<?xml version="1.0" ?><!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC '-//TaxonX//DTD Taxonomic Treatment Publishing DTD v0 20100105//EN' '../../nlm/tax-treatment-NS0.dtd'><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:tp="http://www.plazi.org/taxpub" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="3.0" xml:lang="en">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ZooKeys</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title xml:lang="en">ZooKeys</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title xml:lang="en">ZooKeys</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="ppub">1313-2989</issn>
<issn pub-type="epub">1313-2970</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Pensoft Publishers</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3897/zookeys.752.24440</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading"> <subject>Research Article</subject> </subj-group> <subj-group subj-group-type="biological_taxon"> <subject>Invertebrata</subject> <subject>Staphylinidae</subject> </subj-group> <subj-group subj-group-type="scientific_subject"> <subject>Biodiversity & Conservation</subject> <subject>Ecology & Environmental sciences</subject> </subj-group> <subj-group subj-group-type="geographical_area"> <subject>Europe</subject> </subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title> First description of the larva of <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Dinaraea">Dinaraea</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> Thomson, 1858, with comments on chaetotaxy, pupa, and life history based on two saproxylic species from Europe ( <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Staphylinidae">Staphylinidae</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> , <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="subfamily">Aleocharinae</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> , <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="tribe">Athetini</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> ) </article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Staniec</surname>
<given-names>Bernard</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Pietrykowska-Tudruj</surname>
<given-names>Ewa</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Pawlęga</surname>
<given-names>Krzysztof</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A2">2</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Department of Zoology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="A2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>Department of Zoology, Ecology and Wildlife Management, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 13, 20-950 Lublin, Poland</addr-line>
</aff>
<author-notes>
<fn fn-type="corresp">
<p> Corresponding author: Ewa Pietrykowska-Tudruj ( <email xlink:type="simple">ewa.pietrykowska-tudruj@oczta.umcs.lublin.pl</email> ) </p>
</fn>
<fn fn-type="edited-by">
<p>Academic editor: J. Klimaszewski</p>
</fn>
</author-notes>
<pub-date pub-type="collection">
<year>2018</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>23</day>
<month>4</month>
<year>2018</year>
</pub-date>
<issue>752</issue>
<fpage>99</fpage>
<lpage>123</lpage>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>13</day>
<month>2</month>
<year>2018</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>23</day>
<month>3</month>
<year>2018</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Bernard Staniec, Ewa Pietrykowska-Tudruj, Krzysztof Pawlęga</copyright-statement>
<license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"> <license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.</license-p> </license>
</permissions>
<self-uri content-type="zoobank" xlink:type="simple">http://zoobank.org/D7736703-68C6-4521-AC43-AA6AF774960F</self-uri>
<abstract>
<label>Abstract</label>
<p> The paper describes the morphological ultrastructure of the previously unknown early ( <abbrev xlink:title="first instar" id="ABBRID0EPE">L1</abbrev> ) and late larval instars ( <abbrev xlink:title="second instar" id="ABBRID0ETE">L2</abbrev> –3) of <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Dinaraea">Dinaraea</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> , including chaetotaxy, pupal cocoon, prepupa, and pupa, based on the saproxylic species <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Dinaraea">D.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="aequata">aequata</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> Erichson and <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Dinaraea">D.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="linearis">linearis</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> Gravenhorst. Diagnostic larval characters for the genus <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Dinaraea">Dinaraea</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> are given for the first time. Morphological differences between mature larvae of these two species relate to the colouration and degree of flattening of the body, details of antennal structure, anterior margin of the labrum, mandibles, and mala. The differences are relatively small, probably because of the similar ecological preferences of both species. As in the case of other aleocharine larvae, <abbrev xlink:title="first instar" id="ABBRID0E6F">L1</abbrev> in <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Dinaraea">Dinaraea</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> differs from <abbrev xlink:title="second instar" id="ABBRID0EKG">L2</abbrev> –3 in the lack of some setae on the dorsal surface of the head and thorax, and on the abdominal tergites and sternites; the presence of a subapical seta on the urogomphi; egg bursters on some thoracic and abdominal tergites; a darker antennal segment III; and the relatively longer urogomphi and their apical setae. The differences established in the features of the chaetotaxy of <abbrev xlink:title="first instar" id="ABBRID0EOG">L1</abbrev> and <abbrev xlink:title="second instar" id="ABBRID0ESG">L2</abbrev> –3 between <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="tribe">Athetini</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> ( <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Dinaraea">Dinaraea</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> ), <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="tribe">Oxypodini</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> ( <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Thiasophila">Thiasophila</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> ) and <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="tribe">Homalotini</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> ( <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Gyrophaena">Gyrophaena</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> ) correspond with the molecular marker-based relationships of these taxa. </p>
</abstract>
<kwd-group>
<label>Keywords</label>
<kwd> <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Dinaraea"/> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="aequata">aequata</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> </kwd>
<kwd>aleocharines</kwd>
<kwd> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="order" reg="Coleoptera">Coleoptera</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </kwd>
<kwd>developmental stages</kwd>
<kwd>early and late larval instars</kwd>
<kwd>ecological preferences</kwd>
<kwd> <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Dinaraea"/> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="linearis">linearis</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> </kwd>
<kwd>morphology</kwd>
<kwd>pupal stage</kwd>
<kwd>rove beetles</kwd>
<kwd>staphylinids</kwd>
<kwd>subcortical</kwd>
<kwd>ultrastructure</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
<notes>
<sec sec-type="Citation" id="SECID0EVBAC">
<title>Citation</title>
<p> Staniec B, Pietrykowska-Tudruj E, Pawlęga K (2018) First description of the larva of <italic>Dinaraea</italic> Thomson, 1858, with comments on chaetotaxy, pupa, and life history based on two saproxylic species from Europe (Staphylinidae, Aleocharinae, Athetini). ZooKeys 752: 99–123. <ext-link xlink:type="simple" ext-link-type="doi" xlink:href="10.3897/zookeys.752.24440">https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.752.24440</ext-link> </p>
</sec>
</notes>
</front>
<body>
<sec sec-type="Introduction" id="SECID0EXCAC">
<title>Introduction</title>
<p> The genus <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Dinaraea">Dinaraea</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> Thomson, 1858 ( <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Staphylinidae">Staphylinidae</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> , <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="subfamily">Aleocharinae</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> , <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="tribe">Athetini</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> ) includes 21 species worldwide, 12 of which are known from the Nearctic and nine from the Palaearctic; five of the latter ( <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Dinaraea">D.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="aequata">aequata</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> Erichson, <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Dinaraea">D.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="angustula">angustula</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> Gyllenhal, <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Dinaraea">D.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="arcana">arcana</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> Erichson, <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Dinaraea">D.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="hungarica">hungarica</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> Ádám, <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Dinaraea">D.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="linearis">linearis</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> Gravenhorst) occur in Europe. They are small insects (the lengths of the European species are 2.5–3.7 mm) with a subparallel, flattened body, and the integument has a distinct meshed microsculpture and distinct punctation. The head is large, subquadrate to slightly elongate, and the genae are usually longer than the eyes. Mainly saproxylic, <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Dinaraea">Dinaraea</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> species inhabit the subcortical galleries of other insects. They are also found in rotting tree trunks and in the fruiting bodies of various polypores. Because of their environmental preferences and their probably predatory mode of life, most species of this genus are potentially important as enemies of economically significant forest pests. To date, however, the diet of these rove beetles remains unknown, as do other aspects of their biology ( <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Benick and Lohse 1974</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Nikitsky and Schigel 2004</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Klimaszewski et al. 2013</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Löbl and Löbl 2015</xref> ). </p>
<p> Nothing is known of the morphology of the preimaginal stages of <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Dinaraea">Dinaraea</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> . This is not particularly surprising, since very little information is available on the external structure of other <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="tribe">Athetini</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> taxa, just as is the case with most <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="subfamily">Aleocharinae</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> . The larvae of only a few of the more than 170 genera classified among <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="tribe">Athetini</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> are known ( <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Paulian 1941</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Pototskaya 1967</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Topp 1978</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Ashe and Watrous 1984</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Ashe 1985</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Newton et al. 2000</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Ashe 2005</xref> ). What is more, such descriptions as do exist are usually fragmentary and relate to just a few features illustrated in diagrams. The very poor state of knowledge regarding the larvae of these staphylinids makes it almost impossible to make use of their morphologies in phylogenetic analyses. Only <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Ashe (2005)</xref> , in a work on the phylogeny of the tachyporine group subfamilies and ‘basal’ lineages of the <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="subfamily">Aleocharinae</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> , took into account features of both imagines and larvae, including three genera of <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="tribe">Athetini</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> . It turns out that the larval characters to a large extent stabilise the phylogenetic tree covering the taxa under consideration in the present work. In the case of other aleocharines, this same author also used larval morphologies to examine phylogenetic relationships within the subtribe <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="subtribe">Gyrophaenina</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> ( <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Ashe 1986</xref> ). The results turned out to be confluent with the morphological analysis of the imagines of these <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Staphylinidae">Staphylinidae</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> . They point to the distinct monophyletic origin of that subtribe and are strongly underpinned especially by the external features of these <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="subfamily">Aleocharinae</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> . The greater usefulness of larval than imaginal stages in phylogenetic analyses was also demonstrated by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Grebennikov and Newton (2009)</xref> in the case of ten subfamilies in the <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="subfamily">Staphylininae</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> group. Again, Pietrykowska-Tudruj et al. (2011, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">2014</xref> ) highlighted the great importance of larval features in establishing the systematic membership of <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Quedius">Quedius</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="antipodum">antipodum</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> Sharp and the genus <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Astrapaeus">Astrapaeus</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> Gravenhorst. The results substantiate data obtained from analyses of adult morphology and/or DNA sequences, and suggest the separate position of <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Quedius">Q.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="antipodum">antipodum</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> in relation to the north temperate genus <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Quedius">Quedius</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> and the genus <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Astrapaeus">Astrapaeus</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> within the tribe <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="tribe">Quediini</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> . </p>
<p> The necessity to take larval morphological features into consideration in future phylogenetic analyses and assessments of the systematic membership of <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Staphylinidae">Staphylinidae</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> thus seems wholly logical. Unfortunately, a major obstacle to doing so is the insufficient and often extremely fragmentary nature of the relevant data, as mentioned above, which applies in particular to the subfamily <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="subfamily">Aleocharinae</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> , including the tribe <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="tribe">Athetini</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> . </p>
<p> The main aim of this study is to describe in detail the external morphology, including the chaetotaxy and ultrastructure, of the early ( <abbrev xlink:title="first instar" id="ABBRID0EJLAC">L1</abbrev> ) and late ( <abbrev xlink:title="second instar" id="ABBRID0ENLAC">L2</abbrev> –3) larval instars of <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Dinaraea">Dinaraea</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> based on <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Dinaraea">D.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="aequata">aequata</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> and <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Dinaraea">D.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="linearis">linearis</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> . The paper also includes data on the external appearance of the hitherto unknown pupa of this genus, as well as the feeding preferences and the life histories of both species. </p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="materials|methods" id="SECID0EOMAC">
<title>Materials and methods</title>
