See directionally solidified superalloy.
见定向结晶高温合金。
directional columnar high-temperature alloy
定向柱晶高温合金
Epidermal growth factor (EGF) is a heat resistant single chain low molecular polypeptide composed of 53 amino acid residues. After EGF specifically recognizes and binds to EGF receptors on target cells, a series of biochemical reactions occur, ultimately promoting DNA synthesis and mitosis in target cells. EGF has a sugar free site, is very stable, heat-resistant and acid resistant, and is widely present in body fluids and various glands. It is mainly synthesized by the submandibular gland and duodenum. It has been found in the vast majority of body fluids in the human body, with a specific increase in content in milk, urine, and semen, but a lower concentration in serum. EGF has a wide range of effects and is of great significance in estimating tumor prognosis, selecting treatment plans, and treating gastric ulcers, liver failure, and other diseases. Radioimmunoassay (RIA) or double antibody enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) can be used in clinical practice to determine the content of EGF in serum or body fluids.
表皮生长因子（EGF）是一种由53个氨基酸残基组成的耐热单链低分子多肽。EGF与靶细胞上的EGF受体特异性识别结合后，发生一系列生化反应，最终可促进靶细胞的DNA合成及有丝分裂。EGF无糖基部位，非常稳定，耐热耐酸，广泛存在于体液和多种腺体中，主要由颌下腺、十二指肠合成，在人体的绝大多数体液中均已发现，在乳汁、尿液、精液中的含量特异性地增高，但在血清中的浓度较低。EGF作用广泛，对估计肿瘤预后，选择治疗方案以及胃溃疡、肝功能衰竭等治疗上均有重要意义。临床可采用放射免疫法（RIA）或双抗体酶联免疫吸附法（ELISA）测定血清或体液中EGF含量。
epidermal growth factor
表皮生长因子
Stretch blow-molding is also called biaxial oriented blow molding. Under the high elastic slate of polymer, the parison is axially stretched by mechanical method, and the forming container of parison is radially expanded and stretched by compressed air. Due to the biaxial orientation, the circumferential and axial strength of the container are greatly improved.
拉伸-吹塑成型又叫双轴取向吹塑成型。聚合物的高弹态下通过机械方法轴向拉伸型坯，用压缩空气径向吹胀拉伸型 坯的成型容器的方法，由于双轴取向，容器的周向和 轴向强度都大幅度提高。
stretch blow-molding
拉伸-吹塑成型
The Kelvin relation was put forward by British scientist William Thomson, namely Baron Kelvin, in 1854 about the thermodynamics effect, also known as Thomson relations. The Kelvin relationship includes the first and second relationships. In the first Kelvins relationship, Thomson coefficient is the only thermoelectric coefficient that can be directly measured for a single materials. Peltier coefficient and Seebeck coefficient can only be measured by two materials together. The absolute values of these two physical coefficients for each materials can be calculated by means of the first Kelvins relationship through integration.
开尔文关系式是由英国科学家威廉.汤姆逊(William Thomson).即开尔文男爵，于1854年提出的关于热力学效应的关系式，也称为汤姆逊关系式(Thomson relations)。开尔文关系式包括第一关系式和第二关系式。在开尔文第一关系式中.汤姆逊系数是唯一一个可以针对单种材料直接测量的热电系数。珀耳帖系数和塞贝克系数只能由两种材料放在一起测量其相对值。这两个物理系数对于每种材料的绝对数值可借助于开尔文第一关系式通过积分的方法计算出来。
the first Kelvins relationship
开尔文第一关系式
The partidesize can be screened with standard sieve. Coarse powder is usually produced by ball milling and crushing. Coarse powder has high apparent density, good flow ability and pressing, and is mostly used for die pressing forming.
粉末粒度能够用标准筛进行筛分。粗粉常用球磨破碎法制得。粗粉的松装密度高，流动性好，压制性好，多用于模具压制成形。
coarse powder
粗粉
Also known as printing ink. Carbon black is used as the main black pigment in printing because of its excellent optical properties such as blackness, tinting strength, gloss, color, and various characteristics such as flow ability and chemical weathering resistance.
又称印刷油墨。炭黑因其黑度、着色力、光泽、色彩等光学特性以及流动性和化学耐候性等各种特性优良，在印刷中被用作主要的黑色颜料。
carbon for printing
印刷用炭
The linear burning rate of propellant is defined as the distance that the propellant disappears along the normal direction of combustion surface per unit time. Its mass burning rate is defined as the mass ft with phase disappearing between propellants per unit time and per unit area. The energy release rate of propellant is controlled by its shape (combustion area) and combustion speed, so burning rate is one of the important performance indicators of propellant.
推进剂的线性燃速定义为单位时间白沿燃烧表面的法线方向上推进剂消失的距离。其质量燃速定义为单位时间、单位面积上推进剂间相消失的质ft，推进剂的能量释放速度由其形状(燃烧面积）和燃烧速度所控制，故燃速是推进剂的重要性能指标之一。
burning rate
燃速
The biomaterials based on magnesium or magnesium alloys skillfully make use of the characteristics of magnesium alloys that are prone to corrosion (degradation) in the human environment to achieve the medical and clinical purpose of metal implant gradually degradation in the body until the final disappearance. Mg based biomaterials include pure magnesium, biomedical magnesium alloy, biomedical magnesium matrix composite, etc. Mg based biomaterials play the unique advantages of magnesium as a biological materials: it has excellent mechanical properties, and its elastic modulus, compressive yield strength and density are closer to human bone than other metal based biological materials; At the same time, it has the advantages of degradation, harmless degradation products to human body, and good biocompatibility. The current research mainly focuses on the development, modification and degradation of new Mg based biomaterials in vivo and in vitro. Its potential applications include hard tissue replacement and repair, degradation intracavitary stem and tissue engineering scaffolds.
以镁或镁合金为基体的生物材料，巧妙地利用镁合金在人体环境中易发生腐蚀(降解)的特性，来实现金属植人物在体内逐渐降解直至最终消失的医学临床目的。镁基生物材料包括纯镁、生物医用镁合金、生物医用镁基复合材料等。镁基生物材料发挥了镁作为生物材料特有的优点:具有优良的力学性能，其弹性模量、抗压屈服强度和密度比其他金属基生物材料更接近人骨；同时具有可降解性能，且降解产物于人体无害，以及生物相容性好等优点。目前的研究主要集中新型镁基生物材料的开发、改性和体内外降解.其潜在的应用为硬组织替换和修复、可降解的管腔内支架和和组织工程支架等方面。
Mg based biomaterials
镁基生物材料
Conductive material refers to materials that is easy for current to pass through, usually used as electrode, brush, wire, etc. As a conductive material, its resistivity is expected to be as small as possible. However, in order to meet other conditions, such as mechanical strength, workability, corrosion resistance, economy, etc., materials with large resistivity will also be used in many cases.
导电材料是指电流容易通过的材料，通常用作电极、电刷、电线等。作为导电材料，希望其电阻率尽可能地小。但是，为了满足其他条件，例如机械强度、加工性、耐腐蚀性、经济性等，在许多情况下也会使用电阻率较大的材料。
conductive material
导电材料
Tungsten-rhenium alloy is a solution strengthened alloy composed of tungsten matrix and rhenium element. Rhenium content (mass fraction) commonly used in alloy is 3%, 5%, 10%, 25% and 26%. When the rhenium content in alloy exceeds 26%, brittle δ Phase.
钨铼合金是以钨为基体与铼元素组成的固溶强化型合金。合金中常用的铼含量（质量分数）为3%、5%、10%、25%和26%。当合金中的铼含量超过26%时.将析出脆性的δ相。
tungsten-rhenium alloy
钨铼合金
The mixed explosive formed by adding conductive substances to primary explosive can obviously affect the resistance or distribution of primary explosive.
将具有导电性质的物质加入到起爆药中形成的混合药剂，其能够明显地影响起爆药的电阻大小或分布。
conductive electricity priming explosive
导电药
Often referred to as polymer of ethylene, propylene or higher olefins. Medical polyolefin mainly includes polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene, polyacrylonitrile, polylctrafluorocthylone, polyisoprene, etc. It is a kind of non degradation macromolecule materials with the largest amount and a wide variety of biomedical polymer. It is commonly used to make soft and hard tissue prosthesis, artificial organ, membrane and lumen products, and biomedical composite materials.
常指乙烯、丙烯或高级烯烃的聚合物。医用聚烯烃主要有聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚氯乙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚丙烯腈、聚四氟乙烯、聚异戊二烯等，是医用高分子材料中用量最大、品种繁多的一类，属非降解型高分子材料。常用于制作软、硬组织修复体、人工器官、膜和管腔制品，以及生物医学复合材料等。
polyolefin
聚烯烃
The 122 phase in the "Fe based" superconductor is one kind. Its crystal structure is similar to CaFe2As2 and BaKFe2As2, and its superconducting transition temperature can reach 38K.
"Fe基"超导体中的122相是一种，其晶体结构类似于CaFe2As2和BaKFe2As2，而且其超导转变温度可达38K。
Sr(1-x)KxFe2As2
锶钾铁砷
The dislocation array that makes the orientation of the crystal lattice on both sides of the grain boundary change slightly. Generally, the orientation difference of the grains is less than 10 °, which can be called the small angle grain boundary.
使晶界两侧的晶体点阵取向发生微小变化的位错阵列，一般的情况晶粒取向差小于10°的可称为小角晶界。
small angle grain boundary
小角晶界
It can be prepared by chemical vapor deposition or hot pressing sintering. The former mostly uses Zn vapor and H2S gas as the source of ZnS components, and obtains high-purity and dense ZnS polycrystal ceramics by controlling deposition temperature, gas flow rate, etc. Hot pressing ZnS transparent ceramics are made from high-purity ZnS powder at 700-800 ° C and 300-400 MP; I Under pressure, it is made by hot pressing sintering - its density is 4.0.9g/cm3, melting point is 1750U830 ° C), and it is sublimated at 1180 ° C. The vapor pressure is high. The phase transformation from cubic phase to hexagonal phase will occur at 1024 ° C (block materials). The lattice constant of cubic phase is 0.541nm, hexagonal phase a=0.3814nm, c=0.6257nm. Bending strength 103MPa, coefficient of thermcal expansion 7.9X10-6K1 (30-600 ° C), thermal conductivity 16.7W/(m.K). It is one of the ideal infrared ceramics in the 8-14Mm band. At 1? Within the range, the average transmittance is greater than 70%. Generally used for infrared transmission windows, support lenses, infrared lidar sealing covers, fairing, etc.
可采用化学气相沉积或热压烧结方法制备。前者多采用Zn蒸气和H2S气体作为ZnS组分来源.通过控制沉积温度、气流流速等获得高纯致密的ZnS多晶陶瓷。热压ZnS透明陶瓷以高纯ZnS粉体为原料，在700-800°C和300-400MP;i压力下，经热压烧结制得-其密度4.0.9g/cm3,熔点1750U830°C),1180°C升华.蒸气压高。在1024°C(块体材料）会发生立方相到六方相的相变。立方相晶格常数0.541nm，六方相a=0.3814nm,c=0.6257nm。弯曲强度103MPa，热膨胀系数7.9X10-6K1(30-600°C)，热导率16.7W/(m.K)。它是8-14Mm波段范围内较理想的透红外陶瓷之一。在1?范围内，平均透过率大于70%。一般用于红外透过窗、支撑透镜、红外激光雷达密封罩、整流罩等。
transparent zinc sulfide ceramics
透明硫化锌陶瓷
Ignition composition with magnesium powder as the main combustible. Due to the low price and wide source of magnesium, magnesium series ignition propellant is widely used to ignite illuminating composition, tracer, incendiary composition, bait, signal agent and propellant with high ignition point. Magnesium is a kind of active metal, which can react with boiling water to release hydrogen, and will produce spontaneous combustion and spontaneous explosion when exposed to moisture. The ignition point of the powder cloud is 600 ° C, and the electrostatic sensitivity is 120mJ; Magnesium is easy to combustion. The heat of combustion is 2512J/g. Magnesium type ignition composition mainly include ignition composition consisting of 50% -70% magnesium, 50% -30% polylctrafluorocthylone, ignition composition consisting of 10% magnesium, 75% potassium nitrate, 15% phenolic resin, and ignition composition using magnesium and cerium alloys as combustible agents, such as ignition composition consisting of 40% cerium magnesium alloy (80/20) and 60% lead dioxide.
以镁粉为主要可燃剂的点火药。由于镁价格低、来源广,镁系点火药广泛用于点燃照明剂、曳光剂、燃烧剂、诱饵剂、信号剂以及发火点较高的推进剂等。镁是一种活泼金属,能与沸水反应放出氢气，受潮会产生自燃、自爆，粉末云燃点600°C，静电感度120mJ;镁容易燃烧.燃烧热为2512J/g。镁系点火药主要有由50%-70%镁、50%-30%聚四氟乙烯组成的点火药和由10%镁、75%硝酸钾、15%酚醛树脂组成的点火药,以及用镁与铈合金作可燃剂的点火药，如由40%铈-镁合金(80/20)、60%二氧化铅组成的点火药。
magnesium type ignition composition
镁系点火药
See halogen calcium phosphate: titanium, manganese (II).
见卤磷酸钙:梯、锰（Ⅱ）。
calcium halophosphate activated by antimony and manganese
卤粉
Use a coolant in the form of a gas. In the early days, carbon dioxide was used as a coolant for graphite reactors. Later, helium was selected as the coolant of high temperature gas-cooled reactor coolant. Its advantage is that when selecting pressure and temperature, it can be carried out completely independently. Therefore, it can achieve high-temperature and low-pressure operation; The disadvantage is high power.
使用形态为气体的冷却剂。早期曾用二氧化碳作石墨反应堆冷却剂。后来选用氦气作高温气冷堆冷却剂。其优点是选择作压强和温度时，可以完全独立地进行。因而能实现高温低压运行；缺点是功率大。
gas coolant
气体冷却剂
The existence of hydrogen causes the cracking of materials after a period of time.
氢的存在而导致材料经历一段时间后发生开裂。
hydrogen induced cracking
氢致开裂
See trickle charging.
见涓流充电。
maintenance charging
维护充电
Composite materials with polyetherimick resin as matrix and fiber (or its fabric) as reinforcement. Polyetherimick is a kind of amorphous thermoplastic polymer formed by condensation of bisphenol A dianhydride and various aromatic diamines (such as m-phenylene diamine and appropriate telomere, aniline, phthalic anhydride, etc.) in polar solvent at high temperature. There are many varieties, and the composition varies with different raw materials.
以聚醚酰亚胺树脂为基体、以纤维（或其织物）增强的复合材料。聚醚酰亚胺是由双酚A二酐与各种芳香族二胺（如间笨二胺及适量调聚剂、苯 胺、苯酐等）在极性溶剂中于高温下缩聚而成的一类非结晶热塑性聚合物，品种很多，组成随原料不同而变化。
polyetherimide matrix composite
聚醚酰亚胺树脂（基）复合材料
Transition metal atoms have unfilled orbitals, with only one or two electrons in the outermost layer of the atomic orbitals. The 3d layer not filled with transition metal oxide can coordinate with oxidizer to form a variety of activation or conditioning transition oxygen, showing different reaction activities, which can be divided into two action mechanisms, namely, adsorption oxygen action mechanism and lattice oxygen action mechanism.
过渡金属原子具有未填满的轨道,原子轨,道最外层仅有1个或2个电子。过渡金属氧化物未充满的3d层可以与氧化剂配位形成多种活化的过渡态氧，表现出不同的反应活性，可分两种作用机理，即吸附氧作用机理和晶格氧作用机理。
transition metal oxide
过渡金属氧化物催化材料
Superconductors with two or more superconducting gap (or energy bands) are called multi-band superconductor; Typical multi-band superconductor, such as MgB2.
具有两个或两个以上超导能隙（或能带）的超导体称为多带超导体；典型的多带超导体，如MgB2。
multi-band superconductor
多带超导体
A carbonate mineral with a simple island like structure. Iron, zinc and calcium often replace manganese, forming iron rhodochrosite, zinc rhodochrosite, calcium rhodochrosite and other varieties. Triangular system, calcspar (calcite) structure. The intact crystal is rhombohedral; Sometimes they form twin crystals according to {0112}; Aggregates are granular, columnar, massive, nodular, and soil like. Light rose red, easily weathered transformation to light gray white, light yellow or brown yellow, etc. Glass lustre. The cleavage {1011} is complete. Mohs hardness 3.4-4.5, brittle, density 3.5-3.7g/cm3. The reaction with cold hydrochloric acid is slow, but intensifies after heating. It mainly occurs in marine sedimentary iron manganese deposits and coexists with manganite, hematite, chlorite, quartze, etc. It is the main raw mineral material for extracting manganese.
简单岛状结构碳酸盐矿物。常有铁、锌、钙代替锰，形成铁菱锰矿、锌菱锰矿、钙菱锰矿等变种。三方晶系，方解石型结构。完好晶体呈菱面体状；有时依{0112}成聚片双晶；集合体呈粒状、柱状、块状、结核状、土状等。淡玫瑰红色，易风化转变为浅灰白、浅黄或褐黄色等。玻璃光泽。解理{1011}完全。莫氏硬度3.4-4.5,性脆，密度3.5-3.7g/cm3。与冷盐酸作用缓慢，加热后加剧。主要产于海相沉积的铁锰矿床中.与水锰矿、赤铁矿、绿泥石、石英等共生。是提取锰的主要矿物原料。
rhodochrosite
菱锰矿
Compounds or mixtures that can cause chemical crosslinking of thermosetting resin to form insoluble and fusible network structure. Different types of thermosetting resin use different curing agent. For example, the commonly used curing agent for epoxy resin include amine, anhydride, oligomer, nitrogen-containing compound (imidazole), boron dioxide and its complex, etc. Curing agent has a direct impact on the curing temperature of resin, crosslinking reaction mechanism and heat resistance of assimilation products, etc. of the thermosetting agent: the composite materials prepared with the intermediation agent with high curing temperature has good mechanical properties and heat resistance, and is also conducive to extending the pot life of its resin system. The amount of curing agent will directly affect the quality of composite materials. If the amount is too much, the intermediation reaction will be intense. The brittleness of curing products will increase. If the amount is too little, the degree of crosslinking will be low, and the performance of assimilation products will be poor.
能使热固性树脂发生化学交联形成不溶不熔网络结构的化合物或混合物。不同类型的热固性树脂所采用的固化剂不同。例如，环氧树脂常用的固化剂有胺类、酸酐类、低聚物、含氮化合物（咪唑类）以及二氣化硼及其络合物等。固化剂对热固外:树脂的固化温度、交联反应机理和同化产物的耐热性等有直接影响采用固化温度高的间化剂所制备的复合材料力学性能和耐热性好，也冇利于延长其树脂体系的适用期。固化剂的用量会直接影响到复合材料质量，用量过多，间化反应剧烈.固化产物脆性增加.用量过少，交联程度低，同化产物性能较差。
curing agent
固化剂
Also known as vacuum consumable remelting, it is a smelting method of melting metals and alloy under vacuum conditions by heating the arc thermal effect. Since a certain vacuum degree is adopted and the molten metal is used as consumable electrode, the corresponding equipment is called vacuum consumable electrode electric arc furnace or vacuum consumable furnace for short. The furnace body is composed of furnace shell, electrode, electrode rod, electrode lifting device and water-cooled copper mold. The furnace shell is generally made of stainless steel materials. The consumable electrode (negative electrode) made of remelted metal is installed on the electrode rod. After being pumped to a certain vacuum, it is connected with low voltage and high current. After the metal is melted, it drops into the water-cooled copper mold (positive electrode) and condenses into ingots. The vacuum arc remelting process can melting refractory metals such as tungsten, key, niobium, tantalum, and their alloy, and highly reactive metals such as titanium, zirconium, and their alloy, as well as high temperature alloy, high alloy steel, etc.
又称真空自耗重熔，在真空条件下通过电弧热效应加热熔炼金属和合金的冶炼方法。由于采用一定的真空度且被熔金属作为自耗电极，故相应的设备称为真空自耗电极电弧炉或简称真空自耗炉。炉体由炉壳、电极、电极杆、电极升降装置及水冷铜结晶器组成，炉壳一般选用不锈钢材料。被重熔金属制成的自耗电极(负极）装在电极杆上，待抽到一定真空度后通以低电压大电流，金属熔化后滴入水冷铜结晶器（正极）内，凝结成锭。真空电弧重熔法可熔炼难熔金属如钨、钥、铌、钽等及其合金及活性很高的金属如钛、锆等及其合金以及高温合金、髙合金钢等。
vacuum arc remelting
真空电弧重熔
Materials that can convert various excitation (electricity, light, ray) energy into laser, mainly solid material. Solid laser materials mainly include semiconductor laser materials mainly driven by electricity, metal ion doped laser materials and laser glass mainly driven by light.
能把各种激励（电、光、射线）能量转换成激光的材料，以固体物质为主。固体激光材料主要有以电激励为主的半导体激光材料和以光激励为主的金属离子掺杂的激光品体和激光玻璃。
laser materials
激光材料
Layered silicate mineral. Dense blocky and scaly aggregates. White, with impurities and shades of light yellow, pink, and green. Glass lustre.
层状结构硅酸盐矿物。 致密块状、鱗片状集合体。白色，含杂质而带浅黄、 粉红、浅绿等色调。玻璃光泽。
talc
滑石
The ability of surface of materials to inhibit the adhesion of proteins, peptides, polysaccharides and other biomass. In some application fields of biological materials, such as intraocular lenses, heart valves, etc., the adhesion of proteins, polypeptides, polymers and other biomass on the surface of biological materials may lead to negative effects? Therefore, measures should be taken to endow the surface of materials with the ability to inhibit the adhesion of these biomass.
材料表面抑制蛋白质、多肽、多糖等生物质黏附的能力。在某些生物材料应用领域，如人工晶状体、心脏瓣膜等，蛋白质、多肽、多搪等生物质在生物材料表面黏附可能导致负面效应?因此应采取措施赋予材料表面抑制这些生物质黏附的能力。
anti-biofouling properties of materials
材料抗污染能力
Fibers with textile value that exist and grow in nature. It includes plant fiber (cotton, kapok, hemp, jute, flax, banana hemp, sisal and coconut shell fiber, etc.), animal fiber (wool, mohair, cashmere, rabbit hair, camel hair, yak hair and silk, etc.) and mineral fiber (asbestos, etc.). Since the middle of the 20th century, due to the rapid growth of synthetic fiber output, the composition of textile raw materials has undergone great changes. Therefore, the proportion of natural fiber in the total annual output of textile fiber has declined year by year. Natural fiber has a variety of excellent clothing properties, mainly used to add T. to various clothing, decoration and T. industrial textiles.
自然界存在和生长的具有纺织价值的纤维。包括植物纤维（棉、木棉、大麻、黄麻、亚麻、蕉麻、剑麻和椰壳纤维等）、动物纤维（羊毛、马海毛、山羊绒、兔毛、骆驼毛、牦牛毛和蚕丝等）和矿物纤维（石棉等）。20世纪中叶以来，由于合成纤维产量的增长速度很快，致使纺织原料的构成发生了很大的变化。因此，在纺织纤维的年总产量中天然纤维所占的比例逐年有所下降。天然纤维具有各种优良的服装用性能，主要用于加T.成各种服装、装饰和T.业用纺织品。
natural fiber
天然纤维
Diamond is formed by artificially transforming non diamond graphite or gaseous carbon atoms into phase change. There are more than ten synthetic methods for synthetic diamond.
用人工方法使非金刚石结构的石墨或气相碳原子发生相变转化而成的金刚石。人造金刚石的合成方法多达十几种。
synthetic diamond
人造金刚石
With organic isocyanate, polyol compounds (including polyester polyols and polyether polyols) and additive as the main raw materials, polyether resin or polyester resin containing hydroxyl groups is reacted with isocyanate to form a polyurethime main body, which is made of carbon dioxide generated by the reaction of isocyanate with water or low boiling point fluorocarbon compounds as blowing agent. It has the characteristics of porosity, low relative density and high specific strength. It can be divided into hard, semi hard and soft polyurethane foam. Polyurethane foamed plastics has excellent physical and mechanical properties, acoustic properties, electrical properties and chemical resistance, especially the thermal conductivity of rigid polyurethane foam is particularly low, which is a high-quality thermal insulation and cold insulation materials. Soft polyurethane foam is mainly used as furniture, mattress, packaging materials, filtering materials, acoustic insulation materials, etc.
以有机异氰酸酯、多元醇化合物（包括聚酯多元醇和聚醚多元醇两大类）和助剂为主要原料，将含有羟基的聚醚树脂或聚酯树脂与异氰酸酯反应构成聚氨酯主体，并由异氰酸酯与水反应生成的二氧化碳或用低沸点氟碳化合物为发泡剂制成的泡沫塑料。具有多孔性、相对密度小、比强度高的特点。可分为硬质、半硬质和软质聚氨酯泡沫塑料等几种。聚氨酿泡沫塑料具有优良的物理力学性能、声学性能、电学性能和耐化学性能，尤其是硬质聚氨酯泡沫塑料的热导率特別低，是一种优质的绝热保温保冷材料。软质聚氨酯泡沫塑料主要用作家具、床垫、包装材料、过滤材料、隔声材料等。
polyurethane foam
聚氨酯泡沫塑料
Light industry often refers to light industrial products such as bicycles, sewing machines, thermos bottles, cans, etc. Household appliances refer to household appliances such as televisions, refrigerators, washing machines, and fans. H06-2 iron red epoxy primer and C06-1 iron red alkyd primer are commonly used for light industrial products. The primer I is used as the intermediate coating (bicycles and thermos bottles generally do not use the intermediate coating). Amino baking paint is used as the top coating, and amino varnish is used as the finishing (sewing machines and bicycles sometimes use pitch paint as the top coating). There are many kinds of coatings used in household appliances. Metal parts are commonly used with amino baking paint, powder coating, etc., plastics parts should use plastics coatings, and wood parts should use wood coatings. In order to improve the decorative effect, suede coatings has been used on household appliances.
轻工常指自行车、缝纽机、保温瓶、罐头等轻工业产品，家电是指电视机、电冰箱、洗衣机、电风扇等家用电器。轻工业产品常用H06-2铁红环氧底漆、C06-1铁红醇酸底漆，以底I漆自配成中间涂层（自行车、保温瓶一般不用中间涂层），用氨基烘漆作为面漆，氨基清漆罩面（缝纫机、自行车有时也用沥青漆作为面漆）。家电所用涂料品种较多。金属零件常用氨基烘漆、粉末涂料等，塑料部件要使用塑料涂料，木质部件使用木质涂料。为提高装饰效果，在家电上开始使用绒面涂料。
coatings for light industry and house electrical appliance
轻工家电涂料
The trade names Kevlar, Twaron I, and Terlon are aromatic amide fibers obtained by condensation and spinning of terephthalic acid or diacyl chloride with p-phenylenediamine. Poly (p-phenylene terephthalamide) fiber has extremely high strength, which is 5% of high-quality steel product? 6 times, the modulus is 2? Of steel product or glass fiber? 3 times, the toughness i is twice that of steel product, and the mass is only 1/5 of that of steel product. The density of Kev lar29 and 49 is L44g/Cm: i, the tensile strength is about I2810MPa, the percentage elongation after fracture is about 3.6% and 2.5%, and the tensile modulus is about 63300MPa and 126600MPa. The glass transition temperature and decomposition temperature of the fiber are 240 ° C and 500 ° C respectively? 570 ° C, maximum service temperature 250 ° C, high impact strength and impact absorption energy, its composite materials has good protection against high-speed bullets, and is resistant to acid, alkali, organic solvents and seawater corrosion. Wear resistance is good, but fatigue resistance is slightly poor. It is used as the framework materials of tires, tapes, rubber hoses, thermosetting and thermoplastic resin, and metal aluminum composite materials, optical cable reinforcement cores, bulletproof vests, sporting goods, friction materials and asbestos substitutes, epoxy resin impregnating materials and short cut fibers of reinforced concrete, cutting and puncture resistant overalls and gloves, It is blended with other flame resistant or flame retardant fiber such as polyacrylonitrile pre oxidized fiber or poly (m-phenylene isophthalamide) fiber to make fireproof clothing, industrial canvas and cable. Make rocket engine shells, high-speed centrifuge barrels, high-pressure containers, bulletproof helmets, tank composite armor, missile launchers, honeycomb structural materials, train brake shoes, automobile brake pads, radial tires, high-pressure hoses, linear structural materials for aircraft and ships, tennis rackets, mine transport belts, automobile clutches, etc.
商品名凯芙拉（Kevlar)、特瓦论（Twaron)I和德尔纶（Terlon)，是由对苯二甲酸或二酰氯与对苯二胺缩聚并纺丝所得的芳酰胺纤维。芳纶1414有极高的强度，是优质钢材的5?6倍，模量是钢材或玻璃纤维的2?3倍，韧性i是钢材的2倍，而质量仅为钢材的1/5。其中Kev-lar29、49的密度均为L44g/Cm:i,拉伸强度约为I2810MPa,断裂伸长率分別约为3.6%、2.5%,拉伸模量约为63300MPa、126600MPa。纤维的玻璃化转变温度和分解温度各为240°C和500?570°C,最高使用温度为250°C,冲击强度和冲击吸收能高，其复合材料对高速子弹的防护性好，耐酸、碱、有机溶剂和海水的腐蚀。耐磨性优良，但耐疲劳性稍差。用于轮胎、胶带、胶管的骨架材料，热固性和热塑性树脂及金属铝的复合材料.光缆增强芯，防弹背心.体育用品，摩擦材料与代石棉用品，代钢筋的环氧树脂浸i渍材料和增强混凝土的短切纤维，防切割和防穿刺工作服和手套，与其他抗燃或阻燃纤维如聚丙烯腈预氧化丝或聚间苯二甲酰间苯二胺纤维混纺制成防火服，工业帆布及缆绳类等。制作火箭发动机壳体、高速离心机转筒、高压容器、防弹头盔、坦克复合装甲、导弹发射筒、蜂窝结构材料、火车闸瓦、汽车刹车片、子午胎、高压软管、飞机和船舶的型线形结构材料、网球拍、矿山运输带、汽车离合器等。
aramid 1414
芳纶1414
Compatibility refers to the degree to which the reaction ability of the system changes compared with that of a single substance after two or more substances mix or contact each other to form a mixed system. Compatibility includes internal compatibility and external compatibility. Internal compatibility refers to the compatibility among the components of initiating explosives and relative compositions, and external compatibility refers to the compatibility between the agent as a whole and the phase contacting substances.
相容性是指两种或两种以上的物质相互混合或相互接触组成混合体系后.体系的反应能力与单一物质相比其变化的程度。相容性有内相容性和外相容性，内相容性指火工药剂各组分间的相容性，外相容性指药剂作为整体与相接触物质的相容性。
compatability test of pyrotechnic composition
火工药剂相容性试验
Artificial kidney with biological function. In order to solve this problem, renal tubular epithelial cells are planted in hollow fiber tubes to form fused monolayer cells, and a bio-artificial kidney with reabsorption, metabolism, endocrine and immune functions is constructed. It is composed of conventional dialyzer, but it is different in that it has a layer of human renal tubular epithelial cells. The cells are fixed on the surface of ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer or poly methacrylate acetylcholine ester materials. Animal and clinical experiments have proved that it is effective in treating renal failure or uremia, but there are still some problems to be solved, such as maintaining long-term stability of cell and materials functions in the system.
具有生物功能的人工肾。为了解决这一问题，将肾小管上皮细胞种植在中空纤维管内，形成融合单层细胞，构建成具有重吸收、代谢、内分泌和免疫功能的生物型人工肾。它由常规的透析器构成，所不同的是它具有一层人体肾小管上皮细胞.细胞被同定在乙烯-乙烯醇共聚物或聚甲基丙烯酸乙酰胆碱酯材料的表面。动物和临床实验证明了其治疗肾i衰或尿毒症是有效的，但尚存在一些需要解决的问1题，如保持系统中细胞和材料功能长期的稳定性等。
bio-artificial kidney
生物型人工肾
Simple layered structure of hydroxide minerals. The chemical formula is Mg (OH) 2. Fe, Mn, and Zn can replace Mg with isomorphism. Trilateral system, space group DirP3m. Crystal are tabular or leaf shaped, often tabular, scaly or round, and aggregates are irregular granular or fibrous. White, grayish white. Sometimes appearing in green, yellow, or brownish red. Stripe white. The fresh crystal plane and fracture surface are glass luster, the cleavage surface is pearly luster, and the fibrous surface is silk luster. Transparent. Mohs hardness 2.5, density 2.3-2.6g/cm3. Fine pieces have flexibility and flexibility. It has thermoelectric properties. The fiber is coarse and brittle, without elasticity and flexibility, easy to break and good splitting performance. The product of secondary transformation after the action of alkaline solution on magnesium silicate. It is commonly found in the fissures of serpentinite or serpentinized pure peridmite. It also occurs in contact metamorphic magnesite limestone and coexists with caldte, tremolite, serpentine, phlogopite, etc. It is used as raw mineral material for extracting magnesium in large amount.
简单层状结构氢氧化物矿物。化学式为Mg(OH)2。Fe、Mn、Zn能以类质同象置换Mg。三方晶系，空间群DirP3m。晶体呈板状或叶片状，常呈板状、细鱗片状或浑圆状，集合体呈不规则粒状、纤维状。白色、灰白色.有时呈绿色、黄色或褐红色。条痕白色。新鲜晶面和断口上呈玻璃光泽，解理面呈珍珠光泽，纤维状者呈丝绢光泽。透明。莫氏硬度2.5,密度2.3-2.6g/cm3。细片具挠性及柔性。具热电性。纤维粗而脆.无弹性及挠性.易折断.劈分性好。为碱性溶液对镁质硅酸盐作用后的次生变化产物。常见于蛇纹岩的裂隙中或蛇纹石化纯橄榄岩的裂隙中。也产于接触变质菱镁矿石灰岩中.与方解石、透闪石、蛇纹石、金云母等共生。大量聚集时.用作提取镁的矿物原料。
brucite
水镁石
It is also called pinal schist. A metamorphic rock with sericite mica as its main mineral. In addition to seridte, chlorite, quartze, feldspar, etc. It is gray, with scale balastic texture, schistose structure, and silk luster on schistosity surface. It is formed by regional metamorphism of mud rock, siltstone and intermediate acid tuffaceous rock.
又称绢云母片岩。一种以绢云母为主要矿物的变质岩。矿物组成除绢云母外.还有绿泥石、石英、长石等。呈灰色，鳞片变晶结构，片状构造，片理面上呈现丝绢光泽。由泥岩、粉砂岩以及中酸性凝灰质岩石经区域变质作用形成。
sericite schist
绢云母岩
In the carburizing chamber, the high-temperature pyrolytic carbon containing active gas penetrates into the inside of porous carbon fabric. The active gas contacts the hot fiber surface to deposit carbon on the carbon fiber surface and gradually fills the gap between the fibers to obtain a relatively dense carbon/carbon composhes, which is one of the main processes for preparing carbon/carbon composhes with high efficiency of spare filling. Compared with the CVD process, the characteristic of the CVI process is to maintain temperature and pressure gradients in the workplace. One side of the carbon fiber preform is at the deposition temperature of the high-temperature zone. The other side is cooled and the active gas that maintains a lower temperature enters from the low-temperature side. After reaching the high-temperature zone side, the required carbon matrix is deposited. With the increase of deposition time, the efficiency of spare filling and thermal conductivity at the high temperature side increase, and the high temperature zone moves to the low temperature side until the holes in each preform are completely filled, finally obtaining high density carbon/carbon composhes. The low pressure at the outlet is conducive to the source gas passing through the preform and improving the efficiency of spare filling of materials. Cvr method uses temperature gradient and pressure gradient, so it is easy to fill open pores, and difficult to obtain large size, high density materials. Due to the existence of temperature gradient and pressure gradient, even at a large flow rate, the air hole at the inlet side is kept unblocked to obtain high deposition rate and high efficiency of spare filling. Compared with traditional methods, this method can prepare sintered bodies with complex shapes. No external pressure, little chemical and mechanical damage to the fiber, which is conducive to maintaining its high strength characteristics, and can obtain high efficiency of spare filling carbon and carbon composite materials. It has been successfully applied to the preparation of aerospace thermal structural components.
在渗碳室中，使高温热解含碳活性气体渗透进多孔炭织物内部.活性气体与热的纤维表面接触碳沉积于碳纤维表面并逐步填充于纤维间的空隙而得到较为致密的碳/碳复合材料，是当前制备高致密度碳/碳复合材料的主要工艺方法之一。与CVD工艺相比，CVI工艺的特点在于工作场中保持温度梯度和压力梯度。碳纤维预成型体一侧处于高温区沉积温度下.另一侧被冷却而保持较低温度的活性气体从低温侧进人，到达高温区一侧后，沉积出所需碳基质。随沉积时间延长，高温侧致密度提高，热导率增加，高温区向低温侧移动，直到各个预成型体中空穴被完全填满，最终获取高致密的碳/碳复合材料。出口处保持低压，有利于源气穿过预成型体，提高材料致密度。cvr方法采用温度梯度和压力梯度，易于填塞开口气孔，难于获取大尺寸、高致密材料的缺点。由于温度梯度和压力梯度的存在，即便在较大流量时.也保持了进气侧开口气孔的畅通而能获得高沉积速度和高致密度。与传统方法相比.该方法可以制备复杂形状的烧结体。无外加压力，对纤维的化学和机械损伤小.有利于保持其高强特性，可获得高致密度碳、碳复合材料.已成功应用于航空航天热结构部件的制备。
CVI process of carbon/carbon composite
碳/碳复合材料化学气相渗透工艺
See Scale Grey Stone.
参见鳞灰石。
fluorapatite
氟磷灰石
Materials used to make the basic part of demure (demure base) that supports artificial teeth and contacts with oral soft tissue. Demure base is one of the main components of removable demure. It covers the alveolar ridge of missing teeth and can connect all parts of demure into a whole, which is the basis for arranging artificial teeth. Denture base materials mainly include macromolecule polymer and metal. Macromolecule polymer denture base materials can be polyacrylate resin, polyethylene, copolymer or mixture of polystyrene and the above substances, as well as other polymer, but macromolecule denture base polymer in clinical use mostly uses polymethacrylate or its copolymer. It includes three types: heat curing type, chemical curing type, and light curing type. Among them, light cured denture base resin is a single component polymer, which is polymerization by light irradiation. At present, it is not widely used in clinical practice. The denture base made of macromolecule polymer is light in weight, lifelike in color and easy to adjust, but it has poor thermal conductivity and low strength. Metal base materials are divided into foundry and forging, and 18-8 stainless steel is mainly used for forging metal base materials; Foundry metal base materials mainly include titanium and titanium alloy, cobalt chromium alloy, chromium nickel alloy, nickel chromium alloy and gold alloy. The advantages of a metal base are sturdy, easy to clean, and good temperature conductivity, but it is difficult to make a pad and is not easy to adjust.
用于制作支持人造牙并且与口腔软组织接触的义齿基础部分(义齿基托）所用的材料。义齿基托是可摘义齿的主要组成之一。它覆盖在缺失牙的牙槽嵴上，能把义齿的各部分连接成一个整体，是排列人工牙的基础。义齿基托材料主要有高分子聚合物和金属两种。高分子聚合物义齿基托材料可以是聚丙烯酸酯类树脂、聚乙烯.聚笨乙烯和以上各类物质的共聚物或混合物以及其他聚合物等，但临床使用的高分子义齿基托聚合物多采用聚甲基丙烯酸屮酯或其共聚物。包括热固化型、化学固化型和光固化型三种。其中光固化型义齿基托树脂属于单组分聚合物，由光照射引发聚合，目前在临床上使用尚不普及。用高分子聚合物制作的义齿基托质轻、颜色逼真、易于调改，但导热性差，强度较低。金属基托材料分铸造和锻造两类，锻造金属基托材料主要使用18-8不锈钢;铸造金属基托材料主要用钛及钛合金、钴铬合金、铬镍合金、镍铬合金及金合金等。金属基托的优点是坚固、易清洁并对温度的传导性好，但难以做衬垫且不易调改。
denture base materials
义齿基托材料
The light porous silicate products are made of siliceous materials (such as sand, fly ash, silicon containing tailings, etc.) and calcareous materials (such as cement, lime, etc.) as the main raw materials, added with air entraining agent, and processed by batching, mixing, pouring, pre curing, cutting, autoclaving, curing, etc.
以硅质材料（如砂、粉煤灰、含硅尾矿等）和钙质材料（如水泥、石灰等）为主要原料，加入发气剂，经配料、搅拌、浇注、预养、切割、蒸压、养护等工艺制成的轻质多孔硅酸盐制品。
autoclaved aerated concrete
加气混凝土
Usually refers to a drug or compound that contains two different types of active ingredients, which typically have different pharmacological effects. The purpose of double base propellant is to provide a more comprehensive therapeutic effect through combined action and at the same time for multiple pathological processes or symptoms.
通常指的是一种药物或化合物，它包含两种不同类型的活性成分，这两种成分通常具有不同的药理作用。双基药旨在通过联合作用，同时针对多个病理过程或症状，提供更全面的治疗效果。
double base propellant
双基药
It is called resist for short, which refers to the macromolecule compound that can change the corrosion resistance after illumination.
简称抗蚀剂，指光照后能改变抗蚀能力的高分子化合物。
photoresist
光致抗蚀剂
A method for measuring the resistivity of semiconductor materials in micro areas. The spatial resolution of this method can usually reach submicron level, or even nanometer level if combined with scanning probe microscopy. Generally, the two probes are pressed to contact the surface of the sample after grinding and chemical mechanical polishing to form ohmic contact. Apply voltage V between the probes, and the measured current is I. Since the true values of a and f are not easy to obtain, in order to obtain resistivity, it is first necessary to obtain the correction curve under a certain probe state, that is, first measure the spreading resistance of a series of known resistivity standard samples to obtain the positive curve. According to this correction curve, the corresponding resistivity can be obtained after measuring the spreading resistance of the sample to be measured. Therefore, the spreading resistance is a relative measurement method. The spreading resistance can be used to measure the resistivity and thickness of the epitaxial layer of silicon epitaxial wafers, the width of the transition zone between the epitaxial layer and the substrate, and the uniformity of the micro area doped with semiconductor materials. It is also the most important means to measure the longitudinal distribution of electrically active impurities in semiconductor devices.
测量半导体材料微区电阻率的方法。该方法的空间分辨率通常可达到亚微米量级，若结合扫描探针显微技术，甚至可达纳米量级。一般地，将两根探针加压接触在经磨角和化学机械抛光的试样表面，形成欧姆接触。在探针间施加电压V,测得的电流为I。由于a和f的真实数值不易获得，为了获得电阻率，首先需要获得在某一探针状态下的校正曲线，即先测量一系列已知电阻率标样的扩展电阻，从而获得正曲线。依据这一校正曲线，测得待测样的扩展电阻后，即可得到相应的电阻率。因此，扩展电阻法是一种相对测量方法。扩展电阻法可用于测量硅外延片中外延层的电阻率和厚度、外延层和衬底之间过渡区的宽度以及半导体材料掺杂的微区均匀性，更是测量半导体器件中电活性杂质纵向分布的最重要手段。
spreading resistance
扩展电阻法
The steel axle steel used for the production of railway locomotive and vehicle axles requires not only high tensile strength, but also good toughness, Jones ratio and good fatigue resistance. Steel (GB5068-1999) used for railway locomotives and vehicle axles is mainly high quality medium carbon structural steel. Adding LZ before the composition steel designation indicates vehicle axle steel, and adding JZ indicates locomotive axle steel.
用于生产铁路机车和车辆车轴的钢车轴钢既要求有很高的拉伸强度，又要求有良好的韧性和仲氏率以及良好的抗疲劳性能。铁路机车和车辆车轴用钢（GB5068-1999)主要采用优质中碳结构钢，在成分钢号前加LZ表示车辆车轴钢、加JZ表示机车车轴钢。
axle steel
车轴钢
It refers to a new type of carbon materials with a diameter of 50 to 100 nm and a relatively large length and diameter (usually more than 100). In terms of size, its diameter is generally larger than that of single wall carbon nanotube (0.4 to 2.5 nm in diameter) and multi wall carbon nanotube (MWNTs) (5 to 100 nm in outer diameter), but smaller than that of conventional carbon fibers (7 to 70 microns in diameter). From the structural point of view, carbon nanofibre are similar to conventional carbon fibers, which are solid structures, while carbon tubes are highly graphitization hollow tubular structures. The degree of graphitization of carbon nanofibre is similar to that of conventional carbon fibers, and the degree of graphitization is much lower than that of carbon nanotube. Carbon nanofibre have high strength, modulus, aspect ratio, thermal stability, chemical activity, conductivity and other characteristics. It has broad application prospects in composite materials, such as reinforcement, conductivity and electromagnetic shielding additive.
是指直径为50到100纳米，长度直径比较大（通常超过100）的新型碳材料。从尺寸上看，其直径一般大于单壁碳纳米管（直径0.4到2.5纳米）及多壁碳纳米管（MWNTs）（外径5到100纳米），但比常规碳纤维（直径为7到70微米）直径要小。从结构上来看，纳米碳纤维与常规碳纤维相似，为实心结构，而碳管则为高度石墨化的空心管状结构。纳米碳纤维的石墨化程度与常规碳纤维相似，石墨化程度远低于碳纳米管。纳米碳纤维具有较高的强度、模量、长径比、热稳定性、化学活性、导电性等特点。在复合材料中，如增强、导电以及电磁屏蔽添加剂等领域都有广阔的应用前景。
carbon nanofibre
纳米碳纤维
Also known as cryogenic liquefied hydrogen storage, it refers to the hydrogen storage mode in which hydrogen is stored in liquid state at low temperature. The mass of liquid hydrogen is the smallest, and the storage volume is much smaller than that of high-pressure gaseous hydrogen storage. From the perspective of mass and volume, liquid hydrogen storage is an extremely ideal hydrogen storage method.
又称深冷液化储氢，指的是在低温状态下将氢气以液态储存起来的储氢方式。液氢储存的质量最小，储存体积也比高压气态储氢小得多。从质量和体积上考虑，液态储氢是一种极为理想的储氢方式。
cryogenic liquid hydrogen storage
低温液态储氢
The difference between the hydrogen evolution rate I0 at corrosion potential and the hydrogen evolution rate IH measured at a certain external anode potential is defined as the difference effect.
将自腐蚀电位下的析氢速率I0与在一定外加阳极电位下测得到的析氢速率IH之差定为差数效应。
negative difference effect of magnesium alloy
镁合金负差数效应
Use cold extrusion method (without heating, otherwise called hot rolling). The thickness of cold rolled strip steel and thin plate is generally 0.1~3mm, and the width is 100~2000mm; Hot rolled strip steel or steel plate are used as raw materials and are rolling by cold rolling mill at normal temperature. Cold rolled strip steel and sheet steel have the advantages of smooth and smooth surface, high dimensional accuracy and good mechanical properties. Most of the products are rolled, and a large part of them are processed into coated sheet before leaving the factory. The production efficiency of rolled cold rolled sheet is high, and it is convenient to use, which is beneficial for subsequent processing. Therefore, it has been widely used and has gradually replaced hot rolled sheets of the same thickness. Only a small number of cold-rolled alloy steel plate for special purposes adopt single piece rolling. The output of cold rolled strip steel and sheet steel has accounted for about 30% of the total output of steel product in industrial developed countries. In addition to ordinary carbon steel, there are also silicon steel, stainless steel and alloy structural steel.
用冷挤压方法（不加热，反之称热轧）。冷轧带钢和薄板一般厚度为0.1～3mm，宽度为100～2000mm；均以热轧带钢或钢板为原料，在常温下经冷轧机轧制成材。冷轧带钢和薄板具有表面光洁、平整、尺寸精度高和机械性能好等优点，产品大多成卷，并且有很大一部分经加工成涂层钢板出厂。成卷冷轧薄板生产效率高，使用方便，有利于后续加工。因此应用广泛，已逐渐取代同样厚度的热叠轧薄板。只有少量的特殊用途的冷轧合金钢板采取单片轧制。冷轧带钢和薄板的产量在工业发达国家已占钢材总产量的30%左右。钢种除普通碳钢外，还有硅钢、不锈钢和合金结构钢等。
cold rolling of strip
带钢冷轧
A regional metamorphic rock consisting of plagioclase and common amphibole. The content of plagioclase and amphibole is similar, and there is almost no quartze. Sometimes it contains a small amount of epidote, diopside, garnet or biotite. Columnar granite balastic texture, gneissic, massive or banded structure. Those with clear schistosity are called plagioclase hornblende schist; Amphibolite or hornblende schist refers to those with less plagioclase and mainly amphibole. Those with similar contents of quartze, plagioclase and amphibole are called hornblende plagioclase gneiss. It is metamorphosed from basic volcanic rock, greywacke, tuff or mafic marl.
一种由斜长石和普通角闪石组成的区域变质岩。斜长石和角闪石含量相近，几乎不含石英。有时含少量绿帘石、透辉石、石榴石或黑云母。柱粒状花岗变晶结构，片麻状、块状或条带状构造。片理清楚者称为斜长角闪片岩;斜长石少而角闪石为主的称为角闪岩或角闪片岩。石英、斜长石和角闪石含量相近者称为角闪斜长片麻岩。由基性火山岩、杂砂岩、凝灰岩或铁镁质泥灰岩变质而成。
amphibolites
斜长角闪岩
It refers to the method of producing high crosslinking density thermosetting resin matrix composite by crosslinking reaction of resin system initiated by high-energy electron beam, which is a kind of radiation curing.
指利用高能电子束引发树脂体系发生交联反应来制造高交联密度热固性树脂基复合材料的方法，是辐射固化的一种。
electron beam curing
电子束固化
New technology for preparing inorganic materials. One or several gas compounds are deposited in porous media after decomposition and combination at high temperature to densification materials.
制备无机材料的新技术。将一种或几种气体化合物经高温： 分解、化合之后沉积在多孔介质内部，使材料致密化。
chemical vapor infiltration
化学气相渗入
A volcanic rock rich in leucite and monoclinic pyroxene, belonging to the quasi (accessory) feldspar group. Porphyritic texture or granular structure. The pyroxene is both in the matrix and phenocryst. The monoclinic pyroxene is titanium bearing pyroxene, aegirine pyroxene and aegirine, and sometimes olivine. The matrix can be glassy state. It is coexisting with leucite basalt and exposed in Wudalianchi area, Heilongjiang Province. It can be used as a raw material for aluminum and potassium extraction.
一种富含白榴石和单斜辉石的火山岩，属似（副）长岩类。斑状结构或粒状结构。甶榴石在基质和斑晶中均有，单斜辉石为含钛辉石、霓辉石和霓石，有时含橄榄石。基质可呈玻璃态。与白榴玄武岩共生.黑龙江五大连池地区有出露。可以作为提铝和钾的原料。
leucitite
白榴岩
Melting electrode gas shielded arc welding using CO2 gas (sometimes CO2+O2 mixed gas) as shielding gas. The arc between the continuously fed welding wire and the weldee is used as the heat source to melt the welding wire and the base metal.
利用CO2气体（有时采用CO2+O2混合气体）作保护气体的熔化极气体保护电弧焊。利用连续送进的焊丝与被焊工件之间的电弧作热源，熔化焊丝与母材金属。
carbon dioxide arc welding
二氧化碳气体保护焊
Also known as the thermal equilibrium law. If two thermodynamics systems are in thermal equilibrium with the third system respectively, the two systems must also be in thermal equilibrium with each other. This is an empirical rule in thermodynamics. From this, it can be inferred that systems in the same thermal equilibrium state must have a common physical property, namely temperature. This law is the theoretical basis for measuring system temperature with a thermometer.
又称热平衡定律。若两个热力学系统各自与第三个系统处于热平衡状态，则这两个系统也必互相处于热平衡状态。这是热力学中的一个经验规律。由此可推出，处于同一热平衡状态的系统必有一个共同的物理性质，即温度。此定律是用温度计测量系统温度的理论依据。
the zeroth law of thermodynamics
热力学第零定律
See nitriding
见氮化
nitriding
渗氮
Molecular formula (CH3) 2NNH2. A colorless or light yellow transparent liquid with a fishy odor. Industrial production methods include liquid phase chloramine method, etc., which can be used to store liquid propellant fuel.
分子式（CH3)2NNH2。鱼腥味无色或浅黄色透明液体。工业生产方法有液相氯胺法等，用作可储存液体推进剂燃料。
unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine
偏二甲肼
The process of putting powder blanks or powder water into a special container (powder can) into a high-pressure container, applying high temperature and high pressure to make these powder bodies evenly pressing and sintering into dense parts or materials is called powder hot isostatic pressing. powder can undergo the combined effect of high temperature and high pressure at the same time in a isostatic pressing high-pressure container, which can strengthen the pressing and sintering processes, reduce the sintering temperature of products, and improve the structure of products, Eliminate the defects and pores between particles in the white part of materials, and improve the efficiency of spare filling and strength of materials.
把粉末坯或粉水装入特制容器（粉末包套）白置入高压容器中，施以高温和高气压，使这些粉末体被均匀压制和烧结成致密的零件或材料的过程称为粉末热等静压制粉末在等静压高压容器白同一时间经受高温和高压的联合作用，可以强化压制与烧结过程，降低制品的烧结温度，改善制品的组织结构，消除材料白部颗粒间的缺陷和孔隙，提高材料的致密度和强度。
hot isostatic pressing
热等静压制
Gate electrode materials generally refers to the conductive materials used to prepare gate electrode in field effect transistor (FET) or organic luminescence display (OLED), which is mainly used to control the current intensity of the active layer. The gate electrode materials is generally metal or alloy materials, such as chromium (Cr) or chromium alloy, molybdenum tantalum (MoTa) alloy, molybdenum (Mo), molybdenum tungsten alloys (MoW), molybdenum niobium alloy (MoNd) aluminum (A1) or aluminum niobium alloy (AINd).
栅极导电材料一般是指场效应晶体管（FET)或有机发光显示器（OLED)中用于制备栅电极（gate)的具有导电性能材料，其主要用于控制有源层的电流的强度。栅极导电材料一般采用金属或合金材料，如铬（Cr)或铬合金、钼钽（MoTa)合金、钼（Mo)、钼钨合金（MoW)、钼铌合金（MoNd)铝（A1)或铝铌合金（AINd)等。
gate electrode materials
栅极导电材料
See aluminum foam.
见泡沫铝。
porous aluminum alloy
多孔铝合金
The invention relates to a method for epitaxial growth by chemical reaction under low pressure. Its outstanding advantage is that the epitaxial growth chamber is low pressure, at this time, the carrier gas flow rate increases, and the diffusion coefficient of reactants on the surface increases, which can reduce the parasitic reaction between reactants, and the memory effect of epitaxial growth on the reaction chamber, and increase the longitudinal uniformity. For epitaxial growth controlled by surface diffusion dynamics, the uniformity of the epitaxial layer can be increased (necessary for large-scale epitaxial growth, such as epitaxial growth of dielectric film in large-scale Si device technology). For epitaxial growth controlled by mass transport, the above effects are not obvious
一种在低压下利用化学反应进行外延生长的方法。其突出的优点是外延生长室为低压，此时载气流速增大，反应物质在表面的扩散系数增大，可减少反应物之间的寄生反应，以及外延生长对反应室的记忆效应，增大纵向均匀性。对于表面扩散动力学控制的外延生长，可增大外延层的均匀性(对于大面积大规模外延生长是必要的，例如大规模Si器件工艺中的介质膜外延生长）。对于由质量输送控制的外延生长，上述效应并不明显
low pressure chemical vapor deposition
低压化学气相沉积
The number of water molecules that follow each proton as they migrate from the anode to the cathode of the proton exchange membrane. For the fully wetted Nafion film, the highest osmotic drag coefficient can reach 3.
质子从质子交换膜的阳极迁移到阴极时跟随每个质子一同迁移的水分子数。对完全湿化的Nafion膜来说，电迁移系数最高可达到3。
osmotic drag coefficient
电迁移系数
The mass per unit volume of refractory containing openings and closed pores is called bulk density.
包含开口和密闭气孔的单位体积耐火材料的质量称为体积密度。
bulk density
体积密度
Island structure silicate mineral. Cylindrical crystal with parallel cylinder stripes on the cylinder surface. The polycrystalline twin is formed according to (100). Yellow green, green brown. The Fe3+content increases and the color darkens to a dark green color. When the ingredient contains manganese, the color appears pink. Glass lustre. Parallel {O1l} sets of complete cleavage. Mohs hardness 6, produced in skarn. It coexists with albite and actinolite in green schist. It is often the product of wall rock alteration of various igneous rocks, especially basic rock. Those with beautiful color can be used as precious jade.
岛状结构硅酸盐矿物。柱状晶体，柱面上有平行柱体的条纹。依(100)形成聚片双晶。黄绿、绿褐色。Fe3+含量增加，颜色变深呈黑绿色。成分中含锰时颜色呈粉红色。玻璃光泽。平行{O1l}一组完全解理。莫氏硬度6，产于矽卡岩中。在绿片岩中与钠长石、阳起石共生。常为各种火成岩，尤其是基性岩的围岩蚀变产物。色泽美丽者可作宝玉石。
epidote
绿帘石
Copper based wear resistant alloy are mainly divided into two categories: bronze and brass. Copper alloys are widely used in friction systems, especially in conductive devices, due to their excellent thermal conductivity, conductivity, and corrosion resistance. In the bronze category, beryllium bronze (containing about 2% beryllium) with a high proportion of copper is one of the best wear resistant copper alloy. Because of its excellent hardness, fatigue strength and corrosion resistance, it is very suitable for bearing and precision gear materials at high speed and high temperature (about 300 ° C). Tin bronze and aluminium bronze are binary alloy with a small amount of other elements, such as iron, nickel, zinc, manganese, phosphorus, etc., to improve their performance. In addition to solution strengthened phase, they also contain some hard intermetallic compounds with high wear resistance, which are usually used to manufacture Babbitt metal bearing bushings. Adding elements such as tin, aluminum, manganese, lead or silicon into brass can form tin (aluminum, manganese or silicon) brass while maintaining its mechanical properties or processing properties basically unchanged. These additives play a significant role in improving the corrosion resistance, wear resistance and friction reduction of alloy. The main goal of developing wear-resistant brass alloy is to find substitutes for bronze. brass is similar to bronze in use and is mainly used to manufacture wear-resistant parts, such as gears, bearing shells and bearing sleeves.
铜基耐磨合金主要分为两大类：青铜和黄铜。铜合金因其出色的导热、导电和耐腐蚀性能而在摩擦系统，特别是导电器件中得到广泛应用。在青铜类中，含有高比例铜的铍青铜（含约2%的铍）是最佳的耐磨铜合金之一。由于其硬度、疲劳强度和耐腐蚀性都很出色，因此在高速、较高温度（约300°C）下作为轴承和精密齿轮材料非常合适。锡青铜和铝青铜是在二元合金中加入少量其他元素，如铁、镍、锌、锰、磷等，以改善其性能。除了固溶强化相以外，它们还包含一些硬质金属间化合物，具有很高的耐磨性，通常用于制造巴氏合金的轴承衬套。在黄铜中，添加锡、铝、锰、铅或硅等元素可以在保持其力学性能或加工性能基本不变的条件下，形成锡（铝、锰或硅）黄铜。这些添加元素在提高合金的抗腐蚀性和耐磨减摩性能方面发挥显著作用。开发耐磨黄铜合金的主要目标是寻找青铜的替代品，黄铜与青铜的用途相似，主要用于制造耐磨零件，如齿轮、轴瓦和轴套。
wear-resistant copper alloy
耐磨铜合金
Physical parameters characterizing the electrostrictive effect of dielectric materials. Under the action of electric field, the strain phenomenon of dielectric, which is proportional to the square of electric field strength, is collectively called electrostriction effect. The difference from the inverse piezoelectric effect is that the deformation produced by the latter is linear with the applied electric field.
表征电介质材料电致伸缩效应的物理参量。电介质在电场作用下.发生与电场强度平方成比例的应变现象，统称为电致伸缩效应。与逆压电效应不同之处在于，后者所产生的形变与外加电场成线性关系。
electrostriction coefficient
电致伸缩系数
See phonon spectrum.
见声子谱。
lattice vibration spectrum
晶格振动谱
For alloy composed of metal molybdenum and rare earth element oxides, such as MoOO2, Mo-La2, etc., the content of rare earth element oxides is generally 0.2% -1.0%. Rare earth oxides exist as dispersed particles in molybdenum alloy. It has a dispersion strengthening effect. The high temperature strength, recrystallization temperature and creep resistance of molybdenum alloy were improved by adding rare earth oxide. The preparation method of Mo-RE alloy is the same as that of W-RE alloy. Mainly producing boards, rods, and wires. Mo-RE alloy is a new type of molybdenum containing gold. Mainly used to replace metal molybdenum in high-temperature furnaces, electronic tubes, and other application fields, thereby improving the performance and lifespan of use.
由金属钼和稀土元素氧化物所组成的合金，如MoOO2、Mo-La2等，一般稀土元素氧化物的含量为0.2%-1.0%。稀土元素氧化物在钼合金中以弥散质点存在。起弥散强化作用。稀土元素氧化物加入后提高了钼合金的高温强度、再结晶温度和抗蠕变性能。钼稀土合金的制取方法与钨稀土合金相同。主要制収板、棒和丝材。钼稀土合金是新发展起来的新型钼含金。主要用于高温炉、电子管以及其他应用领域中取代金属钼，从而提高使用的性能和寿命。
Mo-RE alloy
钼稀土合金
Under a certain charging and discharging system, the cycle charging and discharging times that the battery can withstand before the cell capacity drops to a specified value are called secondary cell. The influencing factors include electrode materials, electrolyte, separator, manufacturing process, depth of discharge, etc. In the testing of battery life, the capacity of the battery is not the only indicator to measure the battery, but should also comprehensively consider its voltage characteristics, changes in internal resistance, etc.
在一定的充放电制度下，电池容量降至某一规定值之前，电池所能承受的循环充放电次数，称为二次电池的。影响的因素有电极材料、电解液、隔膜、制造工艺、放电深度等。在电池寿命的测试中，电池的容量不是唯一衡量电池的指标，还应综合考虑其电压特性、内阻的变化等。
cycle life
循环寿命
A basic intrusive rock. The main mineral components are monoclinic pyroxene (ordinary pyroxene and diopside) and basic plagioclase. The content of both is close.
一种基性侵入岩。主要矿物成分为单斜辉石（普通辉石和透辉石）和基性斜长石。两者含量接近。
gabbro
辉长岩
A special non-metallic luster similar to pearl. When light passes through the cleavage surface of some light colored transparent minerals with extremely complete cleavage, it is like the luster of the pearl layer inside the clam shell due to continuous reflection and mutual interference. Mica and transparent gypsum are typical.
一种与珍珠相似的特殊的非金属光泽。它是光线通过一些具有极完全解理的浅色透明矿物的解理面时，由于连续反射和互相干涉而呈现出的如同蚌壳内面的珍珠层所呈现的光泽。云母、透明石膏具有典型的。
pearly luster
珍珠光泽
See piano wire.
见琴钢丝。
piano wire
乐器用钢丝
The main chain and side chain have no carbon atoms, and are macromolecule completely composed of other elements, such as silicates.
主链和侧链均没有碳原子，完全由其他元素组成的高分子，如硅酸盐类。
inorganic polymer
无机高分子
It refers to the adsorption materials used for purifying blood by hemoperfusion. This materials is generally composed of three parts: generally, macromolecule compounds are used as carriers, substances with adsorption are used as ligands, and substances crosslinking or coupled with the above two are used as arms. The mechanism of adsorption is the recognition and interaction between adsorbent and adsorbed substance (toxin) through electrostatic, hydrogen bond and van der Waals force. Common carrier materials include porous materials such as adsorption resin and ion exchange resin, agarose gel, cellulose, dextran, polyvinyl alcohol and activated carbon. Active ligands can be specific proteins, peptides, antibodies, and various amino acids. Adsorbent materials for blood purification is a therapeutic method developed in recent years. It has shown great potential for the treatment of some difficult diseases. At present, blood adsorption therapy has been successfully applied to treat patients with autoimmune diseases such as lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, liver and kidney failure, drug (pesticide) acute poisoning, and has developed towards sepsis and multiple organ failure.
是指采用血液灌流方法净化血液时所用的吸附材料。这种材料一般是由三部分构成：一般以高分子化合物为载体，具有吸附作用的物质为配基，将上述二者交联或偶联起来的物质为手臂。吸附的作用机制是吸附剂与被吸附物质（毒素）通过静电、氢键和范德华力的相识别和作用。常用的载体材料有吸附树脂和离子交换树脂、琼脂糖凝胶、纤维素、葡聚糖、聚乙烯醇及活性炭等多孔材料。活性配基可以是特定蛋白、多肽、抗体和各种氨基酸等。吸附材料用于血液净化是近年发展起来的治疗方法。它对一些疑难疾病的救治显示了巨大的潜力。目前血液吸附疗法已成功应用于救治自身免疫性疾病如红斑狼疮、类风湿关节炎、肝、肾衰竭、药物（农药）急忭中毒等患者.并向脓毒病和多器官衰竭方面发展。
adsorbent in hemoperfusion
血液灌流吸附材料
See fatigue test.
见疲劳试验。
strain fatigue
应变疲劳
Thermosetting resin is prepared by polycondensation reaction of monomer containing amino or amide group and aldehydes (mainly formaldehyde). Including urea formaldehyde, melamine formaldehyde, urea melamine formaldehyde, aniline formaldehyde and other resin. The most commonly used are urea formaldehyde resin and melamine formaldehyde resin. Amino resin can be used to produce amino plastic powder, fiber reinforcement materials and laminated materials.
由含有氨基或酰胺基的单体与醛类（主要是甲醛）经缩聚反应而制得的热固性树脂。包括脲醛、三聚氰胺甲醛、脲三聚氰胺甲醛和苯胺甲醛等树脂。最常用的是尿醛树脂和三聚氰胺甲醛树脂。氨基树脂可制得氨基塑料粉、纤维增强材料及层压材料。
amino resin
氨基树脂
Synthetic fiber spun from aliphatic polyolefin. Mainly polyethylene and polypropylene fiber. Polyolefin is a nonpolar saturated aliphatic polymer with good flexibility of macromolecular chain and good crystallinity. However, due to the weak interaction between macromolecule, the glass transition temperature and melting temperature are relatively low. The mechanical properties of fiber are closely related to the molecular weight of polymer. Polyolefin fiber is widely used in the production of various nonwovens due to its abundant raw materials and low price. The fiber has good lipophilicity and hydrophobicity, and is the raw material for manufacturing oil absorption and oil-water separation materials; With high fiber strength and low density, it is a good materials for producing ropes, cables, fishing nets, wrapping belts, etc. Polyolefin can also be processed into a film, and then the film is stretched and split into fibers, called membrane split fibers; The film is also cut into flat strips, called flat filament, for processing ropes, packaging bags, etc.
由脂肪族聚烯烃纺制成的合成纤维。主要有聚乙烯和聚丙烯纤维。聚烯烃是非极性饱和脂肪烃聚合物，大分子链柔顺性好，有很好的结晶性。但由于大分子间相互作用比较弱，所以玻璃化转变温度和熔融温度都比较低。纤维的力学性能与聚合物分子量有很大关系。聚烯烃纤维原料丰富、价格便宜，广泛用于生产各种非织造布。纤维有较好的亲油性和疏水性，是制造吸油和油水分离材料的原料；纤维强度高、密度小，是生产绳索、缆绳、渔网、包带等的好材料。聚烯烃还可加工成薄膜，然后将薄膜拉伸、分裂成纤维状，称膜裂纤维；也有将薄膜切割成扁带状，称为扁丝，供加工绳索、包装袋等用。
polyolefin fiber
聚烯烃纤维
In the process of magnesium alloy melting, mixed shielding gas that can react with magnesium and magnesium alloy melt to form a high efficiency of spare filling oxide film is used to form a dense and flexible oxide film on the surface of magnesium alloy molten pool to isolate the melt from the air, so as to prevent magnesium volatilization and oxidation combustion. Generally, the mixed shielding gas for magnesium alloy melting consists of reaction film forming gas and current carrying gas that dilutes, carries and distributes the reaction film forming gas evenly on the surface of the molten pool. Common film-forming gases include SF6, BF3, SO2, Freon, etc. Among them, SF6 has been banned by legislation in Europe and the United States due to its strong warm cell (nuclear) effect. The common current carrying gases are N2, CO2, dry air, Ar, etc., of which nitrogen is the most widely used. Due to the fact that the protective film can only maintain density and stability when the concentration of reaction film forming gas in a mixed protective atmosphere exceeds the critical value (such as SF6 concentration greater than 0.1%), it is necessary to continuously introduce mixed protective gas to the surface of the magnesium alloy molten pool to achieve stable protective effect. Magnesium alloy gas protection has the advantages of convenient use, intelligent control, and ideal protection effect; However, when the melt temperature is too high, the protection effect becomes worse or even lost, and too much dosage or too rich reaction film forming components will lead to corrosion of crucible and furnace tools.
就是在镁合金熔炼过程中采用能与镁及镁合金熔体反应生成高致密度氧化膜的混合保护气体，在镁合金熔池表面形成一层致密柔韧的氧化膜，将熔体与空气隔离开来，达到防止镁挥发和氧化燃烧的作用。通常，镁合金熔炼用混合保护气体由反应成膜气体和将反应成膜气体稀释、携带并均匀分布到熔池表面的载流气体。常见的成膜气体有SF6、BF3、SO2、氟利昂等。其中，SF6因其强烈的温室效应，已在欧美被立法禁用，而常见载流气体有N2、CO2、干燥空气、Ar等，其中，氮应用最广泛。出于保护膜只能在混合保护气氛中的反应成膜气体浓度超过临界值(如:SF6浓度大于0.1%)时才能保持致密和稳定，故需要不断向镁合金熔池表面通入混合保护气体才能获得稳定的保护效果。镁合金气体保护具有使用方便、可智能凋控、保护效果理想等优点；但也存在当熔体温度过高时保护效果变差甚至丧失、用量过大或反应成膜组分过浓会导致坩埚和炉具腐蚀等问题。
gas protection of magnesium alloy smelting
镁合金熔炼气体保护
A soft, slightly crosslinking macromolecule with certain strength, insoluble in solvent and non melting when heated.
柔软而具有一定强度，在溶剂中不溶解、加热不熔融的轻度交联的高分子。
gel
凝胶
Alloy steel with special physical or biochemical properties. Many alloy steel are not only structural materials, but also have special physical and functional characteristics, such as non-magnetic steel, permanent magnetic steel, soft magnetic steel, shape memory steel, sound insulation and shockproof steel, hydrogen storage steel, black stainless steel with good solar energy absorption, etc. The functionalization of structural materials is an important development trend.
具有特殊物理或生化性能的合金钢。很多合金钢既是结构材料，也具有特殊的物理功能特性，例如无磁钢、永磁钢、软磁钢、形状记忆钢、隔声防震钢、储氢钢、太阳热能吸收性良好的黑色不锈钢等。结构材料的功能化是重要的发展趋势。
special physical functional steel
特殊物理性能钢
See hydrated lime.
见熟石灰。
hydrated lime
消石灰
When a beam of light shines on the luminescence materials, part of it is reflected, scattered, and part of it is transmitted? Is the rest absorbed? Only the absorbed light can play a role in the luminescence of luminescence materials? Of course, not all wavelengths of light absorbed can contribute to luminescence. The absorption spectrum of luminescence materials is first determined by the matrix of materials, while activators and other impurities also play a role.
当一束光照射到发光材料上时，一部分被反射、散射，一部分透射?其余的被吸收?只有被吸收的这部分光才能对发光材料的发光起作用?当然不是所苻被吸收的各种波长光都能对发光有贡献的。发光材料的吸收光谱首先决定于材料的基质，而激活剂和其他杂质也起一定的作用。
absorption spectrum
吸收光谱
Also called glassy state ion conductor, it is a fast ion conductor with amorphous structure. Compared with crystalline ionic conductor, amorphous (glassy) ion conductor has lower electric conductivity but is isotropic. Its composition and components can vary in a large range, and it is easy to process and shape, which is suitable for making films, thus greatly reducing the volume resistance of materials. Amorphous ion conductor has a highly disordered three-dimensional network structure. Alkali metal, alkaline earth metal or other metal ions are distributed in the network holes to participate in conduction. Common conduction ions are Li+, Ag+.
又称玻璃态离子导体.具有无定形结构的快离子导体。与晶态离子导体相比，非晶态离子导体的电导率较低但具有各向同性，成分和组元可在较大范围内变动，容易加工、成型，适于制成薄膜，从而大大降低材料的体电阻。非晶态离子导体具有高度无序的三维网络结构，碱金属、碱土金属或其他金属离子分布于网络孔洞中参与传导，常见的传导离子有Li+、Ag+。
amorphous (glassy) ion conductor
非晶态离子导体
A framework like phosphate mineral with additional anions. It occurs in aluminum rich pegmatite and coexists with spodumene, lithium vivianite, lepidolite, colored tourmaline, cesium garnet, microcline, etc. It is one of the important raw mineral material for extracting lithium.
具附加阴离子的架状结构磷酸盐矿物。产于富铝伟晶岩中，与锂辉石、锂蓝铁矿、锂云母、彩色电气石、铯榴石、微斜长石等共生。是提取锂的重要矿物原料之一。
amblygonite
磷锂铝石
The composite materials is made of cinnamate cement as the matrix, alkali resistant glass fiber, general synthetic fiber, various ceramics fibers, carbon and aramid high performance fiher, metal wires, natural plant and mineral fibers as reinforcement, fillers, chemical additive and water through composition process. The performance of cement matrix composite is better than that of general concrete, and the performance varies with the raw materials used, ratio, process and curing conditions. The forming process mainly includes mixing, spraying, extrusion, winding, and laying methods. After forming, a certain curing process is required to prevent distortion and performance degradation. Cement matrix composite are basically used to manufacture building components. people are trying to replace the traditional steel cement and use composite materials composed of high performance fiher and resin for load-bearing frames of high-rise buildings.
以桂酸盐水泥为基体，以耐碱玻璃纤维、通用合成纤维、各种陶瓷纤维、碳和芳纶等高性能纤维、金属丝以及天然植物和矿物纤维为增强体.加人填料、化学助剂和水经复合工艺构成的复合材料。水泥基复合材料比一般混凝土性能有所提高，性能随所用原材料、配比、工艺和养护条件而异。成型工艺主要有搅拌、喷射、挤出、缠绕和铺设等方法。成型后还需一定的养护过程使之不发生畸变和性能降低。水泥基复合材料基本上用于制造建筑构件，人们正试图将高性能纤维与树脂构成的复合材料替代传统的钢筋水泥并用于高层建筑的承重框架。
cement matrix composite
水泥基复合材料
It is an insulator before being illuminated, and a conductive or semiconductive polymer after being illuminated. Under illumination, photoconductive polymer can produce photogenerated carriers and transport carriers. According to the properties of the generated or transported charge carriers, they can be classified as P-type or n-type. Most macromolecule photoconductive materials belong to P-type, that is, holes are generated or transported. Therefore, the ideal macromolecule photoconductive materials should have high photo generated carrier generation efficiency and high mobility of current carrier. In the process of transport, the carrier will not be composition or trapped. Compared with inorganic materials, macromolecule photoconductive materials have the advantages of good film-forming, easy processing, high sensitivity and non-toxic. A variety of macromolecule photoconductive materials have been developed. If there is a main chain conjugated macromolecule; Side chain conjugated macromolecule; Polyaromaine and charge transfer complex macromolecule composed of donor and acceptor. Diatomolecular photoconductive materials can be used in electrostatic photography technology, such as xerography, photoconductive thermoplastic holographic recording media, etc. Some have entered the practical stage, such as polyvinylcarbazole and trinitrofluorenone charge transfer complexes have been used in electrostatic photography technology. Macromolecule photoconductive materials can also be used as photodiodes, photoconductive camera tubes, etc.
在受光照前是绝缘体，受光照后，具有导电性或半导性的聚合物。在光照作用下，光导电性聚合物能产生光生载流子和输运载流子。根据所产生或输运的载流子的性质分为P型或n型。大部分高分子光导材料属于P型.即产生或输运空穴。因此，理想的高分子光导材料应有高的光生载流子产生效率.同时具有高的载流子迁移率。在输运过程中，载流子不会复合或被陷阱俘获。高分子光导材料与无机材料相比具有成膜性好、易加工成型、灵敏度高及无毒等优点，因而备受重视。现已研究出多种高分子光导材料。如有主链共轭型高分子；侧链共轭型高分子；聚芳香胺类以及由给体和受体组成的电荷转移复合物型高分子等。离分子光导材料可用于静电照相技术，如静电复印、光导热塑全息录像介质等，有些已经进人实用阶段，如聚乙烯咔唑和三硝基芴酮电荷转移复合物已用于静电照相技术。高分子光导材料还可用作光敏二极管、光导摄像管等。
photoconductive polymer
光[电]导聚合物
Rubber has mutual penetration or self expansion of molecules at the interface, which leads to the property of rubber fusion. The self-adhesive components of rubber play an important role in forming, processing, and product quality. For example, self adhesion is related to tire, bicycle tire molding, cloth hose molding and joints, and the easy cracking of the junction surface of vulcanization products. According to Evyusky's theory, when amorphous rubber contacts with each other, because rubber is a linear molecule, there is no mutual solubility problem, and only mutual penetration or self expansion of molecules occur at the interface. As a result of molecular diffusion, the two pieces of crude rubber become a whole, which is regarded as "molecular diffusion". The main difference between stickiness and self-adhesion is that self-adhesion is due to the diffusion of the same macromolecule, while stickiness is due to the diffusion of two different macromolecule. Therefore, the self adhesion time is regarded as a special case of adhesive, that is, the diffusion of macromolecule of the same kind. The characteristic of diffusion theory is that it is based on the most essential characteristics of polymers, including the chain structure of polymers and the micro Brownian motion of molecules.
橡胶在界面处发生互相的渗透作用或分子的自行扩张作用，导致胶融合为一体的性质。胶料的自黏件对成型加工和制品的产品质量起着重要作用。例如轮胎、自行车胎成型、夹布胶管成型及接头、硫化制品的结合面处容易裂开等均与自黏性有关。依伏尤斯基的学说当无定形的橡胶相互接触时，由于橡胶是线型分子，不存在互溶问题，仅在界面处发生互相的渗透作用或分子的自行扩张作用。分子扩散的结果，使两块生胶成为一个整体，视为"分子扩散学"。胶黏与自黏的主要区别是，自黏是由于相同大分子的扩散，而胶黏是由于两种不同大分子的扩散。因此，自黏吋以看作是胶黏的特殊情况，即同种类的大分子的扩散。扩散理论的特点是，它建立在高聚物的最本质的特性上，这些特性包括高聚物的链状结构、分子的微布朗运动。
self adhesion
自黏性
Also known as clad sheet steel, ordinary non alloy steel plate is covered on one or both sides with different metal plates (such as stainless steel plate, high-speed steel plate, copper plate, nickel plate, titanium plate, etc.), ceramics materials or organic materials (such as foamed plastics, viscoelastic resin, etc.), which are combined into one steel plate through a certain production process.
又称复层钢板，在普通非合金钢板的一面或两面覆以不同的金属板（如不锈钢板、高速钢板、铜板、镍板、钛板等）、陶瓷材料或有机材料（如泡沫塑料、黏弹性树脂等），通过一定的生产工艺方法使其结合成一体的钢板。
clad steel plate
复合钢板
The condensed energetic igniter composed of nanometer combustibles and oxidizer through self-assembly has molecular contact between its components, which can greatly reduce the migration distance of reaction groups, significantly improve the reaction speed, and promote the complete reaction, thus having a high energy density, belonging to the category of high energy ignition composition.
纳米级可燃物和氧化剂，通过自组装而形成的凝聚态含能点火药剂，其组分间达到分子级接触，故可大大缩小反应基团的迁移距离，显著提高反应速度，促使反应进行完全，从而具有较高的能量密度，属高能点火药范畴。
metastable inter-molecular composite igniters
亚稳态分子间（MIC）点火药
Sintering corundum is obtained by heating in a shaft furnace after pelletizing with oxidized powder. Good volume stability. It is commonly used for making slide plates, breathable bricks and corundum castable.
用氧化招粉制球后在竖炉中加温得到的烧结刚玉。体积稳定性I好。常用于制作滑板、透气砖以及刚玉质浇注料等。
tabular corundum
板状刚玉
The dislocation whose Burgers vector intersects the dislocation line obliquely has the characteristics of both edge dislocation and screw dislocation.
伯格斯矢量与位错线斜交的位错，兼具了刃型位错和螺型位错的 特征。
mixed dislocation
混合型位错
Also known as carrier free adhesive film. Film adhesive without carrier. It can be clamped in the middle of the adherend by hot pressing for a period of time. A typical example of use is the polyvinyl butyral film used as the intermediate film of safety glass.
又称无载体胶膜。不带载体的膜状胶黏剂。胶接时夹于被粘体中间热压一段时间即可。具有代表性的使用例子是作为安全玻璃中间膜用的聚乙烯醇缩丁醛薄膜。
unsupported adhesive film
无衬胶膜
The polymer materials with its electric polarization property changing with temperature (generating electrical signal), on the contrary, changing the applied electric field will cause temperature change is called the polymer material. The thermoelectric phenomenon is mainly caused by the change of temperature, which will change the polarization of materials, cause the change of surface charges, or release the previously shielded charges. Pyroelectric polymer materials is one of the core materials for making infrared sensors. It is used in infrared sensors, thermal elements of fire alarms, prevention sensors, photo copying, night vision thermal imagers, thermoelectric detectors, signal transmission, light reflectometers, radiometers, infrared camera tube targets and self recording thermometers.
具有随温度改变其电极化性能产生变化（产生电信号），反之改变外加电场会发生温度变化的聚合物材料称为子。热电现象的产生主要是因为温度的变化会使材料的极化强度发生变化，引起表面电荷变化，或者释放原先被屏蔽的电荷。热电高分子材料是制作红外线传感器的核心材料之一，应用于红外线传感器、火灾报警器的热敏元件、防范传感器、照相复印、夜视仪热成像器、热电检测器、信号传递、光反射计、放射线计、红外摄像管靶材及自记温度计等方面。
pyroelectric polymer
热电高分子
Ceramics products used for architectural decoration or as building components. Including ceramics interior wall tiles, exterior wall tiles, floor tiles, ceramic pipes, bricks, tiles, colored glaze and road tiles. Generally, clay and other inorganic nonmetallic materials are used as raw materials through mixing, molding, drying, firing and other processes. According to the product material, it can be divided into four categories: coarse pottery, fine pottery, semi porcelain and porcelain; According to the degree of sintering of green body, it can be divided into porous, dense and glaze and glaze free products. Its common characteristics are high strength, moisture resistance, fire resistance, acid resistance, alkali resistance, frost resistance, non aging, non deterioration, non fading, easy cleaning, etc., and it has rich artistic decoration effects.
用于建筑装饰或作为建筑构件的陶瓷制品。包括陶瓷内墙砖、外墙砖、地砖、陶管、砖瓦、琉璃以及道路砖等。一般采用黏土和其他无机非金属材料为原料通过混合、成型、干燥、烧成等工序制成。按制品材质分为粗陶、精陶、 半瓷和瓷质四类；按坯体烧结程度分为多孔性、致密 性以及有釉、无釉制品。其共同特点是强度高、防潮、防火、耐酸、耐碱、抗冻、不老化、不变质、不 褪色、易清洁等，并具有丰富的艺术装饰效果。
building ceramics
建筑陶瓷
Titanium carbon compound film. An important wear resistant coating. It is prepared by chemical vapor deposition (CVI), ion plating and sputtering. There is usually a (111) or (110) preferred orientation of obvious ffi and a higher defect density. In the late 1960s, titanium carbide entered the market as a wear-resistant coating for hardmetal tools, but soon it was replaced by CVI>TiN with better comprehensive performance. However, as a component of titanium nitride multi-layer composition wear resistant coating, titanium carbide layer has been applied. Titanium carbide is also used as a black and gray decorative layer.
钛碳化合物的薄膜.一种重要的耐磨涂层。吋以用化学气相沉积(CVI))、离子镀和溅射法制备.常有明ffi的（111)或（110)择优取向和较高的缺陷密度。20世纪60年代末碳化钛曾作为硬质合金刀具耐磨镀层进入市场，但不久即为综合性能较好的CVI>TiN取代。但作为氮化钛多层复合耐磨涂层的组元，碳化钛层一直在应用。碳化钛也用作黑色和灰色装饰层。
titanium carbide film
碳化钛膜
Oil immersed powder metallurgy porous bearing. Sintering porous bearing is immersed in lubricating oil, and the oil is stored in the bearing gap. When the machine is running, the shaft and bearing friction heat. When the lubricating oil in the hole is heated, it can automatically flow to the bearing surface to form a lubricating oil film for lubrication.
浸油的粉末冶金多孔轴承。烧结多孔轴承浸入润滑油，并使油储存在轴承空隙内，当机器运转时，轴与轴承摩擦发热.孔内润滑油受热即能自动流向轴承表面.形成润滑油膜，起润滑作用。
selfoiling bearing
含油轴承
Liquid silicone rubber can be divided into condensation type and addition type according to the crosslinking curing mechanism. Condensation type silicone rubber is vulcanization from the outside to the inside with the help of moisture in the air, which will have great requirements on the temperature and humidity of the air. After curing of condensation type silicone rubber, the time when the adhesion of the finger touch surface disappears is called surface drying time,. The surface drying time varies with different crosslinking agents: 5-30min for dealcoholization type; Deketoxime type for 10-60 minutes; Deacetic acid type for 5-15 minutes; Deacetone type 1-10m
液体硅橡胶根据交联硫化机理可分为缩合型和加成型两个体系。缩合型硅橡胶是借助空气中的湿气由表及里的硫化，对空气的温度和湿度会有很大的要求。缩合型硅橡胶固化后手指触摸表面黏性消失时间称为表干时间，。交联剂不同，表干时间也不一样：脱醇型5-30min;脱酮肟型10-60min;脱醋酸型5-15min;脱丙酮型1-10m
condensation type silicone rubber
缩合型硅橡胶
The composite materials made by pressing and sintering of powder metal and glass powder is often used as contact materials, antifriction materials and magnetic materials. Taking iron/glass as an example, when 8% (mass fraction) of glass powder is contained, the density of the composite materials is the largest, close to 6.0g/cm 3。 The hardness increases with the increase of glass content. The hardness (HB) of materials with 8% glass content is about 50, while the hardness of materials with 10% glass content is 60. Wear decreases with the increase of glass content, and the friction coefficient of materials with 10% glass content is 0.1. In metal/glass composite materials, metal powder form a skeleton structure during sintering, which leads to metal ions saturation in the glass. During sintering, glass is bating and infiltrates into the pores in the metal skeleton. At high temperature, metal ions migrate into the glass body, which helps to accelerate sintering. As the main materials bearing load, the metal/glass composite materials with the best comprehensive performance usually contains 3% to 8% glass. This metal/glass composite materials is widely used in aviation, automobile, textile, metallurgy and other industrial fields.
