climate change with any study design between 1990 and 2018. The search results underwent a two-stage screening process and the eligible studies were subjected to quality appraisal using a mixed methods appraisal tool. Data extraction and a meta-synthesis followed producing outputs deemed most useful for policy, practice, and further research.Findings.The registered protocol and search strategy revealed 1904 studies of which 180 were screened in full- text and 50 were included in the meta-synthesis. Overall, the methodological and reporting quality of the included studies was high. This assessment produced five main findings: (1) there is a paucity of empirical research investigating the climate-health-migration nexus; (2) the relationships between migration and health in the context of climate change are strongly heterogeneous and global findings are unlikely to emerge; (3) studies have examined diverse health issues associated with migration in the context of climate change including changing patterns of infectious disease, non-communicable disease, psychosocial conditions, and access to health care; (4) food and water security are important mediators between climate change, human mobility and health outcomes; (5) there is no consistent approach to integrating climate data in studies exploring migration and health in the context of climate change.Conclusions.Although migrant health and climate-related health risks are significant population health concerns, there has been limited consideration of the complex connections between climate change, migration, and health. This assessment indicates that there are potentially important intersections between climate-health- migration and that further research is required to better understand this nexus. To date and based on this assessment, it seems important that research and policy related to migration also consider the links between climate change and health and that migration is considered a determinant of health in climate change and health research. Given the diverse mobility patterns that arise in the context of climate change, responsive approaches are required that address the vulnerabilities of communities at risk of, or involved in forced migration, whilst supporting the adaptive potential of mobility responses. There is a need to develop policies that are responsive enough to protect health and health determinants especially food and water security regardless of the climate scenario. The degree to which climate data are meaningfully integrated into research exploring migration and health in the context of a changing climate warrants further consideration and analysis, to maintain quality in this emerging field of nexus research. Health systems that are migrant inclusive and climate-resilient have the potential to mitigate the worst health impacts of climate-related migration.",E,Diarrheal disease,indirect,multiple,Bangladesh
migration_17,migration_movement,"Schwerdtle, PN; McMichael, C; Mank, I; Sauerborn, R; Danquah, I; Bowen, KJ",Health and migration in the context of a changing climate: a systematic literature assessment,ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS,"Background.Climate change and climate variability interact with political, economic, social, demographic, and other environmental drivers to change the scale and patterns of human migration(5). In the context of accelerating climate change and breaches to other planetary boundaries, there is an urgent need to better understand how migrant health can be protected and promoted in the context of a changing climate to manage safe and orderly migration(6). While research has focused on the separate dyads of (i) climate change and migration and (ii) climate change and health, limited consideration has been given to the nexus between climate change, migration, and health. This assessment synthesizes research that has investigated this relationship since 1990.Methods.Following ana prioriprotocol and with the assistance of a subject librarian, systematic searches were conducted in four academic databases (PubMed, Scopus, Ovid Medline, and Global Health) and Google Scholar for empirical studies investigating migration and health in the context of climate change with any study design between 1990 and 2018. The search results underwent a two-stage screening process and the eligible studies were subjected to quality appraisal using a mixed methods appraisal tool. Data extraction and a meta-synthesis followed producing outputs deemed most useful for policy, practice, and further research.Findings.The registered protocol and search strategy revealed 1904 studies of which 180 were screened in full- text and 50 were included in the meta-synthesis. Overall, the methodological and reporting quality of the included studies was high. This assessment produced five main findings: (1) there is a paucity of empirical research investigating the climate-health-migration nexus; (2) the relationships between migration and health in the context of climate change are strongly heterogeneous and global findings are unlikely to emerge; (3) studies have examined diverse health issues associated with migration in the context of climate change including changing patterns of infectious disease, non-communicable disease, psychosocial conditions, and access to health care; (4) food and water security are important mediators between climate change, human mobility and health outcomes; (5) there is no consistent approach to integrating climate data in studies exploring migration and health in the context of climate change.Conclusions.Although migrant health and climate-related health risks are significant population health concerns, there has been limited consideration of the complex connections between climate change, migration, and health. This assessment indicates that there are potentially important intersections between climate-health- migration and that further research is required to better understand this nexus. To date and based on this assessment, it seems important that research and policy related to migration also consider the links between climate change and health and that migration is considered a determinant of health in climate change and health research. Given the diverse mobility patterns that arise in the context of climate change, responsive approaches are required that address the vulnerabilities of communities at risk of, or involved in forced migration, whilst supporting the adaptive potential of mobility responses. There is a need to develop policies that are responsive enough to protect health and health determinants especially food and water security regardless of the climate scenario. The degree to which climate data are meaningfully integrated into research exploring migration and health in the context of a changing climate warrants further consideration and analysis, to maintain quality in this emerging field of nexus research. Health systems that are migrant inclusive and climate-resilient have the potential to mitigate the worst health impacts of climate-related migration.",E,HIV,direct,virus,Malawi
migration_17,migration_movement,"Schwerdtle, PN; McMichael, C; Mank, I; Sauerborn, R; Danquah, I; Bowen, KJ",Health and migration in the context of a changing climate: a systematic literature assessment,ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS,"Background.Climate change and climate variability interact with political, economic, social, demographic, and other environmental drivers to change the scale and patterns of human migration(5). In the context of accelerating climate change and breaches to other planetary boundaries, there is an urgent need to better understand how migrant health can be protected and promoted in the context of a changing climate to manage safe and orderly migration(6). While research has focused on the separate dyads of (i) climate change and migration and (ii) climate change and health, limited consideration has been given to the nexus between climate change, migration, and health. This assessment synthesizes research that has investigated this relationship since 1990.Methods.Following ana prioriprotocol and with the assistance of a subject librarian, systematic searches were conducted in four academic databases (PubMed, Scopus, Ovid Medline, and Global Health) and Google Scholar for empirical studies investigating migration and health in the context of climate change with any study design between 1990 and 2018. The search results underwent a two-stage screening process and the eligible studies were subjected to quality appraisal using a mixed methods appraisal tool. Data extraction and a meta-synthesis followed producing outputs deemed most useful for policy, practice, and further research.Findings.The registered protocol and search strategy revealed 1904 studies of which 180 were screened in full- text and 50 were included in the meta-synthesis. Overall, the methodological and reporting quality of the included studies was high. This assessment produced five main findings: (1) there is a paucity of empirical research investigating the climate-health-migration nexus; (2) the relationships between migration and health in the context of climate change are strongly heterogeneous and global findings are unlikely to emerge; (3) studies have examined diverse health issues associated with migration in the context of climate change including changing patterns of infectious disease, non-communicable disease, psychosocial conditions, and access to health care; (4) food and water security are important mediators between climate change, human mobility and health outcomes; (5) there is no consistent approach to integrating climate data in studies exploring migration and health in the context of climate change.Conclusions.Although migrant health and climate-related health risks are significant population health concerns, there has been limited consideration of the complex connections between climate change, migration, and health. This assessment indicates that there are potentially important intersections between climate-health- migration and that further research is required to better understand this nexus. To date and based on this assessment, it seems important that research and policy related to migration also consider the links between climate change and health and that migration is considered a determinant of health in climate change and health research. Given the diverse mobility patterns that arise in the context of climate change, responsive approaches are required that address the vulnerabilities of communities at risk of, or involved in forced migration, whilst supporting the adaptive potential of mobility responses. There is a need to develop policies that are responsive enough to protect health and health determinants especially food and water security regardless of the climate scenario. The degree to which climate data are meaningfully integrated into research exploring migration and health in the context of a changing climate warrants further consideration and analysis, to maintain quality in this emerging field of nexus research. Health systems that are migrant inclusive and climate-resilient have the potential to mitigate the worst health impacts of climate-related migration.",E,Malaria,vector,protozoa,Nigeria
migration_17,migration_movement,"Schwerdtle, PN; McMichael, C; Mank, I; Sauerborn, R; Danquah, I; Bowen, KJ",Health and migration in the context of a changing climate: a systematic literature assessment,ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS,"Background.Climate change and climate variability interact with political, economic, social, demographic, and other environmental drivers to change the scale and patterns of human migration(5). In the context of accelerating climate change and breaches to other planetary boundaries, there is an urgent need to better understand how migrant health can be protected and promoted in the context of a changing climate to manage safe and orderly migration(6). While research has focused on the separate dyads of (i) climate change and migration and (ii) climate change and health, limited consideration has been given to the nexus between climate change, migration, and health. This assessment synthesizes research that has investigated this relationship since 1990.Methods.Following ana prioriprotocol and with the assistance of a subject librarian, systematic searches were conducted in four academic databases (PubMed, Scopus, Ovid Medline, and Global Health) and Google Scholar for empirical studies investigating migration and health in the context of climate change with any study design between 1990 and 2018. The search results underwent a two-stage screening process and the eligible studies were subjected to quality appraisal using a mixed methods appraisal tool. Data extraction and a meta-synthesis followed producing outputs deemed most useful for policy, practice, and further research.Findings.The registered protocol and search strategy revealed 1904 studies of which 180 were screened in full- text and 50 were included in the meta-synthesis. Overall, the methodological and reporting quality of the included studies was high. This assessment produced five main findings: (1) there is a paucity of empirical research investigating the climate-health-migration nexus; (2) the relationships between migration and health in the context of climate change are strongly heterogeneous and global findings are unlikely to emerge; (3) studies have examined diverse health issues associated with migration in the context of climate change including changing patterns of infectious disease, non-communicable disease, psychosocial conditions, and access to health care; (4) food and water security are important mediators between climate change, human mobility and health outcomes; (5) there is no consistent approach to integrating climate data in studies exploring migration and health in the context of climate change.Conclusions.Although migrant health and climate-related health risks are significant population health concerns, there has been limited consideration of the complex connections between climate change, migration, and health. This assessment indicates that there are potentially important intersections between climate-health- migration and that further research is required to better understand this nexus. To date and based on this assessment, it seems important that research and policy related to migration also consider the links between climate change and health and that migration is considered a determinant of health in climate change and health research. Given the diverse mobility patterns that arise in the context of climate change, responsive approaches are required that address the vulnerabilities of communities at risk of, or involved in forced migration, whilst supporting the adaptive potential of mobility responses. There is a need to develop policies that are responsive enough to protect health and health determinants especially food and water security regardless of the climate scenario. The degree to which climate data are meaningfully integrated into research exploring migration and health in the context of a changing climate warrants further consideration and analysis, to maintain quality in this emerging field of nexus research. Health systems that are migrant inclusive and climate-resilient have the potential to mitigate the worst health impacts of climate-related migration.",E,Typhoid,indirect,bacteria,Nigeria
migration_17,migration_movement,"Schwerdtle, PN; McMichael, C; Mank, I; Sauerborn, R; Danquah, I; Bowen, KJ",Health and migration in the context of a changing climate: a systematic literature assessment,ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS,"Background.Climate change and climate variability interact with political, economic, social, demographic, and other environmental drivers to change the scale and patterns of human migration(5). In the context of accelerating climate change and breaches to other planetary boundaries, there is an urgent need to better understand how migrant health can be protected and promoted in the context of a changing climate to manage safe and orderly migration(6). While research has focused on the separate dyads of (i) climate change and migration and (ii) climate change and health, limited consideration has been given to the nexus between climate change, migration, and health. This assessment synthesizes research that has investigated this relationship since 1990.Methods.Following ana prioriprotocol and with the assistance of a subject librarian, systematic searches were conducted in four academic databases (PubMed, Scopus, Ovid Medline, and Global Health) and Google Scholar for empirical studies investigating migration and health in the context of climate change with any study design between 1990 and 2018. The search results underwent a two-stage screening process and the eligible studies were subjected to quality appraisal using a mixed methods appraisal tool. Data extraction and a meta-synthesis followed producing outputs deemed most useful for policy, practice, and further research.Findings.The registered protocol and search strategy revealed 1904 studies of which 180 were screened in full- text and 50 were included in the meta-synthesis. Overall, the methodological and reporting quality of the included studies was high. This assessment produced five main findings: (1) there is a paucity of empirical research investigating the climate-health-migration nexus; (2) the relationships between migration and health in the context of climate change are strongly heterogeneous and global findings are unlikely to emerge; (3) studies have examined diverse health issues associated with migration in the context of climate change including changing patterns of infectious disease, non-communicable disease, psychosocial conditions, and access to health care; (4) food and water security are important mediators between climate change, human mobility and health outcomes; (5) there is no consistent approach to integrating climate data in studies exploring migration and health in the context of climate change.Conclusions.Although migrant health and climate-related health risks are significant population health concerns, there has been limited consideration of the complex connections between climate change, migration, and health. This assessment indicates that there are potentially important intersections between climate-health- migration and that further research is required to better understand this nexus. To date and based on this assessment, it seems important that research and policy related to migration also consider the links between climate change and health and that migration is considered a determinant of health in climate change and health research. Given the diverse mobility patterns that arise in the context of climate change, responsive approaches are required that address the vulnerabilities of communities at risk of, or involved in forced migration, whilst supporting the adaptive potential of mobility responses. There is a need to develop policies that are responsive enough to protect health and health determinants especially food and water security regardless of the climate scenario. The degree to which climate data are meaningfully integrated into research exploring migration and health in the context of a changing climate warrants further consideration and analysis, to maintain quality in this emerging field of nexus research. Health systems that are migrant inclusive and climate-resilient have the potential to mitigate the worst health impacts of climate-related migration.",E,Cholera,indirect,bacteria,Nigeria