<p> Larval and pupal stages of the two species were obtained by rearing five adults of <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Dinaraea">D.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="aequata">aequata</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> and four adults of <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Dinaraea">D.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="linearis">linearis</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> . Specimens of <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Dinaraea">D.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="aequata">aequata</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> were collected at Parchatka near Kazimierz Dolny ( <named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates"> <named-content content-type="geo-json" specific-use="{"type":"Point","coordinates":[21.997647,51.381819]}" id="NCID0EYNAC">51°22'54.55"N, 21°59'51.53"E</named-content> </named-content> , SE Poland) on 11 November 2004. The insects were sifted from the remains of birch bark, in deciduous woodland growing in a shady, damp loess gully. Individuals of <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Dinaraea">D.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="linearis">linearis</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> were collected at Łańcuchów near Lublin ( <named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates"> <named-content content-type="geo-json" specific-use="{"type":"Point","coordinates":[22.922319,51.270925]}" id="NCID0ELOAC">51°16'15.33"N, 22°55'20.35"E</named-content> </named-content> , SE Poland) on 3 <sup>rd</sup> December 2004. These beetles were sifted from pieces of bark torn off a wind-thrown ash ( <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Fraxinus">Fraxinus</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="excelsior">excelsior</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> L.) in an old riparian wood of ash and alder (Circaeo-Alnetum) in the valley of the River Wieprz, a dozen or so metres from the river bank. <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Dinaraea">D.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="aequata">aequata</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> and <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Dinaraea">D.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="linearis">linearis</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> were reared from 19 November 2004 to 20 January 2005 and from 6 December 2004 to 21 February 2005, respectively, at room temperature (20 °C ± 3). Adults and larvae of both species were kept separately in plastic containers (diameter 10 cm, height 2 cm) filled with moist soil. Larvae were fed various sizes of small springtails of the family <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Onychiuridae">Onychiuridae</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> . The immature stages (larvae and pupae) were killed in boiling water and preserved in ethanol (75%). The adults were identified by the first author. </p>
<p> Morphometry and morphology: specimens were measured using an Olympus BX63 compound microscope. Measurements were made in cellSens Dimension v1.9 software and are given in millimetres. Photographs showing total aspects of the mature ( <abbrev xlink:title="third instar" id="ABBRID0E3PAC">L3</abbrev> ) larvae of both species, as well as the prepupa and pupal cocoon of <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Dinaraea">D.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="linearis">linearis</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> were taken with an Olympus DP72 digital camera mounted on an Olympus SZX16 compound microscope (Figs <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">1–6</xref> , <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F7">61–64</xref> ). To prepare microscope slides for the morphological analyses, the preserved larvae were treated with 10% KOH for approximately twelve hours, rinsed in distilled water, then immersed in lactic acid. Photographs showing various details of the external structure of larva and the total aspect of larva and pupa were taken using an Olympus DP21 digital camera mounted on an Olympus BX63 compound microscope (Figs <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">14</xref> , <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">15c</xref> , <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">18–21</xref> , <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F3">24–26</xref> , <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F3">28–31</xref> , <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F4">33–35</xref> , <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F5">41</xref> , <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F5">43</xref> – <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F7">60</xref> ) or with a VEGA3 TESCAN SEM (Figs <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">7–11</xref> , <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">12</xref> , <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">13a, b</xref> , <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">15a, b</xref> , <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">16</xref> , <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">22</xref> , <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">23</xref> , <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F3">27a</xref> , <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F3">32</xref> , <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F4">34a</xref> , <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F4">36–40</xref> , <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F5">42</xref> , <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F5">47a</xref> , <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F7">54a</xref> , <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F7">65–68</xref> ), and subsequently corrected using CorelDRAW Graphics Suite X6. </p>
<p> The material examined for morphological study and measurements is listed in Tables <xref ref-type="table" rid="T1">1</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="T3">3</xref> . Chaetotaxy nomenclature, symbols, and abbreviations follow <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Ashe and Watrous (1984)</xref> , and the morphological description style is according to <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Staniec et al. (2016)</xref> . The voucher specimens are deposited in the collection of the Department of Zoology, Marie Curie-Sklodowska University, Lublin. </p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="Results" id="SECID0EHEAE">
<title>Results</title>
<sec sec-type="Generic diagnosis of the mature larvae" id="SECID0ELEAE">
<title>Generic diagnosis of the mature larvae</title>
<p> The combination of characteristics that enable mature larvae of <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Dinaraea">Dinaraea</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> to be distinguished from known larvae of other genera within the subfamily <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="subfamily">Aleocharinae</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> are as follows ( <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Paulian 1941</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Pototskaya 1967</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Topp 1975</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Ashe 1981</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">1985</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Ashe and Watrous 1984</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Ahn 1997</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Jeon and Ahn 2009</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Staniec et al. 2009</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">2010</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">2016</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Zagaja et al. 2014</xref> , the present study): (1) body narrow, elongate, dorso-ventrally flattened, sides almost parallel; (2) pronotum slightly wider than (at most 1.1 as wide as) head; (3) antennal article I longer than wide; (4) sensory appendage ( <abbrev xlink:title="sensory appendage" id="ABBRID0ENGAE">Sa</abbrev> ) of antennal article II acorn-shaped, longer than antennal article III; (5) length ratio of antennal articles I and II – 1:1.6; (6) central region of anterior margin of labrum protruding and crenate; (7) mandibles with one large and two-five small subapical teeth; (8) mala at least slightly widened at adoral margin; (9) adoral margin of mala with eight large and approx. 15 small teeth; (10) length ratio of article I and III of maxillary palp – 1:1.5; (11) ligula finger-like, 2.5 × as long as wide; (12) hypopharynx with approx. 60 triangular microtrichia directed towards the central area without microtrichia; (13) length ratio of articles I and II of labial palp – 1:2.1; (14) pronotum without seta Da1; (15) on abdominal sternite I seta P5 present, seta D3 absent; (16) abdominal segment X approx. 2.5 × as long as urogomphus (without apical seta); (17) length ratio of urogomphus to its apical seta – 1:1.6. </p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="Description of larval stages (D. aequata-D.a.; D. linearis-D.l." id="SECID0ERGAE">
<title> Description of larval stages ( <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Dinaraea">D.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="aequata">aequata</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> - <italic>D.a.</italic> ; <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Dinaraea">D.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="linearis">linearis</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> - <italic>D.l.</italic> ) </title>
<p>
<bold>
<italic> Late larval instars ( <abbrev xlink:title="second instar" id="ABBRID0EWHAE">L2</abbrev> –3) </italic> (Figs <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">1–7</xref> ) </bold>
</p>
<p> Body narrow, elongate, semi-cylindrical, distinctly ( <italic>D.a.</italic> ) or moderately ( <italic>D.l.</italic> ) dorso-ventrally flattened, sides almost parallel, head slightly narrower than prothorax and as wide as mesothorax, pro- and metathorax almost equal in width, abdomen gradually widening to segments IV or V, then tapering to terminal segment of body; segments IX and X distinctly narrower than the others. Colour: whole head reddish brown ( <italic>D.a.</italic> ) or anterior area of head reddish brown, but posterior distinctly paler ( <italic>D.l.</italic> ), ocellus dark; all tergites yellowish brown ( <italic>D.a.</italic> ) or all thoracic and abdominal tergites I–V almost colourless, then tergites gradually darkening from yellow (VI) to yellowish brown (VII) and reddish brown (VIII, IX) <italic>(D.l.)</italic> ; abdominal sternites gradually darkening from yellowish brown (I) to brown (VIII and IX) ( <italic>D.a.</italic> ) or abdominal sternites I–V almost colourless but the others somewhat darker ( <italic>D. l.</italic> ); legs and abdominal segment X colourless. Setae of different length, light brown, simple with longitudinal grooves (Figs <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">8–11</xref> ). Microstructure of head and tergites as in Figs <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">15b</xref> , <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F7">54a</xref> . </p>
<fig id="F1" position="float" orientation="portrait">
<label>Figures 1–11.</label>
<caption>
<p>
<italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Dinaraea">D.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="aequata">aequata</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> ( <bold>1</bold> , <bold>3</bold> , <bold>5</bold> , <bold>7</bold> – <bold>11</bold> ), <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Dinaraea">D.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="linearis">linearis</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> ( <bold>2</bold> , <bold>4</bold> , <bold>6</bold> ), mature larva. <bold>1–7</bold> habitus in dorsal ( <bold>1</bold> , <bold>2</bold> ), lateral ( <bold>3</bold> , <bold>4</bold> , <bold>7</bold> ) and ventral ( <bold>5</bold> , <bold>6</bold> ) aspect, <bold>8–11</bold> setae near epicranial suture ( <bold>8</bold> ) of abdominal tergites ( <bold>9–11</bold> ). </p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="zookeys-752-099-g001.jpg" position="float" orientation="portrait" xlink:type="simple" id="oo_198607.jpg"/>
</fig>
<p> Head (Figs <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">13–16</xref> ): almost as long as wide, widest at level of setae Ed3, lateral margins distinctly rounded; dorsal ecdysial lines ( <abbrev xlink:title="ecdysial lines" id="ABBRID0EWLAE">Es</abbrev> ) bifurcate at approx. half the head length; each side of head with one oval, weakly convex, black ocellus ( <abbrev xlink:title="ocellus" id="ABBRID0E1LAE">Oc</abbrev> ) (Figs <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">12</xref> , <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">13</xref> , <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">15</xref> , <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">15a</xref> ). Chaetotaxy of dorsal side with 40 setae – 14 frontal [2(Fd1–3, Fl1–4)], 18 epicranial [2(Ed1–3, Ell-3, Em1-3)], eight posterior micro setae (2P1–4); a pair of frontal campaniform sensillae ( <abbrev xlink:title="frontal campaniform sensillae" id="ABBRID0EWMAE">Fc2</abbrev> ) and epicranial glands ( <abbrev xlink:title="epicranial glands" id="ABBRID0E1MAE">Eg</abbrev> ) (Figs <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">13</xref> , <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">13a</xref> , <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">13b</xref> , <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">15c</xref> ). Lateral margins with ten setae [2(T1–2, <abbrev xlink:title="first instar" id="ABBRID0EONAE">L1</abbrev> –3)] (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">15</xref> ). Ventral side with eight setae [2(Vl1–3, V1)], and a pair of ventral (Vc2) and lateral (Lc2) campaniform sensillae. Functional position of antennae ( <abbrev xlink:title="antennae" id="ABBRID0EWNAE">At</abbrev> ), labrum ( <abbrev xlink:title="labrum" id="ABBRID0E1NAE">Lr</abbrev> ), mandibles ( <abbrev xlink:title="mandibles" id="ABBRID0E5NAE">Md</abbrev> ), maxillae ( <abbrev xlink:title="maxillae" id="ABBRID0ECOAE">Mx</abbrev> ), hypopharynx ( <abbrev xlink:title="hypopharynx" id="ABBRID0EGOAE">Hp</abbrev> ), and labium ( <abbrev xlink:title="labium" id="ABBRID0EKOAE">Lb</abbrev> ) as in Figs <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">14–16</xref> . </p>
<p> Antenna (Figs <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">18–21</xref> ): three-articled, length ratio of articles I–III: 1.0:1.9:1.2 ( <italic>D.a.</italic> ) or 1.0:2.4:1.4 ( <italic>D.l.</italic> ). Article I almost 1.0–1.1 × as long as wide, with four pores; article II 1.8 × as long as wide, with three macro setae, one acorn-shaped sensory appendage ( <abbrev xlink:title="sensory appendage" id="ABBRID0E3OAE">Sa</abbrev> ), 1.8 ( <italic>D.a.</italic> ) or 2.1 ( <italic>D.l.</italic> ) × as long as wide (Figs <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">20</xref> , <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">21</xref> ), and three solenidia ventrally of different size (IIS1–3) (Figs <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">22</xref> , <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">23</xref> ); <abbrev xlink:title="sensory appendage" id="ABBRID0EUPAE">Sa</abbrev> longer than article III; article III 1.3–1.4 × as long as wide, with three macro setae and four solenidia apically (IIIS1–4) of different length (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">22</xref> ). </p>
<fig id="F2" position="float" orientation="portrait">
<label>Figures 12–23.</label>
<caption>
<p>
<italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Dinaraea">D.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="aequata">aequata</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> ( <bold>12</bold> , <bold>13</bold> , <bold>15</bold> , <bold>16–18</bold> , <bold>20</bold> , <bold>22</bold> , <bold>23</bold> ) <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Dinaraea">D.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="linearis">linearis</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> ( <bold>14</bold> , <bold>19</bold> , <bold>21</bold> ). First larval instar ( <bold>12</bold> , <bold>17</bold> ), mature larva ( <bold>13–16</bold> , <bold>18–23</bold> ), <bold>12–16</bold> head in dorsal ( <bold>12</bold> , <bold>13</bold> ), ventral ( <bold>14</bold> ), lateral ( <bold>15</bold> ) and frontal ( <bold>16</bold> ) aspect with glands ( <bold>13</bold> a, <bold>13</bold> b), ocellus ( <bold>15a</bold> ), microstructure ( <bold>15b</bold> ) and posterior setae ( <bold>15c</bold> ), <bold>17–23</bold> right antenna, article III in dorsal aspect ( <bold>17</bold> ), entire in dorsal aspect ( <bold>18</bold> , <bold>19</bold> ), anterior region in dorsal aspect ( <bold>20</bold> , <bold>21</bold> ), entire in apical aspect ( <bold>22</bold> ), anterior region of article II in ventral aspect ( <bold>23</bold> ) Abbreviations: <bold>I–III</bold> antennal articles, <bold>IIS IIIS</bold> solenidia of antennal article II or III, <bold> <abbrev xlink:title="antennae" id="ABBRID0EBTAE">At</abbrev> </bold> antenna, <bold>Ed</bold> epicranial dorsal setae, <bold> <abbrev xlink:title="epicranial glands" id="ABBRID0EITAE">Eg</abbrev> </bold> epicranial gland, <bold> <abbrev xlink:title="epicranial lateral setae" id="ABBRID0ENTAE">El</abbrev> </bold> epicranial lateral setae, <bold> <abbrev xlink:title="epicranial marginal setae" id="ABBRID0ESTAE">Em</abbrev> </bold> epicranial marginal setae, <bold> <abbrev xlink:title="ecdysial lines" id="ABBRID0EXTAE">Es</abbrev> </bold> epicranial suture, <bold> <abbrev xlink:title="frontal campaniform sensilla" id="ABBRID0E3TAE">Fc</abbrev> </bold> frontal campaniform sensilla, <bold> <abbrev xlink:title="frontal dorsal setae" id="ABBRID0EBUAE">Fd</abbrev> </bold> frontal dorsal setae, <bold> <abbrev xlink:title="frontal lateral setae" id="ABBRID0EHUAE">Fl</abbrev> </bold> frontal lateral setae, <bold>F</bold> frons, <bold> <abbrev xlink:title="hypopharynx" id="ABBRID0EPUAE">Hp</abbrev> </bold> hypopharynx, <bold>L</bold> lateral setae, <bold> <abbrev xlink:title="labium" id="ABBRID0EWUAE">Lb</abbrev> </bold> labium, <bold> <abbrev xlink:title="lateral campaniform sensilla" id="ABBRID0E2UAE">Lc</abbrev> </bold> lateral campaniform sensilla, <bold> <abbrev xlink:title="labial palp" id="ABBRID0EAVAE">Lp</abbrev> </bold> labial palp, <bold> <abbrev xlink:title="labrum" id="ABBRID0EFVAE">Lr</abbrev> </bold> labrum, <bold> <abbrev xlink:title="mala" id="ABBRID0EKVAE">Ma</abbrev> </bold> mala, <bold> <abbrev xlink:title="mandibles" id="ABBRID0EPVAE">Md</abbrev> </bold> mandible, <bold> <abbrev xlink:title="maxillae" id="ABBRID0EUVAE">Mx</abbrev> </bold> maxilla, <bold> <abbrev xlink:title="maxillary palp" id="ABBRID0EZVAE">Mp</abbrev> </bold> maxillary palp, <bold> <abbrev xlink:title="ocellus" id="ABBRID0E5VAE">Oc</abbrev> </bold> ocellus, <bold>P</bold> posterior setae, <bold> <abbrev xlink:title="labial palp" id="ABBRID0EFWAE">Pl</abbrev> </bold> labial palp, <bold> <abbrev xlink:title="maxillary palp" id="ABBRID0ELWAE">Pm</abbrev> </bold> maxillary palp, <bold> <abbrev xlink:title="sensory appendage" id="ABBRID0EQWAE">Sa</abbrev> </bold> sensory appendage, <bold>T</bold> temporal setae, <bold>V</bold> ventral setae, <bold> <abbrev xlink:title="ventral campaniform sensilla" id="ABBRID0EZWAE">Vc</abbrev> </bold> ventral campaniform sensilla, <bold> <abbrev xlink:title="ventral lateral setae" id="ABBRID0E5WAE">Vl</abbrev> </bold> ventral lateral setae. </p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="zookeys-752-099-g002.jpg" position="float" orientation="portrait" xlink:type="simple" id="oo_198608.jpg"/>
