The success of tissue engineering in restoring or replacing damaged tissues or organs relies on the ability to integrate biomaterials and living cells to create functional tissue constructs. Different aspects must be taken into account to provide a functional and effective tissue substitutive.The design of tissue-engineered constructs requires the careful selection of biomaterials that are biocompatible, biodegradable, and capable of supporting cell growth and differentiation. Biomaterials can be functionalized with bioactive molecules, such as growth factors, cytokines, and miRNA to promote specific cellular responses. The successful integration of living cells into biomaterials also requires a thorough understanding of cell-material interactions at the molecular level. Cells can sense and respond to physical and chemical cues from their microenvironment through a variety of mechanisms, including receptor-mediated signalling, cytoskeletal remodelling, and cell-matrix adhesion. The surface properties of biomaterials, such as charge, roughness, and hydrophilicity, can modulate cell behaviour by affecting cell adhesion, spreading, and proliferation. The mechanical properties of biomaterials, such as stiffness and elasticity, can also influence cell fate by regulating gene expression and signalling pathways.In addition to biomaterial properties, the choice of cell type and sex is also critical for the success of tissue engineering applications. Different cell types have distinct functions and requirements for growth and differentiation. For example, stem cells have the potential to differentiate into multiple cell types and are therefore attractive for tissue engineering applications. However, the choice of stem cell source, such as embryonic, induced pluripotent, or adult stem cells, can significantly impact their differentiation potential and safety. Furthermore, the culture conditions, such as co-culture, oxygen tension, and mechanical stimuli, can also modulate cell fate and behaviour.The spatial distribution and organization of cells within the biomaterial can also influence tissue formation and function. Therefore, advanced techniques, such as bioprinting, microfluidics, and 3D culture systems, have been developed to enable precise control over cell placement and organization within the biomaterial.In summary, tissue engineering requires a deep understanding of the biologically relevant elements involved in cell-material interactions. The integration of multifunctional biomaterials and living cells requires the careful selection of biomaterial properties, cell type, and their organization.