粉末金属与玻璃粉压制并烧结而成的复合材料，常被用作触头材料、减摩材料和磁性材料。以铁/玻璃为例，当含有8%（质量分数）的玻璃粉末时，该复合材料的密度最大，接近6.0g/cm3。硬度随着玻璃含量的增加而提高，8%玻璃含量的材料硬度（HB）约为50，而10%玻璃含量的材料硬度为60。磨损量则随着玻璃含量的增加而降低，10%玻璃含量的材料摩擦系数为0.1。在金属/玻璃复合材料中，金属粉末在烧结过程中形成了骨架结构，并导致金属离子饱和在玻璃体中。烧结过程中，玻璃软化并渗入金属骨架中的孔隙。在高温下，金属离子迁移到玻璃体中，这有助于加速烧结。作为承受荷载的主要材料，综合性能最佳的金属/玻璃复合材料通常在玻璃含量为3%到8%之间。这种金属/玻璃复合材料在航空、汽车、纺织和冶金等工业领域有广泛的应用。
metal/glass materials
金属/玻璃材料
See coumaron-indent resin.
见古马龙-茚树脂。
coumarinone indene resin
香豆酮茚树脂
It refers to the time taken by polymer and its polymer blending composite materials from the feed inlet of extruder or injection molding machine to the discharge n during processing. In fact, the residence time of each component of polymer polymer blending composite materials in processing equipment is different, and generally residence time refers to the average residence time of materials. Understanding the residence time of polymer and its polymer blending composite materials can avoid the surface degradation and performance loss of products caused by decomposition of polymer due to its excessive residence time in the heated barrel.
是指在加工过程中聚合物及其共混复合材料从挤出机或注塑机进料口到出料n所用的时间。实际上聚合物共混复合材料各组分在加工设备中的停留时间是不同的，通常停留时间是指材料的平均停留时间。了解聚合物及其共混复合材料的停留时间，可避免聚合物在加热的机筒中停留时间过长引起分解而造成的制品表面劣化和性能损失。
residence time
停留时间
It is also called lattice vibration spectrum. The lattice vibration spectrum or phonon spectrum is generally measured by the non elasticity scattering experiment of photons, X-rays and neutrons, and the most commonly used method is the non elasticity scattering of neutrons. These methods all adopt the non elasticity collision between foreign particles and lattice, that is, the collision between particles and phonon.
又称晶格振动谱。晶格振动谱或声子谱一般通过光子、X射线与中子的非弹性散射实验来测定，其中最常用的方法是中子的非弹性散射。这些方法都是采用外来粒子与晶格发生非弹性碰撞，即粒子与声子碰撞。
phonon spectrum
声子谱
A loose rock considered to have medical and health benefits. It is also called longevity stone, health stone, mineral medicine stone and divine stone. The name of Maifanshi is derived from its appearance. In fact, it is a kind of intermediate acidic or slightly alkaline intrusive rocks, such as monzonite, quartze monzonite, monzonite granite, monzonite porphyry, diorite porphyrite weathering product. The main mineral components are plagioclase, potassium feldspar, quartze, biotite, amphibole and a small amount of apatite, zircon, etc. After weathering, these rock often form some clay mineral, such as kadinite, halloysile, montmorillonite, chlorite, seridte, hydromica, brucite, etc. Its therapeutic and health care effects may be related to its rich trace elements that are easy to leach from rock. In addition, clay mineral formed after weathering of original rocks have strong adsorption capacity, which can purify water. The quality of Maifanshi mainly depends on its beneficial trace element content and the degree of weathering and alteration of the original rock. Furthermore, Maifanshi can improve the groundwater quality in the area and increase the content of trace elements beneficial to human health and plant and crop growth in the water.
一种被认为具有医疗保健作用的松散岩石。又称长寿石、健康石、矿泉药石、神石。麦饭石的名称是因其外貌而得名的。实际上它是一种中酸性或偏碱性的侵入岩，如二长岩、石英二长岩、二长花岗岩、二长斑岩、闪长玢岩风化的产物。主要矿物成分有斜长石、钾长石、石英、黑云母、角闪石和少量的磷灰石、锆英石等。这些岩石经过风化后，往往形成一些黏土矿物，如高岭石、多水高岭石、蒙脱石、绿泥石、绢云母、水云母、水铝石等。它的治疗保健作用可能与其含有较丰富且易于从岩石中浸出的微量元素有关。此外，原岩风化后形成的黏土矿物具有较强的吸附能力，可净化水体。麦饭石的质量主要取决于它的有益微量元素的含量以及原岩风化蚀变程度。还有，麦饭石可改善所在地地下水水质，增加水体中对人体健康以及植物和作物生长有益的微量元素的含量。
Maifan stone
麦饭石
Generally, it refers to steel product products with a diameter of less than 8mm (less than 4mm in most cases), which are made of wire rod through cold drawing. It is mainly divided into low carbon wire, high carbon wire and prestressed wire. The section shape of wire is mainly circular, and it can also be square, trapezoidal, elliptical or rectangular.
通常指直径小于8mm(大多数情况下小于4mm)的钢材产品，由线材经冷拉加工而得。主要分为低碳钢丝、高碳钢丝和预应力钢丝三类。钢丝截面形状主要为圆形，也可以是方形、梯形、椭圆或矩形等。
wire
钢丝
The property that materials can be ignited in the flame and continue to combustion. Flammability grade is usually used to identify the difficulty of combustion of substances. When materials are used as building materials, the flammability grade of materials must be specified. Flammability UL94 is the most widely used flammability standard for plastics materials. It is used to evaluate the ability of materials to extinguish after being ignited. There are many evaluation methods according to combustion speed, combustion time, anti dripping ability and whether droplets combustion. The flame retardant grades of plastics include HB, V-2, V-1 and V-0, and the test methods include horizontal burning method and vertical burning method.
材料在火焰中可以被点燃并持续燃烧的性质。通常用可燃性等级来标识物质燃烧的难易程度。材料在作为建筑材料等用途时，必须明确材料的可燃性等级。可燃性UL94等级是应用最广泛的塑料材料的可燃性标准，它用来评价材料在被点燃后熄灭的能力，根据燃烧速度、燃烧时间、抗滴能力以及滴珠是否燃烧可有多种评判方法。塑料的阻燃等级有HB、V-2、V-1和V-0,测试方法包括水平燃烧法和垂直燃烧法。
flammability
可燃性
It is a kind of composite materials with crystal whisker as reinforcement and oxide as matrix. That is, crystal whisker (such as SiC crystal whisker, Si4N3 crystal whisker) is mixed with oxide ceramic powder evenly, and sintering after molding (such as dry pressing, grouting, tape casting, etc.). The dispersion of crystal whisker is one of the key factors affecting composite materials. The strength, fracture toughness, thermal conductivity, thermal shock resistance resistance and high temperature creep properties of oxide ceramics can be greatly improved after crystal whisker is introduced into ceramics. It can replace the traditional oxide ceramics in cutting, friction, high-temperature thermal structural materials and other fields. Attention should be paid to the harm of crystal whisker to human health during preparation.
是以晶须为增强体，氧化物为基体的一类复合材料。即将晶须(如SiC晶须、Si4N3晶须）与氧化物陶瓷粉体混合均匀，经成型（如干压、注浆、流延成型等）后烧结制备的复合材料。晶须的分散是影响复合材料的关键因素之一。氧化物陶瓷引入晶须后，陶瓷的强度、断裂轫性、热导率、抗热震性以及高温蠕变性能都能获得很大程度的提高。可取代传统氧化物陶瓷在切割、摩擦、高温热结构材料等领域中使用。制备中应注意晶须对人体健康的危害。
whisker reinforced oxide ceramic matrix composite
晶须补强氧化物陶瓷（基）复合材料
The ratio of oxygen atoms to metal atoms in oxide or mixed oxide fuel.
氧化物或混合氧化物燃料中氧原子与金属原子的比值。
ratio of oxygen and metal
氧金属比
Silicate mineral with ring structure. Hexagonal crystal system. The cross section of columnar crystal is hexagonal, and there are fine longitudinal lines on the cylinder. The crystal form of beryl changes from high to low with the formation temperature, from long columnar to short columnar. Display different shades of green. Emerald refers to those with chrome in emerald green, aquamarine refers to those with trace iron in transparent blue, vorobyevife refers to those with cesium in rose color, and heliodor refers to those with uranium in transparent yellow. Glass is glossy, transparent to translucent. Mohs hardness 7.5-8, density 2.66-2.83g/cm3. It occurs in granite pegmatite, or greisen and high-temperature hydrothermal veins, and coexists with albite, columbite-tantalite, spodumene, wolframite, etc. It is the raw material for extracting beryllium. Those with beautiful color can be used as gems. Emerald is a superior quality gems, whose value is comparable to that of diamond. Beryl containing Cr3+can be used to make stimulated emission microwave quantum amplifiers.
环状结构硅酸盐矿物。六方晶系。柱状晶体横断面呈六边形，柱面上有细纵纹。绿柱石晶形随形成温度由高向低，从长柱状到短柱状。显不同色调的绿色。成分中含铬呈翠绿色者称祖母绿，含微量铁的透明而显蔚蓝色者称海蓝宝石，含铯呈玫瑰色者称铯绿柱石，含铀呈透明黄色者称黄透绿柱石。玻璃光泽，透明至半透明。莫氏硬度7.5-8,密度2.66-2.83g/cm3。产于花岗伟晶岩中，或云英岩及高温热液矿脉中，与钠长石、铌钽铁矿、锂辉石、黑钨矿等共生。是提炼铍的原料。色泽美丽者可作宝石。祖母绿是特等优质宝石，其价值可与金刚石媲美。含Cr3+的绿柱石可以用于制作受激发射微波量子放大器。
beryl
绿柱石
The phenomenon of excessive grain growth of metals and alloy due to high temperature during hot working and heat treatment. Overheating will reduce the plasticity and toughness of metallic materials, which must be avoided. After overheating occurs to metals and alloy with solid polymorphic phase transformation, recrystallization can occur through reheating and cooling cycles to refine the grains. For metals and alloy without solid polymorphic phase transformation, such as aluminum, magnesium, copper base alloy, and high alloy austenitic steel or ferritic steel, the overheating grain structure can only be eliminated through recrystallization after cold deformation.
金属及合金在热加工及热处理过程中由于温度偏高致使晶粒过分长大的现象。过热将使金属材料的塑性降低、軔性显著下降，必须避免发生。对具有固态多形性相变的金属及合金发生过热后，可通过再次加热与冷却循环，使之发生重结晶而使晶粒细化。对于无固态多形性相变的金属及合金如铝、镁、铜基合金及高合金的奥氏体钢或铁素体钢，则只能通过冷变形后的再结晶来消除过热晶粒组织。
overheating
过热
Also called cut off fiber reinforcement. The long bundle of man-made fiber is cut or pulled to break into fibers equivalent to the length of various natural fiber. Natural fiber such as asbestos and crystal whisker can also be used.
亦称切断纤维增强体。化学纤维长纤维束被切断或拉断成相当于各种天然纤维长度的纤维。也可用天然纤维如石棉及晶须。
short fiber reinforcement
短纤维增强体
See tin based bearing alloy.
见锡基轴承合金。
tin based white alloy
锡基白合金
Also called sillimanite or sillimanite. A type of aluminum silicate mineral. It is a isomorphic variant with andalusite and kyanite. Brown, light green, light blue, or white in color; Silk luster or glass luster. Columnar or needle shaped, aggregates in fibrous or radial shape. With a hardness of 7.5 and a density of 3.23-3.27g/cm3, it is a typical high-temperature metamorphic mineral, which is formed from aluminum rich argillaceous rocks through high-level regional metamorphism, and is mainly produced in crystalline schist and gneiss; It is also found in the contact zone between aluminum rich rocks and igneous rocks. It becomes mullite when heated to about 1500 ℃. It can be used to manufacture high alumina refractory and acid resistant materials; It is also the raw material for preparing technical ceramics, such as insulator of spark plug, cast steel crucible, high temperature measuring tube and silicon aluminum alloy used for aircraft, automobile, train and ship parts. Colorful sillimanite can be used as gems.
又称夕线石或硅线石。一种铝硅酸盐矿物。与红柱石和蓝晶石为同质异象变体。呈褐色、浅绿色、浅蓝色或白色;丝绢光泽或玻璃光泽。柱状或针状，集合体呈纤维状或放射状。硬度7.5,密度3.23-3.27g/cm3，它是典型的高温变质矿物，由富铝的泥质岩石经高级区域变质作用而成，多产于结晶片岩、片麻岩中;也见于富铝岩石与火成岩的接触带中。被加热到1500℃左右时变为莫来石。可用于制造高铝耐火材料和耐酸材料;也是制备技术陶瓷，如火花塞的绝缘体、铸钢坩埚、高温测定管及飞机、汽车、火车、船舰部件用的硅铝合金的原料.色泽艳丽的夕线石可作宝石。
sillimanite
矽线石
Aggregation induced luminescence (AIE) is a kind of photophysical phenomenon defined and led by Chinese scientists. AIE refers to the phenomenon that a kind of fluorescence molecule does not luminescence or luminescence weakly in solution, but luminescence increases in the aggregated state or solid state. AIE polymer is a kind of functional macromolecule materials with AIE or aggregation enhanced emission (AEE) characteristics.
聚集诱导发光（AIE)是由我国科学家定义的一类光物理现象并引领的一个研究领域，AIE是指一类荧光分子在溶液中不发光或者发光微弱，而在聚集态或者固态发光增强的现象。AIE聚合物是一类具有AIE或聚集发光增强（aggregation-en-hanced emission; AEE)特性的功能高分子材料。
aggregation-induced emission (AIE) polymer
聚集诱导发光聚合物
A colloidal near net size in-situ molding process. This method utilizes the steric hindrance characteristics of stable colloids and their reversible gelation properties with temperature changes.
一种胶态近净尺寸原位成型工艺。该方法利用了稳定胶体的空间位阻特性及其随温度变化可逆胶凝的特性。
temperature induced gelation forming
温度诱导絮凝成型
It refers to the fiber that can be processed into fabric through weaving, and has good physical and chemical properties such as certain length, fineness, elasticity, fracture strength and elongation, meets the requirements of fabric for fiber, and can withstand the force exerted on fiber during textile processing. There are many kinds of textile fiber, which can be divided into natural fiber (such as cotton and hemp), man-made fiber (such as polyester fiber fiber, polyamide fiber, polyacrylonitrile fiber, Zeniu cellulose fiber, etc.), metal fibers (such as stainless steel fiber, copper fiber, gold fiber, etc.), inorganic fibers (such as asbestos, glass fiber, basalt fiber, etc
指通过纺织，可加工为织物的纤维，且具有一定的长度、细度、弹性、断裂强度和伸长等良好物理性能和化学性能，满足织物对纤维的要求，且能够承受纺织加工过程中施加在纤维上的力的纤维。纺织纤维种类繁多，可以分为天然纤维（如棉、麻）、化学纤维（如聚酯纤维、聚酰胺纤维、聚丙烯腈纤维、再牛纤维素纤维等）、金属纤维(如不锈钢纤维、铜纤维、金纤维等）、无机纤维（如石棉、玻璃纤维、玄武岩纤维）等
textile fiber
纺织纤维
It refers to materials that do not cause coagulation or hemolysis and do not damage blood composition and function when contacting with blood. Excellent implants should not have the following characteristics: ① implants release some components or its degradation products into the blood, causing blood coagulation, inflammation, carcinogenesis and toxic reactions; ② Implants activate platelet activity and cause thromboembolism; ③ Implants can trigger inflammatory reactions and delayed infections. It can be seen that Wood compatibility is a multi parameter function of the nature of implantation devices. In this sense, ideal Wood compatibility polymer have almost never been obtained, and only some polymer that meet the requirements of Wood compatibility can be obtained. Wood compatibility evaluation is one of the most active fields in the research of biological materials, and also the primary factor restricting the clinical application of biological materials related to the blood circulation system. There are many factors affecting Wood compatibility. In addition to the influence of blood intrinsic components, the surface and interface characteristics of materials also play a decisive role, such as surface free energy, distribution of chemical groups, heterogeneity, porosity, smoothness, etc. Common hemocompability materials include polydioxane, acetate fiber membrane, polypropylene chloride, polylctrafluorocthylone, nylon resin, polyurethime, isotropic pyrolysis carbon, polymethyl methacrylate, etc. These materials can be used to make interventional catheter, surface modified single leaf heart valves, new heart valves, valve rings of surface modified heart valves, etc. In recent years, the research on hemocompability materials has shifted from the development of neutral materials that do not react with platelets and coagulation factors to the development of bioactive materials, such as heparin materials, materials that release nitric oxide, hydrocolloid surface modifiers, polyhexyl carbamate (PU), polystyrene (PS) derivatives, etc. At present, the Wood compatibility of materials is mainly improved by surface modification of materials.
指与血液接触时，不引起凝血或溶血，不损伤血液组成和功能的材料。优异的应当没有如下特征：①植入物释放一些成分或它的降解产物进人血液，引起血凝结、炎症、致癌和毒性反应;②植入物激活血小板活性，出现血栓塞;③植入物会引发炎症反应和滞后感染。由此看到，血液相容性是植入器械性质的多参量函数。在这个意义上，理想的血液相容性聚合物几乎从来没有得到过，只有部分满足血液相容性要求的聚合物能够得到。血液相容性评价是生物材料研究中最为活跃的领域之一，也是制约血液循环系统相关生物材料临床应用的首要因素。血液相容性的影响因素繁多，除血液固有成分的影响外，材料的表面界面特征亦起着决定性作用，如表面自由能、化学基团的分布、异质性、多孔性、光滑度等。常用的血液相容性材料有：聚二氧六环硅氧烷、醋酸纤维膜、聚丙烯氯、聚四氟乙烯、尼龙、聚氨酯、各向同性裂解碳、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯等。这些材料可用来制作介入导管、表面改性单叶心脏瓣膜、新的心脏瓣膜、表面改性的心脏瓣膜的瓣环等。近年来，对血液相容性材料的研究已由研制和开发不与血小板和凝血因子发生反应的中性材料转向对生物活性材料的开发，如肝素化材料、释放一氧化氮的材料、水胶体表面改性物、聚氨基甲酸己酯（PU)、聚苯乙烯（PS)的衍生物等。目前主要是通过对材料进行表面改性来提高材料的血液相容性。
hemocompatibility materials
血液相容性材料
Also called dielectric loss angle. It reflects the phase difference between electric displacement and electric field strength of dielectric under the action of alternating electric field. Under the action of an alternating electric field, the dielectric behavior may vary depending on the frequency of the electric field and the type of medium. One is that there is no phase difference between the electric displacement and the electric field intensity in time, and the polarization intensity is in phase with the alternating electric field. For sinusoidal alternating electric fields, the charging current of dielectric capacitors is just ahead of the voltage Π/ 2. Another situation is that there is a potential difference between the potential shift and the electric field strength. For a sinusoidal alternating electric field, the phase angle of the capacitor current leading the voltage is less than Π/ 2.
又称电介质损耗角。反映电介质在交变电场作用下，电位移与电 场强度的位相差。在交变电场作用下.根据电场频率，介质种类的不同，其介电行为可能产生两种情况。一种是电位移与电场强度在时间上没有位相差，此时极化强度与交变电场同位相。对正弦交变电场而言，介质电容器的充电电流刚好超前电压Π/2。另一 种情况是电位移与电场强度存在位相差。对于正弦交 变电场来说，电容电流超前于电压的相角小于Π/2。
dielectric phase angle
介电相位角
The crystal structure of a type of compound represented by caldte CaCO3. Caldte type solid solution is very common. For example, MgCO3 and FeCO3 can form a continuous isosolution. If the size of two positive ions is obviously different, an ordered structure will be produced, such as mineral dolomite.
以方解石CaCO3,为代表的一类型化合物的晶体结构。方解石型固溶体很普遍.如MgCO3和FeCO3能形成连续同溶体。如果两个正离子的大小有明显差别，则会产生有序结构，如矿物白云石。
calcspar (calcite) structure
方解石型结构
Layered silicate mineral. The substitution of isomorphism in cations is common. According to the ratio of Fe2+to all cations and the content of silicon atoms, chlorite is divided into several minerals. The crystal structure of each mineral species is also somewhat different. They can be separated only when they are accurately identified, so these minerals are generally called chlorite when they are identified by naked eyes. The stable polytype is a monoclinic system. Pseudohexagonal lamellar, short columnar crystal. Often present as a scale like aggregate. Green with different shades of black, brown, yellow, blue, etc. When the iron content is high, the color will deepen. Glass luster, pearly luster on cleavage surface. Mohs hardness 2-3. Parallel {001} sets of extremely complete cleavage. The sheet is flexible to distinguish it from glauconite. Mainly occurring in rock alteration zones of schist and low-temperature hydrothermal deposits, as well as in sediments near the coast.
层状结构硅酸盐矿物。阳离子中类质同象代替普遍。根据Fe2+与全部阳离子数的比例以及硅原子的含量，将绿泥石分成若干矿物种。各矿物种的晶体结构也有些差异。只有精确鉴定时才能分开，故肉眼鉴定时一般将这类矿物统称为绿泥石。稳定的多型为单斜晶系。假六方片状，短柱状晶体。常呈鳞片状集合体。带有黑、棕、黄、蓝等不同色调的绿色。铁含量高时，颜色加深。玻璃光泽，解理面上呈珍珠光泽。莫氏硬度2-3。平行{001}一组极完全解理。薄片有挠性以区别于海绿石。主要产于片岩和低温热液矿床的围岩蚀变带中，近海岸的沉积物中亦有产出。
chlorite
绿泥石
According to C.F. Carlson's electrostatic imaging principle, a photosensitive printing plate is made by directly coating photosensitive semiconductor materials on paper base, plastic sheet base or anodized sand mesh aluminum base plate. Its plate making process includes charging, exposure, toner development, heating and fixing, and some plates also require the removal of organic photoconductive (UPC) coatings on non graphic parts.
根据C.F.Carlson静电成像原理，将光敏半导体材料直接涂在纸基、塑料片基或经阳极的砂目铝基版上制成的光敏印刷版。它的制版过程包括充电、曝光、墨粉显影、加热定影，有的版材还要除去非图文部分的有机光导体（UPC)涂层等。
electrographic presensitized plate
电照相预印版
Composite materials based on unsaturated polyester resin. Glass fiber is often used as reinforcement, which is widely used in the civil field.
以不饱和聚酯树脂为基体的复合材料。常以玻璃纤维做增强体，在民用领域应用广泛。
unsaturated polyester resin matrix composite
不饱和聚酯树脂基复合材料
Unshaped refractory consisting of reasonably graded refractory aggregate, powder, binder, additive, etc., which is constructed by manual or mechanical tamping. For example, it can be used as the lining of induction furnace, soaking pit, soaking pit, as well as the filler of converter lining, aluminum reduction cell, etc.
由具有合理级配的耐火骨料、粉料和结合剂、外加剂等组成的，采用人工或机械捣打方法施工的不定形耐火材料。如可用作感应炉、加热炉、均热炉的内衬以及转炉炉衬的填料、铝电解槽等。
refractory ramming material
耐火捣打料
See biological inhibhor.
见生物抑制剂。
antifungal agent
防霉剂
It is also called the phenomenon that the number of the same kind of atoms in the solution is larger than the average value of the atoms of a component in the solution in a small range adjacent to the atoms of a component. Atomic segregation is the opposite of the short-range ordering of atoms in the solution. Generally, metasolvent will more or less show a deviation from the ideal completely disordered phase, that is, if there is no short-range order, atomic segregation will occur; The reverse is also true. The result of atomic segregation will form "atomic clusters" in the solution, that is, relatively stable microscopic or submicroscopic aggregates composed of several or even thousands of atoms, molecules or ions through physical or chemical binding force. It is a level of material structure between atoms and molecules and macroscopic intermediates.
又称原子偏聚溶体内在与某一组元原子相近邻的小范围内出现的同种原子的数目大于溶体中该组元原子平均值的现象。原子偏聚与溶体中原子的短程有序化正好相反。一般间溶体都会或多或少地显示出与理想的完全无序状态相偏离的现象，即若不出现短程有序，便会出现原子偏聚;反之亦然。原子偏聚的结果会在溶体中形成"原子团簇"，即由几个乃至上千个原子、分子或离子通过物理或化学结合力组成的相对稳定的微观或亚微观聚集体。是介于原子和分子与宏观间体之间的物质结构的一个层次。
atomic clustering
原子簇聚
Nuclear transformation caused by the absorption of neutrons by fuel atoms during reactor operation. In physical and scientific research, the percentage between the number of atoms that have undergone transformation and the original number of atoms of nuclear fuel is often expressed.
反应堆运行期间燃料原子吸收中子引起的核转变。在物理和科学 研究中，常用发生转变的原子数与核燃料原始原子数的百分比来表。
hurnup of nuclear fuel
核燃料燃耗
Able to absorb Attenuating electromagnetic wave. It is a kind of fabric that converts electromagnetic energy into heat energy to dissipate or make electromagnetic wave disappear due to interference. "electromagnetic wave absorption fabric is made of composition of absorbent, matrix materials, adhesive, auxiliary materials, etc. Absorbent plays a major role, mainly including non-metallic (carbon fiber, silicon carbide fiber, conductive graphite powder, BaTiO3 ceramics), metal (including metal fiber and metal powder), conductive polymer (polyacetylene, polypyrrole, polythiophene, polyanilene), etc. Electromagnetic wave absorption fabric can be divided into two categories: coated and structural absorbing material. The coated absorbing material is a kind of wave absorbing coating formed by mixing the absorbent and adhesive on the target surface, mainly including ferrite wave absorbing coating, ultramicro magnetic metal powder wave absorbing coating, carbon fiber wave absorbing coating, conductive polymer chiral wave absorbing coating (mixed with one or more chiral media with different characteristic parameters in the matrix resin, and its electric field and magnetic field are coupled); Structural absorbing material is a structural composite materials formed by dispersing absorbers in structural materials reinforced by special fiber (such as quartze fiber, glass fiber, etc.), which has dual functions of carrying and absorbing electromagnetic waves, such as hybrid yarn absorbing material, ceramics absorbing material, carbon carbon absorbing material. Electromagnetic wave absorption fabric is mainly used for safety protection articles, including protective work clothes, protective work caps, wrist guards, elbow protectors, gloves and bras; Work environment protective equipment (various electronic instrument shielding covers, shielding wall coverings, and curtains), as well as military camouflage nets, etc.
能吸收、衰减电磁波.并将电磁能转换成热能耗散掉或使电磁波因干涉而消失的一类织物"吸收电磁波织物由吸收剂、基体材料、黏结剂、辅料等复合而成。吸收剂起着主要作用，主要有非金属类（碳纤维、碳化硅纤维、导电性石墨粉、钛酸钡陶瓷）、金属类（包括金属纤维和金属粉）、导电高聚物（聚乙炔、聚吡咯、聚噻吩、聚苯胺）等。吸收电磁波织物可分为涂敷型和结构型吸波材料两大类。涂敷型吸波材料是将吸收剂与黏结剂混合后涂敷于目标表面形成吸波涂层，主要有铁氧体吸波涂层、超微磁性金属粉吸波涂层、碳纤维吸波涂层、导电高聚物手性吸波涂层（在基体树脂中掺和一种或多种具有不同特性参数的手性媒质构成，其电场与磁场耦合）;结构型吸波材料是将吸收剂分散在由特种纤维（如石英纤维、玻璃纤维等）增强的结构材料中所形成的结构复合材料，具有承载和吸收电磁波的双重功能，如混杂纱吸波材料、陶瓷型吸波材料、碳碳吸波材料。吸收电磁波织物主要应用于安全防护用品，包括防护工作服、防护工作帽、护腕、护肘、手套和乳罩等;工作环境防护用品（各类电子仪器屏蔽罩、屏蔽墙布和窗帘）以及军用伪装网等。
electromagnetic wave absorption fabric
吸收电磁波织物
Photochromism refers to the change in molecular structure of certain compounds under the action of a certain wavelength and intensity of light, resulting in a corresponding change in their absorption peak of light, i.e. color, and this change is generally reversible. The photochromic effect of typical inorganic systems is accompanied by reversible oxidation-reduction reactions, and the photochromic effect of organic systems often occurs simultaneously with many processes related to photochemical reactions, leading to a certain change in molecular structure.
光致变色指的是某些化合物在一定的波长和强度的光作用下分子结构会发生变化，从而导致其对光的吸收峰值即颜色的相应改变，且这种改变一般是可逆的。典型无机体系的光致变色效应伴随着可逆的氧化-还原反应，有机体系的光致变色也往往伴随着许多与光化反应有关的过程同时发生，从而导致分子构的某种改变。
photochromie composite
光致变色复合材料
Also known as zinc blende structure. It is a kind of AB type compound crystal structure represented by cubic ZnS. It belongs to cubic crystal system, face centered cubic lattice, and space group F-43m, where atom B (such as sulfur) is located at the node of face centered cubic lattice, and atom A (such as zinc) is located at another set of such lattice positions, and the relative displacement of their body diagonals is one-to-one.
又名闪锌矿型结构。是一类以立方ZnS为代表的AB型化合物晶体结构。属立方晶系，面心立方点阵，空间群F-43m，其中B原子(如硫)位于面心立方点阵的结点位置上，A原子(如锌)位于另一套这样的点阵位置上，两者体对角线相对位移量是一比一。
cubic ZnS structure
立方ZnS结构
Refers to steel pipes with relatively small diameters, usually within the range of 0.1-5mm in diameter. The larger diameter capillary tube can be produced by cold drawing or cold rolling, while the smaller diameter capillary tube can only be produced by cold drawing. For example, stainless steel capillary tube tubes with a diameter of less than 1mm for injection needles are produced by cold drawing. The main processes of producing capillary tube tubes by cold drawing include: core threading, cold drawing, loosening, stripping and annealing treatment. The long mandrel is generally made of high-strength wire. Place the tube material on the long core rod. It is drawn together by the drawing die. After being pulled out, the rod is loosened by the rod loosening machine to create a gap between the steel pipe and the core, and then the core rod is taken out. Due to work hardening of materials during cold working, annealing and bating treatment shall be carried out before re drawing when the steel pipe still needs to be drawn before reaching the finished size. Because the steel pipe is small, it is not convenient to remove the scale with pickling, so annealing treatment usually uses non oxidizing heating or rapid electric heating methods.
指直径比较细小的钢管，一般直径在0.1-5mm范围内。较大直径的毛细管可用冷拔或冷轧方法生产，较小直径的毛细管则只能用冷拔方法生产。如直径在1mm以下用于注射针头的不锈钢毛细管，就是用冷拔方法生产的。用冷拔方法生产毛细管的主要工序有:穿芯棒、冷拔、松棒、脱棒和退火处理等。长芯棒一般采用高强钢丝制作。将管料套在长芯棒上。通过拉拔模一起拉制，拔出后经松棒机松棒，使钢管和芯之间产生间隙，再将芯棒脱出。由于材料在冷加工时产生加工硬化，在钢管未达到成品尺寸还需继续拔制时，需在再拔制前进行退火软化处理。由于钢管细小，不便用酸洗去除氧化铁皮，所以退火处理多用无氧化加热或快速电加热方法。
capillary tube
毛细管
It is used to manufacture ceramics that are resistant to acid corrosion in chemical equipment. According to the variety classification, there are pumps, blowers, printing machines, valves, containers, towers, fillers, acid and temperature resistant bricks, etc.
用于制造化工设备 中耐酸腐浊部件的陶瓷。根据品种分类有泵、鼓风机、印版机、阀门、容器、塔类、填料、耐酸耐温砖 等。
chemical ceramics
化工陶瓷
Island structured disulfide minerals. The chemical formula is FeS2. Cobalt and nickel isomorphic mixtures often replace iron.
岛状结构二硫化物矿物。化学式为FeS2。常有钴、镍成类质同象混入物代替铁。
pyrite
黄铁矿
Graphite has a layered structure. In the layer of graphite, adjacent carbon atoms are connected with each other through strong covalent bond to form a solid carbon layer. However, the interaction between layers is realized through weak Van der Waals forces, which makes it relatively easy for graphite layers to slide, thus showing lubrication properties.
石墨具有层状结构，在石墨的层面内，相邻碳原子之间通过强共价键相互连接，形成了坚固的碳层。然而，层面之间的相互作用是通过较弱的范德瓦尔斯力（Van der Waals forces）实现的，这使得石墨的层面之间可以相对容易地滑动，从而表现出润滑性质。
graphite intercalation compound
石墨间层化合物
Nanoelectrode refers to the electrode whose critical size is within the nanometer scale, and its one-dimensional effective diameter is generally considered to be between 1 and 100 nanometers. If it is less than 10 nanometers, it is usually referred to as a 'nano'. Such electrodes can be made of nanomaterials, such as single nanowires, nanoparticles, or aggregates of nanoparticles. These block nanoelectrode with uniform particle size have the same properties as a single nanoelectrode. In addition, nanoelectrode can also be prepared by doping or surface modifying nanomaterials. There are many kinds of nanoelectrode materials, including carbon nanotube electrode, nano lead oxide electrode, nano array molybdenum electrode, nano titanium dioxide electrode, composition semiconductor nanoelectrode, etc. When macro materials are processed to nanometer scale, their electrical, optical and magnetic properties will change significantly due to surface effect, small size effect, quantum size effect, macroscopic quantum tunneling effet and other factors. Nanoelectrode are widely used in the field of electrochemistry. They can be used for battery manufacturing to improve electrochemical activity, cycling performance, and discharge capacity, thus conducting electrode process dynamics research. Nanoelectrode can also be used in scanning probe microscopy to make various probes for studying various forms of localized corrosion and surface or interface processes. In addition, they are used for physiological and biochemical measurement. With their extremely high mass transfer rate and resolution, they can detect the liquid in a single cell, and are suitable for micro area and trace analysis. Nanoelectrode are also widely used in sensors, spectroelectrochemistry and electrocatalysis. Although nanoelectrode has been widely used, there are still many prospects worth exploring in this field.
纳米电极是指临界尺寸在纳米尺度内的电极，一般认为其一维有效直径在1到100纳米之间。如果小于10纳米，通常称为"nanode"。这类电极可以由纳米材料制成，如单个纳米丝、纳米粒子，或者由纳米粒子聚集体构成。这些粒度均匀的块状纳米电极与单个纳米电极具有相同的性质。此外，纳米电极也可以通过掺杂或表面修饰纳米材料来制备。纳米电极材料的种类有很多，包括碳纳米管电极、纳米氧化铅电极、纳米阵列钼电极、纳米二氧化钛电极、复合半导体纳米电极等。当宏观物质被加工到纳米尺度时，由于表面效应、小尺寸效应、量子尺寸效应和宏观量子隧道效应等因素，其电学、光学、磁学等性质会发生显著的变化。纳米电极在电化学领域的应用十分广泛。它们可以用于电池制造，提高电化学活性、循环性能和放电容量，从而进行电极过程动力学研究。纳米电极还可用于扫描探针显微技术，制成各种探头，用于研究多种形式的局部腐蚀和表面或界面过程。此外，它们用于生理生化测量，借助其极高的传质速率和分辨率，能够检测单个细胞中的液体，适合微区和痕量分析。纳米电极还在传感器、光谱电化学和电催化等领域得到了广泛应用。尽管纳米电极已经广泛应用，但这个领域仍然有很多值得探索的前景。
nanoelectrode
纳米电极
It is a kind of additive that can absorb ultraviolet light with a wavelength of about 340-380nm and emit blue light with a wavelength of 400-450nm, effectively compensate for yellowing of white substances due to blue light defects, and visually significantly improve the whiteness and brightness of white substances. Due to the use of optical coloring to enhance whitening, it can also be called an optical whitening agent. It is often divided into: ① detergent use; ② Fluorescent whitening agent for textiles; ③ Fluorescence additive for paper making; ④ Fluorescent whitening agent for plastics and synthetic materials; ⑤ For other purposes. Classified by their dissociation properties, they can also be divided into anionic brighteners, cationic brighteners, and amphoteric brighteners. According to chemical structure, it can be divided into five categories: stilbene type, coumarin type, pyrazoline type, benzodiazole type, and phthalimide type.
一种能吸收波长340-380nm左右的紫外线且能发射波长为400-450nm的蓝光，可有效弥补白色物质因蓝光缺损而造成的泛黄，在视觉上显著提高白色物质的白度以及亮度的助剂。由于是利用光学上的补色作用来增白，因此又可称为光学增白剂。按用途常分为：①洗涤剂用;②纺织品用荧光增白剂;③造纸用荧光增加剂;④塑料和合成材料用荧光增白剂;⑤其他用途的。按的离解性质分类，又可分为阴离子增白剂，阳离子增白剂和两性增白剂。按照化学结构可分为二苯乙烯型、香豆素型、吡唑啉型、苯并嗯唑型、苯二甲酰亚胺型五大类。
fluorescent whitening agent
荧光增白剂
A crystal structure of a compound with the general formula AB2X4. The structure of spinel compounds is relatively stable, some can be used as high-temperature refractory, and some can be used as electronic ceramics materials.
一种通式为AB2X4型化合物的晶体结构。尖晶石型化合物结构较稳定，有的可用作高温耐火材料，有的可用作电子陶瓷材料。
spinel structure
尖晶石结构
Also known as "no electrolytic plating", that is, when no external current passes through, the metal ions in the elonrolyte solution are attached to the surface of materials of the active catalyzed plastics by chemical reduction deposition using a reducing agent to deposit a coating firmly combined with the matrix. Due to the thin chemical coating, it is often used as the bottom layer for further electroplating. The process flow of electroless plating on plastics is: surface pretreatment - cleaning - degreasing - cleaning - neutralization - cleaning - chemical roughening - cleaning - sensitization - cleaning - distilled water washing - activation or conditioning - cleaning - electroless plating - cleaning - electroplating. Chemical roughening, sensitization, activation or conditioning and electroless plating are key processes. There are three methods for the deposition process of chemical plating: displacement deposition, contact deposition, and reduction deposition. At present, it can realize the plating process of various metals and alloy, such as electroless Cu, Co, Au, etc. The reducing agent used in the chemical plating solution has developed from a single formaldehyde to sodium hypophosphite Borohydride, etc. The currently developed plastics that can be used for electroless plating include ABS, polypropylene, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, polysulfone, polycarbonate, polyacetal, phenolic resin, nylon resin, etc. In the future, new direct catalytic plastics can be developed, that is, the electroless plating catalyst is added to the masterbatch before plastics molding, and the catalyst becomes the catalytic center of electroless plating after the catalyst is exposed after roughening.
又被称为"无电解镀"，即在无外电流通过的情况下，利用还原剂将电解质溶液中的金属离子通过化学还原沉积附着在经活性催化的塑料材料表面，沉积出与基体牢固结合的镀覆层，由于化学镀镀层薄，常作为进一步电镀的底层。塑料的化学镀的工艺流程为：表面预处理一清洗一除油一清洗一中和一清洗一化学粗化一清洗一敏化一清洗一蒸馏水洗一活化一清洗一化学镀一清洗一电镀。其中化学粗化、敏化、活化及化学镀是关键的工艺环节。化学镀的沉积过程有3种方式：置换沉积、接触沉积、还原沉积。目前可实现多种金属与合金的镀覆工艺，如化学镀Cu、Co、Au等。化学镀液中采用的还原剂已由单一的甲醛发展到次亚磷酸钠、硼氢化物等《目前已开发出来的可用于化学镀的塑料有：ABS、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、聚砜、聚碳酸酯、聚缩醛、酚醛树脂、尼龙等。未来可以开发新型的直接催化塑料，即在塑料成型前将化学镀催化剂添加到母料中，粗化后催化剂裸露而成为化学镀的催化中心。
electroless plating of plastics
塑料化学键
See multiphase composite ceramics.
见多相复合陶瓷。
composite or composite ceramics
复相或复合陶瓷
The pattern with fine structure is made on the semiconductor materials substrate surface by etching process, and then the epitaxy of materials required for luminescence diodes is carried out on the patterned substrate surface. The patterned sapphire substrate is mainly used for epitaxial growth of gallium nitride based blue-green luminescence diodes. After processing the patterned sapphire substrate, the defects and dislocation of epitaxial luminescence diodes will be reduced. In addition, the luminescence diode encapsulated by the epitaxial chip can effectively improve the light extraction efficiency. In the luminescence diode industry, the production technology of sapphire patterned substrate is also often referred to as "PSS technology. The specific production method is: using silicon oxide, photoresist or metal as the mask; etching sapphire with dry or wet methods; and then removing the mask to get a patterned sapphire substrate.
在半导体材料衬底表面通过刻蚀工艺制作具冇细微结构的图形，然后再在图形衬底表面进行发光二极管所需材料的外延。图形化的蓝宝石衬底主要用来外延生长氮化镓基蓝绿光发光二极管，蓝宝石衬底经过图形化衬底加工后，会减少外延发光二极管的缺陷和位错。此外，由外延芯片封装出来的发光二极管能有效提高光提取效率。在发光二极管行业中，蓝宝石图形衬底制作技术也常被称为"PSS技术具体制作方法为：采用氧化硅、光刻胶或者金属作为掩膜；用干法或者湿法刻蚀蓝宝石；然后去掉掩膜，得到图形化的蓝宝石衬底。
patterned substrate
图形衬底
It refers to cutting tools of various models, specifications and uses made of synthetic diamond as abrasive and metal powder, resin powder, ceramics, etc. as adhesive.
指以人造金刚石为磨料，以金属粉、树脂粉、陶瓷等 为黏合剂，制成的各种型号、规格、用途的割切工具。
diamond composite cutting tool
金刚石复合刀具
Commonly known as MQ resin ", it is a kind of very unique polysiloxane, an organic silicon resin composed of tetrafunctional siloxane condensation chain link (Q) and monofunctional siloxane chain link (M).
俗称MQ树脂"是一类非常独特的聚硅氧烷，由四官能度硅氧烷缩聚链节（Q）与单官能度硅氧烷链节（M）构成的有机硅树脂。
MQ silicone resin
MQ硅树脂
Abbreviated as RTP. The purpose of heat treatment is to reduce the heat budget by using extremely fast heating rate, holding at the target temperature for a short time and fast cooling. Commercial RTP systems are generally isothermal and typically heated using incoherent light sources. In this way, the temperature gradient caused in the transverse and longitudinal directions of the semiconductor chip is minimized. RTP can significantly reduce the diffusion of impurities, reduce the probability of metal contamination, prevent the deformation of device structure and unnecessary edge effects, so it is suitable for manufacturing integrated circuits with small characteristic linewidth. RTP has become an important heat treatment technology in semiconductor device technology, and has been widely used in annealing after ion implantation, contact alloy, densification of chemical vapor deposition films, etc. In the field of silicon wafer manufacturing, RTP can be used to reduce the thermal budget of the internal gettering process.
简称RTP。用极快的升温速率和在目标温度保温短暂的时间并快速冷却的热处理，其目的是降低热预算。商用的RTP系统一般是等温型的，通常采用非相干光源加热。这样，在半导体晶片的横向和纵向上引起的温度梯度最小。RTP能够显著减少杂质扩散，降低金属沾污概率，防止器件结构的变形和不必要的边缘效应，因此适合于制造特征线宽小的集成电路。RTP已经成为半导体器件工艺中重要的热处理技术，在离子注入后退火、接触合金化、化学气相沉积薄膜的致密化等方面有广泛的运用。在硅片制造领域，RTP可用于降低内吸杂工艺的热预算。
rapid thermal processing
快速热处理
Uranium naturally exists in nature. Its enrichment degree is natural abundance. Natural uranium mainly contains three isotopes, and their contents are respectively 238U99.3%, 235U0.7% and 234U0.006%. All natural uranium isotopes emit a particle. Uranium has active chemical properties. There is no pure metal in nature. It exists in the form of oxides, phosphates, sulfates, silicates, carbonates and other minerals. Natural metal uranium is used to manufacture fuel element for graphite water-cooled production reactor and Magnox production power dual-use reactor. The fuel element of CANDU heavy water power reactor uses natural uranium dioxide ceramics pellets. Through uranium isotope separation, natural uranium can produce low, medium and high enriched uranium, which is used for power reactor, fast reactor, research and test reactor and nuclear weapon loading respectively.
自然界中天然存在的铀.其中的富集度为天然丰度。天然铀主要含三种同位素,其含量分别为：238U99.3%,235U0.7%,234U0.006%。所有自然界存在的铀同位素都放射a粒子。铀的化学性质活泼.自然界无纯金属.而是以氧化物、磷酸盐、硫酸盐、硅酸盐和碳酸盐等矿物形式存在。天然金属铀用于制造石墨水冷生产堆、镁诺克斯生产动力两用堆的燃料元件。CANDU型重水动力堆燃料元件采用天然二氧化铀陶瓷芯块。天然铀经过铀同位素分离可以生产出低、中和高富集铀，分别用于动力堆、快堆、研究试验堆和核武器装料。
natural uranium
天然铀
Also known as garbage cementitious solidification materials. During the process of placement, transportation, and disposal, garbage will undergo physical, chemical, and biological changes, producing toxic and harmful gases, fly ash, leachate, and breeding harmful bacteria, insects, mosquitoes, and other organisms. Garbage syndication agent refers to syndication materials that make garbage inert and inhibit its secondary pollution to the environment. Generally, physical sealing and chemical bonding are used to isolate the surrounding air and water, prevent volatilization and percolation, transform toxic and harmful substances into non-toxic and harmless substances, and inhibit the internal decay and chemical reaction of garbage. Common consolidation agents include inorganic assimilators composed of cement, silicate, lime, glass, steel slag, slag, and organic polymer curing agent such as plastics and asphalt. For example, curing agent is added to react with metal ions to generate stable mineral phase such as heavy metal sulfate, chromate, silicate, oxide, heavy metal element, etc. The mineral phase will no longer leach heavy metal ions under natural conditions. Some consolidated conglomerates have a certain strength and can be used for road construction.
又称垃圾胶结固化材料。垃圾在放置、运输和处置过程中自身会发生物理、化学和生物变化，产生有毒有害气体、飞灰、渗滤液，滋生有害病菌、虫、蚊蝇等生物。垃圾同结剂是指使垃圾惰性化，抑制其对环境造成二次污染的同结材料，一般采用物理间封和化学键结合的方式，隔离周围空气和水，阻止挥发和渗滤，将有毒有害物质转化为无毒无害物质，抑制垃圾内部陈腐和化学反应。常用固结剂的有水泥、硅酸盐、石灰、玻璃、钢渣、矿渣等组成的无机同化剂和塑料、沥靑等有机聚合物固化剂。比如加人固化剂同金属离子反应生成重金属硫酸盐、铬酸盐、硅酸盐、氧化物、重金厲单质等稳定的矿物相，该矿物相在自然条件下重金属离子不再浸出。有的固结后的同结体具有一定的强度可以用于道路建设。
garbage consolidation agent
垃圾固结剂
In the suspension solution dispersion system of ceramic powder and reinforcement (crystal whisker or staple fiber), under the action of DC electric field, charged particles migrate to the electrode and deposit on the electrode to form a green body with a certain shape. After drying and sintering, the product is obtained. In the dispersion system, the surface of particles is charged due to their dissociation or adsorption, and the dispersion medium can be either water or other solvents. The electrode materials is metal or graphite, and its shape is designed and determined according to the product shape, which can be rod, plate or cylinder. The deposition rate and amount of charged particles on the electrode are related to the concentration of suspension, relative permittivity and viscosity, charge capacity of particles, size of DC electric field, size of electrode area, distance between electrodes and deposition time, etc. The addition of surfactant in the system can change the charging properties of particles. This process is particularly suitable for the forming of thin-walled special-shaped cylindrical (tubular) products, and can also be used for the forming of layered composite materials, functionally graded materials and other ceramics or the surface ceramics coating of metal products.
陶瓷粉体和增强体（晶须或短纤维）的悬浮溶液分散体系在直流电场作用下，荷电质点向电极迁移并在电极上沉积形成一定形状的坯体，经干燥、烧结后获得产品。分散体系中由于质点离解或吸附使质点表面带电，分散介质可以用水也可以用其他溶剂。电极材料用金属或石墨等，其形状根据产品形状来设计确定，可以是棒状、板状或筒状。荷电质点在电极上的沉积速度和沉积量与悬浮液浓度、相对电介常数和黏度、质点荷电量、直流电场大小、电极面积大小、电极间i距离以及沉积时间等因素有关，体系中加人表面活性物质可以改变质点的荷电性质。此工艺特别适于薄壁异形筒（管）状制品的成型，还可以用于层状复合材料、梯度功能材料及其他陶瓷的成型或金属制品的表面陶瓷涂层。
electrophoretic deposition process of ceramic matrix composite
陶瓷基复合材料电泳沉积成型工艺
The electric arc furnace adopts the most extensive slag free tapping method. Install a tapping box on the tapping side of the furnace shell. Forming a small molten pool; It is equipped with a steel outlet, which can generally be replaced. The opening and closing of the steel outlet cover plate is completed using cylinders or other methods. Eccentric bottom tapping can leave slag and part of molten steel in the furnace white, thus realizing slag free tapping, creating conditions for electric furnace to adopt secondary refining technology and improve refining effect.
电弧炉采用最广泛的无渣出钢方法。在炉壳出钢一侧安装一出钢箱。构成一小熔池；其下设出钢口，一般可更换。出钢口盖板的启闭采用汽缸或其他方法完成。偏心炉底出钢能把炉渣和部分钢水留在炉白，从而实现无渣出钢，为电炉采用二次精炼技术、提高精炼效果创造条件。
eccentric bottom tapping
偏心炉底出钢
It refers to the state in which the quantum flux line of a superconductor is bound by defects or various other potential wells. Magnetic flux lines are magnetic harnesses that appear in Class II superconductors when there is a magnetic field, each with a total magnetic flux of h/2e. Due to the fluctuation effect, the magnetic flux line always moves irregularly around its equilibrium position. When a current is applied to a superconductor, the magnetic flux line will move in a directional direction under the Lorentz force and release heat around its normal core. The superconductor will have resistance and is no longer a true superconductor. However, there are always some defects in superconducting materials, or man-made defects, so that when the magnetic flux line is just in the position of these defects, the total energy of the system is the lowest, so the magnetic flux line will be bound. This phenomenon is called flux pinning. According to the structural characteristics of the flux line, flux pinning can be achieved by reducing the condensation energy (non superconducting core pinning), superconducting electron kinetic energy (average free path pinning), magnetic interaction energy, surface energy, etc. If the superconductor is irradiated by high-energy heavy ion beam, a cylindrical pinning center with a radius equal to the coherence length will be generated, which can effectively pin the magnetic flux line with transverse fluctuation strength (such as the vortex cake of high-temperature superconductor), and greatly increase the critical current of the superconductor. The inclusion of nanoscale non superconducting particles can also form very effective pinning of magnetic flux. The use of modern microfabrication technology to etch superconductors to form special shaped defect arrays can limit the collective movement of magnetic flux, resulting in the diode behavior of unidirectional flow of magnetic flux. The study of flux pinning is very important for the application of superconductors in strong electricity.
是指超导体量子磁通线被缺陷或其他各种势阱所束缚的状态。磁通线是Ⅱ类超导体中有磁场时出现的一根一根磁力线束，每束的总磁通量为h/2e。由于涨落效应，磁通线总是在其平衡位置周围作无规则运动。当超导体中通以电流时，磁通线受到洛伦兹力作用会定向运动，并在其正常芯及其周围放出热量，超导体就会有电阻出现，不再是真正意义上的超导体。但超导材料中总有一些缺陷，或人为制造一些缺陷，使得磁通线刚好处于这些缺陷位置时，系统的总能量最低，因此磁通线会被束缚住，这个现象叫磁通钉扎。根据磁通线的结构特点，磁通钉扎可通过降低凝聚能（非超导芯钉扎）、超导电子动能（平均自由程钉扎）、磁相互作用能、表面能等来实现。如利用高能重离子束对超导体进行辐照会产生半径与相干长度相当的柱状钉扎中心，对于横向涨落强的磁通线（如高温超导体的涡旋饼）可起到非常有效的钉扎，可大大提高超导体的临界电流。通过纳米尺度非超导颗粒的夹杂，亦可对磁通形成非常有效的钉扎。利用现代微加工技术对超导体进行刻蚀形成特殊形状的缺陷阵列，可对磁通的集体运动加以限制，出现磁通的单向流动的二极管行为。磁通钉扎的研究对超导体的强电方面的应用非常重要。
flux pinning
磁通钉扎
The percentage of leather from raw skin (collagen composition) in the total amount.
皮革中源自原料皮的量（胶原成分）占总量的百分比。
content of hide substance
皮质含量
See stanch fiber.
见止血纤维。
hemostatic cotton
止血棉
Also known as dielectric, it is a kind of materials with electric polarization characteristics. There is no charge that can move freely inside the dielectric materials, but when subjected to the external electric field, the positive and negative charges will shift and deviate from the symmetry center, resulting in polarization, or the existing spontaneous polarization dipoles will rearrange along the direction of the electric field to form the electric dipole moment.
又称电介质.是具有电极化特性的一类材料。介电材料内部没有可以自由移动的电荷，但当受到外电场作用时.正负电荷 发生位移.偏离对称中心，产生极化.或已有的自发极化偶极子沿电场方向进行重排.形成电偶极矩。
dielectric materials
介电材料
It is a kind of concrete that can improve the impermeability of concrete through various methods to meet the waterproof requirements. Generally, it is achieved by improving the quality of concrete materials, reasonably selecting concrete mix proportion and aggregate gradation, and adding appropriate admixtures (such as aerated or dense) to achieve the internal compactness of concrete or blocking the internal pores of concrete.
通过各种方法提高混凝土抗渗性能，以达到防水要求的一种混凝土。一般通过混凝土组成材料的质量改善，合理选择混凝土配合比和骨料级配，以及掺加适量外加剂（如加气型或密实型），达到混凝土内部密实或者堵塞混凝土内毛细孔等措施来实现。
waterproof concrete
防水混凝土
See super interphase line sintering.
见超间相线烧结。
supersolidus liquid phase sintering
超固相线液相烧结
It refers to the nanomaterials with drug sustained release, which can adjust the drug release rate and affect the efficacy. It needs to be biocompatibility and biodegradable. Drug slow release refers to the combination of small molecule drugs and macromolecule carriers by physical or chemical methods, and the continuous release of small molecule drugs with appropriate concentration through diffusion, penetration and other control methods in the body, so as to achieve the purpose of giving full play to drug efficacy.
是指具有药物缓释的纳米材料，可调节药物释放速度，影响功效，需要具有生物相容性和生物可降解性。药物缓释是将小分子药物与高分子载体以物理或化学方法结合，在体内通过扩散、渗透等控制方式，将小分子药物以适当的浓度持续地释放出来，从而达到充分发挥药物功效的目的。
controlled release drug carrier nanomaterials
纳米缓释载体材料
It refers to fibers with special functions, including fibers with high efficiency filtration, ion exchange, selective adsorption and separation, reverse osmosis, ultrafiltration, microfiltration, dialysis, plasma separation, oil absorption, high moisture absorption, super water absorption, water solubility, light conduction, conductivity, color change, luminescence and various medical functions. The preparation methods are different. Ultrafine fiber sheet (nonwoven cloth or felt, etc.) is made by melt (or solution) spraying, hollow fiber membrane separation materials is mostly made by dry wet spinning, ion exchange fiber is mostly made by functional group reaction, and other fibers are mainly made by selecting polymer with the above specific functions for melt spinning or solution spinning. The functional fiber itself can be combined into various separation devices or catalysts and fixed carriers of solidified enzymes, and can also be made into photoconductive or conductive elements, organisms and light and microbial decomposition materials, solvent recovery devices, dehumidification and deodorization machines, and special clothing with toxic gas absorption, water solubility, luminescence, light sensitivity, heat sensitivity and color change. Its application range involves petrochemical industry, comprehensive utilization of seawater, biomedical engineering, agriculture, light industry, electronics Communication and environmental protection fields.
指具有特殊功能的纤维，包括高效过滤、离子交换、选择性吸附和分离、反渗透、超滤、微滤、透析、血浆分离、吸油、高吸湿、超吸水、水溶、导光、导电、变色、发光和各种医学功能的纤维。其制备方法各异，超细纤维片材(非织造布或毡等）是熔（或溶）喷法制成的，中空纤维分离膜多用干-湿法纺丝制成，离子交换纤维多依靠功能团反应制得，其他主要依靠选择具有上述特定功能的聚合物进行熔纺或溶液纺等方法成纤。功能纤维本身就可组合成各种分离装置或催化剂及固化酶的固定载体，也可制成光导或导电元件、生物体及光和微生物分解材料、溶剂回收装置、除湿和除臭机及具有吸收毒气、水溶、发光和光敏、热敏变色的特种服装等，应用范围涉及石油化工、海水综合利用、生物医学工程、农业、轻工、电子、通信及环保等领域。
functional fiber
功能纤维
Test method for evaluating the combustion performance by measuring the linear combustion speed when one end of the materials sample is held horizontally and the free end is exposed to the flame of the specified gas. Prepare the tested materials into a rectangular cylinder sample of specified size, clamp one end of the sample so that the long axis is horizontal and the horizontal axis is 45 ° from the horizontal. If the materials is not self-supporting, use a special support fixture to place the sample. Draw a line at a distance of 25mm and 100mm from the free end of the sample, exposing A to the ignition source at the specified flame height, and ensuring that the flame depth is within the specified value. Without changing the position of the ignition source, apply flame to the sample for 3 seconds and then remove the ignition source? Calculate the combustion speed according to the combustion application time and burning length. It is applicable to evaluating the combustion performance of solid materials and foam materials with apparent density greater than 250kg/m3. The results can be used to evaluate the combustion characteristics of different materials, and this item is also a must test item in the certification. This test method is carried out under specified test conditions and cannot be used to assess the risk of ignition under actual service conditions. This property is only one of many combustion properties and is not applicable to materials that shrink without ignition.
水平央持材料试样一端，自由端暴露在规定气体的火焰上，通过测定线性燃烧速度来评价燃烧性能的试验方法。将受试材料制备成规定尺寸的矩形柱体试样，夹住试样一端，使长轴呈水平状态，横轴与水平方向呈45°角.如果材料为非自撑的.应采用专用的支撑夹具放置试样。在距试样自由端25mm和100mm处各划一条标线，使A由端暴露在规定火焰高度的点燃源上，并保证承受火焰深度为规定值。在不改变点火源位置的情况下，对试样施加火焰3S后移开点火源?根据燃烧施加时间和烧掉长度计算燃烧速度。适用于评定固体材料和表观密度大于250kg/m3的泡沫材料的燃烧性能。其结果可用于评价不同材料的燃烧特性，认证中本项也是必测项目。本试验方法是在规定的试验条件下进行的，不能用于评定在实际使用条件下着火的危险性.本性能只是众多燃烧性能之一，且对于那些没有点燃就收缩的材料不适用。
horizontal burning method
水平燃烧法
A smelting method of heating melting metals and alloy by induction electrothermal effect under vacuum conditions. Choose the power frequency based on the furnace material and capacity, which can be divided into high-frequency, intermediate frequency, and power frequency. Induction furnace can also be divided into two types: cored (closed trough type) and coreless (crucible type). The former has high electric heating efficiency and high power factor, but it needs to start melting and has low melting temperature. It is suitable for continuous melting of a single variety; The latter is suitable for melting of special steel and nickel base alloy due to its high melting temperature but low electrothermal efficiency. The vacuum induction melting plus vacuum arc remelting process can significantly improve the plasticity, high temperature strength and fatigue properties of melting alloy. It is called double vacuum treatment and is widely used in the production of high temperature alloy and high alloy steel that need very good performance, high safety and reliability.
在真空条件下通过感应电热效应加热熔炼金属和合金的冶炼方法。根据炉料和容量选择电源频率，有高频、中频和工频之分。感应炉又可分为有芯（闭槽式）和无芯（坩埚式）两类，前者电热效率高，功率因数高，但需要起熔体，熔炼温度低.适用于单一品种的连续熔炼;后者熔炼温度高，但电热效率低，适用于特殊钢和镍基合金的熔炼。真空感应熔炼再加真空电弧重熔工艺可明显提高熔炼合金的塑性、高温强度和疲劳性能，称为双真空处理，广泛用于需要非常优良的性能和很高安全性及可靠性的高温合金及高合金钢生产。
vacuum induction melting
真空感应溶炼
The degree to which the surface color of leather products fades when exposed to the sun.
皮革产品在受到日晒时表面颜色发生褪色的程度。
color fastness to light
耐晒坚牢度
See trimethyl chlorosilane
见三甲基氯硅烷
trimethylchlorosilane
三甲基-氯硅烷
A kind of composite materials used for thermal insulation, which is based on SiO2: aerogel with nano porous network structure and reinforced with fibers, crystal whisker, etc., namely, siliceous raw materials such as tetraethyl orthosilicate and silicate are used as precursors. Prepare silica sd with solvent, water, catalyst, etc., mix silica sd with shading agent, and infiltrate reinforcement. After sol gel, aging and drying, the materials u, of which the porosity of SiO2 aerogel is as high as 80% -99. 8%, average pore size 2-50mn, network particle size 3-20nm, specific surface can reach hundreds or even more than 100OmVg, which has a good inhibitory effect on interstate heat conduction and gaseous heat conduction. After adding sunscreen, it can significantly reduce high-temperature radiation heat transfer, and the thermal conductivity at room temperature is far lower than that of static air. The use of fibers, crystal whisker, etc. to strengthen the Si (h aero gel can reduce and improve the inherent brittleness of the Si ü 2 aero gel, and improve its strength. Aero gel thermal insulation composite materials has the advantages of high temperature resistance, lightweight, excellent thermal insulation performance, and is suitable for efficient thermal insulation or heat preservation in aviation, construction, military, household appliances, clothing and other fields.
以具有纳米多孔网络结构的SiO2:气凝胶为基体，以纤维、晶须等进行增强的一类用于隔热的复合材料即以正硅酸乙酯、硅酸盐等硅质原料为先驱体。与溶剂、水、催化剂等配制硅溶胶，将硅溶胶与遮光剂混合，浸渗增强体。经溶胶-凝胶、老化、干燥制得的材料u其中，SiO2气凝胶孔隙率高达80%-99。8%，平均孔径2-50mn，网络颗粒尺寸3-20nm，比表面积可达数百甚至100OmVg以上，对间态热传导和气态热传导具有良好的抑制作用，加入遮光剂后，可以显著降低高温辐射传热，常温下的热导率远低于静态空气。采用纤维、晶须等对Si(h气凝胶进行增强-可以降改善Siü2气凝胶的固有脆性。提高其强度。、气凝胶隔热复合材料具有耐高温、轻质、隔热性能优异等优点，适用于航i天、建筑、军工、家电、服装等各领域的高效隔热或保温。
SiO2 aerogel heat insulation composite
SiO2气凝胶隔热复合材料
A binary compound of uranium and nitrogen. Light gray powder, body-centered cubic structure, is a good conductor of heat and electricity. It is an alternative nuclear fuel to UO2, used for space reactors.
铀与氮组成的二元化合物。浅灰色粉末，体心立方结构，是热和电的良导体。是UO2的替代核燃料，用于空间反应堆。
uranium nitride
氮化铀
Also known as nylon 9. Milky white translucent or opaque particles belong to thermoplastic polyamide resin. It has good aging resistance, flexibility and thermal stability, with glass transition temperature of 46 ° C and melting temperature of 194-209 ° C. It can be processed by injection, extrusion, blow molding, spray pouring molding and other methods. Products can be used for automobiles and other mechanical components, such as gears, bearings, etc.
又称尼龙9。乳白色半透明或不透明颗粒，属热塑性聚酰胺树脂。有较好的耐老化性、柔韧性及热稳定性，玻璃化转变温度46°C，熔融温度194-209°C。可用注射、挤出、吹塑、喷涂浇注成型等方法加工。制品可用于汽车及其他机械零部件，如齿轮、轴承等。
poly(9-amino-nonanoic acid)
聚9-氨基壬酸
Medium carbon ultra-high strength steel with alloy element containing S between 5% and 10%. It is developed on the basis of hot-working die steel. The main alloy elements are Cr, Mo, W, V, Si, etc. The hardenabilhy is very high. Generally, it can obtain complete martensite structure by air quenching. After high temperature tempering at 500-600 ° C, dispersed M2C and MC type carbide precipitate to produce secondary hardening effect. The tensile strength at room temperature can reach over 1500MPa and still maintain high strength at temperatures ranging from 300 to 500 ℃, making it suitable for use at medium temperatures. The yield strength can reach more than 2500MPa with proper plasticity when the austenite deformation heat treatment process is adopted.
合金元素含S在5%-10%的中碳超高强度钢。是在热作模具钢基础上发展起来的，主要合金元素有Cr、Mo、W、V和Si等，淬透性很高，通常可空淬获得完全马氏体组织，经500-600°C的高温回火析出弥散的M2C和MC型碳化物产生二次硬化效应。室温抗拉强度吋达1500MPa以上，在300-500℃温度下仍保持很髙的强度，适于中温条件下使用。采用奥氏体形变热处理工艺，可使屈服强度达到2500MPa以上，同时保持适当塑性。
medium alloy ultra-high strength steel
中合金超高强度钢
The light guide plate is made of optical grade acrylic/PC plate, and then printed with UV screen printing technology on the bottom surface of optical grade acrylic plate with materials with high reflectivity and non light absorption. Use the optical grade acrylic plate to absorb the light emitted from the lamp to stay on the surface of the optical grade acrylic plate. When the light hits each light guide point, the reflected light will diffusion to all angles, and then destroy the reflection conditions and emit from the front of the light guide plate. The light guide plate can emit luminescence evenly through various light guide points of different density and size. The purpose of the reflector is to reflect the light exposed on the bottom back into the light guide plate, in order to improve the efficiency of light use.
导光板是利用光学级的亚克力/PC板材，然后用具有极高反射率且不吸光的材料，在光学级的亚克力板材底面用UV网版印刷技术印上导光点。利用光学级亚克力板材吸取从灯发出来的光在光学级亚克力板材表面的停留，当光线射到各个导光点时.反射光会往各个角度扩散，然后破坏反射条件由导光板正面射出。通过各种疏密、大小不一的导光点，可使导光板均匀发光。反射片的用途在于将底面露出的光反射回导光板中，用来提高光的使用效率。
light guide plate
导光板
A substance that enters the engine thrust chamber in a liquid state to provide energy and working fluid for the propulsion system, abbreviated as liquid propellant. Classified by source into petroleum based and chemical based; It can be divided into two component liquid propellants, one component liquid propellants, and three component liquid propellants according to their usage; According to the ignition mode, it can be divided into hypergolic propellant and non hypergolic propellant. Monocomponent propellants are divided into H types: one is single compound monopropellant, which contains both flammability elements and oxygen necessary for combustion, such as propyl nitrate; One type is a mixture of single component propellants, such as the hydrazine nitrate hydrazine water system; One type is endothermic compounds that release a large amount of heat and gas during decomposition, such as anhydrous hydrazine. Liquid propellant has high specific impulse, timely thrust adjustment, multiple starting and short pulse operation. Compared with solid propellant, the density is low, most of which are flammable, explosive or toxic. There is a risk of leakage, and filling time is time-consuming. It has been widely used in satellites, launch vehicles, missiles, spacecraft, space stations, deep space probes, space shuttles, fighter jets, and torpedoes.
以液体状态进入发动机推力室.为推进系统提供能量和工质的物质.简称液体推进剂。按来源分为石油基和化学基;按使用方式分为双组元液体推进剂、单组元液体推进剂和三组元液体推进剂;按点火方式分为自燃推进剂和非自燃推进剂。单组元推进剂分为H类：一类是单一化合物单组元推进剂，分子中同时含有可燃性元素与燃烧所必需的氧的物质，如硝酸丙酯;一类是混合物单组元推进剂，如肼-硝酸肼-水体系;一类是分解时放出大量热和气体的吸热化合物，如无水肼。液体推进剂比冲较高、推力吋调、能多次启动和短脉冲工作。与固体推进剂相比.密度较低，大都易燃易爆或有毒.存在泄漏危险性，加注耗时。已广泛用于卫星、运载火箭、导弹、飞船、空间站、深空探测器、航天飞机、歼击机和鱼雷。
liquid rocket propellant
液体火箭推进剂
It is an aluminum magnesium zinc copper alloy and a heat treatable alloy. It is a super-hard aluminium alloy with good wear resistance and weldability, but poor corrosion resistance. The 7xxx series aluminum alloy represents 7075, which mainly contains zinc.
是铝镁锌铜合金，是可热处理合金.属于超硬铝合金，有良好的耐磨性，也有良好的焊接性，但耐腐蚀性较差。7xxx系列铝合金代表7075主要含有锌元素。
7xxx series aluminium alloy
7xxx系铝合金
Parts made of solid lubricant and metal matrix with friction coefficient less than 0.05. Take iron, copper, fusible compound as the base, or take steel, copper and other dense metals as the backing, and select appropriate solid lubricant
使用固体润滑剂与金属基体制成的、摩擦系数小于0.05的部件。以铁、铜、椎熔化合物为基，或以钢、铜等致密金属为衬背体.选择合适的固体润滑剂.
sintered anti-friction materials
烧结减摩材料
Depolymerization is the reverse process of chain polymerization, also known as chain degradation or chain degradation. Polymer is completely transformed into monomer in the process of degradation reaction. Under the influence of oxygen or various physical factors (heat, light, irradiation, mechanical force, etc. Depolymerization is particularly easy to be carried out above the upper limit temperature of polymerization. In industry, high polymer waste is often depolymerization at a higher temperature to achieve the purpose of recycling. For example, polymethyl methacrylate can be completely depolymerization to monomer at 270 ° C.
解聚是链式聚合的逆过程，又称链式降解或连锁降解。聚合物在降解反应过程中完全转化为单体的过程。在氧或各种物理因素 (热、光、辐照、机械力等）影响下，从大分子链末端断裂产生自由基，引起自由基型连锁反应，聚合物迅速裂解为单体。解聚在聚合上限温度以上尤其容易进行。工业上常将高聚物废料在较高温度下解聚.达到回收利用的目的。如聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯在270°C下 可完全解聚成单体。
depolymerization
解聚
It is an analytical method to study the properties of solution or solute by measuring cloud point, and it is also one of the methods to judge the phase content of polymer blending polymer components.
是利用浊点的测定来研究溶液或溶质性质的分析方法，也是判断共混聚合物组分相容件的方法之一。
cloud point method
浊点法
The purpose of protecting components and avoiding corrosion is achieved by modifying surface of materials, coating protective layer, applying electrode potential, etc.
通过对材料表面进行改性、涂覆防护层、施加电极电位等方式达到保护构件、避免腐蚀的目的。
corrosion protection
腐蚀防护
α Phase and β The interface of phase is a finite interval in which α Phase to β The composition change of phase is continuous. In the past, the estimation of interface energy was based on the assumption that there was a sudden change in the composition within the distance between an atom at the interface. Later, Cahn. L. W and Hillard. J. E proposed the diffused interface model.
α相与β相的界面是一个有限区间，在该区间内由α相到β相成分变化是连续的。过去在估算界面能时都基于这样的假设，即界面处的一个原子间距离内成分产生突变。后来Cahn.L.W和Hillird.J.E提出漫散界面模型。
diffused interface
漫散界面
Copolymer is obtained by cationic polymerization of isobutylene and a small amount of isoprene (mass fraction is 1.5% -4.5%). The appearance of butyl rubber is white or light yellow crystal, odorless and tasteless, the glass transition temperature is very low, and it is insoluble in ethanol and acetone.
由异丁稀和少量异戊二烯（质量分数为1.5%-4.5%)经阳离子聚合而得到的共聚物。丁基橡胶外观为白色或淡黄色晶体，无臭无味，玻璃化温度很低，不溶于乙醇和丙酮。
butyl rubber
丁基橡胶
Also known as Nernst's theorem, one of the basic laws of thermodynamics. The entropy of the thermodynamics system tends to a fixed value when the temperature approaches absolute zero, especially for a complete crystal, the fixed value is zero. In 1912, Nernst deduced that it was impossible to cool a system to absolute zero through finite operations. Various expressions of Nernst's law are collectively referred to as the the third law of thermodynamics of thermodynamics. The commonly used expressions are: absolute zero is impossible to achieve; It is impossible to cool the system to absolute zero with a limited number of operations. It can be inferred from the the third law of thermodynamics that when the temperature of a substance tends to absolute zero, the expansion coefficient, pressure coefficient and specific heat of any process tend to zero. The experiment proves that the third law is a universal law in the natural world.
又称能斯特定理热力学基本定律之一。表述热力学系统的熵在温度趋近于绝对零度时趋于定值，特别地，对于完整晶体，这个定值为零。1912年能斯特由此做出推论：不可能使一个系统经有限次操作冷却到绝对零度。能斯特定律的各种表述，统称为热力学第三定律。常用的表述有：绝对零度不可能达到；不可能用有限的操作次数使系统冷却到绝对零度。由热力学第三定律可推出：物质在温度趋于绝对零度时，膨胀系数、压力系数和任意过程的比热都趋于零。实验证明第三定律是A然界中的普遍规律。
the third law of thermodynamics
热力学第三定律
High alloy cast steel with high strength and good chemical stability in high temperature environment. The main steel grades of heat resistant cast steel are basically the same as those of hot rolled heat resistant steel, which often contain elements such as O, Si or A1 that can form a firm and dense oxide film. In terms of castability and high temperature strength, steel designation with medium carbon content (GB/T8492-2014) are mostly used. Heat resistant cast steel is widely used as components and structural parts of steam boilers, steam turbines, turbines, internal combustion engines, jet engines, and industrial furnaces with complex shapes that can not be economically directly used with rolling profiles or forged with profiles.
在高温环境中保持较高强度和良好化学稳定性的高合金铸钢。耐热铸钢主要钢种与热轧耐热钢基本相同，常含有能形成牢固致密的氧化膜的元素如O、Si或A1，而从铸造性能方面与高温强度方面考虑，则多采用中碳含量的钢号(GB/T8492-2014)。耐热铸钢广泛用于形状较为复杂、不能经济地直接采用轧制型材或采用型材改锻的蒸汽锅炉、汽轮机、涡轮机、内燃机、喷气发动机、工业炉的零部件及结构件。
heat-resistant cast steel
耐热铸钢
The process method of burying some thin wall, hollow or narrow section rubber extrusion products (such as pure rubber tubes, sealing strips, extrusion fillets, etc.) with large length in a disc sprinkled with talcum powder for heating vulcanization. The purpose of powder embedding is to prevent the products from deformation due to their own quality at the initial stage of vulcanization, and talc powder can also be used to absorb the water generated during vulcanization to prevent it from contacting with rubber, so as to ensure the appearance of products.
将一些长度较大的薄壁、中空或窄截面的橡胶压出制品(如纯胶管、密封胶条、压出嵌条等)埋在撒有滑石粉的圆盘中进行加热硫化的工艺方法。埋粉的目的是防止制品在硫化初期由于自身质量的影响而发生变形，还可利用滑石粉吸收硫化过程中生成的水，使之不与橡胶接触，以保证制品外观。
powder burying cure
埋粉硫化
Add spheroidizing agent and inoculant for treatment. Cast iron in which graphite is mainly spherical. It is called ductile iron for short. Common spheroidizing agents include magnesium and its alloy, rare earth, etc. When there are anti spheroidizing elements such as Bi, Ti, Cu, Pb, etc. An appropriate amount of rare earth should be added as a spheroidizing agent. The inoculant is 75% ferrosilicon. Rare earth ferrosilicon also has a certain inoculation effect. As graphite is spherical, its adverse effect of weakening matrix and causing stress concentration is significantly reduced, its strength is high (tensile strength up to 1200MPa) and has good toughness. Nodular cast iron can be subjected to various heat treatment to improve its matrix structure. According to the type of matrix structure, nodular cast iron can be divided into ferrite nodular cast iron, pearlite nodular cast iron and bainite nodular cast iron. The grade of ductile iron (GB/T1348-2009) is QT followed by tensile strength value and elongation value (such as QT500-7 for ductile iron with tensile strength greater than SOOMPa and elongation greater than 7%). The castability of nodular cast iron is better than that of cast steel. The mechanical properties are obviously better than that of ordinary cast iron and close to that of steel. Low production costs and prices. Therefore, it is widely used to manufacture mechanical parts with complex stress and high requirements for strength, toughness and wear resistance, such as crankshaft, gear, engine cylinder liner, automobile chassis parts, etc.
加入球化剂和孕育剂处理。使石墨主要以球状存在的铸铁。简称球铁。常用的球化剂有镁及其合金、稀土等，当存在Bi、Ti、Cu、Pb等反球化元素时。应加入适量稀土作球化剂。孕育剂则采用75%硅铁。稀土硅铁也有一定的孕育作用。由于石墨呈球状，其削弱基体和造成应力集中的不利作用明显减轻，其强度较高（拉伸强度最高可达1200MPa)并具有较好的韧性。球墨铸铁可进行各种热处理以改善其基体组织。根据基体组织的类型可将球墨铸铁分为：铁素体球墨铸铁、珠光体球墨铸铁和贝氏体球墨铸铁。球墨铸铁（GB/T1348-2009)牌号为QT后加拉伸强度值再加伸长率数值（如QT500-7表示抗拉强度大于SOOMPa。伸长率大于7%的球墨铸铁）。球墨铸铁铸造性能优于铸钢。力学性能明显优于一般铸铁而接近于钢。生产成本及价格低廉。因而被广泛应用于制作受力复杂、对强韧性和耐磨性有较高要求的机械零件，如曲轴、齿轮、发动机缸套、汽车底盘零件等。
spheroidizing graphite cast iron
球墨铸铁
See fluorite structure.
见萤石型结构。
calcium fluoride structure
氟化钙型结构
It refers to metallic materials used for packaging, including single metal, alloy, metal matrix composite (MMC), etc. MMC is a composite materials with metal (such as Mg, A1, | Cu, Ti) or imermetallif compound (such as TiAl, NiAl) as the matrix and particles, crystal whisker, staple fiber or continuous fibers as the reinforcement.
是指封装用的金属材料，包含单一金属、合金和金属基复合材料（MMC)等。MMC是以金属（如Mg、A1、| Cu、Ti)或金属间化合物（如TiAl、NiAl)为基体，以颗粒、晶须、短纤维或连续纤维为增强体的一种复合材料。
metal packaging material
金属封装材料
The composite explosive, which is composed of explosive and aluminium powder, is also called aluminized explosive. The main ingredients are explosive and aluminium powder, and some also contain a small amount of other additive (deterrent, adhesive, etc.). Aluminium powder can react with explosion products to produce aluminum oxide, which gives off a lot of heat, greatly improving the explosion heat and work ability, prolonging the action time, expanding the action range, increasing the fragment temperature, and facilitating the expansion and pressurization of bubbles in water.
由猛炸药与铝粉组成的混合炸药，又称铝化炸药。主要成分为猛炸药及铝粉，有的也含少量其他添加剂（钝感剂和黏合剂等）。铝粉能与爆炸产物产生二次反应生成三氧化二铝，放出大量热，使爆热和做功能力大幅度提高，作用时间延长，作用范围扩大，破片温度提高，并有利于水中气泡的扩张和增压。
aluminium-containing explosive
含铝炸药
A alloy of tungsten and copper. The content of copper in common alloy is 10%~50% (mass fraction). The structure of W-Cu alloy is a two-phase structure formed by tungsten particles and copper phase. The powder metallurgy method is used for preparation. One method is to mix tungsten powder and copper powder according to the required proportion, press the mold, conduct liquid phase sintering at a temperature higher than the melting point of copper, and then repressing to increase efficiency of spare filling. This method is usually only used for alloy with high copper content, also known as pseudo alloy.
钨和铜组成的合金。常用合金的含铜量为10%~50%(质量分数），钨铜合金组织是由钨颗粒和铜相形成的两相结构。采用粉末冶金方法制备，一种是将钨粉与铜粉按所需比例混合、压型，在高于铜熔点的温度下进行液相烧结，再复压提高致密度，此法通常仅用于高铜含量的合金，又称为假合金。
tungsten-copper composite
钨铜复合材料
Spin two different types of shrinkage fibers into yarn. Bulk yarn is made by heating and shrinking. Bulk yarn is characterized by low apparent density, soft handle, good warmth retention (yarn white contains a lot of air), puffiness, etc. The production precursor of bulk yarn is mainly acrylic fiber. The high shrinkage fiber and the conventional fiber (low shrinkage fiber) are mixed in a certain proportion and processed into wool tops. After spinning into yarn through the process of combination, carding, drafting, twisting, etc., relaxation heat treatment (steaming or boiling water treatment) is carried out at a certain temperature with the help of the thermal plasticity of polymer, and longitudinal shrinkage of high shrinkage fiber occurs. Located at the center of the yarn, conventional fibers undergo bending deformation due to poor shrinkage and axial contraction force. Form a rolled towel shape. It is pushed to the surface of the yarn to expand the volume of the yarn and form a bulky bulk yarn. The mixing ratio of high shrinkage fiber and low shrinkage fiber is the main factor affecting shrinkage and bulkiness. The best bulkiness is achieved when the mass mixing ratio is 40:60. In addition, to expand the application field of expanded yarn. Improve usability. High shrinkage fiber can also be used as other synthetic fiber with high tensile strength. Low shrinkage fiber can be conventionalized into various types: learning fiber and natural fiber, especially bulk yarn mixed with natural fiber has special style and performance. Bulk yarn is mainly used to make woolen yarn, knitted clothes and blankets. Blended bulky yarn can also be used to manufacture various types of knitwear, knitted white clothes, sportswear, children's clothing, bedding, and decorative items.
将两种不同收缩性纤维混纺成纱。经加热冋缩处理成膨体纱。膨体纱具有表观密度小、手感柔软、保暖性好（纱线白含有大量空气）、蓬松透等膨体纱的生产原丝以腈纶为主。将高收缩纤维和常规纤维（低收缩纤维）按一定比例混合，加工成毛条。再经并合、梳理、牵伸、加捻等工艺过程纺成纱后，在一定温度下借助聚合物的热可塑性进行松弛热处理（汽蒸或沸水处理），高收缩纤维产生纵向冋缩。位于纱中心而常规纤维，由于收缩性差-受到轴向收缩力作用而弯曲变形。形成卷巾状。被推到纱的表面，使纱的体积膨大，形成有膨松性的膨体纱。高收缩纤维与低收缩纤维的混合比是影响收缩率、膨松性的主要因素。质量混合比为40:60时膨松性最好。另外为扩大膨休纱应用领域。提高服用性。高收缩纤维也有用其他高拉伸未定咽的合成纤维。低收缩纤维可以用各种常规化：学纤维和天然纤维，特别是与天然纤维混合制成的膨体纱更具有特殊风格和性能。膨体纱主要用于制造毛线、针织衣料和毛毯。混合型膨体纱还可以用于制造各种针织衫、针织白衣、运动服、儿童服装、床上用品及装饰用品。
bulk yarn
膨体纱
Polyvinyl formal is prepared by acetalization of polyvinyl alcohol and formaldehyde in the presence of acid catalyst, or polyvinyl acetate is dissolved in acetic acid or alcohol and hydrolyzed and acetalized with formaldehyde in the presence of acid catalyst.
聚乙烯醇缩甲醛是由聚乙烯醇与甲醛在酸性催化剂存在下缩醛化而得的，或者是将聚醋酸乙烯酯溶于醋酸或醇中，在酸性催化剂作用下与甲醛进行水解和缩醛化反应制得的。
polyvinyl formal
聚乙烯醇缩甲醛
Tear strength is a kind of strength that is measured when the sample is circular arc, and is defined as the ratio of force required to completely tear the standard circular arc sample to the sample thickness. This type of specimen is also known as a crescent or waist shaped specimen. In the national standard test methods, it was previously referred to as the continuation type. Cut the vulcanized rubber sample with an arc shaped cutter, with a thickness of (2.0 ± 0.3) mm. Cut a depth of (1.0 ± 0.2) mm at the center of the concave edge of the sample arc, with the cutting direction parallel to the rolling and extrusion directions. At a standard laboratory temperature of (23 ± 2) ° C, the specimen is stretched along its main axis at a tensile speed of (500 ± 50) mm/min until it cracks. The ratio of the maximum tensile force to the thickness of the specimen is measured in kN/m. When cutting the sample, the cutting edge of the cutting blade should be kept sharp and there should be no gaps or curling edges.
撕裂强度的一种，在试样为圆弧形时测得，定义为完全撕裂标准圆弧形试样所需的力与试样厚度之比。此类试样又称为新月形或腰形。国家标准试验方法中，过去称为延续型。用圆弧形裁刀裁取硫化橡胶试样，其厚度为(2.0±0.3)mm。在试样圆弧凹边的中心处割一深度为（1.0±0.2)mm的口，割口方向与压延、压出方向平行。在标准试验室温度（23±2)°C，沿试样主轴方向拉伸试样，拉伸速度为（500±50)mm/min，直至开裂时的最大拉力与试片厚度的比值，单位为kN/m。试样剪裁时，裁刀刃口应保持锋利，不应出现缺口或卷刃等现象。
arc tearing strength
圆弧形撕裂强度
The general term of particle dispersed composite materials composed of carbon component and ceramics component. Carbon components include pitch, coke, etc. ceramics components include SC, carbide, ZrB2, TiBz and other borides.