</fig>
<p> Labrum (Figs <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F3">24</xref> , <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F3">25</xref> ): trapeziform in outline, central region of anterior margin protruding and crenate, length ratio of protruding region and whole anterior margin 1:2 ( <italic>D.a.</italic> ) or 1:1.7 ( <italic>D.l.</italic> ); with eight macro [2(Ld1, Lm1, Lm2, Ll1)] and two micro, spine-shaped (Ld2) setae; separated from clypeal region by membranous area. Adoral surface of labrum (epipharynx) (Figs <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F3">26</xref> , <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F3">27</xref> ): membranous with numerous, pointed cuticular processes directed to central area of epipharynx (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F3">27a</xref> ) and three pairs of pores (coded: 1–3; Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F3">27</xref> ). </p>
<p> Mandibles ( <abbrev xlink:title="mandibles" id="ABBRID0EHYAE">Md</abbrev> ) (Figs <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F3">28</xref> , <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F3">29</xref> , <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F3">32</xref> ): elongate, strongly bent, moderately widened basally, with two macro setae near the outer margin and a pore; incisor lobe with one large and a different number (from two to five) of small subapical teeth: four teeth in left (L) and three teeth in right (R) mandible ( <italic>D.a.</italic> ) or two teeth in left (L) and five teeth in right (R) mandible ( <italic>D.l.</italic> ) (Figs <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F3">30</xref> , <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F3">31</xref> ). </p>
<fig id="F3" position="float" orientation="portrait">
<label>Figures 24–32.</label>
<caption>
<p>
<italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Dinaraea">D.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="aequata">aequata</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> ( <bold>24</bold> , <bold>26</bold> , <bold>27</bold> , <bold>28</bold> , <bold>30</bold> , <bold>32</bold> ) <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Dinaraea">D.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="linearis">linearis</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> ( <bold>25</bold> , <bold>29</bold> , <bold>31</bold> ), mature larva. <bold>24</bold> , <bold>25</bold> labrum <bold>26</bold> , <bold>27</bold> , <bold>27a</bold> epipharynx, <bold>28</bold> , <bold>29</bold> left ( <bold>L</bold> ) and right ( <bold>R</bold> ) mandible in dorsal aspect <bold>30</bold> , <bold>31</bold> anterior region of left ( <bold>L</bold> ) and right ( <bold>R</bold> ) mandible in dorsal aspect <bold>32</bold> right mandible in ventral aspect. Abbreviations: <bold> <abbrev xlink:title="labral dorsal setae" id="ABBRID0EQ2AE">Ld</abbrev> </bold> labral dorsal setae, <bold> <abbrev xlink:title="labral marginal setae" id="ABBRID0EV2AE">Lm</abbrev> </bold> labral marginal setae, <bold> <abbrev xlink:title="labral lateral setae" id="ABBRID0E12AE">Ll</abbrev> </bold> labral lateral setae. </p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="zookeys-752-099-g003.jpg" position="float" orientation="portrait" xlink:type="simple" id="oo_198609.jpg"/>
</fig>
<p> Maxilla ( <abbrev xlink:title="maxillae" id="ABBRID0EF3AE">Mx</abbrev> ) (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F4">33</xref> ): consisting of triangular cardo ( <abbrev xlink:title="cardo" id="ABBRID0EN3AE">Cd</abbrev> ) divided by sclerotised ridge into two unequal parts, shorted stipes ( <abbrev xlink:title="stipes" id="ABBRID0ER3AE">Stp</abbrev> ), slender, obliquely truncate mala ( <abbrev xlink:title="mala" id="ABBRID0EV3AE">Ma</abbrev> ) distinctly ( <italic>D.a.</italic> ) or slightly ( <italic>D.l.</italic> ) widened at adoral margin (Figs <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F4">34</xref> , <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F4">35</xref> ), palpifer ( <abbrev xlink:title="palpifer" id="ABBRID0EF4AE">Pf)</abbrev> and three articled maxillary palp ( <abbrev xlink:title="maxillary palp" id="ABBRID0EJ4AE">Pm</abbrev> ); cardo with one ventral seta; stipes with two setae; palpifer with one seta; mala separated from stipes by clearly visible line, with two setae, one pore and approx. 40 ( <italic>D.a.</italic> ) or 25 ( <italic>D.l.</italic> ) triangular cuticular processes ventrally; adoral margin of mala (functional positions in Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F4">40</xref> ) with group of approx. 15 micro teeth apically (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F4">36</xref> ) and ctenidium of eight macro teeth, dagger-shaped, different sizes (Figs <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F4">37</xref> , <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F4">38</xref> ). </p>
<p> Maxillary palp ( <abbrev xlink:title="maxillary palp" id="ABBRID0ED5AE">Pm</abbrev> ) (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F4">33</xref> ): length ratio of articles I–III: 1.6:1:2.2; article I wider than second, 1.8 × as long as wide with two pores; article II 1.5 × as long as wide with two setae; article III narrower than I and II, tapering slightly to apex, 6.8 × as long as wide, with one digitiform sensory appendage basally 0.3 × as long as article, one pore and a few tiny sensory appendages apically, among them the central one higher than the others (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F4">33a</xref> ). </p>
<p> Hypopharynx ( <abbrev xlink:title="hypopharynx" id="ABBRID0ER5AE">Hp</abbrev> ) (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F4">39</xref> ): membranous, surface (except central area) with approx. 60 triangular microtrichiae (M) directed to the central area without microtrichiae. Ligula ( <abbrev xlink:title="ligula" id="ABBRID0EZ5AE">Lg</abbrev> ) (Figs <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F4">39</xref> , <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F4">40</xref> ): elongate, finger-like, gradually tapering to the top, approx. 2.5 × as long as wide at the base, with deep longitudinal furrow (F) and a few microtrichia laterodorsally; distal part with two spinose (coded: 1–2) and four button-like (coded: S1–4) sensilla, surface of apex with microsculpture resembling dermatoglyphics (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F4">40a</xref> ). Prementum (Pmnt) trapeziform, 1.4 × as wide at the base as long, with two long setae and four cuticular processes at the base of each labial palp ( <abbrev xlink:title="labial palp" id="ABBRID0EJ6AE">Lp</abbrev> ) (Figs <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">14</xref> , <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F4">39</xref> ). Labial palp two-articled, length ratio of articles I and II: 1:2.1, article I 1.1 × as long as wide, article II 3.5 × as long as wide with a few sensory appendages apically, among them the central one higher than the others (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F4">39a</xref> ). </p>
<fig id="F4" position="float" orientation="portrait">
<label>Figures 33–40.</label>
<caption>
<p>
<italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Dinaraea">D.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="aequata">aequata</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> ( <bold>33</bold> , <bold>34</bold> , <bold>36–40</bold> ) <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Dinaraea">D.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="linearis">linearis</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> ( <bold>35</bold> ), mature larva. <bold>33</bold> right maxilla in ventral aspect and apex of maxillary palp ( <bold>33a</bold> ), <bold>34</bold> , <bold>35</bold> right mala in ventral aspect <bold>36–38</bold> adoral margin of left mala in dorsal ( <bold>36</bold> , <bold>37</bold> ) and ventral ( <bold>38</bold> ) aspect <bold>39</bold> , <bold>39a</bold> labium and apex of labial palp, view from hypopharynx, <bold>40</bold> functional position of hypopharynx and adoral margins of malae and apex of ligula ( <bold>40a</bold> ). Abbreviations: <bold>I–III</bold> articles of maxillary palp, <bold> <abbrev xlink:title="cardo" id="ABBRID0E2BAG">Cd</abbrev> </bold> cardo, <bold>F</bold> furrow, <bold> <abbrev xlink:title="hypopharynx" id="ABBRID0ECCAG">Hp</abbrev> </bold> hypopharynx, <bold> <abbrev xlink:title="ligula" id="ABBRID0EHCAG">Lg</abbrev> </bold> ligula, <bold> <abbrev xlink:title="labial palp" id="ABBRID0EMCAG">Lp</abbrev> </bold> labial palp, <bold>M</bold> microtrichia, <bold> <abbrev xlink:title="mala" id="ABBRID0ETCAG">Ma</abbrev> </bold> mala, <bold> <abbrev xlink:title="palpifer" id="ABBRID0EYCAG">Pf</abbrev> </bold> palpifer, <bold> <abbrev xlink:title="maxillary palp" id="ABBRID0E4CAG">Pm</abbrev> </bold> maxillary palp, <bold>1–2</bold> and <bold>S1–4</bold> sensilla, <bold> <abbrev xlink:title="stipes" id="ABBRID0EGDAG">Stp</abbrev> </bold> stipes. </p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="zookeys-752-099-g004.jpg" position="float" orientation="portrait" xlink:type="simple" id="oo_198610.jpg"/>
</fig>
<p> Thorax. Foreleg (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F5">41</xref> ): consists of stocky coxa ( <abbrev xlink:title="coxa" id="ABBRID0EVDAG">Cx</abbrev> ), short trochanter ( <abbrev xlink:title="trochanter" id="ABBRID0EZDAG">Tr</abbrev> ), elongated femur ( <abbrev xlink:title="femur" id="ABBRID0E4DAG">Fe</abbrev> ) 3 × as long as wide, slim tibia ( <abbrev xlink:title="tibia" id="ABBRID0EBEAG">Tb</abbrev> ) 5.3 × as long as wide and tarsungulus ( <abbrev xlink:title="tarsungulus" id="ABBRID0EFEAG">Ts</abbrev> ) slightly curving inwards, 7.1 × as long as wide; <abbrev xlink:title="coxa" id="ABBRID0EJEAG">Cx</abbrev> with 13 setae (Ad1–3, Al1–4, Bs, D1, Pd1–2, V1–2) and two pores (C1–2); <abbrev xlink:title="trochanter" id="ABBRID0ENEAG">Tr</abbrev> with 10 setae (Al1–5, Pl1v2, V1v3) and 5 pores (C1–5); <abbrev xlink:title="femur" id="ABBRID0EREAG">Fe</abbrev> with 7 setae (Ad1, Av1, Al1, D1, Pd1, Pv1, V1) and two pores (C1–2); <abbrev xlink:title="tibia" id="ABBRID0EVEAG">Tb</abbrev> with nine spine-shaped setae (Ad1–3, Av1–2, Pd1–2, Pl1, V1); <abbrev xlink:title="tarsungulus" id="ABBRID0EZEAG">Ts</abbrev> with two spine-shaped setae and one appendage ( <abbrev xlink:title="appendage" id="ABBRID0E4EAG">Ap</abbrev> ) (Figs <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F5">41</xref> , <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F5">42</xref> ). Length ratio of <abbrev xlink:title="femur" id="ABBRID0EJFAG">Fe</abbrev> , <abbrev xlink:title="tibia" id="ABBRID0ENFAG">Tb</abbrev> and <abbrev xlink:title="tarsungulus" id="ABBRID0ERFAG">Ts</abbrev> : 1.9:2.2:1. Length ratio of pronotum ( <abbrev xlink:title="length ratio of pronotum" id="ABBRID0EVFAG">Pnt</abbrev> ), mesonotum ( <abbrev xlink:title="mesonotum" id="ABBRID0EZFAG">Msn</abbrev> ) and metanotum ( <abbrev xlink:title="metanotum" id="ABBRID0E4FAG">Mtn</abbrev> ): 1.4:1:1.3. <abbrev xlink:title="length ratio of pronotum" id="ABBRID0EBGAG">Pnt</abbrev> with 50 setae [2(A1–6, Da2–3, Db1–3, Dc2–3, Dd1–2, <abbrev xlink:title="first instar" id="ABBRID0EFGAG">L1</abbrev> –5, P1–4)] and 12 pores (2[C1–6]) (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F5">43</xref> ); <abbrev xlink:title="mesonotum" id="ABBRID0ENGAG">Msn</abbrev> with 38 setae [2(A1–5, Da2–3, Db2, Dc2–3, Dd1–2, <abbrev xlink:title="third instar" id="ABBRID0ERGAG">L3</abbrev> –4, P1–5)] and eight pores [(2C1, C2, C3, C6)]; chaetotaxy of metanotum identical with that of mesonotum; lateral area between pro- and mesothorax with a pair of functional spiracles ( <abbrev xlink:title="spiracles" id="ABBRID0EVGAG">Sp</abbrev> ), and between meso- and metathorax with a pair of atrophied spiracles ( <abbrev xlink:title="atrophied spiracles" id="ABBRID0EZGAG">Asp</abbrev> ) and one micro seta (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F5">45</xref> ). Prosternum (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F5">47</xref> ) with 22 setae [2(Eu1–2, Ls1–2, Pr1–3, Prehy1–2, St1–2)] and microstructure laterally (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F5">47a</xref> ). </p>
<fig id="F5" position="float" orientation="portrait">
<label>Figures 41–48.</label>
<caption>
<p>
<italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Dinaraea">D.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="linearis">linearis</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> , mature larva ( <bold>41</bold> , <bold>42</bold> , <bold>43</bold> , <bold>45</bold> , <bold>47</bold> , <bold>47a</bold> ), first larval instar ( <bold>44</bold> , <bold>46</bold> , <bold>48</bold> , <bold>48a</bold> ). <bold>41</bold> , <bold>42</bold> fore right leg in anterior aspect and tarsungulus ( <bold>42</bold> ), <bold>43</bold> , <bold>44</bold> pronotum, <bold>45</bold> , <bold>46</bold> mesonotum, <bold>47</bold> prosternum with microstructure ( <bold>47a</bold> ), <bold>48</bold> metanotum with egg-bursters ( <bold>48a</bold> ). Abbreviations: <bold>A</bold> anterior setae, <bold> <abbrev xlink:title="anterodorsal setae" id="ABBRID0EJJAG">Ad</abbrev> </bold> anterodorsal setae, <bold> <abbrev xlink:title="anterolateral setae" id="ABBRID0EOJAG">Al</abbrev> </bold> anterolateral setae, <bold> <abbrev xlink:title="appendage" id="ABBRID0EUJAG">Ap</abbrev> </bold> appendage, <bold> <abbrev xlink:title="atrophied spiracles" id="ABBRID0EZJAG">Asp</abbrev> </bold> atrophied spiracles, <bold> <abbrev xlink:title="anteroventral setae" id="ABBRID0E5JAG">Av</abbrev> </bold> anteroventral setae, <bold> <abbrev xlink:title="basal setae" id="ABBRID0EDKAG">Bs</abbrev> </bold> basal setae, <bold>C</bold> campaniform sensilla, <bold> <abbrev xlink:title="coxa" id="ABBRID0ELKAG">Cx</abbrev> </bold> coxa, <bold> <abbrev xlink:title="egg-bursters" id="ABBRID0EQKAG">Eb</abbrev> </bold> egg-bursters, <bold> <abbrev xlink:title="eusternum" id="ABBRID0EVKAG">Eu</abbrev> </bold> eusternum, <bold> <abbrev xlink:title="femur" id="ABBRID0E1KAG">Fe</abbrev> </bold> femur, <bold> <abbrev xlink:title="dorsal setae" id="ABBRID0E6KAG">Da–d</abbrev> </bold> dorsal setae, <bold>L</bold> lateral setae, <bold> <abbrev xlink:title="lateral margin" id="ABBRID0EGLAG">Ls</abbrev> </bold> laterosternum, <bold>P</bold> posterior setae, <bold>Pd</bold> posterodorsal setae, <bold> <abbrev xlink:title="pretergal gland" id="ABBRID0EPLAG">Pg</abbrev> </bold> pretergal gland, <bold> <abbrev xlink:title="presternum" id="ABBRID0EULAG">Pr</abbrev> </bold> presternum, <bold> <abbrev xlink:title="prehypopleuron" id="ABBRID0EZLAG">Prehy</abbrev> </bold> prehypopleuron, <bold> <abbrev xlink:title="posteroventral setae" id="ABBRID0E5LAG">Pv</abbrev> </bold> posteroventral setae, <bold> <abbrev xlink:title="spiracles" id="ABBRID0EEMAG">Sp</abbrev> </bold> spiracle, <bold> <abbrev xlink:title="sternite" id="ABBRID0EJMAG">St</abbrev> </bold> sternellum, <bold> <abbrev xlink:title="tibia" id="ABBRID0EOMAG">Tb</abbrev> </bold> tibia, <bold> <abbrev xlink:title="trochanter" id="ABBRID0ETMAG">Tr</abbrev> </bold> trochanter, <bold> <abbrev xlink:title="tarsungulus" id="ABBRID0EYMAG">Ts</abbrev> </bold> tarsungulus, <bold>V</bold> ventral setae. </p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="zookeys-752-099-g005.jpg" position="float" orientation="portrait" xlink:type="simple" id="oo_198611.jpg"/>
</fig>
<p> Abdomen. Chaetotaxy of tergites: I–VII with 32 setae [2(A1–2, A4–5, Da2–3, Db2, Dc2–3, <abbrev xlink:title="first instar" id="ABBRID0EFNAG">L1</abbrev> , L4, P1–5), six pores [2(C3, C5, C6)] and a pair of glands ( <abbrev xlink:title="pair of glands" id="ABBRID0EJNAG">Pg</abbrev> ) (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F6">49</xref> ); VIII with 30 setae [2(A1–2, Da2–3, Db2, Dc2–3, <abbrev xlink:title="first instar" id="ABBRID0ERNAG">L1</abbrev> , <abbrev xlink:title="third instar" id="ABBRID0EVNAG">L3</abbrev> –4, P1–5)], two pores (C5) and a pair of glands ( <abbrev xlink:title="pretergal gland" id="ABBRID0EZNAG">Pg</abbrev> ) (Figs <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F7">54</xref> , <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F7">55</xref> ). Tergal gland reservoir (R) clearly developed with split opening ( <abbrev xlink:title="opening" id="ABBRID0EFOAG">Op</abbrev> ) at the posterior margin of abdominal tergite VIII (Figs <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F7">54–56</xref> ). Chaetotaxy of sternites: I (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F6">51</xref> ) with 16 setae (2[D1–2, Ps1, P1–5]); II–VIII (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F6">51</xref> ) with 20 setae (2[D1–3, Ps1, P1–6]). Segment IX and X with tergites and sternites fused in uniform ring; segment IX with 28 setae (six micro) (Figs <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F7">54</xref> , <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F7">55</xref> ). Urogomphi ( <abbrev xlink:title="urogomphi" id="ABBRID0E4OAG">Ug</abbrev> ) of segment IX (Figs <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F7">54</xref> , <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F7">55</xref> ): two-articled, article I fused to tergum IX; article II slender, finger-shaped, moderately tapering apically, 1.5 × as long as basal article, 4.1 × as long as wide, with one short seta subapically, one macro seta apically and a pore basally; length ratio of <abbrev xlink:title="urogomphi" id="ABBRID0EJPAG">Ug</abbrev> and apical seta: 1:1; length ratio of urogomphus (without apical seta) and segment X (pygopod): 1:1.5. Segment X with 16 setae and four anal hooks ( <abbrev xlink:title="anal hooks" id="ABBRID0ENPAG">Ah</abbrev> ) (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F7">58</xref> ). </p>