migration_17,migration_movement,"Schwerdtle, PN; McMichael, C; Mank, I; Sauerborn, R; Danquah, I; Bowen, KJ",Health and migration in the context of a changing climate: a systematic literature assessment,ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS,"Background.Climate change and climate variability interact with political, economic, social, demographic, and other environmental drivers to change the scale and patterns of human migration(5). In the context of accelerating climate change and breaches to other planetary boundaries, there is an urgent need to better understand how migrant health can be protected and promoted in the context of a changing climate to manage safe and orderly migration(6). While research has focused on the separate dyads of (i) climate change and migration and (ii) climate change and health, limited consideration has been given to the nexus between climate change, migration, and health. This assessment synthesizes research that has investigated this relationship since 1990.Methods.Following ana prioriprotocol and with the assistance of a subject librarian, systematic searches were conducted in four academic databases (PubMed, Scopus, Ovid Medline, and Global Health) and Google Scholar for empirical studies investigating migration and health in the context of climate change with any study design between 1990 and 2018. The search results underwent a two-stage screening process and the eligible studies were subjected to quality appraisal using a mixed methods appraisal tool. Data extraction and a meta-synthesis followed producing outputs deemed most useful for policy, practice, and further research.Findings.The registered protocol and search strategy revealed 1904 studies of which 180 were screened in full- text and 50 were included in the meta-synthesis. Overall, the methodological and reporting quality of the included studies was high. This assessment produced five main findings: (1) there is a paucity of empirical research investigating the climate-health-migration nexus; (2) the relationships between migration and health in the context of climate change are strongly heterogeneous and global findings are unlikely to emerge; (3) studies have examined diverse health issues associated with migration in the context of climate change including changing patterns of infectious disease, non-communicable disease, psychosocial conditions, and access to health care; (4) food and water security are important mediators between climate change, human mobility and health outcomes; (5) there is no consistent approach to integrating climate data in studies exploring migration and health in the context of climate change.Conclusions.Although migrant health and climate-related health risks are significant population health concerns, there has been limited consideration of the complex connections between climate change, migration, and health. This assessment indicates that there are potentially important intersections between climate-health- migration and that further research is required to better understand this nexus. To date and based on this assessment, it seems important that research and policy related to migration also consider the links between climate change and health and that migration is considered a determinant of health in climate change and health research. Given the diverse mobility patterns that arise in the context of climate change, responsive approaches are required that address the vulnerabilities of communities at risk of, or involved in forced migration, whilst supporting the adaptive potential of mobility responses. There is a need to develop policies that are responsive enough to protect health and health determinants especially food and water security regardless of the climate scenario. The degree to which climate data are meaningfully integrated into research exploring migration and health in the context of a changing climate warrants further consideration and analysis, to maintain quality in this emerging field of nexus research. Health systems that are migrant inclusive and climate-resilient have the potential to mitigate the worst health impacts of climate-related migration.",E,Diarrheal disease,indirect,multiple,Nigeria
migration_17,migration_movement,"Schwerdtle, PN; McMichael, C; Mank, I; Sauerborn, R; Danquah, I; Bowen, KJ",Health and migration in the context of a changing climate: a systematic literature assessment,ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS,"Background.Climate change and climate variability interact with political, economic, social, demographic, and other environmental drivers to change the scale and patterns of human migration(5). In the context of accelerating climate change and breaches to other planetary boundaries, there is an urgent need to better understand how migrant health can be protected and promoted in the context of a changing climate to manage safe and orderly migration(6). While research has focused on the separate dyads of (i) climate change and migration and (ii) climate change and health, limited consideration has been given to the nexus between climate change, migration, and health. This assessment synthesizes research that has investigated this relationship since 1990.Methods.Following ana prioriprotocol and with the assistance of a subject librarian, systematic searches were conducted in four academic databases (PubMed, Scopus, Ovid Medline, and Global Health) and Google Scholar for empirical studies investigating migration and health in the context of climate change with any study design between 1990 and 2018. The search results underwent a two-stage screening process and the eligible studies were subjected to quality appraisal using a mixed methods appraisal tool. Data extraction and a meta-synthesis followed producing outputs deemed most useful for policy, practice, and further research.Findings.The registered protocol and search strategy revealed 1904 studies of which 180 were screened in full- text and 50 were included in the meta-synthesis. Overall, the methodological and reporting quality of the included studies was high. This assessment produced five main findings: (1) there is a paucity of empirical research investigating the climate-health-migration nexus; (2) the relationships between migration and health in the context of climate change are strongly heterogeneous and global findings are unlikely to emerge; (3) studies have examined diverse health issues associated with migration in the context of climate change including changing patterns of infectious disease, non-communicable disease, psychosocial conditions, and access to health care; (4) food and water security are important mediators between climate change, human mobility and health outcomes; (5) there is no consistent approach to integrating climate data in studies exploring migration and health in the context of climate change.Conclusions.Although migrant health and climate-related health risks are significant population health concerns, there has been limited consideration of the complex connections between climate change, migration, and health. This assessment indicates that there are potentially important intersections between climate-health- migration and that further research is required to better understand this nexus. To date and based on this assessment, it seems important that research and policy related to migration also consider the links between climate change and health and that migration is considered a determinant of health in climate change and health research. Given the diverse mobility patterns that arise in the context of climate change, responsive approaches are required that address the vulnerabilities of communities at risk of, or involved in forced migration, whilst supporting the adaptive potential of mobility responses. There is a need to develop policies that are responsive enough to protect health and health determinants especially food and water security regardless of the climate scenario. The degree to which climate data are meaningfully integrated into research exploring migration and health in the context of a changing climate warrants further consideration and analysis, to maintain quality in this emerging field of nexus research. Health systems that are migrant inclusive and climate-resilient have the potential to mitigate the worst health impacts of climate-related migration.",E,Dysentery,indirect,multiple,Nigeria
migration_17,migration_movement,"Schwerdtle, PN; McMichael, C; Mank, I; Sauerborn, R; Danquah, I; Bowen, KJ",Health and migration in the context of a changing climate: a systematic literature assessment,ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS,"Background.Climate change and climate variability interact with political, economic, social, demographic, and other environmental drivers to change the scale and patterns of human migration(5). In the context of accelerating climate change and breaches to other planetary boundaries, there is an urgent need to better understand how migrant health can be protected and promoted in the context of a changing climate to manage safe and orderly migration(6). While research has focused on the separate dyads of (i) climate change and migration and (ii) climate change and health, limited consideration has been given to the nexus between climate change, migration, and health. This assessment synthesizes research that has investigated this relationship since 1990.Methods.Following ana prioriprotocol and with the assistance of a subject librarian, systematic searches were conducted in four academic databases (PubMed, Scopus, Ovid Medline, and Global Health) and Google Scholar for empirical studies investigating migration and health in the context of climate change with any study design between 1990 and 2018. The search results underwent a two-stage screening process and the eligible studies were subjected to quality appraisal using a mixed methods appraisal tool. Data extraction and a meta-synthesis followed producing outputs deemed most useful for policy, practice, and further research.Findings.The registered protocol and search strategy revealed 1904 studies of which 180 were screened in full- text and 50 were included in the meta-synthesis. Overall, the methodological and reporting quality of the included studies was high. This assessment produced five main findings: (1) there is a paucity of empirical research investigating the climate-health-migration nexus; (2) the relationships between migration and health in the context of climate change are strongly heterogeneous and global findings are unlikely to emerge; (3) studies have examined diverse health issues associated with migration in the context of climate change including changing patterns of infectious disease, non-communicable disease, psychosocial conditions, and access to health care; (4) food and water security are important mediators between climate change, human mobility and health outcomes; (5) there is no consistent approach to integrating climate data in studies exploring migration and health in the context of climate change.Conclusions.Although migrant health and climate-related health risks are significant population health concerns, there has been limited consideration of the complex connections between climate change, migration, and health. This assessment indicates that there are potentially important intersections between climate-health- migration and that further research is required to better understand this nexus. To date and based on this assessment, it seems important that research and policy related to migration also consider the links between climate change and health and that migration is considered a determinant of health in climate change and health research. Given the diverse mobility patterns that arise in the context of climate change, responsive approaches are required that address the vulnerabilities of communities at risk of, or involved in forced migration, whilst supporting the adaptive potential of mobility responses. There is a need to develop policies that are responsive enough to protect health and health determinants especially food and water security regardless of the climate scenario. The degree to which climate data are meaningfully integrated into research exploring migration and health in the context of a changing climate warrants further consideration and analysis, to maintain quality in this emerging field of nexus research. Health systems that are migrant inclusive and climate-resilient have the potential to mitigate the worst health impacts of climate-related migration.",E,Influenza,direct,virus,Nigeria
migration_17,migration_movement,"Schwerdtle, PN; McMichael, C; Mank, I; Sauerborn, R; Danquah, I; Bowen, KJ",Health and migration in the context of a changing climate: a systematic literature assessment,ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS,"Background.Climate change and climate variability interact with political, economic, social, demographic, and other environmental drivers to change the scale and patterns of human migration(5). In the context of accelerating climate change and breaches to other planetary boundaries, there is an urgent need to better understand how migrant health can be protected and promoted in the context of a changing climate to manage safe and orderly migration(6). While research has focused on the separate dyads of (i) climate change and migration and (ii) climate change and health, limited consideration has been given to the nexus between climate change, migration, and health. This assessment synthesizes research that has investigated this relationship since 1990.Methods.Following ana prioriprotocol and with the assistance of a subject librarian, systematic searches were conducted in four academic databases (PubMed, Scopus, Ovid Medline, and Global Health) and Google Scholar for empirical studies investigating migration and health in the context of climate change with any study design between 1990 and 2018. The search results underwent a two-stage screening process and the eligible studies were subjected to quality appraisal using a mixed methods appraisal tool. Data extraction and a meta-synthesis followed producing outputs deemed most useful for policy, practice, and further research.Findings.The registered protocol and search strategy revealed 1904 studies of which 180 were screened in full- text and 50 were included in the meta-synthesis. Overall, the methodological and reporting quality of the included studies was high. This assessment produced five main findings: (1) there is a paucity of empirical research investigating the climate-health-migration nexus; (2) the relationships between migration and health in the context of climate change are strongly heterogeneous and global findings are unlikely to emerge; (3) studies have examined diverse health issues associated with migration in the context of climate change including changing patterns of infectious disease, non-communicable disease, psychosocial conditions, and access to health care; (4) food and water security are important mediators between climate change, human mobility and health outcomes; (5) there is no consistent approach to integrating climate data in studies exploring migration and health in the context of climate change.Conclusions.Although migrant health and climate-related health risks are significant population health concerns, there has been limited consideration of the complex connections between climate change, migration, and health. This assessment indicates that there are potentially important intersections between climate-health- migration and that further research is required to better understand this nexus. To date and based on this assessment, it seems important that research and policy related to migration also consider the links between climate change and health and that migration is considered a determinant of health in climate change and health research. Given the diverse mobility patterns that arise in the context of climate change, responsive approaches are required that address the vulnerabilities of communities at risk of, or involved in forced migration, whilst supporting the adaptive potential of mobility responses. There is a need to develop policies that are responsive enough to protect health and health determinants especially food and water security regardless of the climate scenario. The degree to which climate data are meaningfully integrated into research exploring migration and health in the context of a changing climate warrants further consideration and analysis, to maintain quality in this emerging field of nexus research. Health systems that are migrant inclusive and climate-resilient have the potential to mitigate the worst health impacts of climate-related migration.",E,Tuberculosis,direct,bacteria,Nigeria
migration_17,migration_movement,"Schwerdtle, PN; McMichael, C; Mank, I; Sauerborn, R; Danquah, I; Bowen, KJ",Health and migration in the context of a changing climate: a systematic literature assessment,ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS,"Background.Climate change and climate variability interact with political, economic, social, demographic, and other environmental drivers to change the scale and patterns of human migration(5). In the context of accelerating climate change and breaches to other planetary boundaries, there is an urgent need to better understand how migrant health can be protected and promoted in the context of a changing climate to manage safe and orderly migration(6). While research has focused on the separate dyads of (i) climate change and migration and (ii) climate change and health, limited consideration has been given to the nexus between climate change, migration, and health. This assessment synthesizes research that has investigated this relationship since 1990.Methods.Following ana prioriprotocol and with the assistance of a subject librarian, systematic searches were conducted in four academic databases (PubMed, Scopus, Ovid Medline, and Global Health) and Google Scholar for empirical studies investigating migration and health in the context of climate change with any study design between 1990 and 2018. The search results underwent a two-stage screening process and the eligible studies were subjected to quality appraisal using a mixed methods appraisal tool. Data extraction and a meta-synthesis followed producing outputs deemed most useful for policy, practice, and further research.Findings.The registered protocol and search strategy revealed 1904 studies of which 180 were screened in full- text and 50 were included in the meta-synthesis. Overall, the methodological and reporting quality of the included studies was high. This assessment produced five main findings: (1) there is a paucity of empirical research investigating the climate-health-migration nexus; (2) the relationships between migration and health in the context of climate change are strongly heterogeneous and global findings are unlikely to emerge; (3) studies have examined diverse health issues associated with migration in the context of climate change including changing patterns of infectious disease, non-communicable disease, psychosocial conditions, and access to health care; (4) food and water security are important mediators between climate change, human mobility and health outcomes; (5) there is no consistent approach to integrating climate data in studies exploring migration and health in the context of climate change.Conclusions.Although migrant health and climate-related health risks are significant population health concerns, there has been limited consideration of the complex connections between climate change, migration, and health. This assessment indicates that there are potentially important intersections between climate-health- migration and that further research is required to better understand this nexus. To date and based on this assessment, it seems important that research and policy related to migration also consider the links between climate change and health and that migration is considered a determinant of health in climate change and health research. Given the diverse mobility patterns that arise in the context of climate change, responsive approaches are required that address the vulnerabilities of communities at risk of, or involved in forced migration, whilst supporting the adaptive potential of mobility responses. There is a need to develop policies that are responsive enough to protect health and health determinants especially food and water security regardless of the climate scenario. The degree to which climate data are meaningfully integrated into research exploring migration and health in the context of a changing climate warrants further consideration and analysis, to maintain quality in this emerging field of nexus research. Health systems that are migrant inclusive and climate-resilient have the potential to mitigate the worst health impacts of climate-related migration.",E,Cholera,indirect,bacteria,Bangladesh
migration_18,migration_movement,"Gardini, G; Tomasoni, LR; Castelli, F",Parasitic skin infections: neglected diseases or just challenging for diagnosis?,CURRENT OPINION IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES,"Purpose of review The aim of the article is to review the most recent evidence concerning parasitic skin infections. Recent findings Parasitic skin infections are increasingly reported worldwide. Special at-risk categories are migrants, returning travelers, and immunocompromised individuals, who are at higher risk to present disseminated disease. The number of reported cases is growing even outside the endemic areas as a consequence of international travels, migration flows, increasing immunocompromised population, climate change, and natural disasters. Skin parasitoses are neglected infections. Funding assigned to prevent and treat them is limited, even if they affect millions of persons worldwide. Diagnosis could be a challenge for clinicians of high-income countries who are facing an increasing number of such infections related to great epidemiological events.",E,Leishmania,vector,protozoa,Jordan
migration_18,migration_movement,"Gardini, G; Tomasoni, LR; Castelli, F",Parasitic skin infections: neglected diseases or just challenging for diagnosis?,CURRENT OPINION IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES,"Purpose of review The aim of the article is to review the most recent evidence concerning parasitic skin infections. Recent findings Parasitic skin infections are increasingly reported worldwide. Special at-risk categories are migrants, returning travelers, and immunocompromised individuals, who are at higher risk to present disseminated disease. The number of reported cases is growing even outside the endemic areas as a consequence of international travels, migration flows, increasing immunocompromised population, climate change, and natural disasters. Skin parasitoses are neglected infections. Funding assigned to prevent and treat them is limited, even if they affect millions of persons worldwide. Diagnosis could be a challenge for clinicians of high-income countries who are facing an increasing number of such infections related to great epidemiological events.",E,Leishmania,vector,protozoa,Turkey