碳组分和陶瓷组分构成的粒子分散型复合材料的总称。碳组分有沥青、焦炭等，陶瓷组分有SC、等碳化物及ZrB2、TiBz等硼化物。
carbon ceramics
碳陶瓷
Solid propellant with plateau combustion. The combustion phenomenon that the burning rate of propellant does not change significantly with the increase of pressure within a certain pressure range is called plateau combustion, and its burning rate pressure index is close to zero in this pressure range.
具有平台燃烧现象的固体推进剂。在某一压强范围内推进剂燃速不随压强增加而发生明显变化的燃烧现象称平台燃烧，其燃速压强指数在此压强区间近于零。
plateau propellant
平台推进剂
The method of smelting pig iron and scrap steel into steel in open hearth furnace (also called Martin furnace) is adopted. The smelting process is as follows: white heat the charge in the regenerative furnace to melt it, then add iron ore and heat it to boiling until the iron ore is reduced by carbon. Open hearth furnace materials include molten iron, solid pig iron, scrap steel and some iron ores. Scrap steel can be used in any proportion, but the most commonly used proportion is 50%. The open hearth fuel is natural gas, fuel oil, coal powder, and gas. Open hearth steelmaking has strong adaptability to raw materials, many smelting steels, high production quality and uniform performance. In the middle of the 20th century, open hearth steelmaking was the most important steelmaking method. However, the investment in open hearth furnace construction is large, the smelting time is long, and the production efficiency is significantly lower than that of converter and electric steelmaking steelmaking. Therefore, open hearth steelmaking has been basically eliminated in the world.
采用平炉(也称马丁炉）将生铁和废钢冶炼成钢的方法。其冶炼过程为：在回热式炉白加热炉料使之熔化，再加入铁矿石被加热至沸腾，直至铁矿石被碳还原为止。平炉料为铁水、固态生铁、废钢及部分铁矿石，废钢可采用任何比例，但最常用的比例为50%。平炉燃料为天然气、燃料油、煤粉和煤气等。平炉炼钢对原料的适应性强、可冶炼钢种多、生产质量高且性能均匀，20世纪中叶平炉炼钢是最主要的炼钢方法。但平炉建设投资大、冶炼时间长、生产效率比转炉和电炉炼钢明显偏低。故目前在全世界已基本淘汰了平炉炼钢。
open hearth steelmaking
平炉炼钢
Its basic structural units have at least one dimension in the nanoscale range, usually between 1 and 100 nanometers. These nanoscale structural units are of great significance for the application of hydroxyapatite as drug carrier, tumor field and hard tissue repairing materials.
其基本结构单元至少有一维处于纳米尺度范围，通常在1到100纳米之间。这些纳米尺度的结构单元对于羟基磷灰石的药物载体、肿瘤领域和硬组织修复材料等应用具有重要意义。
nano hydroxyapatite
纳米羟基磷灰石
Also called stacking order. The order in which a certain crystal plane is alternately arranged to form a close packed (or relatively close packed) crystal structure. Crystal can be regarded as a crystal plane stacked in a certain sequence.
又称堆垛次序。某一晶面交替排列构成密排（或相对密排）晶体结构的次序。即可将晶体视为由某一晶面按一定序列堆垛而成的。
stacking sequence
堆垛序列
A type of neutral intrusive rock. The SiO2 content is generally between 53% and 66%. The mineral composition is mainly composed of neutral plagioclase (up to 70%), followed by amphibole, sometimes containing pyroxene or biotite, and a small amount of quartze, potassium feldspar, apatite, sphene, magnetite, etc. Rock is often gray, dark gray or grayish green. Fine grained semi idiomorphic granular structure in whole crystalline texture. According to mineral type and texture, it can be divided into hornblende, gabbro diorite, quartze diorite K rock, microcrystalline diorite and diorite porphyrite. The diorite with uniform structure and weak weathering is a high-quality building stone. The diorite body is closely related to endogenic iron and copper deposits, especially the contact zone between diorite and carbonatite, where skarn type iron and copper deposits are often formed.
一种中性侵入岩。SiO2含量在一般在53%~66%之间。矿物组成以中性斜长石为主（含量可达70%)，其次是角闪石，有时含辉石或黑云母，也可含少量的石英、钾长石、磷灰石、榍石和磁铁矿等。岩石常呈灰色、深灰、灰绿色。全晶质中细粒半自形粒状结构。按矿物类型和结构，可划分为角闪闪长岩、辉长闪长打、石英闪K岩、微晶闪长岩和闪长玢岩。结构均匀、弱风化的闪长岩是优质的建筑石材。闪长岩体与内生铁、铜矿床关系密切.尤其是闪长岩与碳酸盐岩的接触带上，常形成矽卡岩型铁、铜矿床。
diorite
闪长岩
The mineral aggregate composed of jadeite or medium jadeite and other sodium and sodium calcium pyroxene (such as sodium chromium pyroxene and omphacite) can contain a small amount of amphibole, feldspar, chromite and other minerals.
由硬玉或中硬玉及其他钠质、钠钙质辉石（如钠铬辉石、绿辉石）组成的矿物集合体，可含少量角闪石、长石、铬铁矿等矿物。
chalchuite
裴翠
Materials with biomedical functions and therapeutic effects. This field represents the integration of biological materials and nanomaterials, aiming to apply nanomaterials and nanotechnology to traditional medical materials, giving them nano properties and enhanced functional properties. These nanomaterials include magnetic nanoparticle, silver nanoparticle, silicon dioxide particles, and macromolecule materials with hemostasis and other functions. The research of biomedical nanomaterials involves many disciplines, including physics, chemistry, materials, biology and medicine. His research interests include the preparation technology of nanomaterials, surface modification and functionalization technology, biocompatibility and safety testing and evaluation, and technologies related to biomedical applications. It should be emphasized that the size requirements for such materials are not strictly within the range of 1 to 100 nm, but more importantly, they have nano characteristics and application effects in the biomedical field. Therefore, its size limit can be extended to hundreds of nanometers or even a few micrometers. With the continuous intersection and development of nanotechnology, materials science and life science, biomedical nanomaterials have made significant progress in the fields of new medical implantation materials, tissue engineering and regenerative medicine materials, new drugs and gene controlled release carriers, and efficient biological diagnostic materials.
具有生物医药功能和疗效的材料。这一领域代表了生物材料和纳米材料的融合，旨在将纳米材料和纳米技术应用于传统医用材料中，赋予其纳米特性和增强的功能特性。这些纳米材料包括磁性纳米颗粒、银纳米颗粒、二氧化硅颗粒，以及具有止血等功能的高分子材料等。生物医用纳米材料的研究涉及多个学科，包括物理学、化学、材料学、生物学和医学。研究方向包括纳米材料的制备技术，表面修饰和功能化技术，生物相容性和安全性检测与评价，以及与生物医学应用相关的技术。需要强调的是，对这类材料的尺寸要求并不严格在1到100纳米范围内，更重要的是其具备纳米特性和在生物医学领域的应用效果。因此，其尺寸上限可以扩展到几百纳米甚至几微米。随着纳米技术、材料科学和生命科学的不断交叉和发展，生物医用纳米材料已经在新型医用植入材料、组织工程和再生医学材料、新型药物和基因控释载体，以及高效生物诊断材料领域取得了显著进展。
biomedical nanomaterials
纳米生物医用材料
The optical reflection film can be divided into two categories, one is metal optical reflection film, the other is all dielectric optical reflection film. In addition, there is a metal dielectric optical reflection film that combines the two.
反射膜可分为两大类，一类是金属反射膜，一类是全电介质反射膜。此外，还有把两者结合起来的金属电介质反射膜。
optical reflection film
反射膜
A high temperature solid electrolyte secondary cell was invented in 1967. The active materials of the negative electrode and positive electrode are molten metal sodium and sulfur respectively, and the electrolyte is Lu alumina, which is a solid sodium ion conductor. It also serves as a separator. The operating temperature of sodium-sulphur battery is 300-350 ° C, and the open circuit potential of monomer battery is 2.08V. The theoretical specific energy is 750W-h/kg. Sodium-sulphur battery has been applied in energy storage power plants due to its advantages of high specific energy and power, long charge discharge cycle life, abundant raw materials, low cost, etc.
一种高温固体电解质二次电池，发明于1967年。其负极和正极的活性物质分别是熔融的金属钠和硫，电解质为卢-氧化铝，这是一种固态的钠离子导体。它同时兼作隔膜。钠-硫电池的工作温度为300-350°C，单体电池的开路电位为2.08V。理论比能量为750W-h/kg。由于钠-硫电池具打比能量和比功率高、充放电循环寿命长、原材料丰富、成本低廉等优点，已在储能电站中取得应用。
sodium-sulphur battery
钠-硫电池
Semi empirical equation for calculating horizontal shift factor in time-temperature equivalent principle.
时-温等效原理中计算平移因子的半经验方程。
WLF[Williams-Lendel-Ferry] equation
WLF方程
It is also called high rotation magnesite brick. Magnesia based refractory with periclase as the main crystal phase and dicalcium silicate as the secondary crystal phase is obtained by taking magnesium calcium sand as the raw material, crushing, batching, mixing and molding, and firing at 1550-1600 ℃.
又称高转镁砖。以镁钙砂为原料，经粉碎、配料、混炼、成型后，在1550-1600℃高温下烧成得到的以方镁石为主晶相、以硅酸二钙为次晶相的镁质耐火材料。
magnesia calcia brick
镁钙砖
Pyrotechnic composition that produces strong luminescence (visible light or infrared light) effect during combustion. Usually pressed inside the illuminated cartridge case, used to illuminate objects and observe the target.
燃烧时产生强烈发光（可见光或红外线）效应的烟火药剂。通常压装于照明弹壳内，用于照明物体，以观察目标。
illuminating composition
照明剂
Also known as interpolymer complex. There are hydrogen bond, charge transfer or ion interactions between macromolecule to form hydrogen bond interpolymer complex, charge transfer interpolymer complex and ionic interpolymer complex. In addition, there is a three-dimensional interpolymer complex. The performance of association polymer is very different from that of non composition polymer. Association is a reversible phenomenon. Biopolymers often exist in association state.
又称高分子间复合物。高分子间有氢键、电荷转移或离子相互作用，从而形成氢键型高分子间复合物、电荷转移型高分子间复合物、离子型高分子间复合物。此外还有一种立体构型高分子间复合物。缔合聚合物的性能与未复合聚合物有很大不同。缔合是一种可逆现象。生物高分子常以缔合状态存在。
association polymer
缔合聚合物
Iron is a composite oxide of iron and one or more other appropriate metal elements. Its magnetism belongs to ferrimagnetism, which originates from the super exchange between magnetic metal ions separated by oxygen ions. It makes the magnetic moment of metal ions at different lattice positions reverse. When the magnetic moment of opposite arrangements are not equal, it shows strong magnetism. Therefore, the basic characteristics of ferrite are closely related to crystal structure, chemical bond and ion cloud distribution. There are three types of crystal structure of ferrite: spinel type, magnetite type and garnet type. Among them, spinel type and magnetite lead type of soft magnetic materials are mainly used as permanent magnet material, while garnet type is largely used as gyromagnetic material.
铁氧体是铁和其他一种或多种适当的金属元素的复合氧化物。其磁性属于亚铁磁性，来源于被氧离子所分隔的磁性金属离子间的超交换作用，它使处于不同晶格位置上的金属离子磁矩反向排列.当相反排列的磁矩不相等时，表现出强磁性。因此，铁氧体的基本特性与晶体结构、化学键及离子云分布密切相关。铁氧体的晶体结构有三大类型：尖晶石型、磁铅石型和石榴型。其中软磁材料的尖晶石型、磁铅石型主要用作永磁材料，而石榴石型则大量用作旋磁材料。
soft magnetic ferrites
铁氧体软磁材料
It is a general term for oil soluble compounds such as molybdenum dithiophosphate, dialkyl dithiocarbamate, molybdenum amine complexes, molybdenum naphthenate, and molybdenum alkylsalicylate. Additive can improve the anti-wear, anti-oxidation and anti-corrosion properties of lubricating oil. It can meet the requirements of low viscosity, low phosphorizing and long life. It can be used in internal combustion engine oil, gear oil, grease and industrial oil, and significantly improve the anti-wear and antifriction performance of lubricant.
是二说基二硫代磷酸氧钼、二烷基二硫代氨基甲酸钥、钼胺络合物、环烷酸钼、烷基水杨酸钼等油溶性化合物的总称。添加剂能够改善润滑油的抗磨、抗氧和抗腐性能。满足低黏度、低磷化、长寿命的需求，可用于内燃机油、齿轮油、润滑脂和工业用油中，显著改善润滑剂的抗磨减磨性能。
organic molybdenum
有机钼
In order to protect the dental pulp, a layer of materials that can insulate from cold and heat or chemical irritation shall be coated on the exposed part of dentin on the cavity wall or bottom before filling a moderately deep or deep cavity with filling materials. Its main function is to prevent the irritation of the dental pulp caused by the heat conduction or the galvanic phenomenon of chemical drugs and metal prosthesis, as well as to soothe the dental pulp, neutralize the acidity of the cement, and reduce the marginal microleakage. Cavity liner usually includes hole paint and liner.
在使用充填材料充填中等深度或深度牙齿窝洞之前，为了保护牙髓，在洞壁或洞底牙本质暴露的部位涂布的一层能够隔绝冷热或化学刺激的材料。其主要作用是防止热传导或化学药物以及金属修复体的流电现象对牙髓的刺激，同时还有安抚牙髓、中和水门汀的酸性、降低边缘微漏等作用。洞衬剂通常有洞漆和衬层两类。
cavity liner
洞衬剂
It is the main mineral component in Portland cement and has an important impact on the properties of Portland cement. The reaction rate is fast when encountering water, and the hydration heat is high. The hydration products play a major role in the early and late strength of cement.
是硅酸盐水泥中最主要的矿物成分.对硅酸盐水泥性质有重要影响。遇水反应速率较快，水化热高.水化产物对水泥早期和后期强度起主要作用。
Alite C3S
阿里特
In the production process of non composite inorganic polymeric flocculant such as polymerization aluminum chloride, polymerization aluminum sulfate, polymerization ferric chloride, polymerization ferric sulfate and polysilicic acid, one or more cations such as Fe3+, Al3+, Ca2+, Mg2+or anions such as Cl -, SO42-, SiO32- are introduced to prepare inorganic polymer products with higher hydroxylation and degree of polymerization. The coagulant mainly has three types: cation complex type, anion complex type and multiple ion complex type.
在聚合氯化铝、聚合硫酸铝、聚合氯化铁、聚合硫酸铁、聚硅酸等非复合型无机高分子絮凝剂制作过程中引入Fe3+、Al3+、Ca2+、Mg2+等阳离子或Cl-、SO42-、SiO32-等阴离子的一种或几种，制成羟基化和聚合度更高的无机高分子产品。该絮凝剂主要有阳离子复合型、阴离子复合型和多种离子复合型三种。
composite inorganic polymer flocculant
复合型无机高分子絮凝剂
A technique for conducting microscopic analysis of specimens using an electron microscope with an accelerated voltage exceeding 500kV. The high-voltage electron microscope consists of an illumination system, a sample chamber, an imaging system, an observation chamber, a vacuum system, a high-pressure cylinder, and a control part. The main difference from conventional electron microscopes is that their acceleration voltage is very high and the excitation current of the lens is strong. Its sample chamber is very large, and can be installed with various sample tables, such as heating table and cooling table, stretching table and low cycle fatigue table under various temperature conditions, environmental chamber for studying the interaction between gas and the same body surface, magnetic domain accessories for observing the movement of domain walls, etc. It can also perform dynamic observation and video recording. The main characteristics of high voilage electron microscopy are: ① High resolution, point resolution has reached 0.1 nm
用加速电压超过500kV电子显微镜对试样进行显微分析的技术。高压电镜由照明系统、试样室、成像系统、观察室、真空系统、高压缸和控制部分组成，与常规电子显微镜的主要区别在于其加速电压很高、透镜的励磁电流强。其试样室很大，可以安装各种试样台.如加热台和冷却台、各种温度条件下的拉伸台和低周疲劳台.研究气体与同体表面作用的环境室及观察畴壁运动的磁畴附件等。还可以进行动态观察及摄像记录。高压电子显微术的主要特点是：①分辨率高，点分辨率已达到0.1nm
high-voltage electron microscopy
高压电子显微术
It refers to the process of directly synthesizing a polymer solution or dissolving the polymer in an appropriate solvent to prepare a certain concentration of spinning stock. This spinning solution undergoes preliminary preparation steps such as mixing, filtering, and defoaming, and is then transported to the spinning machine. Through the metering pump, candle shaped filter and spinneret, the stock solution is injected into the solution containing coagulant in a small flow to solidify and curing, and finally form as-spum fiber. At present, synthetic fiber composed of polyacrylonitrile fiber, polyvinyl alcohol fiber, viscose fiber and some other macromolecule generally adopt the wet spinning process. This process is carried out in liquid, which is different from dry spinning. Wet spinning allows precise control of fiber shape and structure to meet the needs of different applications.
指将直接合成得到的高聚物溶液或将高聚物溶解在适当的溶剂中，以调配成一定浓度的纺丝原液。这个纺丝原液经过混合、过滤和脱泡等前期准备步骤，然后被输送至纺丝机。通过计量泵、烛形过滤器和喷丝头，原液被细流地喷射进入含有凝固剂的溶液中，进行凝固和固化，最终形成初生纤维。目前，聚丙烯腈纤维、聚乙烯醇纤维、粘胶纤维以及某些其他大分子构成的合成纤维一般采用湿法纺丝工艺。这个工艺是在液体中进行的，与干法纺丝不同。湿法纺丝允许精确地控制纤维的形状和结构，以满足不同应用领域的需求。
wet spinning
湿法纺丝
A fast ion conductor that uses fluoride ions as conduction ions. Most of them are based on fluorides with fluorite structure and form solid solution with heterovalent substitution with rare earth metal metal fluorides.
以氟离子为传导离子的快离子导体。多以萤石型结构的氟化物为基，与稀土金属氟化物形成异价取代的固溶体。
fluoride ion conductor
氟离子导体
The invention relates to a microwave dielectric ceramics whose main crystal phase is barium tetratitanate. Static bending strength>950kg/cm2, dry high-frequency capacitor, microwave integrated circuit substrate, integrated circuit filter, microwave dielectric, resonant filter and phase shifter are used.
一种主晶相为四钛酸钡的微波介质陶瓷。静态弯曲强度>950kg/cm2，用干高频电容器、微波集成电路基板、集成电路滤波器、微波介质、谐振滤波器和移相器等。
BaTi4O9 ceramics
四钛酸钡陶瓷
It is a dark brown complex mixture composed of hydrocarbons with different molecular weights and their non-metallic derivatives. It is a kind of high viscosity organic liquid, mostly in the form of liquid or semi-solid petroleum, with black surface and soluble in carbon disulfide and carbon tetrachloride.
是由不同分子量的碳氢化合物及其非金属衍生物组成的黑褐色复杂混合物，是高黏度有机液体的一种，多半以液体或半固体的石油形态存在，表面呈黑色，可溶于二硫化碳、四氯化碳。
pitch
沥青
See energy gap.
见能隙。
band gap
能带隙
Also called cupola, it is a cylindrical shaft furnace for smelting cast iron. III Furnace body support part (furnace base, furnace legs, furnace bottom door), furnace body (furnace bottom, furnace hearth, furnace body), furnace top (chimney, dust collector) Air supply system (Composed of blower, air duct, air belt, tuyere and front furnace, etc. Compared with electric arc furnace, induction electric furnace, reverberatory furnace and other equipment, the cupola has the advantages of simple structure, convenient operation, rapid melting, strong adaptability, continuous production and low cost; it is more difficult to improve the temperature of cast iron and adjust the chemical composition with cupola melting, and alloy burning loss is large, so the cupola and electric furnace double melting are also used to complement each other's advantages The melting of cast iron in the furnace can be divided into three processes: coke combustion process; Preheating and melting of metal charge and overheating of molten iron; Interaction process of furnace gas, slag, molten iron and coke. The nominal tonnage of the cupola is the tonnage of molten iron per hour. The nominal diameter is the inner diameter of the furnace of the melting zone.
又称化铁炉.一种培炼铸铁的圆筒形竖炉。III炉体支撑部分（炉基、炉腿、炉底门）、炉体（炉底、炉缸.炉身)、炉顶（烟囱、除尘器）、送风系统（鼓风机、风管、风带、风口及前炉等组成。与电弧炉、感应电炉、反射炉等设备相比，冲天炉具有结构简单、操作方便、熔化迅速、适应性强、可连续生产和成本低廉等优点；ff_l用冲天炉熔炼铸铁提温和调整化学成分较为闲难.合金烧损较大，故有吋也采用冲天炉和电炉双联熔炼，使其优势互补。冲天炉熔炼铸铁可分为三个过程：焦炭燃烧过程；金属炉料的预热、熔化及铁水过热过程；炉气、炉渣、铁水、焦炭的相互作用过程。冲天炉的公称吨位为每小时熔化铁水的吨数.名义直径为熔化带的炉膛内径。
erosive wear
冲蚀磨损
Also known as biomedical polymer materials. As a biomedical materials, macromolecule and its composite materials are also called. It can come from artificial synthesis or natural products. In addition to meeting general physical and chemical performance requirements, it must also meet biocompatibility requirements. The evaluation of its biocompatibility shall be carried out according to the recognized biocompatibility evaluation procedures and standard test methods. Medical macromolecule can be divided into non degradation type and biodegradation type according to their properties. Non degradation macromolecule include polyethylene, polypropylene, polypropylene, aromatic polymerase, polysiloxane, etc. It is required to be stable in the biological environment for a long time, without degradation, crosslinking or physical wear, and have good physical and mechanical properties. Although there is no absolutely stable polymer, it is required that its own and degradation products do not have obvious toxic and side effects on the body, and at the same time, materials will not cause catastrophic damage. It is mainly used in the manufacture of human soft and hard tissue prosthesis, artificial organ, artificial blood vessels, contact lenses, membrane materials, adhesive and lumen products. Biodegradation macromolecule include collagen, linear aliphatic polyester, chitin, cellulose, polyamino acid, polyvinyl alcohol, poly (e-caprolactone), etc., which can cause structural damage and performance degradation under the action of biological environment. It is required that their degradation products can be absorbed by the body through normal metabolism or discharged from the body, mainly used for drug release and delivery carriers and non permanent implantation devices. According to the purpose or use, biomedical polymer can be divided into cardiovascular system, soft tissue, hard tissue and other repair materials. The biomedical polymer used in the myocardial tube system should focus on its good anticoagulation, not damaging red blood cells, platelets, not changing the protein in the blood and not interfering with elonrolyte. Biomedical polymer is the earliest, most widely used and most widely used materials in biomedical materials, and it is also a rapidly developing field.
又称生物医学高分子材料。作为生物医学材料的高分子及其复合材料，又称。可来自人工合成，也可来自天然产物.除应满足一般物理、化学性能要求外，还必须满足生物相容性要求。对其生物相容性的评价，应按照公认的生物相容性评价程序，通过标准试验方法进行。医用高分子按性质可分为非降解型和可生物降解型。非降解型高分子包括聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚丙烯酸酯、芳香聚酶、聚硅氧烷等。要求其在生物环境中能长期保持稳定，不发生降解、交联或物理磨损等，并具有良好的物理机械性能。虽然不存在绝对稳定的聚合物，但是要求其本身和降解产物不对机体产生明显的毒副作用，同时材料不致发生灾难性破坏。主要用于人体软、硬组织修复体、人工器官、人造血管、接触镜、膜材、黏结剂和管腔制品等的制造。可生物降解型高分子包括胶原、线型脂肪族聚酯、甲壳素、纤维素、聚氨基酸、聚乙烯醇、聚己内酯等，可在生物环境作用下发生结构破坏和性能蜕变，要求其降解产物能通过正常的新陈代谢被机体吸收利用或被排出体外，主要用于药物释放和送达载体及非永久性植入装置。按使用目的或用途，医用高分子材料可分为心血管系统、软组织、硬组织等修复材料。用于心肌管系统的医用高分子材料应当着重要求其抗凝血性好，不破坏红细胞、血小板，不改变血液中的蛋白和不干扰电解质等。医用高分子材料是生物医学材料中发展最早、应用最为广泛、用最大的材料，也是一个正在迅速发展的领域。
biomedical polymer
医用高分子材料
Also known as anti dripping agent or antifogging agent. It refers to the material that can prevent the surface of transparent materials from producing small water droplets and reduce light transmittance. They are surfactants with hydrophilic groups, which can be orientation on the plastics surface. Their hydrophobic groups are closed inward and hydrophilic groups are outward, which is easy to make water wet the plastics surface. The condensed small water droplets can quickly diffusion to form an extremely thin water film or form large water droplets that flow down the inner surface of the film.
又称防滴剂或防雾滴剂。指能防止透明材质表面产生细小水滴而降低透光性的物质。它们是带有亲水基团的表面活性剂，可在塑料表面取向，其疏水基闭向内而亲水基团向外，易使水湿润塑料表面，凝结的细小水滴能迅速扩散形成极薄的水膜或结成大水珠顺薄膜内表面流下。
antifogging agent
防雾剂
NdFeB magnetic material with low temperature coefficient and high temperature stability. The intrinsic magnetism of materials can be improved by increasing the Curie temperature of magnets, adding alternative elements, improving the microstructure of materials by adding doped elements and adjusting process parameters, improving the coercive force of iron boron materials, reducing the irreversible loss of magnetic flux and the temperature coefficient of coercive force, and improving their temperature stability and anti demagnetization ability.
指具有低温度系数、高温度稳定性的NdFeB磁休。可通过提高磁体的居里温度、添加替代型元素来提高材料的内禀磁性，添加掺杂型丨元素和调整工艺参数来改善材料的微结构，提高钦铁硼材料的矫顽力、降低磁通不可逆损失和矫顽力温度系数来提高其温度稳定性和抗退磁能力。
NdFeB magnet with low temperature coefficient
低温度系数NdFeB磁体
The flocculation principle of water soluble polymer polyelectrolyte coagulant that does not introduce charged groups in the synthesis and preparation is mainly adsorption crosslinking. The active functional group of macromolecule chain in the solution generates temporary charge by protonation, and two or several colloidal particles are adsorbed by weak hydrogen bond, so that the molecular chain presents a "crosslinking" state. This floc is small and easy to be damaged. The larger the relative molecular weight, the better the flocculation effect.
在合成制备中不引入带电基团的水溶性高分子聚电解质絮凝剂，其絮凝原理主要为吸附交联作用，在溶液中高分子链的活性官能团借质子化作用产生暂时电荷，由弱氢键吸附两个或几个胶体颗粒，使分子链呈现"交联"状态，这种絮体较小，易被破坏，相对分子质量越大，絮凝效果越好。
nonionic synthetic organic polymer flocculant
非离子型合成有机高分子絮凝剂
It is called cyan glaze for short. It is a kind of green glaze with iron content of 1% -3%, which is fired in a high-temperature reducing atmosphere. After being fired with a reducing flame, some Fe3+is reduced to Feh, and the ratio of the two is called the reduction ratio. This ratio is related to process factors such as firing atmosphere, stopping temperature, and cooling rate. The hue of the celadon glaze varies greatly. In addition to the reduction ratio, it is also related to the formula of the glaze, the thickness of the glaze layer, and the content of Ti02 and P2O5. In addition, the existence of a large number of small bubbles and calcium feldspar in the crystal in the glaze layer has a great influence on the tone of the traditional green glaze due to the background effect of the body color. There are two kinds of Chinese traditional glazes: lime glaze and lime alkali glaze. The celadon glaze on the original porcelain before the Song Dynasty, including the Shang Dynasty, was lime glaze. Most of the celadon glazes after the Song Dynasty belong to lime-alkali glaze. The celadon glazes of both Guan and He kilns have cracks, commonly known as split glazes. This is a special decoration method which is intentionally made by taking advantage of the different expansion coefficients of the body glaze. There are ice cracks, caviar patterns, crab claw patterns, hundred garbage patterns, cowhide patterns, etc. The celadon sleeve is thicker than the general transparent glaze. The thicker the glaze layer, the darker the glaze color. However, if the glaze layer is too thick, the glaze will flow, causing defects such as crow's feet or cracking.
简称青釉，一种含铁量在1%-3%，在高温还原气氛中烧成的青绿色釉。青釉经还原焰烧成后，部分Fe3+还原成Feh，两者的比i例称还原比值，此比值与烧成气氛、止火温度、冷却速度等工艺因数有关。青釉的色调变化很大，除与还原比值有关外，还与釉的配方、釉层厚度以及Ti〇2、P2O5的含量有一定联系。此外，釉层中大量小气泡和钙长石在晶体的存在，胎色的衬托作用对传统青釉的色调也有很大影响。中国传统青釉有石灰釉和石灰-碱釉两大类。宋代以前包括商代的原始瓷上的青釉都是石灰釉。宋代以后的青釉大部分属石灰-碱釉。官窑、贺窑青釉都有裂纹，俗称开片。这是利用胎釉膨胀系数不同而有意制成的一种特殊的装饰手段。有冰裂纹、鱼子纹、蟹爪纹、百圾纹、牛毛纹等。青瓷袖较一般透明釉厚些。釉层愈厚则釉色愈深。但釉层过厚则会流釉，引起鸡爪纹或开裂等缺陷。
celadon glaze
青瓷釉
The use of fine grain foundry technology has greatly reduced the grain size of raw superalloy, increased the area of grain boundary γ’ The phase size is also more refined, so the tensile properties and endurance properties are significantly improved at medium and low temperatures, and the fatigue properties are significantly improved. There are three main fine grain foundry processes, namely, thermal control method, chemical method and mechanical method. The fine grain foundry process is used to refine the overall grain of the parts, which is especially suitable for making low-pressure turbine blades and guide vanes with low operating temperature and integral casting turbine wheels of small engines.
采用细晶铸造工艺，使铸造高温合金的晶粒尺寸大幅度减小，晶界面积增大，枝晶尺寸和γ’相尺寸也更加细化,因而在中、低温条件下拉伸性能和持久性能明显改善，疲劳性能大幅度提高。细晶铸造工艺主要有三种，即热控法、化学法和机械法。采用细晶铸造工艺使零件整体晶粒细化，特别适于制作工作温度较低的低压涡轮叶片和导向叶片以及小型发动机的整铸祸轮。
sine grain cast superalloy
细晶铸造高温合金
Also known as silicoaluminate, the Si content is generally between 4% -22%. This alloy has excellent foundry process performance and air tightness due to the addition of a large amount of Si. After modification treatment and heat treatment, it has good mechanical properties, physical properties, corrosion resistance and medium cutting processing performance. It is the alloy series with the most varieties and most widely used cast aluminium alloy.
又称硅铝明，Si含量一般在4%-22%。该合金中由于加入了大量的Si而具有优良的铸造工艺性能和气密性，经过变质处理和热处理之后，具有良好的力学性能、物理性能、耐腐蚀性能和中等的切削加工性能，是铸造铝合金中品种最多、用途最广的合金系。
Al-Si cast aluminium alloy
Al-Si系铸造铝合金
At a given temperature, the time required to measure the Mooney viscosity of the rubber compound with a large rotor Mooney viscosity meter when it drops to the minimum value and then rises by 5 more Mooney values is called the Mooney scorch time. For a small rotor Mooney viscosity meter, the Mooney scorch time is the time required to rise by 3 more Mooney values after dropping to the minimum value. It can be used as an evaluation of the initial vulcanization characteristics of rubber compound. The test temperature is generally 120 ° C, 125 ° C or 145 ° C. The length of Mooney scorching time reflects the resistance to scorching of the rubber compound, so the processing safety of the rubber compound can be obtained.
在给定的温度下，采用大转子门尼黏度计测定胶料的门尼黏度下降至最小值后，再上升5个门尼值时所需的时间称为门尼焦烧时间，对于小转子门尼黏度计，门尼焦烧时间为由下降至最小值后再上升3个门尼值时所需的时间。可作为橡胶胶料初期硫化特性的一种评价。实验温度一般采用120°C、125°C或145°C,门尼焦烧时间的长短反映了胶料耐焦烧性能的好坏，从而得出胶料的加工安全性高低。
Mooney scorch
门尼焦烧
Generally, it refers to the fact that metal and semiconductor do not have rectification characteristics after contact, and the resistance generated by current in both directions is very small. The voltage falling on ohmic contact is very small, and the current is proportional to the voltage. Therefore, ohmic contact hardly affects the current voltage characteristics of devices. Semiconductor devices generally use metal electrodes to input or output current. This requires a good ohmic contact between metal and semiconductor. When a metal contacts with an n-type (p-type) semiconductor, if the metal work function is less than (greater than) the semiconductor work function, the contact between the two can form a reverse barrier layer, that is, the carrier moves between the semiconductor and the metal without barrier barrier. Therefore. Ohmic contact may be obtained by selecting appropriate metallic materials. However, the most commonly used important semiconductor materials, such as Ge, Si, and GaAs, generally have high surface state density, and both n-type materials and p-type materials may form potential barriers when contacting with metals, so ohmic contact cannot be obtained by selecting metallic materials. In this case, the tunneling effect can be used to obtain ohmic contact. If the semiconductor doping concentration is high, the width of the barrier region becomes very thin. Electrons can directly tunnel through the barrier, when the resistance of metal semiconductor contact is very small, ohmic contact is formed. Actually. Heavily doped semiconductors are usually used to form ohmic contact with metals.
一般指金属与半导体接触后不具有整流特性，对两个方向上的电流产生的电阻都很小。降落在欧姆接触的电压很小，而且电流与电压成正比。因此，欧姆接触几乎不影响器件的电流-电压特性。半导体器件一般都要利用金属电极输入或输出电流。这就要求在金属和半导体之间形成良好的欧姆接触。金属和n型（p型）半导体接触时，若金属功函数小于（大于）半导体功函数，两者接触可形成反阻挡层，即载流子在半导体和金属之间运动没有势垒阻挡。因此。选用适当的金属材料，就有可能得到欧姆接触。然而，Ge、Si、GaAs这些最常用的重要半导体材料，一般都有很高的表面态密度，无论是n型材料还是p型材料与金属接触都有可能形成势垒，用选择金属材料的办法往往不能获得欧姆接触。在这种情况下，可以利用隧穿效应来获得欧姆接触。如果半导体掺杂浓度很高，则势垒区宽度变得很薄。电子可以直接隧穿势垒，这时金属-半导体接触的电阻很小，形成了欧姆接触。实际上。通常利用重掺半导体与金属形成欧姆接触。
ohmic contact
欧姆接触
The materials with resistivity between conductor and insulator is called semiconductor, and this materials often has many special physical properties. The composite materials with semiconductor properties are called semi conductive composite materials, including some ultra-thin multilayer composition and mixed composite materials. The preparation method is the same as that of composition conductive polymer materials. Among them, most of the semiconductor fillers that play a major role are transition metal complex polymer, charge transfer complex polymer and some metal organic polymer.
电阻率位于导体和绝缘体之间的材料称为半导体，这种材料往往具有许多特殊的物理性质。具有半导体性质的复合材料称为半导性复合材料，包括某些超薄多层复合和混合复合材料，制备方法与复合导电高分子材料相同。其中起主要作用的半导体填料多为过渡金属络合聚合物，电荷转移性络合聚合物以及某些金属有机聚合物。
semiconducting functional composites
半导性功能复合材料
In order to improve the wear resistance of mechanical equipment, various alloy have been developed. Among them, iron based wear resistant alloy is the most widely used, including all kinds of tool steel, bearing steel, high manganese steel and all kinds of wear resistance cast iron in rock drilling, crushing machinery and other fields. High hardness, strong and tough matrix and hard second phase are the basic principles of forming wear-resistant iron base alloy. These alloy usually have a high carbon content (about 0.8% or more), and also contain a certain amount of Cr, V, Ti, Mo and other elements, which can form hard carbide. According to the load and impact load, the matrix phase of alloy can be selected as martensite (for low impact cases) or austenite phase that can undergo transformation (for high impact cases). High cobalt alloy is also a typical materials of wear-resistant antifriction bearing bush, which is composed of hard particles or island reinforcements embedded in a strong or soft matrix. Wear resistant alloy is usually manufactured by traditional smelting, foundry, forging process or powder metallurgy process.
为提高机械装备的耐磨性，开发出了各种合金。其中，铁基耐磨合金应用最广泛，包括各类工具钢、轴承钢以及凿岩、破碎机械等领域的高锰钢和各类耐磨铸铁。高硬度和强韧的基体与硬质的第二相是构成耐磨铁基合金的基本原则。这些合金的碳含量通常较高（大约0.8%或更高），同时还应含有一定量的Cr（铬）、V（钒）、Ti（钛）、Mo（钼）等元素，这些元素可以形成坚硬的碳化物。根据所受载荷的高低以及冲击负荷的大小，可以将合金的基体相选定为马氏体（用于低冲击情况）或能发生相变的奥氏体相（用于高冲击情况）。高钴合金也是耐磨减摩轴瓦的典型材料，由强韧或软质基体中嵌入硬质的颗粒或岛状强化物组成。耐磨合金通常采用传统的冶炼、铸造、锻造工艺或粉末冶金工艺进行制造。
wear-resistant alloy
耐磨合金
A member of the copper oxide high-temperature superconductor family. The superconducting transition temperature is less than 24K. The carrier density is 1021 electrons per cubic centimeter. The carrier type is electronic, i.e. n-type; Debey temperature 0 is 370-410K; the crystal structure is oxygen deficient calcium titanium type, r phase.
铜氧化物高温超导体家族的一种。超导转变温度小于24K.载流子密度为每立方厘米1021个电子.载流子类型为电子型，即n型；德拜温度0为370-410K:晶体结构为氧缺位钙钛型，r相。
Ln2-xMxCuO4-y,Ln=Pr,Nd,Sm,Eu
镨铯铜氧
It usually refers to macromolecule materials that can stop or delay blood coagulation. As an important part of biological materials, anticoagulant materials are widely used in medical materials that phase with human blood and tissues, such as hemodialysis systems, extracorporeal circulation systems, artificial heart valve, cardiac pacemakers, vascular prosthesis, vascular stent, surgical lines and catheter. Anticoagulant materials such as polyurethane (PU), polysulfone (PSF), polyacrylic acid (PAA), polyether sulfone (PES) have good mechanical properties, flexibility and a certain degree of biocompatibility. They are widely used, but their anticoagulant properties are not ideal and durable enough, so they are generally used as matrix materials. In order to improve the anticoagulation of materials, the matrix surface of materials needs to be modified. At present, there are many methods to modify the surface of surface of materials, such as improving the hydrophilicity of the surface, making the surface negatively charged, grafting zwitterionic polymer onto the surface, designing micro phase separation structure, planting endothelial cells, surface heparinization, and surface identification of biomacromolecule such as urokinase. Among them, the most effective method is to immobilize bioactivity molecules such as heparin, urokinase, chitosan and prostaglandin derivatives on the surface of materials. In general, materials that can inhibit or prevent the activation of coagulation factors, platelet adhesion and aggregation, erythrocyte adhesion and activation of complement system in one or more of the four coagulation pathways to some extent have anticoagulant properties.
通常是指能制止或延缓血液凝固的高分子材料。抗凝血材料是生物材料的重要组成部分，被广泛应用于与人类血液和组织相接触的医用材料上.如血液透析系统、体外循环系统、人工心脏瓣膜、心脏起搏器、人工血管、血管支架、外科手术线和导管等。聚氨酿(polyurethane，PU)、聚讽（polysulfone，PSF)、聚丙稀酸（polyacrylic acid，PAA)、聚酿讽（polyether-sulfone,PES)等抗凝血材料闲具有良好的力学性能、柔韧性和一定的生物相容性，应用较多，但是它们的抗凝血性能不够理想、不够持久，所以一般被用作基体材料。为了提高材料抗凝血性，需要对基体材料表面进行改性。目前，对材料表面改性的方法有很多种，如改善表面的亲水性能、使表面带负电荷、表面接枝两性离子聚合物、设计微相分离结构、种植内皮细胞、表面肝素化以及表面同定尿激酶等生物大分子。其中，最有效的方法是在材料表面固定肝素、尿激酶、壳聚糖、前列腺素衍生物等生物活性分子。总的来说，只要在某种程度上能抑制或阻止凝血因子激活、血小板黏附与聚集、红细胞黏附和补体系统激活这4种凝血途径中的一种或几种凝血途径发生的材料都具有抗凝血性能。
anticoagulant materials
抗凝血材料
Heat steel parts to above the critical temperature (hypo-eutectoid steel to above, eutectoid steel and hyper eutectoid steel to above Ad) for a certain period of time to make them austenitization, and then cool them to a temperature slightly lower than Ad for isothermal. Hold the isothermal temperature for enough time to transform austenite into pearlite and then cool them out of the furnace (air cooling is usually used to prevent steel parts from generating thermal stress). The purpose of isothermal annealing is the same as that of full annealing, but the transformation is easy to control, and the expected uniform structure can be obtained. For alloy steel, it is also easy to obtain relatively low hardness, save the time of steel parts in the furnace, and increase the turnover rate of annealing furnace. The isothermal transformation temperature of steel shall be determined according to the required microstructure and properties and the isothermal transformation curve of the steel. The higher the isothermal temperature, the thicker the pearlite obtained and the lower the hardness.
将钢件加热到临界温度以上（亚共析钢加热到以上，共析钢和过共析钢加热到Ad以上）保温一定时间，使其奥氏体化，然后冷却到稍低于Ad的温度进行等温，等温保持足够时间使奥氏体转变成珠光体后出炉冷却（为防止钢件产生热应力，通常采用空冷）的热处理工艺。等温退火与完全退火的目的相同，但转变易于控制，能够获得预期的均匀组织，对合金钢来说还易于得到比较低的硬度，节省钢件在炉内的时间，增加退火炉的周转率。钢的等温转变温度应根据所要求的组织和性能依据该钢种的等温转变曲线来确定，等温温度越高，所获得的珠光体越粗大，硬度越低。
isothermal annealing
等温退火
PBI fiber for short is a special synthetic fiber with high temperature resistance and flame retardancy.
简称PBI纤维，具有耐高温和阻燃性能的特种合成纤维。
polybenzimidazole fiber
聚苯并咪唑纤维
Because the direction of the induced magnetic field in some materials is the same as that of the external magnetic field, materials are attracted by the external magnetic field. The permeability of paramagnetic materials is not less than 1. Paramagnetism is the opposite of diamagnetism, and diamagnetism materials are repelled by the external magnetic field. The difference between paramagnetic materials and ferromagnetic and ferromagnetic materials is that the latter two materials still have residual magnetism when there is no external magnetic field, but the magnetism of paramagnetic materials cannot be maintained. Paramagnetism is due to the existence of unpaired electrons in the atoms of such materials. The spin magnetic moments of these unpaired electrons align along the direction of the external magnetic field, forming an induced magnetic field that is consistent with the direction of the external magnetic field. When the external magnetic field disappears, the order of the electron spin magnetic moment in the paramagnetic materials will be destroyed due to the thermal movement of the lattice, resulting in the disappearance of the macro magnetism. Paramagnetism can also be observed in ferromagnetic materials whose temperature is higher than curie point and antiferromagnetic materials whose temperature is higher than Neel temperature.
由于一些材料中诱导磁场的方向与外界磁场相同而使材料受到外界磁场吸引的现象。顺磁材料的磁导率都不小于1。顺磁性与抗磁性正好相反，抗磁性材料受到外界磁场的排斥。顺磁材料与铁磁和亚铁磁材料的差异为：在无外界磁场时，后两种材料仍具有剩余磁性，但顺磁材料的磁性不能保持。顺磁性的产生是由于该类材料的原子中存在未配对的电子。这些未配对电子的自旋磁矩沿着外界磁场方向对齐，由此形成与外界磁场方向一致的诱导磁场。当外界磁场消失后，顺磁材料中电子自旋磁矩的有序性会因晶格热运动遭到破坏致使宏观磁性消失。顺磁性现象也可以在温度高于居里点的铁磁材料和高于奈尔温度的反铁磁材料中观察到。
paramagnetism
顺磁性
Sputtering target materials coated on semiconductor chips by physical vapor deposition (PVD). According to the process design of different chip products, there are titanium targets with purity of 4N5 (99.995%), 5N (99.999%) or more. According to the size of silicon wafer, there are targets for 6in, 8in and 12in silicon wafer. The main production and processing process route of titanium target material is as follows: electrolytic purification to obtain 4N5 or 5N high-purity titanium sponge raw material, and then electron beam melting semi continuous casting to obtain defect free pure titanium ingots. The thermal mechanical processing (TMP) process is used to control the grain orientation, form the target blank and the backplane weld, carry out precision processing, clean and package in the purification room, and deliver it to the semiconductor chip manufacturing company for PVD coating on the transmitter table. See titanium dioxide.
通过物理气相沉积(PVD)在半导体芯片进行镀膜的溅射目标材料，依据不同芯片产品工艺设计，有4N5(99.995%)、5N(99.999%)以上纯度的Ti靶材，依据硅片尺寸分6in、8in及12in硅片用靶材。钛靶材主要生产加工工艺路线为：电解提纯获得4N5或5N高纯海绵钛原料，然后通过电子束熔炼半连续铸造获得无缺陷纯钛铸锭，通过热机械加工工艺（TMP)控制晶粒晶向，形成靶材坯料与背板焊接，进行精密加工，在净化室内进行清洗包装，交付半导体芯片制造公司在派射机台上进行PVD镀膜。钛白见钛白粉。
titanium targets
钦靶材
It is a preparation method of metal matrix composite, which refers to the preparation process of metal matrix composite in which reinforcement is in-situ generated in the form of elements or compounds in the metal melt through physical chemistry reactions, or some compounds are added into the metal melt to react with metal components. The in-situ generated reinforcement is generally ceramic phase or imermetallif compound; Its size is small, and its form is mostly particles, crystal whisker, etc. The basic principle is to select appropriate and appropriate reagents (gas phase, liquid phase or solid phase) according to the requirements of materials design, and generate uniformly distributed reinforcement in situ by means of physical chemistry reaction between matrix alloy and matrix alloy at a temperature higher than the melting point of the matrix (which can also be imermetallif compound). The in-situ reaction fabrication method that has been developed mainly includes exothermic dispersion (XD), contact reaction (DRS), direct oxidation (DI-MOX), gas-liquid reactive synthesis (VLS), reactive spray deposition (RSD), self propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS), molten salt assisted synthesis (FAS, also known as mixed salt method), etc. The characteristics of this method are: the reinforcement is in situ, the surface of reinforcement is free of pollution, the interface of composite is ideal in situ matching, good bonding, and good thermodynamics stability; The reinforcement is evenly distributed and its size is controllable; Capable of near final forming; Wide source of raw materials, simple process, low cost, suitable for and able to achieve large-scale industrialization.
是一种金属基复合材料制备方法，是指制备过程中增强体通过物理化学反应在金属熔体中以元素或化合物的形式原位内生，或者是在金属熔体内加入一些化合物与金属组元反应生成的金属基复合材料制备工艺。原位生成的增强体一般为陶瓷相，也可以是金属间化合物;尺寸较小，其形式多为颗粒、晶须等。其基本原理是：根据材料设计要求选择适当及适量的反应剂（气相、液相或固相），在高于基体合金（基体也可以是金属间化合物）熔点的温度下借助与基体合金之间的物理化学反应原位生成均匀分布的增强体。已经研发出来的原位复合工艺主要有放热弥散法（XD)、接触反应法（DRS)、直接氧化法（DI-MOX)、气液反应合成法（VLS)、反应喷射沉积法(RSD)、自蔓延高温合成法（SHS)、熔盐辅助合成法（FAS，又称混合盐法）等。该方法的特点是：增强体山原位自生，增强体表面无污染，复合材料界面为理想的原位匹配、结合良好，热力学稳定性好;增强体分布均匀，尺寸可控;可近终成型;原料来源广、工艺简单，成本低，适合并能实现大规模工业化。
in-situ reaction fabrication method
原位复合工艺
See Force chemical degradation.
见力化学降解。
mechanical degradation
机械降解
A class of semiconductor materials that can combine photocatalysis and electrocatalysis processes phase. It can be divided into electrocatalysis assisted by electricity and electrocatalysis assisted by light according to its usage. Electroassisted photocatalysis is to add electric current in the photocatalysis system to make the photogenerated electrons flow rapidly and generate electron flow, avoid the recombination of "electron hole" in semiconductor materials, maintain the higher hole concentration in semiconductor materials, increase the concentration of strong oxidizing OH - formed by holes, and improve the efficiency of oxidizing organic matter. Photo assisted electrocatalysis, with additional light radiation to improve the efficiency of electrocatalytic oxidation. Photocatalytic process helps the electrode to generate more active sites, and more physical adsorption OH is generated on the active sites, which can oxidize organic matter to the final products CO2 and H2P.
能够将光催化和电催化过程相结合的一类半导体材料。按使用方式分为电助光催化和光助电催化。电助光催化，在光催化体系中外加电流，使光生电子迅速流动，产生电子流，避免半导体材料中"电子-空穴"的重新结合，维持半导体材料中较高的空穴浓度，增加由空穴形成的强氧化性的OH-的浓度，提高氧化有机物的效率。光助电催化，外加光辐射来提高电催化氧化的效率.光催化过程协助电极产生了更多的活性位，在活性位上产生了更多的物理吸附的OH，能氧化有机物至最终产物CO2和H2P。
photoelectrocatalysis materials
光电催化材料
The maximum storage time of prepreg under specified environmental conditions when it meets the quality requirements of relevant parts. The storage period of resin based composite materials prepreg, especially the thermal resin prepreg, has an important relationship with the processability and quality of composite materials parts. The volatilization of low molecular substances and some chemical and physical changes will occur in the storage process of prepreg, which will reduce the viscosity of tack of prepreg, affect the covering property when laying blanks, and affect the molding process and the quality of composite materials. If the storage time of prepreg is too long or the storage conditions are improper, the bending part of the paved composite materials parts may rebound, or fiber damage and resin cracking may occur in serious cases. The storage time of prepreg under specified environmental conditions shall be determined according to the structural properties of resin components. Generally, the storage time under -18 ℃ and room temperature will be specified. For thermoplastic resin prepreg, it can be considered that there is an unlimited storage period of shelf life of prepreg.
在规定环境条件下，预浸料在满足有关制件质量要求时所能存放的最长时间。树脂基复合材料预浸料，特别是热间性树脂预浸料的储存期，与复合材料制件的工艺性及质量有重要关系。预浸料在储存过程中将发生低分子物的挥发、某些化学的和物理的变化，使预浸料黏性降低，影响铺叠毛坯时的铺覆性，影响成型工艺性及复合材料的质量。如果预浸料存储的时间过长或存储条件不当，铺制的复合材料制件弯曲部分可能发生回跳现象，严重者可能有纤维损伤、树脂开裂现象发生。预浸料都要根据树脂的组分结构性质确定在规定环境条件下的储存时间.通常会规定在-18℃条件下和室温条件下的储存期。对于热塑性树脂预浸料，可以认为有无限期长的预浸料储存期。
shelf life of prepreg
预浸料储存期
Explosive mixture composed of solid, liquid, gaseous or mixed state fuel (combustible agent) and air (oxidizer). The ignition energy required by the fuel used shall be low, and it is easy to reach explosion concentration when mixed with air phase, with a wide range of explosion concentration and high calorific value. At present, liquid fuels are mainly used, including ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, nitromethane, propyl nitrate, hydrazine nitrate, dimethyl hydrazine, etc; Solid fuels include solid combustible agent and solid monomer explosive; Gaseous fuels include methane, propane, ethylene, and acetylene, but are often compressed into liquid form for use. It can fully utilize the oxygen in the atmosphere, thus greatly improving the energy per unit mass charge. For example, the energy released during ethylene oxide oxygen detonation is 4-5 times higher than that of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene with equal mass. When in use, the fuel is loaded into the bomb and sent to the target for detonation. The fuel is scattered into the air to form a gasification cloud. The secondary ignition causes detonation in the cloud occurrence area, producing high temperature (about 2500 ° C) fireballs and overpressure detonation waves. At the same time, an oxygen deficient area (oxygen content in the air decreases by 8% -12%) is formed in the explosion action area, which can damage large white facilities and buildings and cause casualties. Due to the distribution of explosion, the area of casualties and damage is large and shrouded, which can destroy targets that cannot be destroyed by ordinary ammunition - and can produce certain suffocation. It creates a way for conventional weapons to reduce mass and improve explosion power. Used for loading cluster bombs, aviation bombs, anti-ship missiles, underwater weapons, and rocket launchers.
固态、液态、气态或混合态燃料（可燃剂）与空气（氧化剂）组成的爆炸性混合物。所用燃料所需的点火能量应低，与空气相混合时易达到爆炸浓度，可爆炸的浓度范围宽，且热值高。目前主要采用液态燃料，它们有环氧乙烷、环氧丙烷、硝基甲烷、硝酸丙酯、硝酸肼、二甲肼等；固态燃料有固体可燃剂及固态单体炸药；气态燃料有甲烷、丙烷、乙烯、乙炔，但常压缩成液态使用。可充分利用大气中的氧，因而大大提高了单位质量装药的能量。如环氧乙烷-氧爆轰时所放出的能量比等质量梯恩梯高4-5倍。使用时，将燃料装入弹中，送至目标上空引爆，燃料被抛散至空气中形成气化云雾，经二次点火使云雾发生区域爆轰，产生高温（2500°C左右）火球和超压爆轰波，同时在爆炸作用范围白形成一缺氧区（空气中氧含量减少8%-12%)，可使较大面积白的设施及建筑物遭受破坏，入员伤亡。因系分布爆炸，故杀伤和破坏面积大，具笼罩性，能摧毁一般弹药摧毁不了的目标-且可产生一定的窒息作用。为常规兵器开创了既减轻质量又提高爆炸威力的途径。用于装填集束炸弹、航空炸弹、反舰导弹、水中兵器和火箭弹。
fuel-air explosive
燃料-空气炸药
Forsterite ceramics is a kind of magnesia porcelain. Its main characteristic is low dielectric loss and small frequency variation; The coefficient of volume resistance is high and still has a fairly high value at high temperatures. Its electrical performance is superior to that of steatite porcelain, and its coefficient of thermal expansion is also high, but its disadvantage is that its thermal stability is poor. Forsterite ceramics have good processing properties, high plasticity and easy molding. Magnesite is widely used to manufacture electric vacuum parts. As an electric vacuum sealing ceramics, it uses metal and ceramics sealing methods. It can also be used to manufacture high-power capacitors.
镁橄榄石陶瓷是镁质瓷的一种。它的主要特点足介质损耗低，且随频率变化小；体积电阻率高，在高温下仍有相当高的数值。电性能比滑石瓷优越，它的热膨胀系数也较高，缺点是热稳定性较差。镁橄榄石陶瓷的工艺性能良好，坯料的吋塑性高，便于成型。镁撖揽石广泛用于制造电真空零件，它作为电真空密封陶瓷是采用金属与陶瓷密封方法，还可利用它制造高功率电容器。
forsterite ceramics
镁橄榄石陶瓷
Also known as lead styphnate, with a molecular weight of 468.30. Lead styphnate is one of the most widely used single compound primary explosive. Its normal salt appearance is yellow or orange prismatic crystals, belonging to the monoclinic system. The peak decomposition temperature is 284 ° C (10 ° C/min). Hygroscopicity: 0.05K moisture absorption at 2.5C and 100% relative humidity; At 30 ° C and 90% relative humidity, the moisture absorption is 0.02%. The 5s explosion tcmperature is 282 ° C. The limit charge of detonating loosely packed PETN is 0.55g. It can hardly detonate other military explosive alone. The specific volume of explosion is 368mL/g, and the detonation velocity is 5200m/s (impact sensitivity: upper limit 36cm, lower limit 11.5cm (400g drop, 20mg sample); 17cm (10% explosion, 2kg drop hammer, 20mg sample). Friction sensitivity I degree: 70% (0.6MPa. 80 ° swing angle, 10mg sample).
又称斯蒂芬酸铅.分子量468.30。斯蒂芬酸铅是目前使用最广的单质起爆药之一。其正盐外观为黄色或橙色棱柱状结晶，属于单斜晶系。分解峰值温度为284°C(10°C/min)。吸湿性:在2.5C和100%相对湿度下，吸湿量0.05K;在30°C和90%相对湿度下，吸湿量0.02%。5s爆发点为282°C。起爆松装PETN的极限药量为0.55g.对其他军用炸药几乎不能单独起爆。爆炸比容为368mL/g，爆速为5200m/s (撞击感度：上限36cm，下晦 11.5cm (400g 落棰，20mg 样品）；17cm (10%爆炸，2kg落锤，20mg样品）。摩擦感I 度：70% (0.6MPa. 80°摆角，10mg样品）。
2,4,6-trinitroresorcinate lead
三硝基间苯二酚铅
It is also called off furnace refining or secondary metallurdy. In the later stage of the steelmaking process, the composition and temperature of liquid steel can reach the predetermined requirements through steel mixing, powder spraying, slagging metallurgical technology, ferroalloy addition, vacuum treatment and other methods. refining is mainly to remove the impurity elements harmful to the quality of steel, reduce the inclusion content and carry out inclusion modification treatment, deoxidation and degassing, adjust and homogenize the composition of liquid steel, and accurately adjust the temperature of liquid steel. In modern steelmaking process, steel liquid melting in primary smelting furnace (converter, electric furnace or open hearth furnace) is often transferred to another container (such as ladle, vacuum furnace, etc.) for refining, so refining is also called off furnace refining or secondary metallurdy. The adoption of off furnace refining and staged steelmaking can improve product quality, shorten smelting time, improve production efficiency of steelmaking equipment, simplify process flow and reduce production cost.
又称炉外精炼或二次冶金。炼钢过程后期通过钢液搅拌、喷粉、造渣冶金技术、加入铁合金、真空处理和其他方法使钢液的成分和温度达到预定要求的工艺过程，精炼主要是去除对钢的质量有害的杂质元素、减少夹杂物含量及进行夹杂物变性处理、脱氧和脱气、钢液成分调整及均匀化、准确调整钢液温度等。现代炼钢工艺中往往将初炼炉（转炉、电炉或平炉）熔炼的钢液转移到另一容器（如钢包、真空炉等）内进行精炼，故精炼也称为炉外精炼或二次冶金。采用炉外精炼，进行分阶段炼钢，能提高产品质量、缩短冶炼时间、提高炼钢设备生产效率、简化工艺流程、降低生产成本。
refining
精炼
The fracture toughness of mechanical structural steel can be significantly improved by raising the quenching temperature from the normal As+30-50 ℃ to about As+300 ℃ in the quenching process.
将淬火温度从正常的As+30-50摄氏度提高到As+300摄氏度左右的淬火工艺，可以明显改善机械结构钢的断裂韧性。
super-high temperature quenching
超高温淬火
The crystal structure of imermetallif compound superconductor is A3B type A15 structure. Superconductor critical temperature Tc=17.1K.
金属间化合物超导体，晶体结构为A3B型A15结构。超导临界温度Tc=17.1K。
V3Si
钒三硅
Alloy steel containing specially added alloy elements or produced by special methods with special physical and chemical properties. In addition to the commonly required mechanical properties, special performance steel also requires high corrosion resistance, high temperature resistance, wear resistance, or special electromagnetic properties. Therefore, steel other than structural steel belongs to special property steel, including stainless steel, heat resistant steel, wear-resistant steel, electrical steel, magnet steel and non-magnetic steel; In principle, steel with special physical and chemical properties in structural steel, such as fire-resistant steel, atmospheric corrosion resisting steel, cryogenic steel, can also belong to special property steel.
含有特意添加的合金元素的或者用特殊方法牛产的具.有特殊的物理和化学性能的合金钢。特殊性能钢除通常要求的力学性能外，还要求具有较高的耐腐蚀性能或耐高温性能或抗磨损性能或特殊电磁性能。因此.除结构钢之外的其他钢类均属于特殊性能钢.包括不锈钢、耐热钢、耐磨钢、电工钢及磁钢和无磁钢等；而结构钢中的具有特殊的物理和化学性能的钢如耐火钢、耐候钢、低温钢等原则上也可属于特殊性能钢。
special property steel
特殊性能钢
See vulcameter with rotator.
见有转子硫化仪。
rotor vulcanizer
转子硫化仪
It is a block composed of some calcareous substances distributed in sedimentary rock strata and loess. Its shapes include oval, spherical, and irregular shapes. The main mineral composition is caldte.
是分布在沉积岩层和黄土中的一些钙质组成的团块。其形状有卵形、球状和不规则状。主要矿物成分是方解石。
calcareous concretions
钙质结核
It is polyether polyol, also known as polyol supported hydroxy polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene ether. A colorless or light blue nonvolatile viscous liquid polymer. It is obtained by anionic ring opening polymerization of epoxy alkanes (such as ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, and butane oxide) with initiators containing active hydrogen (such as glycerol, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, etc.) under the action of alkaline catalyst. Among them, glycerol is the most common initiator for polymerization with ethylene oxide (EO) and propylene oxide (PO) to prepare polyether. Various general polyether can be produced by adjusting the ratio of EO and PO and changing the polymerization conditions. Polyether is the main raw material for the synthesis of polyurethane foam, which can be used to prepare adhesive and elastomer, and can also be directly used as non-ionic surfactant and defoamer. In the field of biomedicine, polyether generally refers to the thermoplastic polymer containing ether oxygen bond in the main chain of the molecule. According to the properties of reactants and reaction conditions, many polyether with different properties can be prepared. Medical polyether includes: ① epoxy resin, polymerization from aromatic diepoxy compounds, which has excellent chemical turbidity resistance and adhesion and is used as dental restorative materials; ② Polyethylene oxide can be used as a drug sustained-release carrier, etc.; ③ Polymethylene oxide, or paraformaldehyde, is used to make artificial heart valve frames and artificial joint; ④ Polyepoxypropane is used to make anticoagulant polyurethime elastomer, etc. In addition, ABA type block copolymer of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide can be used to make hydrogel dressings containing nitrate, and polyphenylene oxide can be used to make medical devices, etc.
即聚醚多元醇，又称多元醇撑羟基聚氧乙烯聚氧丙烯醚。一种无色或浅蓝色不挥发黏稠液态聚合物。即由环氧烷烃（如环氧乙烷、环氧丙烷、环氧丁烷）在碱性催化剂作用下与含活泼氢的起始剂（如丙三醇、乙二醇、丙二醇等）按阴离子开环聚合而得。其中以丙三醇为起始剂与环氧乙烷(EO)、环氧丙烷（PO)进行聚合制备聚醚最为通用，通过调节EO与PO配比、改变聚合条件可生产各种通用聚醚。聚醚是合成聚氨酯泡沫塑料的主要原料，可用于制备胶黏剂和弹性体，亦可直接用作非离子型表面活性剂和消泡剂。在生物医学领域，聚醚一般指分子主链中含醚氧键的热塑性聚合物。根据反应物的性质和反应条件，可制得许多性质不同的聚醚。医用聚醚有：①环氧树脂，由芳香二环氧化合物聚合而成，具有优良的化学耐浊性和黏结力，用作齿科修复料；②聚环氧乙烷，可用作药物缓释载体等；③聚氧化亚甲基，即聚甲醛，用于制作人工心瓣膜瓣架及人工关节等；④聚环氧丙烷，用于制作抗凝血的聚氨酯弹性体等。此外，氧化乙烯和氧化丙烯的ABA型嵌段共聚物，可用于制作含硝酸根的水凝胶敷料等，聚苯醚可用于制造医用器械等。
polyether
聚醚
The adhesive with linear polymer containing active groups or low molecular weight polymer as the base material is also called chemical reaction curing adhesive because it can undergo chemical reaction, polymerization or cross-linking to form a linear or body structure curing adhesive layer under certain conditions.
以含有活性基团的线型聚合物或者低分子量的聚合物为基料的胶黏剂，在一定的条件下发生化学反应，聚合或者交联成线型或者体型结构的固化物胶接层，故亦称为化学反应固化胶黏剂。
reaction adhesive
反应型胶黏剂
The alloy is made of copper nickel alloy and manganese. Manganese white copper contains 2% -44% Ni, 0.1% -28% Mn, and the rest is copper. When the content of manganese in alloy is high, it can be strengthened by the precipitation of compound MnNi phase, and become a heat treatment strengthened alloy. Manganese can improve the strength, elasticity, corrosion resistance and resistivity of white copper, reduce the adverse effect of excess carbon in white copper, and improve the processability of alloy. In the range of 0-lOO ℃, the temperature coefficient of resistance is very small, and the resistance value is stable. It has a moderate resistance coefficient and low thermal potential to copper, and is mainly used as a precision resistor for standard resistors, bridges, potential difference meters, and other resistance components for instruments and meters. Cu-20Ni-1.5Mn alloy (constantan) has low resistance temperature coefficient and can be used in a wide temperature range. Its heat resistance and corrosion resistance are better than Cu-12Mn-3Ni alloy, and it has good machinability. However, for copper with large thermal potential, it is only suitable for AC precision resistance, sliding resistance, starting or regulating transformer, resistance strain gauge, etc., as well as thermocouple and thermocouple compensation wire materials. Cu-40Ni-0.5Mn (copper) has high thermoelectric potential and good linearity of thermoelectric potential temperature curve, so it is used as negative materials of thermocouple.
以铜镍合金为基，加入锰配制成的合金。锰白铜含2%-44%Ni，0.1%-28%Mn，其余为铜。当合金中锰含量较高时，可借助化合物MnNi相的沉淀而强化，成为热处理强化型合金。锰能提高白铜的强度、弹性、耐蚀性和电阻率，降低白铜中过剩碳的不良影响，改善合金加工性能。在0-lOO℃范围内，电阻温度系数很小，阻值稳定，具有中等的电阻系数和低的对铜热电势，主要用作标准电阻，电桥，电位差计的精密电阻以及其他仪器仪表的电阻元件。Cu-20Ni-1.5Mn合金(康铜)具有低的电阻温度系数，可在较宽的温度范围内使用。其耐热，耐蚀性都优于Cu-12Mn-3Ni合金，并具有良好的可加工性能，但对铜热电势较大，只适宜做交流用精密电阻、滑动电阻、启动或调节变压器及电阻应变计等，也用于热电偶和热电偶补偿导线材料。Cu-40Ni-0.5Mn(考铜)具有高的热电势，而且热电势-温度曲线直线性好，用作热电偶负极材料。
manganese white copper
锰白铜
Also known as plastic period, it is a stage in polymerization of monomer polymer of dental resin materials. At this time, monomer and polymer are basically combined, no extra monomer exists, the sense of adhesion disappears, and it seems that the plastic surface is closed, and any shape can be formed at will, which is the most suitable period for filling operation. If the packing is too early, there is still sticky wire, which is difficult to operate, and the mixing flow has great mobility. Bubbles are easy to be generated during heat treatment. If the filling is too late, the plasticity will decrease due to the hardening of the litter, making it difficult to fill the mold box. The appearance time of doughing time is affected by room temperature, which is fast when the room temperature is high, and slow when the room temperature is low.
又称可塑期，是牙科树脂材料单体聚合体聚合过程中出现的一个阶段。此时单体与聚合体基本结合，无多余单体存在，黏着感消失，似可塑面闭状，可随意形成任何形状，是填塞型操作最适宜的时期。如填塞过早，则尚有黏丝，操作闲难，调和物流动性大，热处理时易产生气泡。填塞过迟，则由于凋和物变硬，可塑性降低，不易充满型盒。面团期的出现时间受室温的影响，室温高则快，室温低则慢。
doughing time
面团期
The deterioration and destruction of metallic materials and structures made of them due to chemical or electrochemical interaction with the environmental medium in the natural environment or working conditions is called corrosion.
金属材料以及由它们制成的结构物，在自然环境中或者在工况条件下，由于与其所处环境介质发生化学或者电化学作用而引起的变质和破坏，这种现象称为腐蚀。
corrosion
腐蚀
White solid, partially due to the inclusion of impurities in light yellow crystal, non hygroscopic, soluble in acetone, acetic acid, concentrated nitric acid, nitroglycerin, insoluble in water.
白色固体，部分由于含有杂质为浅黄晶体，不吸湿，可溶于丙酮、醋酸、浓硝酸、硝化甘油，不溶于水。
DNTF
二硝基偶氮氧化呋咱
In a certain temperature range, the dipoles are in an antiparallel arrangement, and do not show a net electric dipole moment on the macro scale. materials with this property are called antiferroelectric materials. Common antiferroelwtric materials include lead zirconate, lead hafnate, sodium niobate, ammonium dihydrogen phosphate, ammonium iodate and tungsten trioxide.
在一定温度范围内偶极子呈反平行排列，宏观上不呈现净电偶极矩，具有这种性质的材料称为反铁电体材料。常见的反铁电材料有锆酸铅、铪酸铅、铌酸钠、磷酸二氢铵、碘酸铵及三氧化钨等。
antiferroelectric materials
反铁电材料
See sensitized (etching/engraving) magnesium alloy plate.
见预涂感光胶镁板。
magnesium plate
镁板
The performance parameters of resin based composite materials with dimensional changes after moisture absorption are usually evaluated using the moisture expansion coefficient of composite (CWE)
树脂基复合材料吸湿后尺寸变化的性能参数，通常使用湿膨胀系数（CWE）来进行评价
moisture expansion coefficient of composite
湿膨胀系数
See doucai contrasting colors.
见斗彩。
to amuse oneself with color
逗彩
Also called electrophoretic paint, electrodeposited coating. Under the action of DC electric field, the resin binder in the paint is charged and moves towards the electrode with opposite charge (electrophoresis), loses charge on the electrode and deposits on the electrode (electrodeposition) to form a coatings film. When the film forming material of resin is anionic resin, it is anionic electrodeposition coating, also called anode electrodeposited coating; Conversely, it is called cationic electrodeposition coating, also called cathodic electrodeposited coating.
又叫电泳漆、电沉积涂料。在直流电场作用下，漆中的树脂成膜物带上电荷并向着带相反电荷的电极移动（电泳），在电极上失去电荷而沉积在电极上（电沉积）形成涂膜的涂料。树脂成膜物质为阴离子树脂时，是阴离子电泳涂料，也叫阳极电沉积涂料；反之.则称为阳离子电泳涂料，也叫阴极电沉积涂料。
electrodeposition coating
电泳涂料
It is a ceramics materials with ultra-low density, light weight and high strength. At present, it is mainly alumina hollow ball ceramics. Compared with dense refractory, this ceramics has the characteristics of low density, light weight, heat resistance, good thermal insulation performance, low heat capacity, etc. Compared with ordinary thermal insulation materials, it has the characteristics of high compressive strength, high refractoriness under load, low linear shrinkage rate of reburning, etc. It can not only be used as insulation layer, but also directly contact with the flame. It is an ideal lining structural materials for ultrahigh temperature furnaces with light structure.
具有超低密度，轻质，且有高强度的陶瓷材料。目前主要是氧化铝空心球陶瓷。这种陶瓷与致密耐火材料相比具有低密轻质、抗热、保温性能好、低热容量等特点，与普通隔热材料相比具有耐压强度高、荷重软化温度高、重烧线收缩率低等特件，不但可以做隔热层，也可以与火焰直接接触，是轻型结构超高温窑炉理想的内衬结构材料。
ultralight-weight high-strength ceramics
超轻质高强陶瓷
Instrument for measuring impact elasticity of rubber. Vulcanized rubber sample will undergo deformation after being impacted by the pendulum, making the macromolecule chain from curly to straight chain. When the external force is removed, the molecular chain will recover due to the internal stress, that is, it will rebound. The size of rebound is expressed as a percentage of the rebound work after the pendulum impacts the sample and the work done when the pendulum falls. When the pendulum is in the horizontal position, it has potential energy Pn. When it falls, its potential energy gradually decreases, and its kinetic energy gradually increases. When it contacts the sample, all of its potential energy becomes kinetic energy, and the pendulum impacts the sample. Some of its kinetic energy is consumed inside rubber (molecular chain movement, heat generation, etc.
测定橡胶冲击弹性的仪器。硫化橡胶试样收到摆锤冲击会发生形变，使高分子链由卷曲状态变成直链状，当外力去掉后，由于内应力作用分子链要恢复原状，即产生回弹。回弹的大小是以摆锤冲击试样后弹回功与摆锤落下时所做功的百分比表示。摆锤处于水平位置时，摆锤具有位能Pn当其落下时，所具有的位能逐渐减小，动能逐渐增加，到与试样接触时所具有的位能全部变为动能，摆锤冲击试样.其中一部分动能消耗在橡胶内部（分子链的运动、生热等。
impact toughness
冲击韧性
See ionomer.
见离子交联聚合物。
ionomer
离聚体
The resonance absorption of microwave energy by a solid under a certain external static magnetic field.
固体在一定外加静磁场下对微波能量的共振吸收。
cyclotron resonance
回旋共振
Tantalum is a very corrosion-resistant metal. Due to the high production cost, the addition of Mo, W, Hf and other elements can still form a type of alloy while maintaining its corrosion resistance. Tantalum is corrosion in hydrofluoric acid and hot alkaline solution, but it is resistant to corrosion in nitric acid and other media, and its behavior is similar to that of glass. Can be used at 70% nitric acid at 270 ° C, concentrated nitric acid below 150 ° C, hydrochloric acid at various concentrations below 190 ° C, and concentrated sulfuric acid. Tantalum begins to react with H2, N2, and O2 above 300 ° C, absorbs hydrogen at 350 ° C, reacts with nitrogen above 400 ° C and becomes brittle, and accelerates oxidation at 600 ° C. The generated TaN is prone to cracking and lacks protective properties. Tantalum is also resistant to corrosion of liquid metals. Tantalum has good workability, and its mechanical properties at room temperature are similar to those of medium carbon steel. There are few alloy based on tantalum, such as Ta-10W, Ta-8W-2Hf, Ta-10W-2.5Hf-0.05C, etc. The purpose of alloy is to improve the mechanical properties of tantalum, but it has a slight impact on its corrosion resistance. As a corrosion resistant alloy, tantalum is mainly used in sulfuric acid system, chlorine and its derivatives system, high-purity nitric acid, ammonium nitrate, terephthalic acid and other container linings, mixing blades, etc.
钽是一种非常耐蚀的金属。由于生产成本高，因此加入Mo、W、Hf等元素仍可在保持其耐蚀性的情况下形成一类合金。钽在氢氟酸及热碱液中发生腐蚀，但在硝酸等介质中很耐蚀，其行为与玻璃相似。能在270°C的70%硝酸、150°C以下的浓硝酸、190°C以下各种浓度的盐酸、浓硫酸下使用。钽在300°C以上开始与H2、N2、O2反应，350°C时吸氢，400°C以上与氮反应而变脆，600°C以氧化加速。生成的TaN易开裂而不具保护性能。钽还能耐液态金属的腐蚀。钽的加工性好，室温力学性能与中碳钢相近。以钽为基的合金品种不多，如Ta-10W、Ta-8W-2Hf、Ta-10W-2.5Hf-0.05C等。合金化的目的在于改善钽的力学性能，但对其耐腐蚀性稍有影响。作为耐蚀合金，钽主要用于硫酸系统、含氯及其衍生物系统、高纯硝酸、硝酸铵及对苯二甲酸等容器衬里、搅拌桨叶等。
corrosion-resistant tantalum alloy
耐蚀钽合金
A melting or thermal insulation equipment with a long history and simple structure, which is widely made of refractory metal, refractory or graphite. Put the metal furnace charge or liquid metal to be melting in the crucible, and use electricity, oil, gas or coke as fuel to heat outside the crucible. Since the metal charge in the crucible does not contact with the flame gas, the quality is pure.
一种历史悠久结构简单的熔炼或保温设备，广泛采用难熔金属、耐火材料或石墨制成。把要熔炼的金属炉料或金属液，放在坩埚中，用电、油、煤气或焦炭做燃料在坩埚外加热，因坩埚内金属料不与焰气接触，故质量纯净。
crucible furnace
坩埚炉
The chemical formula LaSrAl3O7: Eu2+. White powder. The tetragonal crystal system has excitation bands at 300-450nm, with peaks at 360nm, 394nm, and 411nm, respectively. The emission spectrum consists of a broadband peak at 517nm. Present green light emission. It can be effectively excited by near ultraviolet (300-450nm) and is an excellent green phosphor for white light LED.
化学式LaSrAl3O7:Eu2+。白色粉末。四方晶系，激发带位于300-450nm，其峰值分别位于360nm、394nm和411nm，发射谱由峰值位于517nm的宽带组成。呈现绿光发射。可被近紫外(300-450nm)有效激发，是优良的白光LED用绿色荧光粉。
lanthanum strontium aluminate activated by europium
铝酸镧锶：铕（Ⅱ）
Fluorescence materials that use semiconductor nano crystal such as CdSe or zinc sulfide as raw materials mainly use different crystal sizes to adjust the luminescence wavelength. Its preparation is generally completed by chemical synthesis to reduce the size of semiconductor crystal to a few nanometers and coating protection.
采用砸化镉(CdSe)或是硫化锌(ZnS)等半导体纳米晶体为原料的荧光材料，主要利用不同的晶体尺寸来调节发光波长。其制备一般是通过化学合成法将半导体晶体的尺寸缩小到数纳米并加以包覆保护等步骤来完成。
quantum dot phosphors
量子点焚光粉
Polymer that is polymerization by only one monomer, such as polyethylene and polyvinyl chloride. This designation only indicates the chemical composition of the monomer of the raw material, not the structure of the polymer. For example, different monomer can synthesize homopolymer with the same structure. The same monomer also has different homopolymer with different structures: head tail structure, head head structure or tail tail structure. In addition, there is isomerization polymerization.
仅由一种单体聚合而成的聚合物，例如聚乙烯、聚氯乙烯。此命名只表明原料单体的化学组成，而不说明聚合物的结构。例如不同的单体可合成相同结构的均聚物。而同一单体也得到不同结构的均聚物：头-尾结构和头-头结构或尾-尾结构。此外，还有异构化聚合。
homopolymer
均聚物
See primary crystallization.
见主期结晶。
die swell
出模膨胀
Slag splashing technology is a process technology that adjusts the slag during converter sleelmaking or modifies the end slag after tapping to make the K-MgO content reach saturation or supersaturation, and then uses nitrogen to blow slag onto the furnace wall to form a slag layer with high melting point, thus repairing the damaged part of the furnace wall
溅渣护炉技术是在转炉炼钢过程对熔渣进行调节或出钢后对终点渣进行改性使K- MgO含量达到饱和或过饱和.然后采用氮气将炉渣吹溅到炉壁上形成高熔点的熔渣层，由此修补炉墙受损部位的工艺技术
slag splashing
溅渣护炉
See Fluorescence and phosphorescence.
参见荧光和磷光。
cold light
冷光
Ultra-high strength steel with alloy element content more than 10%. The common ones are precipitation hardening stainless steel and maraging steel. Precipitation hardening stainless steel has significant strengthening effect mainly through precipitation of alloy carbide and imermetallif compound. Maraging steel mainly produces significant strengthening effect through aging precipitation of imermetallif compound. It uses ultra-low carbon content and adds a large number of alloy elements that can form imermetallif compound. The strength and fracture toughness of typical steel designation 18NU high alloy ultra-high strength -steel are very high, and they are widely used in the manufacturing of key structural parts in aerospace, marine engineering, national defense and military industry.
合金元素含量大于10%的超高强度钢。常见的有沉淀硬化不锈钢和马氏体时效钢。沉淀硬化不锈钢主要通过合金碳化物和金属间化合物的沉淀析出产生显著强化效果。马氏体时效钢主要通过金属间化合物的时效析出产生显著的强化效果，采用超低碳含量并加入大量可形成金属间化合物的合金元素，典型钢号18NU高合金超高强度钢的强度和断裂韧性均很高，广泛应用于航空航天、海洋工程及国防军工关键结构件的制造。
high alloy ultra-high strength -steel
高合金超高强度钢
The internal attachment of cells or tissues on the surface of materials. This adhesion is a mechanical, physical, chemical, and biological interaction. It is generally believed that bioattachment often occurs in the early stage of bioadhesion.
细胞或组织在材料表面上的内在附着。这种附着吋以是机械的、物理的、化学的和生物的相互作用。一般认为，生物附着常发生在生物粘连的早期阶段。
bioattachment
生物附着
Microballoon reinforcement can be divided into hollow microsphere and solid microsphere. Because they are complete spherical particles with smooth surface, low specific surface, uniform shape, non etching matrix, high thermal stability and great inertia, they are ideal fillers and reinforcement for resin matrix i.
微球增强体可分为空心微球和实心微球两类。因为它们是表面光滑的完整球粒，具有低的比表面积，形状匀称一I致.不刻蚀基体，热稳定性高而且惰性大，是树脂基i理想的填料和增强体。
microballoon reinforcement
微球增强体
Nanocrystal composite permanent-magnetic material has some remarkable characteristics, such as remanence enhancement effect and high theoretical magnetic energy product, which makes it become a magnetic materials with potential application prospects. These properties are mainly determined by the microstructure and magnetic interaction of the materials. Specifically, nanocrystal composite permanent-magnetic material usually include soft magnetic phase (such as CrFe and other soft magnetic materials) and hard magnetic phase (such as RE2Fe14B and other hard magnetic materials). The exchange coupling between these two different magnetic phases is the key factor, which makes the remanence greatly enhanced, thus improving the magnetic energy product of these materials. This means that these materials can store more magnetic energy in a smaller volume. In addition, through careful design and treatment of these materials, the exchange coupling between the soft magnetic phase and the hard magnetic phase can be further enhanced, thus improving their remanence and intrinsic coercive force. This usually involves magnetic treatment of materials, which can adjust the magnetic properties of materials to show higher magnetic properties. Theoretical calculation shows that the magnetic energy product of nanocrystal composite materials composed of hard magnetic phase (such as Nd2Fe14B) and soft magnetic phase (such as CrFe) can reach a very high value, even up to 100 kJ/m3. This high magnetic energy product makes these materials have great potential in permanent magnet applications, such as motors, generators, disk drives, etc. In a word, the characteristics of nanocrystal composite permanent-magnetic material mainly benefit from the exchange coupling between soft and hard magnetic phases, which makes them a promising candidate for high-performance permanent magnet material. The properties of these materials can be further improved by appropriate preparation and treatment methods to meet the needs of various applications.
纳米晶复合永磁材料具有一些显著的特性，如剩磁增强效应和较高的理论磁能积，使其成为具有潜在应用前景的磁性材料。这些特性主要是由该材料的微观结构和磁性相互作用所决定的。具体来说，纳米晶复合永磁材料通常包含软磁相（如CrFe等软磁材料）和硬磁相（如RE2Fe14B等硬磁材料）。这两种不同磁性相之间的交换耦合作用是关键因素，它使得剩磁大大增强，从而提高了这些材料的磁能积。这意味着这些材料能够在较小的体积内存储更多的磁能量。此外，通过精心设计和处理这些材料，可以进一步增强软磁相和硬磁相之间的交换耦合作用，从而提高其剩磁和内禀矫顽力。这通常涉及对材料进行磁场处理，这一过程可以调整材料的磁性性质，使其表现出更高的磁性性能。理论计算表明，由硬磁相（如Nd2Fe14B）和软磁相（如CrFe）组成的纳米晶复合材料的磁能积可以达到很高的值，甚至高达100 kJ/m3。这种高磁能积使得这些材料在永磁应用领域具有很大的潜力，如电机、发电机、磁盘驱动器等。总之，纳米晶复合永磁材料的特性主要得益于软、硬磁相之间的交换耦合作用，这使得它们成为高性能永磁材料的有前景的候选。通过合适的制备和处理方法，这些材料的性能可以进一步改进，满足各种应用的需求。
nano compositive rare earth magnet
纳米复合稀土磁体
It refers to the ink made by adding nano particles to the ink, or making the raw materials (such as binder, pigment, filler, etc.) to nano particles, and then mixing and dispersing them. Due to the unique size effect and surface effect of nano particles, the ink made from nano particles has the characteristics of high coloring power and strong hiding power. The dispersivity and aging resistance of pigment are improved, and the colour gamut of ink reproduction is increased and the printability is enhanced. Based on the preparation of different nanoparticles and the regulation of surface properties, environmentally friendly and functional inks with different characteristics can be developed to adapt to different printing processes, printing media, and application fields, and even achieve the manufacturing of optical and electrical components.
是指将纳米粒子添加到油墨中，或者将制造油墨的原材料(如连接料、颜料、填料等)制成纳米尺度的粒子，再经混合分散而成的油墨。由于纳米粒子具有独特的尺寸效应和表面效应，以纳米粒子为原料制成的油墨具有着色力高、遮盖力强的特点，颜料分散性和抗老化性能得到提高，油墨再现色域增大和印刷适性增强。基于不同纳米粒子的制备和表面性能的调控，可发展出不同特性的环保油墨和功能油墨，适应不同的印刷工艺、承印介质及应用领域，乃至实现光、电器件制造。
nano ink
纳米油墨
It refers to the biological cemmics materials that does not occur or has minimal reaction in the organism. Bioinert ceramics with high density and purity have good biocompatibility, excellent wear resistance, chemical stability and high mechanical strength.
指在生物体内不发生或发生极小反应的生物陶瓷材料。高密度、高纯度的生物惰性陶瓷具有良好的生物相容性，优良的耐磨性、化学稳定性，高的机械强度。
bioinert ceramics
生物惰性陶瓷
The graft copolymer resin was prepared by grafting polymerization of chlorinated polyethylene as the main chain and vinyl chloride monomer. According to the different CPE content, it can generally be divided into several categories: low chlorine content, medium chlorine content, high chlorine content, etc. The CPK content varies in terms of performance and usage. It has high mechanical strength and impact strength, excellent low temperature resistance, insulation, weather resistance, combustion resistance, high filling and solvent extraction resistance.