<fig id="F6" position="float" orientation="portrait">
<label>Figures 49–53.</label>
<caption>
<p>
<italic>
<tp:taxon-name>
<tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Dinaraea">D.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="aequata">aequata</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name>
</italic> , mature larva ( <bold>49</bold> , <bold>51</bold> ), first larval instar ( <bold>50</bold> , <bold>52</bold> , <bold>53</bold> ). <bold>49</bold> , <bold>50</bold> abdominal tergites I and II <bold>51</bold> abdominal sternites I and II <bold>52</bold> abdominal sternites I <bold>53</bold> abdominal sternites II. Abbreviations: <bold>A</bold> anterior setae, <bold>C</bold> campaniform sensilla, <bold>D</bold> , <bold>Da–c</bold> discal setae, <bold> <abbrev xlink:title="egg-bursters" id="ABBRID0EIRAG">Eb</abbrev> </bold> egg-bursters, <bold>L</bold> lateral setae, <bold>P</bold> posterior setae, <bold> <abbrev xlink:title="pretergal gland" id="ABBRID0ERRAG">Pg</abbrev> </bold> pretergal gland, <bold> <abbrev xlink:title="presternal setae" id="ABBRID0EWRAG">Ps</abbrev> </bold> presternal setae, <bold> <abbrev xlink:title="spiracles" id="ABBRID0E2RAG">Sp</abbrev> </bold> spiracle. </p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="zookeys-752-099-g006.jpg" position="float" orientation="portrait" xlink:type="simple" id="oo_198612.jpg"/>
</fig>
<p>
<bold>
<italic>First larval instar</italic> ( <italic> L <sub>1</sub> </italic> ) (Figs <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">13</xref> , <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">17</xref> , <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F5">44</xref> , <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F5">46</xref> , <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F5">48</xref> , <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F5">48a</xref> , <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F6">50</xref> , <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F6">52</xref> , <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F6">53</xref> , <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F7">57</xref> , <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F7">59</xref> , <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F7">60</xref> ) </bold>
</p>
<p> The main differences between <abbrev xlink:title="first instar" id="ABBRID0EBUAG">L1</abbrev> and <abbrev xlink:title="second instar" id="ABBRID0EFUAG">L2</abbrev> – <abbrev xlink:title="third instar" id="ABBRID0EJUAG">L3</abbrev> of <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Dinaraea">Dinaraea</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> involve: (1) colouration of last (III) antennal article: brown in <abbrev xlink:title="first instar" id="ABBRID0EUUAG">L1</abbrev> , almost colourless in <abbrev xlink:title="second instar" id="ABBRID0EYUAG">L2</abbrev> – <abbrev xlink:title="third instar" id="ABBRID0E3UAG">L3</abbrev> ; (2) chaetotaxy of head, pro-, meso-, metanotum, abdominal tergites and sternites I–VII: fewer setae in <abbrev xlink:title="first instar" id="ABBRID0EAVAG">L1</abbrev> than in <abbrev xlink:title="second instar" id="ABBRID0EEVAG">L2</abbrev> –3; (3) egg bursters on metanotum (a pair of large ones) and abdominal segments I–III: present in <abbrev xlink:title="first instar" id="ABBRID0EIVAG">L1</abbrev> , absent in <abbrev xlink:title="second instar" id="ABBRID0EMVAG">L2</abbrev> – <abbrev xlink:title="third instar" id="ABBRID0EQVAG">L3</abbrev> ; (4) size of gland reservoir of segment VIII; (5) shape of urogomphi: slightly inward-curving in <abbrev xlink:title="first instar" id="ABBRID0EUVAG">L1</abbrev> , straight in <abbrev xlink:title="second instar" id="ABBRID0EYVAG">L2</abbrev> – <abbrev xlink:title="third instar" id="ABBRID0E3VAG">L3</abbrev> ; (10) number and length of subapical and apical setae of urogomphi. Some differences in measurements of all larval instars are shown in Table <xref ref-type="table" rid="T1">1</xref> . For more details regarding the differences between <abbrev xlink:title="first instar" id="ABBRID0EEWAG">L1</abbrev> and <abbrev xlink:title="second instar" id="ABBRID0EIWAG">L2</abbrev> – <abbrev xlink:title="third instar" id="ABBRID0EMWAG">L3</abbrev> , see Table <xref ref-type="table" rid="T2">2</xref> . </p>
<p> Pupal cocoon (Figs <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F7">61</xref> , <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F7">61a</xref> , <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F7">62</xref> , <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F7">64</xref> ); before pupation, the mature larva ( <abbrev xlink:title="third instar" id="ABBRID0EGXAG">L3</abbrev> ) spins a silken cocoon into which it weaves particles of the surrounding substrate; length 3.0 mm, width 1.8 mm. Prepupa as in Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F7">63</xref> . </p>
<table-wrap id="T1" position="float" orientation="portrait">
<label>Table 1.</label>
<caption>
<p> Some measurements of larval instars of <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Dinaraea">Dinaraea</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="aequata">aequata</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> and <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Dinaraea">D.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="linearis">linearis</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> . Symbols and abbreviations: <abbrev xlink:title="first instar" id="ABBRID0ENYAG">L1</abbrev> – <abbrev xlink:title="third instar" id="ABBRID0ERYAG">L3</abbrev> larval instars, A average, N number of specimens, R range, <abbrev xlink:title="standard variation" id="ABBRID0EVYAG">SV</abbrev> standard variation. </p>
</caption>
<table id="TID0E3LAE" rules="all">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2" colspan="1">
<bold>Character</bold>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" colspan="1">
<bold>Species</bold>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="2">
<bold> <abbrev xlink:title="first instar" id="ABBRID0EPZAG">L1</abbrev> </bold>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="2">
<bold> <abbrev xlink:title="second instar" id="ABBRID0EYZAG">L2</abbrev> </bold>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="2">
<bold> <abbrev xlink:title="third instar" id="ABBRID0EB1AG">L3</abbrev> </bold>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">A/R</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> N/ <abbrev xlink:title="standard variation" id="ABBRID0EN1AG">SV</abbrev> </td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">A/R</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> N/ <abbrev xlink:title="standard variation" id="ABBRID0EX1AG">SV</abbrev> </td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">A/R</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> N/ <abbrev xlink:title="standard variation" id="ABBRID0EB2AG">SV</abbrev> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2" colspan="1">Body length</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Dinaraea">D.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="aequata">aequata</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.93/1.61–2.21</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">7/0.21</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.31/1.61–2.83</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">5/0.46</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.42/3.01–3.78</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">11/0.24</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Dinaraea">D.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="linearis">linearis</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.6/1.41–1.89</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">6/0.18</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.23/1.92–2.48</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">5/0.27</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.79/2.23–3.12</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">12/0.25</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2" colspan="1">Epicranium length</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Dinaraea">D.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="aequata">aequata</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.26/0.24–0.28</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">7/0.01</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.34/0.34–0.35</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">5/0.01</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.43/0.42–0.46</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">11/0.01</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Dinaraea">D.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="linearis">linearis</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.24/0.22–0.27</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">6/0.01</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.31/0.28–0.34</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">5/0.02</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.36/0.34–0.39</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">11/0.02</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2" colspan="1">Epicranium width</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Dinaraea">D.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="aequata">aequata</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.28/0.28–0.28</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">7/0.00</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.35/0.34–0.35</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">5/0.01</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.43/0.42–0.45</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">11/0.01</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Dinaraea">D.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="linearis">linearis</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.25/0.25–0.25</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">6/0.00</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.31/0.29–0.32</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">5/0.01</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.37/0.35–0.38</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">12/0.01</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2" colspan="1">Pronotum width</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Dinaraea">D.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="aequata">aequata</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.29/0.28–0.29</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">7/0.01</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.36/0.34–0.36</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">5/0.01</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.49/0.46–0.50</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">11/0.01</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Dinaraea">D.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="linearis">linearis</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.27/0.25–0.28</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">6/0.01</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.34/0.32–0.36</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">5/0.02</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.43/0.41–0.52</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">12/0.03</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</table-wrap>
<table-wrap id="T2" position="float" orientation="portrait">
<label>Table 2.</label>
<caption>
<p> Some differences in chaetotaxy between early ( <abbrev xlink:title="first instar" id="ABBRID0EJEBG">L1</abbrev> ) and late ( <abbrev xlink:title="second instar" id="ABBRID0ENEBG">L2</abbrev> –3) larval instars of <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Dinaraea">Dinaraea</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> , <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Thiasophila">Thiasophila</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> , and <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Gyrophaena">Gyrophaena</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> . Abbreviations: <abbrev xlink:title="article" id="ABBRID0EGFBG">Ar</abbrev> article, <abbrev xlink:title="apical seta of urogomphus" id="ABBRID0EKFBG">As</abbrev> apical seta of urogomphus, <abbrev xlink:title="antennae" id="ABBRID0EOFBG">At</abbrev> antenna, D dorsal, <abbrev xlink:title="epicranial part" id="ABBRID0ESFBG">Ep</abbrev> epicranial part, l long, <abbrev xlink:title="lateral margin" id="ABBRID0EWFBG">Ls</abbrev> lateral margin, <abbrev xlink:title="length ratio" id="ABBRID0E1FBG">Lr</abbrev> length ratio, <abbrev xlink:title="mesonotum" id="ABBRID0E5FBG">Msn</abbrev> mesonotum, <abbrev xlink:title="metanotum" id="ABBRID0ECGBG">Mtn</abbrev> metanotum, <abbrev xlink:title="number of setae" id="ABBRID0EGGBG">NrS</abbrev> number of setae, <abbrev xlink:title="number of egg bursters" id="ABBRID0EKGBG">NrEb</abbrev> number of egg bursters, <abbrev xlink:title="length ratio of pronotum" id="ABBRID0EOGBG">Pnt</abbrev> pronotum, S segment, s short, <abbrev xlink:title="subapical setae of urogomphus" id="ABBRID0ESGBG">Sas</abbrev> subapical setae of urogomphus, <abbrev xlink:title="sternite" id="ABBRID0EWGBG">St</abbrev> sternite, <abbrev xlink:title="tergite" id="ABBRID0E1GBG">Te</abbrev> tergite, <abbrev xlink:title="urogomphi" id="ABBRID0E5GBG">Ug</abbrev> urogomphus, (…) new setae, ? no data available. Data based on <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Zagaja et al. (2014)</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Staniec et al. (2016)</xref> , and present study. </p>
</caption>
<table id="TID0ELTAG" rules="all">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2" colspan="1">
<bold>Characters</bold>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="2">
<bold> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="tribe">Athetini</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </bold>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="2">
<bold> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="tribe">Oxypodini</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </bold>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="2">
<bold> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="tribe">Homalotini</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </bold>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="2">
<bold>
<italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Dinaraea">Dinaraea</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> ( <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Dinaraea">D.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="aequata">aequata</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> , <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Dinaraea">D.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="linearis">linearis</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> ) </bold>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="2">
<bold>
<italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Thiasophila">Thiasophila</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> ( <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Thiasophila">T.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="angulata">angulata</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> ) </bold>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="2">
<bold>
<italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Gyrophaena">Gyrophaena</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> ( <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Gyrophaena">G.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="boleti">boleti</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> ) </bold>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="7">
<bold>Head</bold>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"/>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<abbrev xlink:title="first instar" id="ABBRID0EZLBG">L1</abbrev>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<abbrev xlink:title="second instar" id="ABBRID0EBMBG">L2</abbrev> –3 </td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<abbrev xlink:title="first instar" id="ABBRID0EJMBG">L1</abbrev>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<abbrev xlink:title="second instar" id="ABBRID0ERMBG">L2</abbrev> –3 </td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<abbrev xlink:title="first instar" id="ABBRID0EZMBG">L1</abbrev>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<abbrev xlink:title="second instar" id="ABBRID0EBNBG">L2</abbrev> –3 </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<abbrev xlink:title="number of setae" id="ABBRID0EKNBG">NrS</abbrev> : <abbrev xlink:title="epicranial part" id="ABBRID0EONBG">Ep</abbrev> </td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 14 <break/> </td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 18 <break/> (Ed1, El2) </td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 14 <break/> </td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 18 <break/> (Ea1, Ed1) </td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">12</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">12</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<abbrev xlink:title="antennae" id="ABBRID0ESOBG">At</abbrev> : <abbrev xlink:title="article" id="ABBRID0EWOBG">Ar</abbrev> III </td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">dark</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">light</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">dark</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">light</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">dark</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">light</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="7">