migration_18,migration_movement,"Gardini, G; Tomasoni, LR; Castelli, F",Parasitic skin infections: neglected diseases or just challenging for diagnosis?,CURRENT OPINION IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES,"Purpose of review The aim of the article is to review the most recent evidence concerning parasitic skin infections. Recent findings Parasitic skin infections are increasingly reported worldwide. Special at-risk categories are migrants, returning travelers, and immunocompromised individuals, who are at higher risk to present disseminated disease. The number of reported cases is growing even outside the endemic areas as a consequence of international travels, migration flows, increasing immunocompromised population, climate change, and natural disasters. Skin parasitoses are neglected infections. Funding assigned to prevent and treat them is limited, even if they affect millions of persons worldwide. Diagnosis could be a challenge for clinicians of high-income countries who are facing an increasing number of such infections related to great epidemiological events.",E,Leishmania,vector,protozoa,Lebanon
migration_18,migration_movement,"Gardini, G; Tomasoni, LR; Castelli, F",Parasitic skin infections: neglected diseases or just challenging for diagnosis?,CURRENT OPINION IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES,"Purpose of review The aim of the article is to review the most recent evidence concerning parasitic skin infections. Recent findings Parasitic skin infections are increasingly reported worldwide. Special at-risk categories are migrants, returning travelers, and immunocompromised individuals, who are at higher risk to present disseminated disease. The number of reported cases is growing even outside the endemic areas as a consequence of international travels, migration flows, increasing immunocompromised population, climate change, and natural disasters. Skin parasitoses are neglected infections. Funding assigned to prevent and treat them is limited, even if they affect millions of persons worldwide. Diagnosis could be a challenge for clinicians of high-income countries who are facing an increasing number of such infections related to great epidemiological events.",E,Leishmania,vector,protozoa,Syria
migration_19,migration_movement,"Wei, CY; Wang, JK; Shih, HC; Wang, HC; Kuo, CC",Invasive plants facilitated by socioeconomic change harbor vectors of scrub typhus and spotted fever,PLOS NEGLECTED TROPICAL DISEASES,"Background Ecological determinants of most emerging vector-borne diseases are understudied, particularly for neglected tropical disease. Moreover, although socioeconomic impacts can have significant downstream effects on human risks to vector-borne diseases via a change in land cover, particularly facilitating the invasion of exotic plants, related studies remains very scarce. Scrub typhus and spotted fever are neglected diseases emerging around the globe and are transmitted by chigger mites and ticks infective of Orientia tsutsugamushi and Rickettsia spp., respectively, with small mammals as the primary hosts of both vectors. Methodology/Principal findings We investigated how invasions of the plant Leucaena leucocephala caused by widespread abandonment of farmlands driven by industrialization affected abundance of chiggers and ticks in Penghu Island, Taiwan. We determined ectoparasite abundance by trapping small mammals in three types of habitats (invasion site, agricultural field, human residential) every two months for a year. Based on ectoparasite burdens, invasion sites harbored more chiggers and ticks than the other two habitats. Furthermore, hosts maintained higher burdens of both vectors in early winter and burdens of chiggers were more stable across seasons in invasion sites, suggesting that sites with invasive plants could be a temporary refuge for both vectors and might help mitigate the negative influence of unfavorable climate. Infective rates of 0. tsutsugamushi in chiggers and Rickettsia in ticks were also consistently not lower in invasion sites. Top soil temperature and relative humidity were similar across the three habitats, but invasion sites contained more of the rat Rattus losea, on which chiggers and ticks were more engorged than those from the most commonly trapped species (Suncus murinus shrew), indicating that abundance of the host R. losea instead of microclimate might better determine the abundance of both vectors. Conclusions/Significance This study highlights an important but largely neglected issue that socioeconomic change can have unexpected consequences for human health induced particularly by invasive plants, which could become a hotspot for emerging infectious diseases but usually are very hard to be eradicated. In the future, a more comprehensive approach that integrates socioeconomics, land use, exotic species, and human health should be considered to fully understand potential emergence of vector-borne diseases.",D,Orientia,vector,bacteria,Taiwan
migration_19,migration_movement,"Wei, CY; Wang, JK; Shih, HC; Wang, HC; Kuo, CC",Invasive plants facilitated by socioeconomic change harbor vectors of scrub typhus and spotted fever,PLOS NEGLECTED TROPICAL DISEASES,"Background Ecological determinants of most emerging vector-borne diseases are understudied, particularly for neglected tropical disease. Moreover, although socioeconomic impacts can have significant downstream effects on human risks to vector-borne diseases via a change in land cover, particularly facilitating the invasion of exotic plants, related studies remains very scarce. Scrub typhus and spotted fever are neglected diseases emerging around the globe and are transmitted by chigger mites and ticks infective of Orientia tsutsugamushi and Rickettsia spp., respectively, with small mammals as the primary hosts of both vectors. Methodology/Principal findings We investigated how invasions of the plant Leucaena leucocephala caused by widespread abandonment of farmlands driven by industrialization affected abundance of chiggers and ticks in Penghu Island, Taiwan. We determined ectoparasite abundance by trapping small mammals in three types of habitats (invasion site, agricultural field, human residential) every two months for a year. Based on ectoparasite burdens, invasion sites harbored more chiggers and ticks than the other two habitats. Furthermore, hosts maintained higher burdens of both vectors in early winter and burdens of chiggers were more stable across seasons in invasion sites, suggesting that sites with invasive plants could be a temporary refuge for both vectors and might help mitigate the negative influence of unfavorable climate. Infective rates of 0. tsutsugamushi in chiggers and Rickettsia in ticks were also consistently not lower in invasion sites. Top soil temperature and relative humidity were similar across the three habitats, but invasion sites contained more of the rat Rattus losea, on which chiggers and ticks were more engorged than those from the most commonly trapped species (Suncus murinus shrew), indicating that abundance of the host R. losea instead of microclimate might better determine the abundance of both vectors. Conclusions/Significance This study highlights an important but largely neglected issue that socioeconomic change can have unexpected consequences for human health induced particularly by invasive plants, which could become a hotspot for emerging infectious diseases but usually are very hard to be eradicated. In the future, a more comprehensive approach that integrates socioeconomics, land use, exotic species, and human health should be considered to fully understand potential emergence of vector-borne diseases.",D,Rickettsia,vector,bacteria,Taiwan
migration_20,migration_movement,"Rudzinska, M; Kowalewska, B; Waz, P; Sikorska, K; Szostakowska, B",Blastocystis subtypes isolated from travelers and non-travelers from the north of Poland - A single center study,INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION,"Blastocystis is a common, enteric protist of humans and animals with a worldwide distribution and unclear clinical relevance. Nine out of 17 genetically diverse subtypes occur in humans. We analysed the distribution of Blastocystis subtypes and the intensity of invasion in relation to the gastrointestinal tract disorders and travels to different continents. 122 Blastocystis stool cultures were subtyped via polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with seven pairs of subtype-specific, sequence-tagged-site (STS) primers. Five subtypes of Blastocystis were detected: ST3 (59%), ST2 (19.7%), ST1 (13.1%), ST6 (3.3%), ST7 (3.3%), and two mixed infections with ST1/ST3 (1.6%). ST1 was detected exclusively in travelers to hot climate zones and ST2 was found more frequently in people visiting other continents compared to those who never left Poland. We found no correlation between gastrointestinal tract disorders, Blastocystis STs, and parasite load. There was no age predisposition to the Blastocystis infection. We established the distribution of Blastocystis STs among Poles traveling to different continents and never leaving Poland. Our study sheds more light on the problem of importing Blastocystis infection. It shows that certain subtypes detected in Europe can be imported due to travel or migration. Collecting data on the travel history of the surveyed persons is necessary to clarify this matter.",D,Blastocystis,indirect,protozoa,Poland
migration_21,migration_movement,"Rejeki, DSS; Nuryati, N; Aji, B; Murhandarwati, EEH; Kusnanto, H","A Time Series Analysis: Weather Factors, Human Migration and Malaria Cases in Endemic Area of Purworejo, Indonesia, 2005-2014",IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH,"Background: Climatic and weather factors become important determinants of vector-borne diseases transmission like malaria. This study aimed to prove relationships between weather factors with considering human migration and previous case findings and malaria cases in endemic areas in Purworejo during 2005-2014. Methods: This study employed ecological time series analysis by using monthly data. The independent variables were the maximum temperature, minimum temperature, maximum humidity, minimum humidity, precipitation, human migration, and previous malaria cases, while the dependent variable was positive malaria cases. Three models of count data regression analysis i.e. Poisson model, quasi-Poisson model, and negative binomial model were applied to measure the relationship. The least Akaike Information Criteria (AIC) value was also performed to find the best model. Negative binomial regression analysis was considered as the best model. Results: The model showed that humidity (lag 2), precipitation (lag 3), precipitation (lag 12), migration (lag1) and previous malaria cases (lag 12) had a significant relationship with malaria cases. Conclusion: Weather, migration and previous malaria cases factors need to be considered as prominent indicators for the increase of malaria case projection.",D,Malaria,vector,protozoa,Indonesia
migration_22,migration_movement,"Hotez, PJ",The rise of neglected tropical diseases in the new Texas,PLOS NEGLECTED TROPICAL DISEASES,"Within the last five years, the State of Texas has experienced either transmission or outbreaks of Ebola, chikungunya, West Nile, and Zika virus infections. Autochthonous transmission of neglected parasitic and bacterial diseases has also become increasingly reported. The rise of such emerging and neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) has not occurred by accident but instead reflects rapidly evolving changes and shifts in a new Texas beset by modern and globalizing forces that include rapid expansions in population together with urbanization and human migrations, altered transportation patterns, climate change, steeply declining vaccination rates, and a new paradigm of poverty known as blue marble health. Summarized here are the major NTDs now affecting Texas. In addition to the vector-borne viral diseases highlighted above, there also is a high level of parasitic infections, including Chagas disease, trichomoniasis, and possibly leishmaniasis and toxocariasis, as well as typhus-group rickettsiosis, a vector-borne bacterial infection. I also highlight some of the key shifts in emerging and neglected disease patterns, partly due to an altered and evolving economic and ecological landscape in the new Texas, and provide some preliminary disease burden estimates for the major prevalent and incident NTDs.",E,Ebola,direct,virus,USA
migration_22,migration_movement,"Hotez, PJ",The rise of neglected tropical diseases in the new Texas,PLOS NEGLECTED TROPICAL DISEASES,"Within the last five years, the State of Texas has experienced either transmission or outbreaks of Ebola, chikungunya, West Nile, and Zika virus infections. Autochthonous transmission of neglected parasitic and bacterial diseases has also become increasingly reported. The rise of such emerging and neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) has not occurred by accident but instead reflects rapidly evolving changes and shifts in a new Texas beset by modern and globalizing forces that include rapid expansions in population together with urbanization and human migrations, altered transportation patterns, climate change, steeply declining vaccination rates, and a new paradigm of poverty known as blue marble health. Summarized here are the major NTDs now affecting Texas. In addition to the vector-borne viral diseases highlighted above, there also is a high level of parasitic infections, including Chagas disease, trichomoniasis, and possibly leishmaniasis and toxocariasis, as well as typhus-group rickettsiosis, a vector-borne bacterial infection. I also highlight some of the key shifts in emerging and neglected disease patterns, partly due to an altered and evolving economic and ecological landscape in the new Texas, and provide some preliminary disease burden estimates for the major prevalent and incident NTDs.",E,Arbovirus,vector,virus,USA
migration_23,migration_movement,"Serdeczny, O; Adams, S; Baarsch, F; Coumou, D; Robinson, A; Hare, W; Schaeffer, M; Perrette, M; Reinhardt, J",Climate change impacts in Sub-Saharan Africa: from physical changes to their social repercussions,REGIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE,"The repercussions of climate change will be felt in various ways throughout both natural and human systems in Sub-Saharan Africa. Climate change projections for this region point to a warming trend, particularly in the inland subtropics; frequent occurrence of extreme heat events; increasing aridity; and changes in rainfall-with a particularly pronounced decline in southern Africa and an increase in East Africa. The region could also experience as much as one meter of sea-level rise by the end of this century under a 4 A degrees C warming scenario. Sub-Saharan Africa's already high rates of undernutrition and infectious disease can be expected to increase compared to a scenario without climate change. Particularly vulnerable to these climatic changes are the rainfed agricultural systems on which the livelihoods of a large proportion of the region's population currently depend. As agricultural livelihoods become more precarious, the rate of rural-urban migration may be expected to grow, adding to the already significant urbanization trend in the region. The movement of people into informal settlements may expose them to a variety of risks different but no less serious than those faced in their place of origin, including outbreaks of infectious disease, flash flooding and food price increases. Impacts across sectors are likely to amplify the overall effect but remain little understood.",E,Malaria,vector,protozoa,East Africa Highlands
migration_24,migration_movement,"Martinez, R",New Trends in Paracoccidioidomycosis Epidemiology,JOURNAL OF FUNGI,"Paracoccidioidomycosis is a systemic fungal disease occurring in Latin America and more prevalent in South America. The disease is caused by the dimorphic fungus Paracoccidioides spp. whose major hosts are humans and armadillos. The fungus grows in soil and its infection is associated with exposure to the rural environment and to agricultural activities, with a higher risk in coffee and tobacco plantations. Population studies assessing the reactivity to Paracoccidioides spp. antigens by intradermal reaction or serological tests have detected previous subclinical infections in a significant proportion of healthy individuals living in various endemic countries. Paracoccidioidomycosis-disease is manifested by a small minority of infected individuals. The risk of developing the disease and its type of clinical form are related to the personal and life style characteristics of infected individuals, including genetic background, age, sex, ethnicity, smoking habit, alcohol drinking, and eventual cellular immunosuppression. Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela, Argentina, and Ecuador have endemic areas that had already been defined in the 20th century. The incidence of paracoccidioidomycosis can be altered by climate phenomena and mainly by human migration and occupation of poorly explored territories. In Brazil, the endemy tends to expand towards the North and Center-West around the Amazon Region.",E,Paracoccidioidomycosis,indirect,fungi,Brazil
migration_24,migration_movement,"Martinez, R",New Trends in Paracoccidioidomycosis Epidemiology,JOURNAL OF FUNGI,"Paracoccidioidomycosis is a systemic fungal disease occurring in Latin America and more prevalent in South America. The disease is caused by the dimorphic fungus Paracoccidioides spp. whose major hosts are humans and armadillos. The fungus grows in soil and its infection is associated with exposure to the rural environment and to agricultural activities, with a higher risk in coffee and tobacco plantations. Population studies assessing the reactivity to Paracoccidioides spp. antigens by intradermal reaction or serological tests have detected previous subclinical infections in a significant proportion of healthy individuals living in various endemic countries. Paracoccidioidomycosis-disease is manifested by a small minority of infected individuals. The risk of developing the disease and its type of clinical form are related to the personal and life style characteristics of infected individuals, including genetic background, age, sex, ethnicity, smoking habit, alcohol drinking, and eventual cellular immunosuppression. Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela, Argentina, and Ecuador have endemic areas that had already been defined in the 20th century. The incidence of paracoccidioidomycosis can be altered by climate phenomena and mainly by human migration and occupation of poorly explored territories. In Brazil, the endemy tends to expand towards the North and Center-West around the Amazon Region.",E,Paracoccidioidomycosis,indirect,fungi,Argentina
migration_24,migration_movement,"Martinez, R",New Trends in Paracoccidioidomycosis Epidemiology,JOURNAL OF FUNGI,"Paracoccidioidomycosis is a systemic fungal disease occurring in Latin America and more prevalent in South America. The disease is caused by the dimorphic fungus Paracoccidioides spp. whose major hosts are humans and armadillos. The fungus grows in soil and its infection is associated with exposure to the rural environment and to agricultural activities, with a higher risk in coffee and tobacco plantations. Population studies assessing the reactivity to Paracoccidioides spp. antigens by intradermal reaction or serological tests have detected previous subclinical infections in a significant proportion of healthy individuals living in various endemic countries. Paracoccidioidomycosis-disease is manifested by a small minority of infected individuals. The risk of developing the disease and its type of clinical form are related to the personal and life style characteristics of infected individuals, including genetic background, age, sex, ethnicity, smoking habit, alcohol drinking, and eventual cellular immunosuppression. Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela, Argentina, and Ecuador have endemic areas that had already been defined in the 20th century. The incidence of paracoccidioidomycosis can be altered by climate phenomena and mainly by human migration and occupation of poorly explored territories. In Brazil, the endemy tends to expand towards the North and Center-West around the Amazon Region.",E,Paracoccidioidomycosis,indirect,fungi,Colombia