以氯化聚乙烯为主链与氯乙烯单体经接枝聚合反应制得的接枝共聚物树脂。根据CPE含量不同，一般可分为低氯含量，中氯含量，高氯含量等几类。CPK含量不同，性能与用途也不同。其机械强度和冲击强度较高，耐低温性、绝缘性、耐候性、抗燃烧性、高填充性和耐溶剂萃取性优良。
vinylchloride grafted CPE
氯乙烯接枝氯化聚乙烯树脂
It is a kind of crystal with montmorillonite as the main mineral. The main chemical components are SiO2 and Al2O3, while also containing a small amount of Na2O and K2O. Bentonite has cation exchange and adsorption properties "The silicon ion and aluminum ion in montmorillonite crystal are easily replaced by magnesium ion, resulting in excess negative charge on its surface. Hydrated cation such as sodium and calcium adsorbed between layers to neutralize negative charge is easily replaced by foreign cation, making bentonite have cation exchange performance. Cation exchange capacity is the main basis for judging the quality of bentonite. bentonite with higher CEC value has stronger expansion and adsorption capacity with greater negative charge. bentonite adsorption The functions can be divided into three types: physical adsorption, chemical adsorption and ion exchange adsorption. Bentonite is divided into metal based bentonite (sodium based bentonite, calcium based bentonite, etc.), hydrogen based bentonite (commonly known as active clay) and organic bentonite according to the type of interlayer cations. Metal based bentonite can be used to adsorb and remove heavy metal cations from water; Hydrogen based bentonite has surface activity and can adsorb colored substances and organic substances; The non-polar organic chains of organic cations adsorbed between organic bentonite layers enable them to have strong adsorption for organic pollutants. Adsorption capacity=bentonite absorbent is used to treat organic wastewater, remove heavy metal ions, treat organic sludge, decolour and remove phosphorus. Groundwater remediation, etc.
是一种以蒙脱石为主要矿物的晶体。主要化学成分为SiO2、Al2O3，同时含有少量的Na2O及K2O等。膨润土具有阳离子交换性和吸附性"蒙脱石晶体中的硅离子和铝离子易被镁离子置换而使其表面产生过剩负电荷。层间吸附的用来中和负电荷的钠、钙等水合阳离容易被外来的阳离子置换，使膨润土具有阳离子交换性能。阳离子交换容量是判断膨润土质量的主要依据，CEC值大的膨润土带负电量越大，其膨胀和吸附能力较强。膨润土吸附作用可以分为物理吸附、化学吸附和离子交换吸附三种类型。根据层间阳离子种类不同膨润土分为金属基膨润土（钠基膨润土、钙基膨润土等）、氢基膨润土（俗称活性白土）和有机膨润土。金属基膨润土可以用来吸附去除水中的重金属阳离子；氢基膨润土具有表面活性，能吸附有色物质、有机物质；有机膨润土层间吸附的有机阳离子的非极忭有机链使其对有机污染物具有较强的吸。附能力=膨润土吸附剂应用于处理有机废水、去除重金属离子、处理有机污泥、脱色、除磷。地下水修复等。
bentonite absorbent
膨润土吸附剂
The ceramics materials is prepared by imitating the structure of natural biomaterials, such as the fiber monolith structure of bamboo and wood and the layered structure of shell. In order to meet the needs of survival, natural biological materials often have very delicate structures after thousands of years of evolution. For example, bamboo and wood have an ordered fibrous structure, and along the fiber arrangement direction, bamboo and wood have excellent mechanical properties and resistance to damage.
仿照天然生物材料的结构（如竹木的纤维独石结构和贝壳的层状结构）制备的陶瓷材料。天然的生物材料为了适应生存的需要，经过成千上万年的演化，往往具有非常精巧的结构。例如，竹木具有有序的纤维状结构，沿着纤维的排布方向，竹木具有很好的力学性能和抗破坏能力。
biomimetic structure ceramics
仿生结构陶瓷
Add various alloy elements to make cast iron matrix form martensite and precipitate a large amount of alloy carbide, thus significantly improving the wear resistance of cast iron white wear resistance cast iron. Cast iron in alloy can be divided into Ni-hard cast iron (nickel chromium white cast iron), manganese tungsten (molybdenum) white cast iron and low chromium (chromium content 1.5%? 3%) white cast iron according to the type of alloy elements added.
加人各种合金元素.使铸铁基体形成马氏体并析出大量合金碳化物.从而明显提高铸铁耐磨性的白口耐磨铸铁。合金内铸铁根据加入合金元素的种类可分为：镍硬铸铁（镍铬白口铸铁）、锰钨 (钼）白口铸铁、低铬（铬含量1.5%?3%)白口铸。
alloyed white cast iron
合金白口铸铁
A type of igneous rock with low SiO2 content and high Na2O and K20 content.
一类SiO2含量较低而Na2O和K20含量较高的火成岩。
alkaline rock
碱性岩
See xxx series aluminum alloy.
见xxx系铝合金。
aluminum magnesium alloy
铝镁合金
It is also called polyaminoheptanoic acid polymer. It belongs to polyamide thermoplastic resin. Produced by polymerization of aminoheptanoic acid in aqueous solution under nitrogen atmosphere, it is molded and processed using injection molding, extrusion, molding, and drawing methods. It is used in industries such as machinery, automobiles, transportation, chemical engineering, electronics, and textiles, such as making gears, fibers with good moisture absorption, electrical housing, coil frames, etc.
又称聚氨基庚酸聚合物。属聚酰胺类热塑性树脂。由氨基庚酸在水溶液中于氮气气氛下聚合制得-吋采用注塑、挤出、模压、抽丝等方法成型加工，用于机械、汽车、交通、化工、电子及纺织等行业，如制作齿轮、吸湿性好的纤维、电器壳体、线圈骨架等。
poly (w-aminoenanthic acid) resin
尼龙7
See Czochralski growth.
见直拉生长。
czochralski method
Czochralski法
It is also called organic adhesive. The function of organic carrier is to mix and disperse metal powder, glass powder for bonding and other solid powder into paste slurry, so as to print it on ceramics substrate by screen printing. According to the usage situation, there are the following requirements for organic carriers: ① They should be chemically inert. When the carrier contacts with the body powder, no chemical reaction can occur. ② Can form suspension. The surface tension at the phase contact interface between the carrier and the same powder particle should be small to ensure good infiltration between solid and liquid. There should be polar groups in the liquid that can stabilize elonrolyte, and there should be no excessive coagulant to prevent the slurry from condensation and deterioration during long-term storage. ③ Moderate rheological properties. The combination of the carrier and solid powder particles may provide components of a network structure, forming a plastic flow thixotropic system. The viscosity of the carrier is required to be moderate and adjustable. ④ Moderate volatility. The saturated vapor pressure of the carrier should be lower at room temperature. But at a certain temperature, the solvent in it should be easily volatile. It can quickly evaporate at high temperatures, so that the screen printing slurry does not produce secondary flow phenomenon. ⑤ Good bonding performance. The carrier soaks on the surface of ceramics substrate. Therefore, its surface tension should be adapted so that it can firmly adhere to the substrate. ⑥ Other features. The carrier shall have no fixed boiling point and gradually vaporize and combustion during heating to avoid pinholes on the resistance film. The carrier is composed of solvent (volatile component), thickener (non-volatile component is also called coagulant), mobility control agent, surfactant, etc. Each component can be composed of one or several materials.
又称为有机黏合剂.有机载体的功能是把金属粉和作黏合用的玻璃粉及其他固体粉末混合分散成膏状浆料，以使用丝网印刷方法将其印刷在陶瓷基片上。根据使用情况，对有机载体有以下要求：①应是化学惰性物。载体与尚体粉末接触时，不能发生化学反应。②能形成悬浮。载体与同体粉粒相接触的界面上.表面张力应小，以保证固体与液体之间很好地浸润。液体中应有使电解质稳定的极性基团，不应有过量的凝结剂，避免浆料在长期存放时发生凝结变质。③有适度的流变性。载体与固体粉粒结合，可能提供网状结构的成分，形成塑流型触变系统。载体的黏度要求适中，并可调节。④有适度的挥发性。载体在室温下饱和蒸气压要低。但在一定的温度下.其中的溶剂应易挥发.在高温下能够迅速挥发，使网印的浆料不产生二次流动现象。⑤黏结性能好。载体浸润陶瓷基片表面.因此其表面张力应适应.使其能牢固地黏附在基片上。⑥其他特性。载体应无固定沸点，在加热过程中逐步汽化、燃烧，避免造成电阻膜上的针孔。载体由溶剂（挥发成分）、增稠剂(非挥发成分又叫凝聚剂）、流动性控制剂、表面活性剂等组成，每种成分可以由一种或数种材料组成。
organic carrier for conductive paste
导电浆料有机载体
Random copolymer prepared by free radical emulsion polymerization of 1,3-butadiene and styrene, 80% of butadiene chains are added at 1,4 position, mainly in trans structure, and about 20% are added at 1,2 position.
1，3-丁二烯和苯乙烯通过自由基乳液聚合制备的无规共聚物，80%的丁二烯链节在1,4位上加成，主要为反式结构，约20%在1,2位置上加成。
emulsion styrene-butadiene rubber
乳液丁苯橡胶
The three-way catalysts can play its three-way catalysis only in a very narrow working "window" close to the theoretical air-fuel ratio, and effectively remove the main pollutants CO, hydrocarbon and NOx in the exhaust gas. In most cases, the engine works under conditions that deviate from the theoretical air-fuel ratio. Therefore, it is required that there must be a materials among the catalytic materials that can provide a buffer for fluctuating exhaust gas composition. This materials is the three-way catalysts oxygen storage materials (OSC).
三效催化材料只有在接近理论空燃比的非常狭窄的工作"窗口"内，才能很好地发挥其三效催化作用，有效地去除废气中的主要污染物CO、碳氢氢化合物和NOx。由于大多数情况下发动机都是在偏离理论空燃比的工况下工作的.因此就要求催化材料中必须有一种材料能够对波动的尾气成分提供缓冲作用，这种材料就是三效催化材料储氧材料（OSC)。
oxygen storage materials for three-way analysts
三效催化材料的储氧材料
See stereoregular polymer.
见有规立构聚合物。
stereo regular polymer
立构规整聚合物
See electrophoto effect.
见电光效应。
Pauli exclusion principle
泡克耳斯效应
Phase transformation induced by high-energy particle radiation. Accelerators radiate high-energy particles electrons, neutrons, photons and heavy ions to materials, which will produce a large number of different types of crystal defect. These defects will strengthen diffusion, and a large part of irradiation induced transformation comes from diffusion strengthening.
高能粒子辐射诱发的相变。加速器将高能粒子——电子、中子、光子和重离子对材料进行辐射，将产生大量的不同类型的晶体缺陷，这些缺陷将强化扩散，辐射诱发相变中的一大部分来源于扩散的强化。
irradiation induced transformation
辐射诱发相变
Precious metals are the most active combustion catalytic materials, with high low-temperature catalytic combustion activity and anti poisoning ability. Under the action of precious metal catalytic materials, during the process of methane catalytic combustion, methane dissociation adsorption dissociation is methyl (CH3) or methylene (CH2), or formaldehyde (HCHO) is generated, and formaldehyde further reacts with oxygen adsorbed by precious metals to generate C02 and H2O. It is generally believed that formaldehyde, as an intermediate, will quickly decompose into CO and H2 once generated, instead of desorption into the gas phase in the form of formaldehyde molecules. In terms of methane catalytic combustion, only Pd and Pt have been widely used as catalytic materials because precious metals are relatively rare and volatile at high temperatures. The physical chemistry properties of Pd and Pt precious metal catalytic materials carriers will have a greater impact on their activities. Al2(): i is the most commonly used carrier with high specific surface area, and its specific surface loss is large under high temperature environment. Precious metal catalysts for gas combustion for natural gas combustion have poor high-temperature stability. When the temperature is above 1000-C, they will lose their activity due to the increase of precious metals particles, sintering, evaporation, etc. Therefore, the combustion catalytic materials is suitable for low or medium temperature combustion devices, such as flameless heaters, catalytic furnaces, tail gas purifiers, etc.
贵金属是活性最高的燃烧催化材料，具有很高的低温催化燃烧活性和抗中毒能力。在贵金属催化材料的作用下，甲烷催化燃烧的过程中，甲烷解离吸附吸附解离为甲基（CH3)或亚甲基（CH2)，或者生成甲醛（HCHO),甲醛再与贵金属所吸附的氧进一步反应生成C02和H2O。一般认为甲醛作为中间物质，一旦产生就快速分解为CO和H2,而不是以甲醛分子形式脱附到气相中。甲烷催化燃烧方面，由于贵金属比较稀有以及在高温下易挥发，只有Pd和Pt作为催化材料得到了广泛的应用。Pd、Pt贵金属催化材料载体的物理化学性质的不同会对其活性有较大的影响。Al2():i是最常用的高比表面积载体，在高温环境下其比表面大量损失。天然气燃烧贵金属催化材料高温稳定性较差，在1000-C以上高温时，会因贵金属粒子增大、烧结、蒸发等而失去活性。因此该燃烧催化材料适合应用于低温或中温燃烧装置，如无焰加热器、催化炉、尾气净化器等。
precious metal catalysts for gas combustion
天然气燃烧贵金属催化材料
Simple chain structured oxide minerals.
简单链状结构氧化物矿物。
pyrolusite
软锰矿
Growth by evaporation of aqueous solution.
用水溶液蒸发法生长。
sodium nitrite crystal
亚硝酸钠晶体
For aluminum alloy manufactured by powder metallurgy, the traditional process flow is manufacturing powder - pressing - sintering - finishing - heat treatment. Corrosion resistant parts with high precision, high strength, and light weight can be obtained. Due to the application of rapid condensation technology and mechanical alloy technology, powder metallurgy aluminium alloy has developed rapidly.
用粉末冶金方法制造的铝合金，传统的工艺流程为制造粉末-压制-烧结-精整-热处理。可以获得精度高、强度高、重量轻的耐腐蚀的零件。由于快速冷凝技术和机械合金技术的应用，粉末铝合金迅速发展。
powder metallurgy aluminium alloy
粉末铝合金
Also called fly ash. An industrial waste residue, which is a highly dispersed clay pozzolanic fine particle mixture material emitted from coal combustion, mainly composed of aluminosilicate. The particle size is generally between 1-50 μ M, with a porous structure. The porosity is generally 60% -75%, and the specific surface is 0.25-0.5m2/g, with a strong adsorption capacity.
又称飞灰。一种工业废渣，是煤炭燃烧排放的高度分散的黏土类火山灰性质的微细颗粒混合材料，主要由硅铝酸盐组成。其颗粒粒径一般在1-50μm之间，具有多孔结构.孔隙率一般为60%-75%,比表面积为0.25-0.5m2/g,具有较强的吸附能力。
fly ash absorbent
粉煤灰吸附剂
It refers to fibers with long-term use temperature above 200 ℃, high melting point and softening point, difficult degradation at high temperature, good dimensional stability, and certain resistance to hydrolysis and chemicals. Most of them are aromatic heterocyclic fibers, such as meta aromatic amide, polyarysulfone amide, polyazole, thiazole and imidazole, polyarysulfone, polyarylimide fiber, etc. These fibers have both good flame retardancy and self-extinguishing properties. Polyarylimides and imidazoles also have radiation resistance, while polyphenylene ethers can withstand ultra-high voltages. Its preparation methods are mainly low temperature solution polycondensation and wet spinning, some are dry spinning, and some are subject to high-temperature cyclization after treatment. High temperature resistant fiber is mainly used to prepare various protective clothing, including fire-fighting clothing, racing clothing, welding clothing, protective covers and gloves; Electrical insulation materials resistant to above 18O ℃; Special parachutes; High temperature dust and acid and alkali resistant filter materials; Honeycomb structural materials and blended clothing, etc.
指长期使用温度在200℃以上、熔点和软化点高、高温下不易降解和尺寸稳定性好、并具有一定耐水解和化学药品的纤维。多为芳杂环类纤维如间位芳酰胺、聚芳砜酰胺、聚嗯唑、噻唑和咪唑类、聚芳砜、聚芳酰亚胺纤维等。这些纤维兼有良好的阻燃性和自熄性，聚芳酰亚胺和咪唑类还具有抗辐射性，而聚苯醚类可耐超高电压等。其制备方法以低温溶液缩聚和湿法纺丝为主，也有采用干纺的，有些还需经高温环化后处理。耐高温纤维主要用于制备各种防护服，包括消防服、赛车服、焊工服及防护罩与手套；耐18O℃以上的电绝缘材料;特种降落伞;高温粉尘和耐酸、碱滤材;蜂窝结构材料和混纺衣料等。
high-temperature resistant fiber
耐高温纤维
Solid materials that can remove H2S from industrial waste gas by physical or chemical adsorption. Including reactive powders and porous adsorbents. Reactive powder mainly includes iron desulfurizer, zinc desulfurizer, copper manganese desulfurizer, etc. Iron: desulfurization: ferric oxide can oxidize H2S into sulfur under the action of oxygen or air, which is a classic and effective dry desulfurization method. Its process is simple, easy to operate, and low energy consumption, and is widely used in the desulfurization process of urban gas and natural gas; Zinc based desulfurizer: zinc oxide has slow vulcanization kinetics and insufficient regeneration capacity. During vulcanization, zinc oxide is easy to be reduced to zinc that is easy to gasify at high temperature, so it is gradually replaced by zinc ferrite.
通过物理或化学吸附作用脱除工业废气中H2S的固体材料。包括反应性粉剂和多孔吸附剂两类。反应性粉剂主要有铁系脱硫剂、锌系脱硫剂、铜锰系脱硫剂等。铁系：脱硫剂：氧化铁在氧气或空气作用下可把H2S氧化为硫单质，是经典而有效的干法脱硫方法，其工艺简单、操作容易、能耗低，被广泛应用于城市燃气、天i然气的脱硫工艺；锌系脱硫剂：氧化锌硫化动力学慢、再生能力不足，在硫化过程中氧化锌易被还原成在高温下易气化的锌，故逐渐被铁酸锌替代。
H2S solid adsorbent
H2S固体吸附剂
It is a method to measure the impact strength of macromolecule materials by vertically dropping a hemispherical dart from a known height onto a sample of suitable size to destroy the sample. There are two methods for adjusting energy during impact: ① step method, which uses the same energy increment during the experiment. After striking each sample, based on the observed results of the previous sample (whether it is damaged or not), the same increment of energy is reduced or increased. This method is the preferred method; ② Statistical method involves conducting experiments on each experimental group of at least 10 samples. Apply one energy to each group and change the energy in increments from one group to another. The change in energy in the experiment can be achieved by changing the falling mass by fixing the falling height or by changing the falling height by fixing the falling mass. The experimental results are expressed in terms of impact energy with a 50% failure rate, denoted by J, or the mass of the falling dart at the specified height (kg); Alternatively, it can be expressed as the drop height of the specified mass (m). This method is applicable to plastics films, sheets, plates or molded products. The sample can be directly molded or cut into circular or square pieces of specified size from the sheet material. The results of samples processed using different processing methods cannot be compared. The length and width of the thin film sample should be greater than 153mm, and the number should not be less than 30. The disadvantage of this method is that the different height method is related to speed, and different results may be obtained due to different strain rate of materials, so the fixed height method is preferred. Moreover, for some materials sensitive to speed, the results may be different if the above two methods are used.
采用头部呈半球形的镖由已知高度垂直下落到适宜尺寸的高分子材料试样上，使试样破坏测其冲击强度的一种方法。冲击吋调节能量的方法有两种:①阶梯法，实验时使用相同的能量增量，在打击每个试样后根据对前一个试样所观察的结果(破坏或不破坏)，减少或增加相同增值的能量，该法是优先选用的方法；②统计法，是对每组至少10个试样的实验组逐个进行实验。对每一组使用一个能量，从一组到另一组按增值改变能量。实验中能量的改变可以通过固定下落高度改变下落质量或者固定下落质量改变下落高度来实现。实验结果用50%破坏率的冲击能，用J表示，也可以用规定下落高度的落镖质量(kg);或用规定质量的下落高度(m)来表示。该方法适用于塑料薄膜、片材、板材或模制品。试样可直接模塑或从片材上切取规定尺寸的圆片或方片。用不同加工方式加工的试样结果不能比较。薄膜试样其长度和宽度尺寸均应大于153mm,数量不少于30个。该法的缺点是采用不同高度法时与速度有关，可能因材料应变速率不同而测得不同结果，因此优先选取固定高度法。而且对于某些对速度敏感的材料用以上两种方法测试，其结果可能不一样。
falling dart test
落镖冲击试验
It is also called Duoshui kaolinite and Xuyong stone. Layered silicate mineral are often mixed with Fe, Mg, Ca, Cr, Cu and other elements.
又称多水高岭石、叙永石。层状结构硅酸盐矿物，常有Fe、Mg、Ca、Cr、Cu等元素混入。
halloysite
埃洛石
It usually refers to complete demure or false teeth, also known as false teeth or demure. These teeth are made of synthetic resin or plastics materials to replace lost natural teeth. They are usually made by doctors or dentists based on the patient's oral needs and personalized tooth shape.
通常指的是全口义齿或假牙，也称为假牙或义齿。这些牙齿是用合成树脂或塑料材料制成的，用于替代丧失的天然牙齿。它们通常由医生或牙医根据患者的口腔需要和个性化的牙形制作而成。
plastic teeth
塑料牙
Alloy based on nickel. Nickel has y austenite with face-centered cubic structure. No allotropism transformation from room temperature to high temperature: usually 10% -25% chromium is added to nickel base alloy to ensure that alloy has good oxidation resistance and corrosion resistance. The alloy with solution strengthening is called nickel based solution strengthened alloy, which is made of Ta, Nb, Hf, Re, V and other refractory metal elements. In addition, a small amount of C, B, Zr or multiple microalloying elements are added to the nickel base alloy to strengthen the grain boundary. Nickel-base superalloy with solid strengthening and Y phase or/and phase strengthening is a nickel base precipitation strengthened alloy. Alloy with less element content in nickel base alloy and which can be deformed into profiles and parts blanks through hot working belongs to nickel base deformed alloy. alloy with more element content in alloy cannot be deformed by hot working. The alloy that can only be casting by remelting the parent alloy or directional solidification into parts or parts blanks is nickel base foundry alloy. Nickel base alloy is not easy to form TCP phase due to its good mechanical properties at high temperature and high organizational stability. It is widely used to make turbine blades and other parts used at high temperatures above 8001C.
以镍为基体的合金。镍具有面心立方结构的y奥氏体。从室温到高温没有同素异构转变》镍基合金通常加入10%-25%的铬元素，以保证合金具有良好的抗氧化、抗腐蚀性能。用Ta、Nb、Hf、Re、V等多种难熔金属元素进行固溶强化，只有固溶强化的合金称为镍基固溶强化合金。此外，镍基合金还加入少量C、B、Zr或多种微合金化元素进行晶界强化。具有固强强化和Y相或/相强化的镍基高温合金即镍基沉淀强化合金。镍基合金中合金元素含量较少且可以通过热加工变形制成型材和零件毛坯的合金属于镍基变形合金，合金元素含量较多的，不能热加工变形。只能通过重熔母合金浇铸或定向凝固成零件或零件毛坯的合金为镍基铸造合金。镍基合金由于高温力学性能良好，组织稳定性高，不易形成TCP相，广泛用于制作8001C以上高温使用的涡轮叶片等零件。
nickel-base superalloy
镍基高温合金
It is a composite containing sodium polysulfide and aluminum borate with a special structure. Blue powder. The color is bright, fresh, and has excellent heat resistance and light resistance. Good dispersibility, insoluble in water and organic solvents. Good transparency. Capable of withstanding most chemicals. But it is not acid resistant. Ultramarine blue has the function of whitening and coloring. It can eliminate yellow light in white products. It shall be used as appropriate in polyvinyl chloride lead containing formula.
是含打多硫化钠和特殊结构硼酸铝的复合物。蓝色粉末。色调艳丽、清新耐热性、耐光性均优。分散性能好，不溶于水和有机溶剂。透明性较好。能耐多数化学药品。但不耐酸。群青有增白和调色的作用。它能消除白色制品中的黄色色光。在聚氯乙烯含铅配方中应酌情使用。
ultramarine blue
群青
Single explosive, also known as explosion compound, is a explosion substance composed of a single compound, which can be divided into two categories: heavy explosive and primary explosive. However, the commonly called single explosive refers to heavy explosive. These compounds all contain some special groups, such as nitrate group (- ONO2), nitro group (- NO2), chlorate group (- ClO3-), perchlorate group (- ClO4-), azide group (- N3), azo group (- N=N -), etc. These groups are called explosive groups.
单质炸药，也称为爆炸化合物，为单一化合物组成的爆炸性物质，有猛炸药和起爆药两类，但通常所称的单质炸药是指单质猛炸药。在这些化合物中都含有某些特殊的基团，如硝酸酯基(—ONO2)、硝基(—NO2)、氯酸根(—ClO3-)、高氯酸根(—ClO4-)、叠氮基(—N3)、偶氮基(—N＝N—)等。这些基团称为爆炸性基团。
single explosive
单质炸药
When the degree of soil pollution exceeds the self purification capacity of the soil or the degree of soil desertification makes the soil unable to self repair, materials are artificially applied in the soil to restore the productivity of the soil and ensure the health and safety of crops. The materials mainly includes sand-fixing materials/sand fixation materials, soil conditioners, soil biodegradable materials, soil biodegradation catalytic materials, soil heavy metal pollution fixing agent, soil water retention materials, soil oil pollution degradation agent, soil fungicide, fluoride absorption plant, treating agent of fluorine contaminated soil, decomposition catalyst of pesticide residues in solid, degradation microorganism of pesticide residues in soils, adsorbent of pesticide residues in soils, soil heavy metal pollution vitrification process Soil heavy metal pollution fixing agent, etc.
当土壤受污染程度超出土壤自净能力或土壤荒漠化程度导致土壤无法自我修复时，为了恢复土壤的生产力，保证农作物卫生安全而在土壤中人为施加的材料。该材料主要包括固沙材料、土壤改良剂、土壤生物降解材料、土壤生物降解催化材料、土壤重金属固定剂、土壤保水材料、土壤石油污染降解剂、土壤杀菌剂、吸氟植物、土壤氟污染处理剂、土壤农药残留分解催化材料、土壤农药残留降解微生物、土壤农药残留吸附剂、土壤重金属玻璃化处理、土壤重金属固定剂等。
soil restoration materials
土壤修复材料
A technique in which ionizing radiation is applied to a substance to improve its quality and performance. Also known as radiation treatment. The processing process involves placing the substance to be processed in a radiation field emitted by a radiation source and receiving a certain dose of radiation. The main factors affecting radiation process are the type of radiation, energy, beam intensity and dose.
用电离辐射作用于物质，使其品质和性能得以改善的一种技术。又称辐射处理。加工过程是把待加工的物质置于辐射源发出的射线场中，接收一定剂量的照射。影响辐射加工的主要因素是射线种类、能量、束流强度和剂量。
radiation process
辐射加工
A kind of special glass that can maintain its integrity and heat insulation in the specified fire resistance test. Its function is to control the spread of fire or smoke, and it has the advantages of sound insulation and heat insulation. According to the fire resistance rating, it can be divided into three categories: Class A - fire-resistant glass that meets the requirements of fire integrity and fire resistance and heat insulation, including composite fire-resistant glass and cast-in-place fire-resistant glass; Class B -- marine fire-resistant glass, the glass plate on the outer surface is tempered safety glass, and the materials type of glass plate on the inner surface can be selected arbitrarily; Class C - single piece fire-resistant glass that only meets the fire integrity requirements.
一种在规定的耐火试验中能够保持其完整性和隔热性的特种玻璃，其作用是控制火势的蔓延或隔烟，具有隔音、隔热的优点。按耐火性能等级分为三类：A类--同时满足耐火完整性、耐火隔热性要求的防火玻璃，包括复合型防火玻璃和灌注型防火玻璃两种；B类--船用防火玻璃，外表面玻璃板是钢化安全玻璃，内表面玻璃板材料类型可任意选择；C类--只满足耐火完整性要求的单片防火玻璃。
fire-resistant glass
防火玻璃
Copper alloy directly formed by copper powder and other metal powder using powder metallurgy technology. With metal powder, products or parts of various shapes can be directly made by the traditional process of powder making, mixing, molding and sintering.
采用粉末冶金技术将铜粉和其他金属粉末直接成型的铜合金。用金属粉末可采用制粉、混料、压型、烧结的传统工艺直接制成各种形状的制品或零件。
powder metallurgy copper alloy
粉末铜合金
When the moisture content in wood is lower than the equilibrium moisture content, the absorption of water vapor and other liquid vapor from the air is called moisture absorption. Conversely, when the moisture content in wood is higher than the equilibrium moisture content, that is, when it is wetter than the atmosphere, the moisture in wood will evaporate into the air, which is called dehumidification. Wood has high porosity, huge surface area, adsorption and capillary tube condensation. When wood contacts with the water vapor, molecules of the this polar water vapor diffusion into long and thin pores between microfilaments in cell wall. When liquid molecules enter the cell wall, the long axis of the microfilament expands laterally, and the degree of expansion is proportional to the size and quantity of absorbed liquid molecules. When the effective hydroxyl positions inside the cell wall are fully occupied by the liquid, the water in the cell wall reaches saturation and moisture absorption stops. Wood placed in the atmosphere for a long time will reach a balance state when it reaches a certain degree. Whether wood absorbs or loses water from the atmosphere depends on the temperature and humidity of the surrounding atmosphere. The temperature and humidity of the air vary with region, season, weather, and morning and evening. When the temperature is constant but the relative humidity is different, the equilibrium moisture content of wood increases with the increase of the relative humidity of the atmosphere. On the contrary, when the relative humidity is constant but the temperature is different, the equilibrium moisture content of wood decreases with the increase of temperature. The hygroscopicity of wood is a bad property, which leads to the dimensional instability of wood, even warpage and cracking. At the same time, the physical and mechanical properties of wood also change with the moisture content of wood. Brush wood surface with coatings and paint, introduce polar liquids such as paraffin and pitch to combine with wood stem cells by hydrogen bond, which can reduce the hygroscopicity of wood and maintain dimensional stability.
当木材含水率低于平衡含水率时，从空气中吸取水蒸气及其他液态蒸气，称为吸湿。反之，当木材含水率高于平衡含水率时.即比大气湿润时，木材中的水分就会蒸发到空气中去，称为解湿。木材具有较高的孔隙率和巨大的表面积、具有吸附作用和毛细管凝结现象。当木材和水蒸气接触时，这种极性水蒸气的分子扩散到细胞壁中的微纤丝之间长而很细的孔隙中。液体分子进人细胞壁时，微线丝长轴侧向膨胀，膨胀程度与被吸收液体分子的大小和数量成比例。当胞壁内部有效羟基位置全被液体占据时，胞壁中的水分达到达到饱和.吸湿中止。长期置于大气中的木材到一定程度时就会达到平衡状态。无论木材从大气中吸取水分，还是散失水分都取决于周围大气的温度和湿度。空气的温度和湿度随地区、季节、天气、早晚不同而变化。在温度一定而相对湿度不同时，木材的平衡含水率随大气的相对湿度的增加而上升。相反，在相对湿度一定而温度不同时，木材的平衡含水率随温度的上升而减小。木材的吸湿性系一种不良的性质，导致木材尺寸不稳定，甚至发生翘曲和开裂。同时木材的物理力学性质亦随木材的含水率的变化而变化。用涂料和油漆涂刷木材表面，引用石蜡、沥青等极性液体借氢键与木材的干细胞结合，可以减低木材的吸湿性，保持尺寸的稳定性。
hygroscopicity of wood
木材吸湿性
The utility model relates to a copper nickel precision resistance alloy with medium resistance and low resistance temperature coefficient. Cu Ni alloy is a continuous solid solution structure, and its nominal composition is 55Cu-45Ni. Most alloy contain a small amount of Fe, Mn and Co, and the composition of practical alloy is Cu-39-41NH-2Mn, and the resistance temperature coefficient is very low. It is superior to magnanin alloy in corrosion resistance, workability and weld performance, but has high thermoelectric potential for copper. As a resistance alloy, constantan is mainly used in AC circuits, such as making precision resistors, slide wire resistors, regulating varistors and resistance strain gauges.
一种具有中等电阻和低电阻温度系数的铜镍精密电阻合金。Cu-Ni合金为连续固溶体组织，名义成分是55Cu-45Ni。多数合金中含有少量的Fe、Mn、Co，实用合金的成分为Cu-39-41NH-2Mn，电阻温度系数很低。在耐蚀性、加工性和焊接性方面均优于锰铜合金，但对铜的热电势很高。作为电阻合金，康铜主要限于在交流电路中使用，如用来制作精密电阻器、滑线电阻器、调节变阻器和电阻应变计等。
Konstantan alloy
康铜合金564
It is an ultra-high density optical recording materials, which is excited by laser frequency selection at low temperature, causes the change of material absorbance or fluorescence intensity through photochemical reaction, forms permanent spectral holes, and can code and record information. It is also called frequency domain optical storage materials.
在低温下经激光选频激发，通过光化学反应引起物质吸光度或荧光强度变化，形成永久性光谱孔，并能编码记录信息的一种超高密度光学记录材料，义称频域光学存储材料。
photochemical hole burning optical recording materials
化学烧孔记录材料
A heat treatment process in which hypo-eutectoid steel is heated to the temperature between Au, and a part of ferrite is retained after holding, and then rapidly cooled. It can obtain a dual phase structure of martensite and ferrite, with good uniform plasticity and ductility, and is widely used in the production of dual phase steel. As for mechanical parts, low heating temperature can refine austenite grains, reduce segregation of harmful impurities such as phosphorus, improve toughness of steel and reduce temper brittleness. Subthermal quenching can be heated to above Au and completely austenitized before cooling into the subtemperature zone for proper heat preservation before quenching, or it can be heated from low temperature to the subtemperature zone for proper heat preservation before quenching. The size of the first eutectoid ferrite precipitated along the austenite grain boundary is relatively large in the former, while the undissolved ferrite obtained in the latter is fine and evenly distributed, so the toughening effect of the latter is better.
亚共析钢加热到Au之间的温度保温后保留一部分铁素体，然后快速冷却的热处理工艺。可获得马氏体加铁素体双相组织，具有良好的均匀塑性和钿性，在双相钢生产中广泛采用。机械零件采用，由于加热温度低可使奥氏体晶粒细化，并使磷等有害杂质的偏聚现象减轻，可提高钢的韧性，减小回火脆性。亚温淬火可先加热到Au以上完全奥氏体化后降温进入亚温区适当保温后淬火，也可从低温加热升温进人亚温区适当保温后淬火，前者先共析铁素体沿奥氏体晶界析出的尺寸较为粗大，而后者得到的未溶铁素体呈细小均匀分布，因而后者的韧化效果更佳。
subthermal quenching
亚温淬火
See diffusion coefficient.
参见扩散系数。
intrinsic diffusion coefficient
本征扩散系数
See A Stress concrete.
见A应力混凝土。
chemical prestressed concrete
化学预应力混凝土
In the external magnetic field H, the ratio of the magnetization M to the magnetic field H, expressed in Z, is a dimensionless quantity in the International System of Units. The value indicates the difficulty of magnetize. The Z of different substances varies greatly, and the influencing factors also vary. Except for ferromagnetic and ferrimagnetism materials, the magnetic susceptibility of other materials is mainly determined by chemical composition. The magnetic susceptibility of ferromagnetic and ferrimagnetism materials is closely related to chemical composition, crystal structure, crystal structure, internal stress, etc., and is a tissue sensitive property.
在外磁场H中，物质的磁化强度M与磁场强度H的比值，用Z表示，在国际单位制中是一个无量纲的量。其数值的大小表示物质磁化的难易程度。不同物质的Z差别很大，影响因素也不同。除铁磁和亚铁磁性物质外，其他物质的磁化率主要决定于化学成分。铁磁和亚铁磁性物质的磁化率与化学成分、晶体结构、晶粒组织、内应力等都有密切的关系，是组织敏感特性。
magnetic susceptibility
磁化率
Modified fibers that are not prone to pilling on the surface due to friction. The methods of anti pilling include: ① appropriately reduce the molecule of polymer, so that the abrasion fastness and toughness of the fiber will decrease with the decrease of molecular weight, so that the fiber can fall off from the surface before being entangled; ② Changing the shape of the fiber section, modified cross-section fiber, such as "T" or "Y" shape, has higher bending modulus and is easy to break, and it is more difficult for the fiber to tangle into clusters than round fiber: ③ Reducing the percentage elongation after fracture of the fiber, such as polypropylene fiber, can significantly reduce its percentage elongation after fracture, which is an effective method to reduce the pilling tendency. Antipilling fiber is generally used for clothing and other civilian fabrics, such as children's and women's clothing, sweaters, sportswear, pants, socks, scarves, towels, blankets, etc., especially the high-grade external clothing fabrics have higher anti pilling requirements. Furniture fabrics also require fibers to have good pilling resistance.
经摩擦而表面不易起球的改性纤维。抗起球的方法有：①适当降低聚合物的分子，.使纤维的耐磨牢度与韧性随分子量降低而下降，使纤维还没有缠成结即能从表面脱落；②改变纤维断面形状，异形截面纤维，如"T"形或"Y"形，弯曲模量提高，且易折断，纤维缠结成簇就较圆形纤维困难：③降低纤维断裂伸长率，如聚丙烯纤维可明显降低它的断裂伸长率，是降低起球倾向的一种有效方法。抗起球纤维一般用于衣着及其他民用织物，如儿童及妇女服装、毛衣、运动衣、裤、袜、围巾、毛巾、毛毯等方面，尤其是高级的外用服装面料有更高的抗起球要求。家具布也要求纤维有较好的抗起球性能。
antipilling fiber
抗起球纤维
There are eight known crystal structures of alumina, and the commonly used crystal growth methods are: pulling method, guided mode method, bubbling method, heat exchange method and guided temperature gradient method. A-Al203 single crystal has a Mohs hardness of 9 (second only to diamond). In addition, it also has high strength, high thermal conductivity, high thermal shock resistance quality factor, corrosion resistance and other properties, making it widely used in infrared window, fairing, substrate and substrate, optical lens, detection window and other fields
氧化铝已知的晶型结构有八种，常用的晶体生长方法有：提拉法、导模法、泡生法、热交换法和导向温梯法等。a-Al203单晶莫氏硬度9(仅次于金刚石），另外，还具有高强度、高热导、高抗热冲击品质因子以及耐腐蚀等性能，使其广泛应用于红外窗口、整流罩、基片和衬底、光学镜片、探测窗口等领域
alumina single crystal
氧化铝单晶
See pervaporation membrane
见透析蒸发膜
osmotic pressure membrane
渗透气压膜
Artificial devices that can replace the function of heart valves, used as replacements for diseased heart valves, to save patients' lives or improve their quality of life. The human heart has four valves to control the flow of blood through the heart in a single direction. When valve disease occurs, such as valve stenosis or incomplete closure, an artificial valve needs to be replaced.
能替代心脏瓣膜功能的人造器件，用于病变心脏瓣膜的置换物，以拯救患者生命或提高生活质量。人的心脏有四个瓣膜以控制血液经心脏向单一方向流动。当瓣膜发生病变.如瓣狭窄或.闭锁不全，需用人工瓣膜进行替换。
artificial heart valve
人工心脏瓣膜
Also known as poly (carborane siloxane). The structure of polyborosiloxane PB is similar to polysiloxane. It is a kind of polymer formed by replacing some Si atoms in the main chain of polysiloxane with B atoms. Functional macromolecule materials is a macromolecule and its composite materials with chemical reactivity, photosensitivity, conductivity, catalysis, biocompatibility, pharmacology, selective separation, energy conversion, magnetism and other functions.
又称聚（卡硼烷硅氧烷）。聚硼硅氧烷PB的结构与聚硅氧烷类似，是聚硅氧烷主链中的部分Si原子被B原子取代而形成的一类聚合物。功能高分子材料(functionalpolymersmaterial)具有化学反应活性、光敏性、导电性、催化性、生物相容性、药理性、选择分离性、能量转换性、磁性等功能的高分子及其复合材料。
polycarborane-siloxane
聚（碳硼烷硅氧烷）
A cyclic silicate mineral with chemical composition of (Ca, Fe, Mn, Mg) 3Al2BSi4O15 (OH). It is a plate shaped crystal or aggregate, usually in a wide and thin wedge shape. Brown, purple, purple brown, brown yellow, and blue.
一种环状硅酸盐矿物，化学成分为(Ca，Fe,Mn，Mg)3Al2BSi4O15(OH)。呈板状晶体或集合体，常见宽薄的楔形。褐色、紫色、紫褐色、褐黄色及蓝色。
axinite
斧石
See abrasive wear.
参见磨料磨损。
abrasive wear
研磨式磨损
Alloy tool steel suitable for manufacturing dies (such as hot pressing dies, forging dies, die-casting dies, etc.) for hot deformation processing of steel and other metal alloy. Hot-working die steel should have certain high temperature strength, thermal fatigue resistance, oxidation resistance, wear resistance and toughness, as well as high hardenability and small heat treatment deformation. The carbon content of hot work die steel is generally 0.3% -0.5% white (too high carbon content will make the plasticity, toughness and thermal conductivity worse. Too low carbon content will make the hardness and wear resistance fail to meet the requirements), and contains alloy elements that strengthen ferrite and improve hardenabilhy.
适合于制造对钢及其他金属合金进行热变形加工的模具（如热压模、锻模、压铸模等）用的合金工具钢。热作模具钢应该具有一定的高温强度、抗热疲劳性、抗氧化性、耐磨性和韧性，还应具有高淬透性和较小的热处理变形。热作模具钢的碳含量一般在0.3%-0.5%的范围白（碳含量过高将使塑性、韧性和导热性变差。碳含量过低则使硬度、耐磨性达不到要求），含有强化铁素体及提高淬透性的合金元素。
hot-working die steel
热作模具钢
Materials containing fissile nuclides that can realize self-sustaining nuclear fission chain reaction in the reactor internal energy. It mainly includes uranium 235, plutonium 239 and uranium 233.
含有易裂变核素、在反应堆内能实现自持核裂变链式反应的材料。主要有铀235、钚239和铀233。
fission fuel
裂变核燃料
It is used to describe the physical constants of crystal, such as refractive index, expansion index and other properties that vary with the direction. Different crystal have different anisotropic constants
用来描述晶体的物理常数.如折射率、膨胀率等随方向不同而异的性质。不同晶体各有不同各向异性常数.
constant in anisotropy of crystal
晶体各向异性常数
It is called non macroporous cement (MDF), new inorganic materials or cement plastics in foreign countries. Between 1980 and 1984, it was jointly developed by the University of Oxford in the United Kingdom and the British Chemical Industry Corporation. Its remarkable characteristic is that it has extremely high bending strength, which can generally reach more than 70MPa, and the maximum is 150MPa. This materials is called elastic cement in China because of its strange rubber like elasticity during processing.
在国外称为无大孔水泥（MDF)、新型无机材料或水泥塑料等。1980-1984年期间.由英国牛津大学和英国帝闰化学工业公司联合研制成功。其显著特性是具有极高的抗折强度，一般可达70MPa以上，最高为150MPa。由于这种材料在加工过程中呈现奇异的橡胶状弹性，故在我国称之为弹性水泥。
elastic cement
弹性水泥
Gas solid suction and discharge refers to the process of absorbing and releasing hydrogen using high-pressure gas cylinders and homomorphic hydrogen storage materials. High pressure gas cylinders are required for gaseous hydrogen absorption and release. Hydrogen gas is pressurized and stored in a gas cylinder. Release it when needed. This is a traditional and commonly used method. Its disadvantage is that it requires a thick pressure resistant container and consumes a large amount of oxygen contraction work, resulting in unsafe factors such as hydrogen leakage and container explosion. Hydrogen absorption and desorption of interstate hydrogen storage materials is to store hydrogen in interstate materials through chemical reaction or physical adsorption. Release it when in use. High bulk density of hydrogen storage. High safety, convenient transportation and easy operation, mainly including metal hydride, coordination hydride and porous adsorption materials. But there are high technical requirements for heat exchange and hydrogen storage powder.
气固态吸放氣指利用高压气瓶和同态储氢材料进行吸收和释放氢的过程。气态吸放氢需要高压气瓶。氢气经过加压，存入气瓶中。需要用时再放出。这是一种传统的常用方法。其缺点是需要厚重的耐压容器，并要消耗较大的氧气缩功，存在氢气易泄漏和容器爆破等不安全因素。间态储氢材料吸放氢是通过化学反应或物理吸附将氢气储存于间态材料中。使用时再进行释放。储氢体积密度大。安全度高、运输方便、操作容易，主要有金属氢化物、配位氢化物和多孔吸附材料等。但是对热交换以及储氢粉末有很高的技术要求。
the gas solid state hydrogen absorption and desorption
气固态吸放氢
Photonic crystal refers to the periodic arrangement of materials with different dielectric constant (or refractive index) in space, in which the dispersion curve of the light wave propagated will be banded. When the period of this spatial orderly arrangement is at the same order of magnitude compared with the wavelength of light, and the contrast of refractive index changes is large, "photonic band gap" (PBG) similar to semiconductor band gap may appear between bands, Electromagnetic waves with energy falling within the "photonic bandgap" are prohibited from propagating.
光子晶体是指介电常数（或折射率）不同的材料在空间周期性排列，在其中传播的光波的色散曲线将成带状分布，当这种空间有序排列的周期与光的波长相比位于同一量级而折射率的变化反差较大时，带与带之间有可能会出现类似于半导体禁带的"光子禁带"（phmonicbandgap;PBG)，能量落在"光子禁带"中的电磁波被禁止传播。
photonic crystal
光子晶体
The total length of dislocation lines contained in a unit volume.
单位体积中所包含位错线的总长度。
dislocation density
位错密度
Under the action of electric field, the energy consumed by dielectric in unit time includes leakage loss, ionization loss, polarization loss and structure loss. This energy loss is manifested as medium heating. Dielectric loss is related to materials composition, operating frequency, ambient temperature, humidity, load size and action time.
电介质在电场作用下，单位时间内消耗的能量包括漏电损耗、电离损耗、极化损耗和结构损耗等。这种能量损耗表现为介质发 热。介质损耗与材料组成、工作频率、环境温度、湿度、载荷大小和作用时间有关。
dielectric loss
介电损耗
Zirconium aluminum alloy powder and titanium titanium alloy powder are uniformly mixed in a certain proportion and pressing on the nickel belt or nickel plated belt to make composite materials containing both getter materials and mercury releasing agent. Divided into single sided strips, where two types of mixed powder are pressed onto one side of the strip material; The double-sided tape means that one side of the tape pressing zirconium aluminum powder and the other side pressing titanium mercury powder. Single sided strips can be further divided into edge retaining and segmented types. Since this materials can strictly control the proportion of the two alloy powder, it can ensure both mercury release and gas absorption.
锆铝合金粉末与钛钛合金粉末按一定比例均匀混合后压制在镍带或镀镍带上制成的既含有吸气剂材料又含有释汞剂的复合材料。分为单面带即将两种混合粉压在带材一面上；双面带即带材的一面压制锆铝粉而另一面压制钛汞粉。单面带又分为留边型、分段型等。由于该种材料可以严格控制两种合金粉的比例，所以既可保证释汞量又可保证吸气性。
zirconium aluminum-titanium amalgam alloy strip
锆铝-钛汞合金带
The ratio of strain to stress at any time during creep of materials.
材料蠕变过程中任意时刻的应变与应力之比值。
creep compliance
蠕变柔量
See calomel electrode
见甘汞电极
three electrodes
三电极
See reacting injection molding polyamide.
见反应注塑成型聚酰胺。
rim nylon
RIM尼龙
Monomer or prepolymer with at least two reactive epoxy groups in its molecular structure. Its epoxy value refers to the amount of epoxy group contained in 100g of resin
分子结构中含至少两个反应性环氧基的单体或预聚体.其环氧值指在100g树脂内所含环氧基的物质的量.
epoxy resin
环氧树脂
In order to solve the problem that the main charge of pyrotechnic charge is difficult to ignite, intermediate charge is added between the igniter/ignition composition and the main charge (to reliably transmit and expand the flame of the igniter and ignite the main charge). The intermediate charge is generally composed of the igniter and the main charge in a certain proportion, which is usually 1:1
为了解决烟火药型主装药难以被点燃的问题，在引燃剂/点火药和主装药之间增加过渡药（用以可靠地传递、扩展引燃剂的火焰并引燃主装药）。过渡药一般由引燃剂与主装药按一定的比例均匀混合而成，二者的比例通常为1:1.
intermediate charge
过渡药
Also called bluish, it is a surface treatment process to form a dense Fe3O4 film on the surface of steel workpiece. The thickness of the compact Fe3O4 film is several microns, and the color is dark blue, black, purple or brown. Immersing it in antirust oil for sealing treatment will significantly improve the corrosion resistance of the workpiece. Widely used for parts that work in oil below 200 ℃ and require a black and blue appearance to improve corrosion resistance and produce decorative effects.
又称发蓝，使钢铁工件表面形成四氧化三铁致密薄膜的表面处理工艺。该四氧化三铁致密薄膜的厚度为数微米，色泽呈深蓝、黑、紫或褐等颜色，使之浸入防锈油进行封闭处理后将明显提高工件耐腐蚀性。广泛用于在200℃以下的油中工作的零件和要求具有黑、蓝色外观的零件，以提高耐蚀性和产生装饰效果。
blackening
发黑
A fuel cell uses an intermediate polymer that conducts protons (H1) as an electrolyte. Sometimes called polymer electrolyte fuel cell or homopolymer polymer fuel cell. The most commonly used intermediate polymer electrolyte is perfluorinated sulfonic acid polymer. Compared with other types of fuel cell, proton exchange membrane fuel cell have the lowest operating temperature, so they are sometimes called low-temperature fuel cell. The output power of proton exchange membrane fuel cell is from several watts to tens of kilowatts, which can be started instantly at room temperature, and the impact of shutdown on its performance is far less than that of other fuel cell with high temperature. Therefore, this kind of fuel cell is the best choice for backup power, portable power and vehicle power supply. Such fuel cell generally use precious metals as catalysts for anode and cathode. Due to the low operating temperature of this type of fuel cell, the catalyst in the electrode is easily poisoned by sulfur compounds and carbon monoxide. In the presence of CO, the anode should use a catalyst with strong poisoning resistance, such as Pt, Ru alloy.
使用传导质子（H1)的间体聚合物作为电解质的燃料电池。有时被称为聚合物电解质燃料电池或同体聚合物燃料电池。最常用的间体聚合物电解质为全氟的磺酸聚合物。相对于其他类型的燃料电池，质子交换膜燃料电池工作温度最低，所以有时也被称为低温燃料电池。质子交换膜燃料电池输出功率在几瓦到几十千瓦，可以在室温瞬间启动，且庐停对其性能衰减的影响远小于其他温度比较高的燃料电池，因此，这类燃料电池是备用电源、便携式电源和车用动力电源的最佳选择。这类燃料电池一般要使用贵金属作为阳极和阴极的催化剂。由于这类燃料电池的工作温度较低，电极中催化剂很容易受含硫化合物和一氧化碳的毒化。在有CO存在的情况下，阳极应该用抗中毒能力较强的催化剂，如Pt、Ru合金。
proton exchange membrane fuel cell
质子交换膜燃料电池
A type of igneous rock with a silicon dioxide content of 45% -53%. The main minerals are pyroxene and basic plagioclase, followed by olivine, amphibole, biotite, etc. Metal minerals include ilmenite and magnetite. No quartze or very low quartze content. Most of them are dark gray with high density.
二氧化硅含量在45%-53%的一类火成岩。主要矿物为辉石、基性斜长石，其次为橄榄石、角闪石、黑云母等。金属矿物有钛铁矿、磁铁矿。不含石英或石英含量极低。多呈深灰色，密度较大。
basic rock
基性岩
Under appropriate conditions, acids, alkali metals, salts, etc. can enter the graphite interlayer to form graphite interlayer compounds, which can be rapidly decomposed when rapidly heated to an appropriate temperature. A large amount of gas is generated to expand graphite along the axis into vermicular material, namely expanded graphite. It can be used to prepare flexible graphite, heavy oil adsorption materials, even graphene materials, etc.
在适当条件下，酸、碱金属、盐类等可进入石墨层间形成石墨层间化合物，将其快速加热到适当温度时，可瞬间迅速分解。产生大量气体，使石墨沿轴方向膨胀成蠕虫状材料，即膨胀石墨。可用于制备柔性石墨、重油吸附材料、甚至石墨烯材料等。
expanded graphite
膨胀石墨
Cured rubber powder is a reactive elastomer powder obtained by surface activation or conditioning treatment. The manufacturing methods of active waste rubber powder that have realized industrial production mainly include saturated vulcanization accelerator treatment method and liquid macromolecule/vulcanizing agent treatment method.
硫化胶粉经表面活化处理而得到的具有反应活性的弹性体粉末。已经实现工业化生产的活化胶粉制造方法主要有饱和量硫化促进剂处理法和液体高分子/硫化剂处理法。
active waste rubber powder
活化胶粉
The monomer of isoprene is obtained by solution polymerization. polymerization under different conditions will produce polymer isomers with different structures. As rubber, there are three main structures: cis-1,4-polyisoprene, trans-1,4-polyisoprene, and 3,4-polyisoprene. The glass transition temperature varies depending on the structure. The structure of polyisoprene rubber is similar to natural rubber, but there are differences in microstructure, molecular structure and polar groups between the two, resulting in differences in physical and mechanical properties and chemical properties. The strength of crude rubber of polyisoprene rubber is significantly lower than that of natural rubber. The adhesion, elastic modulus, tear strength, high temperature strength, wear resistance and fatigue life of polyisoprene rubber are not as good as those of natural rubber, but it has higher elasticity and better cold resistance.
由异戊二烯单体经溶液聚合而得，在不同条件下聚合，会产生结构不同的聚合物异构体，作为橡胶主要有三种结构：顺式-1,4-聚异戊二烯、反式-1，4-聚异戊二烯、3,4-聚异戊二烯。玻璃化温度因结构不同而异。聚异戊二烯橡胶的结构与天然橡胶类似，但二者在微观结构、分子结构及极性基团等方面存在差异，致使在物理机械性能和化学性质上呈现差别。聚异戊二烯橡胶的生胶强度显著低于天然橡胶，聚异戊二烯的黏结性、弹性模量、撕裂强度、高温强度、耐磨性、疲劳寿命都不如天然橡胶，但具有较高的弹性、较好的耐寒性。
polyisoprene rubber
聚异戊二烯橡胶
See Williams'parallel plate plastometer.
见威氏塑性计。
parallel plate plastometer
平行板塑性计
It is a membrane like material with selective separation function. Membrane separation technology refers to the selective separation of mixtures of molecules with different particle sizes at the molecular level when passing through a semi permeable membrane.
是具有选择性分离功能的膜状材料。膜分离技术是指在分子水平上不同粒径分子的混合物在通过半透膜时，实现选择性分离的技术。
membrane separation materials
分离膜
With large saturated magnetostriction（ λ s) Alloy of λ Generally greater than 30X10 ^ 6.
具有大的饱和磁致伸缩（λs)的合金，其λs-般大于30X10^6。
high magnetostriction alloy
高磁致伸缩合金
The chemical formula Sr2MgSi2O7: Eu2+, Dy3+. Tetragonal crystal system, a=b=0.79957nm, c=0.51521nm. The excitation peak is located at 360nm and belongs to broadband excitation. Under uv excitation, the main emission peak wavelength is 469 mn blue fluorescence.
化学式Sr2MgSi2O7:Eu2+,Dy3+。四方晶系，a=b=0.79957nm，c=0.51521nm。激发峰位于360nm，属于宽带激发。在紫外激发下，发射主峰波长为469mn的蓝色荧光。
strontium magnesium silicate activated by europium and dysprosium
硅酸锶镁：铕（Ⅱ），镝（Ⅲ）
Austenitization is the basic process of heat treatment of steel materials and the basis of the subsequent austenite ferrite phase transformation. Austenitization can be roughly divided into four stages: austenite nucleation formation, austenite nucleation growth, residual ferrite transformation (hypo-eutectoid steel) and residual carbide dissolution (hypereutectoid steel), and austenite homogenization.
奥氏体化是钢铁材料热处理的基本过程，是随后发生奥氏体-铁素体相变的基础。奥氏体化大致分为四个阶段：奥氏体晶核形成、奥氏体晶核长大、残余铁素体转变（亚共析钢）及残余碳化物溶解（过共析钢）、奥氏体均匀化。
austenitization
奥氏体化
The theory of studying the chemical bonding states in transition metal element compounds (or complexes).
研究过渡族金属元素化合物（或络合物）中化学键合状态的理论。
crystal field theory
晶体场理论
It is a macromolecule materials that is filled in the tooth cavity to restore the tooth anatomy when treating tooth caries. The main components of dental resin filling materials are basic monomer, inorganic filler, active diluents, initiator and promoter of polymerization reaction, stabilizer, etc.
是一种在治疗牙齿龋坏时，充填于牙齿窝洞以恢复牙齿解剖形态的高分子材料。复合树脂充填材料的主要成分为基础单体、无机填料、活性稀释剂、聚合反应引发剂和促进剂及稳定剂等。
dental resin filling materials
复合树脂充填材料
In the crystalline phase, the macromolecule chains are clustered and arranged in a tight order, until the temperature rises to melting temperature (Tm), the melting of crystalline phase and the movement of molecular chains occur. The higher the crystallinity, the higher the melting point of materials, and the more heat it needs to absorb for melting.
在结晶相中，大分子链聚集排列得紧密有序，直至温度升高至熔融温度（Tm)才出现晶相的熔化和分子链的运动。结晶度越高，材料的熔点越高，熔融所需吸收的热量越多。
crystallinity by enthalpy measurement
热焓法结晶度
It is a method to determine the number average molecular weight of polymer by group analysis. When the end of the macromolecule chain contains special groups (such as carboxyl, hydroxyl, amino, etc.), and these groups are different from the chemical structure of the rest of the molecular chain, the number of end groups can be quantitatively analyzed by titration or other analytical methods. Since the number of end groups of each polymer chain is determined, the molecular weight of polymer can be calculated by analyzing the number of end groups in a certain mass of sample × Below 10 ^ 4.
是利用基团分析测定聚合物数均分子量的一种方法。高分子链的末端含有特殊的基团（如羧基、羟基、氨基等），且这些基团与分子链其余部分化学结构不同时，可用滴定或其他分析方法定量分析末端基团的数目。由于每一高分子链末端基团数是确定的，因此在一定质量的试样中，就可以借助分析末端基团的数目来计算聚合物的分子量》此法适用的分子量在3×10^4以下。
end group analysis
端基分析法
The steel pipe is formed by heating strip steel in furnace, forming and weld. There are two manufacturing methods: ① discontinuous furnace welding method. During forming and weld, bell jar mold method is used. Low carbon strip steel with a width slightly wider than the circumference of the pipe and a certain length is put into a special soaking pit with a heat storage chamber for heating. When the edge of strip steel reaches the weld temperature, clamp the front end of strip steel with a clamp and conduct drawing through the bell jar mold. Before the strip steel passes through the mold, blow air on both sides to blow away the scale on the strip steel, and at the same time use oxidation to generate high temperature to obtain good weld effect. Then use high-pressure water to remove the iron scale on the excluded surface, and then remove the iron scale on the inner wall of the descaling machine. This method is the oldest method in welded pipe production. Poor labor conditions, low production efficiency, and poor weld quality have gradually been eliminated; ② The continuous furnace welding method, also known as the Fretz Moon furnace welding method, uses a long strip steel coil. A flash welder is used to weld a number of coil heads and tails together to form a headless strip steel, which is placed in a looper device. The strip steel coming out of the looper device is quickly heated by a narrow and long soaking pit. The heating time is 20-80s, and the two sides of the strip steel are heated to the weld temperature (about 1350 ° C). After being taken out of the furnace, the iron scales are blown off with compressed air, and then enter the weld molding machine. The weld forming machine is alternately equipped with vertical rolls and flat rolls, with a total of more than ten pairs of roll. strip steel is processed into steel pipes through forming, weld, reducing and other processes. The Fretz Moon method is characterized by high production efficiency and weld speed of 300-500m/min; Equipped with tension reducing mill, welded pipes of different sizes can be produced from strip steel of the same size; Not suitable for small-scale production; Only used for producing relatively low-grade steel pipes such as gas pipes, water pipes, and wire pipes; Due to the limitations of the heating process, only smaller diameter pipes should be produced, with a maximum diameter of approximately 115mm.
将带钢在炉内加热，经成型和焊接而成的钢管。制造方法有两种:①非连续炉焊法，在成型和焊接时采用钟罩式模具的方法，将宽度比管子周长稍宽和一定长度的低碳带钢，放入带蓄热室的特殊加热炉中加热，当带钢边缘达到焊接温度时，用夹具夹住带钢前端，通过钟罩式模具进行拉拔而成。在带钢即将通过模具前，在两侧吹风，将带钢上的氧化铁皮吹走，同时利用氧化产生高温以得到良好焊接效果。然后用高压水去除外表面铁鳞，再在除鳞机上去除内壁的铁鳞。此法是焊管生产中最古老的方法。劳动条件差，生产效率低、焊缝质量差，已逐渐被淘汰；②连续炉焊法，又称Fretz-Moon炉焊法，采用的带钢是长带卷，用闪光焊机将多个带卷头尾焊在一起，成为无头带钢，将其放在活套装置内，从活套装置出来的带钢通过狭长的加热炉快速加热，加热时间20-80s,将带钢两边加热到焊接温度(1350°C左右)，出炉后用压缩空气吹去铁鳞，再进入焊接成型机。焊接成型机机由立辊和平辊交替配置，共十几对轧辊，带钢经过成型、焊接、减径等工序加工成钢管。Fretz-Moon法特点是:生产效率高，焊接速度达300-500m/min;配有张力减径机可用相同尺寸的带钢生产出不同尺寸的焊管；不适宜小批量生产；只用于生产煤气管、自来水管和电线管等比较低级的钢管；受加热工序限制，只宜生产较小直径的管子，最大直径约为115mm。
lap welded tube
炉焊管
See constitution undercooling.
见组成过冷。
component subcooling
组分过冷
Various metal arch wires used in the production of dental orthodontic appliances. The arch wires for making movable appliance parts include: ① snap ring, single arm snap ring made of elasticity stainless steel wire with a diameter of 0.8-1.0mm, and adjacent hook made of elasticity stainless steel wire with a diameter of 0.8-0.9mm; ② Spring, including double curved tongue spring, single curved longitudinal spring, double curved longitudinal spring, cross finger spring, coil spring, pin spring, split spring, etc. elasticity stainless steel wire with diameter of 0.5-1.0mm is selected according to different requirements: ③ elasticity stainless steel wire with diameter of 0.1-0.8mm is commonly used for lip bow, double lip bow and its weld accessories; ④ The tongue wire is generally made of elasticity stainless steel wire with a diameter of 1.0-1.2mm, and the lip wire is usually made of elasticity stainless steel wire with a diameter of 0.8-1.0mm; ⑤ End cutting hook, usually made of elasticity stainless steel wire with diameter of 0.5mm; ⑥ The front traction frame is one of the components of the extraoral front traction appliance, which is generally made of elasticity stainless steel wire with a diameter of 1.8-2.0mm. The arch wires used for making fixed orthodontic appliances include: ① square wire arch wire for orthodontic appliances; ② Begg appliance arch wire; ③ Lip arch appliance arch wire; ④ Tongue arch appliance arch wire: ⑤ Double arch wire appliance arch wire; ⑥ Song external labial arch appliance arch wire; ⑦ Ligate the silk. Except that the ligation wire is made of non elasticity stainless steel wire, the above bow wires are all made of elasticity non inductive wire with different diameters.
用于制作牙科正畸矫治器中的各类金属弓丝。制作活动矫治器部件的弓丝有：①卡环，单臂卡环由直径为0.8-1.0mm的弹性不锈钢丝制成，邻间钩由直径为0.8-0.9mm的弹性不锈钢丝制成;②弹簧，有双曲舌簧、单曲纵簧、双曲纵簧、交叉指簧、圈簧、别针簧、分裂簧等.按不同的要求选用直径为0.5-1.0mm的弹性不锈钢丝：③唇弓，双唇弓及其焊接附件常用直径为0.1-0.8mm的弹性不锈钢丝;④挡丝，舌挡丝一般由直径为1.0-1.2mm的弹性不锈钢丝制成，唇挡丝常由直径为0.8-1.0mm的弹性不锈钢丝制成;⑤切端钩，常用直径为0.5mm的弹性不锈钢丝;⑥前方牵引架，是口外前方牵引矫治器的组成部分之一，一般由直径为1.8-2.0mm的弹性不锈钢丝制成。制作同定矫治器的弓丝有：①方丝弓矫治器弓丝;②Begg矫治器弓丝;③唇弓矫治器弓丝;④舌弓矫治器弓丝：⑤双弓丝矫治器弓丝;⑥颂外唇弓矫治器弓丝;⑦结扎丝。除结扎丝用无弹性不锈钢丝制成外，以上弓丝均用直径不同的富有弹性的不诱钢丝制成。
orthodontic wire
正畸丝
Also known as P30T, it is a polymer of 3-octylthiophene. It has good solubility, high electric conductivity, and good thermal stability. Because of its good photoelectric conversion properties, it is widely used in organic photoelectric fields such as nonlinear optical materials, organic thin film transistors, and organic solar cell.
又称P30T，是3-辛基噻吩的聚合物，溶解性好，电导率高，热稳定性好，因其具有良好的光电转换性质，被广泛应用于非线性光学材料、有机薄膜晶体管和有机太阳能电池等有机光电领域。
poly (3-octylthiophene)
聚3-辛基噻吩
A thin film with conductive properties. The charged carriers of conductive thin films are scattered by the surface and interface during transportation. When the thickness of the film can be compared to the free path of electrons, the influence on the surface and interface becomes significant, which is called the size effect of the film.
具有导电功能的薄膜。导电薄膜的荷电载流子在输运过程中受到表面和界面的散射，当薄膜的厚度可以与电子的自由程相比拟时，在表面和界面的影响将变得显著，这个现象称薄膜的尺寸效应。
thin film conductive material
薄膜导电材料
It is also called fill ratio, that is, the ratio of the height of powder unfilled mold in the process of powder metallurgy to the height of compact after demoulding. The structure of filled powder particle is the key to powder forming. The filling coefficient directly affects the filling density of powder, and the filling density of powder directly affects the compactness of powder, the content of adhesive and the shrinkage rate during sintering. Free filling of powder is the process adopted by most powder metallurgy.
又称填充比，即粉来冶金过程中粉未充填模具的高度与脱模后压坯高度之比。充填粉末颗粒的结构逛粉末成形的关键。填充系数直接影响粉末的充填密度，粉末的充填密度直接关系到粉末的实程度、黏结剂的含量和烧结时的收缩率。粉末的自由充填是大多数粉末冶金采用的工艺。
fill factor
装填系数
Aluminum oxide obtained by removing impurities such as Si, Fe, Ti, etc. from high pot bauxite ore using chemical methods. It is mainly used to produce sintering mullite, sintering alumina and fused corundum refractory.
用化学法从高锅矾土矿除去Si、Fe、Ti等杂质得到的氧化铝。主要用于生产烧结莫来石、烧结氧化铝和电熔刚玉质耐火材料等。
industrial alumina
工业氧化铝
It is a kind of composite materials with crystal whisker as reinforcement and nitride as matrix. That is to say, crystal whisker and nitride ceramic powder are mixed evenly, and then sintering after molding (such as dry pressing, grouting, tape casting, etc.) to prepare composite materials. The dispersion of crystal whisker is one of the key factors affecting composite materials. The strength, fracture toughness, thermal conductivity, thermal shock resistance and high-temperature creep resistance of nitride ceramics can be greatly improved by introducing crystal whisker into ceramics. It can replace the traditional nitride ceramics in the fields of cutting, wave transmission, friction, high-temperature bearings, Zeta radome, high-temperature thermal structural materials, etc. Attention should be paid to the harm of crystal whisker to human health during preparation.
是以晶须为增强体、氮化物为基体的一类复合材料。即将晶须与氮化物陶瓷粉体混合均匀，经成型（如干压、注浆、流延成型等）后烧结制备的复合材料。晶须的分散是影响复合材料的关键因素之一。氮化物陶瓷引入晶须后，陶瓷的强度、断裂韧性、热导率、抗热震性以及高温螭变性能都能获得很大程度提高。可取代传统氮化物陶瓷在切削、透波、摩擦、高温轴承、宙达天线罩、高温热结构材料等领域中使用。制备中应注意晶须对人体健康的危害。
whisker reinforced nitride ceramic matrix composite
晶须补强氮化物陶瓷（基）复合材料
Ignition composition with aluminum as the main igniting agent has high temperature resistance. The aluminum powder is light, with a density of 2.55g/cm3, a combustion heat of 30564J/g, and the oxide film on the metal aluminum surface is transparent and has good chemical stability. The melting point of the oxidation product aluminum oxide is 2030 ° C, and the melting point of the 99.5% purity aluminum is 685 ° C, and the boiling point is 2065 ° C. Aluminium type ignition composition has strong ignition capacity and high ignition point, but it needs to be ignited with pilot agent. The common aluminium type ignition composition is a ignition composition composed of 70% aluminum and 30% potassium perchlorate.
以铝为主要吋燃剂的点火药，具有耐高温性能。铝粉质轻，密度2.55g/cm3,燃烧热为30564J/g,金属铝表面的氧化膜膜透明且有很好的化学稳定性，氧化生成物三氧化二铝的熔点为2030°C，纯度99.5%的铝的熔点为685°C，沸点2065°C。铝系点火药的点火能力强，发火点较高，但需用引燃剂引燃。常见的铝系点火药为由70%铝和30%高氯酸钾组成的点火药。
aluminium type ignition composition
铝系点火药
The operation of adjusting slag composition, alkalinity, viscosity and reaction ability in steel and iron production is aimed at smelting steel or iron that meets the requirements of composition and temperature through slag metal reaction. For example, during oxygen top blowing converter sleelmaking steelmaking, the purpose of oxygen blowing is to generate slag with enough flow ability and alkalinity, so as to reduce the sulfur and phosphorus content in steel below the upper control limit, and at the same time reduce the amount of splashing and spilling slag during oxygen blowing as much as possible. The main methods are single flooding method, double slag method and double slag retention slag method. In different stages of steelmaking, slag with different characteristics needs to be obtained. For example, in the oxidation period of steelmaking, it is hoped to form oxidized slag that can oxidize some metals; During the reduction period of steelmaking, it is hoped to form reduced slag that can deoxidation the metal phase. According to the relative content of acid oxides (silica and alumina) and basic oxides (calcium oxide and magnesium oxide) in the slag, it can be divided into acid slag and basic slag. In the process of steelmaking and converting, due to the role of oxygen jet and molten pool, a three-phase emulsion of gas molten hawthorn steel liquid can be formed. The total volume of small bubbles dispersed in slag is several times or even dozens of times more than the volume of slag. The molten slag becomes a liquid film and encloses bubbles, which makes the molten slag foam and expand. Such molten slag is called foam slag. electric arc furnace steelmaking often uses long arc foam slag operation.
调整钢、铁生产中培渣成分、碱度、黏度及其反应能力的操作，其目的是通过渣-金属反应冶炼出合乎要求成分和温度的钢或铁。例如，在氧气顶吹转炉炼钢时吹氧造的目的是生成具有足够流动性和碱度的熔渣，以便把钢中硫、磷含量降低到控制上限以下，同时使吹氧时喷溅和溢渣的量尽量降低。主要的方法有单淹法、双渣法和双渣留渣法。炼钢的不同阶段需要得到具有不同特点的渣，如炼钢的氧化期希望形成可以对某些金属发生氧化反应的氧化渣;炼钢的还原期希望形成使金属相脱氧的还原渣。而根据熔渣中酸性氧化物（二氧化硅和氧化铝）的与碱性氧化物（氧化钙和氧化镁）的相对含量，可分为即酸性渣和碱性渣。炼钢吹炼过程中，由于氧射流与熔池的作用，可形成气-熔楂-钢液密切混合的三相乳化液，分散在炉渣中的小气泡的总体积超过熔渣体积的数倍甚至数十倍。熔渣成为液膜将气泡包住，使得熔渣发泡膨胀，这样的熔淹称为泡沫渣，电弧炉炼钢时常采用长弧泡沫渣操作。
slag forming
造渣
Also known as liquid epoxy plastic materials or epoxy bottom filling adhesive. It generally refers to a class of epoxy materials used in the bottom filling process of flip chip.
又称液体环氧塑封材料或环氧底部填充胶。泛指一类应用于集成电路倒装芯片（flip chip)底部填充工艺的环氧材料。
epoxy underfill
环氧底填料
A method for measuring the current voltage characteristics of tunnel junctions used in solid state physics. In the metal insulator metal tunnel junction, if the insulation layer is thin enough (about 3nm), under the effect of applied bias voltage, electrons can tunnel from one electrode to another with a certain probability. If there is no energy loss during electron transfer, it is called elasticity tunneling effect, otherwise it is called non elasticity tunneling effect.
一种在固体物理学中使用的隧道结电流-电压特性的测量方法，在金属-绝缘体-金属隧道结中，如果绝缘层足够薄(约3nm)，在外加偏压作用下，电子能以一定的概率从一个电极隧道穿到另一个电极。如果电子在转移中没有能量损失，称为弹性隧道效应，否则称为非弹性隧道效应。
electron tunneling spectroscopy
电子随道谱法
Refers to nanostructures arranged in an orderly manner on a substrate, such as carbon nanotube arrays. This array has unique physical characteristics, such as low field emission on voltage, anisotropy, etc.
是指在基底上有序排列的纳米结构，如碳纳米管阵列。该阵列具有独特的物理特性，如场发射低开启电压、各向异性等。
nano array
纳米阵列
See Cor-Ten steel.
见科尔坦耐大气腐蚀钢。
cortan atmospheric corrosion-resistant high-strength steel
科尔坦耐大气腐蚀高强度钢
Cryolite is mainly composed of sodium hexafluoroaluminate or sodium aluminum fluoride. It is a small white crystal, odorless, with a specific gravity of 3, a hardness of 2-3, and a melting point of 1009 ℃. It is easy to absorb water and moisture. Cryolite is mainly used as flux for aluminum electrolysis, wear-resistant filler for rubber and grinding wheel, enamel opacifying agent, glass shading agent and metal flux, pesticide for crops, etc. The Hall Heroult process is a method of producing metal aluminum with cryolite based fluoride melt as solvent. So far, no other compound has been found that can replace cryolite. This is because cryolite not only can dissolve aluminum oxide, but also has some other indispensable properties. For example, it does not contain elements that are more conductive than aluminum, has good stability, does not decompose, volatilize, or deliquescence under general conditions, has a melting point higher than aluminum, has good conductivity, and saves electricity. It can be said that without cryolite, the world might not have such a large-scale aluminum industry, the price would not be so low, and the application would not be so widespread. The west coast of Greenland is the main source of cryolite, which was mined in 1987. At present, fluorite is mostly used to synthesize sodium hexafluoroaluminate for industrial use. Spain, Russia, and the United States also have output.
冰晶石主要成分为六氟合铝酸钠或氟化铝钠，白色细小的结晶体，无气味，比重为3，硬度2~3，熔点1009摄氏度，易吸水受潮。冰晶石主要用作铝电解的助熔剂，橡胶、砂轮的耐磨填充剂，搪瓷乳白剂，玻璃遮光剂和金属熔剂，农作物的杀虫剂等。Hall—Heroult法是用冰晶石为基的氟化物熔体作溶剂的以生产金属铝的方法，迄今为止还没有发现另一种化合物可以代替冰晶石的。这是因为冰晶石除了能够溶解氧化铝以外还具有其它一些不可缺少的性质，如不含比铝更正电性的元素，稳定性好，在一般条件下不分解、不挥发、不潮解，熔点高于铝，导电性好，节约电量等。可以说，如果没有冰晶石，全世界也许就没有如此大规模的铝工业，价格也就没有这么低，应用也就没有这么广泛。格陵兰西海岸是冰晶石的主要产地，此矿于1987年开采完毕。现时多以萤石人工合成六氟铝酸钠供工业使用。西班牙、俄罗斯和美国也有产出。
cryolite
冰晶石
A kind of light aggregate concrete. Concrete materials is made of artificial light aggregate ceramsite as coarse aggregate and ordinary sand or light sand as fine aggregate. It has the characteristics of light weight, good insulation performance, good impermeability, good fire resistance, and strong construction adaptability. It can be used for building houses, bridges, ships, and kiln foundations.
轻骨料混凝土的一种。以人造轻骨料陶粒为粗骨料，以普通砂或轻砂为细骨料制成的混凝土材料。具有质量轻、保温性能好、抗渗性好、耐火性好、施工适应性强等特点。可用于房屋逮筑、桥梁、船及窑炉基础等。
ceramsite concrete
陶粒混凝土
Explosive with aliphatic hydrocarbon group and nitro group in its molecule. It can be divided into various types, such as alkanes, cycloalkanes, heterocyclic alkanes, halogenated hydrocarbons, alcohols, ethers, ketones, etc., or can be divided into three categories: mononitro, dinitro, and trinitro compounds. One carbon atom with two nitros is called dinitro compound explosive, and one with three nitros is called nitroform explosive. Polynitro compounds have high energy and mechanical sensitivity, and both increase with the increase of the nitrate number in the molecule. Nitroform explosive have good oxygen balance, large density and high detonation velocity, and some have been applied. Nitroalkanes are also raw materials for manufacturing other nitro compounds and are widely used as solvents. Important nitroalkanes include nitromethane, nitroethane, 1-nitropropane, 2-nitropropane, etc. Aliphatic nitroform explosive are mostly prepared by Mannich reaction, while nitroalkanes are prepared by gas phase nitration or liquid phase nitration.
分子中含脂肪烃基及硝基的炸药。可分为烷烃类、环烷烃类、杂环烷烃类、卤代烃类、醇类、醚类、酮类等多种，或分为一硝基、二硝基及三硝基化合物三类。一个碳原子上带有两个硝基的称为携二硝基化合物炸药，带有三个硝基的称为硝仿系炸药。多硝基化合物能量和机械感度均较高.且两者均随分子中硝基数增多而增高。硝仿系炸药氧平衡好，密度大，爆速高，有的已获应用。硝基烷烃还是制造其他硝基化合物的原料，并广泛用作溶剂。重要的硝基烷烃有硝基甲烷、硝基乙烷、1-硝基丙烷、2-硝基丙烷等。脂肪族硝仿系炸药大多通过Mannich反应制备，硝基烷烃则以气相硝化，或液相硝化制得。
aliphatic nitrocompound explosive
脂肪族硝基化合物炸药
It is used to make semiconductor laser materials with luminescence wavelength in visible light band. It was first made of SiC materials, but this materials is difficult to obtain single crystal because of its high synthesis temperature. At present, the most studied semiconductor materials are in the red and blue green light bands, and most of them are quantum well materials prepared by advanced film growth technologies such as MBE and MOVPE. Iri GaAIP/GaAs materials is used for 635-670nm wave band. At present, red semiconductor lasers made of this materials have been put into the market. In addition to red and blue green visible light lasers, there are also yellow light lasers.
用于制作发光波长位于可见光波段的半导体激光器材料。最早是采用SiC材料制成的，但这种材料合成温度很高，难以获得单晶。目前研究最多的是红光波段和蓝绿光波段的半导体材料，大多采用MBE及MOVPE等先进薄膜生长技术制备的量子阱材料。635-670nm波段采用Iri-GaAIP/GaAs材料。目前采用这种材料制成的红光半导体激光器已投人市场。除了红光、蓝绿光可见光激光器外，还有黄光激光器。
materials of visible semiconductor laser
可见光半导体激光材料
See twin.
见孪晶。
deformation twin
形变孪生
Quenching hardened martensitic steel containing about 1% carbon and alloy elements such as Cr, Mo, Co, etc. For example, hard magnetic steel is used to manufacture permanent magnets. Magnet steel can be divided into non-alloy steel, tungsten steel, chromium steel, molybdenum steel, cobalt steel, etc. Compared with other permanent magnet material, magnet steel has lower performance, poor temperature stability and serious aging phenomenon. Can be used to make instruments, speakers, hysteresis motor rotors, etc. With the extensive production and application of various permanent magnet material, especially the rare earth permanent magnetic material, magnet steel has been rarely used.
碳含量约1%同时含Cr、Mo、Co等合金元素的淬火硬化型马氏体钢。如用于制造永磁体的为硬磁性钢。磁钢可分为：非合金钢、钨钢、铬钢、钼钢、钴钢等。与其他永磁材料相比，磁钢的性能较低、温度稳定性差、老化现象严重。可用于制作仪表、扬声器、磁滞电机转子等。随着各种永磁材料特別是稀土永磁材料的广泛生产应用，磁钢已很少使用。
magnet steel
磁钢
Color steel refers to prepainted steel sheet. prepainted steel sheet is a kind of steel plate with organic coating, which has the advantages of good corrosion resistance, bright colors, beautiful appearance, convenient processing and molding, original strength of steel plate, and low cost.
彩钢是指彩涂钢板，彩涂钢板是一种带有有机涂层的钢板，具有耐蚀性好，色彩鲜艳，外观美观，加工成型方便及具有钢板原有的强度等优点而且成本较低等特点。
prepainted steel sheet
彩涂钢板
Vulcanized rubher traditionally refers to natural rubber crosslinking by sulfur compounds. Now it generally refers to rubber materials whose molecular chain is three-dimensional network structure after crosslinking of crude rubber under certain conditions (such as adding curing agent, certain temperature and pressure, radiation, etc.). vulcanized rubher is a rubber that has elasticity but no plasticity, and has a series of important practical value.
传统意义硫化胶指经含硫化合物交联的天然橡胶，现泛指生胶在一定条件下(如加硫化剂、一定温度和压力、辐射线照射等)经交联得到的分子链为三维网状结构的橡胶材料，硫化胶是具有弹性而不再具有可塑性的橡胶，具有一系列重要的实际使用价值。
vulcanized rubber
硫化胶
When p-type and n-type semiconductors are in close contact, their interfaces form p-n junction. Taking n-type semiconductor as an example, P-type impurities can be introduced into it by means of high-temperature diffusion or ion implantation to make the near surface area of the semiconductor P-type, thus forming a close contact between P-type and n-type semiconductors, and forming a pn junction from their interface. When p-type and n-type semiconductors are in close contact, driven by the carrier concentration gradient, holes diffusion from the P-region to the n-region, and electrons diffusion from the n-region to the p-region. This creates an immovable negatively charged ionization acceptor near the contact interface between the two semiconductors, while leaving an immovable positively ionized donor in the n-region. This is the so-called space charge region. In this region, an electric field is formed from the n region to the p region (i.e. positive charge to negative charge), which is also known as the built-in electric field. Under the action of an internal electric field, holes and electrons will undergo drift motion. For each carrier, drift motion and diffusion motion are opposite in direction. With the progress of diffusion, the space charge region is gradually widened, and the built-in electric field is enhanced, thus strengthening the drift movement of carriers. Finally, the diffusion and drift movement of the carrier reached a dynamic balance, that is, the number of electrons diffusion from the n-area to the P-area in a unit time was equal to the number of electrons drifting from the P-area to the n-area. The same applies to the movement of holes. At this point, the width of the space charge region no longer continues to expand, and the PN junction reaches an equilibrium state. When voltage is applied at both ends of the PN junction, it exhibits forward conduction and reverse cutoff current voltage characteristics. The PN junction itself can serve as a semiconductor device and is the fundamental unit for forming other semiconductor devices.
当p型和n型半导体紧密接触，它们的界面处形成了p-n结。以n型半导体为例，可以使用高温扩散或离子注入等方法将P型杂质引入其中，使半导体的近表面区域成为P型，从而形成P型和n型半导体的紧密接触，从它们的交界面处形成pn结。当p型和n型半导体紧密接触时，受载流子浓度梯度的驱动，空穴从P区扩散到n区，而电子从n区扩散到p区。这在两种半导体接触界面附近创建了不可移动的带负电荷的电离受主，同时在n区中留下了不可移动的带正电电离施主。这就是所谓的空间电荷区。在这个区域中，形成了从n区指向p区（即正电荷指向负电荷）的电场，也就是内建电场。在内建电场的作用下，空穴和电子会发生漂移运动。对于每种载流子，漂移运动和扩散运动在方向上是相反的。随着扩散的进行，空间电荷区逐渐增宽，内建电场随之增强，从而加强了载流子的漂移运动。最终，载流子的扩散和漂移运动达到了动态平衡，也就是单位时间内从n区扩散到P区的电子数与从P区漂移到n区的电子数相等。空穴的运动情况也是如此。在这时，空间电荷区的宽度不再继续扩展，pn结达到了平衡状态。当在pn结两端加电压时，它会表现出正向导通和反向截止的电流-电压特性。pn结本身可以作为半导体器件，并且是形成其他半导体器件的基本单元。
p-n junction
p-n结
In a certain temperature range, the elastic modulus of elasticity alloy almost does not change with temperature, also known as constant elastic alloy.
在一定温度范围内，弹性模量几乎不随温度而变化的弹性合金，又称艾林瓦型合金。
constant elastic alloy
恒弹性合金
In terms of application field, Ⅲ-V compound semiconductor single crystal materials is second only to GaAS in importance. At room temperature, the energy gap is 1.35eV, which is a direct transition type; InP single crystal was fabricated by high pressure LEC (HPLEC) at 2.7MPa at melting point (1070 ° C). InP has high electron mobility, satellite energy valley, high electron peak speed, high thermal conductivity, and semi insulation performance, which can be used to prepare high-speed, microwave devices, photoelectric devices, and photoelectric integrated circuits. Its radiation resistance is better than GaAs, and it is more ideal as a materials of solar cell for space applications. InGaAsP/InP prepared on InP single crystal substrate, 1.3-1.6 prepared by InGaAs/InP heterojunction materials μ M light source and detector have been widely used in optical fiber communication.