<bold>Thorax</bold>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<abbrev xlink:title="number of setae" id="ABBRID0EYPBG">NrS</abbrev> : <abbrev xlink:title="length ratio of pronotum" id="ABBRID0E3PBG">Pnt</abbrev> </td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 28 <break/> </td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 50 <break/> 2(A3, A4, Da3, Db2, Db3, Dc3, Dd1, Dd1, <abbrev xlink:title="third instar" id="ABBRID0EKQBG">L3</abbrev> , P3, P5) </td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 28 <break/> </td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 52 <break/> 2(A3, Da1, Da3, Db1, Db3, Dc1, Dc3, Dd1, <abbrev xlink:title="second instar" id="ABBRID0EZQBG">L2</abbrev> –3, L5, P3) </td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 22 <break/> </td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 30 <break/> 2(A3, A5, P3, L5) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<abbrev xlink:title="number of setae" id="ABBRID0ENRBG">NrS</abbrev> : <abbrev xlink:title="mesonotum" id="ABBRID0ERRBG">Msn</abbrev> , <abbrev xlink:title="metanotum" id="ABBRID0EVRBG">Mtn</abbrev> , each </td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 30 <break/> </td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 38 <break/> 2(Da3, Dc3, Dd2, P3) </td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 30 <break/> </td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 38 <break/> 2(Da3, Db3, Dc2, P3) </td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 16 <break/> </td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 18 <break/> 2P3 </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<abbrev xlink:title="number of egg bursters" id="ABBRID0E6SBG">NrEb</abbrev> : <abbrev xlink:title="mesonotum" id="ABBRID0EDTBG">Msn</abbrev> </td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">lack</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">lack</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">lack</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">lack</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">two</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">lack</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<abbrev xlink:title="number of egg bursters" id="ABBRID0E4TBG">NrEb</abbrev> : <abbrev xlink:title="metanotum" id="ABBRID0EBUBG">Mtn</abbrev> </td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">14 (2big)</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">lack</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">approx. ten</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> lack <break/> (six big) </td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">nine</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">lack</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="7">
<bold>Abdomen</bold>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<abbrev xlink:title="number of egg bursters" id="ABBRID0EFVBG">NrEb</abbrev> : <abbrev xlink:title="tergite" id="ABBRID0EJVBG">Te</abbrev> I–II/each </td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">two</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">lack</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">two</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">lack</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">two</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">lack</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<abbrev xlink:title="number of egg bursters" id="ABBRID0EEWBG">NrEb</abbrev> : <abbrev xlink:title="tergite" id="ABBRID0EIWBG">Te</abbrev> III–IV/each </td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">lack</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">lack</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">lack</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">lack</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">two</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">lack</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<abbrev xlink:title="number of setae" id="ABBRID0EDXBG">NrS</abbrev> : <abbrev xlink:title="tergite" id="ABBRID0EHXBG">Te</abbrev> I–VIII </td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 18 <break/> </td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 32 <break/> 2(A1, A2, A5, P2, P3, Dc3, Dc2) </td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 24 <break/> </td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 30 <break/> 2(Db3, Dc2, P3) </td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 14 <break/> </td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 18 <break/> 2(Db3, P3) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<abbrev xlink:title="number of setae" id="ABBRID0ERYBG">NrS</abbrev> : <abbrev xlink:title="sternite" id="ABBRID0EVYBG">St</abbrev> I </td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 12 <break/> </td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 16 <break/> 2(D2, P3) </td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> ten <break/> </td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 14 <break/> 2(D2, Ps1) </td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> ten <break/> </td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> ten <break/> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<abbrev xlink:title="number of setae" id="ABBRID0E5ZBG">NrS</abbrev> : <abbrev xlink:title="sternite" id="ABBRID0EC1BG">St</abbrev> II–VII </td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 14 <break/> </td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 20 <break/> 2(D2, D3, P3) </td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 14 <break/> </td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 20 <break/> 2(D2, D3, P3) </td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 12 <break/> </td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">16 2(D2, P3)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<abbrev xlink:title="number of setae" id="ABBRID0EJ2BG">NrS</abbrev> : <abbrev xlink:title="sternite" id="ABBRID0EN2BG">St</abbrev> VIII </td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 14 <break/> </td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 20 <break/> 2(D2, D3, P3) </td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 14 <break/> </td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 20 <break/> 2(D2, D3, P3) </td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 12 <break/> </td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 14 <break/> 2(D2) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<abbrev xlink:title="urogomphi" id="ABBRID0EX3BG">Ug</abbrev> : <abbrev xlink:title="subapical setae of urogomphus" id="ABBRID0E23BG">Sas</abbrev> </td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 /s and l/</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 s</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 /s and l/</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 s</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 /s and l/</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 s</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<abbrev xlink:title="length ratio" id="ABBRID0EV4BG">Lr</abbrev> <abbrev xlink:title="urogomphi" id="ABBRID0EZ4BG">Ug</abbrev> to <abbrev xlink:title="apical seta of urogomphus" id="ABBRID0E44BG">As</abbrev> </td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1:1.6</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1:1</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1:2.3</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.1:1</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1:2.2</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1:1.1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<abbrev xlink:title="length ratio" id="ABBRID0EX5BG">Lr</abbrev> <abbrev xlink:title="urogomphi" id="ABBRID0E25BG">Ug</abbrev> to S X </td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1:1.1</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1:1.5</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.1:1</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1:1.5</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.2:1</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1:1</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</table-wrap>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="Morphological comments on the Dinaraea pupa (based on D. aequata)" id="SECID0ER6BG">
<title> Morphological comments on the <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Dinaraea">Dinaraea</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="pupa">pupa</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> (based on <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Dinaraea">D.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="aequata">aequata</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> ) </title>
<p>Because of the poor state of preservation of most of the reared research material, this description covers only the ventral part of the female pupa.</p>
<p> Pupa (Figs <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F7">64–68</xref> ). Some measurements of pupae of both species are listed in Table <xref ref-type="table" rid="T3">3</xref> . Pupa exarate, body moderately flattened dorso-ventrally, slightly sclerotised, with numerous setae growing from basal, cuticular protuberances (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F7">66</xref> ); colour white, long setae pale brown, short setae almost colourless. Head: directed downwards with 24 setae (among them two very short ones on labrum, four small ones at base of labrum) (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F7">65</xref> ). Labrum: anterior margin with deep incision dividing labrum into two parts and a pair of finger-like protuberances. Maxillary palp long, protruding beyond half-length of fore tarsi. Antennae: curved, lying on the fore and middle knees, protruding distinctly beyond apex of middle of knees (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F7">65</xref> ). Hind tarsi almost reaching middle of visible abdominal sternite III (actually V). Setae of abdominal sternites relatively short, numbers of setae on sternites: IV – 8, V–VII – each with 14, VIII, IX – each with eight setae (Figs <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F7">65</xref> , <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F7">67</xref> ). Last tergite IX extended into two abdominal processes, each with one relatively long terminal prolongation ( <abbrev xlink:title="terminal prolongation" id="ABBRID0EMBAI">Tp</abbrev> ) (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F7">67</xref> ). Terminal segments (IX) in female with double gonotheca as in Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F7">67</xref> . Microstructure of abdominal sclerites as in Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F7">68</xref> . </p>
<fig id="F7" position="float" orientation="portrait">
<label>Figures 54–68.</label>
<caption>
<p>
<italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Dinaraea">D.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="linearis">linearis</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> ( <bold>54–57, 60–64</bold> ), <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Dinaraea">D.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="aequata">aequata</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> ( <bold>58, 59, 65–68</bold> ), mature larva ( <bold>54–56, 58</bold> ), first larval instar ( <bold>57, 59, 60</bold> ), prepupa ( <bold>61</bold> ), cocoon ( <bold>62</bold> , <bold>63</bold> ), cocoon and pupa ( <bold>64</bold> ), pupa ( <bold>65–68</bold> ). <bold>54, 55</bold> abdominal segments VIII-X in dorsal ( <bold>54</bold> ) and lateral ( <bold>55</bold> ) aspect <bold>56</bold> , <bold>57</bold> tergal gland reservoir of segment VIII <bold>58–60</bold> abdominal segments IX and X in ventral ( <bold>58, 59</bold> ) and lateral ( <bold>60</bold> ) aspect <bold>61, 62</bold> pupal cocoon <bold>63</bold> prepupa in lateral aspect <bold>64</bold> ripped cocoon with pupa inside in lateral aspect <bold>65–68</bold> pupa in ventral aspect ( <bold>65</bold> ), front of head ( <bold>66</bold> ), terminal abdominal sternites VII–IX ( <bold>67</bold> ) and microstructure of abdominal sternite VIII ( <bold>68</bold> ). Abbreviations: <bold> <abbrev xlink:title="anal hooks" id="ABBRID0ENEAI">Ah</abbrev> </bold> anal hooks, <bold> <abbrev xlink:title="frons" id="ABBRID0ESEAI">Fr</abbrev> </bold> frons, <bold> <abbrev xlink:title="labrum" id="ABBRID0EXEAI">Lr</abbrev> </bold> labrum, <bold> <abbrev xlink:title="mandibles" id="ABBRID0E3EAI">Md</abbrev> </bold> mandible, <bold> <abbrev xlink:title="maxillary palp" id="ABBRID0EBFAI">Mp</abbrev> </bold> maxillary palp, <bold> <abbrev xlink:title="opening" id="ABBRID0EGFAI">Op</abbrev> </bold> opening of gland reservoir, <bold> <abbrev xlink:title="pretergal gland" id="ABBRID0ELFAI">Pg</abbrev> </bold> pretergal gland, <bold>R</bold> tergal gland reservoir, <bold> <abbrev xlink:title="spiracles" id="ABBRID0ESFAI">Sp</abbrev> </bold> spiracle, <bold> <abbrev xlink:title="sternite" id="ABBRID0EXFAI">St</abbrev> </bold> sternite, <bold> <abbrev xlink:title="tergite" id="ABBRID0E3FAI">Te</abbrev> </bold> tergite, <bold> <abbrev xlink:title="terminal prolongation" id="ABBRID0EBGAI">Tp</abbrev> </bold> terminal prolongation, <bold> <abbrev xlink:title="urogomphi" id="ABBRID0EGGAI">Ug</abbrev> </bold> urogomphus. </p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="zookeys-752-099-g007.jpg" position="float" orientation="portrait" xlink:type="simple" id="oo_198613.jpg"/>
</fig>
<table-wrap id="T3" position="float" orientation="portrait">
<label>Table 3.</label>
<caption>
<p> Some measurements of pupae of <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Dinaraea">Dinaraea</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="aequata">aequata</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> and <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Dinaraea">D.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="linearis">linearis</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> . Abbreviations: A average, N number of specimens, R range, <abbrev xlink:title="standard variation" id="ABBRID0EOHAI">SV</abbrev> standard variation. </p>
</caption>
<table id="TID0E51AE" rules="all">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2" colspan="1">
<bold>Species</bold>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="2">
<bold>Body length</bold>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="2">
<bold>Body width</bold>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="2">
<bold>Epicranium width</bold>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="2">
<bold>Pronotum width</bold>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">A/R</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> N/ <abbrev xlink:title="standard variation" id="ABBRID0E4IAI">SV</abbrev> </td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">A/R</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> N/ <abbrev xlink:title="standard variation" id="ABBRID0EHJAI">SV</abbrev> </td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">A/R</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> N/ <abbrev xlink:title="standard variation" id="ABBRID0ERJAI">SV</abbrev> </td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">A/R</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> N/ <abbrev xlink:title="standard variation" id="ABBRID0E2JAI">SV</abbrev> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Dinaraea">D.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="aequata">aequata</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.48/2.42–2.53</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">3/0.08</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.12/1.08–1.15</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">3/0.05</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.53/0.52–0.54</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">3/0.01</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.63/0.62–0.64</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">3/0,01</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Dinaraea">D.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="linearis">linearis</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.16/2.13–2.20</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">4/0.03</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.87/0.7–1.0</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">4/0.26</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.49/0.49–0.49</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">4/0.0</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.57/0.54–0.59</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">4/0.02</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</table-wrap>
<table-wrap id="T4" position="float" orientation="portrait">
<label>Table 4.</label>
<caption>
<p> Morphological differences between mature larva ( <abbrev xlink:title="third instar" id="ABBRID0EXMAI">L3</abbrev> ) of <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Dinaraea">Dinaraea</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="aequata">aequata</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> and <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Dinaraea">D.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="linearis">linearis</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> . Abbreviations: <abbrev xlink:title="labrum" id="ABBRID0ERNAI">Lb</abbrev> labrum, <abbrev xlink:title="length ratio" id="ABBRID0EVNAI">Lr</abbrev> length ratio, <abbrev xlink:title="length to width ratio" id="ABBRID0EZNAI">LWr</abbrev> length to width ratio, <abbrev xlink:title="left mandible" id="ABBRID0E4NAI">MdL</abbrev> <abbrev xlink:title="right mandible" id="ABBRID0EBOAI">MdR</abbrev> left (L) and right (R) mandible, <abbrev xlink:title="number" id="ABBRID0EFOAI">Nr</abbrev> number, <abbrev xlink:title="sensory" id="ABBRID0EJOAI">Sa</abbrev> sensory appendage of antennal article II, <abbrev xlink:title="number of subapical teeth" id="ABBRID0ENOAI">NrSt</abbrev> number of subapical teeth. </p>