migration_24,migration_movement,"Martinez, R",New Trends in Paracoccidioidomycosis Epidemiology,JOURNAL OF FUNGI,"Paracoccidioidomycosis is a systemic fungal disease occurring in Latin America and more prevalent in South America. The disease is caused by the dimorphic fungus Paracoccidioides spp. whose major hosts are humans and armadillos. The fungus grows in soil and its infection is associated with exposure to the rural environment and to agricultural activities, with a higher risk in coffee and tobacco plantations. Population studies assessing the reactivity to Paracoccidioides spp. antigens by intradermal reaction or serological tests have detected previous subclinical infections in a significant proportion of healthy individuals living in various endemic countries. Paracoccidioidomycosis-disease is manifested by a small minority of infected individuals. The risk of developing the disease and its type of clinical form are related to the personal and life style characteristics of infected individuals, including genetic background, age, sex, ethnicity, smoking habit, alcohol drinking, and eventual cellular immunosuppression. Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela, Argentina, and Ecuador have endemic areas that had already been defined in the 20th century. The incidence of paracoccidioidomycosis can be altered by climate phenomena and mainly by human migration and occupation of poorly explored territories. In Brazil, the endemy tends to expand towards the North and Center-West around the Amazon Region.",E,Paracoccidioidomycosis,indirect,fungi,Venezuela
migration_24,migration_movement,"Martinez, R",New Trends in Paracoccidioidomycosis Epidemiology,JOURNAL OF FUNGI,"Paracoccidioidomycosis is a systemic fungal disease occurring in Latin America and more prevalent in South America. The disease is caused by the dimorphic fungus Paracoccidioides spp. whose major hosts are humans and armadillos. The fungus grows in soil and its infection is associated with exposure to the rural environment and to agricultural activities, with a higher risk in coffee and tobacco plantations. Population studies assessing the reactivity to Paracoccidioides spp. antigens by intradermal reaction or serological tests have detected previous subclinical infections in a significant proportion of healthy individuals living in various endemic countries. Paracoccidioidomycosis-disease is manifested by a small minority of infected individuals. The risk of developing the disease and its type of clinical form are related to the personal and life style characteristics of infected individuals, including genetic background, age, sex, ethnicity, smoking habit, alcohol drinking, and eventual cellular immunosuppression. Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela, Argentina, and Ecuador have endemic areas that had already been defined in the 20th century. The incidence of paracoccidioidomycosis can be altered by climate phenomena and mainly by human migration and occupation of poorly explored territories. In Brazil, the endemy tends to expand towards the North and Center-West around the Amazon Region.",E,Paracoccidioidomycosis,indirect,fungi,Ecuador
migration_24,migration_movement,"Martinez, R",New Trends in Paracoccidioidomycosis Epidemiology,JOURNAL OF FUNGI,"Paracoccidioidomycosis is a systemic fungal disease occurring in Latin America and more prevalent in South America. The disease is caused by the dimorphic fungus Paracoccidioides spp. whose major hosts are humans and armadillos. The fungus grows in soil and its infection is associated with exposure to the rural environment and to agricultural activities, with a higher risk in coffee and tobacco plantations. Population studies assessing the reactivity to Paracoccidioides spp. antigens by intradermal reaction or serological tests have detected previous subclinical infections in a significant proportion of healthy individuals living in various endemic countries. Paracoccidioidomycosis-disease is manifested by a small minority of infected individuals. The risk of developing the disease and its type of clinical form are related to the personal and life style characteristics of infected individuals, including genetic background, age, sex, ethnicity, smoking habit, alcohol drinking, and eventual cellular immunosuppression. Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela, Argentina, and Ecuador have endemic areas that had already been defined in the 20th century. The incidence of paracoccidioidomycosis can be altered by climate phenomena and mainly by human migration and occupation of poorly explored territories. In Brazil, the endemy tends to expand towards the North and Center-West around the Amazon Region.",E,Paracoccidioidomycosis,indirect,fungi,Paragruay
migration_24,migration_movement,"Martinez, R",New Trends in Paracoccidioidomycosis Epidemiology,JOURNAL OF FUNGI,"Paracoccidioidomycosis is a systemic fungal disease occurring in Latin America and more prevalent in South America. The disease is caused by the dimorphic fungus Paracoccidioides spp. whose major hosts are humans and armadillos. The fungus grows in soil and its infection is associated with exposure to the rural environment and to agricultural activities, with a higher risk in coffee and tobacco plantations. Population studies assessing the reactivity to Paracoccidioides spp. antigens by intradermal reaction or serological tests have detected previous subclinical infections in a significant proportion of healthy individuals living in various endemic countries. Paracoccidioidomycosis-disease is manifested by a small minority of infected individuals. The risk of developing the disease and its type of clinical form are related to the personal and life style characteristics of infected individuals, including genetic background, age, sex, ethnicity, smoking habit, alcohol drinking, and eventual cellular immunosuppression. Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela, Argentina, and Ecuador have endemic areas that had already been defined in the 20th century. The incidence of paracoccidioidomycosis can be altered by climate phenomena and mainly by human migration and occupation of poorly explored territories. In Brazil, the endemy tends to expand towards the North and Center-West around the Amazon Region.",E,Paracoccidioidomycosis,indirect,fungi,Peru
migration_24,migration_movement,"Martinez, R",New Trends in Paracoccidioidomycosis Epidemiology,JOURNAL OF FUNGI,"Paracoccidioidomycosis is a systemic fungal disease occurring in Latin America and more prevalent in South America. The disease is caused by the dimorphic fungus Paracoccidioides spp. whose major hosts are humans and armadillos. The fungus grows in soil and its infection is associated with exposure to the rural environment and to agricultural activities, with a higher risk in coffee and tobacco plantations. Population studies assessing the reactivity to Paracoccidioides spp. antigens by intradermal reaction or serological tests have detected previous subclinical infections in a significant proportion of healthy individuals living in various endemic countries. Paracoccidioidomycosis-disease is manifested by a small minority of infected individuals. The risk of developing the disease and its type of clinical form are related to the personal and life style characteristics of infected individuals, including genetic background, age, sex, ethnicity, smoking habit, alcohol drinking, and eventual cellular immunosuppression. Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela, Argentina, and Ecuador have endemic areas that had already been defined in the 20th century. The incidence of paracoccidioidomycosis can be altered by climate phenomena and mainly by human migration and occupation of poorly explored territories. In Brazil, the endemy tends to expand towards the North and Center-West around the Amazon Region.",E,Paracoccidioidomycosis,indirect,fungi,Mexico
migration_24,migration_movement,"Martinez, R",New Trends in Paracoccidioidomycosis Epidemiology,JOURNAL OF FUNGI,"Paracoccidioidomycosis is a systemic fungal disease occurring in Latin America and more prevalent in South America. The disease is caused by the dimorphic fungus Paracoccidioides spp. whose major hosts are humans and armadillos. The fungus grows in soil and its infection is associated with exposure to the rural environment and to agricultural activities, with a higher risk in coffee and tobacco plantations. Population studies assessing the reactivity to Paracoccidioides spp. antigens by intradermal reaction or serological tests have detected previous subclinical infections in a significant proportion of healthy individuals living in various endemic countries. Paracoccidioidomycosis-disease is manifested by a small minority of infected individuals. The risk of developing the disease and its type of clinical form are related to the personal and life style characteristics of infected individuals, including genetic background, age, sex, ethnicity, smoking habit, alcohol drinking, and eventual cellular immunosuppression. Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela, Argentina, and Ecuador have endemic areas that had already been defined in the 20th century. The incidence of paracoccidioidomycosis can be altered by climate phenomena and mainly by human migration and occupation of poorly explored territories. In Brazil, the endemy tends to expand towards the North and Center-West around the Amazon Region.",E,Paracoccidioidomycosis,indirect,fungi,Uruguay
migration_25,migration_movement,"Mackenzie, JS; Lindsay, MDA; Smith, DW; Imrie, A",The ecology and epidemiology of Ross River and Murray Valley encephalitis viruses in Western Australia: examples of One Health in Action,TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE,"Arboviruses are maintained and transmitted through an alternating biological cycle in arthropods and vertebrates, with largely incidental disease in humans and animals. As such, they provide excellent examples of One Health, as their health impact is inextricably linked to their vertebrate hosts, their arthropod vectors and the environment. Prevention and control requires a comprehensive understanding of these interactions, and how they may be effectively and safely modified. This review concentrates on human disease due to Ross River and Murray Valley encephalitis viruses, the two major arboviral pathogens in Australia. It describes how their pattern of infection and disease is influenced by natural climatic and weather patterns, and by anthropogenic activities. The latter includes human-mediated environmental manipulations, such as water impoundment infrastructures, human movements and migration, and community and social changes, such as urban spread into mosquito larval habitats. Effective interventions need to be directed at the environmental precursors of risk. This can best be achieved using One Health approaches to improve collaboration and coordination between different disciplines and cross-sectoral jurisdictions in order to develop more holistic mitigation and control procedures, and to address poorly understood ecological issues through multidisciplinary research.",E,Arbovirus,vector,virus,Australia
migration_26,migration_movement,"McMichael, C",Climate change-related migration and infectious disease,VIRULENCE,"Anthropogenic climate change will have significant impacts on both human migration and population health, including infectious disease. It will amplify and alter migration pathways, and will contribute to the changing ecology and transmission dynamics of infectious disease. However there has been limited consideration of the intersections between migration and health in the context of a changing climate. This article argues that climate-change related migration - in conjunction with other drivers of migration - will contribute to changing profiles of infectious disease. It considers infectious disease risks for different climate-related migration pathways, including: forced displacement, slow-onset migration particularly to urban-poor areas, planned resettlement, and labor migration associated with climate change adaptation initiatives. Migration can reduce vulnerability to climate change, but it is critical to better understand and respond to health impacts - including infectious diseases - for migrant populations and host communities.",E,Diarrheal disease,indirect,multiple,Bangladesh
migration_26,migration_movement,"McMichael, C",Climate change-related migration and infectious disease,VIRULENCE,"Anthropogenic climate change will have significant impacts on both human migration and population health, including infectious disease. It will amplify and alter migration pathways, and will contribute to the changing ecology and transmission dynamics of infectious disease. However there has been limited consideration of the intersections between migration and health in the context of a changing climate. This article argues that climate-change related migration - in conjunction with other drivers of migration - will contribute to changing profiles of infectious disease. It considers infectious disease risks for different climate-related migration pathways, including: forced displacement, slow-onset migration particularly to urban-poor areas, planned resettlement, and labor migration associated with climate change adaptation initiatives. Migration can reduce vulnerability to climate change, but it is critical to better understand and respond to health impacts - including infectious diseases - for migrant populations and host communities.",E,Skin infections,multiple,multiple,Bangladesh
migration_26,migration_movement,"McMichael, C",Climate change-related migration and infectious disease,VIRULENCE,"Anthropogenic climate change will have significant impacts on both human migration and population health, including infectious disease. It will amplify and alter migration pathways, and will contribute to the changing ecology and transmission dynamics of infectious disease. However there has been limited consideration of the intersections between migration and health in the context of a changing climate. This article argues that climate-change related migration - in conjunction with other drivers of migration - will contribute to changing profiles of infectious disease. It considers infectious disease risks for different climate-related migration pathways, including: forced displacement, slow-onset migration particularly to urban-poor areas, planned resettlement, and labor migration associated with climate change adaptation initiatives. Migration can reduce vulnerability to climate change, but it is critical to better understand and respond to health impacts - including infectious diseases - for migrant populations and host communities.",E,Vector-borne pathogen,vector,multiple,Bangladesh
migration_26,migration_movement,"McMichael, C",Climate change-related migration and infectious disease,VIRULENCE,"Anthropogenic climate change will have significant impacts on both human migration and population health, including infectious disease. It will amplify and alter migration pathways, and will contribute to the changing ecology and transmission dynamics of infectious disease. However there has been limited consideration of the intersections between migration and health in the context of a changing climate. This article argues that climate-change related migration - in conjunction with other drivers of migration - will contribute to changing profiles of infectious disease. It considers infectious disease risks for different climate-related migration pathways, including: forced displacement, slow-onset migration particularly to urban-poor areas, planned resettlement, and labor migration associated with climate change adaptation initiatives. Migration can reduce vulnerability to climate change, but it is critical to better understand and respond to health impacts - including infectious diseases - for migrant populations and host communities.",E,Arbovirus,vector,virus,Bangladesh
migration_26,migration_movement,"McMichael, C",Climate change-related migration and infectious disease,VIRULENCE,"Anthropogenic climate change will have significant impacts on both human migration and population health, including infectious disease. It will amplify and alter migration pathways, and will contribute to the changing ecology and transmission dynamics of infectious disease. However there has been limited consideration of the intersections between migration and health in the context of a changing climate. This article argues that climate-change related migration - in conjunction with other drivers of migration - will contribute to changing profiles of infectious disease. It considers infectious disease risks for different climate-related migration pathways, including: forced displacement, slow-onset migration particularly to urban-poor areas, planned resettlement, and labor migration associated with climate change adaptation initiatives. Migration can reduce vulnerability to climate change, but it is critical to better understand and respond to health impacts - including infectious diseases - for migrant populations and host communities.",E,schistosomes,indirect,helminth,China
migration_26,migration_movement,"McMichael, C",Climate change-related migration and infectious disease,VIRULENCE,"Anthropogenic climate change will have significant impacts on both human migration and population health, including infectious disease. It will amplify and alter migration pathways, and will contribute to the changing ecology and transmission dynamics of infectious disease. However there has been limited consideration of the intersections between migration and health in the context of a changing climate. This article argues that climate-change related migration - in conjunction with other drivers of migration - will contribute to changing profiles of infectious disease. It considers infectious disease risks for different climate-related migration pathways, including: forced displacement, slow-onset migration particularly to urban-poor areas, planned resettlement, and labor migration associated with climate change adaptation initiatives. Migration can reduce vulnerability to climate change, but it is critical to better understand and respond to health impacts - including infectious diseases - for migrant populations and host communities.",E,Hepatitis,multiple,virus,China
migration_26,migration_movement,"McMichael, C",Climate change-related migration and infectious disease,VIRULENCE,"Anthropogenic climate change will have significant impacts on both human migration and population health, including infectious disease. It will amplify and alter migration pathways, and will contribute to the changing ecology and transmission dynamics of infectious disease. However there has been limited consideration of the intersections between migration and health in the context of a changing climate. This article argues that climate-change related migration - in conjunction with other drivers of migration - will contribute to changing profiles of infectious disease. It considers infectious disease risks for different climate-related migration pathways, including: forced displacement, slow-onset migration particularly to urban-poor areas, planned resettlement, and labor migration associated with climate change adaptation initiatives. Migration can reduce vulnerability to climate change, but it is critical to better understand and respond to health impacts - including infectious diseases - for migrant populations and host communities.",E,Pneumonia,direct,multiple,China
migration_26,migration_movement,"McMichael, C",Climate change-related migration and infectious disease,VIRULENCE,"Anthropogenic climate change will have significant impacts on both human migration and population health, including infectious disease. It will amplify and alter migration pathways, and will contribute to the changing ecology and transmission dynamics of infectious disease. However there has been limited consideration of the intersections between migration and health in the context of a changing climate. This article argues that climate-change related migration - in conjunction with other drivers of migration - will contribute to changing profiles of infectious disease. It considers infectious disease risks for different climate-related migration pathways, including: forced displacement, slow-onset migration particularly to urban-poor areas, planned resettlement, and labor migration associated with climate change adaptation initiatives. Migration can reduce vulnerability to climate change, but it is critical to better understand and respond to health impacts - including infectious diseases - for migrant populations and host communities.",E,Diarrheal disease,indirect,multiple,China
migration_26,migration_movement,"McMichael, C",Climate change-related migration and infectious disease,VIRULENCE,"Anthropogenic climate change will have significant impacts on both human migration and population health, including infectious disease. It will amplify and alter migration pathways, and will contribute to the changing ecology and transmission dynamics of infectious disease. However there has been limited consideration of the intersections between migration and health in the context of a changing climate. This article argues that climate-change related migration - in conjunction with other drivers of migration - will contribute to changing profiles of infectious disease. It considers infectious disease risks for different climate-related migration pathways, including: forced displacement, slow-onset migration particularly to urban-poor areas, planned resettlement, and labor migration associated with climate change adaptation initiatives. Migration can reduce vulnerability to climate change, but it is critical to better understand and respond to health impacts - including infectious diseases - for migrant populations and host communities.",E,Hantavirus,indirect,virus,China