就应用领域而言其重要性仅次于GaAS的Ⅲ-V族化合物半导体单晶材料。室温时能隙1.35eV,为直接跃迁型；InP在熔点(1070°C)时离解压为2.7MPa,采用高压LEC(HPLEC)法拉制InP单晶。InP电子迁移率较高，有卫星能谷，电子峰值速度大，热导率较高，亦可得到半绝缘性能，可用于制备高速、微波器件和光电器件，光电集成电路。它的抗辐射性能优于GaAs,作为空间应用的太阳电池材料更为理想。在InP单晶衬底上制备的InGaAsP/InP,InGaAs/InP异质结材料所制备的1.3-1.6μm光源和探测器已广泛用于光纤通信中。
indium phosphide crystal
磷化铟单晶
with α- Al2O3 represents the main structural type of A2B3 type compounds. It belongs to the tripartite system, and the space group is R3c. Oxygen ions as ABAB Cubically packed, Al3+occupies 2/3 of the oxygen octahedral voids, while the other 1/3 octahedral voids are empty.
以α-Al2O3为代表的A2B3型化合物的主要结构类型。属三方晶系，空间群为R3c。氧离子作ABAB......立方密堆积，Al3+占据2/3的氧八面体空隙，另外的1/3八面体空隙空着。
corundum structure
刚玉型结构
A rod like control element made of atomic energy level hafnium. Hafnium not only has a high absorption cross-section for both thermal and epithermal neutrons, but also is a long-lived neutron absorber, particularly suitable for water-cooled reactors. However, hafnium is scarce and expensive, which limits its use.
用原子能级铪制作的棒状控制元件。铪不仅对热中子和超热中子都有高的吸收截面，而且是长寿命的中子吸收体，特别适用于水冷堆。但铪稀缺、昂贵.因而使用受到限制。
hafnium control rod
铪控制棒
It refers to the phenomenon that the final performance of metal and ceramic powders deteriorates due to excessively high sintering temperature or excessively long sintering time during the sintering process. In addition to being easy to deform, the size of the product does not meet the requirements, overheating structure, coarse grains, grain boundary oxidation and other phenomena will also occur. So sintering should strictly control sintering temperature and sintering time; It refers to the phenomenon of grain boundary hardening or partial melting of metals and alloy during hot working and heat treatment because the temperature is significantly higher than its solidus temperature. Oversintering/over- burning first occurs at the grain boundary because the grain boundary energy is higher than that in the grain, which is easy to harden and melt. oversintering/over- burning seriously deteriorates the properties of metals and alloy, and cannot be recovered by hot working, so it can only be scrapped.
是指金属和陶瓷粉体在烧结过程中烧结温度过高或烧结时间过长致使产品最终性能恶化的现象。制品除了易变形、尺寸不符合要求，还会出现过热组织、晶粒粗大、晶界氧化等现象。所以烧结时应严格控制烧结温度和烧结时间；是指金属及合金在热加工及热处理过程中由于温度显著偏高接近其固相线温度而发生晶界硬化或部分熔化的现象。过烧首先发生在晶界处是由于晶界能量高于晶内因而易于发生硬化和熔化，过烧使金属及合金的性能严重恶化，且不能采用热加工方法恢复，故只能报废。
oversintering/over- burning
过烧
It mainly refers to synthetic fiber with outstanding physical, mechanical and thermal properties, also known as special fiber. According to performance, it can be divided into high strength and high modules fiber, high-temperature resistant fiber, antiflame fiber, strong corrosion resistant fiber, etc. High strength and high modules fiber is the top of all fibers in terms of tensile strength and modulus, and its specific strength and specific modulus are extremely high; High temperature resistant fiber ranks first in terms of thermal aging resistance of man-made fiber. Some of these fibers also have certain flame retardancy, radiation resistance, acid and alkali resistance, corrosion resistance and organic solvent resistance. Organic high-performance fibers are mostly prepared by low temperature solution polycondensation and dry, wet or dry jet wet spinning; The high performance fiher of inorganic polymer are mostly made of organic precursor fibers (such as polyacrylonitrile precursor, pitch fiber, polycarbosilane, etc.) after several steps of high temperature heat treatment. Some fibers use traditional spinning technology to spin linear or low molecular weight fibers first, and then cyclization, crosslinking, metal chelation, high temperature heat treatment, surface physical chemistry treatment or plasma treatment are respectively carried out to prepare finished fibers; others need to use new spinning processes such as lotion spinning, reactive spinning, liquid crystal spinning, phase separation spinning, high-speed airflow melting jet and special composition spinning technology. It is mainly used to prepare high-performance composite materials, tires and rubber framework materials, cables, asbestos substitutes, sporting goods, protective clothing, gas-liquid filter materials, insulation and thermal insulation materials, friction and braking materials, optical cable reinforcement cores and new building materials. Its application fields are very wide.
主要指物理机械性能和热性能等十分突出的合成纤维，又称特种纤维。按性能可分为高强度高模量纤维、耐高温纤维、抗燃纤维、耐强腐蚀纤维等。高强度高模量纤维在拉伸强度和模量方面，为所有纤维之冠，比强度和比模量极高；而耐高温纤维在抗热老化性方面居化学纤维之首。这些纤维有些还具有一定的阻燃性、抗辐射性、抗酸碱、耐腐蚀性和有机溶剂性。有机高性能纤维大都采用低温溶液缩聚和干法、湿法或干喷-湿法纺丝制备；而无机高分子类的高性能纤维.大都采用有机前躯体（如聚丙烯腈原丝、沥青纤维、聚碳硅烷等）纤维经几步高温热处理而得。有些纤维先采用传统的纺丝技术纺出线型或分子量较低的纤维，然后再分别进行环化、交联、金属螯合、高温热处理、表面物理化学处理或等离子体处理等T.序制得成品纤维：还有的需要采用乳液纺丝、反应纺丝、液晶纺丝、相分离纺丝、高速气流熔融喷射和特殊的复合纺丝技术等新型纺丝工艺制备。其主要用于制备高性能复合材料、轮胎与橡胶骨架材料、缆绳类、石棉代用品、体育用品、防护服、气液体滤材、绝缘和绝热材料、摩擦与制动材料、光缆增强芯和新型建材等.应用领域十分广阔。
high performance fiher
高性能纤维
Microorganisms that convert H2S or SO2 into harmless substances such as sulfur or sulfate through direct or indirect biological processes. Typical bacteria for removing H2S include Thiobacillus ferrooxidans, Thiobacillus denitrifying, Thiobacillus thiooxidans, Purple sulfur bacteria, Green sulfur bacteria, etc. Among them, Thiobacillus ferrooxidans is the most widely used. In a chemical reactor, H2S is oxidized to S, while Fe2+is reduced to Fe2+. In the bioreactor, Thiobacillus ferrooxidans oxidizes Fe2+into Fe3+to achieve recycling, and the removal rate of H2S in waste gas can reach 71.45% at most. Typical bacteria for SO2 removal include desulfurization, purple sulfur bacteria, green sulfur bacteria, sulfur removing bacteria, Thiobacillus ferrooxidans, Thiobacillus denitrificans, and some strains of Thiobacillus baileri, Thiobacillus braideri, and Thiobacillus hair. As an intermediate substance of elemental sulfur, SO2 generates elemental sulfur or reduced state S2- through the reduction of microorganisms, and reacts with metal ions (such as Fe2+, Zn2+) to form precipitates for removal; On the other hand, gaseous SO2 can also be absorbed and transformed through the oxidation of microorganisms. In flue desulfurization, oxidizer is reduced to Fe2+while catalyzing the oxidation of SO2, while Thiobacillus ferrooxidans oxidizes the generated Fe2+to Fe3+, forming the circulating catalytic oxidation of SO2 by Thiobacillus ferrooxidans and Fe3+/Fe2+system. Biological method can be combined with wet desulfurization in flue gas desulfurization. Its waste gas purification technology has advantages over other physical chemistry methods in terms of treatment cost, energy consumption, etc., but usually the flue gas volume is large and the flow rate is fast, resulting in limited contact time between microorganisms and flue gas.
通过直接或间接的生物作用，将H2S或SO2转化为无害物质硫或硫酸盐的微生物。去除H2S的典型细菌包括氧化亚铁硫杆菌、脱氮硫杆菌、排硫硫杆菌、紫色硫细菌、绿色硫细菌等，其中氧化亚铁硫杆菌应用最广泛。在化学反应器内，H2S被氧化成S，同时Fe2+又被还原成Fe2+。在生物反应器内，氧化亚铁硫杆菌将Fe2+氧化成Fe3+，实现循环利用，废气中的H2S的去除率最多可达71.45%。去除SO2的典型细菌包括脱硫弧菌、紫色硫细菌、绿色硫细菌、排硫硫细菌、氧化亚铁硫杆菌、脱氮硫杆菌以及贝氏硫菌属、辫硫菌属、发硫菌属的一些菌种。SO2作为元素硫的中间物质，一方面通过微生物的还原作用生成单质硫或还原态S2-，与金属离子（如Fe2+、Zn2+）作用形成沉淀物以去除；另一方面，气态SO2还可以通过微生物的氧化作用吸收和转化。在烟道脱硫中，氧化剂在催化氧化SO2的同时被还原为Fe2+，而氧化亚铁硫杆菌将生成的Fe2+氧化为Fe3+，构成氧化亚铁硫杆菌和Fe3+/Fe2+体系对SO2的循环催化氧化。生物法可以与烟气脱硫中的湿法脱硫相结合。其废气净化技术在治理成本、能耗等方面具有其他物理化学方法无法比拟的优势，但通常烟道气的气量较大，流速较快，导致微生物与烟气的接触时间有限。
microbial desulfurization
微生物脱硫
In general, materials that can prevent groundwater, industrial and civil water supply and drainage, corrosive liquids, moisture and steam in the air from invading buildings are collectively referred to as waterproof materials.
总体而言，可以防止地下水、工业和民用的给排水、腐蚀性液体以及空气中的湿气、蒸气等侵入建筑物的材料统称为防水材料。
waterproof materials
防水材料
It refers to a composite materials made of renewable natural plant fiber such as wood fiber, bamboo fiber, flax fiber, kenaf fiber, jute fiber, chaff fiber, sugarcane slag fiber as reinforcement materials, and biodegradable resin such as polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB), polybutylene succinate (PBS), polylactic acid (PLA) as the matrix through molding processes such as molding, injection or extrusion. The materials not only has good mechanical strength, but also can degradation to generate CO2 and H2O under natural or specific conditions, without any pollution to the environment. Biodegradable composite are widely used in automotive interior decoration parts, building structural parts, interior decoration materials and other fields.
指以木纤维、竹纤维、亚麻纤维、洋麻纤维、黄麻纤维、揶壳纤维、谷壳纤维和甘蔗渣纤维等可再生的天然植物纤维为增强材料，以聚羟基丁酯（PHB)、聚丁二酸丁二醇酯（PBS)、聚乳酸（PLA)等生物可降解树脂为基体，经模压、注射或挤压等成型工艺制备而成的复合材料。该材料不仅具有较好的机械强度，而且在自然或特定条件下能够降解生成CO2和H2O,不会给环境带来任何污染。可生物降解复合材料广泛应用于汽车内部装饰件、建筑结构部件及室内装修材料等领域。
biodegradable composite
可生物降解复合材料
. If the stacking fault does not run through the whole crystal, but stops inside the crystal, the boundary line of the stacking fault is a dislocation with 1/3<111>type Burgess vector.]]>
的纯刃型不全位错。如果层错不贯穿整个晶体，而是中止在晶体内部，这个层错边界线为具有1/3<111>型伯格斯矢量的位错。]]>
Frank partial dislocation
弗兰克不全位错
The method of absorbing and removing H2S gas through a chemical reaction with a solvent that removes H2S. This method is suitable for situations where the operating pressure is low or the feed gas contains high hydrocarbon concentrations. The main absorbents include alkaline solution, organic alcohol amine, and carbonate. Alkali solution includes sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and ammonia, which form corresponding salts when in contact with H2S gas. The advantage of this method is that the equipment is simple and the cost of alkaline solution is low. However, alkaline solution has strong corrosiveness to the equipment and may cause environmental pollution. Therefore, it can be prepared on-site and widely used in some industrial fields, such as synthetic ammonia plants and coking plants. Organic alcohol amine absorbents include monoethanolamine, ethylene glycol amine, diisopropylamine, methyldiethanolamine, and methylethanolamine. These organic alcohol amines are weakly alkaline solvents with strong ability to absorb H2S, good stability, and can absorb acidic gases at low temperatures, making them easy to desorb at high temperatures. However, their high vapor pressure leads to significant solution loss, and the water washing method can be used to recover the organic amines absorbed and evaporated from the airflow. Carbonate absorption method uses carbonate brine solution containing activamr. The main carbonates are potassium carbonate and sodium carbonate, while activamr includes Fe (II) H2 and AS2O3. There are different methods, such as Ferox method, alkali method, modified arsenic alkali method and ADA method, which use different combinations of carbonate and activamr. These methods have efficient H2S absorption performance, but also have some operational complexity. The ADA method uses carbonate as carrier and ADA as activamr.
脱除H2S的溶剂通过与H2S发生化学反应来吸收并去除H2S气体的方法。这种方法适用于操作压力较低或原料气中含有较高烃浓度的情况。主要的吸收剂包括碱液、有机醇胺和碳酸盐。碱液包括氢氧化钠（NaOH）和氨水，它们与H2S气体接触后会形成相应的盐类。这种方法的优点在于设备简单，碱液成本较低，但碱液对设备有较强的腐蚀性，且可能导致环境污染。因此，它在一些工业领域，如合成氨工厂和焦化工厂，可以现场制备并广泛应用。有机醇胺类吸收剂包括单乙醇胺、乙二醇胺、二异丙醇胺、甲基二乙醇胺和甲乙醇胺等。这些有机醇胺属于弱碱性溶剂，具有强烈吸收H2S的能力、较好的稳定性，并且可以在低温下吸收酸性气体，在高温下易于解吸。然而，它们的蒸气压较高，导致溶液损失较大，可采用水洗法来回收从气流中吸收并蒸发的有机胺。碳酸盐类吸收法使用含有活化剂的碳酸盐水溶液，主要的碳酸盐有碳酸钾和碳酸钠，而活化剂包括Fe(II)H2和AS2O3等。有不同的方法，如菲罗克斯法、呻碱法、改良砷碱法和ADA法，它们使用不同的碳酸盐和活化剂组合。这些方法具有高效的H2S吸收性能，但也有一定的操作复杂性。ADA法使用碳酸盐作为载体，以ADA作为活化剂。
H2S chemical absorption solvents
H2S化学吸收溶剂
The molten salt (nuclear) fuel system consists of uranium, plutonium, thorium fluoride, lithium fluoride and beryllium fluoride. Running in a molten state. The molten salt materials is required to have a low melting point (below 500 ° C), good thermal, chemical and irradiation stability, low vapor pressure, small neutron absorption cross section, and good compatibility with structural materials.
铀、钚、钍的氟化物和氟化锂、氟化铍组成的熔盐核燃料体系。在熔融状态下运行。对熔盐材料要求熔点低(低于500°C)，热、化学和辐照稳定性好，蒸气压低，中子吸收截面小，与结构材料相容性好。
molten salt (nuclear) fuel
熔盐核燃料
Sintered magnesite is obtained by heating and dewatering the precipitate extracted from brine or brine block and calcining at high temperature. It is used to produce magnesia and magnesia carbon refractory.
从卤水或卤块中提取的沉淀物加热脱水，并经高温锻烧得到的烧结镁砂。用于生产镁质和镁碳耐火材料。
brine magnesite
卤水镁砂
See electric discharge spark machining of ceramics.
见陶瓷电火花加工。
discharge machining
放电加工
The hydrodynamic process in which a discontinuity (or shock wave) with chemical reactions propagates along an explosive at a speed greater than that of sound in the material. The shock wave is transmitted into the explosion, and a high-speed chemical reaction is generated in the compressed thin layer of explosion, releasing a large amount of heat energy to support the continuous propagation of the shock wave. This type of shock wave with high-speed chemical reactions is called a detonation wave. After the detonation wave passes through, the original explosion product becomes a gas detonation product with high temperature, high pressure and high energy density, which expands rapidly and compresses, throws or destroys the surrounding objects.
带有化学反应的间断面（或冲击波）以大于物料中的声速沿爆炸物传播的流体动力学过程。冲击波传人爆炸物内，受压缩的薄层爆炸物内产生高速化学反应，释放大量热能支持冲击波继续传播。这种带有高速化学反应的冲击波称为爆轰波。爆轰波通过后，原来的爆炸产物变成高温、高压、高能量密度的气体爆轰产物，急剧膨胀，对周围物体产生压缩、抛掷或其他破坏作用。
detonation
爆轰
Superconductivity is one of 1111 phases of iron-based superconductor. Usually, F is doped on the O position or 0 is absent.
铁基超导体1111相中的一种，通常在O位上掺杂F或者使0缺位，可以获得超导电性。
SmFeAsO
钐铁砷氧
It is called MTG for short. It is a method for preparing large single crystal YBCO superconducting blocks. It takes oxide powder as raw material, heats it to a certain temperature to melt it, and induces it to grow along the texture direction through directional solidification, thus preparing bulk YBCO single crystal.
简称MTG,一种大块单晶YBCO超导块体的制备方法。它是以氧化物粉末为原料，将其加热到一定的温度后使其熔化.并通过定向凝固诱导其沿织构方向生长，从而制备出大块的YBCO单晶。
melted growth
熔融织构生长法
The hot metal billet obtained by continuous casting is directly sent to the continuous rolling mill (which can pass through the soaking pit) for continuous rolling. Its characteristics are high production efficiency, energy conservation, and reduced auxiliary equipment.
由连续铸造得到的热金属坯直接送入连轧机组(其间可经过均热炉)进行连续轧制的先进生产工艺。其特点是生产效率高、节约能源、减少辅助设备。
continuous casting and rolling
连铸连轧
See zinc white.
见锌白。
zinc oxide
锌华
Refers to ceramics materials with optical and electronic properties. Optoelectronic ceramics can be prepared by atmosphere sintering, vacuum hot pressing sintering, oxygen atmosphere hot pressing sintering, hot isostatic pressing sintering and other methods. Photoelectric crystal has good performance, but its disadvantages are difficult to prepare, long period and high cost; Photoelectric glass is easy to prepare and low in cost, but its performance is poor; Optoelectronic ceramics are comparable to crystal in performance, and have the advantages of low cost, large size, and preparation of various shapes. Optoelectronic ceramics have unique photoelectric properties and have become an indispensable materials in the optical communication industry. Commonly used in functional ceramics materials for laser components (including laser modulation, laser window materials), infrared radiation and receiving materials, practical light conversion materials; Optical storage, video display and storage system, optical switch and other optical functional ceramics; Thin film display, PDP materials, materials for high brightness ultra efficient luminescence tubes; Functional ceramics made of new high-performance optical transmission materials, optical amplification, optoelectronic coupling materials.
指具有光学和电子学特性的陶瓷材料。光电陶瓷可采用气氛烧结、真空热压烧结、氧气氛热压烧结、热等静压烧结等方法来制备。光电晶体性能较好，缺点是制备难度大、周期长、成本高；光电玻璃制备容易、成本低，但性能较差；光电陶瓷性能可与晶体媲美，而且具有成本低、尺寸大、可制备各种形状等优点。光电陶瓷具有独特的光电性能，已成为光通信产业不可缺少的材料。常用于激光元件用功能陶瓷材料（包括激光调制、激光窗口材料），红外辐射与接收材料，实用化的光转换材料；光存储、视频显示和存储系统、光开关等用光功能陶瓷；薄膜显示、PDP材料、高亮度超高效发光管用材料；新型高性能的光传输材料、光放大、光电耦合材料的功能陶瓷制品。
optoelectronic ceramics
光电陶瓷
At high temperature, the sintering of most silicate systems mainly depends on the flow of viscous liquid to achieve densification. In addition to the Newtonian flow of viscous liquid at high temperature leading to mass transfer, in solid state sintering, the lattice vacancy in the crystal will also flow under the effect of stress, which is called viscous flow and is a way of flow and mass transfer. The viscous flow of substances at high temperatures can be divided into two stages: firstly, the contact surface between adjacent particles increases, and then adhesion occurs between particles until the pores are closed; Next, the closed pores undergo viscous compaction, and the remaining closed pores gradually shrink. With the progress of sintering, the small pores in the green body will gradually shrink and eventually form closed pores. According to the mass transfer by viscous flow, the main parameters affecting the sintering rate include the initial particle size, viscosity and surface tension of particles.
在高温下，大多数硅酸盐系统的烧结主要依靠黏滞液体的流动以实现致密化。除了在高温下黏性液体的牛顿型流动导致传质之外，在固相烧结中，晶体内的晶格空位在应力作用下也会发生流动，这被称为黏滞流动，是流动传质的一种方式。高温下物质的黏滞流动可以分为两个阶段：首先，相邻颗粒之间的接触表面增大，然后颗粒之间发生黏合作用，直至孔隙封闭；接下来，封闭的气孔发生黏性压实，残留的封闭孔逐渐缩小。随着烧结的进行，坯体中的小气孔会逐渐缩小，最终形成封闭的气孔。根据黏滞流动传质机理，影响烧结速率的主要参数包括颗粒的初始粒径、黏度和表面张力。
mass transfer by viscous flow
黏滞流动传质机理
It refers to a class of macromolecule substances that can be dissolved in water. For example, natural polymer include gelatin, gum arabic, starch and polysaccharide, etc; Semi synthetic macromolecule include cellulose ethers, such as modified derivatives of natural substances such as ethyl cellulose, methyl or thyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, starch and gelatin. The synthetic water soluble polymer include polyvinyl alcohol, polyethylene oxide, polyacrylamide, polypropylene acid, polypropylene acid, etc. The water soluble polymer containing ionic groups is called polyelectrolyte. For example, polyethylene sulfonic acid and polyacrylic acid can be made into substitute plasma. Polyethylene oxide can be made into water-soluble block or graft copolymer. Applied in the synthesis of neutral detergents and non ionic surfactants. Water soluble polymer is widely used in medicine, mineral processing, textile, cosmetics, paper making and sewage treatment, and can be used as thickener, emulsifier, soil conditioner, water soluble adhesive, tackifier of water soluble coatings, additive of cosmetics, fiber modifier, etc. After crosslinking, water-soluble polymers can become hydrogel and ion exchange resin for drug sustained release.
指在水中可溶解的一类高分子物质。如天然高分子有明胶、阿拉伯树胶、淀粉和多糖等；半合成高分子有纤维素醚类.如竣甲基纤维素、甲基或乙基纤维素、羟乙基纤维素及淀粉和明胶等天然物的变性衍生物等。合成的水溶性高分子有：聚乙烯醇、聚环氧乙烷、聚丙烯酰胺类、聚丙烯酸类、聚丙烯酸等。含有离子性基团的水溶性高分子叫聚电解质。如聚乙烯磺酸、聚丙烯酸等，可制成代用血浆。聚环氧乙烷可以制成水溶性嵌段或接枝共聚物。在中性洗涤剂和非离子型表面活性剂等的合成上应用。水溶性高分子在医药、选矿、纺织、化妆品、造纸和污水处理中广泛应用，可作增稠剂、乳化剂、土壤调节剂、水溶性黏合剂、水溶性涂料的增黏剂、化妆品的添加剂和纤维改良剂等。水溶性高分子经交联可成为药物缓释用的水凝胶和离子变换树脂等。
water soluble polymer
水溶性高分子
A conductive plate at both ends of the positive and negative electrodes of the stack for collecting current. Generally, it is mostly made of metal plates. The current collector at the negative end of the stack contacts the anode plate at the outermost end of the stack to collect electrons generated by the stack and send them to the load of the external circuit; The current collector at the positive end of the stack contacts the cathode plate at the outermost end of the stack and sends electrons flowing from the load to the positive pole of the stack. The current collector shall have good conductivity and small contact resistance with the adjacent plate to reduce the voltage loss caused by resistance.
处于电堆正负极两端用于收集电流的导电板。一般多为金属板。电堆负极端的电流收集体与电堆最外端的阳极极板相接触，收集电堆所产生的电子并把它们送至外电路的负载；电堆正极端的电流收集体与电堆最外端的阴极极板相接触，把从负载流出的电子送至电堆的正极。电流收集体要有很好的导电性并与相邻极板的接触电阻较小以便减小因电阻而造成的电压损耗。
current collector
电流收集体
A mass spectrometry method for studying the composition of micro areas on the surface of solid surface of materials. The focused primary ion beam is used as a microprobe to bombard the surface or near surface of the sample and splash out the secondary ions of atoms and molecules. The secondary ions are separated according to the mass charge ratio (m/e) in the magnetic field, and the mass spectrum and ion images of materials in the micro area can be obtained. The qualitative and quantitative information of elements can be obtained through analysis and calculation. It can carry out micro area analysis, depth analysis, plane analysis and image analysis on surface of materials with high sensitivity. Its range includes all elements from hydrogen to uranium in the periodic table and their isotopes. The depth resolution has reached 3nm, and the horizontal resolution of imaging can reach 30nm. The sample can be divided into blocks, rods, thin films, particles, etc. Instrument types can be divided into direct imaging type and scanning imaging type based on imaging function and working mode. The former's secondary ion optical system transmits ion information in the form of keeping the original spatial relative position of ions on the surface of materials unchanged. Ions emitted from various points on the "object" are simultaneously transmitted on the fluorescent screen to form ion distribution images, also known as ion microscope; The latter uses the primary ion optical system to focus the primary ion beam on the surface of materials into very small spots, and the grid scanner outputs sawtooth waves of two frequencies to add to the primary ion beam system and two pairs of orthogonal deflection plates of the picture tube. At the same time, it controls the primary bundle to scan on the materials and the electron beam on the fluorescent screen synchronously, and then displays the distribution image of emitted ions in the scanning area. This method has become an important analytical tool in the field of materials research.
研究固体材料表面微区成分的一种质谱分析方法。利用聚焦的一次离子束作为微探针，轰击试样表面或近表层溅射出原子及分子的二次离子，在磁场中按质荷比(m/e)分开，可获得材料微区质谱图及离子图像，通过分析计算求得元素的定性和定量信息。它能以很高的灵敏度对材料表面进行微区分析、深度分析、平面分析及图像分析，其范围包括周期表中从氢到铀的所有元素及它们的同位素，深度分辨率已达3nm，成像的横向分辨率可达30nm。试样可分为块状、棒状、薄膜、微粒等。仪器类型按成像功能和工作方式可分为直接成像型和扫描成像型。前者的二次离子光学系统以保持离子在材料表面上原来的空间相对位置不变的形式传输离子信息，由"物"上各点发射的离子同时透射在荧光屏上，形成离子的分布图像，又称离子显微镜；后者利用一次离子光学系统将一次离子束在材料表面上聚焦成很小的斑点，并由栅极扫描器输出两种频率的锯齿波加在一次离子朿系统和显像管的两对正交偏转板上，同时控制一次束在材料上以及电子束在荧光屏上进行同步扫描，便可显示出扫描区内发射离子的分布图像。该方法目前已成为材料研究领域中的一种重要分析工具。
ion microprobe analysis
离子微探针分析
The phenomenon of the core coated with fuel particles migrating from the low-temperature side to the high-temperature side. In the temperature gradient field, the fuel core reacts with the cladding layer at the high temperature side, eroding the pyrolytic carbon, moving forward, and depositing graphite at the low temperature side behind it. It takes a temperature gradient as a necessary condition, but can only proceed at a significant speed at high temperatures.
包覆燃料颗粒的核芯由低温侧向高温侧迁移的现象。在温度梯度场中.燃料核芯在高温侧和包覆层反应，侵蚀热解碳.向前迁移.在其后面--低温侧.沉积析出石墨。它以温度梯度为必要条件，但只有在高温时.才能以显著速度进行。
Amoeba effect
阿米巴效应
The atoms or groups constituting the macromolecular chain are not a single chain, but a ladder shaped macromolecule chain formed by connecting two or more single chains. Because there is no single chain in its molecular chain, ladder polymer molecular chain is more rigid and less soluble than general linear polymer, but it often shows good thermal stability. Structure diagram of ladder polymer, typical ladder polymer.
组成大分子链的原子或基团不是一个单链，而是以两个及以上的单链相连而生成的梯状高分子链。由于其分子链中没有单链.梯形聚合物分子链比一般线型聚合物的刚性更强、溶解性较差，但常表现出良好的热稳定性。梯形聚合物的结构示意图，典型梯形聚合物。
ladder polymer
梯形聚合物
Also known as ethyl orthosilicate. It is miscible with most organic solvents. Molecular weight 148.28, vapor pressure 1.33kPa (13.3 ° C), boiling point 113.5t:, relative density 0.87; Inhalation, oral administration, or absorption through the skin are harmful to the body. Vapor or mist can be irritating to the eyes, mucous membranes, and respiratory tract. Irritating to the skin. Long term exposure can cause nausea, dizziness, headache, and gastrointestinal dysfunction.
又称正硅酸乙酯。可混溶于多数有机溶剂。分子量148.28,蒸气压1.33kPa(13.3°C)，沸点113.5t:，相对密度0.87;吸人、口服或经皮肤吸收对身体有害。蒸气或雾对眼、黏膜和1：呼吸道有刺激性。对皮肤有刺激性。长时间接触引起恶心、头晕、头痛和胃肠功能袭乱。
tetraethoxysilane (tetraethyl ortho silicate)
四乙氧基硅烷
Ⅲ-V compound semiconductor single crystal materials whose production volume is second only to GaAs single crystal. The crystal structure is sphalerite type, with density of 4.10g/cm3 (solid), 4.60g/cm3 (liquid at melting point), energy gap of 2.26eV at 300K, and indirect transition type. GaP single crystal with large size can be drawn by high pressure liquid sealed direct tension (HPLEC) method, with the decompression strength up to 3.5MPa at melting point. Although GaP is an indirect band gap semiconductor, the composition of bound exciton formed by equivalent electron trap can achieve quite high luminescence efficiency. For example, adding Zn-O can emit red light, while adding different concentrations of N can emit green and yellow light. GaP single crystal is widely used as the substrate to produce LEDs of the above colors.
生产量仅次于GaAs单晶的Ⅲ-V族化合物半导体单晶材料。晶体结构为闪锌矿型，密度4.10g/cm3(固态)、4.60g/cm3(熔点时液态）,300K时能隙2.26eV，间接跃迁型。GaP在熔点时离解压强高达3.5MPa,采用高压液封直拉(HPLEC)法可拉制出较大尺寸的GaP单晶。GaP虽为间接带隙半导体，但利用等电子陷阱所形成的束缚激子复合可获得相当高的发光效率。例如，掺入Zn-O对可发射红色光，掺入不同浓度的N可发射绿、黄色光。GaP单晶作为衬底大量用于生产上述颜色的LED。
gallium phosphide crystal
磷化镓单晶
Also known as environmentally friendly water treatment agents. Water treatment agent that has no pollution to the environment, is harmless to human health, and is degradation into harmless substances during manufacturing and use. It is divided into green slow release scale inhibitor, green germicide and algicide and green coagulant. There are three types of green slow-release scale inhibitors: inorganic, natural, and synthetic. Inorganic green corrosion and scale inhibitors include molybdate, tungstate, etc., which can adsorb and deposit on the metal surface, or promote metal passivation through its own oxidation. Natural polymer corrosion and scale inhibitors include starch, cellulose, tannin, etc. Among them, starch and cellulose belong to polysaccharides in carbohydrates,; Tannin contains phenolic hydroxyl groups and can form chelates with Ca2+, Mg2+, etc. Synthetic products include polyaspartic acid, polyepoxysuccinic acid, S-carboxyethylthiosuccinic acid, polyglutamic acid, etc. Polyaspartic acid PASP has polyamino acid with carboxylic acid side chain, which can be biodegradation and has chelating and dispersion properties; The polyepoxysuccinic acid PESA is easy to biodegradation and suitable for high alkali and high hardness water systems, with good corrosion and scale inhibition effect; S-carboxyethylthiosuccinic acid has strong biodegradation performance, which can reduce the sewage treatment load; Polyglutamic acid is soluble in water and can be completely biodegradation. The relatively low molecular weight polyglutamic acid developed by it has good scale and corrosion inhibition performance, which meets the requirements of green water treatment agwit. Green germicide and algicide (see green germicide and algicide), green coagulant (see natural polymer flocculant).
又称环境友好型水处理剂。制造、使用过程中对环境无污染，对人体健康无害，且被降解为无害物质的水处理剂。分为绿色缓释阻垢剂、绿色杀菌灭藻剂和绿色絮凝剂。绿色缓释阻垢剂有无机、天然、人工合成三类。无机绿色缓蚀阻垢剂有钼酸盐、钨酸盐等，能在金属表面发生吸附、沉积，或通过自身的氧化性促进金属钝化。天然高分子缓蚀阻垢剂有淀粉、纤维素、单宁等，其中淀粉和纤维素都属于碳水化合物中的多聚糖类，；单宁中含有酚羟基，能与Ca2+、Mg2+等形成螯合物。人工合成类有聚天冬氨酸、聚环氧琥珀酸、S-羧乙基硫代琥珀酸、聚谷氨酸等，聚天冬氨酸PASP带有羧酸侧链的聚氨基酸.能被生物降解且具有螯合和分散性能；聚环氧琥珀酸PESA易生物降解.并适用于高碱高硬度水系，缓蚀阻垢效果好；S-羧乙基硫代琥珀酸生物降解性能强，可降低污水处理负荷；聚谷氨酸可溶于水，能够完全生物降解，由其开发的相对低分子质量聚谷氨酸具有较好的阻垢缓蚀性能，符合绿色水处理剂的要求。绿色杀菌灭藻剂(见绿色杀菌灭藻剂)，绿色絮凝剂(见天然高分子絮凝剂)。
green water treatment agent
绿色水处理剂
It refers to the lighting technology using solid electronic components, such as luminescence diodes (LEDs), organic light emitting diode (OUED), macromolecule luminescence diodes (PLED), etc. as light sources. In modern physics, electronic devices with certain functions made using the principle of internal electronic motion changes in solids are called solid-state electronic devices to distinguish them from traditional vacuum devices. Luminescence diode is a semiconductor device that generates light through composition of carriers inside the semiconductor, which belongs to solid state device. Therefore, the lighting with semiconductor luminescence diodes as light sources can be called solid state lighting, which is different from the traditional lighting with electric vacuum light sources (such as incandescent lamps and fluorescent lamps). Because of the above reasons, homomorphic lighting can also be called semiconductor lighting or LED lighting. Homomorphic lighting has the advantages of energy conservation, environmental protection, and long service life. Semiconductor interstate electronic devices have achieved a great revolution in electronics, and the second revolution is happening in the field of lighting. LED will replace all traditional light sources such as incandescent lamps and fluorescent lamps, achieving energy-saving and environmentally friendly homomorphic lighting.
指使用固体电子元件，例如发光二极管（LED）、有机发光二极管(OUED)、高分子发光二极管（PLED)等作为光源的照明技术。在现代物理中将利用固体内部电子运动变化原理制成的具有一定功能的电子器件称为固态电子器件，以区别于传统的电真空器件。发光二极管是一种通过半导体内部载流子复合产生光的半导体器件，属固态器件。因此，可将以半导体发光二极管为光源的照明称为固态照明，以区别于采用电真空光源（如白炽灯和日光灯）的传统照明。也因为上述原因，同态照明也可称为半导体照明，或LED照明。同态照明具有节能、环保、寿命长等优点。半导体间态电子器件在电子学方面完成了一次很好的革命，第二次革命正发生在照明领域，LED将取代白炽灯、荧光灯等所有传统电光源，实现节能、环保的同态照明。
solid state lighting
固态照明
The general name of tin-base bearing alloy and lead-base bearing alloy Now Babbitt metal has many components, mainly including tin base and lead base. The strength and hardness of lead based babbitt alloy alloy are lower than those of tin base alloy. Babbitt metal alloy has excellent antifriction performance. Babbitt metal alloy is used as bearing materials for diesel engine, steam turbine, gearbox and other equipment.
锡基轴承合金和铅基轴承合金的总称现在巴氏合金有多种成分，主要为锡基和铅基两大类。铅基巴氏合金的强度和硬度比锡基合金低。巴氏合金具有优良的减摩性能，巴氏合金应用于柴油机、汽轮机、齿轮箱等设备上使用的轴承材料。
Babbitt metal
巴氏合金
It is a membrane separation technology that uses the microporosity, hydrophobicity and low thermal conductivity of tnacromolecular film to achieve water purification and solution concentration. This is a temperature driven operation process, where two types of aqueous fluids at the surface boundaries on both sides of the membrane have different temperatures. The temperature difference causes a steam pressure difference, causing steam molecules to be transported through the membrane pores, similar to the process of evaporation, transportation, and condensation in distillation. However, membrane distillation can be carried out below the boiling point of solution and under normal pressure, and can utilize industrial waste heat, solar energy, etc. The membranes used for membrane distillation include hydrophobic microporous membranes such as polypropylene, polylctrafluorocthylone, polyvinylidene fluoride, etc., and membrane distillation equipment can be composed of spin off, hollow fiber, tube or plate frame components. It can be used for wastewater treatment, separation, recovery of certain chemical substances, and product concentration.
利用高分子膜的微孔性、疏水性和低热导性而达到水纯化和溶液浓缩的膜分离技术。这是一种以温度为推动力的运行过程，在膜两侧表面边界的两种含水流体有不同的温度，温度差造成蒸汽压力差，使蒸汽分子经过膜孔进行传输，与蒸馏中的蒸发、传输和冷凝的过程类似。但膜蒸馏可在低于溶液沸点和正常压力下进行，能利用工业废热、太阳能等。膜蒸馏用的膜有聚丙烯、聚四氟乙烯、聚偏二氟乙烯等疏水性微孔膜,可以甩卷式、中空纤维式、管式或板框式组件构成膜蒸馏设备。可以进行废水处理或某些化学物质的分离、回收以及产品浓缩等。
membrane distillation
膜蒸馏
The purity of copper bonding wire is more than 99.99%, the diameter is generally 18-50pm, and the wire is wound on a standard metal spool with a length of 500m, 1000m, 2000m or 3000m; Copper bonding wire has higher strength and stiffness, better electrical and mechanical properties, and slower growth rate of imermetallif compound than bonded alloy wire Especially, it has lower materials cost than gold wire, and becomes a substitute for gold and glod alloy bonding wire in the field of packaging with low requirements.
键合铜丝的纯度为99. 99%以上，直径一般为18-50pm,以500m、 1000m、2000m或3000m长度绕在标准金属线轴上；键合铜丝较键合金丝具有更高的强度和刚度、更优良的电热和力学性能、更慢的金属间化合物生长速度. 特别是较金丝具有更低的材料成本.在要求不高的封 装领域中成为键合金丝的替代品。
copper bonding wire
键合铜丝
Thin-film eletroluminescent materials, when TFEL is formed into a thin film, the luminescence phenomenon under the action of electric field is called thin film electroluminescence. The thin films with such properties are called thin-film eletroluminescent materials. The main matrix materials is ZnS, which is also sandwiched between two parallel plate electrodes, one of which is transparent or translucent, such as conductive glass. When a voltage is applied to two electrodes, electroluminescence is transmitted from them. The thickness of the thin film is generally 1 μ About m. Thin film electroluminescence can also be divided into DC and AC. Thin film electroluminescence screen can be made into various shapes such as flat plate, so it has the characteristics of large viewing angle, soft light, simple preparation process, low cost, etc. It is an ideal luminescence device in display and imaging.
薄膜电致发光材料，TFEL当发光体制成薄膜形式时，在电场作用下出现的发光现象称为薄膜电致发光。具有这种性能的薄膜称为薄膜电致发光材料。最主要的基质材料是ZnS,也是将发光体夹在两个平行平板电极之间，其中一个是透明或半透明的如导电玻璃等。当在两电极上加一电压时，电致发光从其中透射出来。薄膜的厚度一般是1μm左右。薄膜电致发光也分直流和交流两类。薄膜电致发光屏因可制成平板等各种形状，因此具有视角大、光线柔和、制备工艺简单、造价便宜等特点，在显示和显像方面是很理想的发光器件。
thin-film electroluminescent materials
薄膜电致发光材料
It is suitable for manufacturing carbon structural steel of various small and medium-sized springs and elasticity components. To ensure strength, higher near eutectoid carbon content (0.65% -0.85%) is often used. The carbon spring steel has high strength, hardness and elasticity after heat treatment, and the price is low; But the plasticity and toughness are not high, the hardenabilhy is low, and the heat resistance is poor. It can be made into various wire or steel strip, which are used to make small and medium-sized springs or elasticity components with small section size and low temperature.
适合于制造各种中小型弹簧及弹性元件的碳素结构钢。为保证强度，多采用较高的近共析的碳含量（0.65%?0.85%)。碳素弹簧钢热处理后具有较高的强度、硬度和弹性，价格低廉；但塑性和韧性不高，淬透性较低.耐热性差。多制成各种钢丝或钢带，用于制作截面尺寸较小、T：作温度不高的中小型弹簧或弹性元件。
carbon spring steel
碳素弹簧钢
A kind of intermediate acid intrusive rocks. It is an intermediate type rock from granite to diorite. Most of them are coarse grained, semi euhedral granular structure, like porphyritic texture and massive structure.
一种中酸性侵入岩。它是花岗岩类向闪长岩类过渡的中间类型岩石。多为粗粒状，半自形粒状结构，似斑状结构，块状构造。
granodiorite
花岗闪长岩
Brass with manganese added on the basis of copper zinc alloy. Manganese mainly plays a solid solution strengthening role, can improve the strength and hardness of brass, and significantly improve the corrosion resistance of brass in seawater, chloride and overheating steam. Manganese brass can withstand hot and cold pressure processing, and its manganese content is usually 1% -4%. 58Cu-40Zn-2Mn alloy has good hot and cold working properties. The soft tensile strength is 400MPa, and the elongation is 40%. It is suitable for making wear-resistant piston heads, valve stems, guide rods, etc. It is widely used in the shipbuilding industry for corrosion resistant structural parts. 57Cu-39Zn-3Mn-lAl, 55Cu-41Zn-3Mn-lFe and other alloy are manganese brass with a small amount of aluminum, iron and other elements added respectively. They have high strength, soft tensile strength of 500-55OMPa, elongation of 15% -25%, and can withstand hot pressure processing. They are widely used in shipbuilding and military industries.
在铜锌合金基础上加入锰的黄铜。锰主要起固溶强化作用，能提高黄铜的强度、硬度，并显著提高黄铜在海水、氯化物和过热蒸汽中的耐蚀性。锰黄铜能承受热、冷压力加工，含锰量通常为1%-4%。58Cu-40Zn-2Mn合金具有良好的热冷加工性能，软态的拉伸强度为400MPa，伸长率为40%,适于制作耐磨的活塞头、阀杆、导杆等，在造船工业中大量用于耐蚀结构件。57Cu-39Zn-3Mn-lAl，55Cu-41Zn-3Mn-lFe等合金是分别加入少量铝、铁等元素的锰黄铜，具有较高的强度，软态的拉伸强度为500-55OMPa,伸长率15%-25%,能承受热压力加工，广泛用于造船及军工部门。
manganese brass
锰黄铜
See SPUR sealant.
见SPUR密封胶。
silicone terminated polyurethane sealant
端硅烷基聚氨酯密封胶
A material that can bond other components together and endow solid propellant with certain mechanical properties. It is the main source of fuel during the combustion of propellant, providing carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and other combustible elements. The adhesives widely used now are nitrocellulose, polybutadiene, polyether, azide polyether, etc., which are generally composed of macromolecule prepolymer with average molecular weight of thousands and its curing agent. The categories include thermoplastic macromolecule and thermosetting macromolecule that form elastomers through curing and crosslinking. It is customary to name composition solid propellant after adhesive, such as hydroxyl terminated polybutadiene propellant, nitrate ester plasticized polyether propellant, etc. The adhesive should have high enthalpy of formation and density, good physical chemistry compatibility with other components of the propellant, low glass transition temperature and good r-process performance.
能将其他组分黏结在一起，并赋予固体推进剂一定的力学性能的物质。在推进剂燃烧时是燃料的主要源泉，提供碳、氢、氮等可燃元素.现在广泛使用的黏合剂有硝化纤维素、聚丁二烯、聚醚和叠氮聚醚等，一般由数均分子量数千的高分子预聚物及其固化剂组成。其种类包括热塑性大分子和坷通过固化交联形成弹性体的热固性大分子两大类。习惯上以黏合剂的名称命名复合固体推进剂，如端羟基聚丁二烯推进剂、硝酸酯增塑聚醚推进剂等。黏合剂应该具有较高的生成焓和密度.与推进剂其他成分物理化学相容性好、较低的玻璃化温度和较好的r艺性能。
binder of propellant
推进剂黏合剂
A glass deep processing product combining vacuum glass technology, conductive glass technology and solar cell technology phase, that is, a piece of vacuum glass and a piece of strengthened glass are combined into a vacuum structure, two pieces of glass are composition solar cell sheets in the middle to form a composition layer, and wires are connected in series or parallel between the battery sheets to collect leads ends.
将真空玻璃技术、导电玻璃技术与太阳能电池技术相结合的一种玻璃深加工制品，即将由一片真空玻璃和一片钢化玻璃组合成真空结构，两片玻璃中间复合太阳能电池片组成复合层，电池片之间由导线串联或并联汇集引线端。
photovoltaic vacuum glass
光伏真空玻璃
An electrode made by utilizing the immune recognition and binding functions of antigens and antibodies. The determination of immunoelectrode is based on immunological principles, and can be divided into two categories: non labeled immunoelectrode and labeled immunoelectrode. Non labeled immunoelectrode is to form antigen antibody complex on the surface of the receptor, which directly converts the physical changes caused by the immune reaction into electrical signals. So far, two methods have been proposed: ① binding antibodies (or antigens) on the surface of tnacromolecular film as receptors to measure the membrane potential before and after antigen antibody reaction; Common tnacromolecular film include cellulose acetate membrane, polyvinyl chloride membrane, etc. Based on this principle, immunosensors have been designed to distinguish blood types, detect syphilis and hepatitis B. ② Antibodies (or antigens) are bound to the surface of the solid electrode as receptors, and changes in electrode potential caused by antigen and antibody reactions are measured. Commonly used solid electrodes include glassy carbon electrodes, Pt electrodes, semiconductor electrodes, etc. For example, covalently binding human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) antibodies to the surface of TiO2 electrodes can be used as sensors for detecting HCG. Labeled immunoelectrode is a immunoelectrode that uses enzymes, red blood cells and ribonucleosomes as markers to convert the final change of self into electrical signals with an electrochemical converter. Because of the chemical amplification of the marker, its detection sensitivity is significantly improved than that of the non labeled immunoelectrode. So far, a immunoelectrode has been designed to detect human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), immunoglobulin IgG, IgA, IgM, a-alpha fetoprotein (TFP) and other labeled immune electrodes. Immunoelectrode has broad application prospects in clinical diagnosis, drug detection, bioengineering and other fields.
利用抗原与抗体的免疫识别与结合功能制成的电极。免疫电极的测定是以免疫学原理为基础的，可分为非标记免疫电极与标记免疫电极两类。非标记免疫电极是在受体表面上形成抗原抗体复合物，将免疫反应引起的物理变化直接转换为电信号。迄今已提出两种方式:①在高分子膜表面结合抗体(或抗原)作为受体，测定抗原抗体反应前后的膜电位；常用的高分子膜有醋酸纤维素膜、聚氯乙烯膜等。根据这一原理已设计出判别血型、检测梅毒及B型肝炎的免疫传感器:②在固体电极表面结合抗体(或抗原）作为受体，测定伴随抗原、抗体反应引起的电极电位的变化。常用的固体电极有玻碳电极、Pt电极、半导体电极等。例如，将人绒毛膜促件腺激素(HCG）抗体共价结合在TiO2电极表面，可制成检测HCG的传感器。标记免疫电极是以酶、红细胞及核糖核蛋白体等作为标记物，将自的最终变化用电化学变换器转换成电信号的免疫电极。由于利用了标记物的化学放大作用，因而其检测灵敏度比非标记免疫电极有显著提高，迄今已设计出测定人绒毛膜促性腺激素(HCG)，免疫球蛋IgG、IgA、IgM、a-甲胎蛋白(TFP)等标记免疫电极。免疫电极在临床诊断、药物检定、生物工程等领域都有广阔的应用前景。
immunoelectrode
免疫电极
Water bearing complex island structure sulfate mineral "chemical formula is K2Ca (H20) [S04]. White, light yellow or flesh red, transparent to translucent, glass luster. Mohs hardness 2 5. With a density of 2.58 g/cm3, it is a common potassium bearing mineral in continental salt lakes, coexisting with anhydrite, polyhalite, thenardite, calcium mirabilite, etc. It is also found in the salt bearing clay layer at the bottom of modern salt lakes. It is a raw mineral material for chemical industry and fertilizer production.
含水的复杂岛状结构硫酸盐矿物"化学式为K2Ca(H20) [S04]。白色、浅黄或肉红色， 透明至半透明，玻璃光泽。莫氏硬度2. 5,密度2.58 g/cm3，是陆相盐湖里常见的含钾矿物，与硬石膏、杂卤石、无水芒硝、钙芒硝等共生，还发现于现代盐湖底部含盐的黏土层中。是化工和制取化肥的矿物原料。
potassium gypsum
钾石膏
The general term of foundry methods for obtaining castings with accurate shape and size and good surface quality by precision mold. The castings of precision casting not only have high dimensional accuracy, but also have smooth surface, clear contour and line, and can be processed without or less. Precision casting methods mainly include: ① using fine refractory and special adhesive to make mold with smooth cavity surface, accurate size and high strength, such as shell mold casting, expenable pattern casting, ceramic mold casting, plaster mold casting, etc.; ② Adopt solid molding method to obtain integral mold with accurate size, such as expenable pattern casting, full mold casting, etc.; ③ Adopt mold with smooth cavity surface and accurate size, such as metallic mold casting, die-casting, etc.; ④ Use pressure and centrifugal force to improve efficiency of spare filling of castings, such as die-casting, centrifugal casting, low pressure casting, liquid metal forging, etc.
用精密铸型获得形状与尺寸准确、表面质量良好的铸件的铸造方法的总称。精密铸造的铸件不仅尺寸精度高，而且表面光洁，轮廓和线条清晰，可不加工或少加工。精密铸造方法主要包括：①用细颗粒耐火材料和特种黏结剂制作型腔表面光洁、尺寸精确、强度高的铸型，如壳型铸造、熔模铸造、陶瓷型铸造、石膏型铸造等；②采用实体造型方法，获得尺寸精确的整体铸型，如熔模铸造、实型铸造等；③采用型腔表面光洁、尺寸精确的铸型，如金属型铸造、压力铸造等；④利用压力和离心力提高铸件致密度，如压力铸造、离心铸造、低压铸造、液态模锻等。
precision casting
精密铸造
The composite materials composed of different types of reinforcement components in the form of laminated structure can be made of fiber, sheet or honeycomb core, and its matrix can be resin or metal.
不同类型的增强组分以叠层结构形式组成的复合材料，其增强组分可为纤维、片材或蜂窝芯材，其基体可为树脂或金属。
hybrid laminated composite
混杂叠层复合材料
The minimum energy required to move an electron from the Fermi level of a materials to the vacuum energy level. The unit is eV.
将一个电子从材料的费米能级移到真空能级所需要的最小能量。单位是eV。
work function
功函数
The utility model relates to a special glass which is laminated into solar cell, can generate electricity by using solar radiation, and is equipped with relevant current leading out devices and cables.
一种通过层压入太阳电池，能够利用太阳辐射发电，并具有相关电流引出装置以及电缆的特种玻璃。
solar photovoltaic glass
光伏玻璃
It is a kind of purple copper materials with high purity and little oxygen content. Oxygen-free copper has the advantages of conductivity, good thermal conductivity, easy processing and weld. Oxygen is one of the main impurity elements. According to the national standard, the oxygen content of No.1 oxygen-free copper is 0.03%.
纯度高、含氧量极少的一种紫铜材料。无氧铜具有导电、导热性能好、易加工、易焊接的优点。氧是主要的杂质元素之一，国家标准规定，1号无氧铜的氧含量为0.03%。
oxygen-free copper plate and copper strip
无氧铜板和铜带
It is mainly used to remove chemical substances, microorganisms and some adsorption materials of nitrogen in water. Chemical substances mainly include chlorine gas and magnesium salts, which achieve nitrogen removal by generating nitrogen or nitrogen insoluble substances from nitrogen containing ions in water. Microorganisms mainly include ammonifying microorganisms, nitrifying bacteria, and denitrifying bacteria. Ammonifying microorganisms convert organic nitrogen in water into ammonia through biochemical reactions; Nitrobacteria convert ammonia nitrogen in water into nitrite nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen through biochemical reactions; Denitrifying bacteria reduce nitrite nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen in water bodies to nitrogen through biochemical reactions. Denitrification includes dissimilatory denitrification and assimilatory denitrification. In the environment with low dissolved oxygen concentration, denitrifying bacteria use oxygen in nitrate as electron acceptor and organic matter as carbon source and electron donor to obtain degradation. Adsorption materials include modified bentonite (see bentonite absorbent), zeolite molecular sieve, high adsorption resin (see super absorbent resin), etc.
主要用于去除水中氮的化学物质、微生物及一些吸附材料。化学物质主要有氯气、镁盐，通过使水中的含氮离子生成氮气或含氮不溶物达到除氮的目的。微生物主要有氨化微生物、硝化菌和反硝化菌》i氨化微生物通过生物化学反应将水体中有机氮转化为氨；硝化菌通过生物化学反应将水体中氨氮转化为亚硝酸盐氮和硝酸盐氮；反硝化菌通过生物化学反应将水体中亚硝酸盐氮和硝酸盐氮还原成氮气，反硝化包括异化反硝化和同化反硝化。以异化反硝化为主.反硝化菌在溶解氧浓度很低的环境中，利用硝酸盐中的氧作为电子受体，有机物作为碳源及电子供体而得到降解。吸附材料有改性膨润土（见膨润土吸附剂）、沸石分子筛、高吸附树脂（见高吸水树脂）等。
denitrogenation agent of water treatment
水处理脱氮剂
Through chemical methods such as copolymerization, grafting, block, etc., other substituents are introduced into the macromolecule chain, or short chain segment are introduced into the molecular chain, so as to reduce the force between macromolecule chains, destroy the regularity of chain structure, reduce crystallinity, thereby improving the flexibility of resin, improving the processability, and achieving the effect similar to that of adding plasticizer. Internal plasticization can overcome the migration of plasticizer that often occurs when external plasticization is used. For example, the copolymerization of vinyl chloride and vinyl acetate can reduce the rigidity, tensile strength and modulus of polyvinyl chloride, and improve the flexibility and processability. The second modified monomer or branch chain must be added in the process of polymerization for internal plasticization, and the service temperature of the obtained resin is generally narrow.
通过共聚、接枝、嵌段等化学方法在大分子链上引入其他取代基，或者在分子链上引人短的链段，从而减弱大分子链之间的作用力、破坏链结构的规整性、降低结晶度，从而提高树脂的柔软性、改善加工性、取得类似于外加增塑剂的效果所产生的增塑作用。内增塑作用可克服采用外增塑时常发生的增塑剂迁移现象。例如，氯乙烯与乙酸乙烯酯共聚可以降低聚氯乙烯的刚性、拉伸强度及模量.提高柔软性和加工性。内增塑必须在聚合过程中加人第二改性单体或支链，且得到的树脂使用温度一般较窄。
internal plasticization
内增塑作用
The metallic materials used for deoxidation is added into steel liquid or electrode or into coating or welding flux at the later stage of steelmaking. Deoxidation can be achieved by adding deoxidation elements or deoxidizer with greater affinity to oxygen than iron into steel liquid and generating oxides or composite oxides that are not melted in steel liquid so as to exclude them from steel liquid. Metals and their alloy with greater chemical affinity to oxygen than iron can be used as deoxidizer. However, in actual production, efficiency and raw material cost should be considered comprehensively, so alloy with low prices are often used. Common block deoxidizer include ferromanganese, ferrosilicon, silicon manganese alloy, aluminum, silicon manganese aluminum alloy, silicon calcium alloy, etc. Powder deoxidizer include carbon powder, silicon iron powder, aluminium powder, silicon calcium powder, calcium carbide, etc. Many deoxidizer are also important alloy for adjusting the composition of molten steel. Deoxidation is the process of reducing the oxidation of molten metal and removing oxygen from liquid metal. Deoxidation with deoxidizer mainly includes precipitation deoxidation and diffusion deoxidation to reduce iron, while deoxidation products float out of liquid metal and enter into slag. Diffusion deoxidation is carried out at the interface between liquid metal and slag, which makes the oxygen in steel liquid transfer to diffusion in flooding.
炼钢后期加人钢液中或焊条中加人药皮或焊剂中用于脱氧的金属材料。在钢液中加入与氧的亲和力比铁大的脱氧元素或脱氧剂并生成不熔于钢液的氧化物或复合氧化物从而从钢液中排除可实现脱氧。与氧的化学亲合力比铁大的金属及其合金均可作为脱氧剂，而实际生产中还需综合考虑效率与原料成本.故往往采用价格低廉的合金。常用的块状脱氧剂有锰铁、硅铁、硅锰合金、铝、硅锰铝合金、硅钙合金等.粉状脱氧剂有炭粉、硅铁粉、铝粉、硅钙粉、电石等。很多脱氧剂也是调整钢水成分的重要合金料。脱氧是减少熔融金属的氧化以及从液态金属中排除氧的过程。采用脱氧剂脱氧主要分为沉淀脱氧和扩散脱氧，将铁还原，而脱氧产物浮出液态金属进入熔渣。而扩散脱氧是在液态金属与熔渣界面上进行的，使钢液中的氧不断向淹中扩散转移。
deoxidizer
脱氧剂
It refers to a class of macromolecule that can catalysis chemical reactions. It can be mainly divided into two categories: natural polymer catalysts and synthetic polymeric catalyst. The former is like enzyme, and the latter is like metaenzyme, mimic enzyme and macromolecule metal catalyst.
是指一类对化学反应具有催化作用的高分子。主要可分为天然高分子催化剂和合成高分子催化剂两大类。前者如酶，后者如间定化酶、模拟酶和高分子金属催化剂等。
polymeric catalyst
高分子催化剂
As a carbon coating for biomedical materials, the commonly used carbon coatings are low temperature isotropic (LT1) carbon coatings deposited on metal surfaces by pyrolysis of hydrocarbons, and ultra low temperature isotropic (ULTI) carbon coatings deposited on macromolecule films such as polyvinyl chloride, polyester, nylon resin, etc. by vapor deposition. LTI and ULTI have turbostratic structure, and their relative density is 1.4? 2.1. High density LTI and ULTI carbon maintain a elastic modulus of less than 20GPa, so they have good toughness. The fracture energy can reach 5.5 Mj/m3, which is about 25 times that of alumina ceramics. Even if the strain reaches about 2%, there will be no fracture. ULTI carbon coating can remain intact even when the strain is greater than 5%. The carbon coating also has other advantages: for example, its wear resistance is very good, and it can bear local or even point loads; Excellent fatigue resistance, with the same strength under cyclic loads as under single loads. The biocompatibility of the carbon coating is good, especially the Wood compatibility is very good. Its surface has good anticoagulation, and has no effect on the plasma egg and the activity of plasma enzymes. In combination with good mechanical properties, it has become an important materials for repairing the cardiovascular system. Almost all commonly used W cold bodies and valve racks of artificial heart valve use LT1 carbon coating, In addition, carbon coating can also be used for musculoskeletal system and other repairing materials of soft tissue.
作为生物医用材料的碳涂层.常用的有利用碳氢化合物热解沉积于金属表面的低温各向同性（LT1)碳涂层，以及气相沉积于聚氯乙烯、聚酯、尼龙等高分子薄膜上的超低温各向同性（ULTI)碳涂层。LTI和ULTI具有乱层结构，其相对密度为1.4?2.1。高密度的LTI和ULTI碳保持小于20GPa的弹性模量，从而具有良好的韧性，断裂能可达5.5Mj/m3.约为氧化铝陶瓷的25倍，即使应变达到2%左右.仍不会发生破裂.ULTI碳涂层甚至在应变大于5%吋仍能保持完好。碳涂层还具有其他优点：如耐磨性十分好.可承受局部甚至点负荷的作用；抗疲劳性能优越，在周期负荷下的强度同于单次负荷下的强度。碳涂层的生物相容性良好，特别是血液相容性十分优良，其表面具有良好的抗凝血性，对血浆蛋甴和血浆酶的活性无影响.与良好的力学性能配合，使其成为重要的心血管系统修复材料.几乎所有常用的人工心脏瓣膜的W寒体和瓣架都使用了LT1碳涂层，此外.碳涂层还可用于肌肉-骨骼系统和其他软组织修复材料。
carbon coating materials
碳涂层材料
Medical special fiber materials can be used to manufacture artificial organs or components, artificial blood vessels, artificial skin and its stem, artificial tendons and ligaments, artificial bone and joints, surgical suture, hemostatic and blood sucking accessories, bandages, masks, surgical gowns, masks, padding materials, optical waveguide fiber gastroscope, detoxification and offensive odour eliminating fiber. Almost all fiber materials are used, such as polyester, polyamide, polyacrylonitrile, polyolefin, silk, carbon fiber, cellulose and its derivatives, chitin and its derivatives, poly (e-caprolactone), collagen, polyarysulfone, polyglycolide, polyglycolide, polyglycolide, polydioxane, alginate and its derivatives, etc. These materials are required to be non-toxic, non allergic, non carcinogenic, non thrombotic and disinfectable. After disinfection, the physical chemistry properties remain unchanged or change little. At the same time, there are no side effects such as thrombosis, destruction of blood cells and enzymes, depletion of electrolytes in blood, immune reactions, changes in the composition of plasma proteins, changes in mechanical properties, and damage to adjacent tissues. For fiber materials used for organ repair, such as artificial heart valve, artificial, vascular, hernia repair materials, reliable and stable mechanical properties are required. For example, high resilience, high fracture strength, appropriate modulus and percentage elongation after fracture, and fatigue durability. For fiber materials used for artificial organs, such as artificial kidney hollow fiber, permeability is required to ensure effective separation of blood components. For the fiber materials used for surgical suture, it is required to have appropriate degradation cycle, for example, polyglycolide fiber is used to manufacture surgical suture with longer degradation cycle, polyglycolide lactide fiber is used to manufacture surgical suture with shorter degradation cycle, and polyester and polyamide fiber are used to manufacture permanent surgical suture. In short, different medical uses have different fiber properties requirements.
医学专用的纤维材料，可用于制造人造脏器或部件、人造血管、人造皮肤及其支架、人工肌腱和韧带、人工骨和关节、手术缝合线、止血和吸血辅料、绷带、口罩、手术衣、罩布、衬垫用材、光导纤维胃镜、解毒和消臭纤维。几乎所有的纤维材料都作为使用，例如：聚酯、聚酰胺、聚丙烯腈、聚烯烃、蚕丝、碳纤维、纤维素及其衍生物、甲壳质及其衍生物、聚己内酯、胶原、聚芳砜、聚乙交酯、聚丙交酯、聚乙交酯丙交酯、聚对二氧杂环己烷、海藻酸及其衍生物等。这些材料都要求无毒、无过敏反应、无致癌因素、不产生血栓和具有可消毒性.消毒处理后物理化学性能不变或变化小，同时不允许有血栓形成、破坏血细胞和酶、耗损血液中的电解质、免疫反应、改变血浆蛋白质的成分、力学性能变化和损坏邻近的组织等副作用。对于用于器官修补的纤维材料，如人工心脏瓣膜、人工、血管、疝修补材料等，要求有可靠而稳定的力学性能。例如高回弹性、高的断裂强度、合适的模量和断裂伸长率、疲劳耐久性。对于用于人工脏器的纤维材料，如人工肾中空纤维.要求选择透过性，保证血液成分的有效分离。对于用于手术缝合线的纤维材料，要求具有合适的降解周期，例如聚乙交酯纤维用于制造较长降解周期的手术缝合线，聚乙交酯-丙交酯纤维用于制造较短降解周期的手术缝合线，聚酯和聚酰胺纤维用于制造永久手术缝合线。总之，不同的医学用途有不同的纤维性能要求。
medical fiber
医用纤维
See foamed alumina brick.
见泡沫刚玉砖。
alumina bubble
泡沫氧化铝
The pyrolytic carbon generated on the stationary substrate heater is obtained by applying two stages of high temperature pressure treatment. The inlay degree is below 0.4 °, and its physical properties are the same as those of single crystal graphite.
在静置的基板发热体上生成的热解炭，施以两段高温加压处理而得到，嵌镶度在0.4°以下，物性和单晶石墨相同。
highly oriented pyrolytic graphite
高定向热解石墨
Degradation of polymer by bacteria.
聚合物在细菌作用下发生的降解。
bacterial degradation
细菌降解
See forced resonance method.
见强迫共振法。
vibrating spring method
振簧法
See animal fiber.
见动物纤维。
protein fiber
蛋白质纤维
On the basis of non alloy structural steel, an appropriate amount of one or more alloy elements are added to significantly improve its performance. It is mainly used to manufacture steel for mechanical parts and various engineering components with large section sizes.
在非合金结构钢的基础上，加入适量的一种或数种合金元素，使其 性能明显提高，主要用于制造截面尺寸较大的机械零件和各种工程构件的钢。
alloy structural steel
合金结构钢
The ability of surface of materials to maintain its original size, shape or quality when subjected to sputtering or bombardment of charged high-speed plasma. Under specific working conditions, the thickness or mass of surface of materials sputtered per unit area per unit time is usually characterized.
材料表面受到带电荷高速等离子体溅射或轰击时，保持其原始尺寸形状或质量的能力。在特定工况条件下，常用单位面积单位时间内受溅射材料表面厚度或质量的变化来表征。
plasma sputtering resistance
抗等离子M射性能
Working substance of liquid (dye or dyestuffc) laser. Dye or dyestuffc dissolved in some solvents can produce laser with certain bandwidth under the excitation of light with specific wavelength. Tunable lasers with different output wavelengths can be obtained through the tuning effect of dispersion elements in the resonant cavity. Dye or dyestuffc are composed of natural or synthetic aromatic and heterocyclic compounds. It can be divided into three categories according to the structure: ① dye or dyestuffc, including cyanine dye or dyestuffc, partial cyanine dye or dyestuffc, phthalocyanine dye, gooton dye or dyestuffc, triarylmethane dye or dyestuffc and chlorophyll; ② Aromatic compounds, including polycyclic compounds, para terpenoids, and conjugated dienes; ③ Heterocyclic compounds include derivatives of coumarin, furan, pyrazoline, phthalimide, and pteridine. They are soluble in organic alcohols, substituted hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons and their derivatives, and show strong fluorescence. Their absorption wavelength ranges from 310-1285nm in solvents. In addition to being the activation medium of lasers, it can also be used as fiber dye or dyestuffc, coatings, pigment, sensing materials, materials of photocells, materials of optical information storage media, etc.
液体（染料）激光器的工作物质。染料溶于某些溶剂中，在特定波长光激发下，可产生一定带宽的激光。通过谐振腔内色散元件的调谐作用，能获得不同输出波长的可调谐激光。染料是由天然或人工合成的芳香和杂环化合物组成的。按结构分为三类：①染料，有菁染料、部花菁染料、酞菁染料、咕吨染料、三芳基甲烷染料及叶绿素等；②芳香族化合物，有稠环化合物、对三联笨类和共轭双烯类等；③杂环化合物.有乔豆素、呋喃、吡唑啉、酞酰亚胺和蝶啶的衍生物。它们溶于有机醇类、岗代烃、芳烃及其衍生物.并显示很强的荧光.在溶剂中其吸收波长范围在310-1285nm之间。除作激光器的激活介质外，还可作纤维染料、涂料、颜料、传感材料、光电池材料、光信息存储介质材料等。
tunable laser dye
可调谐激光染料
Materials process technology that can improve the ability of materials to resist environmental effects or endow surface of materials with certain functional characteristics by applying a coating or changing the surface morphology, chemical composition, phase composition, microstructure, and defect state.
通过施加覆盖层或改变表面形貌、化学组分、相组成、微观结构、缺陷状态.达到提高材料抵御环境作用能力或赋予材料表面某种功能特性的材料工艺技术。
surface technology
表面技术
Porcelain made from china stone or china stone and kaolin. This kind of porcelain takes advantage of the characteristics of mica minerals contained in china stone and the nature of forming high viscosity glass after melting, and uses its own characteristics of containing quartze to form porcelain after burning within a certain temperature range. China's Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Fujian, Jiangsu and Anhui all contain a large number of china stone deposits. China stone is formed by feldspar minerals such as rhyolite, quartze trachyte and felsic rock under long-term volcanic hydrothermal action. The feldspar is transformed into water muscovilte and seridte. These two mica minerals have high K2() content, which are similar to feldspar at high temperature and act as fluxes. If the weathering degree is relatively shallow, china stone contains residual feldspar minerals in addition to quartze and mica minerals. This kind of china stone can be made into glaze by adding glaze ash (calcined products of limestone and plants). If the weathering degree is deep, some mica minerals will be further transformed into kaolin minerals, which can be used for making body. After being crushed and elutriated, the porcelain stone not only contains various components required by the porcelain body, but also has good plasticity. China stone also contains iron, titanium, calcium, sodium and other ingredients. Among them, china stone with high sodium content is called glaze fruit in Jingdezhen, and is the main raw material for preparing glaze. Before the Yuan Dynasty in China, some kilns could be matched with china stone alone. After the Yuan Dynasty, in order to improve the quality of porcelain, china stone and kaolin were used to match the body. The microstructure of hydromicaceous porcelain is composed of crystal phase, glass phase and pores. The water absorption of porcelain body is close to dry zero, and the strength is high.
以瓷石或瓷石加高岭土配制烧成的瓷器。这种瓷是利用瓷石中所含云母类矿物的特性及其熔融后形成高黏度玻璃的性质.并利用其本身已经含有石英的特点，在一定温度范围内烧后成瓷。中国浙江、江西、福建、江苏、安徽都蕴藏大量瓷石矿。瓷石是由流纹岩、石英粗面岩、长英岩等长石类矿物受火山的长期热液作用而生成的。其中的长石转化成水白云母和绢云母。这两种云母类矿物的K2()含量都很高，在高温下和长石相似，起熔剂作用。如果风化程度较浅，瓷石中除石英、云母类矿物外.还含有残余长石矿物.这类瓷石中加入釉灰（石灰石和草木的锻烧物）即可制釉。如果风化程度较深，部分云母类矿物会进一步转化成高岭族矿物，这类瓷石可用于制坯。瓷石经粉碎和淘洗后，不但含有瓷坯所需要的各种成分，而且还有良好的可塑性。瓷石还含有铁、钛、钙、钠等成分。其中钠含量较高的瓷石在景德镇称为釉果，是用于配釉的主要原料。中国在元代以前，有些窑场单用瓷石就能配胎。元代以后.为了提高瓷质.采用瓷石加高岭土配胎。水白云质瓷的显微结构由晶相、玻璃相和气孔组成，瓷胎吸水率接近干零，强度高。
hydromica-ceous porcelain
水白云质瓷
See ion microprobe analysis.
见离子微探针分析。
ion microscope
离子显微镜
Chemical formula (ZnCd) S: Ag. Yellow powder, hexagonal system. It is a very effective luminescence materials excited by cathode ray, X-ray and 365nm ultraviolet ray. The synthesis method is the same as zinc cadmium sulfide: copper, aluminum. It is mainly used as phosphor for flying spot scanning tube. It can be mixed with ZnS: Ag blue phosphor and used as phosphor for black and white projection television.
化学式(ZnCd)S:Ag。黄色粉末，六角晶系。它是阴极射线、X射线、365nm紫外线激发下很有效的发光材料。合成方法同硫化锌镉:铜，铝。主要用作飞点扫描管荧光粉。它可与ZnS:Ag蓝色荧光粉混用，作黑白投影电视用荧光粉。
zinc cadmium sulfide activated by silver
硫化锌铬：银
Tin brass is a kind of alloy added tin on the basis of copper zinc alloy. The main function of tin is to inhibit the precipitation of zinc, so as to improve the corrosion resistance of brass and make it corrosion resistant in both fresh water and sea water. Therefore, it is widely known as naval brass. In alloy, a small amount of tin can be dissolved in α (alpha) and (alpha+beta) brass, which can improve the strength and hardness of brass. Generally, the content of tin is about 1%. However, if the tin content is too high, it may reduce the plasticity of alloy. According to the proportion of zinc in alloy, tin brass can be divided into α Type and (alpha+beta) type. The common alloy is 70Cu-29Zn-1Sn, which belongs to single-phase α Tin bras has excellent mechanical properties. In the soft state, its tensile strength reaches 350MPa and elongation is 60%. This alloy is suitable for cold working, hot rolling and hot extrusion, but not for hot stamping and hot forging. In addition, the addition of trace arsenic in 70Cu-29Zn-1Sn alloy can inhibit dezincification corrosion and further improve the corrosion resistance of alloy. This alloy is widely used in high-strength corrosion resistant condenser tubes for ships and thermal power plants. However, it should be noted that this alloy has the tendency of stress corrosion fracture, so the low temperature annealing treatment of stress relief is required when manufacturing cold working tube. The typical alloy composition of (alpha+beta) tin bras is 62Cu-37Zn-1Sn, which has excellent mechanical properties. In the soft state, its tensile strength reaches 380MPa and elongation is 40%. This alloy is suitable for hot working and cold working. It is easy to cut, has excellent weld performance, and shows high corrosion resistance in seawater. Therefore, it is suitable for manufacturing ship parts and parts that come into contact with media such as seawater and gasoline.
锡黄铜是一种在铜锌合金基础上加入锡的合金。锡的主要作用是抑制锌的析出，从而改善黄铜的耐蚀性，使其在淡水和海水中都具备耐腐蚀的特性，因此被广泛称为海军黄铜。在合金中，少量锡可以溶解于α（alpha）和（alpha+beta）黄铜中，这可以提高黄铜的强度和硬度。通常，含锡量约为1%左右。然而，如果含锡量过高，可能会降低合金的塑性。根据合金中含锌的比例，锡黄铜可分为α型和（alpha+beta）型。常见的合金是70Cu-29Zn-1Sn，它属于单相α锡黄铜，具有出色的力学性能。在软态下，它的拉伸强度达到了350MPa，伸长率为60%。这种合金适合冷加工，可用于热轧和热挤压，但不适合热冲和热锻。此外，在70Cu-29Zn-1Sn合金中加入微量砷可以抑制脱锌腐蚀，进一步提高合金的耐蚀性。这种合金广泛用于船舶和热电厂的高强度耐蚀冷凝管。但需要注意的是，这种合金存在应力腐蚀断裂的倾向，因此在制造冷加工的管材时需要进行应力消除的低温退火处理。（alpha+beta）型锡黄铜的典型合金成分为62Cu-37Zn-1Sn，具有卓越的力学性能。在软态下，它的拉伸强度达到380MPa，伸长率为40%。这种合金适用于热加工和冷加工，易于切削，具有出色的焊接性能，并且在海水中表现出较高的耐腐蚀性。因此，它适用于制造船舶零件以及与海水、汽油等介质接触的零部件。
tin bras
锡黄铜
It refers to the process of taking energy irradiation source as energy source to initiate chemical reaction of chemically active resin system and realize the transformation of resin system from liquid to three-dimensional network structure (homomorphic).
指以能量照射源为能源，引发具有化学活性的树脂体系产生化学反应，实现树脂体系由液态转化为三维网状结构（同态）的加工过程。
radiation curing
辐射固化
The chemical name is - (5-tetrazolyl) -4-imidazolium tetraene hydrate, referred to as tetracene or tertracin. Molecular formula C2H4N8O, molecular weight 188. Tetracene is white to light yellow crystalline powder, belonging to monoclinic system. It is prepared by diazotization reaction of aminoguanidine nitrate with nitrite in a weak acid medium. In actual preparation, aminoguanidine bicarbonate is used as raw material, which is first dissolved in dilute nitric acid to prepare aminoguanidine nitrate solution, then adjusted the pH value, and sodium nitrite solution is added at a certain temperature. The relative density of tetracene is 1.65, the decomposition peak temperature is 146 ° C (10 ° C/min), and the apparent density is 0.45g/cm3. Hygroscopicity: At 30 ° C and 90% relative humidity, the moisture absorption is 0.77%. The 5s explosion tcmperature is 160 ° C, and military explosive cannot be detonated separately. The explosion heat is 2771J/g, and the specific volume of explosion is 100mL/g. Impact sensitivity: upper limit 6cm, lower limit 3cm (400g drop hammer, 20mg sample); 7cm (10% explosion, 2kg drop key, 20mg sample). Friction sensitivity 70% (0.6MPa, 80 ° swing angle, 10mg sample), flame sensitivity 15cm (100% ignition, standard condition). Compatibility: Under normal temperature, it will not react with most metallic materials, commonly used percussion composition and acupuncture composition, and has good compatibility. The main advantages of tetracene are high impact sensitivity and acupuncture sensitivity. It is widely used as a sensitizer component of percussion composition and acupuncture medicine. Although the dosage is small, it plays an important role in regulating the mechanical sensitivity of mixed medicine.
化学名称为-(5-四唑基)-4-咪唑四烯水合物，简称四氮烯或特屈拉辛。分子式C2H4N8O，分子量188。四氮烯外观为白色到浅黄色结晶粉末，属于单斜晶系。它由氨基胍硝酸盐在弱酸介质中与亚硝酸进行重氮化反应而制得。实际制备时是以氨基胍重碳酸盐为原料，先将其溶于稀硝酸中，配成氨基胍硝酸盐溶液，然后调节pH值，在一定的温度下加入亚硝酸钠溶液而制得。四氮烯的相对密度为1.65，分解峰值温度为146°C（10°C/min），表观密度为0.45g/cm3。吸湿性：在30°C和90%相对湿度下，吸湿量为0.77%。5s爆发点为160°C，不能单独起爆军用炸药。爆热为2771J/g，爆炸比容为100mL/g。撞击感度：上限6cm，下限3cm（400g落锤，20mg样品）；7cm（10%爆炸，2kg落键，20mg样品）。摩擦感度70%（0.6MPa，80°摆角，10mg样品），火焰感度15cm（100%发火，标准条件）。相容性：在常温下，与大多数金属材料以及常用的击发药、针刺药组分不会发生作用，相容性较好。四氮烯的主要优点具有较高的撞击感度和针刺感度。广泛用作击发药、针刺药的敏化剂组分，尽管用量较少，但对调节混合药剂的机械感度起着重要的作用。
tetracene
四氮烯
It is a new discipline combining cell biology and materials engineering to construct tissues or organs in vitro or in vivo. Its basic principle is to apply the principles and methods of engineering and life science to understand the structure function relationship between normal and diseased tissues of mammals, and to develop biological prosthesis for repairing, maintaining and improving tissue functions. The basic approach is to obtain a small amount of living tissue from the body, isolate functional cells from the tissue, and culture and expand them in vitro, and then combine them with three-dimensional stem materials composition to implantation into the lesion or defect in the body. The stem is gradually degradation and absorbed in the body, and the implantation cells proliferate and secrete extracellular matrix in the body, finally forming the required tissues or organs to achieve the purpose of wound repair and functional reconstruction. There are three basic elements: stem, cell and signal system. It is considered a new milestone in the history of life science development, following cell biology and molecular biology, and also a profound medical revolution. The emergence of tissue engineering means that the development of surgery has entered a new stage of "regenerative medicine" from tissue resection, repair and replacement, which is expected to realize the regeneration and repair of diseased and defective tissues.
是以细胞生物学和材料工程学相结合进行体外或体内构建组织或器官的一门新型学科。其基本原理是应用工程和生命科学的原理和方法认识哺乳动物的正常和病态组织的结构功能关系，研制用于修复、保持和增进组织功能的生物修复体。基本途径是从机体获得少量活组织，将功能细胞从组织中分离出来并在体外进行培养扩增，然后与三维支架材料复合，植入体内病变或缺损部位，支架在体内逐渐被降解和吸收，植入的细胞在体内增殖和分泌细胞外基质，最后形成所需的组织或器官，以达到创伤修复和功能重建的目的。有三个基本要素：支架、细胞和信号系统。被认为是继细胞生物学与分子生物学之后，生命科学发展史上又一新的里程碑，也是一场深远的医学革命。组织工程的出现，意味着外科学的发展从组织的切除、修补和替代进入"再生医学"的新阶段，可望实现病变和缺损组织的再生修复。
tissue engineering
组织工程
also called θ State, undisturbed state. In solution, the interaction between solvent macromolecule chain segment and macromolecule chain segment chain segment is equal, the contraction and expansion of macromolecule chain reach equilibrium, and the apparent behavior of the polymer is ideal solution. In essence, the 0 state is not the ideal solution state of thermodynamics. The enthalpy of mixing of the macromolecule solution in the 0 state is not zero (the enthalpy of mixing of the ideal solution is 0), but because the excess entropy of mixing is exactly equal to the enthalpy of mixing divided by the temperature, the chemical potential of the solvent is equal to the chemical potential of the solvent in the ideal solution. At this time, the second virial coefficient is 0, the Flory Huggins interaction parameter is 1/2, the expafision factor is 1, the excluded volume of macromolecule is 0, and the linear macromolecule neither expands nor shrinks, with undisturbed size. The solvent that makes the macromolecule solution present zero state is called zero solvent. The temperature at which the macromolecule solution is in zero state is called theta temperature (also called Flory temperature).
又称θ状态、无扰状态。溶液 中溶剂-高分子链段和高分子链段-链段间相互作用相 等，高分子链的收缩和扩张力达到平衡，表观呈现出 理想溶液行为的状态。0态本质上并非热力学理想溶 液状态，处于0态高分子溶液混合焓不为零（理想溶 液混合焓为0)，但由于超额混合熵恰好等于混合焓 除以温度，使溶剂的化学位同理想溶液中溶剂的化学 位相等。此时第二维里系数为0, Flory-Huggins相 互作用参数为1/2,扩张因子为1，高分子排除体积 为0,线型高分子既不扩张也不收缩，具有无扰尺 寸。使高分子溶液呈现0态的溶剂，称为0溶剂。使 高分子溶液处于0态的温度称为0温度（也称为 Flory 温度）。
theta state
θ态
Copper wirecoated with palladium is a layer of metal palladium with uniform thickness on the surface of the copper wire. The thickness of the coating varies from dozens to hundreds of nanometers, and the diameter is generally 18-30um. It is wound on a standard metal spool with a length of 500m, 1000m, 2000m or 3000m; In addition to the excellent properties of copper bonding wire, copper wirecoated with palladium has a good anti-oxidation protection effect on the copper wire, and has a good combination with chip coating and frame coating, which is more reliable than copper bonding wire. Inert gas protection is used during its processing and use to prevent copper wire oxidation.
镀钯铜丝是在铜丝的表面镀一层厚度均匀的金属钯，镀层厚度在几十到几百纳米不等，直径一般为18-30um,以500m、1000m、2000m或3000m长度绕在标准金属线轴上；镀钯铜丝具有键合铜丝各项优良性能外，镀层对铜丝具有很好的抗氧化保护作用，与芯片镀层和框架镀层又具有良好的结合性，较键合铜丝具有更好的可靠性。在其加工和使用过程中均使用惰性气体保护，防止铜丝氧化现象发生。
copper wirecoated with palladium
镀钯铜丝
It refers to materials with good biocompatibility. In the process of static and dynamic changes in the organism, materials can tolerate the effects of various host systems and remain relatively stable, and are non-toxic to the organism, free of sensitization, no adverse irritation, no genotoxicity and no carcinogenicity. They do not produce adverse reactions to biological tissues, blood, immune and other systems, and also help to achieve their bioactivity and functions. 3 According to the types of materials, they can be divided into natural, synthetic, ceramics and metallic materials, It can be used for functional replacement or repair of damaged parts such as the human body.
是指具有良好生物相容性的材料。材料在生物体内静态与动态变化的过程中能耐受宿主各系统作用而保持相对稳定，且对生物体无毒性、无致敏性、无不良刺激、无遗传毒性和无致癌性，对生物体组织、血液、免疫等系统不产生不良反应，同时还要有助于其生物活性及功能的实现3按材料种类可分为天然、合成、陶瓷和金属材料等，可用于人体嚣官等受损部位的功能替代或修复。
biocompatible materials
生物相容材料
For some displacement solid solution, when the temperature is low, different kinds of atoms are regularly and periodically arranged on the lattice position, which is called ordered phase. However, above a certain temperature, this regularity does not exist at all, which is called disordered phase. The regular production or loss of this arrangement of the synsolution at this temperature (called phase transformation temperature or curie point), accompanied by changes in structural symmetry, is called the order disorder phase transformation. This ordered structure is also known as a superstructure of disordered structures.
某些置换型固溶体，当温度较低时，不同种类的原子在点阵位置上呈规则的周期性排列，称有序相，而在某一温度以上，这种规律性就完全不存在了，称无序相。同溶体在这一温度（称为相变温度或居里点）发生的这种排列的规律性的产生或丧失，同时伴有结构的对称性的变化，被称为有序-无序相变。这种有序结构又称为无序结构的超结构。
order-disorder transformation
有序无序转变
The product is made of clay or clay as raw material, after plastic molding, and fired at 800-1000 ° C. Generally, it contains high porosity, varying degrees of water permeability, poor mechanical strength, and a rough and matte cross-section. According to the manufacturing process, it can be divided into coarse pottery and fine pottery, and according to the use, it can be divided into daily pottery and building sanitary pottery. In ancient times, pottery was an important article in people's daily life. In modern times, it is generally collected as a handicraft. The development of pottery is regarded as a sign of the progress of ancient civilization. pottery has appeared in China as early as 6000 BC. The most contemporary pottery industry in ancient China is the Yangshao Culture, Longshan Culture, Majiayao Culture, Qijia Culture, Dawenkou Culture, etc. in the Yellow River Basin; The Hemudu Culture, Majiabang Culture, Daxi Culture, Qujialing Culture, and Liangzhu Culture in the Yangtze River Basin. Ancient Chinese pottery can be divided into grey pottery, red pottery, black pottery, sanded pottery, painted pottery and other varieties. The famous Tang=Cai and Qin Terra Cotta Warriors are both pottery, which is still impressive today.