</caption>
<table id="TID0ERAAG" rules="all">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<bold>Character</bold>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<bold>
<italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Dinaraea">D.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="aequata">aequata</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic>
</bold>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<bold>
<italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Dinaraea">D.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="linearis">linearis</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic>
</bold>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<bold>Figures</bold>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="4">
<bold>Body – colour/appearance</bold>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Head: reddish brown</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">whole</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">posterior area distinctly lighter</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1–6</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tergites</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">all yellowish brown</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">thoracic and abdominal I–V colourless</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1–4</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Abdominal sternites I–V</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">yellowish brown</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">almost colourless</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">5, 6</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dorso-ventrally flattened</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">distinctly</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">moderately</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">3, 4</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="4">
<bold>Antenna</bold>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<abbrev xlink:title="length ratio" id="ABBRID0ENSAI">Lr</abbrev> of articles I–III </td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0:1.9:1.2, respectively</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0:2.4:1.4, respectively</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">18, 19</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<abbrev xlink:title="sensory" id="ABBRID0E6SAI">Sa</abbrev> : <abbrev xlink:title="length to width ratio" id="ABBRID0EDTAI">LWr</abbrev> </td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.8:1</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.1:1</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">20,21</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="4">
<bold>Mouthparts</bold>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<abbrev xlink:title="labrum" id="ABBRID0E2TAI">Lb</abbrev> : <abbrev xlink:title="length ratio" id="ABBRID0E6TAI">Lr</abbrev> of protruding region and whole anterior margin </td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1:2</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1:1.7</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">24, 25</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<abbrev xlink:title="labrum" id="ABBRID0ERUAI">Lb</abbrev> : setae of Ld2 </td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">moderately elongate</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">extremely shortened</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">24, 25</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Left mandible: <abbrev xlink:title="number of subapical teeth" id="ABBRID0EDVAI">NrSt</abbrev> </td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">one big + four small</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">one big + two small well visible</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">30, 31</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Right mandible: <abbrev xlink:title="number of subapical teeth" id="ABBRID0EUVAI">NrSt</abbrev> </td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">one big + three small</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">one big + five small well visible</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">30, 31</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<abbrev xlink:title="mala" id="ABBRID0EFWAI">Ma</abbrev> : widened at adoral margin </td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">distinctly</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">slightly</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">34, 35</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<abbrev xlink:title="mala" id="ABBRID0EXWAI">Ma</abbrev> : <abbrev xlink:title="number" id="ABBRID0E2WAI">Nr</abbrev> of cuticular processes </td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">approx. 40</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">approx. 25</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">34, 35</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</table-wrap>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="Notes on distribution, ecological preferences, and life history of D. aequata and D. linearis" id="SECID0EIXAI">
<title> Notes on distribution, ecological preferences, and life history of <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Dinaraea">D.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="aequata">aequata</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> and <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Dinaraea">D.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="linearis">linearis</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> </title>
<p>
<bold>
<italic>Distribution</italic>
</bold>
</p>
<p> The geographical distributions of <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Dinaraea">D.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="aequata">aequata</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> and <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Dinaraea">D.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="linearis">linearis</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> are very similar. Both species are known from the majority of European countries, the Asian part of Russia (Siberia, Far East) and northern China. In Poland, they probably occur all over the country, although the former is usually come across more often than the latter ( <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Burakowski et al. 1981</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Löbl and Löbl 2015</xref> , unpublished data). </p>
<p>
<bold>
<italic>Ecological preferences</italic>
</bold>
</p>
<p>
<italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Dinaraea">Dinaraea</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="aequata">aequata</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> and <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Dinaraea">D.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="linearis">linearis</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> have similar ecological preferences. Being saproxylic species, they are associated with damp, rotting tree trunks and stumps, mainly of deciduous trees, including <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Acer">Acer</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> , <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Alnus">Alnus</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> , <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Betula">Betula</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> , <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Fagus">Fagus</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> , <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Fraxinus">Fraxinus</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> , <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Populus">Populus</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> , and <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Quercus">Quercus</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> . <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Koch (1989)</xref> has described them as eurytopic and corticolous species. They can be found in various types of woodland and other groups of trees, under loose bark, in the corridors of bark beetle larvae, in the rotten wood itself, or, especially the former species, in various polypore species (from the genera <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Bjerkandera">Bjerkandera</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> , <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Fomitopsis">Fomitopsis</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> , <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Fomes">Fomes</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> , <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Funalia">Funalia</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> , <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Ganoderma">Ganoderma</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> , <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Inonotus">Inonotus</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> , <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Piptoporus">Piptoporus</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> , <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Polyporus">Polyporus</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> , <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Trametes">Trametes</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> , etc.) ( <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Nikitsky and Schigel 2004</xref> , authors’ observations). </p>
<p> Recent research into saproxylic beetles in several regions of Poland (the Wielkopolska Plain, the Bieszczady Mts., the Eastern and Western Beskid Mts., the Pieniny Mts., the Lublin Upland), has yielded a range of fresh information regarding the environmental preferences of these two <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Dinaraea">Dinaraea</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> species. In the lowlands, <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Dinaraea">D.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="aequata">aequata</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> was found in May and December under the bark of a standing birch ( <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Betula">Betula</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> L.) and the wet bark of a wind-thrown aspen trunk ( <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Populus">Populus</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="tremula">tremula</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> L.), together with the following other species of beetles: <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Anomognathus">Anomognathus</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="cuspidatus">cuspidatus</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> , <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Batrisodes">Batrisodes</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="venustus">venustus</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> , <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Bolitochara">Bolitochara</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="obliqua">obliqua</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> , <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Dinaraea">Dinaraea</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="angustula">angustula</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> , <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Hololepta">Hololepta</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="plana">plana</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> , and <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Siagonium">Siagonium</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="quadricorne">quadricorne</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> . In mountain and piedmont regions this species was captured from June to July and in November–December under the bark of the following broad-leaved tree species: beech ( <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Fagus">Fagus</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="sylvatica">sylvatica</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> L.), sycamore ( <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Acer">Acer</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="pseudoplatanus">pseudoplatanus</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> L.), field maple ( <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Acer">Acer</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="campestre">campestre</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> L.), a burnt bird cherry ( <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Padus">Padus</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="avium">avium</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> Mill.), and the remains of firs ( <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Abies">Abies</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="alba">alba</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> Mill.), together with <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Bolitochara">Bolitochara</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="obliqua">obliqua</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> , <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Corticeus">Corticeus</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="unicolor">unicolor</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> , <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Homalota">Homalota</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="plana">plana</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> , <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Ipidia">Ipidia</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="binotata">binotata</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> , <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Phloeocharis">Phloeocharis</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="subtilissima">subtilissima</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> , <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pissodes">Pissodes</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="piceae">piceae</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> , <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Xylostiba">Xylostiba</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="monilicornis">monilicornis</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> , and <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Ropalopus">Ropalopus</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="macropus">macropus</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> . Some of <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Dinaraea">D.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="aequata">aequata</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> beetles have also been recorded on fungi <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Auricularia">Auricularia</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="auricula-judae">auricula-judae</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> (Bull.) Quél. and <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Sarcodontia">Sarcodontia</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="crocea">crocea</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> (Schwein.) Kotl., along with <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Acrulia">Acrulia</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="inflata">inflata</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> , <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Atheta">Atheta</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="crassicornis">crassicornis</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> , <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Atheta">Atheta</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="ravilla">ravilla</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> , <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Autalia">Autalia</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="longicornis">longicornis</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> , <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Bolitochara">Bolitochara</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="obliqua">obliqua</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> , <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Gyrophaena">Gyrophaena</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="manca">manca</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> , <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Oxypoda">Oxypoda</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="alternans">alternans</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> , and <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Scaphisoma">Scaphisoma</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="boleti">boleti</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> . In Poland <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Dinaraea">D.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="linearis">linearis</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> appears to be rarer than <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Dinaraea">D.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="aequata">aequata</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> . It has been recorded in January, March, July, and August, exclusively under the bark of various trees. In the lowlands these were larch ( <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Larix">Larix</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> Mill.), pine ( <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pinus">Pinus</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> L.), oak ( <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Quercus">Quercus</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> L.), a wind-thrown ash ( <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Fraxinus">Fraxinus</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> L.), the mountains lime ( <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Tilia">Tilia</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> L.), and fir. Accompanying beetles included <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Corticeus">Corticeus</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="unicolor">unicolor</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> , <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Gasterocercus">Gasterocercus</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="depressirostris">depressirostris</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> , <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Paromalus">Paromalus</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="parallelepipedus">parallelepipedus</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> , <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Phloeostiba">Phloeostiba</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="lapponica">lapponica</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> , <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Rhyncolus">Rhyncolus</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="elongatus">elongatus</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> , <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Scaphisoma">Scaphisoma</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="agaricinum">agaricinum</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> , <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Silvanus">Silvanus</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="bidentatus">bidentatus</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> , and <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Tetropium">Tetropium</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="gabrieli">gabrieli</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> (Melke, oral information). </p>