migration_26,migration_movement,"McMichael, C",Climate change-related migration and infectious disease,VIRULENCE,"Anthropogenic climate change will have significant impacts on both human migration and population health, including infectious disease. It will amplify and alter migration pathways, and will contribute to the changing ecology and transmission dynamics of infectious disease. However there has been limited consideration of the intersections between migration and health in the context of a changing climate. This article argues that climate-change related migration - in conjunction with other drivers of migration - will contribute to changing profiles of infectious disease. It considers infectious disease risks for different climate-related migration pathways, including: forced displacement, slow-onset migration particularly to urban-poor areas, planned resettlement, and labor migration associated with climate change adaptation initiatives. Migration can reduce vulnerability to climate change, but it is critical to better understand and respond to health impacts - including infectious diseases - for migrant populations and host communities.",E,Malaria,vector,protozoa,China
migration_27,migration_movement,"Wu, XX; Tian, HY; Zhou, S; Chen, LF; Xu, B",Impact of global change on transmission of human infectious diseases,SCIENCE CHINA-EARTH SCIENCES,"Global change, which refers to large-scale changes in the earth system and human society, has been changing the outbreak and transmission mode of many infectious diseases. Climate change affects infectious diseases directly and indirectly. Meteorological factors including temperature, precipitation, humidity and radiation influence infectious disease by modulating pathogen, host and transmission pathways. Meteorological disasters such as droughts and floods directly impact the outbreak and transmission of infectious diseases. Climate change indirectly impacts infectious diseases by altering the ecological system, including its underlying surface and vegetation distribution. In addition, anthropogenic activities are a driving force for climate change and an indirect forcing a infectious disease transmission. International travel and rural-urban migration are a root cause of infectious disease transmission. Rapid urbanization along with poor infrastructure and high disease risk in the rural-urban fringe has been changing the pattern of disease outbreaks and mortality. Land use changes, such as agricultural expansion and deforestation, have already changed the transmission of infectious disease. Accelerated air, road and rail transportation development may not only increase the transmission speed of outbreaks, but also enlarge the scope of transmission area. In addition, more frequent trade and other economic activities will also increase the potential risks of disease outbreaks and facilitate the spread of infectious diseases.",E,Influenza,direct,virus,China
migration_27,migration_movement,"Wu, XX; Tian, HY; Zhou, S; Chen, LF; Xu, B",Impact of global change on transmission of human infectious diseases,SCIENCE CHINA-EARTH SCIENCES,"Global change, which refers to large-scale changes in the earth system and human society, has been changing the outbreak and transmission mode of many infectious diseases. Climate change affects infectious diseases directly and indirectly. Meteorological factors including temperature, precipitation, humidity and radiation influence infectious disease by modulating pathogen, host and transmission pathways. Meteorological disasters such as droughts and floods directly impact the outbreak and transmission of infectious diseases. Climate change indirectly impacts infectious diseases by altering the ecological system, including its underlying surface and vegetation distribution. In addition, anthropogenic activities are a driving force for climate change and an indirect forcing a infectious disease transmission. International travel and rural-urban migration are a root cause of infectious disease transmission. Rapid urbanization along with poor infrastructure and high disease risk in the rural-urban fringe has been changing the pattern of disease outbreaks and mortality. Land use changes, such as agricultural expansion and deforestation, have already changed the transmission of infectious disease. Accelerated air, road and rail transportation development may not only increase the transmission speed of outbreaks, but also enlarge the scope of transmission area. In addition, more frequent trade and other economic activities will also increase the potential risks of disease outbreaks and facilitate the spread of infectious diseases.",E,Hepatitis,multiple,virus,China
migration_27,migration_movement,"Wu, XX; Tian, HY; Zhou, S; Chen, LF; Xu, B",Impact of global change on transmission of human infectious diseases,SCIENCE CHINA-EARTH SCIENCES,"Global change, which refers to large-scale changes in the earth system and human society, has been changing the outbreak and transmission mode of many infectious diseases. Climate change affects infectious diseases directly and indirectly. Meteorological factors including temperature, precipitation, humidity and radiation influence infectious disease by modulating pathogen, host and transmission pathways. Meteorological disasters such as droughts and floods directly impact the outbreak and transmission of infectious diseases. Climate change indirectly impacts infectious diseases by altering the ecological system, including its underlying surface and vegetation distribution. In addition, anthropogenic activities are a driving force for climate change and an indirect forcing a infectious disease transmission. International travel and rural-urban migration are a root cause of infectious disease transmission. Rapid urbanization along with poor infrastructure and high disease risk in the rural-urban fringe has been changing the pattern of disease outbreaks and mortality. Land use changes, such as agricultural expansion and deforestation, have already changed the transmission of infectious disease. Accelerated air, road and rail transportation development may not only increase the transmission speed of outbreaks, but also enlarge the scope of transmission area. In addition, more frequent trade and other economic activities will also increase the potential risks of disease outbreaks and facilitate the spread of infectious diseases.",E,Syphilis,direct,bacteria,China
migration_27,migration_movement,"Wu, XX; Tian, HY; Zhou, S; Chen, LF; Xu, B",Impact of global change on transmission of human infectious diseases,SCIENCE CHINA-EARTH SCIENCES,"Global change, which refers to large-scale changes in the earth system and human society, has been changing the outbreak and transmission mode of many infectious diseases. Climate change affects infectious diseases directly and indirectly. Meteorological factors including temperature, precipitation, humidity and radiation influence infectious disease by modulating pathogen, host and transmission pathways. Meteorological disasters such as droughts and floods directly impact the outbreak and transmission of infectious diseases. Climate change indirectly impacts infectious diseases by altering the ecological system, including its underlying surface and vegetation distribution. In addition, anthropogenic activities are a driving force for climate change and an indirect forcing a infectious disease transmission. International travel and rural-urban migration are a root cause of infectious disease transmission. Rapid urbanization along with poor infrastructure and high disease risk in the rural-urban fringe has been changing the pattern of disease outbreaks and mortality. Land use changes, such as agricultural expansion and deforestation, have already changed the transmission of infectious disease. Accelerated air, road and rail transportation development may not only increase the transmission speed of outbreaks, but also enlarge the scope of transmission area. In addition, more frequent trade and other economic activities will also increase the potential risks of disease outbreaks and facilitate the spread of infectious diseases.",E,Measles,direct/indirect,multiple,China
migration_27,migration_movement,"Wu, XX; Tian, HY; Zhou, S; Chen, LF; Xu, B",Impact of global change on transmission of human infectious diseases,SCIENCE CHINA-EARTH SCIENCES,"Global change, which refers to large-scale changes in the earth system and human society, has been changing the outbreak and transmission mode of many infectious diseases. Climate change affects infectious diseases directly and indirectly. Meteorological factors including temperature, precipitation, humidity and radiation influence infectious disease by modulating pathogen, host and transmission pathways. Meteorological disasters such as droughts and floods directly impact the outbreak and transmission of infectious diseases. Climate change indirectly impacts infectious diseases by altering the ecological system, including its underlying surface and vegetation distribution. In addition, anthropogenic activities are a driving force for climate change and an indirect forcing a infectious disease transmission. International travel and rural-urban migration are a root cause of infectious disease transmission. Rapid urbanization along with poor infrastructure and high disease risk in the rural-urban fringe has been changing the pattern of disease outbreaks and mortality. Land use changes, such as agricultural expansion and deforestation, have already changed the transmission of infectious disease. Accelerated air, road and rail transportation development may not only increase the transmission speed of outbreaks, but also enlarge the scope of transmission area. In addition, more frequent trade and other economic activities will also increase the potential risks of disease outbreaks and facilitate the spread of infectious diseases.",E,Dysentery,indirect,multiple,China
migration_27,migration_movement,"Wu, XX; Tian, HY; Zhou, S; Chen, LF; Xu, B",Impact of global change on transmission of human infectious diseases,SCIENCE CHINA-EARTH SCIENCES,"Global change, which refers to large-scale changes in the earth system and human society, has been changing the outbreak and transmission mode of many infectious diseases. Climate change affects infectious diseases directly and indirectly. Meteorological factors including temperature, precipitation, humidity and radiation influence infectious disease by modulating pathogen, host and transmission pathways. Meteorological disasters such as droughts and floods directly impact the outbreak and transmission of infectious diseases. Climate change indirectly impacts infectious diseases by altering the ecological system, including its underlying surface and vegetation distribution. In addition, anthropogenic activities are a driving force for climate change and an indirect forcing a infectious disease transmission. International travel and rural-urban migration are a root cause of infectious disease transmission. Rapid urbanization along with poor infrastructure and high disease risk in the rural-urban fringe has been changing the pattern of disease outbreaks and mortality. Land use changes, such as agricultural expansion and deforestation, have already changed the transmission of infectious disease. Accelerated air, road and rail transportation development may not only increase the transmission speed of outbreaks, but also enlarge the scope of transmission area. In addition, more frequent trade and other economic activities will also increase the potential risks of disease outbreaks and facilitate the spread of infectious diseases.",E,Mumps,direct,virus,China
migration_27,migration_movement,"Wu, XX; Tian, HY; Zhou, S; Chen, LF; Xu, B",Impact of global change on transmission of human infectious diseases,SCIENCE CHINA-EARTH SCIENCES,"Global change, which refers to large-scale changes in the earth system and human society, has been changing the outbreak and transmission mode of many infectious diseases. Climate change affects infectious diseases directly and indirectly. Meteorological factors including temperature, precipitation, humidity and radiation influence infectious disease by modulating pathogen, host and transmission pathways. Meteorological disasters such as droughts and floods directly impact the outbreak and transmission of infectious diseases. Climate change indirectly impacts infectious diseases by altering the ecological system, including its underlying surface and vegetation distribution. In addition, anthropogenic activities are a driving force for climate change and an indirect forcing a infectious disease transmission. International travel and rural-urban migration are a root cause of infectious disease transmission. Rapid urbanization along with poor infrastructure and high disease risk in the rural-urban fringe has been changing the pattern of disease outbreaks and mortality. Land use changes, such as agricultural expansion and deforestation, have already changed the transmission of infectious disease. Accelerated air, road and rail transportation development may not only increase the transmission speed of outbreaks, but also enlarge the scope of transmission area. In addition, more frequent trade and other economic activities will also increase the potential risks of disease outbreaks and facilitate the spread of infectious diseases.",E,Diarrheal disease,indirect,multiple,China
migration_27,migration_movement,"Wu, XX; Tian, HY; Zhou, S; Chen, LF; Xu, B",Impact of global change on transmission of human infectious diseases,SCIENCE CHINA-EARTH SCIENCES,"Global change, which refers to large-scale changes in the earth system and human society, has been changing the outbreak and transmission mode of many infectious diseases. Climate change affects infectious diseases directly and indirectly. Meteorological factors including temperature, precipitation, humidity and radiation influence infectious disease by modulating pathogen, host and transmission pathways. Meteorological disasters such as droughts and floods directly impact the outbreak and transmission of infectious diseases. Climate change indirectly impacts infectious diseases by altering the ecological system, including its underlying surface and vegetation distribution. In addition, anthropogenic activities are a driving force for climate change and an indirect forcing a infectious disease transmission. International travel and rural-urban migration are a root cause of infectious disease transmission. Rapid urbanization along with poor infrastructure and high disease risk in the rural-urban fringe has been changing the pattern of disease outbreaks and mortality. Land use changes, such as agricultural expansion and deforestation, have already changed the transmission of infectious disease. Accelerated air, road and rail transportation development may not only increase the transmission speed of outbreaks, but also enlarge the scope of transmission area. In addition, more frequent trade and other economic activities will also increase the potential risks of disease outbreaks and facilitate the spread of infectious diseases.",E,Cholera,indirect,bacteria,Tanzania
migration_28,migration_movement,"Bayer, AM; Danysh, HE; Garvich, M; Gonzálvez, G; Checkley, W; Alvarez, M; Gilman, RH",An unforgettable event: a qualitative study of the 1997-98 El Nino in northern Peru,DISASTERS,"During the 1997-98 El Nino, Tumbes, Peru received 16 times the annual average rainfall. This study explores how Tumbes residents perceived the impact of the El Nino event on basic necessities, transport, health care, jobs and migration. Forty-five individuals from five rural communities, some of which were isolated from the rest of Tumbes during the event, participated in five focus groups; six of these individuals constructed nutrition diaries. When asked about events in the past 20 years, participants identified the 1997-98 El Nino as a major negative event. The El Nino disaster situation induced a decrease in access to transport and health care and the rise in infectious diseases was swiftly contained. Residents needed more time to rebuild housing; recover agriculture, livestock and income stability; and return to eating sufficient animal protein. Although large-scale assistance minimized effects of the disaster, residents needed more support. Residents' perspectives on their risk of flooding should be considered in generating effective assistance policies and programmes.",D,Malaria,vector,protozoa,Peru
migration_28,migration_movement,"Bayer, AM; Danysh, HE; Garvich, M; Gonzálvez, G; Checkley, W; Alvarez, M; Gilman, RH",An unforgettable event: a qualitative study of the 1997-98 El Nino in northern Peru,DISASTERS,"During the 1997-98 El Nino, Tumbes, Peru received 16 times the annual average rainfall. This study explores how Tumbes residents perceived the impact of the El Nino event on basic necessities, transport, health care, jobs and migration. Forty-five individuals from five rural communities, some of which were isolated from the rest of Tumbes during the event, participated in five focus groups; six of these individuals constructed nutrition diaries. When asked about events in the past 20 years, participants identified the 1997-98 El Nino as a major negative event. The El Nino disaster situation induced a decrease in access to transport and health care and the rise in infectious diseases was swiftly contained. Residents needed more time to rebuild housing; recover agriculture, livestock and income stability; and return to eating sufficient animal protein. Although large-scale assistance minimized effects of the disaster, residents needed more support. Residents' perspectives on their risk of flooding should be considered in generating effective assistance policies and programmes.",D,Typhoid,indirect,bacteria,Peru
migration_28,migration_movement,"Bayer, AM; Danysh, HE; Garvich, M; Gonzálvez, G; Checkley, W; Alvarez, M; Gilman, RH",An unforgettable event: a qualitative study of the 1997-98 El Nino in northern Peru,DISASTERS,"During the 1997-98 El Nino, Tumbes, Peru received 16 times the annual average rainfall. This study explores how Tumbes residents perceived the impact of the El Nino event on basic necessities, transport, health care, jobs and migration. Forty-five individuals from five rural communities, some of which were isolated from the rest of Tumbes during the event, participated in five focus groups; six of these individuals constructed nutrition diaries. When asked about events in the past 20 years, participants identified the 1997-98 El Nino as a major negative event. The El Nino disaster situation induced a decrease in access to transport and health care and the rise in infectious diseases was swiftly contained. Residents needed more time to rebuild housing; recover agriculture, livestock and income stability; and return to eating sufficient animal protein. Although large-scale assistance minimized effects of the disaster, residents needed more support. Residents' perspectives on their risk of flooding should be considered in generating effective assistance policies and programmes.",D,Arbovirus,vector,virus,Peru
migration_28,migration_movement,"Bayer, AM; Danysh, HE; Garvich, M; Gonzálvez, G; Checkley, W; Alvarez, M; Gilman, RH",An unforgettable event: a qualitative study of the 1997-98 El Nino in northern Peru,DISASTERS,"During the 1997-98 El Nino, Tumbes, Peru received 16 times the annual average rainfall. This study explores how Tumbes residents perceived the impact of the El Nino event on basic necessities, transport, health care, jobs and migration. Forty-five individuals from five rural communities, some of which were isolated from the rest of Tumbes during the event, participated in five focus groups; six of these individuals constructed nutrition diaries. When asked about events in the past 20 years, participants identified the 1997-98 El Nino as a major negative event. The El Nino disaster situation induced a decrease in access to transport and health care and the rise in infectious diseases was swiftly contained. Residents needed more time to rebuild housing; recover agriculture, livestock and income stability; and return to eating sufficient animal protein. Although large-scale assistance minimized effects of the disaster, residents needed more support. Residents' perspectives on their risk of flooding should be considered in generating effective assistance policies and programmes.",D,Cholera,indirect,bacteria,Peru