以陶土或黏土为原料.经可塑成型后，在800-1000°C的温度下烧制而成的制品。一般含有较高的气孔率.有不同程度的渗水性，机械强度较差.断面粗糙无光泽。按制造工艺可分为粗陶、精陶，按用途可分为日用陶和建筑卫生陶。陶器在古代是人们日常生活的重要用品，在现代一般作为工艺品收藏。陶器的发展被认为是古代文明进步的标志，中国早在公元前六千年前就已经出现了陶器。中同古代制陶业中最有时代性的是黄河流域一带的仰韶文化、龙山文化、马家窑文化、齐家文化、大汶口文化等；长江流域一带的河姆渡文化、马家浜文化、大溪文化、屈家岭文化以及良渚文化等。中国古代陶器分为灰陶、红陶、黑陶、夹砂陶、彩陶等品种。著名的唐=彩和秦兵马俑都属陶器.至今仍令人叹服。
pottery
陶器
Also known as calcium hydroxide paste, it is mainly composed of calcium hydroxide and chelating agents, and is often used as a double paste. Calcium hydroxide cement has good biological properties - it has greater solubility in the mouth, and can kill bacteria and inhibit bacterial growth. Promote basal calcification and formation of secondary dentin. Especially suitable for deep caries preservation and pulp capping. It can also be used for root canal filling and dentin desensitization.
又称氢氧化钙糊剂，主要由氢氧化钙和螯合剂组成，常配成双糊剂使用。氢氧化钙水门汀生物性能良好-在口腔中具有较大的溶解性，可杀灭细菌和抑制细菌生长。促进基底钙化和形成继发性牙本质。特別适用于深龋保髓和盖髓。还可用于根管充填和牙本质脱敏。
calcium hydroxide cement
氢氧化钙水门汀
See latent heat of phase transition.
见相变潜热。
enthalpy of phase transition
相变焓
Some metals synthesize carbonyl compounds with carbon monoxide, and fine metal powders are obtained through high-temperature cracking. Iron series metals are easy to react with C () to synthesize carbonyl iron, cobalt and nickel, which are cracked to obtain carbonyl iron powder, carbonyl cobalt powder and carbonyl nickel powder in about 4001 inert gas protection atmosphere. The synthesis of carbonyl metals accelerates with increasing pressure. Currently, synthesis is mostly carried out in t'O at a pressure of 20MPa. The particle size of carbonyl powder is generally 50-100nm. It is prone to spontaneous combustion in air. The carbonyl iron powder has good magnetism and electromagnetic wave absorption. Carbonyl nickel powder has good corrosion and turbidity resistance, mainly used for? Coating and catalyst of anti-corrosion materials and preparation of microporous separation materials. Carbonyl diamond powder is rarely used. In terms of price, carbonyl iron, nickel and cobalt powder increase in turn, but the price of carbonyl iron powder is more than 10 times that of reduced iron powder.
某些金属与一氧化碳合成羰基化合物，经高温裂解制得的细金属粉未。铁系金属较易与C()起反应.合成羰基铁、钻、镍，在约4001惰性气体保护气氛中，裂解得到羰基铁粉、羰基钴粉与羰基镍粉。羰基金属的合成随压力升高而加速.现多在20MPa压力的t'O中进行合成。羰基粉末的粒度一般为50-100nm.在空气中容易自燃.羰基铁粉有良好的磁性和吸收电磁波持性。羰基镍粉有良好的抗腐浊性，主要用下?防腐蚀材料的涂层、催化剂和制作微孔分离材料。羰基钻粉极少用到。就价格而言，羰基铁、镍、钴粉末依次增高，不过羰基铁粉的售价也为还原铁粉售价的10倍以上。
carbonyl powder
羰基粉末
The ratio of given stress to strain rate in fluid flow.
流体流动中给走应力与应变速率之比。
apparent viscosity
表观黏度
A basic lava rich in sodium feldspar erupted from the sea floor. The mineral composition is complex and varies greatly. Phenocryst minerals are mainly sodium feldspar and pyroxene; The matrix is composed of chlorite, actinolite, caldte, epidote, grape stone, chalcedony and changed glassy substance. It is grayish green and light green, often with a fine blue structure and pillow shaped structure. It often forms submarine volcanic extrusive rock series (commonly called spilite hornblende porphyry series) with hornblende porphyry and quartz hornblende porphyry. It is often accompanied by rich layers of pyrite and chalcopyrite.
一种海底喷发的富含钠长石的基件熔岩。矿物组成复杂且变化大。斑晶矿物主要为钠长石和辉石;基质由绿泥石、阳起石、方解石、绿帘石、葡萄石、石髓以及变化了的玻璃质组成。呈灰绿色、浅绿色，常具细碧结构和枕状构造。常与角斑岩、石英角斑岩一起组成海底火山喷出岩系（习惯称为细碧-角斑岩系）。常伴有黄铁矿、黄铜矿的富集层。
spilite
细碧岩
It refers to solid state lighting using semiconductor luminescence diodes (LEDs) as light sources. The core of luminescence diodes is a chip composed of P-type semiconductors and n-type semiconductors. There is a luminescence active area (usually multiple quantum well) between P-type semiconductors and n-type semiconductors. When injected electrons and holes composition in quantum well, excess energy will be released in the form of light. By selecting different semiconductor luminescence materials, we can achieve luminescence in red, yellow, blue, green, green, orange, purple, white and other colors. At present, the application fields of semiconductor lighting include backlight, landscape lighting, traffic signal lights, outdoor large screen display, automobile applications, indoor lighting, etc., which have the advantages of energy conservation, long life, rich colors, low-voltage safety, rapid response, environmental protection, etc.
指用半导体发光二极管（LED)作为光源的固态照明，发光二极管的核心部分是由P型半导体和n型半导体组成的晶片，在P型半导体和n型半导体之间有一发光活性区(通常是多量子阱），注人的电子与空穴在量子阱中复合时会把多余的能量以光的形式释放出去。通过选择不同的半导体发光材料，可以实现红、黄、蓝、绿、青、橙、紫、白光等颜色的发光。目前，半导体照明的应用领域有背光源、景观照明、交通信号灯、户外大屏幕显示、汽车应用、室内照明等，具有节能、寿命长、色彩丰富.低压安全.响应快速、环保等优点。
semiconductor lighting
半导体照明
A metastable austenite structure at room temperature. When subjected to stress, the phase transformation to martensite gradually occurs, which significantly improves the overall plasticity of steel product. This high strength steel mainly includes low-carbon high alloy TRIP steel and low-carbon low alloy TRIP steel. The typical composition of the first developed low-carbon high alloy TRIP steel includes carbon (C) 0.3%, chromium (Cr) 8%, molybdenum (Mo) 4%, manganese (Mn) 2%, and silicon (Si) 2%. After heat treatment, its room temperature structure is metastable austenite, which contains a large number of fine and dispersed alloy carbide and high density dislocation. In the process of use, because stress concentration is concentrated at the front of the crack, metastable austenite is gradually transformation into martensite. This phase transformation process absorbs a lot of energy, which makes it difficult for the crack to expand. This not only improves the strength of steel product, but also significantly increases its fracture toughness. The tensile strength of this steel can be as high as 1400 to 2000 MPa, and at such high strength, it still has an elongation of 20% to 30%. This kind of steel product is suitable for manufacturing high pressure vessels that need to work at low temperature and other application fields. Subsequently, low carbon and low alloy TRIP steel was also developed and widely used. Its typical composition includes iron (Fe) and some low carbon (C), manganese (Mn) and silicon (Si). At room temperature, a certain volume fraction of retained austenite exists in this kind of steel. Under the action of stress, these residual austenite will also gradually transform into martensite, thus significantly improving the plasticity of steel product. The tensile strength of this steel can be more than 600MPa, and it has good plasticity, weldability, cold deformation and high impact absorption properties. Therefore, it is widely used in fields such as automotive structural components.
一种室温下亚稳的奥氏体组织，当受到应力作用时逐渐发生向马氏体的相变，这一过程显著提高了钢材的整体塑性。这种高强度钢主要包括低碳高合金TRIP钢和低碳低合金TRIP钢。最早研制的低碳高合金TRIP钢的典型成分包括碳（C）0.3%、铬（Cr）8%、钼（Mo）4%、锰（Mn）2%、硅（Si）2%。热处理后，它的室温组织是亚稳的奥氏体，其中含有大量细小弥散的合金碳化物和高密度的位错。在使用过程中，由于应力集中在裂纹前端，导致亚稳奥氏体逐渐转变为马氏体，这个相变过程吸收了大量能量，从而使裂纹难以扩展。这不仅提高了钢材的强度，还显著增加了其断裂韧性。这种钢的拉伸强度可高达1400到2000MPa，并且在如此高的强度下，仍具有20%到30%的伸长率。这种钢材适用于制造需要在低温下工作的高压容器等应用领域。随后，还开发并广泛应用的低碳低合金TRIP钢，其典型成分包括铁（Fe）以及一些低碳（C）、锰（Mn）和硅（Si）。在室温下，这种钢中存在一定体积分数的残余奥氏体。在应力作用下，这些残余奥氏体也会逐渐转变为马氏体，从而显著提高了钢材的塑性。这种钢的拉伸强度可大于600MPa，并具有良好的塑性、焊接性、冷变形性和高碰撞吸收性能。因此，它广泛应用于汽车结构件等领域。
transformation induced plasticity steel
相变诱发塑性钢
In the photolithography process, nanomaterials or nanoscale structure is used as the mask in the photolithography process to provide higher photolithography resolution. The nanomaterials or nanostructure is called nano mask. Using nano mask, semiconductor electronic and optoelectronic devices with smaller size and excellent performance can be prepared.
在光刻过程中使用纳米材料或者纳米级别的结构作为光刻过程中的掩膜，以提供更高的光刻分辨率，该纳米材料或纳米结构称为纳米掩膜。采用纳米掩膜，可以制备尺寸更小、性能优异的半导体电子和光电子器件。
nano mask
纳米掩膜
Also known as porous foam metal, it is a kind of sound absorbing materials with metal or alloy as the matrix and three-dimensional polyhedral cavities randomly distributed inside. From the perspective of pore structure, it can be divided into closed pore type and open pore type. The closed cell type can be used for insulation and sound insulation, while the open cell type is used for sound absorption. The pore diameter of formed metal is generally 0.1 to 1.0 mm or larger, and its preparation methods include direct method and indirect method. The direct method is to introduce blowing agent into the molten metal to make it foaming, or produce a large amount of gas through chemical reaction, while reducing the pressure to prepare formed metal. The indirect rule is to take macromolecule foaming materials as matrix materials, then deposit or spray metal coating on its surface, and then heat to remove the substrate and conduct sintering. Formed metal includes materials such as aluminum, nickel, copper and magnesium, among which aluminum foam and its alloy are the most widely studied. Formed metal materials combines the characteristics of continuous phase metal (such as high strength, good thermal conductivity, high temperature resistance, workability, etc.) and the characteristics of dispersed phase pores (such as damping, sound insulation, insulation, noise elimination, vibration reduction, etc.), so that it has excellent performance. Compared with porous ceramics materials and foamed plastics, porous metal has higher compressive strength, tensile strength and fatigue strength, and better impact resistance, ductility and processing formability. At present, porous metals have been successfully applied in the aviation industry (such as missiles and aircraft), the automotive industry (such as car bumpers), the shipbuilding industry (such as military ship lift platforms), the railway industry (such as train engine rooms), and the construction industry (such as suspended ceilings).
又称多孔泡沫金属，是一种以金属或合金为基体，内部随机分布有三维多面形孔穴的吸声材料。从孔结构上看，可分为闭孔型和开孔型。闭孔型可用作隔热和隔声，而开孔型则用于吸声。泡沫金属的孔径一般在0.1到1.0毫米或更大，其制备方法有直接法和间接法两种。直接法是指通过在熔融金属中引入发泡剂，使其发生发泡，或者通过化学反应产生大量气体，同时降低压力以制备泡沫金属。间接法则是以高分子发泡材料作为基体材料，然后在其表面沉积或喷涂金属涂层，随后加热以去除基材并进行烧结。泡沫金属包括铝、镍、铜和镁等材料，其中最广泛研究的是泡沫铝及其合金。泡沫金属材料融合了连续相金属的特性（如高强度、良好导热性、耐高温、可加工性等）和分散相气孔的特性（如阻尼、隔音、绝缘、消声和减振等），从而使其具备卓越性能。与多孔陶瓷材料和泡沫塑料相比，多孔金属具有更高的抗压强度、抗拉强度和疲劳强度，更好的抗冲击性、延展性以及加工成型性。目前，多孔金属已成功应用于航空领域（如导弹和飞行器）、汽车行业（如汽车缓冲器）、造船业（如军舰的升降机平台）、铁路行业（如列车发动机房）和建筑业（如吊顶等）。
sound absorbing metal foam
吸声泡沫金属
See semi-gloss paint.
见半光漆。
semi-gloss finish
半光涂料
A groove on a plate for fluid flow. The main parameters of flow fields or flow channels are its shape, depth, width, spacing and length. The most common flow fields or flow channels shapes are parallel straight grooves and parallel serpentine grooves. The longer the flow fields or flow channels, the smaller the cross-sectional area of the flow fields or flow channels, the greater the resistance to fluid flow. With the same length and cross-sectional area, the resistance of serpentine flow fields or flow channels to fluid flow is greater than that of straight flow fields or flow channels. The greater the resistance of the flow fields or flow channels to the fluid, the greater the differential pressure that the required fan or compressor can produce.
极板上为流体流动而设置的沟槽。流道的主要参数是其形状、深度、宽度、间距和长度。最常见的流道形状为并行的直形沟槽和并行的蛇形沟槽。流道越长、流道的截面积越小对流体流动的阻力越大。在同样长度和截面积的情况下，蛇形流道对流体流动的阻力大于直形流道。流道对流体的阻力越大，需求的风机或压缩机所能产生的压差也越大。
flow fields or flow channels
流道
When the liquid content in ceramics body is small, the flow and mass transfer at high temperature can not be regarded as pure Newtonian flow, but belongs to plastic flow. The mass transfer law at this time is called mass transfer by plastic flow. Only when the applied force exceeds the yield value, the flow rate is proportional to the applied shear stress. Plastic flow also exists in solid sintering, and the surface tension is large in the early stage of sintering, so plastic flow can be realized by the movement of dislocation. At the later stage of sintering, diffusion creep is formed by vacancy self-diffusion under the action of low stress, and creep at high temperature is completed by the sliding or climbing of dislocation. The mass transfer by plastic flow has been successfully used to explain the dynamic process of hot pressing sintering.
在陶瓷坯体中液相含量很少时，高温下流动传质不能看成是纯牛顿型流动，而是属于塑性流动型。此时的传质规律被称为塑性流动传质机理。只有作用力超过屈服值时，流动速率才与作用的剪切应力成正比。在固态烧结中也存在塑性流动，在烧结早期表面张力较大，塑性流动可以靠位错的运动来实现。烧结后期，在低应力作用下靠空位自扩散而形成扩散蠕变，在高温下发生的蠕变是以位错的滑移或攀移来完成的。塑性流动传质机理目前已成功用于解释热压烧结的动力学过程。
mass transfer by plastic flow
塑性流动传质机理
The process method of curing and bonding one or more curing parts and one or more non curing parts into a whole part through adhesive (generally adhesive film) in a single curing is the combination of joint technology and secondary bonding technology, and is one of the commonly used integral molding technologies in the autoclave process.
把一个或多个已经固化成型与另一个或多个未固化的制件通过胶黏剂（一般为胶膜）在一次固化中将它们固化并胶接成一个整体制件的工艺方法，是共同化技术与二次胶接技术的结合，是热压罐工艺常用的整体成型技术之一。
co-bonding
共胶接
The chemical formula is p-BaBaO4, abbreviated as BBO. There are two crystalline phases in BaB2O4. In order to avoid the problems caused by the growth of a phase at high temperature and the transformation of a phase to P phase, the crystal growth of P phase must use flux method - the temperature is lower than the transformation point. Na2O is an excellent flux. Using proportional BaCO3, H3BO3, and an appropriate amount of Na2O as growth materials. Use the c-axis to pull and grow. There is a large effective frequency doubling coefficient. Large birefringence and wide transmittance band. A high light damage threshold and good physicochemical and mechanical properties can be used for ultraviolet radiation with wavelengths as short as 200nm. It is an eye-catching frequency doubling materials introduced by high-power YAG laser.
化学式为p-BaBaO4，简称BBO。BaB2O4存在两个结晶相。为了避免生长高温的a相以及a相转变到P相所引起的问题，P相晶体生长必须采用助熔剂法-温度低于相变点。Na2O是优良的助熔剂。采用按比例的BaCO3，H3BO3和适量的Na2O为生长原料。用c轴提拉生长。卩有大的有效倍频系数。大的双折射率，宽的透光波段。高的光损伤阈值以及好的物化、力学性能可以用于波长短至200nm的紫外辐射。是高功率YAG激光器引入注目的倍频材料。
barium metaborate
偏棚酸钡
Also known as ro membrane, it is an artificial semi permeable separation membrane with a quota pore size of 0.1-l.Onm, which is made by simulating biological semi permeable membrane and is driven by pressure. When the pressure at the liquid end of the membrane material is higher than the osmotic pressure of the material liquid, the solvent in the material liquid reverses the direction of natural permeation through the membrane to the low-pressure side under pressure, causing the solvent to separate from the material liquid.
又称为RO膜，是一种模拟生物半透膜制成的额度孔径范围为0.1-l.Onm的、以压力为推动力的人工半透分离膜。当膜料液端的压力高于料液的渗透压时，料液中的溶剂在压力作用下逆着自然渗透的方向反向渗透通过膜到达低压侧，使溶剂从料液中分离。
reverse osmosis membrane
反渗透膜
The organic or inorganic microporous membrane and the chemical absorption solution for absorbing or desorbing CO2 are combined into a functional membrane materials. The membrane itself has no selectivity for gas and no mass transfer effect on the liquid phase. It can isolate the gas phase from the absorption liquid liquid phase, increase the contact area between the liquid phase and the gas phase, and serve as a "bridge" for mass transfer to the gas phase, facilitating the absorption of CO2 by the liquid phase. Membrane materials mainly include polypropylene (PP), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polytetraethylene (FITE), polysulfone (PS) and octa 12O:! Ceramic film, etc. Commonly used absorption solutions include alcohol amine solution, strong alkali solution, and hot potassium hydroxide (potassium carbonate) solution. CO2 in the gas phase is diffusion to the liquid side through the membrane pores under the effect of concentration gradient.
将有机或无机微孔膜和与吸收或解吸CO2的化学吸收液组合为一体的功能膜材料。膜本身对气体没有选择性，对液相没有传质作用，可将气相和吸收液液相隔离，增加液相与气相的接触面积，对气相起到"桥梁"传质的作用，便于液相吸收液吸附CO2。膜材料主要有聚丙烯(PP)、聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)、聚四氣乙烯(FITE)、聚砜(PS)和八12O:!陶瓷膜等。常用的吸收液有醇胺溶液、强碱溶液、热氢氧化钾(碳酸钾)溶液。气相中CO2在浓度梯度作用下经膜孔不断扩散至液相侧。
CO2 absorbent film
CO2膜吸收材料
It is a high-throughput protein functional analysis technique that can be used for protein expression profiling, studying protein-protein interactions, and even DNA-protein, RNA endoplasmic reticulum interactions, and screening protein targets for drug action. The principle is to perform special chemical treatment on the solid phase carrier. Then, known protein molecule products (such as enzymes, antigens, antibodies, receptors, ligands, cytokines, etc.) are intertwined with them, and based on the characteristics of these biological molecules, the tested proteins (present in serum, plasma, lymph, interstitial fluid, urine, exudate, cell lysate, secretion, etc.) that can specifically bind to them are captured, washed Purification, followed by confirmation and biochemical analysis; It provides strong technical support for obtaining important life information.
是一种高通量的蛋白功能分析技术，可用于蛋白质表达谱分析，研究蛋白质与蛋白质的相互作用，甚至DNA-蛋白质、RNA-蛋内质的相互作用，筛选药物作用的蛋白靶点等。其原理是对固相载体进行特殊的化学处理.再将已知的蛋白分子产物间定其上（如酶、抗原、抗体、受体、配体、细胞因子等），根据这些生物分子的特性，捕获能与之特异性结合的待测蛋白（存在于血清、血浆、淋巴、间质液、尿液、渗出液、细胞溶解液、分泌液等），经洗涤、纯化.再进行确认和生化分析；它为获得重要生命信息提供有力的技术支持。
protein chip
蛋白质芯片
Call sludge dewatering medium materials. The treatment of sludge before mechanical dehydration is called sludge conditioning. The addition of substances that can disrupt the colloidal structure of sludge during the process of sludge conditioning, causing the homogeneous components in sludge to separate from water in a flocculent manner, and achieving the goal of promoting effective sludge dewatering is called. Sludge conditioning agent is divided into chemical conditioner and microbial conditioner.
乂称污泥脱水介质材料。在机械脱水前对污泥的颀处理称为污泥调理。在调理污泥过程中加入能够破坏污泥胶体结构.使污泥中的同态成分呈絮状与水分离.达到促进污泥有效脱水目的的物质称为。污泥调理剂分为化学调理剂和微生物调理剂两类。
sludge conditioning agent
污泥调理剂
Ceramics with silicon carbide as the main raw material. SiC is a typical covalent bond binding compound, and the unit unit cell of crystal is composed of the same tetrahedron_ Silicon atoms are located in the center, surrounded by carbon atoms. It has two crystal forms, a and P, with a hexagonal structure; P is a low-temperature type with a cubic structure. The preparation methods of SiC ceramics mainly include reaction sintering, hot pressing sintering, pressureless sintering, hot isostatic pressing sintering, etc. The physical properties of SiC ceramics vary with different preparation processes and different sintering additives. Sic ceramics not only have excellent mechanical properties at room temperature, such as high bending strength, excellent oxidation resistance, good corrosion resistance, high wear resistance and low friction coefficient, but also have the best high-temperature mechanical properties (strength, creep resistance, etc.) among known ceramics materials. The high temperature strength of materials sintered by hot pressing sintering, pressureless sintering and hot isostatic pressing sintering can be maintained up to 1600 ° C, which is the best materials of high temperature strength among ceramics materials. The oxidation resistance is also the best of all non oxides. The formation of silicon oxide layer on the surface can prevent oxygen molecules from further entering the matrix. The disadvantage of SiC ceramics is low fracture toughness, that is, SiC ceramics with high brittleness have been widely used in petroleum, chemical industry, microelectronics, automobile, aerospace, paper making, laser, mining, atomic energy and other industrial fields, such as nozzles, bearings, seals, turbocharger rotors, gas turbine blades, reflective screens, packaging materials, substrates, etc.
以碳化硅为主要原料的陶瓷。SiC是典型的共价键结合化合物，单位晶胞是由相同四面体构成，_硅原子处于中心位置，周围是碳原子。它有a、P两种晶型，六方结构；P为低温型，立方结构。SiC陶瓷的制备方法主要有反应烧结法、热压烧结法、无压烧结法、热等静压烧结法等SiC陶瓷的物性随不同制备工艺和不同烧结添加物而不同。Sic陶瓷不仅具有优良的常温力学性能，如高的弯曲强度、优良的抗氧化性、耐腐蚀性好、高的抗磨损以及低的摩擦系数，而且高温力学性能（强度、抗蠕变性等）是已知陶瓷材料中最佳的。热压烧结、无压烧结、热等静压烧结的材料，其高温强度可一直维持到1600°c，是陶瓷材料中高温强度最好的材料。抗氧化性也是所有非氧化物中最好的，表面生成氧化硅层可阻止氧分子进一步进人基体。SiC陶瓷的缺点是断裂靭性较低，即脆性较大的SiC陶瓷在石油、化工、微电子、汽车、航空航天、造纸、激光、矿业以及原子能等工业领域获得了广泛的应用，如喷嘴、轴承、密封件、涡轮增压器转子、燃气轮机叶片、反射屏、封装材料、基片等。
silicon carbide ceramics
碳化硅陶瓷
The amount of water vapor transmitted through the unit area of leather under the specified humidity difference.
在规定湿度差下，单位面积皮革上所透过的水蒸气量。
vapor permeability
透水气性
See no-sol vent coatings.
见无溶剂漆。
solventless coating
无溶剂涂料
A process for preparing ceramic matrix composite by oxidizing molten metal directly with oxidizer. The specific process is: doping a small amount of additive in the metal, then heating the metal to the molten state in air or other oxidizing atmosphere, the molten metal reacts with the gaseous oxidant, and forms a layer of reactants with the metal oxide as the matrix and containing a certain amount of metal above the metal melt. This reaction always occurs at the interface between the molten metal and the gas-phase oxidant. Materials. The parent metal is aluminum, the additive is generally magnesium and silicon, the oxidation atmosphere is air, and the temperature is 1200? 1400 ° C. In the direct oxidation 1: process, the performance of the produced Lamside materials can be adjusted by controlling the melt temperature and the dopant composition of the melt. The direct oxidation process can also composition various reinforced phase (such as fibers, crystal whisker and particles) into the matrix without damage and uniformly, thus forming Lanxide materials with higher performance. This technology has the characteristics of simple process, low cost and excellent materials performance. Unxide materials has the characteristics of high specific strength, light weight, good toughness and high temperature resistance, so it has been applied to rockets, jet engines and armor plates in the field of aerospace and weapon materials.
利用熔融金属直接与氧化剂发生氧化反应而制备陶瓷基复合材料的一种工艺方法。其具体工艺为：在金属中掺杂少量添加剂，然后在空气或其他氧化气氛中加热金属至熔融状态，熔融金属与气相氧化剂反应，于金属熔体的上方形成一层以该金属氧化物为基体并含有一定量金属的反应物。该反应始终在熔融金属与气相氧化剂界面进行。材料.母体金属选择为铝，添加剂一般采用镁和硅，氧化气氛为空气，温度为1200?1400°C。在直接氧化1：艺中通过控制熔体温度和熔体的掺杂成分可以调节生成的Lamcide材料的性能。采用直接氧化工艺还可将各类补强相（如纤维、晶须和颗粒等）毫无损伤且均匀地复合到Unxide基体之中，从而形成性能更高的Lanxide材料。此E艺具有工艺简单、成本低廉及材料性能优异等特点。Unxide材料具有高比强度、I质量轻、韧性好及耐高温等特性，因而在航空航天及兵器材料领域的火箭、喷气发动机、装甲板上得到应用。
directed oxidation (Lanxide) process of ceramic matrix composite
陶瓷基复合材料直接氧化工艺
Field ion microscope (FIM) and atomic probe (AP) are analytical techniques used to study the microstructure and composition of materials at the atomic scale. The main equipment of FEM includes an ultra-high vacuum chamber, a liquid helium refrigeration system for cooling samples, a regulated high-voltage power supply, an image enhancement system, and an imaging gas supply system. In FIMs, the sample is typically a very thin needle tip with a curvature radius of approximately 20 to 50 nanometers. When a positive voltage of several kilovolts is applied to the sample, the local electric field intensity at the tip of the needle can reach as high as 20 to 50 volts per nanometer. At this point, the imaging gas atoms (usually inert gases such as neon or helium) near the sample are ionized into positive ions due to tunneling effects, and then fly towards the fluorescent screen along the surface normal direction, generating field ion images. The atomic arrangement on the surface of the sample tip usually presents many steps, with the highest field strength and the highest ionization probability of the imaging gas, thus forming bright spots. For pure metal after annealing, the field ion image is composed of bright spots forming concentric circles, and each group of concentric circles corresponds to the image of a crystal face family. The magnification of the FID is approximately 100000 times, which is sufficient to distinguish individual atoms and observe the arrangement of surface atoms. Five dimensional microstructure images of materials can be obtained by field evaporation atomic layer by layer stripping method. However, the limitation of FIM is that its field of view is small and the observed object is required to have a sufficiently high density. An atomic probe is a device configured after the FID. When an appropriate DC high voltage is applied to the sample, the FID image can be seen, but evaporation does not occur. By adding a high-pressure pulse with a width of, surface atoms can be evaporated one by one into positive ions. By measuring the flight time of ions and using a synchronous timer, the mass to charge ratio can be calculated and the types of elements can be determined. Atomic probes can quantitatively analyze all elements in the periodic table and determine small components with a diameter of 2 to 5 nanometers. For example, the distribution of components along the depth direction of the sample can be obtained through continuous field evaporation. However, the limitation of atomic probes lies in their strong destructiveness, and the detection area is usually only about 10 nanometers, with a depth not exceeding 0.1 micrometers.
场离子显微镜（FIM）和原子探针（AP）是用于在原子尺度上研究材料显微组织和成分的分析技术。FIM的主要设备包括超高真空室、用于冷却样品的液氦制冷系统、稳压高压电源、图像增强系统和成像气体供给系统。在FIM中，试样通常是一极细的针尖，其尖端曲率半径约为20至50纳米。当在试样上施加数千伏的正电压时，针尖尖端的局部电场强度可高达20至50伏特/纳米。此时，靠近试样的成像气体原子（通常是惰性气体如氖或氦）由于隧道效应而被离化为正离子，然后沿表面法线方向飞向荧光屏，产生场离子像。试样尖端表面上的原子排列通常呈现出许多台阶，其中场强最大，成像气体电离概率也最大，从而形成亮点。对于退火后的纯金属，场离子像由形成同心圆的亮点构成，每组同心圆对应某晶面族的像。FIM的放大倍数约为100,000倍，足以分辨单个原子并观察表面原子排列。通过场蒸发逐原子层剥离的方法，可以获得材料的五维显微组织图像。然而，FIM的局限性在于其视场较小，且要求被观察对象具有足够高的密度。
原子探针是一种在FIM之后配置的设备。当在试样上施加适当的直流高压时，能够看到FIM像，但不会发生蒸发。通过添加一个宽度为的高压脉冲，可以逐个蒸发表面原子为正离子。通过测量离子的飞行时间并使用同步计时器，可以计算质荷比并确定其元素种类。原子探针能够定量分析周期表中的所有元素，测定直径为2至5纳米的微小成分，如通过连续场蒸发可得到沿试样深度方向的成分分布。然而，原子探针的局限性在于其破坏性较强，且探测区域通常只有约10纳米，并且深度不超过0.1微米。
field ion microscopy
场离子显微术
Modern ironmaking method with blast furnace as the main equipment. Iron ore (natural rich ore block, sintering, pellet), coke and flux are added into the furnace from the furnace top according to the predetermined proportion of ingredients and move downward. Hot air preheated to 800-1350 ° C is blown into the furnace hearth from the tuyere to generate a large amount of reducing gas and move upward when coke and other auxiliary fuels combustion. A series of physical and chemical reactions occur during the process of blast furnace gas heating the furnace charge, so that the iron ore is reduced to liquid iron. Released through the tap hole, used for steelmaking or direct casting castings; The gangue and flux in the ore form slag, which is discharged from the slag outlet and quenched into water slag to produce slag cement; In addition, the blast furnace gas discharged from the furnace top can be used as an important gas fuel. In order to improve production efficiency, reduce production costs and save energy, advanced technologies such as pulverized coal injection, oxygen enriched blast and high furnace residual pressure recovery are widely used. The process of blast furnace ironmaking is relatively simple, with large output, high productivity and low energy consumption. The pig iron produced accounts for more than 95% of the world's iron output.
以高炉为主体设备的现代炼铁方法。将含铁矿石（天然富矿块、烧结矿、球团矿）、焦炭和熔剂按预定配料比例从炉顶加人炉内并向下运动，预热到800-1350°C的热空气从风口吹入炉缸使焦炭及其他辅助燃料燃烧产生大量还原性气体并向上运动，高炉煤气加热炉料的过程中发生一系列的物理化学反应，从而使铁矿石还原为液态铁水。经出铁口放出，用于炼钢或直接浇铸铸件；而矿石中的脉石及熔剂等形成熔渣，从出渣口放出，经水淬成水渣用于生产矿渣水泥；此外，从炉顶排放的高炉煤气可作为重要的气体燃料。为提高生产效率、降低生产成本和节约能源，广泛采用喷吹煤粉、富氧鼓风、高炉余压回收等先进技术。高炉炼铁的工艺相对简单、产量大、生产率高、能耗低，所生产的生铁约占世界铁产量的95%以上。
blast furnace ironmaking
高炉炼铁
It is abbreviated as MDF. The board is made of wood fiber or other plant fiber as raw material, and urea formaldehyde resin or other applicable adhesive is applied. The density is similar to that of wood, and the internal fiber organization is uniform with high strength. The surface of the board is flat and smooth, and it can be used for mechanical processing such as sawing, drilling, wedging, milling, and cutting. There are several classifications. According to density, it can be divided into 80 (nominal density 0.80g/cm: i), 70 (nominal density O.7Og/cm3), 60 (nominal density 0.60g/cm3); According to the type of adhesive, it can be divided into indoor and outdoor use; According to the production process, it can be divided into dry medium density fiberboard and wet process. The production process of dry method includes: material preparation, pulping and waxing, gluing, drying, forming, pre pressing, hot melon, edge cutting, sanding, grading, etc. Mainly used for mid to high-end furniture, ships, buildings, carriages, and music equipment.
简称MDF。以木材纤维或其他植物纤维为原料，施加脲醛树脂或其他适用的胶黏剂制成的板材。密度类似于木材，内部纤维组织均匀.具有较高的强度。板材表面平整、光滑.可进行锯切、钻孔、开楔、铣、削等机械加工。分类有几种，按密度分为80型（公称密度0.80g/cm:i)、70型(公称密度O.7Og/cm3)、60型（公称密度0.60g/cm3）;按胶黏剂类型可分为室内用、室外用;按生产工艺可分为干法中密度纤维板、湿法。干法的生产工艺为：备料、制浆与施蜡、施胶、干燥、成型、预压、热瓜、裁边、砂光、分等。主要用于中、高档家具，船舶、建筑、车厢、音乐器材。
medium density fiberboard
中密度纤维板
It is not a single mineral. It is a mixture of goethite, lepidogenite, hydrogoethite, hydrolepidogenite, water rich ferric hydroxide cement, aluminum hydroxide and argillaceous matter, "component Fe2C) 3." H2 (), Fe - generally 30%? 40%, with significant changes in composition, often forming dense blocks or colloidal shapes (oolitic, bell shaped, nodular, renal), earthy, and porous shapes. Most of the fine acicular crystals are goethite; most of them are small scaly but not fibrous iron ore (called red mica). Renal and stalactitic limonite surface often has a layer of bright pitch black membrane shell, which is called glass head. Colors M are yellow, brown, brownish black to reddish brown. Stripes are yellowish brown or brownish yellow. Mohs hardness 1? 4. The earthy ones have low hardness and a density of 3.3? 4g/ctn3. It is the product of supergene, mainly due to weathering, and is formed by transformation of iron bearing sulfide, oxide, carbonate and silicate; The precipitated trifoliate orange is formed by coagulation of ferric hydroxide colloidal solution of mountain sea facies and lake facies. When large M aggregates, leaves are used as mineral raw materials for ironmaking.
不是单一矿物.是由针铁矿、 纤铁矿、水针铁矿、水纤铁矿和富水的氢氧化铁胶凝 体及铝的氢氧化物、泥质物组成的混合物"成分 Fe2C)3."H2(), Fe-般在 30% ?40%,成分变化 大，常成致密块状或胶态状（鲕状、钟乳状、结核 状、肾状）、土状及疏松多孔状。呈细小针状结晶苒 大多为针铁矿：呈细小鱗片状荇多为纤铁矿（乂称红 云母）。肾状、钟乳状褐铁矿表面常冇一层光亮沥青 黑色的膜壳者称为玻璃头。颜色M黄色、褐色、褐黑 至红褐色。条痕黄褐色或棕黄色。莫氏硬度1?4, 土状者硬度小，密度3.3?4g/ctn3。是表生作用的产 物，主要成因为风化型.由含铁硫化物、氧化物、碳 酸盐及硅酸盐转变而成；沉枳型山海相、湖相的氢氧 化铁胶体溶液凝聚而成。大M聚集时叶作炼铁的矿物 原料。
limonite
褐铁矿
The chemical formula SrS: Eu2+is used as thin-film eletroluminescent materials. The luminescence color is orange.
化学式SrS:Eu2+用作薄膜电致发光材料。发光颜色为橙色。
strontium sulfide activated by europium
硫化锶：铕（Ⅱ）
Semi crystalline poly (aryl ether ketone) polymer with alternating ether bond order and phenylene ring. The biggest feature is excellent heat resistance. It has the best heat water resistance and steam resistance among all engineering plastics. It can be used for a long time in 200-240 ° C steam, or for a short time in 300 ° C high-pressure steam. High oxygen index, less smoke during combustion, good creep resistance and fatigue resistance, good chemical resistance, good insulation and radiation resistance.
醚键序交替与亚苯基环联结的半晶型聚芳醚酮类聚合物。最大特点是耐热性极好，在所有工程塑料中具有最好的耐热水性和耐蒸汽性，可在200-240°C蒸汽中长期使用，或在300°C高压蒸汽中短期使用。氧指数高，燃烧时发烟量少，耐蠕变和耐疲劳性能优良，耐化学药品性优良，并有良好的绝缘性和耐辐射性。
polyether ether ketone
聚醚醚酮
A kind of compacted and consolidated volcanic rock mainly composed of volcanic rock blocks with grain size greater than 64mm. The content of volcanic rock is generally more than 50%, with obvious edges and corners, irregular shape, and a small amount of other rock fragments. The filler is fine debris such as volcanic ash. Usually distributed near volcanic craters, sometimes in a gradual transition relationship.
一种以粒径大于64mm火山岩块为主要组成的压实固结的火山岩。火山岩块含量一般在50%以上，棱角明显，形态不规则，也有少量其他岩石的碎块。填隙物为火山灰等细碎屑物。通常分布在火山口附近，有时呈渐变过渡关系。
volcanic agglomerate
火山集块岩
Composite materials with metal and its alloy as matrix and boron fiber, alumina fiber, silicon carbide fiber, carbon fiber and graphite fiber as reinforcement materials. The commonly used metal matrix includes aluminum, titanium, magnesium, copper and its alloy, as well as imermetallif compound. The temperature resistance of such composite materials varies with the matrix: the working temperature of aluminum matrix composite materials is 350-400 ℃, the working temperature of titanium matrix composite materials is 600-750 ℃, and the working temperature of high temperature alloy matrix composite materials can be above 100 ℃. The traditional preparation methods can be divided into three categories: solid state method, liquid state method, and coating hot pressing method. Fiber reinforces metal-matrix composites have excellent comprehensive properties, such as high specific strength, specific modulus, strong wear resistance, high temperature resistance, good electrical and thermal conductivity, fatigue resistance, aging resistance, etc. They are especially suitable for aerospace industry, such as the main rudder pillar of the space shuttle, fan blades of the aircraft engine, tail wings, structural materials of the space station, etc. In addition, it has also been applied in automotive structures, bumpers, piston connecting rods, bicycle frames, as well as sports and other equipment.
以金属及其合金为基体、以硼纤维、氧化铝纤维、碳化硅纤维、碳纤维与石墨纤维等为增强材料的复合材料。常用的金属基体有铝、钛、镁、铜及其合金以及金属间化合物等。该类复合材料的耐温性能随基体不同而异：铝基复合材料工作温度350-400℃，钛基复合材料工作温度600-750°C，高温合金基复合材料工作温度可在lOO0℃以上。传统的的制备方法可以分为三大类，分别为固态法、液态法和涂层热压法。纤维增强金属基复合材料具有比强度、比模量高，耐磨性强，耐高温性能好，导电、导热性好，抗疲劳，抗老化等优良的综合性能，特别适用于航空航天工业中，如航天飞机主舵骨支柱、飞机发动机风扇叶片、尾翼、空间站结构材料等。此外.在汽车结构、保险杠、活塞连杆、自行车车架以及体育运动和其他器械上也得到了应用。
fiber reinforces metal-matrix composites
纤维增强金属基复合材料
Contact the powder preform with the liquid metal or immerse it in the liquid metal, so that the gaps in the compact are filled by the metal liquid. After cooling down, dense materials or parts are obtained. This process is called infiltration. The infiltration process depends on the external metal liquid to wet the powder porous body. Under the action of capillary tube force, the liquid metal flows along the interspace between particles or the interspace within particles until the interspace is completely filled. Therefore, in essence, infiltration is a special case of liquid phase sintering. The difference is that densification mainly depends on the fusible components to fill the gap from the outside, rather than the shrinkage of the compact itself, so the infiltration parts basically do not shrink, and sintering takes a short time. It is mainly used to produce electrical contact materials, machine parts, cermet materials and composite materials.
将粉末压胚与液体金属接触或浸在液体金属内，让压坯内的空隙为金属液体所填充.冷却下来就得到致密材料或零件，这种工艺称为熔浸。熔浸过程依靠外部金属液浸湿粉末多孔体，在毛细管力作用下，液体金属沿着颗粒间空隙或颗粒内空隙流动，直到完全填充空隙位置。因此，从本质上来说.熔浸是液相烧结的一种特殊情况。所不同的只是致密化主要靠易熔成分从外面去填满空隙，而不是靠压坯本身的收缩，因此熔浸的零件基本上不产生收缩，烧结所需时间短。主要用于生产电接触材料，机械零件以及金属陶瓷材料和复合材料。
infiltration
熔浸
Magnetic tape coated with metal magnetic powder. Ultrafine metal iron powder has better magnetic properties than ferrite magnetic powder. It can be used to make magnetic tapes. The density of stored signals is much higher than that of ferrite magnetic tapes.
涂覆金属磁粉的磁带。超细金属铁粉有比铁氧体磁粉更好的磁性能，用它制作磁带.储存信号的密度大大高于铁氧体磁带。
metal tape
金属磁带
High hygroscopic synthetic fiber is a kind of synthetic fiber with high hygroscopic capacity, and its standard moisture regain is usually required to reach 6% or higher. These fibers can be divided into two parts when adsorbing water: bound water and free water. The bound water is the water adsorbed by the polarization of the polar group in the fiber, which belongs to chemical adsorption; The free water is the water adsorbed by van der Waals force acting on the pores and surface of fiber wool, which belongs to physical adsorption. In the main synthetic fiber, moisture absorption is usually not high. For example, the moisture absorption of polyester fiber is about 0.4% to 0.5%, polyacrylonitrile fiber is 1.2% to 2%, polypropylene fiber is about 0, while the moisture absorption of polyamide 6 and polyamide 66 with high moisture absorption is 3.5% to 4.5%, and polyvinyl alcohol fiber is 4.5% to 5.0%. These values are lower than the moisture absorption rate of cotton, which is usually between 7% and 8%. The methods to improve the moisture absorption of synthetic fiber include introducing hydrophilic groups, copolymerization of hydrophilic monomer, fiber graft copolymerization of hydrophilic monomer, and blending with hydrophilic substances. These methods can lead to the formation of micropores and surface grooves on the fiber, thus increasing the specific surface area, and transformation the groups in the synthetic fiber into hydrophilic groups. High hydroscopic fiber is mainly used to manufacture underwear, sportswear, etc., with the characteristics of comfortable wearing. In addition, they are also used to make coats and interior decoration materials, because these fibers are not easy to generate static electricity, thus reducing the problem of absorbing dust and pollutants.
高吸湿合成纤维是一种合成纤维，具有较高的吸湿能力，通常要求其标准回潮率达到6%或更高。这些纤维在吸附水分时可以分为结合水和游离水两部分。结合水是由纤维中的极性基团极化作用而吸附的水，属于化学吸附；而游离水则是通过范德华力在纤维毛细孔和表面起作用而吸附的水，属于物理吸附。在主要的合成纤维中，吸湿量通常不高。例如，聚酯纤维的吸湿率约为0.4%到0.5%，聚丙烯腈纤维为1.2%到2%，聚丙烯纤维约为0，而吸湿性较高的聚酰胺6和聚酰胺66的吸湿率为3.5%到4.5%，聚乙烯醇纤维为4.5%到5.0%。这些数值都低于棉花的吸湿率，后者通常在7%到8%之间。提高合成纤维吸湿率的方法包括引入亲水基团，共聚合亲水性单体，纤维接枝共聚亲水性单体，以及与亲水性物质共混纺丝。这些方法可以导致纤维形成微孔和表面沟槽结构，从而提高比表面积，以及将合成纤维中的基团转变为亲水基团。高吸湿纤维主要用于制造内衣、运动服等，具有穿着舒适的特点。此外，它们还用于制造外套和室内装饰材料，因为这些纤维不容易产生静电，从而减少吸附尘埃和污染物的问题。
hydroscopic fiber
吸湿纤维
Chemical formula (CH3) 2SiCl2, colorless liquid, relative density 1.07 (25 ℃), melting point<-86 ℃, boiling point 70.5 ℃, refractive index 1.405 (25 ℃), flash point -9.4 ℃, viscosity 0.47Pa · s (25 ℃). Soluble in organic solvents, decomposes in alcohol and water.
化学式(CH3)2SiCl2,无色液体，相对密度1.07(25℃）,熔点<-86℃,沸点70.5℃,折射率1.405(25℃),闪点-9.4℃,黏度0.47Pa·s(25℃)。溶于有机溶剂，遇醇和水分解。
dimethyl dichlorosilane
二甲基二氯硅烷
It is also called high performance ceramics, technical ceramics, new ceramics, high technology ceramics, engineering ceramics, fine ceramics and moden ceramics. Generally, ceramics materials with specific properties are made from refined high-purity, ultra-fine synthetic inorganic compounds through composition and structure design, using new preparation technologies of precise stoichiometry and precise control. Their properties are not only far superior to traditional ceramics, but also have many new physical chemistry properties that traditional ceramics do not have. Different from traditional ceramics or industrial ceramics, it broadly includes artificial single crystal, amorphous, ceramics and their composite materials, semiconductors, refractory and cement. It can be divided into three categories according to functions and uses: ① functional ceramics (also called electronic ceramics), which refers to the use of their electrical, magnetic, acoustic, optical, thermal, elastic, chemical and other properties or their coupling effects to achieve a certain use function, mainly for civil use, but also for high-tech and military technology. Such as underwater sound, optoelectronics, infrared technology, etc.; ② Structural ceramics (also known as engineering ceramics), which are used for various structural parts to play their mechanical, thermal, chemical and other functions, are mainly used for parts that require high temperature resistance, corrosion resistance and wear resistance, such as mechanical seals, ceramics bearings, ball valves, cylinder liners, aircraft radomes, etc.; ③ Biological cemmics, which play their biological and chemical functions, are mainly used for artificial bones, artificial joint, immobilized enzyme carriers, catalysts, etc., and have good biocompatibility and chemical stability.
又称高性能陶瓷、技术陶瓷、新型陶瓷、高技术陶瓷、工程陶瓷、精细陶瓷和现代陶瓷。通常以精制的高纯、超细人工合成的无机化合物为原料，通过组成与结构设计，采用精确化学计量和精密控制的新型制备技术制成的赋予明确特定性能的陶瓷材料，其性能不仅远胜于传统陶瓷，且具有许多传统陶瓷所不具备的新的物理化学性能。区别于传统陶瓷（traditional ceramics)或工业陶瓷（industrial ceramics)，广义的包括人工单晶、非晶、陶瓷及其复合材料、半导体、耐火材料及水泥。按功能和用途可分为三类：①功能陶瓷(又称电子陶瓷），指利用其电、磁、声、光、热、弹、化等性质或其耦合效应，以实现某种使用功能的，以民用为主，亦可用于高新技术和军用技术。如水声、光电子、红外技术等;②结构陶瓷（又称工程陶瓷），指发挥其机械、热、化学等功能的用于各种结构部件的，主要用于要求耐高温、耐腐蚀、耐磨损的部件，如机械密封、陶瓷轴承、球阀、缸套、飞行器的天线罩等;③生物陶瓷，指发挥其生物和化学等功能的，主要用于人造骨、人工关节、固定酶载体、催化剂等，具有良好的生物相容性和化学稳定性。
advanced ceramics
先进陶瓷
Damping alloy based on Al Zn alloy and added with Ti, Zr and rare earth elements, which has higher damping characteristics. It has low density and high strength. It can maintain high damping capacity in small vibration. Its specific damping value is ≥ 17%. It has good damping performance and is not affected by stress and strain amplitude. The amount of Zn content in the alloy and the pan fire temperature have an effect on the damping properties. The mechanical properties and damping properties of the alloy increase with the increase of Zn content. By adjusting the ratio of Al and Zn elements, good high-temperature damping performance can be achieved below 300 ° C. Its damping performance is closely related to the organization, and it has good damping performance when small equiaxed crystals appear; The damping performance is also related to the vibration frequency, and as the frequency increases, the damping decreases. The movement of the phase interface of this alloy is related to the atomic diffusion. With the increase of temperature, the diffusion of the interface atoms intensifies, and the interface mobility increases. High internal friction can be generated by plastic flow or deformation of the second phase and grain boundary in the alloy to absorb vibration energy. Al Zn series damping alloy has been used in precision devices and instruments such as automobile engine base, gyro mounting frame, rocket attitude control panel, etc. It can also be used in high-rise building window frames and transport machinery structures, and has a broad application prospect in aerospace and other fields.
以Al-Zn合金为基添加Ti、Zr、稀土元素具有较髙阻尼特性的阻尼合金。它密度小，强度高，在微小的振动中就能保持高的减振能力，其比阻尼值≥17%,减振性较好，且不受应力应变振幅的影响。该合金中Zn含量的多少以及泮火温度对阻尼性能具有影响，其力学性能、阻尼性能随Zn含量的增加而提高。通过调节Al、Zn元素配比，可在300°C以下具有很好的高温阻尼性能。其阻尼性能与组织有很大的关系，当出现细小的等轴晶时，具有较好的阻尼性能;阻尼性能也与振动频率也有关，随频率的增大，阻尼降低。这种合金相界面的运动与原子扩散有关，随着温度的上升，界面原子扩散加剧，界面可动性提高，通过合金内部的第二相和晶界发生塑性流动或第二相变形吸收振动能产生高内耗。Al-Zn系阻尼合金已经使用在汽车发动机基座、陀螺安装架和火箭姿态控制盘等精密装置和仪器当中，也可用于高层建筑窗框和运输机械结构件，在航空航天等领域具有广泛的应用前景。
Al-based damping alloy
阻尼铝合金
A hard compound formed by transition metals and boron. The ratio of the atomic radius of titanium, zirconium and chromium to the atomic radius of boron in borides is less than 0.59, and other transition metals are more than 0.59. Theoretically, they are not interstitial phase.
过渡金属与硼生成的硬质化合物。硼化物中钛、锆、铬的原子半径与硼原子半径的比<0.59,其他过渡金属均大于0.59,理论上不属间隙相。
metal boride
金属硼化物
By treating graphite with strong oxidant, the layered structure of graphite is not destroyed, and oxygen enters and combines with graphite layers to form expanded layered compounds. The main components are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, etc., but the proportion varies depending on the preparation conditions. When heated rapidly to about 1000 ° C, the interlayer expands to obtain gel expanded graphite.
通过强氧化剂处理石墨而得到，石墨层状结构未被破坏，氧进入石墨层面间并与之结合，形成膨胀的层状化合物。主要成分是碳、氢、氧等，但比例不定，随制备条件等而不同。迅速加热至l000°C左右时，层间膨胀，得到凝胶化膨胀石墨。
graphite oxide
氧化石墨
Steel with bainite as the basic structure can be obtained under the condition of normalizing or selective cooling. The bainite structure has higher strength than the ferrite pearlite structure, while it has appropriate toughness and plasticity, and its production process is relatively simple. Low carbon bainhe steel has high strength, plastic toughness and weldability, simple production process and good cold workability, and is widely used in engineering machinery, high-strength pipelines, bridges, ships, pressure vessels, vehicles and other engineering structural parts.
正火状态或选续冷却条件下可得到以贝氏体为基础组织的钢。贝氏体组织具布比铁素体珠光体组织更高的强度而同时具有适当的韧塑性，而其生产工艺相对简单。低碳贝氏体钢具有较高的强度、塑韧性和焊接性，生产工艺简单，冷加工性能良好，广泛用于工程机械、高强度管线、桥梁、船舶、压力容器、车辆等工程结构件。
bainitic steel
贝氏体钢
It is made by adding flame retardant or fire retardant into the monomer methyl methacrylate, heating and prepolymerizing to make slurry, or directly adding it into the prepared prepolymerization slurry, and mold polymerization. It will not burn when encountering the flame or the combustion speed is slow and will automatically extinguish when leaving the flame. It is an environmentally friendly materials. Its strength and impact toughness are better than those of organic glass. Casting type organic glass containing halogen and phosphorus flame retardant compounds is widely used as building window glass, lighting fixtures and safety glass in construction, aviation, subway, vehicles, advertising decoration, elevator, electronics and electrical industries with high requirements for fire resistance and flame retardancy.
是将阻燃剂加入单体甲基丙烯酸甲酯中加热预聚制成浆液，或直接加人已制得的预聚浆液中，铸型聚合而成的。遇火焰时不燃或燃烧速度缓慢且离开火焰即自行熄，属于环保型材料。其强度和冲击韧性优于有机玻璃。含卤和磷阻燃化合物的浇铸型有机玻璃，被广泛用作防火阻燃要求高的建筑窗玻璃、建筑、航空、地铁、车辆、广告装潢、电梯、电子电气等行业中照明灯具和安全玻璃等。
fire-retardant acrylic sheet
阻燃有机玻璃
Abbreviated as metallurgical physicochemical. The discipline of applying the principles and methods of physical chemistry to study the laws of physical changes and chemical reactions in metallurgical processes (including all smelting processes of transformation ore into metal or its compound products). The purpose of the research is to guide the metallurgical process, explore the theoretical basis for improving the existing process and establishing a new process, so as to ultimately improve the quality and yield of metallic materials and obtain innovative varieties. The main research contents include: thermodynamics of metallurgyprocess, kinetics of metallurgy process, metallurgy and materials electrochemistry, metallurgical melt (solution) theory, computational metallurgy physical chemistry and materials physical chemistry, etc.
简称冶金物化。应用物理化学的原理和方法，研究冶金过程（包括从矿石转变成金属或其化合物产品的全部冶炼过程）中的物理变化和化学反应规律的学科。研究目的在于指导冶金过程.探讨改进现有工艺和建立新工艺的理论基础最终达到提高金属材料的质量、产出率以及获得创新品种。主要研究内容有：冶金过程热力学、冶金过程动力学、冶金与材料电化学、冶金熔体（溶液）理论、计算冶金物理化学和材料物理化学等。
physical chemistry of metallurgy process
冶金过程物理化学
It is mainly to clarify the mechanism of crystal growth under different growth conditions and the law between crystal growth rate and growth driving force. The mechanism of crystal growth depends on the phase interface structure, and the final shape of crystal is determined by the relative growth rate of each crystal face of crystal.
主要是阐明在不同生长条件下的晶体生长机制以及晶体生长速率与生长驱动力之间的规律。晶体生长机制取决于相界面结构，晶体的最终形态是由晶体各晶面相对 生长速率决定的。
kinetics of crystal growth
晶体生长动力学
Most of the solution strengthening aluminum alloys (containing Mg6%, Mnl. 5%, Cr0.35% or their combination) and some precipitation hardening aluminum alloys (containing Cu or Mg6.5%, SU% or Zn8%) suitable for low temperature environment use. This kind of alloy has fcc crystal structure, low density, non-magnetic, high specific strength, and can maintain high strength, plasticity and toughness at low temperature.
适合于低温环境使用的大多数同溶强化铝合金（含Mg6%、Mnl.5%、Cr0.35%或它们的组合）及一些沉淀硬化铝合金（含Cu或Mg6.5%、含SU%或含Zn8%)。该类合金具有fcc晶体结构、密度低、无磁性、比强度高，低温下能保持较高的强度、塑性及韧性。
cryogenic aluminium alloy
低温铝合金
It is mainly the film formed by insulating materials. Used in electronic and optoelectronic devices for insulation or protection. As the insulation layer of the isolation electrode in the device, its dielectric properties should also be considered. The thermoelectric effect can be used for thermoelectric conversion to make infrared sensors, etc. See electrical insulation film.
主要是绝缘材料形成的薄膜。用于电子、光电子器件中，起绝缘或保护作用。在器件中作为隔离电极的绝缘层，还要考虑它的介电特性。利用热电效应可进行热电转换，制成红外传感器等，参见电绝缘膜。
dielectric film
电介质膜
Refers to silicon oxide particles formed by the aggregation of supersaturated interstitial oxygen atoms in Czochralski silicon and the reaction of silicon atoms. The oxygen impurity in Czochralski silicon is inevitably introduced due to the use of quartze crucible for crystal growth. Most of the oxygen atoms are in the gap position of the silicon lattice and are in an oversaturated state. Therefore, in the heat treatment process of device manufacturing, a part of supersaturated oxygen atoms will gather and form. The behavior of Czochralski silicon is very complex, which is related to the initial concentration of oxygen in silicon crystal, the type and concentration of other impurities, point defects, thermal history and heat treatment conditions (such as the buried atmosphere, temperature, time). Including two stages of nucleation and growth, nucleation occurs at lower temperatures (not higher than 800-900V), while growth occurs at temperatures of 1000 ° C and h. There are two mechanisms of oxygen precipitation nucleation: homogeneous nucleation and heterogeneous nucleation. Homogeneous nucleation is the aggregation of oxygen atoms themselves, and its rate is mainly determined by the supersaUiration degree and diffusion rate of interstitial oxygen; Heterogeneous nucleation is the aggregation of oxygen atoms at other impurities and defects. For example, nitrogen, boron, carbon, germanium and other impurities and their complexes with point defects, vacancy and oxygen can be used as heterogeneous nucleation centers. When growing up, the emitted self interstitial silicon atoms will also gather and collapse to form secondary defects such as dislocations and stacking fault. The oxygen precipitation and its induced defects in silicon wafer can absorb harmful metal contamination during device manufacturing, thus improving the yield of devices. Excessive and induced defects will lead to warpage of silicon wafer; If it appears in the working area of the device, it will also increase leakage current.
指直拉硅中的过饱和的间隙氧原子聚集与硅原子反应形成的氧化硅颗粒。直拉硅中的氧杂质是由于晶体生长使用石英坩埚而不可避免地引入的，绝大部分氧原子处于硅晶格的间隙位，且处于过饱和状态。因此.在器件制造的热处理工艺中，一部分过饱和氧原子会聚集形成。直拉硅的行为非常复杂，它与硅晶体中氧的初始浓度、其他杂质的种类和浓度、点缺陷、热历史和热处理的条件（如热处埋气氛、温度、时间）等有关。包括形核和长大两个阶段，形核在较低温度（不高于800-900V)下发生，而长大则在1000°C及以h的温度进行。氧沉淀形核有两种机制：均质形核和异质形核。均质形核是氧原子本身的聚集，其速率主要由间隙氧的过饱和度和扩散速度决定;异质形核是氧原子在其他杂质和缺陷处聚集.如氮、硼、碳、锗等杂质及其与点缺陷的复合体、空位与氧的复合体等都可以作为异质形核中心。长大时，发射出的自间隙硅原子还会聚集崩塌形成位错、层错等二次缺陷。硅片体内的氧沉淀及其诱生缺陷在器件制造过程中具有吸除有害金属沾污的作用，从而提高器件的成品率。过度的及其诱生缺陷会导致硅片翘曲;若出现在器件工作区域还会增加漏电流。
oxygen precipitation
氧沉淀
See pillared clays.
见柱撑黏土。
cross-linked clay
交联黏土
See compatibilizer.
见相容剂。
compatibilizer
增容剂
Corrosion of metallic materials in water.
金属材料在水介质中发生的腐蚀。
corrosion in aqueous environment
水介质中腐蚀
Quartze glass with good transmittance in the near-infrared wavelength range. Applied to the spectral wavelength range of 26-350 microns.
在近红外波长范围具有良好透过率的石英玻 璃。应用于光谱波长范圈为26-350微米。
infrared-transmitting quartz glass
红外透过石英玻璃
See antioxidant.
见抗氧剂。
antioxidant
抗氧化剂
Supercritical foaming molding is a physical foam molding technology, and can also be regarded as a microporous foam molding technology. In this process, the supercritical gas, such as carbon dioxide or nitrogen, is injected into a special plasticizing device, and then mixed evenly with the molten raw materials for diffusion to form a single-phase mixed sol. The mixed sol is then induction to the mold cavity or the extrusion die, resulting in a huge pressure drop, which causes the gas to separate out and form a large number of bubble cores. In the subsequent cooling and molding process, the bubble core inside the sol will continue to grow, and eventually form a microporous plastics product. These microporous plastics products have high specific strength and high cost performance, which can significantly improve the dimensional accuracy of products, shorten the product development cycle, reduce the residual stress of products, reduce warpage deformation, eliminate surface shrinkage marks, shorten the forming cycle of thin-walled products, effectively save raw materials, and reduce product quality. The advantages of supercritical foaming molding include low cost, environmental protection, enhanced flow ability of mixed sol, low viscosity, easy mold filling, and simple and low-cost supercritical gas equipment. This makes the technology have a broad application prospect in the manufacture of microcellular foamed plastics products.
超临界发泡成型是一种物理发泡成型技术，同时也可视为一种微孔发泡成型技术。在这个过程中，超临界状态的气体，如二氧化碳或氮气，被注入到特殊的塑化装置中，然后与熔融的原材料均匀混合扩散，形成单相混合溶胶。这个混合溶胶随后被引导到模具腔体或挤出口模，产生巨大的压力降，使气体析出形成大量的气泡核。
在随后的冷却成型过程中，溶胶内部的气泡核会不断生长，最终形成微孔发泡的塑料制品。这些微孔塑料制品具有高比强度和高性价比，可以显著提高制品的尺寸精度，缩短产品开发周期，减少产品残余应力，减少翘曲变形，消除表面缩痕，缩短薄壁制品的成型周期，有效节约原材料，减轻产品质量。
超临界发泡成型的优点包括低成本，绿色环保，混合溶胶的流动性增强，低黏度，易于充模，以及超临界气体设备简单且成本低廉。这使得该技术在制造微孔发泡的塑料制品时具有广泛的应用前景。
supercritical foaming molding
超临界发泡成型
The conventional zircaloy-4 is a zirconium tin alloy composed of Zr-1.20~1.70, Sn-0.18~0.24, Fer0.07~0.13, and Cr (mass fraction.%). The alloy is made of ingots by vacuum consumable arc melting, and plastic forming is carried out by conventional pressure processing. It is mainly used as the cladding materials of pressurized water reactor and other core structural materials. The improved zircaloy-4 is a alloy after the composition adjustment and processing technology improvement of the conventional zircaloy-4 within the standard composition range. Its corrosion resistance and high-temperature performance are further improved.
常规锆-4合金组成（质量分数.％)为Zr-1.20~1.70、Sn-0.18~0.24.、Fer0.07~0.13、Cr的一种锆-锡合金，该合金采用真空自耗电弧熔炼制备铸锭，采用常规压力加工方法进行塑性加工.主要用做压水堆的包壳材料和其他堆芯结构材料。改进锆-4合金是对常规锆-4合金在标准成分范围内进行了成分调整和加工工艺改进之后的合金，其抗腐蚀性能和高温性能进一步提高。
zircaloy-4
锆-4合金
The process in which linear or branched macromolecule chains are connected to form a network or macromolecule by chemical or physical action. According to whether chemical reaction occurs in the crosslinking process, it can be divided into chemical crosslinking and physical crosslinking.
线型或支链型高分子链间以化学作用或物理作用连接成网状或体型高分子的过程。根据交联过程是否发生化学反应可分为化学交联和物理交联。
crosslinking
交联
Plastic explosive generally refers to the main explosive, adhesive, plasticizer, etc., which is in the form of dough. It still has plasticity and flexibility at -50-70 ° C, and is easy to pinch into the desired shape. It can also be used to fill complex shaped projectiles, with low mechanical sensitivity and safe use. Explosion performance is good, the explosion speed can reach more than 8km/s, the property is stable, easy to camouflage and carry, and the scope of application is wide. The main explosive is used to provide energy; Adhesive is a additive used to ensure the plasticity and proper sensitivity of explosive; Plasticizer is used to increase the solubility and flow ability of macromolecule adhesive. The manufacturing of plastic explosive mainly includes the steps of raw material preparation, adhesive dissolution, mixed granulation, suction filtration, washing and drying, and the common methods include solution water suspension manufacturing, kneading, polymerization and volatilization. Widely used, mainly for anti tank armor piercing shells and engineering blasting.
塑性炸药一般是指主体炸药、黏结剂、增塑剂等组成的，呈面团状，在-50-70°C下依旧具有塑性和柔软性，易捏成所需形状，也能装填复杂弹形的弹体，且机械感度较低.使用较安全。爆炸性能好，爆速可达8km/s以上，性质稳定，便于伪装与携带，适用范围广。主体炸药用于提供能量；黏结剂是用来保证炸药塑性及适当感度的添加剂；增塑剂用以增加高分子黏结剂的可溶性及流动性。塑性炸药制造主要有原料准备、黏结剂溶解、混合造粒、抽滤、洗涤及烘干等步骤，常用的方法有溶液水悬浮制造法、捏合法、聚合法和挥发法等。应用广泛，主要用于反坦克破甲弹及工程爆破。
plastic explosive
塑性炸药
It is a porous siliceous mineral formed by geological evolution of diatoms and other microbial residues grown in oceans or lakes, with the main mineral component being opal and the main chemical component being amorphous SiO2. Diatomaceous earth has large specific surface area, high porosity and small relative density. Diatomite is mainly used to treat urban sewage, papermaking wastewater, printing and dyeing wastewater, slaughtering wastewater, oily wastewater and heavy metal wastewater.
是海洋或湖泊中生长的硅藻及其他微生物的硅质残骸在水体中经地质演化作用形成的多孔硅质矿物，主要矿物成分是蛋白石，主要化学成分是无定形SiO2。硅藻土比表面积大、空隙率高、相对密度小。硅藻土主要用于处理城市污水、造纸废水、印染废水、屠宰废水、含油废水和重金属废水。
diatomite absorbent
硅藻土吸附剂
See hook strength.
见钩接强度。
interlocking strength
互扣强度
It is also called saline alkali land improvement agent. Saline alkali land improvement can be achieved through various methods The use of water to irrigate and discharge saline alkali soil can cause the leaching and discharge of salt in the soil The nitrogen fixing microorganisms in microbial fertilizers improve the effectiveness of rhizosphere mineral elements by fixing nitrogen in the air, and can also improve soil conditions by inhibiting the proliferation of soil pathogens Chemical improvement method. Commonly used chemical modified materials include gypsum, aluminum sulfate, phosphorus gypsum, zeolite, peat and weathered coal. Gypsum can reduce the alkalinity of soil, adjust and improve the physical and chemical properties of soil, and has a good improvement effect on the soil containing alkaline salt sodium bicarbonate, sodium carbonate and high pH value; The use of aluminum sulfate in strongly alkaline soda saline alkali soil can significantly reduce the pH value of soil solution, significantly increase the water absorption capacity and speed of soil, the height and speed of capillary tube water rise, significantly increase the number of large particle aggregates in soil, reduce the soil volume and quality, and increase the porosity of soil; Fly ash reduces the density of soil and the content of alkaline substances in soil; Phosphogypsum reduces soil PH value and alkalinity. Increase the number of soil aggregates, improve soil permeability, increase the infiltration rate of clay soil, and increase the essential nutrients for plant growth such as phosphorus and calcium; Zeolite can improve soil permeability and drainage permeability; Peat and weathered coal can improve soil porosity, reduce soil profile and salt content of cultivated layer, reduce pH value and alkalinity, increase nutrients and enhance enzyme biological activity.
又称盐碱地改良剂。盐碱地改良可以通过多种方法实现。①利用水对盐碱地的淹灌和排放可使土壤中的盐分被淋洗和排出。②微生物菌肥中的固氮微生物通过固定空气中的氮素来提高根际矿质元素的有效性，也能够通过抑制土壤病原菌繁殖等作用来改善土壤条件。③化学改良法。常用的化学改良材料有石膏、硫酸铝、磷石膏、沸石、泥炭和风化煤等。石膏可以降低土壤碱性，调节和改善土壤理化性状，对含有碱性盐类重碳酸钠、碳酸钠且pH值高的土地有良好的改良作用;硫酸铝使用在强碱性苏打盐碱土中，可以使土壤溶液的pH值明显下降，土壤的吸水量和吸水速度、毛细管水上升高度和速度明显提高，土壤中大粒径团聚体数量明显增多，土壤容质量变小，土壤孔隙度增大;粉煤灰吋降低土壤密度，减少土壤中碱性物质的含量;磷石膏降低土壤PH值和碱化度。增加土壤闭聚体数量，改善土壤通透性，增加黏质土的渗透速率，提高磷、钙等植物生长所必需的营养元素;沸石能改善土壤通透性，提高排水渗透能力;泥炭和风化煤具有提高土壤孔隙度，降低土壤剖面、耕作层盐分、降低pH值及碱化度、增加养分和增强酶生物学活性等作用。
saline-alkali land improvement materials
盐碱地治理材料
Molecular composite refers to the polymer blending of rigid macromolecule chain (segment) polymer and flexible chain polymer (resin). The rigid chain macromolecule polymer, as a reinforcing phase, is evenly dispersed in the matrix of flexible chain (segment) resin at a molecular level to achieve the best molecular reinforcement effect and form a composite materials with high strength and high modulus.
分子复合材料是指刚性高分子链（段）聚合物与柔性链聚合物(树脂）共混，刚性链高分子聚合物作为增强相在接近分子水平上均匀分散在柔性链（段）树脂基体中，达到最佳分子增强效应，形成的高强度、高模量的复合材料。
molecular composite
分子复合材料
White powder, triclinic system, relative density 4.16. Mainly used for treatment with ultraviolet fluorescent lamps and black light lamps for trapping and killing insects.
白色粉末，三斜晶系，相对密度4.16。主要用于治疗用紫外荧光灯和诱杀昆虫的黑光灯。
barium strontium magnesium zinc pyrosilicate activated by lead
焦硅酸钡锶镁锌：铅
The reactor uses nuclear purity. It has excellent nuclear properties: its thermal neutron capture cross section is 9.5mb, the moderation ratio is 180, and the thermal conductivity is good. It is an excellent moderator and reflector materials. Beryllium reacts with neutrons (n, 2n), and it is a neutron-multiplier materials. Its melting point is (2820 ± 100) K, and its heat of formation is 608kJ/mol at 298K. It has good chemical stability, so it may be used at a higher temperature than beryllium. Its high price, toxicity and irradiation swelling limit its application in reactors.
反应堆用核纯。具有优良的核性能：它的热中子俘获截面为9.5mb，慢化比180,导热性好，是一种优良的慢化剂和反射层材料，铍和中子发生（n，2n)反应，是中子倍增材料。它的熔点为（2820±100)K，生成热在298K时为608kJ/mol,化学稳定性好，因此有可能比铍用在更高的温度。价格贵、有毒性以及辐照肿胀等因素限制了它在反应堆中的应用。
beryllia
氧化铍
Also known as low melting point alloy welding. Its basic feature is that several different materials form alloy at a certain mass ratio at a temperature far below their respective melting point. Take the "gold silicon eutectic welding" as an example, the melting point of gold is l063 ° C, and the melting point of silicon is 1414 ° C. But according to the combination of 2.85% silicon and 97.15% gold, a eutectic alloy body with a melting point of 363 ° C is formed. The weld process of gold silicon eutectic welding is: under a certain temperature (higher than 363 ° C) and pressure, gently rub the silicon material on the gold-plated base, wipe off the unstable oxide layer at the interface, and form a mixture of grain forms and mutual combination between the contact surfaces, namely "gold Guangxi Gongrong crystal", so that the silicon chip can be firmly weld on the base and form good electrical properties.
又称低熔点合金焊接。其基本特点是几种不同的材料在远低于各自的熔点温度下按一定质量比例形成合金。以"金-硅共晶焊"为例，金的熔点l063°C,硅的熔点为1414°C，但是按照质量分数为2.85%的硅和97.15%的金组合，就形成熔点为363°C的共晶合金体。金-硅共晶焊的焊接过程为：在一定的温度（高于363°C)和一定的压力下.将硅材料在镀金的底座上轻轻揉动摩擦.擦去界面不稳定的氧化层，使接触表面之间形成晶粒形式互相结合的混合物即"金-桂共镕晶体"，从而使硅芯片牢固地焊接在底座上，并形成良好的电学性能。
eutectic bonding
共晶焊
See hot pressed full ceramics.
见热压铸全瓷材料。
injection molded glass ceramics
注射成型玻璃陶瓷
The measurement of austenite grain size in steel can usually be expressed by grain size grade index G.
钢中奥氏体晶粒尺寸大小的量度，通常可用晶粒度级别指数G来表示。
austenite grain size
奥氏体晶粒度
Materials that attenuates y-ray radiation. Materials with large atomic number and high density can be used as 7-ray shielding materials. The commonly used ones are lead, iron and concrete! Etc. Lead has a large atomic number (Z=82), high density, and a large absorption coefficient for low-energy or high-energy 7-rays! Resistance to corrosion and radiation. Lead is often made into plate or block form for some protective devices that need to be moved, such as movable protective screen, radioactive source container and lead brick. It can also be made into small lead pellets to fill into the protective device. Lead has poor mechanical strength, low hardness and low melting point (327 4 ° C), not resistant to high temperature, expensive, toxic lead vapor, so the use of lead is subject to certain restrictions. The atomic number of iron is 2 (5, and the density is 7 8g/cm, which has quite good shielding performance against y-rays. "iron has high mechanical strength and good structural performance, and is often used as a fixed protective equipment. concrete is a mixture composed of cement, filling materials and water. In order to improve the ability to shield 7-rays, special fillers (iron ore, iron filings and barite, etc.) are used to make heavy concrete with different density. The density of ordinary concrete is 2 3g/cm3. The heavy concrete used for reactor shielding includes barite concrete and iron concrete (density is 4.5g/cm3). Concrete is inexpensive, easy to pour, and has good structural properties, used for shielding fixed radiation sources. Concrete contains heavy and light elements. it can shield 7 rays and slow down neutrons at the same time. it has good shielding ability when neutrons and y rays exist simultaneously. It is an indispensable materials in nuclear engineering and technology. It is used to describe the glass transition of curing temperature curing time curing product
减弱y射线辐射的材料。原子序数大、密度高的材料可用作7射线屏蔽材料.常用的有铅、铁和混凝土!等。铅的原子序数大（Z = 82),密度高,对低能或高能的7射线都有很大的吸收系数.!抗腐蚀.耐辐射。铅常做成板状或块状的形式用于一些需要移动的防护装置，例如成可移动的防护屏、放射源的容器和铅砖.也可做成小铅丸的形式填充到防护装置中>铅的机械强度差、硬度低、熔点低(327. 4°C)、不耐高温、价格较贵、铅蒸气有毒，所以铅的使用受到一定的限制.铁的原子序数为2(5,密度为7. 8g/cm,对y射线有相当好的屏蔽性能"铁的机械强度高、结构性能好，常被用作制造固定的防护设备。混凝土是由水泥、填充材料和水组成的混合物?为了提高屏蔽7射线的能力.采用特殊的填料(铁矿石、铁屑和重晶石等）做成不同密度的重混凝土。普通混凝土的密度为2. 3g/cm3.反应堆屏蔽用的重混凝土有重晶石混凝土和铁混凝土（密度为4.5g/cm3)。混凝土价廉、易浇注和有好的结构性能，用于固定辐射源的屏蔽。混凝土中含有重元素和轻元素.在屏蔽7射线的同时又能减速中子，在中子和y射线同时存在的情况下具有很好的屏蔽能力。它是核丁程与技术中不可缺少的材料。系中用来描述固化温度-固化时间-固化产物玻璃化转
γ-radiation shielding materials
γ射线屏蔽材料
White frost that seeps from the white part of leather and gathers on the surface of leather products. According to the composition of frost, it can be divided into sulfur frost, salt frost, and oil.
从皮革白部渗出来并在皮革产品表面聚集的白色霜状物。按照霜状物的成分不同可以分为硫霜、盐霜和油。
spew of leather
皮革白霜
An ionic addition polymerization produced by hydrogen transfer. For example, with acrylamide as the monomer, sodium tert butoxide as the initiator, polymerization is carried out in the presence of a small amount of N-phenyl -/- aniline in the solvent to obtain the polymerization reaction of nylon resin.
一种由氢转移产生的离子加成聚合反应。例如以丙烯酰胺为单体，以叔丁氧钠为引发剂，在少量N-苯基-/--苯胺存在下于溶剂中聚合-得到尼龙的聚合反应。
hydrogen transfer polymerization
氢转移聚合
It is usually expressed by the average molecular weight of the chain between two adjacent crosslinking points. The greater the crosslinking density, the smaller. Or it can be expressed as the density of crosslinking point. The density of crosslinking point is defined as the number of crosslinking points per unit volume. The degree of crosslinking can be estimated by measuring the swelling degree and mechanical properties.
通常用相邻两个交联点之间链的平均分子量来表示。交联密度越 大，越小。或者用交联点密度表示，交联点密度的定义为单位体积内的交联点数目。通过溶胀度的测定和力学性质的测定可以估计交联度。
degree of crosslinking
交联度
After removing the external force, the strain energy gradually recovers to zero creep. Obviously, this recoverable creep should be elasticity strain. Under the action of constant elasticity stress, elasticity strain increases slowly with time. Finally, an equilibrium value corresponding to Hooke's Law is reached, which is called anelasticity creep. In addition to the external stress, some strains recover instantaneously, and the rest can recover to zero after a period of time. This process is called the recovery of elasticity aftereffect or anelasticity creep. Therefore, recoverable creep is anelasticity creep.
除去外力后应变能逐渐恢复到零的蠕变。很显然，这种可恢复的蠕变应当是弹性应变。在恒定的弹性应力作用下，弹性应变随时间而缓慢增加。最后达到一个和虎克定律所对应的平衡值，这种现象称滞弹性蠕变。除去外应力，一部分应变瞬时恢复，剩余部分则要经过一段时间后才能恢复到零，这个过程称为弹性后效或滞弹性蠕变的恢复。故可恢复蠕变就是滞弹性蠕变。
recoverable creep
可恢复蠕变
The room temperature stable structure is austenite ferrite (or martensite) duplex structure of stainless steel. Generally contains high chromium (18% -25%) and a certain amount of nickel (4% -11%>), most of them contain a certain amount of molybdenum and chromium. Dual phase stainless steel is characterized by: the linear expansion coefficient and thermal conductivity lie between austenilic stainless steel and ferritic stainless steel; because the ferritic phase flashes, it has no magnetism; its strength is better than austenilic stainless steel, especially its yield strength; its resistance to seawater corrosion, organic acid and other special media corrosion is excellent; its carbon content is large, so it has good weldability. Dual phase does not Rust steel is widely used in chemical devices, pumps, pipes and other structural parts for seawater treatment, equipment and components contacting phosphoric acid, ammonium sulfate, acetic acid and other organic acids, and equipment and components that may suffer from pitting corrosion and stress corrosion;
室温稳定组织为奥氏体-铁素体（或马氏体）双相组织的不锈钢。一般含有较高的铬（18%-25%)和一定量的镍(4%-11%>，大多含有一定量的钼和枨据铬，双相不锈钢的特点为：线胀系数和热导率居于奥氏体不锈钢和铁素体不锈钢之间：由于含铁素体相闪而貝?冇磁性：比奥氏体不锈钢的强度特別是屈服强度耍岛；耐海水腐浊件、耐有机酸及其他特殊介质的腐蚀性能优良：碳含量较大因而具有良好的焊接性。双相不锈钢广泛用于海水处理的化学装置及泵、管等结构件.接触磷酸、硫酸铵等以及醋酸等有机酸的设备和构件，以及可能发生点蚀、应力腐蚀的设备和构件等;
duplex stainless steel
双相不绣钢
It refers to a thin film of silicon nitride compounds, commonly used as an electrical insulation layer for microelectronics technology. The stoichiometric silicon nitride consists of square silicon nitride unit cell of crystal, in which the redundant silicon atoms are arranged into a hexagonal structure. The stoichiometric silicon nitride consists of square silicon nitride unit cell of crystal, in which the redundant silicon atoms are arranged into a hexagonal structure. The lattice constant of silicon nitride low temperature phase is a=0.758nm, c=0.5623nm. Its dielectric constant is as high as 6-7, and the breakdown field strength is 1x107V · cm. It can be prepared by chemical vapor deposition and sputtering.
是指硅氮化合物的薄膜，常用作微电子技术电绝缘层。化学计量比的氮化硅由正方氮化硅晶胞组成，多余的硅原子在其中排列成六方结构。化学计量比的氮化硅由正方氮化硅晶胞组成，多余的硅原子在其中排列成六方结构。氮化硅低温相的点阵常数为a=0.758nm，c=0.5623nm。它的介电常数高达6-7，击穿场强1x107V·cm。可用化学气相沉积和溅射法制备。
silicon nitride film
氮化硅膜
It is abbreviated as heat capacity. The amount of heat absorbed (or released) when the temperature of a substance increases (or decreases) by 1K.
简称热容。物质的温度升高（或降低）1K时所吸收（或放出）的热量。
heat capacity
热容量
An experimental method for measuring shear viscosity of materials, studying extrusion behavior and elasticity behavior of materials by capillary tube extrusion rheometer is presented. The theoretical basis of capillary viscometry is Poiseulle's law. At a certain temperature, when the liquid flows in an upright capillary tube in the state of completely wetting the pipe wall, its motion viscosity is proportional to the flow time. When measuring, use the liquid with known kinematic viscosity as the standard, measure the time when it flows out from the capillary tube viscosity, and then measure the time when the sample flows out from the same viscosity to calculate the viscosity of the sample. The capillary viscometry can be used to obtain the viscosity close to the processing conditions. In addition, the capillary tube extrusion rheometer can not only measure the relationship between the shear stress and the shear rate in the capillary tube, that is, the flow characteristics, but also study the elasticity behavior and melt instability (including melt fracture) of the melt by observing the diameter and shape of the extrudate or changing the length diameter ratio of the capillary tube.
一种采用毛细管挤出流变计测量物料剪切黏度、研究挤出行为和物料弹性行为的实验方法。毛细管测黏法的理论基础是Poiseulle定律，在一定温度下，当液体在直立的毛细管中，以完全湿润管壁的状态流动时，其运动黏度与流动时间成正比。测定时，用已知运动黏度的液体作标准，测量其从毛细管黏度计流出的时间，再测量试样自同一黏度计流出的时间，则可计算出试样的黏度。用毛细管测黏法可以得到接近加工条件下的黏度。此外，毛细管挤出流变计不仅可以测定毛细管中切应力和切变速率的关系，即流动特性，还可以从观察挤出物的直径和外形或改变毛细管的长径比来研究熔体的弹性表现和不稳定流动(包括熔体破裂)现象。
capillary viscometry
毛细管测黏法
Porous electrodes that allow gas to pass in and out through diffusion. These holes are channels for gas diffusion. The gas diffusion electrode is composed of a catalyst layer and a gas diffusion medium. The latter is the support of the former. In proton exchange membrane fuel cell, the gas diffusion medium is mostly carbon paper. Its porosity can reach up to 90%, and the porosity of the catalyst layer is generally above 30%, containing primary pores and secondary pores- The sizes of primary and secondary pores are in the white range of lOfim and 100pm, respectively. See gas diffusion medium for gas diffusion medium.
能够让气体通过扩散进出的多孔电极，这些孔是气体扩散的通道。气体扩散电极由催化剂层和气体扩散介质组成。后者是前者的支撑体。在质子交换膜燃料电池中，气体扩散介质多为碳纸。其孔隙率可高达90%，催化剂层的孔隙率一般在30%以上，含有一级孔（primarypores>和二级孔(secondarypores);-级孔和二级孔的大小分别在lOfim和100pm之白。气体扩散介质见气体扩散层。
gas diffusion electrode
气体扩散电极
Chain structure silicate mineral. Mg, Fe, and Zn often replace Mn and Ca. Tricline system, space group C-PU granular or compact block. Rose red or brownish red. Black manganese hydroxide is often formed by oxidation to cover the surface of minerals. Glass luster, pearly luster on cleavage surface. It occurs in low-temperature hydrothermal veins and also in metamorphic deposits formed by regional metamorphism of sedimentary manganese ore. Fresh and bright color can be used as carving materials. In gems and jades, it is the main mineral phase of Beijing jade.
链状结构硅酸盐矿物。常有Mg、Fe、Zn代替Mn、Ca。三斜晶系，空间群C-PU粒状或致密状块体。蔷薇红色或棕红色。常因氧化而形成黑色氢氧化锰覆盖在矿物表面。玻璃光泽，解理面上显珍珠光泽。产于低温热液矿脉中，亦产于沉积锰矿经区域变质形成的变质矿床中。新鲜而色泽鲜艳者可作雕刻材料。在宝玉石中，是京粉翠的主要矿物相。
rhodonite
蔷薇辉石
The process of damage and even fracture of materials under cyclic (alternating) load.
材料在循环（交变）载荷作用下发生损伤乃至断裂的过程。
fatigue
疲劳
Materials used for manufacturing artificial vertebral body and internal fixation spinal orthosis. It mainly includes medical stainless steel, titanium alloy, drill base alloy, nickel titanium memory alloy, carbon materials, macromolecule materials and biological cemmics.