<p>
<bold>
<italic>Notes on the life history in the laboratory</italic>
</bold>
</p>
<p> In the rearing of adults of <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Dinaraea">D.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="aequata">aequata</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> (temp. 20 °C±3), started on 19 November 2004, the first larvae ( <abbrev xlink:title="first instar" id="ABBRID0EVOBI">L1</abbrev> and <abbrev xlink:title="second instar" id="ABBRID0EZOBI">L2</abbrev> ) were observed just six days later (25 November), and eight and ten days later the first prepupae and pupae respectively appeared. Various late developmental stages (mostly <abbrev xlink:title="third instar" id="ABBRID0E4OBI">L3</abbrev> and pupae) were observed until 20 January 2005. Larval development in the rearing of adults of <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Dinaraea">D.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="linearis">linearis</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> , started on 6 December 2004, was observed from 1 January to 11 February, and pupation from 19 to 21 February 2005. The larval and imaginal forms of both species were fed exclusively with springtails from the family <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Onychiuridae">Onychiuridae</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> . On several occasions foraging larvae of <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Dinaraea">D.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="aequata">aequata</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> were observed as they caught their victims of various sizes in their mandibles. Within the following 5 to 10 minutes they consumed most of the springtail bodies, but always rejected fragments of the carapace. </p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="Discussion and summary" id="SECID0E5PBI">
<title>Discussion and summary</title>
<p> This paper describes in detail the external morphology of the hitherto unknown larval stage of the genus <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Dinaraea">Dinaraea</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> , including the chaetotaxy, using the terminology proposed for the subfamily <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="subfamily">Aleocharinae</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Ashe and Watrous (1984)</xref> . The description is based on individuals from European populations of <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Dinaraea">D.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="aequata">aequata</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> and <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Dinaraea">D.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="linearis">linearis</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> , the larvae of which were bred in the laboratory from imagines. The morphological differences between the mature larvae of the two species relate to: (a) the dimensions of various body parts, they are larger in <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Dinaraea">D.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="aequata">aequata</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> (Table <xref ref-type="table" rid="T1">1</xref> ); (b) colour of head, thoracic tergites and anterior abdominal tergites and sternites, generally darker in <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Dinaraea">D.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="aequata">aequata</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> ; (c) degree of body flattening, somewhat more flattened in <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Dinaraea">D.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="aequata">aequata</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> ; (d) shape of article II of antenna and <abbrev xlink:title="sensory appendage" id="ABBRID0EPSBI">Sa</abbrev> of article III, slightly more elongate in <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Dinaraea">D.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="linearis">linearis</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> ; (e) structural details of the anterior margin of the labrum and the length of its setae Ld2; (f) number of subapical teeth on both mandibles, more on the left-hand one in <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Dinaraea">D.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="aequata">aequata</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> , more on the right-hand one in <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Dinaraea">D.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="linearis">linearis</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> ; (g) shape of mala, more protracted at adoral margin in <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Dinaraea">D.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="aequata">aequata</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> ; (h) number of cuticular processes on mala, more in <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Dinaraea">D.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="aequata">aequata</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> (Table <xref ref-type="table" rid="T4">4</xref> ). These diagnostic features distinguish the larvae of these two species, which may co-occur under natural conditions. Particularly useful in this respect are features a–c, relating to the dimensions of the body and its general appearance. Very many more features distinguishing aleocharine larvae belonging to the same genus were established for <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Haploglossa">Haploglossa</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> Kraatz, 1865 ( <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Staniec et al. 2010</xref> ). A comparative analysis of <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Haploglossa">H.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="picipennis">picipennis</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> (Gyllenhal, 1827) and <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Haploglossa">H.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="nidicola">nidicola</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> (Fairmaire, 1852) revealed differences not only in larval size and colouration, but also in the chaetotaxy of abdominal segment X and epicranium (presence or absence of seta Ea1), structural details of all the mouthparts, lengths of the several leg parts, and urogomphi. It is likely that the scale of the morphological differences between the larvae of species from one genus depends largely on their different ecological preferences. The above-mentioned <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Haploglossa">Haploglossa</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> species inhabit micro-environments ( <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Haploglossa">H.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="picipennis">picipennis</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> – nests of raptors, <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Haploglossa">H.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="nidicola">nidicola</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> – nest holes of sand martins) that are very different from those of <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Dinaraea">Dinaraea</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> species, which are usually found under bark, mainly of broad-leaved trees. </p>
<p> Measurements of the head and pronotum of the two <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Dinaraea">Dinaraea</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> species indicate that their larval development involves three stages (Table <xref ref-type="table" rid="T1">1</xref> ): this is typical of most known aleocharines ( <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">White 1977</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Ashe and Watrous 1984</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Ashe 1985</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Ashe 1986</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Zagaja et al. 2014</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Staniec et al. 2016</xref> ). Only in the case of <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pella">Pella</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> species ( <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pella">P.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="laticollis">laticollis</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> ) ( <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="tribe">Lomechusini</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> ), inhabiting ants’ nests, were just two larval stages found; this is due to the faster rate of development of these rove-beetles ( <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Hölldobler et al. 1981</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Staniec et al. 2009</xref> ). This feature is probably an adaptation to the myrmecophilous lifestyle that aims to minimise the period during which staphylinid larvae are potentially endangered by their hosts in the anthill. </p>
<p> Morphological analysis of a <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Dinaraea">Dinaraea</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> larva revealed a series of differences between its first ( <abbrev xlink:title="first instar" id="ABBRID0EBZBI">L1</abbrev> ), and its second ( <abbrev xlink:title="second instar" id="ABBRID0EFZBI">L2</abbrev> ) and third ( <abbrev xlink:title="third instar" id="ABBRID0EJZBI">L3</abbrev> ) instars, whose external structures are identical to that of <abbrev xlink:title="first instar" id="ABBRID0ENZBI">L1</abbrev> . Apart from the clearly smaller body size (see Table <xref ref-type="table" rid="T1">1</xref> ), features exclusive to <abbrev xlink:title="first instar" id="ABBRID0EVZBI">L1</abbrev> include: (1) the absence of some setae on the dorsal surface of the head and thorax, and on the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the abdomen, (2) the presence of short subapical setae on the urogomphi, (3) egg bursters on some thoracic and abdominal tergites, (4) a darker terminal antennal segment than in <abbrev xlink:title="second instar" id="ABBRID0EZZBI">L2</abbrev> –3, and (5) markedly longer urogomphi and their apical setae than in later stages. These morphological differences between the younger and older larval instars in <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Dinaraea">Dinaraea</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> are of a similar nature to those in other tribes of <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="subfamily">Aleocharinae</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> (Table <xref ref-type="table" rid="T2">2</xref> ) ( <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Ashe and Watrous 1984</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Ashe 1986</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Zagaja et al. 2014</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Staniec et al. 2016</xref> ). They enable one to easily distinguish <abbrev xlink:title="first instar" id="ABBRID0E41BI">L1</abbrev> from the older larval stages without recourse to metric analysis. In view of the fragmentary nature of the available information on this subject, it is not possible to state definitively whether and to what extent these differences extend across the whole subfamily. </p>
<p> A combination of 17 diagnostic features (see “Generic diagnosis…”) have been proposed for the mature larva of <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Dinaraea">Dinaraea</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> , described above, which enable it to be distinguished from other known older larval stages of <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="subfamily">Aleocharinae</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> ( <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Paulian 1941</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Pototskaya 1967</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Topp 1975</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Ashe 1981</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Ashe and Watrous 1984</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Ashe 1985</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Ahn 1997</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Jeon and Ahn 2009</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Staniec et al. 2009</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">2010</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">2016</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Zagaja et al. 2014</xref> ). In this respect the genus <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Dalotia">Dalotia</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> (Da) Casey, ( <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="tribe">Athetini</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> ) most closely resembles the genus <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Dinaraea">Dinaraea</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> (Di) ( <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Ashe and Watrous 1984</xref> ), and the small differences relate solely to: (i) body habitus – moderately dorso-ventrally flattened in <italic>Di</italic> or cylindrical in <italic>Da</italic> ; (ii) shape of antennal article I longer than wide in <italic>Di</italic> or wider than long in <italic>Da</italic> ; (iii) structure of anterior margin of labrum central region protruding and crenate in <italic>Di</italic> or wholly rounded and smooth in <italic>Da</italic> ; (iv) seta Da1 on pronotum absent in <italic>Di</italic> or present in <italic>Da</italic> ; (v) setae D3 and P5 on abdominal sternite I absent and present respectively in <italic>Di</italic> , or present and absent in <italic>Da</italic> . It should be added that the dorso-ventrally flattened body and moderately elongated antennal segment I are most probably adaptations to the under-bark lifestyle of this larva, as in the case of the mature form of <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Dinaraea">Dinaraea</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> . On the other hand, the structure of the anterior margin of the labrum, and particularly the specific features of the body chaetotaxy, may be of phylogenetic significance. That is why these structures have been included in the morphological descriptions of other <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="subfamily">Aleocharinae</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> larvae ( <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Ashe and Watrous 1984</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Ashe 1985</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">1986</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Ahn 1997</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Jeon and Ahn 2009</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Staniec et al. 2009</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">2010</xref> , 2017). Only a few of these species has the chaetotaxy not only of older but also of younger larval forms been described ( <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Zagaja et al. 2014</xref> , Staniec 2016, the present study). </p>