migration_28,migration_movement,"Bayer, AM; Danysh, HE; Garvich, M; Gonzálvez, G; Checkley, W; Alvarez, M; Gilman, RH",An unforgettable event: a qualitative study of the 1997-98 El Nino in northern Peru,DISASTERS,"During the 1997-98 El Nino, Tumbes, Peru received 16 times the annual average rainfall. This study explores how Tumbes residents perceived the impact of the El Nino event on basic necessities, transport, health care, jobs and migration. Forty-five individuals from five rural communities, some of which were isolated from the rest of Tumbes during the event, participated in five focus groups; six of these individuals constructed nutrition diaries. When asked about events in the past 20 years, participants identified the 1997-98 El Nino as a major negative event. The El Nino disaster situation induced a decrease in access to transport and health care and the rise in infectious diseases was swiftly contained. Residents needed more time to rebuild housing; recover agriculture, livestock and income stability; and return to eating sufficient animal protein. Although large-scale assistance minimized effects of the disaster, residents needed more support. Residents' perspectives on their risk of flooding should be considered in generating effective assistance policies and programmes.",D,Respiratory infection,direct,multiple,Peru
migration_29,migration_movement,"Gazzinelli, A; Correa-Oliveira, R; Yang, GJ; Boatin, BA; Kloos, H","A Research Agenda for Helminth Diseases of Humans: Social Ecology, Environmental Determinants, and Health Systems",PLOS NEGLECTED TROPICAL DISEASES,"In this paper, the Disease Reference Group on Helminth Infections (DRG4), established in 2009 by the Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR), with the mandate to review helminthiases research and identify research priorities and gaps, focuses on the environmental, social, behavioural, and political determinants of human helminth infections and outlines a research and development agenda for the socioeconomic and health systems research required for the development of sustainable control programmes. Using Stockols' social-ecological approach, we describe the role of various social (poverty, policy, stigma, culture, and migration) and environmental determinants (the home environment, water resources development, and climate change) in the perpetuation of helminthic diseases, as well as their impact as contextual factors on health promotion interventions through both the regular and community-based health systems. We examine these interactions in regard to community participation, intersectoral collaboration, gender, and possibilities for upscaling helminthic disease control and elimination programmes within the context of integrated and interdisciplinary approaches. The research agenda summarises major gaps that need to be addressed.",E,Helminths,indirect,helminth,Global
migration_30,migration_movement,"Nieto, NC; Khan, K; Uhllah, G; Teglas, MB","The emergence and maintenance of vector-borne diseases in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province, and the Federally Administered Tribal Areas of Pakistan",FRONTIERS IN PHYSIOLOGY,"Human populations throughout much of the world are experiencing unprecedented changes in their relationship to the environment and their interactions with the animals with which so many humans are intimately dependent upon. These changes result not only from human induced changes in the climate, but also from population demographic changes due to wars, social unrest, behavioral changes resulting from cultural mixing, and large changes in land-use practices. Each of these social shifts can affect the maintenance and emergence of arthropod vectors disease or the pathogenic organisms themselves. A good example is the country of Pakistan, with a large rural population and developing urban economy, it also maintains a wide diversity of entomological disease vectors, including biting flies, mosquitoes, and ticks. Pathogens endemic to the region include the agents of piroplasmosis, rickettsiosis, spirochetosis, and viral hemorrhagic fevers and encephalitis. The northwestern region of the country, including the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province (KPK), formerly the North-West Frontier Provence (NWFP), and the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) are mountainous regions with a high degree of habitat diversity that has recently undergone a massive increase in human population density due to an immigrating refugee population from neighboring war-torn Afghanistan. Vector-borne diseases in people and livestock are common in KPK and FATA regions due to the limited use of vector control measures and access to livestock vaccines. The vast majority of people in this region live in abject poverty with >70% of the population living directly from production gained in animal husbandry. In many instances whole families live directly alongside their animal counterparts. In addition, there is little to no awareness of the threat posed by ticks and transmission of either zoonotic or veterinary pathogens. Recent emergence of Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever virus in rural populations, outbreaks of Dengue hemorrhagic fever have been reported in the region, and high prevalence of cattle infected and co-infected with multiple species of hemoparasites (Theileria, Babesia, Anaplasma). The emergence of which has followed the increased density of the rural population due to an influx of refugees from violent conflicts in Afghanistan and is exacerbated by an already impoverished society and wide diversity of potential arthropod vectors. These human outbreaks may be exacerbated by episodes of social upheaval but are also tied to the historically close association of people in the region with their livestock and subsequent zoonosis that result from spillover from co-habitation with infected domestic animals.",E,Arbovirus,vector,virus,Pakistan
migration_30,migration_movement,"Nieto, NC; Khan, K; Uhllah, G; Teglas, MB","The emergence and maintenance of vector-borne diseases in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province, and the Federally Administered Tribal Areas of Pakistan",FRONTIERS IN PHYSIOLOGY,"Human populations throughout much of the world are experiencing unprecedented changes in their relationship to the environment and their interactions with the animals with which so many humans are intimately dependent upon. These changes result not only from human induced changes in the climate, but also from population demographic changes due to wars, social unrest, behavioral changes resulting from cultural mixing, and large changes in land-use practices. Each of these social shifts can affect the maintenance and emergence of arthropod vectors disease or the pathogenic organisms themselves. A good example is the country of Pakistan, with a large rural population and developing urban economy, it also maintains a wide diversity of entomological disease vectors, including biting flies, mosquitoes, and ticks. Pathogens endemic to the region include the agents of piroplasmosis, rickettsiosis, spirochetosis, and viral hemorrhagic fevers and encephalitis. The northwestern region of the country, including the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province (KPK), formerly the North-West Frontier Provence (NWFP), and the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) are mountainous regions with a high degree of habitat diversity that has recently undergone a massive increase in human population density due to an immigrating refugee population from neighboring war-torn Afghanistan. Vector-borne diseases in people and livestock are common in KPK and FATA regions due to the limited use of vector control measures and access to livestock vaccines. The vast majority of people in this region live in abject poverty with >70% of the population living directly from production gained in animal husbandry. In many instances whole families live directly alongside their animal counterparts. In addition, there is little to no awareness of the threat posed by ticks and transmission of either zoonotic or veterinary pathogens. Recent emergence of Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever virus in rural populations, outbreaks of Dengue hemorrhagic fever have been reported in the region, and high prevalence of cattle infected and co-infected with multiple species of hemoparasites (Theileria, Babesia, Anaplasma). The emergence of which has followed the increased density of the rural population due to an influx of refugees from violent conflicts in Afghanistan and is exacerbated by an already impoverished society and wide diversity of potential arthropod vectors. These human outbreaks may be exacerbated by episodes of social upheaval but are also tied to the historically close association of people in the region with their livestock and subsequent zoonosis that result from spillover from co-habitation with infected domestic animals.",E,TBD,vector,virus,Pakistan
migration_31,migration_movement,"Bayoh, MN; Akhwale, W; Ombok, M; Sang, D; Engoki, SC; Koros, D; Walker, ED; Williams, HA; Burke, H; Armstrong, GL; Cetron, MS; Weinberg, M; Breiman, R; Hamel, MJ","Malaria in Kakuma refugee camp, Turkana, Kenya: facilitation of Anopheles arabiensis vector populations by installed water distribution and catchment systems",MALARIA JOURNAL,"Background: Malaria is a major health concern for displaced persons occupying refugee camps in sub-Saharan Africa, yet there is little information on the incidence of infection and nature of transmission in these settings. Kakuma Refugee Camp, located in a dry area of north-western Kenya, has hosted ca. 60,000 to 90,000 refugees since 1992, primarily from Sudan and Somalia. The purpose of this study was to investigate malaria prevalence and attack rate and sources of Anopheles vectors in Kakuma refugee camp, in 2005-2006, after a malaria epidemic was observed by staff at camp clinics. Methods: Malaria prevalence and attack rate was estimated from cases of fever presenting to camp clinics and the hospital in August 2005, using rapid diagnostic tests and microscopy of blood smears. Larval habitats of vectors were sampled and mapped. Houses were sampled for adult vectors using the pyrethrum knockdown spray method, and mapped. Vectors were identified to species level and their infection with Plasmodium falciparum determined. Results: Prevalence of febrile illness with P. falciparum was highest among the 5 to 17 year olds (62.4%) while malaria attack rate was highest among the two to 4 year olds (5.2/1,000/day). Infected individuals were spatially concentrated in three of the 11 residential zones of the camp. The indoor densities of Anopheles arabiensis, the sole malaria vector, were similar during the wet and dry seasons, but were distributed in an aggregated fashion and predominantly in the same zones where malaria attack rates were high. Larval habitats and larval populations were also concentrated in these zones. Larval habitats were man-made pits of water associated with tap-stands installed as the water delivery system to residents with year round availability in the camp. Three percent of A. arabiensis adult females were infected with P. falciparum sporozoites in the rainy season. Conclusions: Malaria in Kakuma refugee camp was due mainly to infection with P. falciparum and showed a hyperendemic age-prevalence profile, in an area with otherwise low risk of malaria given prevailing climate. Transmission was sustained by A. arabiensis, whose populations were facilitated by installation of man-made water distribution and catchment systems.",D,Malaria,vector,protozoa,Kenya
rain_1,rainwater harvesting,"Wang, QG; Jiang, GH; Sun, ZY; Liang, YM; Liu, F; Shi, J","Water quality and microecosystem of water tanks in karst mountainous area, Southwest China",ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH,"Karst mountainous areas in Southwest China, the world's largest bare karst area, are faced with growing water shortages. Rainwater harvesting plays an important role in alleviating water shortage. However, there remains a substantial gap in the research regarding the water quality of tanks. Water samples were seasonally collected from ten tanks to investigate the physicochemical properties, microbial communities, and their key influencing factors. The result showed that pH, turbidity, chroma, DOC, and CODMn exceeded drinking water guidelines. The alkaline pH value and the deterioration of sensory properties was the main feature of tank water, from which the over-standard rate of the uncleaned water tanks was higher. Moreover, principal component analyses suggested that tank water quality was influenced by human activities, catchment areas, and material cycling processes within the tanks, of which in-tank microbial activities were the most important driving factors in water quality variation. Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Cyanobacteria, Firmicutes, and Verrucomicrobia were the predominant bacterial phyla in water tanks. Acinetobacter, Cyanobium-PCC-6307, CL500-29-marine-group, Candidatus-Aquiluna, and Exiguobacterium were the most abundant genera. The bacterial communities were significantly affected by the management practices. Higher relative abundance of Cyanobacteria and lower relative abundance of Proteobacteria was detected in the uncleaned tanks, which was a sign of tank water quality deterioration. The microbial community structure was closely related to the environmental factors. There was evidence that the water quality was affected by the existence of a microecosystem dominated by photosynthetic microorganisms in the water tanks. In addition, Acinetobacter, Enterobacter, Pseudomonas, and Legionella identified as the potential opportunistic pathogenic genera were frequently detected but the relative abundances except Acinetobacter were low in the tanks. Overall, our findings indicated that management style influences water quality and bacterial communities of tank water.",D,Acinetobacter,indirect,bacteria,China
rain_1,rainwater harvesting,"Wang, QG; Jiang, GH; Sun, ZY; Liang, YM; Liu, F; Shi, J","Water quality and microecosystem of water tanks in karst mountainous area, Southwest China",ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH,"Karst mountainous areas in Southwest China, the world's largest bare karst area, are faced with growing water shortages. Rainwater harvesting plays an important role in alleviating water shortage. However, there remains a substantial gap in the research regarding the water quality of tanks. Water samples were seasonally collected from ten tanks to investigate the physicochemical properties, microbial communities, and their key influencing factors. The result showed that pH, turbidity, chroma, DOC, and CODMn exceeded drinking water guidelines. The alkaline pH value and the deterioration of sensory properties was the main feature of tank water, from which the over-standard rate of the uncleaned water tanks was higher. Moreover, principal component analyses suggested that tank water quality was influenced by human activities, catchment areas, and material cycling processes within the tanks, of which in-tank microbial activities were the most important driving factors in water quality variation. Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Cyanobacteria, Firmicutes, and Verrucomicrobia were the predominant bacterial phyla in water tanks. Acinetobacter, Cyanobium-PCC-6307, CL500-29-marine-group, Candidatus-Aquiluna, and Exiguobacterium were the most abundant genera. The bacterial communities were significantly affected by the management practices. Higher relative abundance of Cyanobacteria and lower relative abundance of Proteobacteria was detected in the uncleaned tanks, which was a sign of tank water quality deterioration. The microbial community structure was closely related to the environmental factors. There was evidence that the water quality was affected by the existence of a microecosystem dominated by photosynthetic microorganisms in the water tanks. In addition, Acinetobacter, Enterobacter, Pseudomonas, and Legionella identified as the potential opportunistic pathogenic genera were frequently detected but the relative abundances except Acinetobacter were low in the tanks. Overall, our findings indicated that management style influences water quality and bacterial communities of tank water.",D,Enterobacter,indirect,bacteria,China
rain_1,rainwater harvesting,"Wang, QG; Jiang, GH; Sun, ZY; Liang, YM; Liu, F; Shi, J","Water quality and microecosystem of water tanks in karst mountainous area, Southwest China",ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH,"Karst mountainous areas in Southwest China, the world's largest bare karst area, are faced with growing water shortages. Rainwater harvesting plays an important role in alleviating water shortage. However, there remains a substantial gap in the research regarding the water quality of tanks. Water samples were seasonally collected from ten tanks to investigate the physicochemical properties, microbial communities, and their key influencing factors. The result showed that pH, turbidity, chroma, DOC, and CODMn exceeded drinking water guidelines. The alkaline pH value and the deterioration of sensory properties was the main feature of tank water, from which the over-standard rate of the uncleaned water tanks was higher. Moreover, principal component analyses suggested that tank water quality was influenced by human activities, catchment areas, and material cycling processes within the tanks, of which in-tank microbial activities were the most important driving factors in water quality variation. Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Cyanobacteria, Firmicutes, and Verrucomicrobia were the predominant bacterial phyla in water tanks. Acinetobacter, Cyanobium-PCC-6307, CL500-29-marine-group, Candidatus-Aquiluna, and Exiguobacterium were the most abundant genera. The bacterial communities were significantly affected by the management practices. Higher relative abundance of Cyanobacteria and lower relative abundance of Proteobacteria was detected in the uncleaned tanks, which was a sign of tank water quality deterioration. The microbial community structure was closely related to the environmental factors. There was evidence that the water quality was affected by the existence of a microecosystem dominated by photosynthetic microorganisms in the water tanks. In addition, Acinetobacter, Enterobacter, Pseudomonas, and Legionella identified as the potential opportunistic pathogenic genera were frequently detected but the relative abundances except Acinetobacter were low in the tanks. Overall, our findings indicated that management style influences water quality and bacterial communities of tank water.",D,Pseudomonas,indirect,bacteria,China
rain_1,rainwater harvesting,"Wang, QG; Jiang, GH; Sun, ZY; Liang, YM; Liu, F; Shi, J","Water quality and microecosystem of water tanks in karst mountainous area, Southwest China",ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH,"Karst mountainous areas in Southwest China, the world's largest bare karst area, are faced with growing water shortages. Rainwater harvesting plays an important role in alleviating water shortage. However, there remains a substantial gap in the research regarding the water quality of tanks. Water samples were seasonally collected from ten tanks to investigate the physicochemical properties, microbial communities, and their key influencing factors. The result showed that pH, turbidity, chroma, DOC, and CODMn exceeded drinking water guidelines. The alkaline pH value and the deterioration of sensory properties was the main feature of tank water, from which the over-standard rate of the uncleaned water tanks was higher. Moreover, principal component analyses suggested that tank water quality was influenced by human activities, catchment areas, and material cycling processes within the tanks, of which in-tank microbial activities were the most important driving factors in water quality variation. Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Cyanobacteria, Firmicutes, and Verrucomicrobia were the predominant bacterial phyla in water tanks. Acinetobacter, Cyanobium-PCC-6307, CL500-29-marine-group, Candidatus-Aquiluna, and Exiguobacterium were the most abundant genera. The bacterial communities were significantly affected by the management practices. Higher relative abundance of Cyanobacteria and lower relative abundance of Proteobacteria was detected in the uncleaned tanks, which was a sign of tank water quality deterioration. The microbial community structure was closely related to the environmental factors. There was evidence that the water quality was affected by the existence of a microecosystem dominated by photosynthetic microorganisms in the water tanks. In addition, Acinetobacter, Enterobacter, Pseudomonas, and Legionella identified as the potential opportunistic pathogenic genera were frequently detected but the relative abundances except Acinetobacter were low in the tanks. Overall, our findings indicated that management style influences water quality and bacterial communities of tank water.",D,Legionella,indirect,bacteria,China
rain_2,rainwater harvesting,"Nwogu, FU; Ubuoh, EA; Kanu, SC",Chemical characteristics and microbiological loads of harvested rainwater run-off from roof tops in South Eastern Nigeria,DISCOVER SUSTAINABILITY,,D,Enterobacter,indirect,bacteria,Nigeria
rain_2,rainwater harvesting,"Nwogu, FU; Ubuoh, EA; Kanu, SC",Chemical characteristics and microbiological loads of harvested rainwater run-off from roof tops in South Eastern Nigeria,DISCOVER SUSTAINABILITY,,D,Staphylococcus,indirect,bacteria,Nigeria