用于制作人工椎体和内固定脊柱矫形器的材料。主要有医用不锈钢、钛合金、钻基合金、镍钛记忆合金、碳素材料、高分子材料和生物陶瓷等。
biomaterials in spinal fusion
脊柱矫形材料
The solar energy is converted into electrical energy Cu2S~CdS ceramics element by photoelectric effect. It is usually made by sintering electrochemical method. Raw material pretreatment includes grinding, sintering and other processes. Sintering must be carried out in nitrogen flow. The sintering temperature is about 800 ° C, and the heat preservation is 5 ° C? 7h. Sintering products. Add negative electrode on the backlight side. Use electroless Ni plating method to make Ni electrode or use vacuum evaporation method to evaporate metal Cd as negative electrode. The electrochemical treatment is that in the electrolyte, CdS is the cathode and pure Cu is the anode. The sieved Ci or Ag electrode is bonded to the light receiving surface with epoxy resin to form a positive electrode and welded with a lead wire. The main working characteristics are: conversion efficiency 6% -9%, open circuit voltage 0.45-0.48V, short circuit current 25-35mA, curvature factor 60% -65%. Compared with the traditional silicon solar cell, this kind of battery has low cost and strong radiation resistance, and is expected to be used as a small power supply in some special devices in space or on the ground; The disadvantage lies in poor aging performance and low conversion efficiency
利用光电效应将太阳能转换为电能Cu2S~CdS陶瓷元件。通常用烧结-电化学法制造。原材料预处理包括研磨和烧结等工序。烧结必须在氮气流中进行，烧结温度约800°C，保温5?7h。烧结后的产品.背光的一面加负电极.用化学镀Ni的方法制成Ni电极或用真空蒸发法蒸发金属Cd做负电极。电化学处理是，在电解液中，CdS为阴极，纯Cu片为阳极.将筛网状的Ci或Ag电极用环氧树脂黏在受光面形成正电极并焊上引线。主要工作特性为：转换效率6%-9%，开路电压0.45-0.48V,短路电流25-35mA,曲率因子60%-65%。与传统的硅太阳能电池相比.这种电池成本较低，耐辐射能力强，有望用于空间或地面某些特殊装置中做小功率电源；缺点在于老化性能不佳，转换效率不高
copper sulfide cadmium sulfide ceramic solar battery
Cu2S-CdS陶瓷太阳能电池
Abbreviated as BSC, the chemical formula is Bi12SiO20.
简称为BSC，化学式为Bi12SiO20。
bismuth silicate crystal
硅酸铋晶体
Coordination type oxide minerals. The chemical formula is (Mg, Fe) Cr2O4, a homogeneous mixture containing Mn, Ti, V, and Zn. Equiaxed crystal system. Ortho spinel structure. Mostly present as granular aggregates. Black, brown black. Striped brown to light brown, semi metallic luster, without cleavage, sometimes parallel cracks can be seen.
配位型氧化物矿物。化学式为(Mg,Fe)Cr2O4，含Mn、Ti、V、Zn的类质同象混入物。等轴晶系。正尖晶石型结构。多呈粒状集合体。黑色、褐黑色。条痕褐色至浅褐色，半金属光泽，无解理，有时可见到平行的裂开。
chromite
铬铁矿
Copper base lead frame materials can be divided into alloy elements, and the corresponding materials properties can be achieved through solution treatment, aging treatment and other means. According to the performance characteristics of alloy materials and different application requirements, copper based leads frames can be divided into solid solution type, precipitation type and folding type according to the strengthening type; According to the performance index of alloy, it can be divided into high conductive copper alloy, high strength and middle conductive copper alloy and high strength and high conduction copper alloy.
铜基引线框架材料按合金元素可分为，通过固溶处理、时效处理等手段达到相应的材料性能。根据合金材料的性能特征及不同应用需求，铜基引线框架按强化类型可分为固溶型、析出型、折中型；按合金性能指标又可分为高导电铜合金、高强中导铜合金、高强高导铜合金。
copper base lead frame materials
铜基引线框架材料
The product obtained from recrystallization from dichloroethylene is a green or light yellow hexahedral crystal, soluble in benzene and dichloroethane. It is insoluble in chloroform and carbon tetrachloride and quickly hydrolyzes in humid air. Density 2.01g/cm3, melting point 254-258 ℃. The explosion point is 282 ℃ (5s), the detonation velocity is 9.33km/s (when the density is 1.95.6g/cm3), the impact sensitivity is 56% (10kg. 25cm), and the weight loss is 1.8% at 120 ℃ for 12h. The detonation velocity is the highest among known aromatic nitrocompound explosive, but its stability is poor. It becomes yellow powder after absorbing water, and has no use value at present. The trinitrobenzene is partially reduced to dinitroaniline, the latter is first treated with nitric sulfur mixed acid to obtain pentanitroaniline, and then oxidized with persulfuric acid to obtain hexanitrobenzene.
从二氯乙烧中重结晶所得产品为绿色或淡黄色六面体结晶，溶于苯、二氯乙烷。难溶于氯仿、四氯化碳，在潮湿空气中很快被水解。密度2.01g/cm3，熔点254-258℃。爆发点282℃(5s)，爆速9.33km/s(密度1.95.6g/cm3时)，撞击感度56%(10kg.25cm),120℃l2h失重1.8%。爆速是已知芳香族硝基化合物炸药中最高的，但安定性差，吸水后变成黄色粉末，目前尚无使用价值。将三硝基苯部分还原为二硝基苯胺，后者先以硝硫混酸处理得五硝基苯胺，再用过硫酸氧化即制得六硝基苯。
hexanitrobenzene
六硝基苯
A composite materials based on polyaromatic ester resin, filled with fillers or reinforced with fibers (or fabrics thereof). Poly (aromatic ester) resin is a kind of polymer whose main chain is composed of benzene nucleus and ester group. The typical representative is polyphenylene ester polyhydroxybenzoyl (also called hydroxybenzoyl polyester), which is a linear polymer formed by condensation of p-hydroxybenzoate or other derivatives of p-hydroxybenzoic acid.
以聚全芳香酯树脂为基 体，以填料填充或以纤维（或其织物）增强的复合材料。聚全芳香酯树脂是一类分子主链全由笨核与酯基组成的高聚物。典型代表是聚苯酯-聚羟基苯甲酰 (也叫羟基苯甲酰聚酯），它是由对羟基笨甲酸苯酯或其他对羟基苯甲酸的衍生物缩聚而成的线型高聚物。
wholly aromatic polyester matrix composite
聚全芳香酯树脂（基）复合材料
This is a solid solution molybdenum alloy made of molybdenum and tungsten. The properties of alloy basically change regularly with the different composition of alloy. The content of tungsten in commonly used molybdenum tungsten alloy varies from 10% to 40%. When the tungsten content is too low, the properties of alloy have little change compared with pure molybdenum; When tungsten content is too high, alloy becomes difficult to process and deform. The method of preparing molybdenum tungsten alloy is similar to that of preparing metal molybdenum materials and other molybdenum alloy, including powder metallurgy sintering and melting processing, which can be made into bar, plates, wires or materials of other shapes. For example, molybdenum tungsten alloy containing 30% tungsten is usually used for the lining of agitators, pipes and vessels in the zinc smelting industry. Molybdenum tungsten alloys alloy has excellent strength at high temperature. Its performance is similar to that of pure tungsten, but its density is smaller than that of pure tungsten. Therefore, under high temperature conditions, molybdenum tungsten alloy is often used to manufacture high-temperature components in rockets and missiles, filaments and parts of electronic tubes, and other materials for high-temperature applications.
这是由钼和钨制成的固溶型钼合金。合金的性质基本上会随着合金组成成分的不同呈现有规律的变化。通常使用的钼钨合金中，钨的含量在10%到40%之间变化。当钨含量过低时，合金的性能与纯钼相比变化不大；而当钨含量过高时，合金变得难以加工和变形。制备钼钨合金的方法与制备金属钼材料和其他钼合金的方法类似，包括粉末冶金烧结和熔炼加工两种方法，可以制成棒材、板材、丝材或其他形状的材料。例如，含有30%钨的钼钨合金通常用于锌冶炼工业中的搅拌器、管道和容器内衬。钼钨合金在高温条件下具有出色的强度，其性能与纯钨相似，但密度比纯钨小。因此，在高温条件下，钼钨合金常用于制造火箭、导弹中的高温构件、电子管的灯丝、零件以及其他高温应用的材料。
molybdenum tungsten alloy
钼钨合金
It refers to the sintering of one or more powder, and there is no liquid phase in the sintering process. Solid state sintering can be divided into two types: unit system solid state sintering and multi-element system solid state sintering. Unit system solid state sintering: the solid state sintering process of pure metals (such as refractory metals and pure iron soft magnetic materials) or compounds (A1203, B4C, BeO, etc.) at temperatures below melting point. Multi system solid state sintering: a sintering system consisting of two or more components. The solid state sintering process is carried out below the melting point temperature of the low melting point component. The sintering process includes the formation of bonding surface, the growth of sintering neck, pore sealing and spheroidization stages.
指一种或多种粉末的烧结.并且在烧结过程中不出现液相。固相烧结分为单元系固相烧结和多元系固相烧结两类。单元系固相烧结：纯金属（如难熔金属和纯铁软磁材料）或化合物（A1203、B4C、BeO等），在熔点以下温度进行的固相烧结过程。多元系固相烧结：由两种或两种以上的成分组成的烧结体系.在其中低熔点组分熔点温度以下进行的固相烧结过程。烧结过程包括黏结面形成、烧结颈长大、孔隙封闭和球化阶段。
solid state sintering
固相烧结
Also called isotactic polymer. See stereoregular polymer.
又称等规聚合物。见有规立构聚合物。
isotactic polymer
全同立构聚合物
Under the non chemical bond interactions such as intermolecular van der Waals force, hydrogen bond, hydrophobic interaction and so on, some molecules form an ordered structure aggregate.
在分子间范德华力、氢键、疏水相互作用等非化学键相互作用下，若干分子形成某种有序结构聚集体的过程。
molecular assembly
分子组装
The structural transformation that occurs when ferroelectric body pass through their curie point during cooling or heating. The materials that shows polarization under the action of no external electric field and whose polarization vector can be reversed by changing the external electric field is called ferroelectric body. Ferroelectric phase transformation is a soft mode phase transformation. The structural state (ferroelectric phase) caused by the spontaneous displacement of atoms is a vibration mode in the non ferroelectric phase (parent phase). At the curie point, the frequency of this vibration mode becomes abnormally low or tends to zero, and the ferroelectric phase i replaces the non iron phase.
铁电体在冷却或加热过程中通过其居里点时发生的结构相变。在无外电场的作用下呈现电极化，变化外电场可使其极化向量逆转的材料称为铁电体。铁电相变是软模相变，原子发生自发位移后造成的结构状态（铁电相），为非铁电相（母相）中一种振动模式，在居里点处，这种振动模式的频率变得反常的低或趋于零，铁电相i便取代了非铁电相。
ferroelectric transformation
铁电相变
Non-alloy steel suitable for making various tools and moulds. T is added before steel designation to indicate carbon tool steel (GB/T1298-2008). According to metallurgical quality, it can be divided into high-quality carbon X steel and special quality carbon tool steel. Carbon T. steel has a high carbon content and belongs to eutectoid or hypereutectoid steel steel. About 0.5% manganese can be added to improve hardenabilhy (but it is still classified as non-alloy steel). After quenching and low-temperature annealing treatment, the workpiece surface has high strength, hardness and wear resistance. It has good cold and hot workability and low price, so it is widely used. However, due to poor hardenabilhy, it is generally only used to make small tools and molds with small size and low working temperature (generally below 200 ° C).
适合于制作各种工具、模具的非合金钢，在钢号前加T表示碳素工具钢（GB/T1298-2008)。根据冶金质量可分为优丨质碳素X具钢和特殊质量碳素工具钢。碳素T.具钢的碳含量较高，属于共析或过共析钢，可加入0.5%左右的锰以提高淬透性（但仍归类于非合金钢）。淬火加低温冋火处理后工件表面具有很高的强度、硬度和耐磨性.具有良好的冷热加工性能.价格低廉.因而应用较为广泛。但由于淬透性较差，一般只用于制作尺寸较小、工作温度不高（一般低于200°C)的小型工具和模具。
carbon tool steel
碳素工具钢
Using the temperature programmed control of the hot isostatic pressing equipment and the inert gas pressure, the carbonization process of the deposited carbon and impregnating agent in the carbon carbon composite materials can be completed under high temperature and high rejection. First, place the blank in the metal can, vacuum it and clamp it, and then leak testing detection will pass. Put it into the autoclave. The clamping of the metal can is required to be at the temperature, stress and cycle conditions of carbonization: T without leakage. After heating to a certain temperature (250 ° C), apply pressure to the can until carbonization is completed. Generally, the carbonization temperature is controlled between 550-1000 ° C, the temperature rise is carried out at a certain rate, and the required carbonization pressure must be reached when the temperature rises to 250T. The pressure conditions depend on the composition of the green body to ensure the maximum carbonization rate of the soaking agent. The method can prevent the impregnant in the pores of the impregnated green body from losing, and the density of the product increases after carbonization, which is suitable for preparing carbon/carbon composhes with high part energy. However, energy consumption is high and there are many supporting equipment, such as vacuum systems, cooling systems, pressure sources, and their pressurization systems. The safety protection measures for high-voltage systems require strict requirements, resulting in higher costs.
利用热等静压设备的温度程控和惰性气体压力，使碳堪复合材料中的沉积碳和浸渍剂在高温高甩下完成炭化过程的一种工艺方法。先将毛坯置于金属包套内，经抽真空并加以夹封后检漏通过.放人高压釜内，金属包套的夹封要求在炭化：的温度、历力及周期条件T不渗漏。加热到一定温度后（250°C)再对包套施加压力直至炭化结束。一般炭化温度控制在550-1000°C之间，升温按一定速率进行，必须在温度升至250T时达到所需炭化压力。加压条件视坯体组分而定.以保证浸溃剂得到最大炭化率。本方法可防止浸渍过的坯体气孔中的浸渍剂流失制件炭化后密度提高，适合于制备高件能的碳/碳复合材料。但能源消耗大，配套设备较多.如真空系统、冷却系统、压力源及其增压系统等。高压系统的安全防护措施要求严格.故成本较高。
HIP carbonating of carbon/carbon composite
碳/碳复合材料热等静压炭化工艺
Also known as bioactive crystallite glass. It is a glass-ceramics that contains apatite microcrystals in its composition, or can react with tissue fluid to form hydroxyapatite layer on its surface although it does not contain apatite. Its structure usually contains one or more crystalline phases. Mainly calcium metaphosphate glass-ceramics.
又称生物活性微晶玻璃。是组成中含有磷灰石微晶，或虽不含磷灰石但可与组织液发生反应在其表面生成羟基鱗灰石层的玻璃陶瓷，其结构中通常含有一种或几种结晶相。主要有偏磷酸钙玻璃陶瓷。
bioactive glass-ceramics
生物活性玻璃陶瓷
Due to its rough surface and numerous permeable and migratory micropores inside, it is a fiber that can absorb gases or liquids. Generally, it can be made by chemical and physical modification of natural fiber or man-made fiber. The main method is to improve the ability of the fiber to absorb gas and liquid and increase the space for the internal absorption of gas and liquid. Such as modified regenerated cellulose fiber (such as alloy regenerated cellulose fiber) and modified synthetic fiber (such as high moisture absorption synthetic fiber).
由于表面粗植、内部有许多具有渗透性和迁移性的微孔，能吸着气体或液体的纤维。一般可通过对天然纤维或化学纤维进行化学的和物理改性而制成，主要方法是增进纤维吸附气体和液体的能力和增加内部吸附气体、液体的空间。如改性的再生纤维素纤维（如合金型再生纤维素纤维）和改性的合成纤维（如高吸湿合成纤维）等。
adsorptive fiber
吸附纤维
The scientific name is (1) 2,4-dinitroanisole, and the common code is DNAN. Colorless to yellow crystal, with two different crystal forms, the relative density is 1.546 and 1.341, the melting point is 94.5-95.5 ° C, the boiling point is 206 ℃ (sublimation at the same time), and the explosion point is 374.1 ℃ (5s).
学名（1)2,4-二硝基苯甲醚，常用代号DNAN。无色至黄色结晶，有两种不同的晶形，相对密度为1.546和1.341,熔点94.5-95.5°C,沸点206℃(同时升华），爆发点374.1℃(5s)。
DNAN
二硝基苯甲醚
It is a kind of materials that can rapidly oxidize industrial organic waste gas hydrocarbon into CO2 and H20 at low temperature. In the catalytic combustion device, the organic waste gas is preheated by the heat exchanger, enters the combustion chamber, and is activation or conditioning and oxidized on the surface of the catalytic surface of materials. The catalytic materials is characterized by good low-temperature activity, exothermic combustion reaction and high temperature resistance. Precious metals such as platinum, palladium, ruthenium and other catalytic materials have high oxidation activity, easy recovery and wide application. However, the resources are scarce, expensive, and the toxicity resistance is poor: oxides of transition group elements and non precious metals such as rare earth element oxides, and mixtures of two or more metal oxides have good catalytic performance. For example, manganese dioxide copper Ranunculate (3:2) complex, iron oxide chromium dioxide complex, copper oxide chromium trioxide complex, cobalt and manganese spinel type complex. Chromates of copper, manganese, nickel and zinc, but their oxidation activity is lower than that of precious metals; Sulfides of thorium, nickel, molybdenum and cobalt. It is only applicable to catalytic combustion of sulfur-containing hydrocarbons. The temperature is limited to 300-400 ° C, and it is easy to decompose at high temperature. Organic waste gas combustion catalysts are used in paint, rubber processing, plastics processing, resin processing, leather processing, food industry, foundry industry, automobile exhaust gas purification, etc.
可使工业有机废气碳氢化合物在温度较低的条件下，迅速氧化成CO2和H20的一类材料。在催化燃烧装置中有机废气通过热交换器预热,进人燃烧室，在催化材料表面被活化氧化。该催化材料的特点是低温活性好、燃烧反应是放热反应、耐高温性。铂、钯、钌等贵金属类催化材料氧化活性高、易回收、应用广泛。但资源稀少、价格昂贵、耐中毒性差：过渡族元素的氧化物以及稀土元素氧化物等非贵金属类，两种或两种以上的金属氧化物的混合物催化性能好。如二氧化锰-茛化铜(3:2)的复合物，氧化铁-二氧化二铬复合物，氧化铜三氧化二铬复合物，钴、锰的尖晶石型复合物。铜、锰、镍、锌的铬酸盐等，但氧化活性不及贵金属;钍、镍、钼、钴的硫化物。只适用于含硫的碳氢化合物的催化燃烧，温度限于300-400°C，高温时易分解。有机废气燃烧催化材料应用于油漆、橡胶加工、塑料加工、树脂加工、皮革加工、食品业、铸造业、汽车废气净化等方面。
organic waste gas combustion catalysts
有机废气燃烧催化材料
Molybdenum alloy (ZHM) consisting of high content of zirconium, hafnium, carbon and molybdenum. The zirconium content is 0.4% -0.72%, and the hafnium content is 1.2% -2.1%. Carbon content 0.15% -0.27%. It is a new type of molybdenum alloy. Zirconium and hafnium not only have the same solution strengthening effect but also can form carbide for dispersion strengthening. Its strengthening effect and high temperature stability are far better than that of molybdenum titanium zirconium alloy alloy, which is labeled as ZHM molybdenum alloy. Their room temperature tensile strength is 40% -50% higher than that of molybdenum titanium-zirconium alloy, which is the highest strength molybdenum alloy.
由较高含量的锆、铪和碳与钼组成的钼合金(ZHM)。锆含量为0.4%-0.72%，铪含量1.2%-2.1%。碳含量0.15%-0.27%。是一种新型钼合金，锆、铪既有同溶强化作用-又可以形成碳化物起弥散强化作用，其强化作用和高温稳定性远胜于钼钛锆合金-其标记为ZHM钼合金。它们的室温拉伸强度比TZM钼合金高出40%-50%，是强度最高的钼合金。
molybdenum-zirconium-hafnium-carbon alloy
钼锆铪碳合金
The passive cooling coatings with heat insulation is realized through the impedance effect of heat transfer. Generally, a composition with low thermal conductivity is used or air with very low thermal conductivity is introduced into the film for thermal insulation, which is characterized by low stacking density, low thermal conductivity, low dielectric constant, strong chemical corrosion resistance, etc. In the barrier type thermal insulation materials, according to its composition, it can be divided into organic thermal insulation materials and inorganic thermal insulation materials. The organic thermal insulation materials is hygroscopic, easy to rot and combustion when wet. Therefore, inorganic materials are mainly considered in practical application. There are many kinds of inorganic thermal insulation materials, such as vermiculite, sepiolite, expanded perlite, hollow glass microsphere, etc. Expanded perlite is a white light foamed particle with closed porous structure. The thermal conductivity of coarse perlite below 200 mesh is smaller than that of fine perlite, but the coating is not smooth due to the rough particles, which brings difficulties and inconvenience to the construction; The chemical composition of sepiolite is simple. The natural form of sepiolite is dense block or fiber, which belongs to rhombic or monoclinic system. It is very light, with low shrinkage and good plasticity; Hollow glass microsphere is a thin-walled, closed micro sphere made of oxide materials containing silicon, aluminum and other elements through special process. The sphere is wrapped with a proper amount of gas, which has the advantages of low density, low thermal conductivity, good thermal stability, impact resistance and so on. After drying and film forming, the glass microsphere will closely arrange to form a closed hollow gas layer with heat blocking effect, blocking the "heat bridge", so that the coating has a good heat insulation effect.
通过热传递的阻抗作用实现隔热的被动式降温涂料。一般采用低热导率的组合物或在涂膜中引人热导率极低的空气隔热，通常具有堆积密度比较小，导热性能低、介电常数小、耐化学腐蚀性强等特点。在阻隔型隔热材料中根据其成分不同，分为有机隔热材料和无机隔热材料。有机隔热材料吸湿性大，受潮时容易腐烂且易燃烧。故在实际应用时主要考虑无机材料。无机隔热材料种类较多，如蛭石、海泡石、膨胀珍珠岩、空心玻璃微珠等。膨胀珍珠岩是一种白色轻质具有封闭多孔结构的发泡颗粒，在200目以下粗颗粒的珍珠岩热导率比细颗粒珍珠岩小，但颗粒粗糙形成涂层不光滑，同时给施工带来困难和不便；海泡石的化学成分简单，海泡石的天然形态呈致密块状或纤维状，属斜方晶或单斜晶系，质甚轻，收缩率低，可塑性好;空心玻璃微球是由含硅、铝等元素的氧化物材料经过特殊工艺制成的薄壁、封闭的微小球体，球体内部包裹适量气体，具有低密度、低热导率、热稳定性好、耐冲击等优点。干燥成膜后玻璃微珠会紧密排列形成一层对热具有阻隔效果的封闭型中空气体层，阻断"热桥"，从而使涂层具有良好的隔热效果。
block type thermal insulation coating
阻隔型隔热涂料
Irregular stones without fixed shape mined by stone mines are called random nibble, and flat nibble has two roughly parallel planes. It is often used for laying foundation, plinth, wall body, embankment, retaining wall, etc., and can also be used for preparing rubble concrete, etc.
由石材矿山开采的无固定形态的石料形状不规则的称为乱毛石，有两个大致平行面的称为平毛石。常用于砌筑基础、勒脚、墙身、堤坝、档上墙等，也可配制片石混凝土等。
nibble
毛石
It refers to a kind of polymer that can heal itself after being injured (such as cut). General healing methods include: ① coating polymer materials with "capsule" containing polymerization monomer or catalyst, once polymer materials is damaged, Some of them react with the solution flowing out of the damaged "Kyungsa" to achieve healing; ② in polymer materials, groups with hydrogen bond, host guest effect, etc. are connected by covalent bond, and materials are repaired by supramolecular force; ③ in topological polymer, there are a large number of groups that can react with each other, and healing can be achieved by light or heat induction at the damaged part by controlling the reaction.
是指一类在受到伤害（如割伤）后可自行愈合的聚合物。一般的愈合方法包括：①在聚合物材料中包覆含有聚合单体或催化剂的"胶囊"，一旦聚合物材料破损，部分跟随破损的晈囊"中的溶液流出而发生反应，实现愈合;②在聚合物材料中通过共价键连接具有氢键、主客体作用等的基团，通过超分子作用力实现材料的修复;③在拓扑聚合物中含有大量的可相互反应的基团，通过控制反应即可在破损部位由光或者热诱导实现愈合。
self-healing polymer
自愈合聚合物
See alunite.
参见明矾石。
alkanasul
钠明矾石
It refers to finely dispersed silicate mineral with layered structure of aluminum, iron and magnesium containing water, silicate mineral with layered chain structure, and amorphous silicate mineral materials containing water. The adsorption mechanism of clay mainly includes physical adsorption and ion exchange adsorption. The physical adsorption capacity originates from the layered, chain like and pore structure of clay, which makes it have a large specific surface, thus showing strong adsorption capacity. Ion exchange adsorption is due to the substitution of silicon in the silicon oxygen tetrahedron and aluminum in the aluminum oxygen octahedron of clay mineral by metal cations in a lower charge state than their own, resulting in the charge imbalance of crystal and making them negatively charged. The adsorption of exchangeable cations between clay layers is required to balance charges. Heavy metal ions are adsorbed on the surface of clay through ionic bonding force, thus replacing the equivalent amount of exchangeable ions between clay layers. Common day adsorbent include kaolinite group minerals, montmorillonite, mica, illite, bentonite, palygorskite (attapulgite), sepiolite and amorphous boehmite with mixed layer structure and transitional layer chain structure. Clay is widely used to remove inorganic non-metallic pollutants, heavy metal ions, nonferrous wastewater, benzene refractory wastewater, pesticide wastewater, papermaking wastewater and other fields due to its rich reserves, wide sources, low cost, and no secondary pollution.
指细分散的、含水的铝、铁和镁的层状结构硅酸盐矿物，以及层链状结构的硅酸盐矿物，以及含水的非晶质硅酸盐矿物材料。黏土的吸附机理主要包括物理吸附和离子交换吸附。物理吸附能力源自黏土的层状、链状和孔结构，使其具有大的比表面积，从而表现出强吸附能力。离子交换吸附是由于黏土矿物中硅氧四面体中的硅和铝氧八面体中的铝被比其低电荷态金属阳离子取代，造成晶体电荷不平衡，使其带负电。黏土层间需要吸附可交换性阳离子来平衡电荷。重金属离子通过离子键力吸附聚集到黏土表面上，从而取代黏土层间等量的可交换离子。常用的黏土吸附剂包括高岭石族矿物、蒙脱石、云母、伊利石、膨润土，以及具有混层结构、过渡性的层链状结构的坡缕石（凹凸棒石）、海泡石和非晶质的水铝石。由于黏土储量丰富、来源广泛、成本低廉，且不产生二次污染，因此广泛应用于去除无机非金属污染物、重金属离子、有色废水、苯系难降解废水、农药废水、造纸废水等领域。
day adsorbent
黏土吸附剂
Under the specified test conditions, there are physical and/or chemical changes during combustion of polymer. During combustion of polymer, a complex thermal oxidation process occurs, which mainly includes three interrelated and interdependent stages. Most polymer belong to flammability substances, which are characterized by high heat release rate, high calorific value, fast flame propagation speed, etc. during combustion, and produce a large amount of smoke and toxic gas, threatening the safety of human life and property. Therefore, it is very important to evaluate the combustion performance of polymer. There are many test methods to test the combustion performance of polymer, mainly based on the combustion characteristics of polymer, the factors affecting combustion characteristics and service conditions. Test methods include horizontal burning method, vertical burning method, oxygen index method, incandescent rod method, ignition temperature method, smoke density method, flash point and spontaneous ignition point measurement method, etc. The influence on combustion performance of polymer is related to sample size or sample volume, sample surface area, etc. Therefore, the results of samples of different sizes and quantities are incomparable. Polymer is much more sensitive to processing conditions than other materials. Different preparation methods and processing conditions have an impact on the test results. Therefore, attention should be paid to testing. Because the factors of fire occurrence are very complex, and the flame-retardant materials are also a complex system, it is difficult and sometimes impractical to simply use the test results of one or two indicators to evaluate the risk of fire under the actual use conditions. Moreover, all kinds of flammability test methods are carried out under the specified test conditions, which is very different from the actual use conditions. Therefore, each test method, All results are obtained under experimental conditions and cannot be used to assess the risk of ignition under actual usage conditions.
在规定的试验条件下，聚合物燃烧时产生的有物理和(或）化学的变化。聚合物燃烧时，发生的是一个复杂的热氧化过程，主要包括三个相互联系、相互依存的阶段。聚合物多属可燃性物质，其特点是燃烧时热释放率高、热值大、火焰传播速度快等，而且产生大量的浓烟和毒气，对人的生命财产安全造成威胁，故评价聚合物燃烧性能十分重要。测试聚合物燃烧性能的试验办法很多，主要是根据聚合物燃烧特点、影响燃烧特性的因素及使用条件等。测试方法有水平燃烧法、垂直燃烧法、氧指数法、炽热棒法、点着温度法、烟密度法、闪点和自燃点测定法等。影响聚合物燃烧性能与试样尺寸或试样量、试样表面积大小等有关。因此不同尺寸、不同量的试样，其结果是不可比的。聚合物对加工条件的敏感性比其他材料大得多，不同的制备方法和加工条件对试验结果有影响，所以，测试时应注意。由于火灾发生的因素很复杂，阻燃材料也是一个复杂的体系，简单地用一两个指标的测试结果来评价实际使用条件下着火的危险性是比较困难的，有时也是不合实际的，而且，各种燃烧性试验方法，均是在规定的试验条件下进行的，与实际使用条件相差很大，因此.每种测试方法，都是在试验条件下的结果，不能用于实际使用条件下着火的危险性。
flammability test for polymer
聚合物燃烧性测试
Also known as polyurethime elastic fiber or spandex, the content of urethane chain segments is more than 85%, and the multi block copolymer fiber contains hard chain segment and soft chain segment. The Chinese product name is spandex. The soft chain segment is generally composed of low molecular weight polyester or polyether without crystallinity, which makes the fiber elongation high; the hard chain segment is generally aromatic diisocyanate containing a variety of polar groups, crystalline, or able to produce macromolecule inter chain chemical crosslinking. The fiber has good resilience and mechanical strength. Physical crosslinking spandex is formed by crystallization of hard chain segments, which is called crosslinking spandex; The chemical crosslinking between hard chain segments is called chemical crosslinking spandex. According to the soft chain segment is polyester or polyether, it can also be divided into polyester spandex and polyether spandex. Spandex fiber has the advantages of high elongation, high resilience (98% for polyester spandex with an elongation of 600%, and 95% for polyether spandex with an elongation of 750%), low elastic modulus (O.llcN/dtex), and good fatigue resistance. The linear polyurethime block copolymer is dried or melt spinning to produce a physically crosslinked spandex fiber; The reaction spinning method can also be used to make prepolymer into spinning solution, and add a certain amount of chain extender in the coagulation bath. When the prepolymer solution trickles into the coagulation bath, it reacts with the chain extender in the coagulation bath to generate polyurethane as-spum fiber, and then hardens in pressurized water to make the unreacted part of as-spum fiber crosslinking, and then it is made into chemical crosslinking spandex fiber. In practical application, polyurethane fiber is often used as the yarn core, and cotton, wool, polyester cotton, acrylic fiber, polyester and other non elastic fiber are wrapped to make various core spun yarns, covered yarns, and twisting yarns. A small amount of spandex bare silk is used to knit or machine weave various warp knitted elastic fabrics, weft knitted elastic fabrics, warp oriented elastic woven fabrics, weft oriented elastic woven fabrics, and warp weft double elastic woven fabrics. Spandex is mainly used in the production of various sportswear, swimwear, women's tight fitting clothing, underwear, tight fitting parts in space suits, bras, belts, high elasticity socks, gloves, pantyhose, furniture fabrics, elastic corduroy, elastic labor cloth, elastic woolen tweed and tweed, etc.
又称聚氨酯弹性纤维或氨纶，氨基甲酸酯链节含量大于85%,包含硬链段和软链段的多嵌段的共聚纤维。中国商品名为氨纶。软链段一般由不具有结晶性的低分子量聚酯或聚醚组成，使纤维伸长率大：硬链段一般为含有多种极性基团、有结晶性，或能产生大分子链间化学交联的芳香二异氰酸酯。使纤维具有很好的回弹性和机械强度。通过硬链段的结晶形成交联的，称物理交联型氨纶；通过硬链段间发生化学交联的，称化学交联型氨纶。根据软链段为聚酯或聚醚，又可分为聚酯型氨纶和聚醚型氨纶。氨纶纤维具有伸长率大、回弹率高（聚酯型氨纶伸长600%时回弹率为98%,聚醚型氨纶伸长750%时回弹率为95%)、弹性模量低（O.llcN/dtex)、耐疲劳性好等优点。线型聚氨酯嵌段共聚物经干法或熔体纺丝，制成物理交联型氨纶纤维；也可以采用反应纺丝法，将预聚物制成纺丝溶液，在凝固浴中加一定量链扩展剂，当预聚物溶液细流进人凝固浴时，与凝同浴中的链扩展剂发生反应，生成氨纶初生纤维，再在加压水中进行硬化处理，使初生纤维内未反应部分进行交联，便制成化学交联型氨纶纤维。在实际应用中，多以氨纶纤维为纱芯、外包棉、毛、涤棉、腈纶、涤纶等非弹性纤维，制成各种包芯纱、包覆纱、合捻纱。少量用氨纶裸丝，经过针织或机织，制成各种经编弹力针织物、纬编弹力针织物、经向弹力机织物、纬向弹力机织物和经纬向双弹机织物等。氨纶主要用于制作各种运动衣、游泳衣、妇女紧身衣、内衣、宇航服中的紧身部分、胸罩、带类、高弹袜、手套、裤袜、家具用织物、弹力灯芯绒、弹力劳动布、弹力毛华达呢和毛花呢等。
polyurethane fiber
聚氨基甲酸酯纤维
Lithium oxide. The density of lithium atom is the highest among all candidate tritium breeder materials, and tritium can be breeded without neutron multiplier. The feasibility of tritium-breeding materials is related to thermodynamics balance, tritium retention, stability in tritium treatment fluid and compatibility of candidate structural materials. The depletion of lithium causes changes in composition and the formation of LiOH. The mass loss data in contact with low moisture helium (tritium treatment fluid) and the gas phase equilibrium data at high temperature show that there is a considerable mass transport (nuclear) of lithium in tritium treatment fluid, and the loss rate exceeds 1% per hour at 1000 ° C. Due to the above problems, it has not been listed as the main candidate materials for tritium-breeding materials.
锂的氧化物。在所有候选氚增殖材料中锂原子密度最高，不需要中子倍增剂便可增殖氚。作为氚增殖材料的可行性与热力学平衡、氚的存留量、在氚处理流体中的稳定性及候选结构材料的相容性有关。锂的燃耗引起组分变化、LiOH的形成。与含低水分氦（氚处理流体）接触的的质量损失数据和高温下气相平衡数据表明，在氚处理流体中锂存在相当大的质量迁移，在1000°C下每小时的损失速率超过1%。由于上述问题的存在，尚未被列为氚增殖材料的主要候选材料。
lithium oxide
氧化锂
Also known as naterimide end group thermosetting resin, its structure is based on norbornene diimide as a prepolymer of the end group. This characteristic makes the processing process relatively simple, and the stability of the pre impregnated material is high. The molded products have excellent thermal stability, can withstand temperatures up to 260-300 ° C in long-term use, and have good mechanical properties. The laminate made of this kind of resin has a low porosity (<2%), and can adopt the conventional laminating process. However, the disadvantages of these resin include that their solvents are toxic, so the products made may be toxic, and these resin have high water absorption and preparation costs. Norbornene-terminatcd polyimide resin is usually used to manufacture composite materials, such as laminates, structural parts and high-temperature insulation products. In the fields of aerospace and electronics, they are used to manufacture jet engine components, circuit boards, motor slot wedges, stator and rotor insulation side plates, etc. In addition, they can also be used as adhesive.
又称纳特酰亚胺端基热固性树脂，其结构基于降冰片烯二甲酰亚胺，作为端基的预聚物。这个特性使得加工工艺相对较简单，而且预浸渍物的稳定性较高。制成的模压产品具有出色的热稳定性，能够在长期使用时承受高达260-300°C的温度，并且具有良好的力学性能。此类树脂制成的层压板具有较低的孔隙率（<2%），可以采用常规的层压成型工艺。然而，这些树脂的缺点包括其溶剂具有毒性，因此制成的产品可能带有毒性，而且这些树脂具有较高的吸水性和制备成本。降冰片烯封端聚酰亚胺树脂通常用于制造复合材料，例如层压板、结构部件和高温绝缘制品。在航空航天和电子领域，它们被用于制造喷气发动机部件、电路板、电机槽楔、定子和转子绝缘侧板等。此外，它们还可以用作胶黏剂。
norbornene-terminatcd polyimide
降冰片烯封端聚酰亚胺
The experimental method of measuring liquid apparent viscosity with cone plate viscosity meter. When the viscosity works, if the conical rotor at the lower end of the rotor shaft is not subject to the viscous resistance of the liquid in the measuring cup, the deflection angle of the hairspring is zero while the rotor and the dial are rotating at the same speed, and the pointer fixed on the rotor shaft is located at the zero point of the dial, maintaining the original state. After the liquid to be tested is placed in the measuring cup, the rotor undergoes a torsional moment due to the viscous resistance of the liquid, causing the hairspring to deflect under the torsional moment. When the hairspring deflects at a certain angle, the deformation moment generated is balanced with the torsional moment of the rotor. The dial and rotor rotate synchronously again, and the deviation angle of the hairspring can be obtained by the position of the pointer on the rotor shaft relative to the zero point of the dial, The deflection angle is proportional to the apparent viscosity of the measured liquid. The photoelectric sensor is used to convert the deflection angle into an electrical signal. After circuit processing and calculation, the apparent viscosity of the measured liquid can be obtained.
采用锥板式黏度计测量液体表观黏度的实验方法。当黏度计工作时，如果位于转子轴下端的圆锥转子没有受到测量杯中液体的黏性阻力，则在转子与刻度盘以相同转速旋转的同时，游丝的偏转角为零，转子轴上固定安装的指针位于刻度盘的零点，保持原始状态。测量杯中放入需检测的液体后，转子受液体黏性阻力作用而产生扭转力矩，使游丝在扭转力矩作用下发生偏转，当游丝偏转一定角度后，所产生的变形力矩与转子的扭转力矩平衡.刻度盘与转子再次同步旋转，通过转子轴上的指针相对刻度盘零点的位置，就可以得到游丝的偏转角，这个偏转角与所测量液体的表观黏度成正比，使用光电传感器将偏转角转换成电信号，经电路处理及计算后，即可得到所测液体表观黏度的数值。
cone and plate viscometry
锥板测黏法
It is a special fiber with the function of killing certain bacteria and fungi or inhibiting the growth and reproduction of certain bacteria and fungi. The preparation method comprises the following steps: the antibacterial material and the fiber forming polymer are blended and spun; The polymer with antibacterial group is spun into fiber; It is made by treating the fiber surface with antibacterial agent soaking solution. Amibacterial fiber can be used to make antibacterial textiles, such as clothes, bed sheets, dressings, bandages, etc. used in hospitals, and underwear, socks, tablecloths, chair covers, etc. used daily.
是具有杀灭某些细菌、真菌或抑制某些细菌、真菌生长繁殖功能的特种纤维。制备方法有：具有抗菌性能的物质与成纤聚合物共混纺丝；具有抗菌基团的聚合物纺成纤维；用抗菌剂浸溃液表面处理纤维制得。抗菌纤维可用于制作抗菌纺织品，如：医院使用的衣服、床单、敷料、绷带等，以及日常使用的内衣、袜子、桌布、椅套等。
antibacterial fiber
抗菌纤维
It is a kind of leather product obtained by main tanning with minerals such as chromium salt, aluminum salt, titanium salt and zirconium salt. Among mineral tanning agents, chrome salt has the best tanning property. Chrome tanned leather has fine grain surface, soft and plump body, and shrink temperature can be higher than lOO ° C. It is mostly used as shoe upper, clothing and luggage leather. Zirconium tanned leather is relatively tough and wear-resistant, and can be used as sole leather, tire leather, or ball making. The advantages of aluminum tanned leather are fine grain surface and pure white color, but the finished leather is not plump, the shrink temperature is only about 70 ° C, and it is not resistant to washing. Iron tanned leather is thin, brittle, and resistant to storage, and is generally rarely used. To take advantage of various inorganic tanning agents and compensate for their respective weaknesses, combination tanning methods can also be used, such as aluminum chromium combination tanning, zirconium chromium combination tanning, etc. Combination tanning often has the advantages of obtaining leather through two or more tanning methods.
主要使用如铬盐、铝盐、钛盐和锆盐等矿物质进行主鞣制得到的一类皮革产品。矿物鞣剂中以铬盐的鞣性最佳，铬鞣革粒面细致，革身柔软丰满，收缩温度可高于lOO°C.大多用作鞋面、服装和箱包革。锆鞣革比较坚韧耐磨，可用作底革、轮带革或制球用。铝鞣革的优点是粒面细致、颜色纯白，但成革不丰满，收缩温度仅70°C左右，不耐水洗。铁鞣革瘪薄、性脆、不耐储藏，一般很少使用。为取各种无机鞣剂的优点，弥补各自的弱点，也可采用结合鞣法，如铝-铬结合鞣、锆-铬结合鞣等。结合鞣革常有两种或多种鞣法所得成革的优点。
mineral tanned leather
矿物鞣革
The method of breaking metal solution into powder by using high-speed fluid. The molten metal flow is cut off, dispersed, and cracked by the rapidly moving liquid flow into a gas flow and other media, resulting in small droplets. Such as atomized copper powder, aluminium powder, iron powder, stainless steel powder, high-temperature alloy powder, etc. The preparation methods include vacuum atomization, electromagnetic centrifugal atomization, rotating electrode atomization, etc. It is easy to produce high-quality metal powder with required composition, high purity and uniform structure. The shape, size and particle size distribution of powder particle can be adjusted within a certain range.
利用高速流体将金属溶液破碎成粉末的方法。熔融的金属液流被高速运动的液流成气流等介质切断、分散、裂化而成为微小液滴。如雾化铜粉、铝粉、铁粉、不锈钢粉、高温合金粉等。制备方法有真空雾化、电磁离心雾化、旋转电极雾化等。容易制得所需成分的、纯度高和组织均匀的工艺性能好的优质金属粉末，粉末颗粒形状、大小和粒度分布等均可在一定范围内调整。
powder atomization
雾化制粉
It refers to a bioinert oxide ceramics protective layer or surface facial mask coated on the surface of medical metal matrix. The ceramics coating with single or multi-component polymer blending such as aluminum oxide, zirconia, titanium oxide, etc., which has been studied extensively, can effectively prevent metal ions from dissolving out to surrounding tissues due to its excellent wear resistance and corrosion resistance, and its good biocompatibility, which is conducive to the attachment and growth of soft tissues such as muscles on the surface of the implanted human body. Its preparation methods are various, including plasma spraying, chemical vapor deposition, physical vapor deposition, high temperature self propagating, sol gel, etc. It is mainly used for dental implant, artificial joint handle, joint socket, surgical and dental instruments, etc. The fiber is mainly used as reinforcing fiber of structural composite materials. At the same time, it can also be used in functional composite materials due to its electromagnetic wave transmission and heat resistance.
指涂覆在医用金属基体表面上的一种生物惰性的氧化物陶瓷保护层或表面膜，研究较多的有氧化铝、氧化锆、氧化钛等单组分或多组分共混的陶瓷涂层，由于其具有很好的耐磨损和耐腐蚀性能，且其生物相容性好，可有效阻隔金属离子向周围组织溶出.利于肌肉等软组织在植人体表面攀附生长。其制备方法多样，主要有等离子喷涂法、化学气相沉积、物理气相沉积、高温自蔓延法、溶胶-凝胶法等。主要用于人工牙根、人工关节柄、关节臼、外科和牙科用器械等。该纤维主要用为结构复合材料的增强纤维。同时由于具有透电磁波性和耐热性亦可用于功能复合材料。
oxide ceramic coating
氧化物陶瓷涂层材料
The hardmetal with WC grain size less than 100nm is called nanocrystal cemented carbide. Nanocrystal cemented carbide has the advantages of special wear resistance, high hardness, excellent fracture toughness and compressive strength. It is widely used in woodworking tools, precision molds, dot matrix printer printing needles, difficult to machine materials tools and other fields. The key to the development of nanocrystal or nanostructured WC Co hardmetal is to develop a powder preparation technology for the stable production of nanoscale WC particles, especially the research on the inhibition of grain growth. By optimizing the process and reducing the sintering temperature, the cost can be further reduced, thus realizing the industrialization of nano WC Co hardmetal.
将WC晶粒尺寸小于100nm的硬质合金称为纳米晶硬质合金。纳米晶硬质合金具有特殊的耐磨性、高硬度以及优异的断裂韧性和压缩强度等优点。广泛应用在木工工具、精密模具、点阵打印机打印针头、难加工材料刀具等领域。研制纳米晶或纳米结构的WC-Co硬质合金的关键是开发稳定生产纳米级WC颗粒的制粉技术，特别是在抑制晶粒长大方面的研究。通过优化工艺，降低烧结温度，可以进一步降低成本，从而实现纳米WC-Co硬质合金的产业化。
nanocrystal cemented carbide
纳米晶硬质合金
See nano coating.
见纳米涂料。
nano composite coating
纳米复合涂料
Generally, it refers to polymer or mixture whose pyrolysis product is HfC ceramics. The density of HfC is 12.67g/cmS, the melting point is 3890 ° C, the coefficient of thermal expansion is (659 ± 0.04) X10-6 ° C -, the thermal conductivity is 20.1W/(m.K), and the elastic modulus is 352GPa. HfC exhibits high stability in cold hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, and even mixed acids of sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, and oxalic acid. It also exhibits good stability in boiling concentrated sulfuric acid, oxalic acid, dilute sulfuric acid, and dilute phosphoric acid. The preparation methods of HfC ceramics mainly include: direct Hf and C method, solid phase reduction method, chemical vapor phase method, precursor method, etc. Precursor method generally refers to the method of preparing HfC ceramics from mixtures of Hf source compounds (such as hafnium oxychloride, acetylacetone hafnium, etc.) and C source compounds (such as phenolic resin, etc.) under high temperature. Or use chlorine containing hafnium compounds (such as cyclopentadiene hafnium chloride, hafnium tetrachloride, etc.), introduce C=C bond through reaction, obtain carbon hafnium polymer through crosslinking, and obtain ceramics by pyrolysis at high temperature. SJ is used to prepare HfC ceramics powder, HfC ceramics fiber, H [C composite materials, etc.
一般是指热解产物为HfC陶瓷的聚合物或混合物。HfC的密度是12.67g/cmS熔点为3890°C,热膨胀系数为(659±0.04)X10-6°C-、热导率为20.1W/(m.K),弹性模量352GPa。HfC在冷的盐酸、硫酸、磷酸，甚至于硫酸、磷酸与草酸的混合酸中都具有很高的稳定性，在沸腾的浓硫酸、草酸、稀硫酸与稀磷酸中稳定性也很好。HfC陶瓷的制备方法主要包括：Hf和C直接化合法、固相还原法、化学气相法、前驱体法等。前驱体法一般是指以Hf源化合物（如氯氧化铪、乙酰丙酮铪等）、C源化合物（如酚醛树脂等）的混合物为原料，在高温下反应制备得到HfC陶瓷的方法。或采用含氯的铪化合物（如环戊二烯氯化铪、四氯化铪等），经反应引人C=C键，通过交联得到碳铪聚合物，在高温下热解得到陶瓷。SJ用于制备HfC陶瓷粉体、HfC陶瓷纤维、H[C复合材料等。
hafnium carbide precursor
碳化铪前驱体
Hardening caused by the interaction between the coherent strain field and the dislocation strain field.
由共格应变场与位错应变场之间的相互作用产生的硬化。
coherent hardening
共格硬化
It refers to a kind of glass product that has been specially treated to apply nanotechnology to glass surface and endow glass with self-cleaning function. The glass surface is generally coated with doped TiO2 films or other semiconductor films, which can decompose organic matters in the air, and catalyze the oxygen in the air to turn it into negative oxygen ions, killing bacteria, thus purifying the air and making the air fresh. In addition, there is also a kind of glass that is self-cleaning and does not form fog, The surface of this kind of glass has "double wettability" and can be stained with water and oil at the same time. When there is moisture on the glass, it will diffusion on the whole glass surface without condensation. At the same time, on the basis of this diffusion, water can permeate into oil stains and wash them off, so as to achieve strong self-cleaning ability. It can be applied to building curtain walls, daylighting roofs, side windows and rear-view mirrors of cars, trains, etc.
指经过特殊处理，将纳米技术应用于玻璃表面，赋予玻璃具有自清洁功能的一种玻璃制品。玻璃表面一般镀有掺杂TiO2薄膜或其他半导体薄膜，能够分解空气中的有机物，且催化空气中的氧气使之变为负氧离子，杀灭细菌.从而净化空气，使空气变得清新。另外，还有一种具有自我清洁而且不结雾的玻璃，这种玻璃的表面具有"双重可湿性”可以同时沾上水和油两种液体，当玻璃上有水气的时候便会在整个玻璃表面上扩散开来，而不会凝成水珠。与此同时，水在这种扩散的基础上可以渗透到油污之中，将其冲洗掉，从而达到强的自洁净能力。可应用于建筑幕墙、采光顶及汽车、火车等侧窗、后视镜等。
self-cleaning glass
自洁净玻璃
A type of oxide fiber, also known as silica fiber. High silica fiber has high temperature resistance, low expansion, high resistance and high durability similar to quartze fiber, but its strength is lower than quartze fiber. The melting point is 1628 ° C, which can be used for a long time at 900 ° C and for a short time at 1200 ° C. Excellent thermal shock resistance, electrical insulation, and insulation and sound insulation. Fiber felt or fabric can be used as ablation resistant and heat resistant composite materials.
一种氧化物纤维，亦称硅石纤维。高硅氧纤维具有与石英纤维相似的耐高温性，低膨胀，高电阻和高耐久性，但与石英纤维相比强度偏低。熔点1628°C，可于900°C下长期使用，1200°C下短期使用。抗热震性、电绝缘性、绝热隔声性优越。纤维毡或织物可作耐烧蚀和防热复合材料。
refrasil fiber reinforcement
高硅氧玻璃纤维增强体
The time required to charge (discharge) all the battery capacity M is used as the standard speed for charging and discharging, which is the charging and discharging rate.
将全部电池容M的电荷充（放）完所需的时间作为充放电时的标准速度.即充放电率。
charging efficiency
充电效率
The technology of using ions generated by direct current glow discharge to bombard the target material for Peng shoot coating. The DC incidence device mainly consists of a vacuum chamber, a vacuum system, and a DC incidence power supply. The vacuum chamber is equipped with a cathode for glow discharge, and the target material is installed on the surface of this cathode. Receive ion bombardment, install the coating substrate or workpiece on the sample stage, and ground the vacuum chamber as the anode. When operating, the vacuum chamber is pumped to a high vacuum, argon gas is introduced, and its vacuum degree is maintained at around l. OPa. In addition, a 23kV DC voltage is applied to the two electrodes to generate a glow discharge. At this time, a plasma region with high density is formed near the target (cathode), that is, a negative glow region. Sputtering effect occurs when ions in this region bombard the target under the acceleration of dc voltage. The atoms sputtering from the palladium surface are deposited on the substrate or workpiece to form a coating. In order to increase the plasma density, a magnetic field is added in the direction perpendicular to the target surface. If a circular magnetic field is added in the direction parallel to the palladium surface, it is called DC magnetron sputtering. Due to the low coating rate, its large-scale industrialization is limited.
利用直流辉光放电产生的离子轰击靶材进行鹏射镀膜的技术。直流入射装置主要由真空室、真空系统和直流入射电源构成。真空室中装有辉光放电的阴极，靶材就装在此极表面上。接受离子轰击，安装镀膜基片或工件的样品台以及真空室接地，作为阳极。操作时将真空室抽至高真空后，通入氩气，并使其真空度维持在l.OPa左右，再加上23kV的直流电压于两电极之上，即可产生辉光放电。此时，在靶材（阴极）附近形成高密度的等离子体区，即负辉区。该区中的离子在直流电压的加速下轰击靶材即发生溅射效应。由钯材表面溅射出来的原子沉积在基片或工件上，形成镀层。为了提高等离子体密度，在垂直于靶面的方向上加有磁场，如在平行于钯面的方向加上环形磁场，则称为直流磁控溅射。由于镀膜速率太低限制了它的大规模工业化。
direct current sputtering
直流溅射
Also known as organic photochromic materials, under the light radiation of appropriate wavelength, the color of materials changes reversibly to realize the recording and erasure of information. Some single compounds or complexes (A) form another compound or complex (B) with a different structure after being illuminated by a certain wavelength of light. When illuminated or heated by another wavelength of light, the original structure can be restored. A and B have completely different absorption spectrum. There are two processes involved in the occurrence of photochromic change in substances: physical and chemical. The transformation of atoms and molecules from the ground state to the activated state is a physical process. The absorption of light energy by molecules causes a change in chemical structure, which is a chemical process. The photochemical reactions that occur during the photochromic process of organic compounds include: ① closed-loop ring opening reactions (spiropyrans); ② Trans cis reaction (azobenzenes); ③ Photoisomerization reaction (salicylaldehyde aniline acetal); ④ Photoinduced proton transfer reactions (nail complexes), etc. Organic photochromic materials have the following advantages: high storage density, large signal-to-noise ratio, good sensitivity, fast speed, good acid resistance, easy processing, low toxicity and low price. It is an attractive optical storage materials.
又称有机光致变色材料，在适当波长的光辐射下，材料颜色发生可逆变化，实现信息的记录和擦除。某些单一化合物或络合物（A)在受到一定波长的光照后，形成结构不同的另一化合物或络合物(B),当用另一波长的光照射或加热时，又能恢复原来的结构。A和B具有完全不同的吸收光谱。物质发生光致色变有物理和化学两种过程。原子和分子由基态在光诱导下转变为激活态为物理过程。分子吸收光能后引起化学结构变化为化学过程。有机化合物的光致变色过程发生的光化学反应：①闭环开环反应(螺吡喃类）;②反式顺式反应（偶氮苯类）;③光异构化反应（水杨醛缩苯胺）;④光诱质子转移反应（钉配合物）等。有机光致变色材料有以下优点：存储密度高，信噪比大，感度好，速度快，抗酸性好.易加工、毒性小，价格便宜。是一种引人注目的光存储材料。
organic photo-chromic storage materials
有机光色存储材料
Chain inorganic polymer chlorinated phosphazene polymer is obtained by ring opening polymerization of chlorinated phosphazenes (hexachlorocyclotriphosphazenes and octachlorocyclotetraphosphazenes) with - P=N-skeleton. The chlorine on the phosphorus atom of the monomer can react with alcohols, phenols and amines to obtain various derivatives, and the corresponding polyphosphazenes can be synthesized by ring opening polymerization.
由具有-P=N-骨架的氯化磷腈（六氯环三磷腈和八氯环四磷腈）开环聚合得到链状无机高聚物氯化磷腈聚合物。单体磷原子上的氯可与醇、酚和胺类反应而得到各种衍生物，由其开环聚合可合成出相应的聚磷腈。
polyphosphazene (as biomedical materials)
聚磷睛
It refers to functional fiber that can absorb oil several times of its own quality. The oil absorption function of 100% isotactic polypropylene fiber is not limited by the type of oil. It can be absorbed by black oil or white oil (including animal and vegetable oil). It can also be completed in an instant. The fiber itself is hydrophobic and lipophilic. It only absorbs oil in water but hardly absorbs water. It has excellent selectivity and will not sink into water. It is insoluble in gasoline and aromatic oils. It can be used repeatedly. After oil absorption, it can be kept intact for a long time without deformation. After use, it is easy to recover. The materials is non-toxic, does not pollute aquatic products, and usually does not deteriorate when kept. It can be incinerated at any time without producing harmful gases. The characteristic of polybenzenes is their great oil absorption ability, but they have selectivity and constraints on the variety of oil. They can only absorb heavy oil. For wastewater containing a large amount of aromatic solvents such as gasoline, diluents, benzene, and methyl benzene, there is a risk of their own dissolution during the treatment process. Most of these oil absorbent fiber are made into nonwovens or felt for use, so the preparation methods are mainly melt blowing, spinning and sticking, and dry air flow to form a mesh and then acupuncture. It has the advantages of large oil absorption area, easy recycling, and can be processed into various forms of products according to needs. The main purpose is to capture various oil spills in the ocean, harbors, rivers, and other areas, absorb and treat floating oil in factory drainage, use protective enclosure materials to prevent oil invasion in breeding or bathing grounds, fill filter materials for oil-water separation devices, and use certain organic solvent absorbents and deodorants.
指能吸油量是自身质量好几倍的功能纤维。100%的等规聚丙烯纤维其吸油功能不受油的品种限制，无论黑油或白油类均可吸收（包括动植物油）.而且可在瞬间完成，纤维本身具有疏水亲油性，只吸收水中的油类而几乎不吸水，选择性优良，而且不会沉人水中，不溶于汽油及芳族油类，可反复使用。吸油后能长时间保持原状，不变形，用后回收简便，该材料无毒性，不会污染水产品，通常保管时也不会变质，可随时进行焚烧处理而不会产生有害气体。聚笨乙烯类的特点是吸油能力极大，但对油的品种有其选择性和制约性，其只能吸收重油.对含有大量汽油、冲淡剂、苯和甲笨等芳族类溶剂的废水，在处理过程有其本身被溶解掉的危险。这些吸油纤维大都制成非织造布或毡使用，因此制备方法主要采用熔喷法、纺黏法和干法气流成网并进行针刺而得。具有吸油面积大、易回收，可根据需要加工成各种形态制品等优点。用途主要是海洋，港湾和河川等各种漏油的捕集，工厂排水中浮油的吸收处理，养殖场或浴场防油类入侵的防护围材，油水分离装置的填充滤材，某些有机溶剂吸收剂及脱臭剂等。
oil absorbent fiber
吸油纤维
A composite materials made by molten immersion method, which contains metal elements and metal elements, metal elements and non-metallic elements. Infiltration refers to the process of contacting liquid metal with powder billet or immersing it in liquid metal, filling the void in the billet with liquid metal, and cooling down to obtain dense materials or parts. In the early stage of sintering, the solid phase sintering reaction occurs, and in the middle and late stage, the liquid phase sintering reaction occurs, finally forming composite materials. For example, silicon carbide/aluminum electronic infiltrated composite materials is used as light and high thermal conductivity electronic packaging materials; At the same time, aluminum lightweight armor materials are applied in the preparation of armor piercing shells.
用熔融浸没法制取的、包含金属元素和金属元素、金属元素和非金属元素的复合材料。熔浸法是指将液相金属和粉末坯块接触或浸在液体金属内，让坯块内空隙为金属液填充.冷却下来得到致密材料或零件的工艺。在烧结初期发生的是固相的烧结反应.中后期则发生液相的烧结反应.最终形成复合材料。例如碳化硅/铝电子熔浸复合材料.用做轻质高导热电子封装材料；同时对于铝轻质装甲材枓被应用在制备穿甲弹。
infiltrated composite materials
熔浸复合材料
The characteristic of a solid conducting heat through the propagation of lattice wave. The heat conduction in solids is mainly realized by the lattice wave of lattice vibration (that is, phonon or lattice wave) and the movement of free electrons.
固体通过点阵波的传播而导热的特性。固体中的导热主要是靠晶格振动的格波（也就是声子或称点阵波）和自由电子的运动来实现的。
lattice thermal conduction
点阵热传导
It is also called dynamic viscosity coefficient. Measurement of viscosity of fluid under alternating stress. In the flow of macromolecule melt, in addition to the irreversible viscous flow, there are also reversible high elastic deformation. If the fluid is under the action of alternating stress, the viscosity and elasticity reaction in macromolecule melt flow are different, and the elasticity deformation and stress are in the same phase, without loss of energy; While viscous deformation is also in phase with stress, it loses energy.
又称动态黏度系数。流体在交变应力作用下的黏度度量。在高分子熔体流动中，除了产生不可逆形变的黏性流动外，还伴随有可逆的高弹形变。如果流体在交变应力作用下，高分子熔体流动中黏性与弹性反应不同，弹性形变与应力同相位，不损耗能量；而黏性形变虽然也与应力同相位，但却损耗能量。
dynamic viscosity
动态黏度
A substance that can produce hydrogen gas through chemical reactions. A common chemical hydrogen storage materials is metal hydride, such as MgH. NaBH, LiAlH, etc. They generate hydrogen gas through thermal decomposition or reaction with water.
能通过化学反应产生氢气的物质。一类常见的化学储氢材料是金属氢化物，如MgH。NaBH,、LiAlH,等.它们通过热分解或与水反应产生氢气。
chemical hydrogen storage materials
化学储氢材料
It is a basic component specially used for textile softening finishing agent, with the best adsorption, compatibility and easy emulsification.
是专门用于纺织品柔软整理剂的基本成分，具有最佳的吸附性、相容性及易乳化性。
amino-modified silicone oil
氨基改性硅油
A kind of silicone rubber with decaborosilicate cage structure in the main chain. Has high heat resistance and aging resistance. The carbon decaborate structure has a high degree of electron deficiency and hyperaromaticity, playing a role in energy storage; Due to its large size, it can shield and protect adjacent groups, so the thermal stability and chemical stability of boron-silicone rubber are significantly improved.
分子主链中含有十硼硅笼形结构的一类硅橡胶。具有高度耐热老化性。碳十硼烷结构具高度缺电子性及超芳香性，起到能量储存作用；因体积大，对邻近基团可起屏蔽保护作用，因此硅硼橡胶的热稳定性和化学稳定性显著提高。
boron-silicone rubber
硅硼橡胶
It means residual line change. The residual expansion (or shrinkage) rate in the length direction of refractory products after heating to the specified temperature and holding time, and then cooling to room temperature. Degree is 5.Omm, thickness is 3_ The test results obtained from samples with different burial lengths in a 2mm adhesive material are not comparable.
义称残余线变化。耐火制品加热到规定温度和保温时间，再冷却至室温后长度方向所产牛的残余膨胀（或收缩）率。度为5.Omm、厚度为3_2mm的胶料中.不同埋人长度的试样所得到的试验结果没有可比性。
re-sintering method
重烧结法
Animal and vegetable fats and oils that can form a solid film in a relatively short time after being coated as a film and exposed to the air are called drying oil, while those that cannot form a solid film are called non drying oil; Although it can form a solid film, it takes a long time and has poor film strength, which is called semi dry oil.
动植物油脂在涂成薄膜后,暴露于空气中，能在较短时间内形成固态薄膜的油脂被称为干性油，不能形成固态薄膜的油脂称为不干性油；虽能形成固态薄膜但需要时间较长，薄膜强度较差的油脂称为半干性油。
drying oil
干性油
The grain size of hot-rolled ferrite is within 20 μ Engineering structural steel below m. By controlling rolling, deformation induced phase trans formation and recrystallization, fine grains can be obtained, and the strength and toughness of steel can be significantly improved.
热轧态铁素体晶粒尺寸在20μm以下的工程结构钢。通过控制轧制、形变诱导相变、控制再结晶等工艺技术可得到细晶粒，明显提高钢的强度和韧性。
fine-grained steel
细晶粒钢
Cr-dopcd lithium calcium aluminum fluoride laser crystal is a tunable laser crystal. The crystal section is hard, and the emission spectrum absorption band is red and rippling. The advantage is that its excited state absorption is very small, and the segregation coefficient of chromium ions in the crystal is close to I? High chromium doping concentration and easy uniformity of doping result in high laser efficiency. Due to the wide gain bandwidth, long fluorescence lifetime and large emission cross section of crystal, 〇 CAF interbody laser can be used in laser ranging, lighting, lidar, underwater communication (frequency doubling to blue light), spectroscopy research and pumping: other lasers.
掺铬氟化铝锂钙激光晶体，一种可调谐激光晶体，晶体断面坚硬，发射谱吸收带为红光和漾光区，优点是其激发态吸收很小，晶体中铬离子的分凝系数接近I?掺铬浓度高且容易掺杂均匀而具有高激光效率。晶体因具有宽增益带宽，长荧光寿命和大的发射截面积而使〇CAF间体激光器可应用于激光测距、照明、激光雷达、海下通信（可倍频到蓝光）、光谱学研究以及泵浦：其他激光器。
Cr-dopcd lithium calcium aluminum fluoride laser crystal
掺铬氟化铝锂钙激光晶体
Coatings used to paint toys. Children like bright colors, and first of all, they require bright and dazzling colors. They also need to be wear-resistant, impact resistant, and able to withstand handling and collisions. Some toys also require the paint film to be resistant to wet washing and wiping. To protect children's health, the film should be non-toxic. The so-called toxicity refers to the content of heavy metals, with the following standards: lead<5000mg/kg, chromium<250mg/kg, barium<100mg/kg, arsenic<100mg/kg, ladder<250mg/kg, cadmium<100mg/kg. Because of the large output of toys, they must be stacked immediately after coating, so fast drying solvents, volatile coatings or baking paints, such as nitrocellulose paint, amino alkyd paint and powder coating, must be used. The bottom of toys and some parts are generally made of materials with lower shackles to reduce costs. In order to cover up surface defects, these parts are painted with wrinkle paint.
用以涂装玩具的涂料。儿童喜欢鲜明的色彩，首先要求颜色鲜艳，光彩夺目，还要耐磨、耐冲击，经得住抚弄和碰撞。有的玩具还要求漆膜耐湿洗擦。为保护儿童健康，涂膜应无毒性。所谓毒性是指重金属含量，标准如下：铅<5000mg/kg、铬<250mg/kg、钡<100mg/kg、砷<100mg/kg，梯<250mg/kg，采<100mg/kg、镉<100mg/kg。由于玩具产量大，在涂装后必须立即堆放，所以必须用快干的溶剂、挥发型涂料或烘漆，如硝基漆、氨基醇酸漆和粉末涂料等。玩具底部和一些零部件一般都采用较低梏的材料以降低成本，为了掩饰表面的缺陷，这些部位都以皱纹漆涂饰。
toys coatings
玩具涂料
The sum of the electric dipole moments per unit volume of dielectric.
电介质单位体积内的电偶极矩的总和。
polarization
极化强度
The polyorganosiloxane containing cyanoalkyl group in the molecular side chain structure is a colorless, transparent, high viscosity, plastic linear polymer compound. Because of the strong polarity of the cyanoalkyl group in the molecular side chain, the force between the molecular chains is increased. The oil resistance and solvent resistance are improved, the structural regularity of polymer is destroyed, and the low temperature resistance is improved. Under the action of organic peroxide, it can be vulcanization into elasticity rubber products, which not only has the properties of general silicone rubber, but also has the characteristics of oil resistance, non-polar solvent resistance, etc.
分子侧链结构中含氰烷基的聚有机硅氧烷，无色透明高黏滞塑性线甩高分子化合物，由于分子侧链中氰烷基极性强.增加了分子链间的作用力。提高了耐油、耐溶剂性能，破坏了聚合物结构的规整性，改善了耐低温性能。在有机过氧化物作用下，可硫化成弹性橡胶制品，除具有一般硅橡胶的性能外，还具有耐油、耐非极性溶剂等特性。
nitrile silicone rubber
腈硅橡胶
A kind of compound formed by carbon and other elements (mainly transition elements) is one of the important constituent phases in alloy (especially general steel). Most of the elements that form compounds with carbon have an unfilled d d electron layer in their atomic structure, and the more dissatisfied the d electron layer is, the greater the affinity between the elements and carbon will be, and the carbide formed will be more stable. Carbide should be classified as interstitial phase according to its crystal structure“
碳与其他元素（主要是与过渡元素）所形成的一类化合物，是合金（特别是一般钢铁）中的重要组成相之一。与碳形成化合物的元素大部分都在其原子结构中具有一个未填满的d电子层，而且d电子层越不满的元素与碳的亲和力便越大，形成的碳化物也越稳定。碳化物按其晶体结构特点应归属于间隙相"
carbide
碳化物
nan
一种中性的侵入岩。多呈灰白、灰、浅玫瑰、肉红和灰绿色。中粗粒结构。主要矿物为正长石、微斜长石和条纹长石，含量达70%。次要矿物有斜长石、角闪石、黑云母和辉石。斜长石常为中长石和更长石.不含或只含少量石英，有的中可含较多的磷灰石和霞石。按次要矿物类型.可分为角闪、辉石正长岩和黑云母、霞石、石英。如果碱性长石和斜长石含量大致相等，则称为二长岩。和有关的矿产主要是铁矿和一些稀土放射性矿产。可作为陶瓷原料，在陶瓷、釉中作为熔剂物质，用于降低陶瓷产品的烧成温度，促进莫来石的形成。结构均匀、新鲜的是良好的建筑石材;颜色纯正，结构均匀或有特殊结构构造花纹的正长岩，是高档装饰石材。含磷灰石多的，可成为有工业价值的磷灰石矿床。
syenite
正长岩
If the C-C main chain is pulled into a zigzag shape, so that it is in the same plane, and the substituent is on both sides of the plane or the configuration of the chiral center is randomly arranged, it is called a atactic polymer.
若将C-C主链拉成锯齿形，使之处在同一平面上，取代基处于平面的两侧或手性中心的构型呈无规排列，则称为无规立构聚合物。
atactic polymer
无规立构聚合物
Sulfate minerals with complex island like structures. The chemical formula is K2Mg2 [SO4]. Equiaxed crystal system. The crystal are granular, and the aggregates are granular, tubercular, kidney shaped, etc. Colorless, sometimes appearing in shades of light yellow, light red, light green, etc. Transparent, glass luster. Mohs hardness 3.5~4, brittle, density 2.83g/cm3, piezoelectricity. It slowly dissolves in water, absorbs water quickly in air and decomposes into soft potassium magnesium alum and epsomite. It is produced in salt lakes and is a chemical deposition product, coexisting with halite, anhydrous sodium magnesium alum, aphthitalke, etc. It is a raw mineral material for extracting potassium.
复杂岛状结构硫酸盐矿物。化学式为K2Mg2[SO4]。等轴晶系。晶体呈粒状.集合体呈粒状、结核状、肾状等。无色，有时呈淡黄、淡红、淡绿等色。透明，玻璃光泽。莫氏硬度3.5~4,性脆，密度2.83g/cm3，具压电性。缓慢溶于水，在空气中吸水很快并分解为软钾镁矾和泻利盐。产于盐湖，系化学沉积产物，与石盐、无水钠镁矾、钾芒硝等共生。是提取钾的矿物原料。
langbeinite
无水钾镁矾
There are four imermetallif compound in the Ti Al binary phase diagram, among which Ti3Al, TiAl and TiAl3 have been extensively studied. The O2 phase Ti3Al has a DO22 superlattice structure. At 1180 ° C, the disorderly transformation into hexagonal c "phase has a wide composition range and can be alloy. The TiAl based alloy is mainly based on the Ti Al Nb ternary system, with a small amount of other elements added. The Ti3Al based alloy has low density, high modulus, and good high-temperature performance, which is suitable for making structural parts of aerospace vehicles operating at 600 ° C to 750 ° C, 40% less than the nickel based alloy. γ- TiAl has an L10 ordered square lattice structure and a wide range of components. γ- TiAl based alloys are all Ti rich dual phase alloys, with a composition of Ti - (40% to 50%) (atomic percentage) Al - (1% to 10%) M, and M consisting of V, Cr, Mn, Nb, Ta, W, and Mo. TiAl alloy is characterized by low density, high elastic modulus, good high temperature strength, creep resistance and oxidation resistance. At 700 ° C to 950 ° C, it can be widely used to manufacture high-temperature parts such as turbine disks and turbine blades of aeroengines. For example, the GE-90 engine uses TiAl alloy to manufacture 5-stage and 6-stage low-pressure turbine blades, which has achieved practical application. TiAl3 has D022 superlattice structure with low melting point and density. Its antioxidant performance is better, but its composition range is very narrow and its room temperature plasticity is poor. Attempts to improve the plasticity by microalloying have not been successful. By adding appropriate amounts of Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Mn, Cr, Co, Nb, Rh, Pb, W, Au and other elements, TiAl3 can be transformed into a highly symmetrical L12 structure, but the plasticity of alloy is almost zero.
在Ti-Al二元相图中有四个金属间化合物，其中Ti3Al、TiAl和TiAl3得到了广泛研究。O2相Ti3Al具有DO22超点阵结构。在1180°C无序转变为六方的c"相，成分范围较宽，可以进行合金化。TiAl基合金主要基于Ti-Al-Nb三元系，再加入少量其他元素。Ti3Al基合金密度低，模量高，具有良好的高温性能，适于制作航空航天飞行器在600°C至750°C工作的结构件，较镍基合金可减轻40%。γ-TiAl具有L10有序正方点阵结构，具有很宽的成分范围。γ-TiAl基合金都是富Ti的双相合金，成分为Ti-(40%至50%)(原子百分比）Al-(1%至10%)M，M为V、Cr、Mn、Nb、Ta、W和Mo等。TiAl合金的特点是低密度、较高弹性模量及良好高温强度、抗蠕变和抗氧化性能。在700°C至950°C可广泛用于制作航空发动机的高温零部件涡轮盘、涡轮叶片等，例如GE-90发动机用TiAl合金制作5级和6级低压涡轮叶片，取得了实际应用。TiAl3具有D022超点阵结构，有较低的熔点和密度。其抗氧化性能更好，但其成分范围非常窄，室温塑性差。企图通过微合金化改善塑性尚未成功，通过加入适量的Fe、Ni、Cu、Zn、Mn、Cr、Co、Nb、Rh、Pb、W、Au等元素可以把TiAl3变成高对称性的L12结构，但合金的塑性几乎仍然是零。
Ti-Al intermetallic compound
Ti-Al金属间化合物
See foam concrete.
见泡沫混凝土。
lightweight concrete
轻质混凝土
Silicate mineral with shelf structure. The chemical formula is (Na, Ca) 4 [Al2Si208] 3 (Cl, F, OH, CO3, SO4). Sodium and calcium form a complete isomorphism, and are divided into four subspecies based on the content of the end member components of sodium (Ma) and calcium (Me).
架状结构硅酸盐矿物。化学式为（Na,Ca)4[Al2Si2〇8]3(Cl,F,OH,CO3,SO4)。钠与钙形成完全类质同象，按端元组分钠柱石（Ma)与钙柱石（Me)含量分为四个亚种。
scapolite
方柱石
A class of high temperature resistant polymer with regularly alternating imide rings and amide bonds. The synthesis of PAI is to use trimellitic anhydride acyl chloride and aromatic diamine to react in polar solvent at low temperature (about -15 ° C) to produce dianhydride containing amide group, and then add equivalent aromatic diamine to produce amide acid. Its solution can be directly used as coatings.
酰亚胺环和酰胺键有规则交替排列的一类耐高温聚合物。PAI的合成是用偏苯三酸酐酰氯与芳族二胺在极性溶剂中低温（-15°C左右）反应生成含酰胺基的二酐，再加入等当量的芳香二胺制成酰胺酸，其溶液可直接用作涂料。
polyamideimide
聚酰胺酰亚胺
The surface photovoltage method, or SPV method for short, is a method to obtain the diffusion length of minority carriers by measuring the surface voltage generated on the surface of semiconductor materials due to illumination. The principle is: irradiate the surface of semiconductor materials with monochromatic light with energy greater than the band gap width of semiconductor materials, generate electron hole pairs inside, and the electrons and holes diffusion to the space charge area near the surface of semiconductor materials driven by the concentration gradient will be separated by the self built electric field to form photovoltage, that is, surface photovoltage.
表面光电压法，简称SPV法，是通过测量由于光照在半导体材料表面产生的表面电压来获得少数载流子扩散长度的方法。原理是: 用能量大于半导体材料禁带宽度的单色光照射在半导体材料表面，在其内部产生电子-空穴对，受浓度梯度驱动扩散至半导体材料近表面空间电荷区的电子和空穴将被自建电场分离，形成光生电压，即表面光电压。
surface photovoltage method
表面光电压法
See blowing agent
见发泡剂
foam agent
泡沫剂
After solution treatment and quenching to obtain supersaturated solid solution of alloy, aging heat preservation is carried out, and the supersaturated solid solution desolvates to increase the strength and hardness of alloy.
合金经固溶处理后淬冷得到过饱和固溶体后进行时效保温，发生过饱和固溶体的脱溶析出使合金的强度和硬度升高的现象。
quench aging
淬冷时效
The atoms and molecules of the precipitation matter collide from the gas phase state to the crystal surface and are adsorbed by the crystal to grow a crystal. There are a lot of variables in the growth from vapour phase process, which makes the growth process more difficult to control, so growth from vapour phase is often limited to materials that are difficult to grow from crystal growth from liquid phase. One of the characteristics of growth from vapour phase is that the equilibrium constant of the proposed reaction and its temperature dependence can often be determined in advance. Its most important application is epitaxial growth on homogeneous and heterogeneous materials substrates. This method has become the basic method for manufacturing many semiconductors, optoelectronic devices, and acoustooptic devices. It is of great significance in industry, and growth from vapour phase must have several necessary conditions: ① the vapor pressure on the crystal is higher than the equilibrium vapor pressure; ② The environment around the crystal should be conducive to surface diffusion; ③ The surrounding environment of the substrate should be conducive to the development of crystal. The material transport mode in growth from vapour phase can be physical (the high temperature part is transported to the low temperature area through air flow and precipitation) and chemical (the steam precipitation is provided on the crystal by chemical reaction) "Growth from vapour phase can be divided into single component system and multi-component system in terms of composition. Single component growth from vapour phase includes sublimation method method, sputtering method and ion implantation method. crystal grown by single component system include SiC, CdS, ZnS, etc., and crystal are mostly needle shaped or sheet shaped. Multicomponent systems are commonly used for epitaxial growth, which can be divided into reversible reactive growth and irreversible reactive growth. GaAs, GaAs. rP ^, GaP and other epitaxial films are commonly produced by this method Long.
被沉淀物质的原子和分子从气相状态碰撞到晶体表面被晶体吸附而生长晶体。在气相生长过程中存在着大量变量，使得生长过程较难控制，因此气相生长往往局限于那难以从液相生长的材料。气相生长的特点之一是经常可以预先确定所提出的反应的平衡常数及其温度的依赖关系。其最重要的用途是在同质和异质材料衬底上的外延生长。此方法已成为制造很多半导体、光电器件和声光器件的基本方法。在工业上有重大的意义，气相生长必须具备几个必要条件：①晶体上的蒸气压比平衡蒸气压高；②晶体周围的环境要有利于表面扩散；③衬底周围环境要有利于晶体的发育。气相生长中物质输运方式可以是物理的（高温部分通过气流传送到低温区并沉淀）和化学的（靠化学反应提供蒸气沉淀在晶体上)"气相生长从组分方面可分为单组分体系和多组分体系生长。单组分气相生长包括升华法、溅射法、离子注入法。。利用单组分体系生长的晶体有SiC、CdS、ZnS等，且晶体形状多为针状或片状。多组分体系常用外延生长，可分为可逆反应生长和不可逆反应生长两种。GaAs、GaAs。rP^、GaP等外延膜常用此方法生长。
growth from vapour phase
气相生长
BSCCO superconductor film is a compound superconducting film composed of four or more elements of bismuth strontium calcium copper and oxygen atoms. The zero resistance temperature is 110K, 20K higher than that of the YBa2Cu307 film, which is conducive to the application of the film.
铋锶钙铜氧膜是指由铋锶钙铜四种或四种以上元素与氧原子组成的化合物超导薄膜。零电阻温度为110K，比钇钡铜氧膜高20K，有利于薄膜的应用。
BiSrCaCuO film
铋锶钙铜氧膜
It refers to the method of spinning polymer after it is prepared into a concentrated solution in solvent. It mainly includes wet spinning, dry spinning and dry -jet wet spinning.
是指将聚合物在溶剂中配成浓溶液后进行纺丝的方法。主要有湿法纺丝、干法纺丝和干喷湿法纺丝。
solvent spinning
溶液纺丝
A marble rich in serpentine. It is formed by magnesia carbonate rock such as dolomitite or dolomitic limestone through hydrothermal metamorphism rich in SiO2. The mineral composition is mainly caldte (about 65%) and serpentine (20%~30%), with a small amount of muscovite and magnetite. It is green and gray black in color. Granular or porphyritic crystalloblastic texture, dense massive structure. It can be used as building decoration materials and raw materials for carving handicrafts.
一种富含蛇纹石的大理岩。是由白云岩或白云质灰岩等镁质碳酸盐类岩石经富含SiO2的热液变质改造形成的。矿物成分以方解石（含量65%左右）和蛇纹石（20%~30%)为主，另有少量白云母和磁铁矿。呈绿色、灰黑色。粒状或斑状变晶结构，致密块状构造。可作建筑装饰材料和雕刻工艺品的原料。
ophicalcite
蛇纹大理岩
The scaling theory is a phenomenological theory for studying critical phenomena based on the summary, analysis and induction of experimental results. It cannot determine the value of the critical index, but it can establish the relationship between the critical indices - scaling law.
标度理论是在总结、分析和归纳实验结果的基础上，提出的一种研究临界现象的唯象理论。它不能确定临界指数的值，但可以建立临界指数之间的关系——标度律。
scaling theory
标度理论
More advanced functional ceramics, which use the unique functions of ceramics. Through the comprehensive effect of sensing, feedback, and driving, the goal of perceiving the outside world and doing work externally is achieved. Its perception reaction process mainly relies on modern electronic technology to feedback the perceived signal to ceramics devices through electrical processing, and then make use of the inherent special functions of ceramics to respond to the outside world. Therefore, this kind of ceramics not only has the sensing performance and is made into a sensor, but also has the driving function and is made into a driver. Among them, functional ceramics account for a large part. At present, piezoelectric ceramics, thermoelectric ceramics, photothermal ceramics, electro-optic ceramics, phase transformation ceramics, etc. have been successfully developed. It has been made into various electromechanical, thermoelectric, electro-optic, electro-acoustic, ignition, detonation, and other sensors known as the electrical five senses.
更高级的功能陶瓷，它利用陶瓷的特有功能。通过传感--反馈--驱动的综合效果，达到感知外界，并对外做功的目的。其感知反应过程主要是依靠现代电子技术，把感知的信号，通过电学处理反馈给陶瓷器件，再利用陶瓷固有的特殊功能对外做出反应。因此这类陶瓷既具有传感性能，被做成传感器，又具有驱动功能，被做成驱动器。其中功能陶瓷占了很大一部分，目前已研制成功的包括压电陶瓷、热电陶瓷、光热陶瓷、电光陶瓷、相变陶瓷等。已做成各种机电、热电、电光、电声、引燃、引爆等被称为电五官的传感器。
smart ceramics
智能陶瓷
See photosensitizer.
见光敏剂。
sensitizer
增感剂
A conductive plate with a fluid flow groove on its surface, a plate with a groove on one side and a plane on the other or a groove for coolant flow is called a single plate; The plate with grooves on both sides for the flow of reaction gas or liquid is called bipolar plate. The plate shall also have good conductivity, thermal conductivity, mechanical strength, corrosion resistance, thermal stability, chemical stability and electrochemical stability.
表面带有为流体流动沟槽的导电板，一面带有沟槽而另一面为平面或带有为冷却液流动的沟槽的极板叫作单极板；两面都带有为反应气体或液体流动的沟槽的极板叫作双极板。极板还应具有良好的导电性、导热性、机械强度、抗腐蚀性、热稳定性、化学稳定性和电化学稳定性。
plate
极板
It is called colored glaze for short. It is a kind of glaze with different colors, which is made by introducing an appropriate amount of inorganic pigment into the colorless transparent glaze or emulsion glaze under different technological conditions. Often named after natural scenery, animals and plants, such as Tianqing, Douqing, Meiziqing, Peacock Green, Partridge Spot, etc. Some are also named according to their purpose, origin, etc., such as Jihong, Jilan, Guangjun, Yijun, etc; If the object is all in one color, it is a monochromatic pomelo, and if there are multiple colors, it is a floral glaze; According to the mature temperature of glaze, it can be divided into two categories: low-temperature color glaze and high-temperature color glaze: low-temperature color glaze refers to the fusible sleeve based on lead silicate fired at about 1000 ° C; The traditional high temperature colored glaze refers to the glaze based on lime alkali sleeves fired at more than 1250 ° C. The modern high temperature colored glaze is mostly based on feldspar sleeves. According to the different coloration mechanism of glaze, it can be divided into three categories: ion coloration, colloid coloration and crystal coloration. Generally, pottery uses low temperature, while stoneware and porcelain use high temperature color pomelo. It is a simple and cheap decoration method for ceramics products, and has played a very important role in the color pomelo decoration of all previous dynasties in China.
简称色釉.是在无色透明釉或乳内釉料中引入适量的无机颜料，在不同的工艺条件下烧制成的各种不同色调的釉。常以自然界的景物、动植物命名，如天青、豆青、梅子青、孔雀绿、鹧鸪斑等：也有按用途、产地等命名的，如祭红、祭蓝、广钧、宜钧等;若器物通体一色者为单色柚，多色间者为花釉;按釉的成熟温度可分为低温色釉和高温色釉两大类：低温色釉是指在1000°C左右烧成的以硅酸铅为基础的易熔袖;传统的高温色釉是指大于1250°C烧成的石灰-碱袖为基础的釉，现代高温色釉多以长石袖为基础。按釉的呈色机理不同，可分成离子着色、胶体着色与晶体着色三大类。一般陶器用低温，而炻器瓷器则用高温颜色柚。它是陶瓷制品简便而廉价的装饰方法，在我国历代的色柚装饰占冇相当重要的地位。
colored glaze
颜色釉
High strength lowr alloy steel with high wear resistance. Wear-resisting low alloy steel requires high strength, high hardness and high wear resistance, as well as high toughness and appropriate weldability. Wear-resisting low alloy steel is produced by controlling rolling, cooling process or off-line heat treatment process on the basis of low alloy high strength steel and adding appropriate elements to improve hardenabilhy, such as Mn, Mo, B, Cr, Ni, etc.