<p> A preliminary comparative analysis of the features of the chaetotaxy was carried out on the basis of well-researched larvae of three different tribes of <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="subfamily">Aleocharinae</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> . This revealed that all the larval stages of <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="tribe">Athetini</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> ( <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Dinaraea">Dinaraea</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> ) and <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="tribe">Oxypodini</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> ( <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Thiasophila">Thiasophila</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> ) are much more similar to one another than to the larvae of <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="tribe">Homalotini</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> ( <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Gyrophaena">Gyrophaena</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> ) (Table <xref ref-type="table" rid="T2">2</xref> ). In the first two taxa the slight differences in chaetotaxy of <abbrev xlink:title="first instar" id="ABBRID0EFBCI">L1</abbrev> –3 concern only the number and homology of the setae on the tergites and first sternite of the abdomen. By contrast, a distinctly smaller number of setae develop on all body tagmata of <abbrev xlink:title="first instar" id="ABBRID0EJBCI">L1</abbrev> –3, especially the thoracic ones, in <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="tribe">Homalotini</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> than in the other two tribes. These data indicate the distinctly closer relationship of <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Dinaraea">Dinaraea</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> ( <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="tribe">Athetini</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> ) with <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Thiasophila">Thiasophila</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> ( <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="tribe">Oxypodini</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> ) than with <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Gyrophaena">Gyrophaena</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> ( <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="tribe">Homalotini</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> ). This state is partially corroborated by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Thomas (2009)</xref> , whose research was based on the molecular analysis of two mitochondrial DNA markers. This author showed that <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="tribe">Homalotini</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> are a group separate from the other taxa he/she analysed. The taxa from <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="tribe">Athetini</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> and <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="tribe">Oxypodini</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> belong to sister groups, at least in some of the trees generated. </p>
<p> Another question relates to the significance of the features of chaetotaxy for phylogenesis depending on the larval stage. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Ashe (1986)</xref> suggested that later developmental stages would be more useful at lower taxonomic levels (e.g. genus), as they exhibit more features associated with a better-developed chaetotaxy. In contrast, the first larval stages, with their smaller numbers of setae, could be phylogenetically significant in the analysis of higher systematic units. This hypothesis is convergent with that underlying our preliminary studies. These have shown that at the tribal level of <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="subfamily">Aleocharinae</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> , distinct differences may occur in the chaetotaxy (e.g. between <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="tribe">Athetini</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> and <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="tribe">Homalotini</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> ), between not only the late larval stages but also the early ones. Interestingly, in <abbrev xlink:title="first instar" id="ABBRID0E5DCI">L1</abbrev> of some species these differences may be even greater than in the older larval stages, e.g. the chaetotaxy of abdominal tergites I–VIII of <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Dinaraea">Dinaraea</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> and <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Thiasophila">Thiasophila</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> (Table <xref ref-type="table" rid="T2">2</xref> ). </p>
<p> It should also be borne in mind that the development of setae on the different body parts of the larvae during ontogenesis is uneven. In the taxa we are analysing here, the fewest setae appear on the head – two pairs at most, if any at all ( <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Gyrophaena">Gyrophaena</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> ). In contrast, the changes in the chaetotaxy are the greatest on the pronotum, and somewhat less so on the abdominal tergites and sternites (Table <xref ref-type="table" rid="T2">2</xref> ). A homologous series of setae that appear in the older larval stages ( <abbrev xlink:title="second instar" id="ABBRID0EBFCI">L2</abbrev> –3) of species from the tribes <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="tribe">Athetini</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> [A], <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="tribe">Oxypodini</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> [O] and <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="tribe">Homalotini</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> [H]) has been established. On the tho racic tergites they are the following setae: A3, P3 (A, O, H) and Da3, Db3, Dc3, Dd1, <abbrev xlink:title="third instar" id="ABBRID0EWFCI">L3</abbrev> (A, O); on abdominal tergites I–VIII: P3 (O, A, H), Dc2 (O, A) and Db3 (O, H); on abdominal sternite I: D2 (A, O); on abdominal sternites II–VII: D2, P3 (A, O, H) and D3 (A, O); on abdominal sternite VIII: D2 (A, O, H) and D3, P3 (A, O). Being homologous aspects of the chaetotaxy, they could be of phylogenetic importance, especially at lower systematic levels, e.g. subtribe or genus, but this would have to be confirmed by further research. </p>
<p>
As a representative of <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="tribe">Athetini</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> , the pupa of <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Dinaraea">Dinaraea</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> possesses general structural features, such as an exarate body type, lightly sclerotised, with numerous setae growing from basal, cuticular protuberances and double gonotheca on the ventral surface of the final segment in the female, characteristic of the pupal stages of other aleocharines from <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="tribe">Homalotini</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> , Lomechusinii, and <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="tribe">Oxypodini</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> ( <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Ashe 1981</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Staniec et al. 2009</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">2010</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Zagaja et al. 2014</xref> ). Its specific appearance relating to the body outline, width of head, shape of pronotum, length of legs and antennae, shape, and length of mouthparts, resembles the features of the adult form. </p>
<p>
As in <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Dinaraea">Dinaraea</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> , the production of a pupal, silken cocoon, into which particles of the surrounding substrate are often woven, has been observed in numerous tribes of <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="subfamily">Aleocharinae</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> , such as <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="tribe">Athetini</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> , <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="tribe">Aleocharini</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> , <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="tribe">Corotocini</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> , <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="tribe">Falagriini</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> , <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="tribe">Homalotini</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> (including members of subtribes <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="subtribe">Bolitocharina</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> , <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="subtribe">Gyrophaenina</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> and <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="subtribe">Homalotina</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> ), <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="tribe">Hypocyphtini</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> , <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="tribe">Liparocephalini</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> , <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="tribe">Lomechusini</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> , <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="tribe">Oxypodini</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> , and <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="tribe">Placusini</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> ( <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Ashe 1982</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Frank and Thomas 1984</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Thayer et al. 2004</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Staniec et al. 2010</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Zagaja et al. 2014</xref> ). Some authors assume that this behaviour may be at least a basal condition of the higher classification of <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="subfamily">Aleocharinae</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> . <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Topp (1975)</xref> even suggested that this feature occurs exclusively in this subfamily of <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Staphylinidae">Staphylinidae</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> . However, this statement seems controversial in the light of reports from other researchers, who described a similar structure in taxa from the subfamilies <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="subfamily">Steninae</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> and <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="subfamily">Staphylininae</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> , although in the latter case, it is made mostly from soil ( <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Weinreich 1968</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Staniec 2004</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Pietrykowska-Tudruj and Staniec 2007</xref> , Staniec et al. 2008). </p>
<p> The pupal cocoon undoubtedly plays a protective role. That is why it is probably so common in the <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="subfamily">Aleocharinae</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> , including <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Dinaraea">Dinaraea</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> , in which the delicate exarate pupae are enclosed in a weakly sclerotised cuticle ( <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Staniec et al. 2010</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Zagaja et al. 2014</xref> , the present study). Likewise, in the case of some <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="subfamily">Staphylininae</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> , whose larvae spin cocoons (e.g. <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Gabrius">Gabrius</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="splendidulus">splendidulus</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> , <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Rabigus">Rabigus</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="tenuis">tenuis</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> ), their pupae are covered by an exceptionally thin cuticle compared with other members of this subfamily ( <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Pietrykowska-Tudruj and Staniec 2007</xref> , Staniec et al. 2008). Presumably, then, pupation within a cocoon could have evolved independently in members of many different subfamilies of a range of rove-beetles, as an adaptation associated with the pupal structure and/or the biotic conditions of the environment, e.g. pressure on the part of predators. Nevertheless, knowledge of the life history of <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Staphylinidae">Staphylinidae</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> , including the occurrence of a pupal cocoon in this, the largest family of beetles, remains fragmentary and is restricted to a very small number of taxa summarised for <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Staphylinidae">Staphylinidae</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Frank and Thomas (1984)</xref> . Thus, more data are required before more binding conclusions regarding this structure can be drawn. </p>
<p> In Europe, both <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Dinaraea">Dinaraea</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> species are quite widespread saproxylic rove-beetles, although both in Poland and some other countries <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Dinaraea">D.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="linearis">linearis</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> appears to be far less common than <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Dinaraea">D.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="aequata">aequata</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> . The flattened and parallel-sided body of adults and larvae (the present study) of these staphylinids are probably a consequence of their mode of life under tree bark; they do not display any particular preferences as regards the species of tree they colonise. <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Dinaraea">D.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="aequata">aequata</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> is also encountered in various arboreal fungi. In Poland both these rove-beetle species can be observed in nature all the year round, along with some 30 other species of saproxylic <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="order" reg="Coleoptera">Coleoptera</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> , from six families ( <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Nikitsky and Schigel 2004</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Alexander and Anderson 2012</xref> , Melke, oral information; authors’ unpublished data). </p>
<p> In the rearing, the development of <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Dinaraea">D.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="aequata">aequata</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> and <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Dinaraea">D.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="linearis">linearis</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> took place in the autumn and winter months (November–February), as in the case of <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Phloeonomus">Phloeonomus</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="punctipennis">punctipennis</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> Thomson ( <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="subfamily">Omaliinae</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> ) – another saproxylic staphylinid, whose larval stages were caught in the field in the second half of November ( <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Staniec et al. 2016</xref> ). It is not exactly known, however, whether the above-mentioned reproductive period of <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Dinaraea">Dinaraea</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> in the laboratory coincided in time with its reproduction in nature, or whether it was more the effect of the suitable ambient temperature at which the rearings were performed. Certain information was also obtained as regards the diet of these rove beetles, which was hitherto completely unknown ( <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Klimaszewski et al. 2013</xref> ). On the basis of laboratory observations, these rove beetles are presumably predators, which in natural conditions hunt for various tiny arthropods with delicate cuticles and consume their soft tissues. </p>
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<back>
<ack>
<title>Acknowledgements</title>
<p> The authors would like to thank their colleague Andrzej Melke for information on the ecological preferences of <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Dinaraea">D.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="aequata">aequata</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> and <italic> <tp:taxon-name> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Dinaraea">D.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="linearis">linearis</tp:taxon-name-part> </tp:taxon-name> </italic> . They also extent their gratitude to the anonymous reviewer for the useful comments that helped to improve the manuscript. </p>
</ack>
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