rain_2,rainwater harvesting,"Nwogu, FU; Ubuoh, EA; Kanu, SC",Chemical characteristics and microbiological loads of harvested rainwater run-off from roof tops in South Eastern Nigeria,DISCOVER SUSTAINABILITY,,D,Streptococcus,indirect,bacteria,Nigeria
rain_2,rainwater harvesting,"Nwogu, FU; Ubuoh, EA; Kanu, SC",Chemical characteristics and microbiological loads of harvested rainwater run-off from roof tops in South Eastern Nigeria,DISCOVER SUSTAINABILITY,,D,Bacillus,indirect,bacteria,Nigeria
rain_2,rainwater harvesting,"Nwogu, FU; Ubuoh, EA; Kanu, SC",Chemical characteristics and microbiological loads of harvested rainwater run-off from roof tops in South Eastern Nigeria,DISCOVER SUSTAINABILITY,,D,E-coli,indirect,bacteria,Nigeria
rain_4,rainwater harvesting,"Reyneke, B; Khan, S; Khan, W",Social perception and risk assessment of domestic uses of solar pasteurized rainwater in an informal settlement community,JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICAL ENGINEERING,,B,Legionella,indirect,bacteria,South Africa
rain_4,rainwater harvesting,"Reyneke, B; Khan, S; Khan, W",Social perception and risk assessment of domestic uses of solar pasteurized rainwater in an informal settlement community,JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICAL ENGINEERING,,B,Pseudomonas,indirect,bacteria,South Africa
rain_4,rainwater harvesting,"Reyneke, B; Khan, S; Khan, W",Social perception and risk assessment of domestic uses of solar pasteurized rainwater in an informal settlement community,JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICAL ENGINEERING,,B,Salmonella,indirect,bacteria,South Africa
rain_6,rainwater harvesting,"Rao, G; Kahler, A; Voth-Gaeddert, LE; Cranford, H; Libbey, S; Galloway, R; Molinari, NA; Ellis, EM; Yoder, JS; Mattioli, MC; Ellis, BR","Microbial Characterization, Factors Contributing to Contamination, and Household Use of Cistern Water, U.S. Virgin Islands",ACS ES&T WATER,,D,E-coli,indirect,bacteria,US Virgin Islands
rain_6,rainwater harvesting,"Rao, G; Kahler, A; Voth-Gaeddert, LE; Cranford, H; Libbey, S; Galloway, R; Molinari, NA; Ellis, EM; Yoder, JS; Mattioli, MC; Ellis, BR","Microbial Characterization, Factors Contributing to Contamination, and Household Use of Cistern Water, U.S. Virgin Islands",ACS ES&T WATER,,D,Cryptosporidium,indirect,protozoa,US Virgin Islands
rain_6,rainwater harvesting,"Rao, G; Kahler, A; Voth-Gaeddert, LE; Cranford, H; Libbey, S; Galloway, R; Molinari, NA; Ellis, EM; Yoder, JS; Mattioli, MC; Ellis, BR","Microbial Characterization, Factors Contributing to Contamination, and Household Use of Cistern Water, U.S. Virgin Islands",ACS ES&T WATER,,D,Naegleria fowleri,indirect,protozoa,US Virgin Islands
rain_6,rainwater harvesting,"Rao, G; Kahler, A; Voth-Gaeddert, LE; Cranford, H; Libbey, S; Galloway, R; Molinari, NA; Ellis, EM; Yoder, JS; Mattioli, MC; Ellis, BR","Microbial Characterization, Factors Contributing to Contamination, and Household Use of Cistern Water, U.S. Virgin Islands",ACS ES&T WATER,,D,Bacteroides,indirect,bacteria,US Virgin Islands
rain_6,rainwater harvesting,"Rao, G; Kahler, A; Voth-Gaeddert, LE; Cranford, H; Libbey, S; Galloway, R; Molinari, NA; Ellis, EM; Yoder, JS; Mattioli, MC; Ellis, BR","Microbial Characterization, Factors Contributing to Contamination, and Household Use of Cistern Water, U.S. Virgin Islands",ACS ES&T WATER,,D,leptospira,indirect,bacteria,US Virgin Islands
rain_7,rainwater harvesting,"Shubo, T; Maranhao, AG; Ferreira, FC; Mouta, SDE; Macena, LDD; Morgado, CDV; Warish, A; Sidhu, JPS; Miagostovich, MP","Microbiological characterization of stormwater in a high-income neighborhood in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil",ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT,,D,E-coli,indirect,bacteria,Brazil
rain_7,rainwater harvesting,"Shubo, T; Maranhao, AG; Ferreira, FC; Mouta, SDE; Macena, LDD; Morgado, CDV; Warish, A; Sidhu, JPS; Miagostovich, MP","Microbiological characterization of stormwater in a high-income neighborhood in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil",ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT,,D,Adenovirus,indirect,virus,Brazil
rain_7,rainwater harvesting,"Shubo, T; Maranhao, AG; Ferreira, FC; Mouta, SDE; Macena, LDD; Morgado, CDV; Warish, A; Sidhu, JPS; Miagostovich, MP","Microbiological characterization of stormwater in a high-income neighborhood in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil",ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT,,D,Polyomavirus,indirect,virus,Brazil
rain_10,rainwater harvesting,"Prado, T; Shubo, T; Freitas, L; Leomil, L; Maranhao, AG; Miagostovich, MP",Virome in roof-harvested rainwater of a densely urbanized low-income region,SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT,,D,Hepatitis A,indirect,virus,Brazil
rain_10,rainwater harvesting,"Prado, T; Shubo, T; Freitas, L; Leomil, L; Maranhao, AG; Miagostovich, MP",Virome in roof-harvested rainwater of a densely urbanized low-income region,SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT,,D,Other virus,indirect,virus,Brazil
rain_11,rainwater harvesting,"Shubo, T; Maranhao, A; Ferreira, FC; Fumian, TM; Pimenta, MMA; Morgado, CDV; Toze, S; Ahmed, W; Sidhu, J; Miagostovich, MP",Virological Characterization of Roof-Harvested Rainwater of Densely Urbanized Low-Income Region,FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY,,D,Adenovirus,indirect,virus,Brazil
rain_11,rainwater harvesting,"Shubo, T; Maranhao, A; Ferreira, FC; Fumian, TM; Pimenta, MMA; Morgado, CDV; Toze, S; Ahmed, W; Sidhu, J; Miagostovich, MP",Virological Characterization of Roof-Harvested Rainwater of Densely Urbanized Low-Income Region,FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY,,D,Norovirus,indirect,virus,Brazil
rain_11,rainwater harvesting,"Shubo, T; Maranhao, A; Ferreira, FC; Fumian, TM; Pimenta, MMA; Morgado, CDV; Toze, S; Ahmed, W; Sidhu, J; Miagostovich, MP",Virological Characterization of Roof-Harvested Rainwater of Densely Urbanized Low-Income Region,FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY,,D,Rotavirus,indirect,virus,Brazil
rain_13,rainwater harvesting,"Denissen, JK; Reyneke, B; Waso, M; Khan, S; Khan, W",Human Pathogenic Bacteria Detected in Rainwater: Risk Assessment and Correlation to Microbial Source Tracking Markers and Traditional Indicators,FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY,,D,Mycobacterium,indirect,bacteria,South Africa
rain_13,rainwater harvesting,"Denissen, JK; Reyneke, B; Waso, M; Khan, S; Khan, W",Human Pathogenic Bacteria Detected in Rainwater: Risk Assessment and Correlation to Microbial Source Tracking Markers and Traditional Indicators,FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY,,D,Yersinia,indirect,bacteria,South Africa
rain_13,rainwater harvesting,"Denissen, JK; Reyneke, B; Waso, M; Khan, S; Khan, W",Human Pathogenic Bacteria Detected in Rainwater: Risk Assessment and Correlation to Microbial Source Tracking Markers and Traditional Indicators,FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY,,D,Listeria,indirect,bacteria,South Africa
rain_15,rainwater harvesting,"Scalize, PS; Gabriel, EFM; Lima, FS; Arruda, PN; Lopes, HTLB; Reis, YP; Carneiro, LC; Bezerra, NR; Fiaccadori, FS; Baumann, LRF","Physicochemical, microbiological quality, and risk assessment of water consumed by a quilombola community in midwestern Brazil",ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH,,D,Adenovirus,indirect,virus,Brazil
rain_15,rainwater harvesting,"Scalize, PS; Gabriel, EFM; Lima, FS; Arruda, PN; Lopes, HTLB; Reis, YP; Carneiro, LC; Bezerra, NR; Fiaccadori, FS; Baumann, LRF","Physicochemical, microbiological quality, and risk assessment of water consumed by a quilombola community in midwestern Brazil",ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH,,D,E-coli,indirect,bacteria,Brazil
rain_20,rainwater harvesting,"Reyneke, B; Ndlovu, T; Vincent, MB; Martínez-García, A; Polo-López, MI; Fernández-Ibáñez, P; Ferrero, G; Khan, S; McGuigan, KG; Khan, W",Validation of large-volume batch solar reactors for the treatment of rainwater in field trials in sub-Saharan Africa,SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT,,D,E-coli,indirect,bacteria,South Africa
rain_20,rainwater harvesting,"Reyneke, B; Ndlovu, T; Vincent, MB; Martínez-García, A; Polo-López, MI; Fernández-Ibáñez, P; Ferrero, G; Khan, S; McGuigan, KG; Khan, W",Validation of large-volume batch solar reactors for the treatment of rainwater in field trials in sub-Saharan Africa,SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT,,D,Enterococcus,indirect,bacteria,South Africa
rain_20,rainwater harvesting,"Reyneke, B; Ndlovu, T; Vincent, MB; Martínez-García, A; Polo-López, MI; Fernández-Ibáñez, P; Ferrero, G; Khan, S; McGuigan, KG; Khan, W",Validation of large-volume batch solar reactors for the treatment of rainwater in field trials in sub-Saharan Africa,SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT,,D,Klebsiella,indirect,bacteria,South Africa
rain_20,rainwater harvesting,"Reyneke, B; Ndlovu, T; Vincent, MB; Martínez-García, A; Polo-López, MI; Fernández-Ibáñez, P; Ferrero, G; Khan, S; McGuigan, KG; Khan, W",Validation of large-volume batch solar reactors for the treatment of rainwater in field trials in sub-Saharan Africa,SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT,,D,Legionella,indirect,bacteria,South Africa
rain_20,rainwater harvesting,"Reyneke, B; Ndlovu, T; Vincent, MB; Martínez-García, A; Polo-López, MI; Fernández-Ibáñez, P; Ferrero, G; Khan, S; McGuigan, KG; Khan, W",Validation of large-volume batch solar reactors for the treatment of rainwater in field trials in sub-Saharan Africa,SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT,,D,Pseudomonas,indirect,bacteria,South Africa
rain_20,rainwater harvesting,"Reyneke, B; Ndlovu, T; Vincent, MB; Martínez-García, A; Polo-López, MI; Fernández-Ibáñez, P; Ferrero, G; Khan, S; McGuigan, KG; Khan, W",Validation of large-volume batch solar reactors for the treatment of rainwater in field trials in sub-Saharan Africa,SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT,,D,Salmonella,indirect,bacteria,South Africa
rain_20,rainwater harvesting,"Reyneke, B; Ndlovu, T; Vincent, MB; Martínez-García, A; Polo-López, MI; Fernández-Ibáñez, P; Ferrero, G; Khan, S; McGuigan, KG; Khan, W",Validation of large-volume batch solar reactors for the treatment of rainwater in field trials in sub-Saharan Africa,SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT,,D,Cryptosporidium,indirect,bacteria,South Africa
rain_21,rainwater harvesting,"Bae, S; Maestre, JP; Kinney, KA; Kirisits, MJ",An examination of the microbial community and occurrence of potential human pathogens in rainwater harvested from different roofing materials,WATER RESEARCH,,D,Legionella,indirect,bacteria,United States
rain_21,rainwater harvesting,"Bae, S; Maestre, JP; Kinney, KA; Kirisits, MJ",An examination of the microbial community and occurrence of potential human pathogens in rainwater harvested from different roofing materials,WATER RESEARCH,,D,E-coli,indirect,bacteria,United States
rain_21,rainwater harvesting,"Bae, S; Maestre, JP; Kinney, KA; Kirisits, MJ",An examination of the microbial community and occurrence of potential human pathogens in rainwater harvested from different roofing materials,WATER RESEARCH,,D,Adenovirus,indirect,virus,United States
rain_23,rainwater harvesting,"Clark, GG; Jamal, R; Weidhaas, J",Roofing material and irrigation frequency influence microbial risk from consuming homegrown lettuce irrigated with harvested rainwater,SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT,,D,E-coli,indirect,bacteria,United States
rain_23,rainwater harvesting,"Clark, GG; Jamal, R; Weidhaas, J",Roofing material and irrigation frequency influence microbial risk from consuming homegrown lettuce irrigated with harvested rainwater,SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT,,D,Enterococcus,indirect,bacteria,United States
rain_23,rainwater harvesting,"Clark, GG; Jamal, R; Weidhaas, J",Roofing material and irrigation frequency influence microbial risk from consuming homegrown lettuce irrigated with harvested rainwater,SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT,,D,Salmonella,indirect,bacteria,United States
rain_24,rainwater harvesting,"Ahmed, W; Zhang, Q; Ishii, S; Hamilton, K; Haas, C",Microfluidic quantification of multiple enteric and opportunistic bacterial pathogens in roof-harvested rainwater tank samples,ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT,,D,Legionella,indirect,bacteria,Australia
rain_24,rainwater harvesting,"Ahmed, W; Zhang, Q; Ishii, S; Hamilton, K; Haas, C",Microfluidic quantification of multiple enteric and opportunistic bacterial pathogens in roof-harvested rainwater tank samples,ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT,,D,Shigella,indirect,bacteria,Australia
rain_27,rainwater harvesting,"Celik, I; Tamimi, LMA; Al-Khatib, IA; Apul, DS","Management of rainwater harvesting and its impact on the health of people in the Middle East: case study from Yatta town, Palestine",ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT,,D,E-coli,indirect,bacteria,Israel
rain_29,rainwater harvesting,"Burgos, AL; Alvarado Bautista, M; Páez Bistrain, R; Hernández Morales, R",SPATIO-TEMPORAL PATTERNS IN THE MICROBIOLOGICAL CONDITION OF COMMUNITY WATER SOURCES AND THREATS TO FAMILY HEALTH IN SEASONAL WATERSHEDS OF THE BAJO BALSAS (MEXICO),REVISTA INTERNACIONAL DE CONTAMINACION AMBIENTAL,,D,E-coli,indirect,bacteria,Mexico
rain_30,rainwater harvesting,"Jongman, M; Korsten, L",Microbial quality and suitability of roof-harvested rainwater in rural villages for crop irrigation and domestic use,JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH,,D,Salmonella,indirect,bacteria,South Africa
rain_30,rainwater harvesting,"Jongman, M; Korsten, L",Microbial quality and suitability of roof-harvested rainwater in rural villages for crop irrigation and domestic use,JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH,,D,Listeria,indirect,bacteria,South Africa
rain_30,rainwater harvesting,"Jongman, M; Korsten, L",Microbial quality and suitability of roof-harvested rainwater in rural villages for crop irrigation and domestic use,JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH,,D,E-coli,indirect,bacteria,South Africa
rain_30,rainwater harvesting,"Jongman, M; Korsten, L",Microbial quality and suitability of roof-harvested rainwater in rural villages for crop irrigation and domestic use,JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH,,D,Enterococcus,indirect,bacteria,South Africa
rain_30,rainwater harvesting,"Jongman, M; Korsten, L",Microbial quality and suitability of roof-harvested rainwater in rural villages for crop irrigation and domestic use,JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH,,D,Pseudomonas,indirect,bacteria,South Africa
rain_30,rainwater harvesting,"Jongman, M; Korsten, L",Microbial quality and suitability of roof-harvested rainwater in rural villages for crop irrigation and domestic use,JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH,,D,Cryptococcus,indirect,fungi,South Africa
rain_31,rainwater harvesting,"Kim, T; Lye, D; Donohue, M; Mistry, JH; Pfaller, S; Vesper, S; Kirisits, MJ",Harvested Rainwater Quality Before and After Treatment and Distribution in Residential Systems,JOURNAL AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION,,D,Mycobacterium,indirect,bacteria,United States
rain_31,rainwater harvesting,"Kim, T; Lye, D; Donohue, M; Mistry, JH; Pfaller, S; Vesper, S; Kirisits, MJ",Harvested Rainwater Quality Before and After Treatment and Distribution in Residential Systems,JOURNAL AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION,,D,Mycobacterium,indirect,bacteria,United States
rain_31,rainwater harvesting,"Kim, T; Lye, D; Donohue, M; Mistry, JH; Pfaller, S; Vesper, S; Kirisits, MJ",Harvested Rainwater Quality Before and After Treatment and Distribution in Residential Systems,JOURNAL AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION,,D,Aspergillus,indirect,fungi,United States
rain_32,rainwater harvesting,"Hamilton, KA; Ahmed, W; Palmer, A; Sidhu, JPS; Hodgers, L; Toze, S; Haas, CN",Public health implications of Acanthamoeba and multiple potential opportunistic pathogens in roof-harvested rainwater tanks,ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH,,D,Acanthamoeba,indirect,protozoa,Australia
rain_32,rainwater harvesting,"Hamilton, KA; Ahmed, W; Palmer, A; Sidhu, JPS; Hodgers, L; Toze, S; Haas, CN",Public health implications of Acanthamoeba and multiple potential opportunistic pathogens in roof-harvested rainwater tanks,ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH,,D,Legionella,indirect,bacteria,Australia
rain_32,rainwater harvesting,"Hamilton, KA; Ahmed, W; Palmer, A; Sidhu, JPS; Hodgers, L; Toze, S; Haas, CN",Public health implications of Acanthamoeba and multiple potential opportunistic pathogens in roof-harvested rainwater tanks,ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH,,D,Pseudomonas,indirect,bacteria,Australia
rain_32,rainwater harvesting,"Hamilton, KA; Ahmed, W; Palmer, A; Sidhu, JPS; Hodgers, L; Toze, S; Haas, CN",Public health implications of Acanthamoeba and multiple potential opportunistic pathogens in roof-harvested rainwater tanks,ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH,,D,Mycobacterium,indirect,bacteria,Australia
rain_32,rainwater harvesting,"Hamilton, KA; Ahmed, W; Palmer, A; Sidhu, JPS; Hodgers, L; Toze, S; Haas, CN",Public health implications of Acanthamoeba and multiple potential opportunistic pathogens in roof-harvested rainwater tanks,ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH,,D,Mycobacterium,indirect,bacteria,Australia
rain_35,rainwater harvesting,"Dobrowsky, PH; Lombard, M; Cloete, WJ; Saayman, M; Cloete, TE; Carstens, M; Khan, S; Khan, W",Efficiency of Microfiltration Systems for the Removal of Bacterial and Viral Contaminants from Surface and Rainwater,WATER AIR AND SOIL POLLUTION,,D,Klebsiella,indirect,bacteria,South Africa
rain_35,rainwater harvesting,"Dobrowsky, PH; Lombard, M; Cloete, WJ; Saayman, M; Cloete, TE; Carstens, M; Khan, S; Khan, W",Efficiency of Microfiltration Systems for the Removal of Bacterial and Viral Contaminants from Surface and Rainwater,WATER AIR AND SOIL POLLUTION,,D,Legionella,indirect,bacteria,South Africa
rain_35,rainwater harvesting,"Dobrowsky, PH; Lombard, M; Cloete, WJ; Saayman, M; Cloete, TE; Carstens, M; Khan, S; Khan, W",Efficiency of Microfiltration Systems for the Removal of Bacterial and Viral Contaminants from Surface and Rainwater,WATER AIR AND SOIL POLLUTION,,D,Pseudomonas,indirect,bacteria,South Africa
rain_35,rainwater harvesting,"Dobrowsky, PH; Lombard, M; Cloete, WJ; Saayman, M; Cloete, TE; Carstens, M; Khan, S; Khan, W",Efficiency of Microfiltration Systems for the Removal of Bacterial and Viral Contaminants from Surface and Rainwater,WATER AIR AND SOIL POLLUTION,,D,Yersinia,indirect,bacteria,South Africa
rain_35,rainwater harvesting,"Dobrowsky, PH; Lombard, M; Cloete, WJ; Saayman, M; Cloete, TE; Carstens, M; Khan, S; Khan, W",Efficiency of Microfiltration Systems for the Removal of Bacterial and Viral Contaminants from Surface and Rainwater,WATER AIR AND SOIL POLLUTION,,D,E-coli,indirect,bacteria,South Africa
rain_35,rainwater harvesting,"Dobrowsky, PH; Lombard, M; Cloete, WJ; Saayman, M; Cloete, TE; Carstens, M; Khan, S; Khan, W",Efficiency of Microfiltration Systems for the Removal of Bacterial and Viral Contaminants from Surface and Rainwater,WATER AIR AND SOIL POLLUTION,,D,Adenovirus,indirect,virus,South Africa
rain_42,rainwater harvesting,"Daoud, AK; Swaileh, KM; Hussein, RM; Matani, M","Quality assessment of roof-harvested rainwater in the West Bank, Palestinian Authority",JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH,,D,Citrobacter,indirect,bacteria,Israel
rain_42,rainwater harvesting,"Daoud, AK; Swaileh, KM; Hussein, RM; Matani, M","Quality assessment of roof-harvested rainwater in the West Bank, Palestinian Authority",JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH,,D,Acinetobacter,indirect,bacteria,Israel
rain_42,rainwater harvesting,"Daoud, AK; Swaileh, KM; Hussein, RM; Matani, M","Quality assessment of roof-harvested rainwater in the West Bank, Palestinian Authority",JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH,,D,Aeromonas,indirect,bacteria,Israel
rain_42,rainwater harvesting,"Daoud, AK; Swaileh, KM; Hussein, RM; Matani, M","Quality assessment of roof-harvested rainwater in the West Bank, Palestinian Authority",JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH,,D,Pseudomonas,indirect,bacteria,Israel
rain_42,rainwater harvesting,"Daoud, AK; Swaileh, KM; Hussein, RM; Matani, M","Quality assessment of roof-harvested rainwater in the West Bank, Palestinian Authority",JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH,,D,Campylobacter,indirect,bacteria,Israel
rain_43,rainwater harvesting,"Schets, FM; Italiaander, R; van den Berg, HHJL; Husman, AMD",Rainwater harvesting: quality assessment and utilization in The Netherlands,JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH,,D,Campylobacter,indirect,bacteria,Netherlands
rain_43,rainwater harvesting,"Schets, FM; Italiaander, R; van den Berg, HHJL; Husman, AMD",Rainwater harvesting: quality assessment and utilization in The Netherlands,JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH,,D,Cryptosporidium,indirect,protozoa,Netherlands
rain_43,rainwater harvesting,"Schets, FM; Italiaander, R; van den Berg, HHJL; Husman, AMD",Rainwater harvesting: quality assessment and utilization in The Netherlands,JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH,,D,Giardia duodenalis,indirect,protozoa,Netherlands
rain_43,rainwater harvesting,"Schets, FM; Italiaander, R; van den Berg, HHJL; Husman, AMD",Rainwater harvesting: quality assessment and utilization in The Netherlands,JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH,,D,Aeromonas,indirect,bacteria,Netherlands
rain_43,rainwater harvesting,"Schets, FM; Italiaander, R; van den Berg, HHJL; Husman, AMD",Rainwater harvesting: quality assessment and utilization in The Netherlands,JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH,,D,Legionella,indirect,bacteria,Netherlands
crop_1,crop shift,"Olimpi, Elissa M.; Garcia, Karina; Gonthier, David J.; Kremen, Claire; Snyder, William E.; Wilson-Rankin, Erin E.; Karp, Daniel S.",Semi-natural habitat surrounding farms promotes multifunctionality in avian ecosystem services,JOURNAL OF APPLIED ECOLOGY,"1. Farmland birds can suppress insect pests, but may also consume beneficial insects, damage crops and potentially carry foodborne pathogens. As bird communities shift in response to farming practices, so too do the benefits (services) and costs (disservices) from birds. Understanding how and why ecosystem services and disservices covary can inform management interventions that enhance synergies, avoid trade-offs and promote multifunctionality. 2. We investigated how farmland diversification practices influence the services and disservices provided by wild birds on 21 California strawberry farms. Specifically, we coupled 285 bird surveys, metabarcoding and other molecular analyses of 4,000 faecal samples representing 55 bird species (mostly passerines) to determine which individuals consumed pests, natural enemies, and crops and carried foodborne pathogens. Then, we explored how farming practices shape ecosystem service bundles, or suites of consistently co-occurring services/disservices. 3. Avian services and disservices were shaped by interactions between local farming practices and landscape context. We found that the amount of semi-natural habitat surrounding each farm was the single most important driver of ecosystem services, with the best outcomes (highest multifunctionality) occurring on farms surrounded by semi-natural habitat. 4. Bundles were primarily influenced by landscape context. Increasing semi-natural habitat around farms was associated with more multifunctional bird communities that maximized services and minimized disservices. However, not all trade-offs were minimized in landscapes with more semi-natural habitat, suggesting that specific farming contexts can exacerbate or mitigate trade-offs as bird communities shift in response to diversification practices. 5. Synthesis and applications. Though growers are often pressured to remove non-crop habitat to reduce food-safety risks, our work suggests that conserving habitat can support bird conservation, mitigate food-safety risks and decrease crop damage from birds. More broadly, by considering the multiple roles that communities play in ecosystems, managers can simultaneously maximize services and minimize disservices to achieve multifunctionality.",D,Food-borne pathogens,indirect,bacteria,USA
crop_2,crop shift,"Ni, Ni; Li, Xiaona; Yao, Shi; Shi, Renyong; Kong, Deyang; Bian, Yongrong; Jiang, Xin; Song, Yang",Biochar applications combined with paddy-upland rotation cropping systems benefit the safe use of PAH-contaminated soils: From risk assessment to microbial ecology,JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS,"This study aimed to establish a method allowing the safe use of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)contaminated soils through the combination of biochar applications and different cropping systems. The impact of biochar applications under different cropping systems on the human health risks of PAHs and soil microbiology was elucidated. The residual PAHs were the lowest in rhizosphere soils amended with 2% corn straw derived biochar pyrolyzed at 300 degrees C (CB300) under the paddy-upland rotation cropping (PURC) system. Human health risks resulting from the ingestion of PAH-contaminated carrot roots / rice grains under the PURC system were significantly lower than those under continuous upland cropping systems. The greatest diversity, richness and network complexity of soil microbial communities occurred under the PURC system combined with the 2% CB300 treatment. Soil microbial functions associated with soil health and PAH biodegradation were enhanced under this strategy, while the pathogen group was inhibited. Primarily owing to its high sorption capacity, bamboo-derived biochar pyrolyzed at 700 degrees C realized in the reduction of PAHs, but weakly influenced shifts in soil microbial communities. Overall, the combination of PURC systems and low-temperature-pyrolyzed nutrient-rich biochar could efficiently reduce the human health risks of PAHs and improve soil microbial ecology in agricultural fields.",D,Soil-borne bacteria,food-borne,bacteria,NA
crop_3,crop shift,"Yatoo, Ali Mohd; Ali, Md Niamat; Baba, Zahoor Ahmad; Hassan, Birjees",Sustainable management of diseases and pests in crops by vermicompost and vermicompost tea. A review,AGRONOMY FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT,"The intensive use of inorganic fertilizers and pesticides in the agricultural field has globally destroyed soil fertility, killed beneficial microorganisms, and also decreased natural resistance in crops, thereby making them more vulnerable to diseases besides affecting human health and the environment. To overcome these problems, it is very important to shift our attention towards eco-friendly alternatives like vermicompost and vermicompost tea which not only can increase crop growth and yield, suppress diseases and pests sustainably but can also protect human health and the environment. Vermicompost with its rich nutrient content, plant growth promoters like auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, and beneficial microbes not only improves the growth and yield of crops but also increases the diversity and activity of antagonistic microbes and nematodes, which helps to suppress pests and diseases caused by soil-borne phytopathogens. Vermicompost tea also has a tremendous potential to protect plants from diseases and its application to plants can coat leaf surfaces and reduce available sites for pathogen infection or increases microbial diversity that can kill harmful pathogens. Here, we review recent scientific achievements towards the management of crop diseases and pests by these organic amendments and the major points are the following: (1) production of vermicompost and vermicompost tea, (2) management of crop pests and diseases by vermicompost and vermicompost tea, and (3) the possible mechanisms and some important factors involved in the suppression of diseases and pests. Finally, we conclude that by using these eco-friendly organic amendments as a replacement to inorganic pesticides and fungicides, diseases and pests can be managed successfully without affecting human health and the environment and chemical-free food can be provided to humankind in the future.",E,Soil-borne pathogen,indirect,multiple,NA
carbon_3,carbon,"Ersson, O; King, K",The Kailash Ecovillage project converting human excreta into organic foodstuffs and sanitized compost using new international building codes for compost toilet and urine diversion systems,BLUE-GREEN SYSTEMS,"Since March 2014, a sustainably focused community located on a 0.7 hectares site in Portland, Oregon, USA, has been undertaking an experimental composting toilet system modeled after the Water Efficiency and Sanitation Standard (WE-Stand) set out by the International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials (IAPMO). This system collects urine and hot composts human excreta in a dry-composting toilet system for eventual use on the community's organic gardens. The system design reduces the need to access municipal water, sewer, and electrical infrastructure, enhancing emergency preparedness. It conserves an otherwise wasted nutrient flow, and safely produces a valuable compost. The system consists of urine collection vessels, multiple portable collection containers for excreta, toilet paper, and additive, and a compost processor. Urine diversion has allowed the community to reclaim nitrogen and other nutrients otherwise lost in conventional sewage systems, resulting in large savings of potable water and significant carbon sequestration via topsoil creation. Logs showed thermophilic compost temperatures. Compost and urine pathogen testing met American National Standards Institute and National Sanitation Foundation Standard 41 requirements.",D,E. coli O157,indirect,bacteria,USA
carbon_11,carbon,"Sun, QX; Zhang, JF; Zhou, JX; Wu, LX; Shan, QH",Effect of Poplar Forest on Snail Control in Dongting Lake Area,"2009 3RD INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON BIOINFORMATICS AND BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING, VOLS 1-11","Schistosomiasis is a parasitic infection caused by blood flukes (trematodes) of the genus Schistosoma. The intermediate host is an aquatic or amphibious snail (Oncamelania hupensis). The World Health Organization describes schistosomiasis as 'the second most important (tropical disease) in terms of public health importance' after malaria. It is endemic in 76 developing countries, putting over 600 million people at risk of infection. Over 200 million people are estimated to be infected worldwide, with 20,000 deaths annually. Officials detected 10.58 million square meters of new snail habitats in 2005, up 0.44 percent over 2004 when China had 3.85 billion square meters of snail habitats, according to figures front the Ministry of Health. To be effective, schistosomiasis control strategies should he adapted to the local epidemiological situation and caution must he taken when destroying freshwater snails using chemicals - particularly in terms of impact on the environment. One of the effective practices in China is conducting forestry ecological engineering that focuses on snail control and schistosomiasis prevention through improving environment and refraining snail propagation. Test plot located at Dongting Lake, Hunan province, where usually was most endemic areas. Poplars were planted according to the certain designs, site preparation was done to wipe out weeds and pile up ridges, spacing was 6m X 8m, and undisturbed site was as the check. After 12 years, the results indicated that snail density was decreased 85.2%-100% in poplar stands; while for the check, the figure was increased 108.2%-120%. and particularly no infected snail were found in poplar stands. With tree growing up, the number of snails fell. As well, poplars growing added incomes for local farmers. By the experiment, it was concluded that improving environment to reduce the amount of snail was available through forestation in wet beach areas.",A,schistosomes,indirect,helminth,China
carbon_17,carbon,"Pedrero, F; Grattan, SR; Ben-Gal, A; Vivaldi, GA",Opportunities for expanding the use of wastewaters for irrigation of olives,AGRICULTURAL WATER MANAGEMENT,"Olive trees are iconic to the Mediterranean landscape and in recent times, have expanded to other regions across the globe that share similar climatic conditions. Olive oil production benefits from irrigation, but with a changing climate and uncertainty in precipitation patterns, wastewaters will likely play a larger role supplementing irrigation water requirements. However, due to their relatively poor quality, wastewaters present challenges for sustained long-term use in olive production. Wastewaters include all effluents from municipalities, agricultural drainage, animal production facilities, agricultural processing and industrial processes. This review focuses on potential opportunities and limitations of sustaining olive oil production in the Mediterranean region using wastewater of various sources. The primary challenges for using such wastewaters include concerns related to salinity, sodicity, metals and trace elements, nutrients, organics, and pathogens. Organics and plant nutrients in the effluents are typically beneficial but depend on dosages. Many studies have shown that saline wastewaters have been successfully used to irrigate olives in Greece, Israel, Italy, Jordan and Tunisia. Still, olive varieties and rootstocks have different tolerances to salinity and could respond differently and oil quality may improve or be compromised. Salts and trace elements need to be monitored in plants and soil to make sure accumulation does not continue from year to year and that soil physical conditions are not affected. Some food industries generate effluents with suitable characteristics for irrigation but one must balance the benefits (e.g. addition of nutrients), detriments (e.g. addition of salts or other limiting chemicals) and costs when determining the feasibility and practicality of reuse. Long-term accumulation of trace elements and metals will likely limit the feasibility of using industrial-originating effluents without treatment processes that would remove the toxic constituents prior to reuse. Therefore, untreated wastewaters from the many industries have limited long-term potential for reuse at this time. Application of olive mill wastewater may be agronomically and economically beneficial, particularly as a local disposal solution, but there are concerns associated with high-concentrations of polyphenols that may be phytotoxic and toxic to soil microbial populations. With regards to human safety, risk of contamination of table olives and olive oil is very low because irrigation methods deliver water below the canopy, fruits are not picked from the ground, processing itself eliminates pathogens and the irrigation season typically ends days or weeks before the harvest (depending on the climate condition). Finally, considering physiological, nutritional and intrinsic characteristics of this species, it is clear that olive trees are appropriate candidates for the reuse of recycled water as an irrigation source.",E,Clostridium,indirect,bacteria,Mediterranean region
carbon_35,carbon,"Pearson, AL; Rzotkiewicz, A; Pechal, JL; Schmidt, CJ; Jordan, HR; Zwickle, A; Benbow, ME",Initial Evidence of the Relationships between the Human Postmortem Microbiome and Neighborhood Blight and Greening Efforts,ANNALS OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF GEOGRAPHERS,"The microbiome is important in human health, yet its connection to the built environment remains understudied. Little is known about the potential influence of neighborhood environments on the bacterial and archaea communities that live in and on the human body, henceforth the microbiome. Thus, we examined relationships between the microbiome and features of the urban environment. To do this, we first quantified neighborhood levels of blight (e.g., abandoned buildings) and green remediation (e.g., tree plantings) using parcel data in Detroit, Michigan, and then compared neighborhood status to the composition and diversity of the human postmortem microbiome. The postmortem microbiome served as a surrogate for biological signatures and lifestyles of living neighborhood residents. We observed significant clustering of microbial composition by neighborhood blight, with significantly higher abundances of potential pathogens associated with unhealthy living conditions. We also observed significant clusters between high and low green remediation for the mouth and eye communities only, with high levels of commensals (or nonharmful bacteria) in green remediation neighborhoods. Microbial biodiversity was significantly and positively correlated with green remediation and negatively correlated with blight. Regression models yielded the largest positive effects of green remediation on microbial richness (rectum) and diversity (nose) for women; the largest negative effects of blight were observed for evenness (eyes) among women and richness and diversity (mouth and nose) among men. These results provide evidence of a relationship between the human microbiome and neighborhood conditions, establishing the foundation for novel research opportunities into the effects of green remediation and urban blight on health.",D,Clostridium,indirect,bacteria,USA
mining_14,mining,"Robas, M; Probanza, A; González, D; Jiménez, PA",Mercury and Antibiotic Resistance Co-Selection in Bacillus sp. Isolates from the Almaden Mining District,INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH,,E,various Bacillus sp.,indirect,bacteria,Spain
mining_20,mining,"Senhorinho, GNA; Laamanen, CA; Scott, JA",Bioprospecting freshwater microalgae for antibacterial activity from water bodies associated with abandoned mine sites,PHYCOLOGIA,,D,Staphylococcus aureaus,indirect,bacteria,Canada
transit_6,transit,"Browne, A; Ahmad, SSO; Beck, CR; Nguyen-Van-Tam, JS",The roles of transportation and transportation hubs in the propagation of influenza and coronaviruses: a systematic review,JOURNAL OF TRAVEL MEDICINE,,E,Influenza,direct,virus,Global
transit_6,transit,"Browne, A; Ahmad, SSO; Beck, CR; Nguyen-Van-Tam, JS",The roles of transportation and transportation hubs in the propagation of influenza and coronaviruses: a systematic review,JOURNAL OF TRAVEL MEDICINE,,E,COVID,direct,virus,Global
transit_7,transit,"Butler, CD; Harley, D","Primary, secondary and tertiary effects of eco-climatic change: the medical response",POSTGRADUATE MEDICAL JOURNAL,,E,Benefit,NA,NA,Global
transit_9,transit,"Subedi, D; Pantha, S; Chandran, D; Bhandari, M; Acharya, KP; Dhama, K",FIFA World Cup 2022 and the Risk of Emergence of Zoonotic Diseases,JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY,,E,COVID,direct,virus,Qatar
transit_12,transit,"Mubashar, S; Mukhtar, T; Khan, NA",Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) with Special Reference to Pakistan: A Review on its Different Aspects,PAKISTAN JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY,,E,COVID,direct,virus,Pakistan
carbon_17,carbon,"Pedrero, F; Grattan, SR; Ben-Gal, A; Vivaldi, GA",Opportunities for expanding the use of wastewaters for irrigation of olives,AGRICULTURAL WATER MANAGEMENT,"Olive trees are iconic to the Mediterranean landscape and in recent times, have expanded to other regions across the globe that share similar climatic conditions. Olive oil production benefits from irrigation, but with a changing climate and uncertainty in precipitation patterns, wastewaters will likely play a larger role supplementing irrigation water requirements. However, due to their relatively poor quality, wastewaters present challenges for sustained long-term use in olive production. Wastewaters include all effluents from municipalities, agricultural drainage, animal production facilities, agricultural processing and industrial processes. This review focuses on potential opportunities and limitations of sustaining olive oil production in the Mediterranean region using wastewater of various sources. The primary challenges for using such wastewaters include concerns related to salinity, sodicity, metals and trace elements, nutrients, organics, and pathogens. Organics and plant nutrients in the effluents are typically beneficial but depend on dosages. Many studies have shown that saline wastewaters have been successfully used to irrigate olives in Greece, Israel, Italy, Jordan and Tunisia. Still, olive varieties and rootstocks have different tolerances to salinity and could respond differently and oil quality may improve or be compromised. Salts and trace elements need to be monitored in plants and soil to make sure accumulation does not continue from year to year and that soil physical conditions are not affected. Some food industries generate effluents with suitable characteristics for irrigation but one must balance the benefits (e.g. addition of nutrients), detriments (e.g. addition of salts or other limiting chemicals) and costs when determining the feasibility and practicality of reuse. Long-term accumulation of trace elements and metals will likely limit the feasibility of using industrial-originating effluents without treatment processes that would remove the toxic constituents prior to reuse. Therefore, untreated wastewaters from the many industries have limited long-term potential for reuse at this time. Application of olive mill wastewater may be agronomically and economically beneficial, particularly as a local disposal solution, but there are concerns associated with high-concentrations of polyphenols that may be phytotoxic and toxic to soil microbial populations. With regards to human safety, risk of contamination of table olives and olive oil is very low because irrigation methods deliver water below the canopy, fruits are not picked from the ground, processing itself eliminates pathogens and the irrigation season typically ends days or weeks before the harvest (depending on the climate condition). Finally, considering physiological, nutritional and intrinsic characteristics of this species, it is clear that olive trees are appropriate candidates for the reuse of recycled water as an irrigation source.",E,Enterococcus,indirect,bacteria,Mediterranean region