具有较高耐磨性的低合金高强度钢。低合金耐磨钢要求高强度、高硬度和高耐磨性，同时还要求具有较高的靭性和适当的焊接性。低合金耐磨钢是在低合金高强度钢的基础上，适当添加提高淬透性的元素如Mn、Mo、B、Cr、Ni等，通过控制轧制、控制冷却工艺或离线热处理工艺生产得到。
wear-resisting low alloy steel
低合金耐磨钢
"Elastic modulus" is usually expressed by "E", which is a mechanical property of materials and measures the ratio of stress to strain of materials in elastic deformation stage. Elastic modulus characterizes the ability of materials to resist elastic deformation, specifically, it reflects the stiffness of materials. The greater its value, the more difficult it is for materials to undergo elastic deformation. Elastic modulus is one of the most common properties of elasticity materials, which is usually not affected by composition and microstructure. It can keep stable under various changes of materials, including temperature change. However, for anisotropic materials, elastic modulus can be a function of crystal direction. Elastic modulus is usually divided into different types, including: Young's Modulus: it is represented by the symbol "E", which describes the elasticity properties of materials in tension or compression. Shear modulus: it is represented by the symbol "G", which measures the elasticity property of materials under shear stress. Poisson's ratio: using symbols“ ν "It indicates the shrinkage degree of materials in the vertical direction when it is stretched in one direction. For some materials that do not conform to Hook's Law Materials, such as wood, marble, concrete, etc., people sometimes use different definition methods such as origin tangent elastic modulus, tangent elastic modulus, secant elastic modulus, and chord elastic modulus. These methods are used to describe different parts of the stress-strain curve of materials. These methods are usually used to better adapt to the nonlinear behavior of materials. The use of these correction methods is reasonable because the elasticity properties of some materials may not conform to Hook's Law.
"弹性模量"通常由"E"表示，它是一种材料的力学性质，度量了材料在弹性变形阶段内应力与应变的比值。弹性模量表征了材料抵抗弹性变形的能力，具体是指它反映了材料的刚度。它的数值越大，材料越难发生弹性变形。弹性模量是最常见的弹性材料性质之一，它通常不受成分和微观结构的影响。它可以在材料的各种变化下保持稳定，包括温度变化。不过，对于各向异性材料，弹性模量可以成为晶体方向的函数。弹性模量通常分为不同类型，包括：拉压模量（Young's Modulus）： 用符号 "E" 表示，它描述了材料在拉伸或压缩时的弹性性能。剪切模量（Shear Modulus）： 用符号 "G" 表示，它衡量了材料在受剪切应力时的弹性性能。泊松比（Poisson's Ratio）： 用符号 "ν" 表示，描述了材料在沿一个方向拉伸时，垂直方向的收缩程度。对于一些不符合Hooke's Law（胡克定律）的材料，如木材、大理石、混凝土等，人们有时会使用原点切线弹性模量、切线弹性模量、割线弹性模量和弦弹性模量这些不同定义方法，这些方法用于描述材料应力-应变曲线的不同部分。这些方法通常是为了更好地适应材料的非线性行为。这些修正方法的使用是合理的，因为某些材料的弹性性能可能不符合Hooke's Law。
elastic modulus
弹性模量
It is a kind of substance that can absorb, shield or reflect ultraviolet light, such as carbon black, titanium dioxide (rutile type), zinc oxide, etc. It acts as a barrier between polymer and light radiation, preventing light from radiating directly to the inside of polymer, preventing the inside of polymer from being damaged by ultraviolet rays, thus effectively inhibiting photo-oxiclative degradation. Light screening agent includes carbon black, titanium oxide and other inorganic pigment, and phthalocyanine blue, phthalocyanine green and other organic pigment, of which carbon black has the best shielding effect. The light shielding effect of carbon black is related to its particle size, dispersion and dosage.
是一类能够吸收、屏蔽或反射紫外线的物质，如炭黑、二氧化钛(金红石型）、氧化锌等。它的作用就像在聚合物和光辐射之间设置了一道屏障，使光不能直接辐射到聚合物的内部，令聚合物内部不受紫外线的危害.从而有效抑制光氧化降解。光屏蔽剂有炭黑、氧化钛等无机颜料和酞菁蓝、酞菁绿等有机颜料，其中炭黑屏蔽效果最好。炭黑的光屏蔽效果与其粒度、分散性和用量等因素有关。
light screening agent
光屏蔽剂
Materials for treating waste water or soil containing chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbon wastes. One is materials that only transfer chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons in soil, such as extractants and activated carbon. This method is easy to cause secondary pollution and high cost; The other is to use microbial materials to decompose or transform chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons in soil into other non-toxic or low toxic substances. The microorganisms in nature usually do not initially have the enzyme system to transform artificially synthesized toxic substances, so chlorinated organics are generally not easy to biodegradation, and only under certain conditions, through enrichment culture, can the synthesis of degradation enzyme system be induced, and through domestication of Pseudomonas, Rhizobia, Micromyces, Acinetobacter, Mycobacterium Some strains of Nitrosomonas and Methylmonas can degrade chlorinated aliphatic substances under specific conditions. In addition, zero valent iron can also be used to treat chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons. There are three reaction paths for reductive dechlorination of chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons by zero valent iron: ① hydrogenolysis. Metal reacts directly, transferring electrons on the surface of zero valent iron to chlorinated hydrocarbon for dechlorination. ② Restore elimination. The direct product of iron corrosion, Fe2+, has the reduction ability, which can make some chlorinated hydrocarbons drag chlorine. ③ The hydrogen generated by the iron reaction can reduce organic chlorinated pollutants. Under anaerobic conditions, H2O can serve as an electron acceptor.
处理废水或土壤中含氯代脂昉烃废弃物的材料。一种是仅将土壤中的氯代脂肪烃转移的材料，如萃取剂、活性炭，这种方法容易造成二次污染、成本高；另一种是利用微生物材料是将土壤中的氯代脂肪烃分解或转化为其他无毒或低毒性物质。自然界中的微生物通常最初不具备转化人工合成的有毒物质的酶体系，因而氯代有机物一般不易生物降解，只有在一定条件下，通过富集培养.诱导出降解酶系的合成，通过驯化假单胞菌属、根瘤菌属、生丝微菌属、不动杆菌属、分枝杆菌属、亚硝化单胞菌属及甲基单胞菌属中的某些菌种能够在特定条件下降解氯代脂肪族物质。此外还可利用零价铁处理氯代脂昉烃，零价铁对氯代脂肪烃的还原脱氯有三种反应路径:①氢解。金属直接反应，将零价铁表面的电子转移到氯代烃使之脱氯。②还原消除。铁腐蚀的直接产物Fe2+具有还原能力，它可使得一部分氯代烃拖氯。③铁反应产生的氢气可使有机氯化污染物还原。在厌氧条件下，H2O可作为电子接受体。
chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons treatment agent
氯代脂肪烃处理剂
MgF2 has a density of 3. l8g/cm2, a tetragonal crystal structure, lattice constants a0=0.162nm, c0=0.305nm, melting point 1255 ℃, thermal conductivity 0.3W/(m · K), refractive index 1.38, and extinction coefficient 0.
MgF2密度3.l8g/cm2，具有四方晶系结构，晶格常数a0=0.162nm,c0=0.305nm，熔点1255℃，热导率0.3W/（m·K),折射率1.38，消光系数0。
magnesium fluoride film
氟化镁膜
Materials that can delay or control the release period and amount of fertilizer in soil according to the law of crop nutrition demand. The materials is used for synthetic slightly soluble slow release fertilizer, chemical inhibition slow release fertilizer, matrix composition and adhesive slow release and controlled release fertilizer and coated slow release and controlled release fertilizer.
能够按照作物营养需求规律延缓或控制肥料在土壤中的释放期与释放量的材料.该材料用于合成型微溶态缓释肥料、化学抑制型缓效肥料、基质复合与胶黏型缓释控释肥料和包膜型缓控释肥料。
slow-/controlled-release fertilizer materials
肥料缓控释材料
The ignition composition, which uses boron (usually amorphous boron powder) as the combustible agent and is mixed with oxidizer in a certain ratio, is one of the micro smoke ignition composition. Its ignition ability is strong and can be used to ignite the agent with higher ignition point. The common boron type ignition composition mainly include boron/potassium nitrate/phenolic resin, boron/tellurium dioxide/adhesive and boron/barium chromate/lead dioxide. Boron/potassium nitrate/phenolic resin ignition composition is a kind of ignition composition with good performance to replace black powder, and its composition ratio is 23.6%/70.7%/5.7%.
以硼（一般为无定形硼粉）为可燃剂，与氧化剂按一定配比混合而成的点火药，属于微烟点火药中的一种，其点火能力较强，可用于点燃发火点较高的药剂。常见的硼系点火药主要有硼/硝酸钾/酚醛树脂、硼/二氧化碲/黏合剂和硼/铬酸钡/二氧化铅等。硼/硝酸钾/酚醛树脂点火药是一种性能良好的替代黑火药的点火药，其成分比例为23.6%/70.7%/5.7%。
boron type ignition composition
硼系点火药
It is an aluminum alloy with lithium as the main element of alloy or containing lithium. Lithium (Li) is the lightest metal in nature, with a density of only 0.534g/cm3. Adding metallic element Li to aluminum alloy can greatly increase elastic modulus of alloy while reducing density of alloy. Because of its low density and high stiffness, aluminum lithium alloy has aroused great interest of materials workers. The research and development of aluminum lithium alloy has a history of more than 70 years. Its development can be roughly divided into three stages, and the corresponding aluminum lithium alloy products can also be divided into three generations. The first stage is the preliminary development stage. In this stage, American Alcoa Company successfully developed 2020 alloy and the former Soviet Union developed BA23 alloy. In the 1970s, the development of aluminum lithium alloy entered the second stage. The aluminum lithium alloy successfully developed in this stage mainly included 1420 aluminum lithium alloy of the former Soviet Union, 2090 alloy of American Alcoa, 8090 and 8091 alloy of British Alcan, 2091 alloy of French Puchiney, etc. Because the second generation aluminum lithium alloy has serious anisotropy, low plastic toughness, severe loss of toughness after heat exposure, and most alloy are not weldable, it is difficult to compete with the existing 2000 series and 7000 series aluminum alloy in comprehensive performance. Except 1420 alloy in the former Soviet Union, most of the second generation aluminum lithium alloy have not been widely used. Since the 1990s, the United States, France and Russia have developed a series of aluminum lithium alloy with high comprehensive properties based on the past research of aluminum lithium alloy and the new application demand background. The new aluminum lithium alloy registered with the American Aluminum Association in the past decade mainly include 20972197, 2297, 2397, 2099, 2199, 2195, 2196, 2098, 2198 and 2050, and these new aluminum lithium alloy can be collectively referred to as the generation aluminum lithium alloy.
是以锂元素为主合金元素或含有锂元素的铝合金。锂(Li)是自然界最轻的金属,密度仅为O.534g/cm3。在铝合金中加入金属元素Li,在降低合金密度的同时，可大幅度提高合金的弹性模量。铝锂合金因其密度低、刚度高等特点，引起了材料工作者的极大兴趣，铝锂合金的研究和开发已有7O多年历史。其发展大致可分为三个阶段，相应出现的铝锂合金产品也可以划分为三代。第一阶段为初步发展阶段，在此阶段，美国Alcoa公司成功研制出2020合金，前苏联幵发出BA23合金。20世纪70年代，铝锂合金研制进人第二阶段，在此阶段研制成功的铝锂合金主要有前苏联的1420铝锂合金、美国Alcoa公司的2090合金、英国Alcan公司的8090和8091合金、法国Puchiney公司的2091合金等。由于第二代铝锂合金存在各向异性严重、塑轫性水平较低、热暴露后会严重损失韧性、大部分合金不可焊，综合性能难以与现有2000系、7000系铝合金竞争，除前苏联的1420合金外，大部分第二代铝锂合金未获得大量应用。进入20世纪90年代以后，美国、法国和俄罗斯总结过去铝锂合金研究的基础上，根据新的应用需求背景，开发出了一系列具有高综合性能的铝锂合金。近十年来在美国铝业协会注册的新型铝锂合金主要有2097,2197、2297、2397、2099、2199以及2195、2196、2098、2198和2050等牌号，这些新出现的铝锂合金可统称为第代铝锂合金。
aluminum lithium alloy
铝锂合金
See disiloxane.
见二硅氧烷。
hexamethyldisiloxane
六甲基二硅氧烷
The fuel supply less than the fuel quantity corresponding to the generated current is called fuel starvation. Fuel starvation may occur on the whole anode surface or on the local anode. When fuel starvation occurs, other substances in the anode (such as catalyst support, catalyst itself, microporous diffusion layer). Even the gas diffusion medium and plate on the anode side have to participate in the reaction, so the anode will be damaged in a few seconds.
燃料的供应量小于与产生的电流所对应的燃料量叫作燃料匮乏。燃料匮乏可能发生在整个阳极表面上，也可能发生在阳极的局部。当燃料匮乏发生时，阳极中的其他物质（如催化剂载体、催化剂本身、微孔扩散层）。甚至阳极侧的气体扩散层和极板都不得不参与反应，这样，阳极在几秒钟就会被损坏。
fuel starvation
燃料匮乏
Reinforcement existing in nature can be divided into inorganic and organic. Natural inorganic reinforcement are generated when the earth is cooled and curing from the hot melting state under high temperature and pressure, including asbestos, rock wool (also known as cashmere or rock fiber), etc. Organic natural polymer fibers and other plant fiber, mainly composed of flax, hemp, ramie, jute, manila, douxar, ramie, cotton and animal origin, can be made into yarn through different processing methods and used as reinforcements for resin based composite materials with low requirements.
存在于自然界的增强体可分为无机和有机两类。天然无机增强体是地球从灼热熔融状态冷却固化时，经受高温高压而生成的，包括石棉、岩棉（亦称石绒或岩石纤维）等。有机类天然高分子纤维等为主要成分的植物纤维包括亚麻、大麻、花麻、黄麻、马尼拉麻、豆沙尔麻、苎麻及棉花及动物来源的辞.可以通过不同的加工方法制成纱.作为要求不太高的树脂基复合材料的增强剂。
natural reinforcement
天然增强体
Short for HTPB, also known as HTPB. A kind of composition solid propellant with hydroxyl terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) as adhesive. The HTPB prepolymer has low viscosity and good slurry processing performance, which is conducive to the addition of solid filler, so the prepared propellant has high specific impulse and density.
简称丁轻推进剂，缩写HTPB。以端羟基聚丁二烯（HTPB)为黏合剂的一类复合固体推进剂。HTPB预聚物黏度低，药浆工艺性能好，有利于固体填料的加入，所以制得的推进剂比冲和密度都较高。
hydroxy-terminated polybutadiene propellant
端羟基聚丁二烯推进剂
Complex chain structured oxide minerals. The chemical formula is (Mn, Fe) WO4. Among them, FeMn is completely isomorphic and divided into three subspecies: wolframite, tungsten manganese iron ore and wolframite.
复杂链状结构氧化物矿物。 化学式为（Mn, Fe) WO4。其中FeMn间呈完全类 质同象，分三个亚种：钨锰矿、钨锰铁矿、钨铁矿。
wolframite
黑钨矿
Equipment to realize the metal rolling process. The main equipment includes working stand and transmission device. The working stand is composed of roll, roll bearing, frame, rail seat, roll adjustment device, upper roll balancing device and roll changing device. The transmission device is composed of motor, reducer, gear seat and connecting shaft. According to the rolling variety. Name according to the type and nominal size. The principle for determining the nominal size is: the profile is represented by the pitch diameter of the gear seat herringbone gear; Alignment is expressed by the nominal diameter of roll; The length of the work roll body is used to represent the plate and strip; The steel pipe is represented by the maximum production diameter. Many are named after the inventor. It is classified according to the following three principles: arrangement and number of roll, such as two high, four high, planetary mill, etc; Arrange according to the rack arrangement, such as horizontal, continuous, semi continuous, checkerboard, etc; According to the production products, such as roughing mill, profile rolling mill, wire rod rolling mill, seamless tube rolling mill, etc.
实现金属轧制过程的设备。主要设备有工作机座和传动装置，工作机座由轧辊、轧辊轴承、机架、轨座、轧辊调整装置、上轧辊平衡装置和换辊装置等组成，传动装置由电动机、减速机、齿轮座和连接轴等组成。按轧制品种。型式和公称尺寸来命名。公称尺寸的确定原则为：对型材以齿轮座人字齿轮节圆直径表示;对初以轧辊公称直径表示;对板带以工作辊辊身长度表示;对钢管以生产最大管径表示。很多以发明者的名字来命名。按以下三个原则来分类：按轧辊的排列和数目，如二辊、四辊、行星轧机等;按机架排列方式，如横列式、连续式、半连续式、布棋式等;按生产产品，如粗轧机、型材轧机、线材轧机、无缝管轧机等。
rolling mill
轧机
This is a inorganic nonmetallic materials, and the preparation process includes the steps of melting, disking and crystallization of raw materials. Generally, the raw materials of this materials mainly come from silicate, including basic rock such as basalt and diahmse, shale can also be used, and some solid wastes such as blast furnace slag, steel slag, copper slag, chromium slag, ferroalloy slag, etc. The preparation process includes mixing, melting, pouring and heat treatment of raw materials. The main composition of the materials is usually pyroxene minerals, and sometimes wollastonite, olivine, basic plagioclase, magnetite, etc. These minerals usually appear as fine grains, showing the characteristics of supercooled crystallization, including composition (non stoichiometric balance) and crystal morphology (crystallite and skeleton). In addition, it also contains a certain amount of glass phase. The main performance characteristics of such materials include high hardness (hardness ranges from 7 to 8), good wear resistance (wear resistance coefficient is 0.09 to 0.14 g/cm2), and strong corrosion resistance. Except hydrofluoric acid and hot phosphoric acid, they can resist corrosion of other acids and bases (acid resistance is more than 96%, alkali resistance is more than 98%). However, such materials have poor toughness and impact resistance and are difficult to cut. The main products include pipes, clad pipe, plates and materials, which are widely used in electric power, coal, mining, metallurgy, chemical industry, construction and other industrial fields. They are used in anti-corrosion and wear-resistant parts, such as anti-corrosion lining of acid or alkali storage tanks, reaction tanks, pickling pools (troughs), chutes and transmission pipelines of ore, ash, tailings, and wear-resistant lining plates of ball mills. This materials can significantly extend the service life of components or equipment. In addition, light or colored caststone can also be used as indoor and outdoor decoration materials and ground materials, such as warehouse floor, passageway and stair step of public buildings, acid resistant floor and dado of plants, dam facing and sand hole lining of hydraulic engineering, etc.
这是一种无机非金属材料，制备过程包括原料的熔化、成盘、结晶等步骤。通常，该材料的原料主要来自硅酸盐，包括玄武岩、辉绿岩等基性岩石，也可以使用页岩，以及一些固体废物如高炉矿渣、钢渣、铜渣、铬渣、铁合金渣等。制备工艺包括原料的混合、熔化、浇注和热处理等。该材料的主要成分通常是辉石类矿物，有时还会出现硅灰石、橄榄石、基性斜长石、磁铁矿等。这些矿物通常呈现为微细晶粒，显示出过冷结晶的特征，包括成分（非化学计量平衡）和晶体形态（雏晶和骸晶）特征。此外，还含有一定量的玻璃相。这类材料的主要性能特点包括高硬度（硬度范围为7到8），良好的耐磨性（耐磨系数为0.09到0.14 g/cm2），以及强大的抗腐蚀性能，除氢氟酸和热磷酸外，能够抵御其他酸碱的腐蚀（耐酸性大于96%，耐碱性大于98%）。然而，这类材料的韧性和抗冲击性较差，难以切割加工。主要制品包括管、复合管、板和料，广泛应用于电力、煤炭、矿山、冶金、化工、建筑等工业领域，用于防腐蚀部位和耐磨部位，如酸或碱储罐、反应罐、酸洗池（槽）的防腐蚀内衬，矿石、灰渣、尾矿的溜槽和输送管道，以及球磨机的耐磨衬板等。这种材料可以显著延长部件或设备的使用寿命。此外，浅色或彩色的铸石还可以作为室内外装饰材料和地面材料使用，如仓库地坪、公共建筑的过道、楼梯踏步，厂房的耐酸地坪和墙裙，以及水工工程的大坝贴面和排砂孔衬砌等。
caststone
铸石
Also called Cf/ZrC, it is one of the fiber reinforced ultra high temperature ceramic matrix composite. The reinforcing phase is carbon fiber, and the matrix is zirconium carbide. The preparation of composite materials includes fiber prefabrication, interfacial phase deposition, matrix densification and coating preparation. ZrC matrix can be prepared by chemical vapor deposition, reactive infiltration of zirconium alloy and impregnation pyrolysis of zirconium carbide organic precursor. Mainly used in ultra-high temperature environments above 2000 ° C.
又称Cf/ZrC,纤维增强超高温陶瓷基复合材料中的一种，增强相为碳纤维，基体为碳化锆。复合材料制备包括纤维预制体制备、界面相沉积、基体致密化以及涂层制备。ZrC基体可利用化学气相沉积、锆系合金反应熔渗和碳化锆有机前驱体浸渍热解制备。主要应用于2000°C以上的超高温环境中。
carbon fiber reinforced zirconium carbide matrix composite
碳纤维增强碳化锆基复合材料
The deformation processing above the crystallization temperature of the metal or alloy being deformation is called hot working. Including hot rolling, forging, hot extrusion, etc. Because metallic materials generally have the ability to easily deform with large deformation at high temperature - so most metal materials are subject to overheating plus I. To shape. Broadly speaking, hot working also includes foundry, heat treatment, weld, etc^
在被形变加工的金属或合金的冉结晶温度以上进行的形变加工称为热加工。包括热轧、锻造、热挤压等。由于金属材料一般在高温下才具苻方便地进行大形变量变形的能力-故大多数金厲材料均通过热加I。来成形。广义的热加工还包括铸造、热处理、焊接等^
hot working
热加工
It is a latex prepared by copolymerization of butadiene and acrylonitrile lotion. Acrylonitrile-butadiene latex has the advantages of good oil resistance, wear resistance, chemical resistance, good adhesion with polar substances such as fiber leather, and good compatibility with high molecular materials such as polyvinyl chloride and phenolic resin.
是丁二烯与丙烯腈乳液共聚合制得的胶乳。丁腈胶乳的优点是耐油性、耐磨性、耐化学药品性好，与纤维皮革等极性物质有良好的黏合性能，与聚氯乙烯、酚醛树脂等高分子材料相溶性好。
acrylonitrile-butadiene latex
丁腈胶乳
The films prepared by Langmuir Blodgett film forming technology and orderly arranged polymer molecules can be single molecular layer or multi molecular layer.
通过Langmuir-Blodgett成膜技术制备的、聚合物分子有序排列的薄膜，膜可以是单分子层或多分子层。
polymeric Langmuir-Blodgett film
聚合物LB膜
In the elasticity range, when the stress and strain are multivalued, the phenomenon that the stress leads to the strain and decreases with time is called. It is a form of anelasticity. For anelastic bodies, stress and strain obey Hooke's law, but it does not hold true at the moment of loading, but it takes some time to reach the value corresponding to Hooke's law (equilibrium value). At this time, the strain increases with time and finally reaches the equilibrium value, which is also called anelasticity creep (micro creep).
在弹性范兩内，应力和应变多值关系时，从而导致应力超前应变并随时间增长而减小的现象称为。它是滞弹性现象的一种表现形式。对滞弹性体，应力和应变服从胡克定律，但并不在加载瞬时成立，而是要经过一段时间后才能到达胡克定律所对应的值（平衡值）。这时应变随时间而不断增大，最后达平衡值，这个过程也称为滞弹性蠕变（微蠕变）。
stress-relaxation
应力弛豫
The crystal structure of dolomite is similar to that of caldte. The crystal form is rhombohedron, and the crystal plane is often bent into a saddle shape. The polycrystalline twin is common, mostly in massive and granular aggregates. Pure dolomite is white, sometimes it is grayish green, grayish yellow, pink and other colors due to the inclusion of other elements and impurities, and glass is shiny. Three sets of rhombohedra have complete cleavage and brittle properties.
白云石的晶体结构与方解石类似，晶形为菱面体，晶面常弯曲成马鞍状，聚片双晶常见，多呈块状、粒状集合体。纯白云石为白色，因含其他元素和杂质有时呈灰绿、灰黄、粉红等色，玻璃光泽。三组菱面体解理完全，性脆。
dolomite
白云石
The technology of using macromolecule materials to load genes or gene/carrier complexes to transfer genes to specific tissues is also called "solid-phase transfection". Subslrate mediated delivery can overcome the extracellular barrier of gene transmission, realize the controlled and continuous release of genes, reduce toxicity, and improve the efficiency of gene transfection. The macromolecule materials commonly used to control the release of genes and their compounds is biodegradation macromolecule.
用高分子材料负载基因或基因/载体复合物，将基因传递到特定组织的技术，又称"固相转染"（solid-phase transfection)。基质介导转染可以克服基因传递的细胞外屏障，实现基因的可控持续释放，减小毒性，从而提高基因转染效率。通常用于基因及其复合物控制释放的高分子材料为可生物降解高分子。
substrate-mediated transfection
基质介导转染
See nano imprint
见纳米压印
nanoimprinting microlithography technology
纳米压印微影技术
It is a measure of the degree of inhibition of macro plastic deformation of materials. When the macro plastic deformation ability of materials is restrained, it shows brittleness. Toughness and brittleness of materials are two opposite concepts. Low toughness indicates brittleness, but there is no clear boundary between the two. In addition to materials that are essentially brittle (such as glass, ceramics, imermetallif compound) show obvious brittleness, materials that are essentially ceramic can also change from toughness to brittleness under the influence of various internal and external factors. The criteria for making materials brittle are as follows: ① the plasticity and toughness indexes (such as tensile plasticity, impact toughness, fracture toughness) of materials decrease significantly; ② Fracture stress is lower than tensile strength and even yield strength, or fracture stress intensity factor is lower than fracture toughness; ③ The proportion of brittle fractures (such as intergranular, cleavage, or quasi cleavage) increases significantly. The internal cause of materials embrittlement is various strengthening treatment and flame embrittlement treatment. Are various mechanical and environmental factors the external reasons that make materials brittle? For example: ① lowering temperature can make bcc and hep materials show low temperature brittleness; ② Increasing strain rate has the same effect as decreasing temperature; ③ Materials becomes brittle under triaxial stress (if there is a notch): ④ fatigue (stress alternation) can lead to low stress brittle fracture; ⑤ Creep can make materials brittle; ⑥ Hydrogen can cause hydrogen embrittlement: ⑦ materials becomes brittle in liquid metal; ⑧ Stress corrosion leads to crack formation and even low stress brittle fracture; ⑨ Neutron irradiation can also make materials brittle.
就是材料宏观塑性变形受抑制程度的度量。材料宏观塑性变形能力受到抑制就显示脆性。材料的韧性和脆性是两个相反的概念，韧性低显示脆性，但两者没有明确的分界线，除了本质上是脆性的材料（如玻璃、陶瓷、金属间化合物）显示明显的脆性外，本质上是钿性的材料在各种内外因素的影响下也能由韧变脆。使材料变脆的判据如下：①材料的塑性和韧性指标（如拉伸塑性，冲击韧性，断裂韧性）明显下降；②断裂应力低于拉伸强度乃至屈服强度，或断裂应力强度因子低于断裂韧性；③脆性断口（如沿晶，解理或准解理）比例明显增加。使材料变脆的内在原因是各种强化处理.冋火脆处理。使材料变脆的外部原因是各种力学及环境因素?例如：①降低温度能使bcc和hep材料显示低温脆性；②增大应变速率和降低温度效果相同；③三向应力（如有缺口）下材料变脆：④疲劳(应力交变）能导致低应力脆断；⑤蠕变能使材料变脆；⑥氢能引起氢脆：⑦在液体金属中材料变脆；⑧应力腐蚀导致裂纹形成乃至低应力脆断；⑨中子辐照也能使材料变脆。
embrittlement of materials
材料的脆性
The reaction of ring compound monomer through ring opening addition to transformation into linear polymer. The composition of the generated polymer and monomer is the same. During polymerization, only the ring breaks occur, and the monomer becomes an open ring intermolecular connection, without adding new bonds. The ring opening polymerization of synthetic polymer containing heteroatoms on the main chain (such as heterochain polymer containing ether bonds, ester bonds, amide bonds, etc.) is mainly initiated by ionic initiator systems. The chain growth reaction energy of ring opening polymerization has the characteristics of chain polymerization, stepwise (reaction) polymerization or both. Many varieties have been industrialized, such as ethylene oxide, nylon resin -6, chlorinated polyether (poly (3,3 '- dichloromethyl butyloxane)), polyformaldehyde, etc.
环状化合物单体经过开环加成转变为线型聚合物的反应。生成的聚合物和单体组成相同，聚合过程中只发生环的破裂，由单体分子环内连接，变成开环分子间连接，不增加新键。可合成主链上含有杂原子的聚合物（如含醚键、酯键、酰胺键等杂链聚合物）开环聚合反应主要是离子型引发体系进行引发反应。开环聚合的链增长反应能既有连锁聚合也有逐步聚合或两者皆有的特性。已有许多品种实现工业化，如环氧乙烷、尼龙-6、氯化聚醚（聚3,3’-双氯甲基丁氧环）、聚甲醛等。
ring opening polymerization
开环聚合
Composite materials based on thermosetting resin. This composite materials accounts for the vast majority of continuous fiber reinforced resin based composite materials. The thermotropic resin can flow before crosslinking and has low viscosity. After intermediation, insoluble and unmelted body structure is formed, and curing agent is usually required to be added during curing - according to the difference of curing agent, it can be intermediated at room temperature or heated for assimilation. The main varieties of thermosetting resin include: phenolic resin, amino resin, epoxy resin, unsaturated polyester resin, silicone resin and bismaleimide resin, cyanate ester resin and thermosetting polyimide resin. This kind of composite materials has good molding technology and is suitable for various molding methods, such as hot pressing (vacuum bag, molding, autoclave) molding, automatic placement molding, filament winding, pultrusion process, liquid molding, hand lay-up molding, spray molding, etc. resin matrix has good wettability and adhesion to reinforcement. Such composite materials generally have high strength, modulus and excellent heat resistance, fatigue resistance, creep resistance, corrosion resistance, damp heat resistance and other properties. "As a structural materials, it can also be used as a functional materials, and is widely used in aerospace, machinery manufacturing, transportation, chemical industry, electronics/electrical, architecture, energy and other T industry fields. Take carbon fiber reinforced thermal resin based composite materials as an example. Because of its light weight and high strength, its use as an aircraft structure highlights the advantages of reducing structural weight, improving structural efficiency, improving structural reliability, and extending structural life The advantage of inch comparison is that its usage in advanced civil aircraft structures has reached 50%.
以热固性树脂为基体的复合材料。这种复合材料占连续纤维增强树脂基复合材料的绝大多数。热间性树脂间化交联前可流动、黏度低。间化后形成不溶不熔的体型结构，固化时通常需要加入固化剂-根据固化剂的不同，可以在常温下间化，也可以加热同化。热固性树脂主要品种有：酚醛树脂、氨基树脂、环氧树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂、有机硅树脂与双马来酰亚胺树脂、氰酸酯树脂以及热固性聚酰亚胺树脂等。该类复合材料成型工艺性好，适于各种成型方法，如热压（真空袋、模压、热压罐）成型、自动铺放成型、缠绕成型、拉挤成型、液体成型、手糊成型、喷射成型等，树脂基体对增强体具有良好的浸润性和黏附性。这类复合材料一般具有很高的强度、模量及优良的耐热、耐疲劳、抗蠕变、耐腐蚀、耐湿热等性能。"用作结构材料，也可用作功能材料，广泛应用于航空航天、机械制造、交通运输、化工、电子/电气、建筑、能源及其他T业领域中。以碳纤维增强的热同性树脂基复合材料为例。由于其质轻高强特性突出，用作飞行器结构在减轻结构重量、提高结构效率、改善结构可靠性、延长结构寿命等方面凸显出无吋比拟的优势，目前在先进民用飞机结构上其用量已达到50%。
thermosetting resin matrix composite
热固性树脂基复合材料
An ordered combination of molecules with a closed structure. The materials that constitute vesicle are usually lipids and macromolecule, such as liposome formed by lipids and polymersome formed by macromolecule. In the field of controlled drug release, vesicle can be used as drug carrier.
具有封闭结构的分子有序组合体。构成囊泡的材料通常是脂质和高分子，如脂质形成的脂质体，高分子形成的聚合物囊泡。在药物控制释放领域.囊泡可作为药物载体。
vesicle
囊泡
The most common materials with certain development history, mature technology and wide application.
具有一定发展历史、技术成熟的、应用非常广泛的最常见的材料。
low explosive train
传火序列
A movable component within a reactor that affects reactivity and is used for reactor control. Due to the problems of structure, strength or compatibility, almost all control materials except hafnium need to be coated with structural materials. Like fuel element, control element is often made into an assembly. When designing the control element, the following should be considered: ① the nuclear performance of materials. The neutron absorption cross section of control materials should be large and the scattering cross section should be small to ensure that the neutrons arriving at the control element are absorbed and not reflected back; The control materials shall have sufficient inventory to ensure that it is black body for thermal neutrons during its service life. The larger the absorption cross section of the daughter of control materials after absorbing neutrons, the better; The scattering load surface of structural materials shall be as small as possible. ② The shape of control element depends on the value of control element and the diffusion length of neutron in the core; Generally speaking, if the diffusion length is short, the surface area of control element should be developed; The geometric shapes of control element are bar, plate and cross. ③ Mechanical properties and irradiation stability of materials. ④ Corrosion resistance and compatibility. ⑤ Processing performance. ⑥ Low price, easy to obtain.
反应堆内影响反应性的可移动部件，用于反应堆控制。由于结构、强度或相容性等问题，控制材料除铪外，几乎都需要包覆以结构材料。控制元件与燃料元件一样，常制成组件的形式。控制元件设计时，应考虑：①材料的核性能，控制材料的中子吸收截面要大，散射截面要小，以保证到达控制元件的中子被吸收掉而不被反射回去；控制材料应有足够的装量，以保证其寿期内对于热中子都是黑体，控制材料吸收中子后的子体的吸收截面越大越好；结构材料的散射載面应尽可能小。②控制元件的及何形状取决于控制元件的值和中子在堆芯中的扩散长度；一般说小，扩散长度短时，控制元件的表面积应该发达一些；控制元件的几何形状有棒状、板状及十字形等。③材料的力学性能和辐照稳定性。④抗腐蚀能力和相容性。⑤加工性能。⑥价格低，易于获得。
control element
控制元件
A hardmetal consisting of carbonitride as the main hard phase and bonding metal.
用碳氮化物做主要硬质相，与黏结金属组成的硬质合金。
carbon-nitride-based hard alloy
碳氮化物基硬质合金
Ceramics materials mainly composed of boron and zirconium compounds. Including zirconium diboride, zirconium diboride (ZrB2) and other gas seeds, zirconium diboride is the most common, with a melting point as high as 304CTC. It has the characteristics of high temperature resistance, oxidation resistance, high strength, high hardness and good conductivity. Although the melting point of zirconium boride ceramics is high, it seems that they can be sintering at a lower temperature. It is prepared by mixing zirconium with boron carbide and nitriding boron and heating it to 2000 ° C in argon flow. It can be used as aerospace high temperature resistant materials, wear-resistant and smooth solid materials, cutting tools, temperature difference thermocouple protection tube and electrode materials of electrolytic melting compound. It is the best candidate materials for ultrahigh temperature structure. However, its toughness is poor and generally needs to be toughened by introducing reinforced phase. For example, the introduction of 10% -20% (volume fraction) SiC can not only effectively improve its room temperature and high temperature mechanical properties (such as Zrli-30% SiC: the room temperature bending strength reaches 1089MPa). It can further improve its high-temperature oxidation resistance.
以硼和锆的化合物为主要成分的陶瓷材料。包括一硼化锆、二硼化锆（ZrB2)等气种，其中二硼化锆最为常见，熔点高达304CTC。它具有耐高温、抗氧化、高强度、高硬度和良好的导电导热性等特点。硼化锆陶瓷熔点虽高，似在较低温度下能烧结。由金属锆与碳化硼、氮化硼混合后在氩气流中加热至2000°C制得。可用作宇航耐高温材料、耐磨光滑的固体材料、切削工具、温差热电偶保护管以及电解熔融化合物的电极材料。其是超高温结构的最佳候选材料。但其韧性较差，一般需引入增强相进行韧化。如引入10%-20%(体积分数）的SiC，不仅可以有效改善其室温与高温力学性能（如Zrli-30%SiC：的室温弯曲强度达到1089MPa)。还能进一步改善其高温抗氧化性。
zirconium boride ceramics
硼化锆陶瓷
In a single radioactive decay process, the time required to reduce the number of radionuclides (or their activity of radioactive substance) to half of the original value.
在单一的放射性衰变过程中，放射性核素的核数目（或其放射性活度）减少到原有值的一半所需要的时间。
half life
半衰期
The temperature at which a materials cools transformation to crystal from liquid, molten, or solution form. Note: For amorphous materials, it refers to the temperature at which materials are partially or completely crystallized.
当材料从液态、熔融态或溶液形式冷却转变为晶体时的温度。 注：对于非晶态材料，是指材料部分或全部晶化的温度。
crystallization temperature
晶化温度
Polymer synthesized from polyols and diketenes, such as polyorthoester POE synthesized by the addition reaction of 1,6-hexanediol and 2,4,8,10-tetracyclospiro [5.5] undecane, can control the drug release rate by adding acid or base. Polyorthoester POE can also be synthesized by polymerization of polyols and orthoesters or orthocarbonates through transesterification. The acid generated from the degradation of these polyesters can catalyze the hydrolysis of ester bonds, and has the function of autocatalytic degradation. It can also be obtained by reacting alkyl orthoesters with ternary alcohols in an anhydrous solvent to obtain a semi solid colloidal substance. Polyorthoester is a hydrophobic polymer, which is stable under alkaline conditions, can be hydrolyzed in acid, has good biocompatibility, and does not cause harmful tissue reactions or systemic reactions. After mixing it with sodium carbonate and norethisterone, it is melted and pressing to form a sheet, which can be made into a base material type drug release system. The acid hydrolysis of linear macromolecular main chain releases the drug. As the drug is released by the etching of hydrophobic polymer heterogeneous phase, it can prevent water from entering the inside of polymer carrier.
由多元醇和双烯酮合成的聚合物，如1,6-己二醇与2,4,8,10-四环螺[5.5]十一烷经加成反应合成的聚原酸酯,这类原酸酯可以通过加酸或碱控制药物释放速度。聚原酸酯亦可由多元醇和原酸酯或原碳酸酯经酯交换反应聚合合成。这类聚原酸酯降解产生的酸能催化酯键水解，而具有自催化降解功能。也可以由烷基原酸酯与三元醇在无水溶剂中反应，得到半固态的胶状物。聚原酸酯为疏水性聚合物，它在碱性条件下稳定，可酸性水解，具有良好的生物相容性，不引起有害的组织反应或全身反应。将它和碳酸钠与炔诺酮混合后熔融压制成片材，可制成基材型药物释放体系，由线型大分子主链的酸性水解使药释放，由于药物由疏水性聚合物非均相浸蚀而释放，可防止水进人聚合物载体内部。
polyorthoester POE
聚原酸酯
In order to improve the properties of BN with low strength, poor oxidation resistance and easy deliquescence, some oxides, borides or nitrides can be added into boron nitride materials to make composition refractories.
为改进BN强度低、抗氧化性差、易潮解性能，可在氮化硼材料中加人某些氧化物、硼化物或氮化物制成复合耐火制品。
boron nitride based composite product
氮化硼基复合制品
The polymerization process in which the polymerization product is insoluble in its own monomer or solvent is called non homogeneous polymerization. Typical non homogeneous polymerization, such as suspension polymerization of vinyl chloride; In addition, interfacial polycondensation is also a non homogeneous polymerization.
聚合产物不溶于自身单体或溶剂的聚合过程被称为非均相聚合。典型的非均相聚合如氯乙烯的悬浮聚合等；此外，界面缩聚也是一种非均相聚合。
heterogeneous polymerization
非均相聚合
A chemically formed sedimentary rock composed of halides and sulfates of potassium, sodium, calcium, and magnesium. Common minerals include sodium halite, sylvinite, camallite, epsomite, mirabilite, gypsum, anhydrite, barite, celestite, etc. The mixture includes dolomite, clay mineral, iron oxide, etc. Generally, there is little debris mixed in the wood body, but there are many intercalations of clay rock in the whole system. Associated with valuable elements such as lithium, rubidium, cesium, bromine, iodine, boron, etc. According to composition, it can be divided into rock salt, gypsum, anhydrite, magnesia salt, etc. Formed in lakes and lagoons in dry climate zones. It is the main raw material for producing potassium salt and sodium salt, and has great value for comprehensive development of lithium, rubidium, cesium, bromine, iodine, boron, magnesium, etc; There are also non-metallic minerals such as gypsum and anhydrite.
一种以钾、钠、钙、镁的卤化物和硫酸盐所组成的化学成因沉积岩。常见矿物有钠石盐、钾石盐、光卤石、泻利盐、芒硝、石膏、硬石膏、重晶石、天青石等。混入物有白云石、黏土矿物、氧化铁等。木身含碎屑混入物一般很少，但在整个系中，黏土岩的夹层较多。伴生有价元素锂、铷、铯、溴、碘、硼等。按成分可分为岩盐、石膏、硬石膏、钟镁质盐等。形成于气候干燥带的湖泊和泻湖中。是制取钾盐、钠盐的主要原料.并具有综合开发锂、铷、铯、溴、碘、硼、镁等巨大价值;也赋存有石膏、硬石膏等非金属矿产。
salt rocks
盐岩
It refers to the water content in wood. It is also called wood moisture content. It is expressed as the percentage (%) of the ratio of the mass of water in wood to the mass of wood. The water content is calculated on the basis of the quality of fully dried wood, and the value obtained is called absolute water content, or water content for short. In production practice, it is generally used as the standard for calculating wood moisture content. The moisture content is calculated based on the mass of the wet material, and the resulting value is called the relative moisture content. There are methods for measuring moisture content, such as gravimetric method (drying method), distillation method, and conductivity method, among which the most commonly used is gravimetric method. The moisture content of green wood generally refers to the moisture content of newly harvested wood. Usually, the moisture content of sapwood is higher than that of heartwood, and the moisture content of early wood is higher than that of late wood in coniferous wood.
指木材中水分的含量。又称木材含水量。用木材中水分的质量与木材的质量之比的百分数(％)表示。含水率以全干木材质量作为计算基础，得出的数值称为绝对含水率，简称含水率。在生产实践中一般以此作为计算木材水分含量的标准。含水率以湿材质量作为计算基础，得出的数值称相对含水率。测定含水率有重量法(干燥法)、蒸馏法和导电法等，其中最常用的是重量法。生材含水率一般指刚采伐木材的含水率。通常边材含水率高于心材，针叶材中早材含水率高于晚材。
moisture content in wood
木材含水率
Composite materials that uses materials or structures to reduce the sound transmission process. Sound insulation is evaluated based on the amount of sound insulation. During the testing, the average sound pressure level is measured in the sound source room and the receiving room, and the sound insulation is calculated based on the sample area and the equivalent absorption area of the receiving room. In engineering, heavy dense materials (such as steel plate, concrete, glass, etc.) or sound absorbing materials are often used for sound insulation, or double-layer and multi-layer structures with air layer in the middle are used to improve the sound insulation performance.
用材料或结构降低声的传输过程的复合材料。隔声是以隔声量来评价。测试时分别在声源室及接收室内测出平均声压级，再根据试样面积与接收室等效吸收面积计算出隔声量。工程上常釆用重质密实材料（如钢板、混凝土、玻璃等）或铺设吸声材料隔声，或采用中间为空气层的双层、多层结构改善隔声性能。
sound insulation composite
隔声功能复合材料
The surface energy is the non volume work that must be done on the matter to increase the surface area of the system reversibly under the condition of constant temperature, pressure and composition. Another definition of surface energy is the extra energy of surface particles relative to internal particles. Surface energy is a measure of the destruction of intermolecular chemical bonds when creating material surfaces.
表面能是恒温、恒压、恒组成情况下，可逆地增加物系表面积须对物质所做的非体积功。表面能的另一种定义是，表面粒子相对于内部粒子所多出的能量。表面能是创造物质表面时对分子间化学键破坏的度量。
surface energy
表面能
It is called carbonization cobalt hardmetal. Hardmetal made of carbonization and metallic cobalt or trace TiC. This kind of cermet can be made by the usual special ceramics batching, molding and other processes.
乂称碳化钨-钴硬质合金。碳化钨和金属钴或微量的TiC制成的硬质合金。这类金属陶瓷可按通常特种陶瓷配料、成型等工艺制造。
WC-Co hard alloy
钨钴合金
When metallic materials after cold working is annealing at a lower temperature, its performance will make some recovery towards the original level. This change is called static recovery.
冷加工后的金属材料在较低温度退火时其性能朝着原来的水平做某种程度的回复，这种变化称为静态回复。
static recovery
静态回复
High speed steel with vanadium content more than 3% and carbon content more than 1.2%.
钒含量一般在3%以上、碳含量在1.2%以上的高速钢。
high vanadium high speed steel
高碳高钒高速钢
Titanium alloy used for manufacturing medical devices, prosthesis or artificial organs and auxiliary treatment equipment implanted in human body. It is a kind of medical metallic materials widely used in clinic, with high specific strength, mechanical properties close to human bone, strength far superior to pure titanium, fatigue resistance, corrosion resistance and excellent biocompatibility. Other titanium alloy and alloy Yizhao titanium alloy with very low interstitial impurity elements developed to avoid the toxicity of titanium alloy sail elements to cells have similar application scope with medical cobalt based alloy and medical stainless steel. The disadvantage lies in its low fracture strength and unsatisfactory wear resistance. In addition, the smelting and forming processes of titanium and titanium alloys are complex and require high conditions. It is widely used in various artificial joint, artificial bone, bone fixation devices, demure, dental inlays, fixed bridges, etc.
用于制造植人人体内的医疗器件、假体或人工器官和辅助治疗设备的钛合金。是一类临床应用广泛的医用金属材料，具冇比强度高，力学性质接近人骨，强度远优于纯钛.且耐疲劳、耐腐蚀及生物相容性优良等特点。为避免钛合金中帆元素对细胞的毒性而研制的其他钛合金和含间隙杂质元素极低的合金医诏钛合金的应用范围与医用钴基合金和医用不锈钢类似。不足之处在于其抗断裂强度较低，耐磨性能不尽人意。另外，钛及钛合金的冶炼及成型加工工艺复杂，要求条件较高。广泛用于各种人工关节、人工骨、骨固定器件、义齿、齿科嵌、固定桥等。
titanium-based alloy as biomedical materials
医用钛合金
The micro arc oxidation film is a porous ceramics structure, which usually requires post sealing treatment to reduce porosity and improve corrosion resistance. Self sealing micro arc oxidation film refers to the automatic sealing of micropores in the film by oxides during the film forming process, without the need for post sealing treatment. At present, magnesium alloy self sealing micro arc oxidation films have been obtained in electrolytes containing fluorotitanate and fluorozirconate. In addition to magnesium oxide, the film layer components also contain a large amount of titanium oxide and zirconium oxide with higher chemical stability. The corrosion resistance is 5-6 times higher than that of ordinary micro arc oxidation films, and the surface does not need to be coated with organic coatings to provide good protection for the magnesium substrate.
微弧氧化膜为多孔的陶瓷结构，通常需要封孔后处理以降低孔隙率，提高耐蚀性。自封孔微弧氧化膜是指膜中的微孔在成膜过程中自动被氧化物封闭，无需封孔后处理。目前，已在含氟钛酸盐和氟锆酸盐的电解液中获得了镁合金自封孔微弧氧化膜，膜层组分除了含氧化镁外，还含有大量化学稳定性更高的钛氧化物和锆氧化物，耐蚀性比普通微弧氧化膜提高5-6倍，表面无需涂覆有机涂层就可以为镁基体提供良好的防护。
self sealing hole micro arc oxidation of magnesium alloy
镁合金自封孔微弧氧化
The main chain of macromolecule contains heterocycles or aromatic heterocycles. The ring forming atoms of polymer include oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus and other atoms in addition to carbon atoms, which are usually five membered heterocycles or six membered heterocycles. Heterocyclic polymer is usually obtained by polymerization of monomer containing heterocyclic structure or by closed-loop reaction during stepwise (reaction) polymerization. Heterocyclic polymers, such as polyimide, polybenzimidazole, polyphenylene triazine, etc., have excellent heat resistance and are usually used as high temperature resistant macromolecule materials.
高分子主链中含有杂环或芳杂环结构的聚合物，成环原子除碳原子外还有氧、氮、硫、磷等其他原子，通常为五元杂环或六元杂环结构。杂环聚合物通常以含有杂环结构的单体聚合或者在逐步聚合过程中经闭环反应得到。杂环聚合物如聚酰亚胺、聚苯并咪唑、聚苯并嗯嗪等，具有非常优异的耐热性能，通常作为耐高温高分子材料。
heterocyclic polymer
杂环聚合物
Sr4Al14O25: Eu2+, Dy3+is a white or light yellow powder, belonging to the orthogonal crystal system. The unit cell of crystal parameters are a=2.4745nm, b=0.8474nm, c=0.4881nm, and the relative density is 3.66. Under excitation from ultraviolet to visible light, Sr4Al14O25: Eu2+, Dy3+can emit blue-green light with a wavelength of around 490nm, with an afterglow time of over ten hours. During synthesis, SrCO3, Al (OH) 3, Eu2O3, Dy2O3, H3BO3, (NH4) 2HPO4, and BaF2 were mixed in a stoichiometric manner, and then roasted in air at 1550 ° C for 3 hours. Then, the luminescence materials samples Sr4Al14O25: Eu2+, Dy3+were obtained by crushing and roasting at 1250 ° C in a mixed atmosphere of nitrogen and hydrogen for 3 hours. This materials is an ideal night light source and has a broad application prospect in the fields of traffic and fire protection.
Sr4Al14O25:Eu2+, Dy3+ 是一种白色或浅黄色粉末，属于正交晶系，晶胞参数为a=2.4745nm，b=0.8474nm，c=0.4881nm，相对密度为3.66。在紫外线到可见光的激发下，Sr4Al14O25:Eu2+, Dy3+ 能够发射波长位于490nm左右的蓝绿光，其余辉时间长达十几小时以上。合成时，按化学计量比将 SrCO3、Al(OH)3、Eu2O3、Dy2O3、H3BO3、(NH4)2HPO4、BaF2混合均匀，然后在1550°C的空气中烧烤3小时。随后粉碎并在1250°C的氮气和氢气混合气氛下烧烤3小时，得到发光材料样品 Sr4Al14O25:Eu2+, Dy3+。这种材料是一种理想的夜明光源，在交通和消防等领域有着广泛的应用前景。
strontium tetradecaaluminate activated by europium and dysprosium
十四铝酸锶：铕（Ⅱ），镝（Ⅲ）
Also called divergent cooling. It is a newly developed turbine cooling technology. The divergent cooling blade is made of a skeleton and a metal wire mesh. The high temperature alloy framework bears the stress on the blade, while the multi-layer dense wire mesh woven from high temperature alloy materials forms the aerodynamic shape required by the blade.
又称发散冷却。是新发展的一种涡轮冷却技术。发散冷却叶片由骨架和金属丝网制成。高温合金骨架承担叶片所受的应力，而由高温合金材料编织成的多层致密的丝网形成叶片所需的气动力外形。
transpiration cooling
发汗冷却
Solvent resistance of macromolecule materials refers to their ability to resist swelling and dissolution caused by solvent. In the solvent, small molecules in the solvent will penetrate into the interior of macromolecule materials, causing swelling of materials, which will increase its volume and mass, but the solubility of materials will decline. If the macromolecule does not have a crosslinking structure, swelling will continue and eventually lead to complete dissolution of materials. The swelling and dissolution behavior of materials is related to the molecular polarity, electron-negativity of materials and their interaction ability with solvents. Generally, polar macromolecule materials are dissolved in strong polar solvents, but not easily dissolved in non-polar solvents. Non polar macromolecule materials are easy to dissolve in non-polar solvents. If the electron-negativity of solvent and macromolecule materials is opposite, they will have strong affinity, which may lead to swelling and dissolution of macromolecule materials. In addition, the difference between the water solubility parameters of solvents and macromolecule materials will also affect their dissolution and swelling behavior. If these differences are large, their mutual solubility is weak, and materials are not easy to be soaked, so their solvent resistance is good. Therefore, when selecting macromolecule materials, solvent polarity, electron-negativity and water solubility parameters need to be considered to select suitable macromolecule materials to improve their resistance to solvents.
高分子材料的溶剂抵抗性是指它们抵抗在溶剂中引起的溶胀和溶解的能力。在溶剂中，溶剂中的小分子会渗透到高分子材料的内部，导致材料发生溶胀作用，从而使其体积和质量增加，但材料的耐溶性能下降。如果高分子没有交联结构，溶胀会一直进行下去，最终导致材料完全溶解。材料的溶胀和溶解行为与材料的分子极性、电负性以及其与溶剂之间的相互作用能力有关。通常情况下，极性高分子材料在强极性溶剂中溶解，而在非极性溶剂中不容易溶解。非极性高分子材料则易于在非极性溶剂中溶解。如果溶剂和高分子材料的电负性相反，它们之间会有较强的亲和力，这可能会导致高分子材料的溶胀和溶解。另外，溶剂和高分子材料的溶解度参数之间的差异也会影响它们相互之间的溶解和溶胀行为。如果这些差异较大，它们之间的互溶能力较弱，材料则不容易受到浸润，因此其耐溶剂性能较好。因此，在选择高分子材料时，需要考虑溶剂的极性、电负性以及溶解度参数，以选择适合的高分子材料，以提高其对溶剂的抵抗性。
solvent resistance
耐溶剂性
All hydrogen atoms connected to carbon atoms through covalent bond on the main chain and branch chain of high molecule are replaced by fluorine atoms, and the proton conducting group is a polymer elonrolyte of sulfonic acid. This kind of elonrolyte is the Nafbn produced by DuPont. It consists of a perfluorinated polyethylene backbone and a branched chain ending in sulfonic acid. Proton conduction is provided by 111 sulfonic acid. The proton exchange membrane made of perfluorosulfonic acid polymer electrolyte is called proton exchange membrane of total gas sulfonic acid. The whole gas polyethylene main chain forms a hydrophobic micro space, and the branch chain containing sulfonic acid forms a hydrophilic micro space. The size of hydrophilic micro space is several nanometers, which is related to the water content of proton exchange membrane. The larger the water content M is, the larger its size is. Under sufficient wetting with high-temperature liquid water, each sulfonic acid group in the Nafion membrane can bind 22 water molecules. But if the Nafbn membrane is humidified with water vapor, each sulfonic acid group can bind up to about 13 water molecules, and the relative humidity is lower. The smaller the number ft of water molecules. Hydrophilic microspaces are interconnected by hydrophilic channels (usually within a few nanometers of white). In this way, protons can conduct white conduction in hydrophilic microspaces, and then migrate from the anode to the cathode. One of the functions of perfluorination is to increase the antioxidant capacity of polymer, because carbon atoms are surrounded by fluorine atoms in the center - the carbon chain is relatively difficult to be interrupted by the attack of group A; Simultaneously. Since the electron-negativity of fluorine atom is far greater than that of hydrogen atom, the electron absorption ability is extremely strong, which increases the dissociation ability and acidity of sulfonic acid group, making it a strong acid.
髙分子主链和支链上所有通过共价键和碳原子相连的氢原子都被氟原子取代且传导质子的基团为磺酸的聚合物电解质。这类电解质最吊是杜邦生产的Nafbn。它由一个全氟的聚乙烯主链和结尾为磺酸的支链组成。质子的传导111磺酸提供，由全氟磺酸聚合物电解质制成的质子交换膜叫作全氣磺酸质子交换膜。全氣的聚乙烯主链形成一个憎水的微空间，含有磺酸的支链形成一个亲水的微空间。亲水微空间的大小为几个纳米，和质子交换膜的含水量有关，含水M越大，其尺寸越大。在用高温液体水充分湿化的情况下，Nafion膜中每个磺酸基团可以结合22个水分子。但如果用水蒸气对Nafbn膜进行湿化，每个磺酸基团最多能结合约13个水分子，并且相对湿度越低。水分子的数ft越少。亲水微空间由亲水的通道（通常在几个纳米之白）相互连接。这样质子就可以在亲水微空间白传导，进而从阳极迁移到阴极。全氟化的作用之一是增加聚合物的抗氧化能力，因为碳原子被氟原子围在中央-碳链相对不易被A由基攻击而被打断；同时。由于氟原子的电负性远大于氢原子，吸电子能力超强，增加了磺酸基团的解离能力和酸性，使其成为强酸。
perfluorosulfonic acid polymer electrolyte
全氟横酸聚合物电解质
Titanium alloys with room temperature tensile strength lower than 800MPa. Mainly including commercial pure titanium, aluminum, tin and zirconium α Near with low stable element content α Titanium alloy.
室温拉伸强度低于800MPa的钛合金。主要包括工业纯钛以及铝、锡和锆等α稳定元素含量较低的近α钛合金。
low strength titanium alloy
低强钛合金
The chemical formula is LiB3. Stronger than orthorhombic crystal systems. The space group is P21Cn, and the Mohs hardness is 6. This is a relatively new nonlinear optical crystal. Large size crystal are mainly grown by descent method. When growing by pulling method, it is due to high viscosity, volatility, high stress and other reasons. Cracking and defects have occurred. For example; Wraps and bubbles.
化学式为LiB3。厲于正交晶系。空间群为P21Cn，莫氏硬度为6。这是一种较新型的非线性光学晶体。大尺寸的晶体主要用下降法生长。用提拉法生长时，由于黏度大、易挥发、应力大等原因。已发生开裂及出现缺陷。如；包裹物和气泡。
lithium borate
硼酸锂
Chemical formula (ZnCd) S: Cu, Al. ZnS and CMS form a eutectic, and as the amount of CdS increases, the body color turns yellow, forming a hexagonal crystal system. It is a very effective luminescence materials excited by cathode ray, X-ray and 365nm ultraviolet ray. As the amount of CdS increases, the fluorescence color changes from green to dark red. Copper activated zinc cadmium (ZnCd) S: Cu is also an AC powder luminescence materials.
化学式(ZnCd)S:Cu，Al。ZnS和CMS形成共熔体，随CdS量增加，体色变成黄色，六角晶系。它是阴极射线、X射线、365nm紫外线激发下很有效的发光材料。随CdS量增加，荧光色由绿色变成深红色。铜激活的硫比锌镉(ZnCd)S:Cu也是一种交流电致粉末发光材料。
zinc cadmium sulfide activated by copper and aluminium
硫化锌铬：铜，铝
A metamorphic rock composed of caldte and dolomite, which is formed by carbonatite such as limestone and dolomitite through regional metamorphism or thermal contact metamorphism. Is it generally fine? Coarse grained balastic texture, massive structure, sometimes with banded structure. Due to the different impurities and metamorphic conditions of the original rocks, marble can contain a small amount of metamorphic minerals such as serpentine, forsterite, diopside, tremolite, phlogopite, almandine, wollastonite or quartze. Marble are further named in detail according to the types of carbonate minerals, characteristics of metamorphic minerals, special structures and colors. Such as marble, dolomitic marble, wollastonite marble, spotted marble, pink marble, etc. The white marble with pure composition, fine and uniform grain size and density is called "Hanbaishi", and the serpentinized marble is called lamianyu. People with various impurities present in different colors and flowers, which are very beautiful after polishing. Marble is an excellent raw material for artistic decorations and building stones. Dali College is widely distributed and abundant in Dali County, Yunnan Province, China, hence its name.
一种由方解石、白云石组成的变质岩石，是石灰岩、白云岩等碳酸岩盐经区域变质或热接触变质作用而形成的。一般具细?粗粒状变晶结构，块状构造，有时具条带状构造。因原岩所含杂质和变质条件的不同，大理岩可含少量蛇纹石、镁橄榄石、透辉石、透闪石、金云母、钙铝榴石、硅灰石或石英等变质矿物。大理岩根据碳酸盐矿物的种类、特征变质矿物、特殊的结构构造及颜色等进一步详细命名。如大理岩、白云质大理岩、硅灰石大理岩、斑花大理岩、粉红色大理岩等。其中成分纯、粒度细小均匀、致密的白色大理岩被称为"汉白石"，蛇纹石化大理岩称蓝田玉。含多种杂质者呈现不同的颜色和花，磨光后十分美观。大理岩是优良的艺术装饰品、建筑石材的原料。大理耑分布甚广，中国云南省大理县盛产，由此得名。
marble
大理岩
Materials used to transmit, detect, store, calculate, process and display information. According to its functions in information technology, it can be divided into: sensitive materials, information storage materials, information computing and processor materials, information transmission materials, information display materials, etc. The main characteristics of the development are high quality requirements, rapid technological development and rapid materials update.
用于实现传输、探测、存储、运算、处理和显示信息的材料。根据其在信息技术中功能可分为：敏感材料、信息存储材料、信息运算与处理器件材料、信息传输材料、信息显示材料等。发展的主要特点是质量要求高、技术发展快、材料更新快。
information materials
信息材料
Anisotropy of ferromagnetic and ferrimagnetic materials when single crystals are magnetize in different directions. Generally, the crystal directions that are easiest to magnetize and hardest to magnetize are called easy magnetize direction (easy axis) and difficult magnetize direction (difficult axis) respectively. For example, the easy magnetize direction of iron is [100], the difficult magnetize direction is [111], the easy magnetize direction of nickel is 111, and the difficult magnetize direction is 100; They all have multiple easy magnetize directions. Cobalt in hexagonal system has only one easy magnetize direction, namely [000] direction. The magnetocrystalline anisotropy reflects that the free energy of magnetic domain (spontaneous magnetization vector) is different when they are arranged along different crystal directions. The commonly used expression for magnetic crystal anisotropy is EK. The magnetocrystalline anisotropy constants of different materials are different, which mainly depend on the chemical composition and crystal structure of materials, as well as the structural state. The reason for magnetocrystalline anisotropy is the effect of crystal field on the coupling of electron fl spin orbit, which causes the anisotropic interaction between electron spins, called quasi dipole moment interaction, or anisotropic exchange interaction. Magnetocrystalline anisotropy has a great influence on the magnetize process of multi crystalline materials, and materials with high permeability often require their anisotropy constants to be as small as possible.
铁磁和亚铁磁材料单晶体沿不同方向磁化时，磁性的各向异性。通常将最容易磁化的和最难磁化的晶向分别称为易磁化方向（易轴）和难磁化方向（难轴）。例如铁的易磁化方向为[100]，难磁化方向为[111]，镍的易磁化方向为111,难磁化方向为100;它们都有多个易磁化方向。六角晶系的钴只有一个易磁化方向，即[000]方向。磁晶各向异性反映了磁畴（自发磁化强度矢量）沿不同晶向排列时自由能不同。常用磁晶各向异性能EK表示。不同材料的磁晶各向异性常数不同，主要依赖于材料的化学成分和晶体结构，也与组织状态有关系。产生磁晶各向异性的原因是晶体场对电子fl旋轨道耦合的作用.引起电子自旋间的各向异性相互作用.称为准偶极矩相互作用，或各向异性的交换作用。磁晶各向异性对多晶体材料的磁化过程影响很大，高磁导率的材料多要求其各向异性常数尽量地小。
magnetocrystalline anisotropy
磁晶各向异性
A solution alloy or a composition strengthened alloy based on vanadium and composed of chromium, titanium, iron, zirconium, tantalum, tungsten, niobium, carbon and other elements. Vanadium alloy has low activation, high thermal conductivity, high creep strength, low thermal expansion, excellent mechanical properties and radiation swelling resistance, and can withstand 4-7 times higher heat load than stainless steel.
以钒为基加入铬、钛、铁、锆、钽、钨、铌、碳等元素组成的固溶合金或复合强化合金。钒合金具有低活化性、高热导率、高蠕变强度、低热胀性，优良的力学性能和抗辐射肿胀性，可承受比不锈钢高4-7倍的热负荷。
vanadium alloy
钒合金
It is a ternary copolymer formed by ionic polymerization of isobutylene, isopentylene and a small amount of diethylene benzene monomer. Because polymer has a certain degree of crosslinking, it is called crosslinked isoprene isobutylene rubber.
是由异丁稀、异戊二稀和少量二乙稀基苯三种单体通过离子型聚合反应生成的三元共聚物，由于聚合物有一定程度的交联，故称为交联丁基橡胶。
crosslinked isoprene isobutylene rubber
交联丁基橡胶
It refers to the cement made without using or using a small amount of Portland cement clinker as an alkaline activator. It is made of active mixed materials (such as granulated blast furnace slag, fly ash, volcanic ash, steel slag, etc.) and alkaline activator (such as lime, etc.) or sulfate activator (such as gypsum), and grinded in proportion.
是指不用或使用少量硅酸盐水泥熟料作为碱性激发剂而制成的水泥。由活性混合材料（如粒化高炉矿渣、粉煤灰、火山灰、钢渣等）和碱性激发剂（如石灰等）或硫酸盐激发剂（如石膏），按比例配合，磨细而成。
clinker-free cement
无熟料水泥
A metamorphic rock formed by thermal contact metamorphism. It is characterized by typical hornfels structure and massive structure. The hornblende structure exhibits a granular metamorphic structure, with mineral particles embedded in a granular manner Sometimes variable phenocryst appear. Typical hornfels have no obvious qualitative characteristics. Even mica, amphibole, andalusite, etc. have no directional arrangement trend, but redundant bedding can be seen.
一种由热接触变质作用形成变质岩。其特征是具有典型角岩结构和块状构造。角岩结构即显微粒状变晶结构，矿物颗粒之间呈粒状镶嵌. 有时出现变斑晶。典型的角岩无明显定性特征，即使 云母、角闪石、红柱石等也没有定向排列趋势，但可 见变余的层理。
hornfels
角岩
Structural ceramics have excellent mechanical, thermal, chemical and other properties, but do not have special functions. They only meet the structural requirements of products; Functional ceramics refer to those ceramics that use their electrical, magnetic, acoustic, optical, thermal, elastic, chemical and other properties or their coupling effects to achieve a certain use function.
结构陶瓷本身具有优异的机械、热、化学等性能但不具有特殊的功能.只满足产品的结构要求；而功能陶瓷是指那些利用其电、磁、声、光、热、弹、化等性质或其耦合效应，以实现某种使用功能的陶瓷。
structurefunction integrated ceramic materials
结构功能一体化陶瓷材料
Resin with activated carbon and zeolite like physical pore structure inside the bead is a new type of ion exchange resin developed on the basis of gel resin. In the dry state or wet state, there are capillary pores in the beads, which can be measured by general physical methods. Different from gel pores, they are called macropores. Polymerization is carried out in the presence of solvent, and the solvent does not participate in polymerization. During polymerization, polymer and solvent form phase to separate, and solvent is extracted to obtain macroporous copolymer. The amount of crosslinking agent, the type of solvent and the amount of solvent all affect its structure. Macroporous ion exchange resin has larger pores, which is conducive to the diffusion of ions. It is suitable for the separation and extraction of larger molecules. It has good resistance to osmotic pressure and excellent mechanical properties, suitable for high flow rates in water treatment. Due to its physical pores, it is also suitable for non aqueous systems. Its high specific surface area and large pore size make it widely used in organic synthesis and catalytic reaction. It has been used in industrial production in a variety of esterification reactions and ring opening polymerization. The appearance of macroporous ion exchange resin has further expanded the application field of ion exchange resin. At present, there are macroporous products in strong acid, strong base, weak acid, weak base and chelating resin.
珠体内部具有类似活性炭、沸石样物理孔结构的树脂，是在凝胶型树脂的基础上发展起来的一类新型离子交换树脂。在干态或湿态下，珠体内都有毛细孔，可用一般物理方法测定，区别于凝胶孔，称之为大孔。在溶剂存在下进行聚合反应，溶剂不参与聚合，在聚合过程中聚合物与溶剂形成相分离.抽提出溶剂，即得到大孔型共聚物。交联剂用量、溶剂种类、溶剂用量均影响其结构。大孔离子交换树脂有较大孔存在，有利于离子的粒扩散.适用于较大分子的分离提取。有较好的抗渗透压能力及优良的力学性能，在水处理时，适用于高流速。由于其物理孔存在，还适用于非水体系。高比表面及较大的孔径使其在有机合成及催化反应中广泛应用，在多种酯化反应及开环聚合中已用于工业化生产。大孔离子交换树脂的出现，进一步扩大了离子交换树脂的é用领域.目前强酸、强碱、弱酸、弱碱及螯合型树脂等都有大孔型产品。
macroporous ion exchange resin
大孔型交换树脂
It refers to a kind of functional polymer that produces specific response when subjected to irritation from external environment such as light, temperature, voltage, pH value, molecule, mechanical force, etc. Among them, the specific response includes the changes of polymer morphology, morphology, color and luminescence wavelength. Such polymer have been widely used in chemical detection, biosensors, drug controlled release and other fields.
是指一类在受到如光、温度、电压、pH值、分子、机械力等外界环境刺激时产生特异性响应的功能性聚合物。其中，特异性响应包括聚合物形态、形貌、颜色以及发光波长等的变化。这类聚合物在化学检测、生物传感和药物控释等领域得以广泛应用。
stimuli-responsive polymer
刺激响应性聚合物
The network macromolecule formed by chemical bond connection between macromolecule chains is also called network polymer or three-dimensional polymer. Thermosetting resin (such as phenolic, epoxy, unsaturated polyester, etc.) and vulcanization rubber belong to crosslinked polymer. Generally, crosslinked polymer are insoluble and non melting, and they have excellent dimensional stability. For example, vulcanization is the process of forming sulfur bridges in natural rubber. After vulcanization, the molecular chains cannot slide, thus giving rubber the reversible elastic deformation ability. Polyethylene can be crosslinking by radiation or chemical methods. After crosslinking, polyethylene's bating point and strength are significantly improved, so it can be used in the manufacturing of electrical connectors, cables and wire insulation sleeves. The degree of crosslinking of macromolecule materials will affect its performance. Rubber with low degree of crosslinking (sulfur content less than 5%) usually has good elasticity, while rubber with high degree of crosslinking (sulfur content 20% -30%) has poor elasticity. With the increase of degree of crosslinking, the mechanical strength and hardness of materials will also increase, and eventually lose elasticity. The degree of crosslinking can usually be expressed by the average molecular weight of the chain between two adjacent crosslinking points. The higher the degree of crosslinking, the lower the corresponding average molecular weight. Another representation is the crosslinking point density, which represents the percentage of crosslinking structural units in the total structural units, that is, the probability of crosslinking of each structural unit. The degree of crosslinking of materials can be estimated by measuring the swelling degree and mechanical properties.
高分子链之间通过化学键连接形成的网状大分子，又被称为网络聚合物或三维聚合物。热固性树脂（例如酚醛、环氧、不饱和聚酯等）和硫化的橡胶都属于交联聚合物。通常情况下，交联聚合物是不溶解且不熔化的，它们具有出色的尺寸稳定性。举例来说，硫化是天然橡胶中形成硫桥的过程，硫化后分子链之间无法滑动，从而赋予橡胶可逆的弹性变形能力。聚乙烯可以通过辐射或化学方法进行交联。聚乙烯经过交联后，其软化点和强度显著提高，因此可用于电气接头、电缆和电线的绝缘套管制造。高分子材料的交联度会对其性能产生影响。交联度较低的橡胶（硫含量低于5%）通常具有较好的弹性，而交联度较高的橡胶（硫含量20%-30%）则具有较差的弹性，随着交联度的增加，材料的机械强度和硬度也会增加，最终会失去弹性。交联度通常可以用相邻两个交联点之间链的平均分子量来表示。交联度越高，相应的平均分子量就越低。另一种表示方法是交联点密度，它表示交联结构单元占总结构单元的百分比，即每个结构单元交联的概率。通过测定溶胀度和力学性质，可以估算材料的交联度。
crosslinked polymer
交联聚合物
A kind of concrete with hydrated calcium silicate as the main component. Siliceous materials and lime are used as the main cementitious materials, which are mixed with appropriate aggregates and water. Mainly used as wall materials.
一种以水化硅酸钙为主要成分的混凝土。以硅质材料和石灰为主要胶凝材料，与适量骨料加水拌和。主要用作墙体材料。
silicate concrete
硅酸盐混凝土
The total surface area of powder per unit mass (or volume). It is usually expressed as the sum of surface areas per gram of powder (m2/g). When crushing large particles into small particles, the surface area increases (i.e., the specific surface area increases); The energy used for crushing is stored on the surface, so the smaller the particle size is, the larger the surface area is, the larger the surface energy is, and the surface activity increases rapidly.
单位质量(或体积）的粉末所具有的总表面积。通常以每克粉末所具有表面积之和（m2/g)表示。从大颗粒粉碎成小颗粒时，表面积增大（即比表面增加）；破碎用的能量储存在表面上，因而粒度愈小，表面积愈大，表面能也愈大，表面活性急速增加。
powder specific surface
粉末比表面
The main atmospheric pollutants include harmful gases such as sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, carbon hydrides, and halogen gases, as well as particulate matter such as dust, acid mist, and aerosols. Materials for air pollution control mainly include various adsorbents, absorbents and catalytic materials. Common adsorbents include activated carbon, molecular sieve, silicone gel, diatomite, active aluminium, synthetic zeolite, natural zeolite, etc. The commonly used absorbers are limestone, ammonia solution, sodium alkali compounds, and some metal oxides such as Mg, Zn, Fe, Cu, etc. Catalytic materials include precious metals based catalytic materials with precious metals (Pt, Rh, Pd, etc.) as active sites and non-metallic catalytic materials. In practical applications, rare earth and other elements are usually added to improve the performance of catalytic materials.
大气污染物主要有二氧化硫、氮氧化物、一氧化碳、碳氢化物和卤素气体等有害气体以及粉尘、酸雾和气溶胶等颗粒物。大气污染治理材料主要包括各类吸附剂、吸收剂和催化材料》常用的吸附剂有活性炭、分子筛、硅胶、硅藻土、活性氧化铝及合成沸石、天然沸石等。吸收剂常用的是石灰石，氨水溶液，钠碱化合物，还有一些如Mg、Zn、Fe、Cu等的金属氧化物。催化材料包括以贵金属（Pt、Rh、Pd等）为活性位点的贵金属基催化材料以及非金属催化材料，在实际应用中通常会添加稀土等元素提高催化材料性能。
materials for the control of atmospheric pollutants
大气污染物治理材料
The semi crystalline poly (aryl ether ketone) polymer is formed by connecting the ether bond and carbonyl group with the phase of the phenylene ring in the order of ether ether ketone ketone ketone. Because the ratio of ketone/ether bond in the molecular structure is the same as that of PEK, its melting point and glass transition temperature are similar to that of PEK, and it also has excellent heat resistance, mechanical strength and modulus.
醚键和羰基以醚醚酮酮顺序依次与亚苯基环相连接而成的半晶型聚芳醚酮类聚合物。由于分子结构中的酮基/醚键的比例与PEK相同，其熔点和玻璃化转变温度与PEK相近，也具有优异的耐热性、机械强度和模量。
polyether ether ketone ketone
聚醚醚酮酮
A series of synthetic fiber containing chlorine based on vinyl chloride and vinylidene chloride, including poly (vinyl chloride) fiber, vinylidene chloride fiber, vinyl chloride acrylonitrile copolymer fiber, vinylidene chloride acrylonitrile copolymer fiber, vinylidene chloride vinyl chloride acrylonitrile (a small amount) terpolymer fiber, vinyl chloride vinyl acetate copolymer fiber, etc.
以氯乙烯和偏氯乙烯为基本原料的一系列含有氯元素的合成纤维，包括聚氯乙烯纤维、偏氯乙烯纤维、氯乙烯-丙烯腈共聚纤维、 偏氯乙烯-丙烯腈共聚纤维、偏氯乙烯氯乙烯-丙烯腈 (少量）三元共聚纤维、氯乙烯-醋酸乙烯共聚纤维等。
chlorofiber
含氯纤维
The process of treating the used spent fuel (nuclear) in the reactor to remove fission product and recover fissile materials and fertile materials.
对反应堆中用过的乏燃料进行处理，以除去其中的裂变产物 并回收易裂变材料和可转换材料的过程。
nuclear fuel reprocessing
核燃料后处理
The materials that can separate and purify the organic vapor in waste gas through adsorption mainly include activated carbon, hydrophobic silicone gel, zeolite molecular sieve, mixed adsorbent, sludge carbon containing adsorbent, etc. ① The activated carbon has developed pore structure, large internal surface area, good adsorption, and can adsorb chlorine hydrocarbons, propanone, benzene, ethanol, etc., which are widely used. The adsorption and desorption rate of activated carbon fiber (ACF) is relatively fast. ② Hydrophobic silicone gel can improve its surface hydrophobicity and selective adsorption of organic gases by grafting organic groups, and has good selectivity for toluene. ③ The specific surface area of zeolite molecular sieve is 750 m2/g, which is commonly used for the separation of petroleum fractions and can separate p-xylene. ④ Mixed adsorbent refers to composition or mixed use of different types and structures of adsorbent, such as composition adsorbent with activated carbon as the upper layer and hydrophobic silicone gel as the bottom layer. This method comprehensively utilizes the incombustibility of silicone gel and the high adsorption mass ratio of activated carbon. ⑤ Sludge carbonaceous adsorbent is prepared by ZnCl2 chemical activation or conditioning method. Its specific surface is large, and its interior contains rich metal elements such as Al, Fe and C1, with strong adsorption capacity for toluene. The purification efficiency of adsorption method is high, but the adsorption capacity is low, usually only about 40%, and frequent adsorption, desorption, and regeneration operations are necessary.
通过吸附作用使废气中的有机蒸气分离净化的材料，主要有活性炭、疏水硅胶、沸石分子筛、混合吸附剂、污泥含炭吸附剂等，①活性炭孔结构发达、内表面积大、吸附性好.可吸附氯氣烃、丙酮、苯、乙醇等，应用广泛。活性炭纤维（ACF)吸附和解吸速率比较快。②疏水硅胶通过嫁接有机基团以提高其表面疏水性能和对有机气体的选择吸附性，对甲苯具有较好的选择性。③沸石分子筛的比表面枳为750 m2/g,常用于石油馏分分离，可分离出对二甲苯。④混合吸附剂是将不同种类、不同结构的吸附剂复合或混合使用，如上层为活性炭、底层为疏水硅胶的复合吸附剂，该法综合利用硅胶的不燃性及活性炭吸附质量比高的特点。⑤污泥含炭吸附剂采用ZnCl2化学活化法制备污泥含炭吸附剂，其比表面积较大，内部含有丰富的Al、Fe等金属元素和C1元素，对甲苯吸附能力强。吸附法的净化效率高但吸附容量低，一般只有40%左右，必须频繁地进行吸附、解吸和再生操作。
organic vapors absorbent
有机蒸气吸收剂
A method for continuously growing a thin layer of single crystal with specific parameters along its crystal direction on a single crystal substrate. According to the chemical composition of backing materials and epitaxial materials, it can be divided into: true homoepitaxy, pseudo homoepitaxy, true heteroepitaxy and pseudo heteroepitaxy. True homoepitaxy refers to the chemical composition of the substrate and the epitaxial layer, including the dopant and concentration are identical, and the obtained materials have little application value. Pseudohomoepitaxy refers to the phenomenon where the main chemical components of the substrate and epitaxial layer are the same, but their dopants or doping concentrations are different. It is abbreviated as homoepitaxy. True heteroepitaxy refers to the chemical composition of the substrate and epitaxial layer being completely different, while pseudo heteroepitaxy refers to the chemical composition of the substrate and epitaxial layer having one or some of the same components, both of which are called heteroepitaxy. The methods include chemical vapor phase epitaxy, liquid phase epitaxy, solid phase epitaxy, molecular beam epitaxy, ion beam (cluster) epitaxy, chemical molecular beam epitaxy, etc. Chemical vapor epitaxy and liquid phase epitaxy are mainly used in industrial production; For high-precision ultra-thin epitaxy, molecular beam epitaxy or metal organic chemical vapor phase epitaxy is used. It can improve the quality of single crystal, form various compounds, and prepare single crystal and solid solution, multi-layer and ultra-thin materials that are difficult to be prepared by bulk single crystal growth method.
在单晶衬底上沿其晶向连续生长具有特定参数的单晶薄层的方法。根据衬底材料与外延材料的化学组成可分为：真同质外延、赝同质外延、真异质外延与赝异质外延。真同质外延是指衬底与外延层的化学组成，包括掺杂剂与浓度都完全相同的，所得材料几乎没有应用价值。赝同质外延是指衬底与外延层的主化学成分相同，但其掺杂剂或掺杂浓度不同，它简称为同质外延。真异质外延是指衬底与外延层的化学组成完全不同，而赝异质外延是指衬底与外延层的化学组成中有一个或部分组元相同，这两种都称异质外延。的方法有：化学气相外延、液相外延、固相外延、分子束外延、离子束（团）外延、化学分子束外延等。工业生产中主要使用化学气相外延、液相外延;在高精密超薄外延方面则使用分子束外延或金属有机物化学气相外延。可改善单晶的质量，形成各种化合物，制备难以用体单晶生长法制备的单晶和固溶体、多层、超薄层材料等。
epitaxial growth
外延生长
See high resolution electron microscopy.
见高分辨电子显微术。
high-resolution image
高分辨像
The curve with stress as ordinate and strain as abscissa is called stress-strain curve. The stress-strain curve measured experimentally is also called the engineering (or conditional) stress-strain curve.
以应力为纵坐标，应变为横坐标的曲线称为应力-应变曲线。实验测出的应力-应变曲线也称为工程（或条件）应力-应变曲线。
stress-strain curve
应力-应变曲线
In an ionic compound, a polyhedron is formed by connecting the centers of the nearest negative ions arranged around a positive ion as the center. The shape of anion coordination polyhedron depends on the number of anions, such as regular triangle, regular tetrahedron, regular octahedron and cube.
在离子化合物中以一个正离子为中心，将其周围配置的最邻近的数个负离子的中心连接起来，构成一个多面体。负离子配位多面体的形状取决于负离子数目的多少,常见的有正三角形、正四面体、正八面体和立方体等。
anion coordination polyhedron
负离子配位多面体
It is a kind of magnesia porcelain with face-centered cubic structure. Its dielectric loss is lower than that of steatite porcelain, its dielectric constant is slightly higher, its chemical stability is good, and the hot dilute acid or cold concentrated acid has no erosion phenomenon after a long time of action, even HF acid or molten caustic soda has no significant effect on it. In the radio industry, magnesium aluminum spinel porcelain can be used to produce low voltage and high frequency capacitors, induction coil frameworks and electronic tube sockets.
是镁质瓷的一种，属面心立方结构。其介质损耗低于滑石瓷，介电常数稍高，化学稳定性好，热的稀酸或冷的浓酸长时间作用无侵蚀现象，甚至HF酸或熔融的苛性碱对它也没有显著影响。在无线电工业上，镁铝尖晶石瓷可被用来生产低压高频电容器、感应线圈骨架及电子管管座等。
spinel ceramics
镁铝尖晶石陶瓷
It refers to the process of polymer (resin) crosslinking to form insoluble and immiscible intermediates through the action of chemical additive (curing agent, catalyst), heat, light, radiation, etc.
指聚合物（树脂）通过化学添加剂（固化剂、催化剂）、热、光、辐射等的作用，交联形成不溶不熔间体物质的过程。
curing
固化
A product made from inorganic non-metallic natural minerals or chemical products through processes such as raw material treatment, molding, drying, and firing. Its microstructure consists of crystal phase, glass phase and gas phase, and the proportion of the three phases varies according to different varieties. Ceramics has excellent properties of high temperature resistance, abrasion resistance, corrosion resistance, oxidation resistance, electrical insulation, high strength, high hardness, etc. The traditional concept of ceramics refers to all products processed with clay and other natural inorganic no-metallic mineral as raw materials, mainly including domestic porcelain, architectural sanitary ceramics, display art ceramics, chemical ceramics, chemical ceramics, electric porcelain, etc. With the progress of science and technology, the manufacturing process and use of ceramics have been continuously developed, and various structural ceramics, functional ceramics and biological cemmics with special properties have emerged, collectively known as advanced ceramics, also known as high performance ceramics, fine ceramics, moden ceramics, high-tech ceramics or special ceramics. This kind of ceramics mainly uses high-purity artificial oxide, carbide, nitride, boride, silicide, sulfide and other inorganic non-metallic materials as raw materials, adopts advanced molding and sintering technology, and some products are further processed by precision machining. ceramics are endowed with high temperature resistance, wear resistance, high strength, heat shock resistance, high rigidity, heat insulation, and electrical, magnetic, optical, sensitive, bioactivity and other properties, and are widely used in electronics Computer, laser, nuclear reaction, aerospace, biological materials and other modern cutting-edge scientific and technological fields.
以无机非金属天然矿物或化工产品为原料，经原料处理、成型、干燥、烧成等工序制成的产品。其显微结构由晶相、玻璃相和气相组成，三者的比例视不同品种而异。陶瓷具有耐高温、耐磨、耐腐蚀、抗氧化、电绝缘、强度大、硬度高等优良性能。陶瓷的传统概念是指所有以黏土等天然无机非金属矿物为原料加工制成的产品.主要有日用陶瓷、建筑卫生陶瓷、陈设艺术陶瓷、化工陶瓷、化学瓷、电瓷等。随着科学技术的进步.陶瓷的制造工艺和用途不断得到发展，出现各种具有特异性能的结构陶瓷、功能陶瓷及生物陶瓷等，统称先进陶瓷.也称高性能陶瓷、精细陶瓷、现代陶瓷、高新技术陶瓷或特种陶瓷等。这类陶瓷主要采用高纯人工合成的氧化物、碳化物、氮化物、硼化物、硅化物，硫化物等无机非金属物质为原料，采用先进的成型和烧结技术，有些产品再进一步通过精密加工.赋予陶瓷具备耐高温、耐磨、高强度、耐热冲击、高刚性、隔热以及电、磁、光、敏感、生物活性等性能，广泛应用于电子、计算机、激光、核反应、宇航、生物材料等现代尖端科学技术领域。
ceramics
陶瓷
See rubber-reinforcing agent.
见橡胶补强剂。
rubber reinforcing agent
橡胶增强剂
Soft magnetic materials are magnetic materials with low coercive force and high permeability. Its magnetic hysteresis is narrow and long, its initial permeability is high, its coercive force is small, and it is easy to magnetize and demagnetize, so it is an extremely important class of magnetic materials. According to the difference of resistivity, soft magnetic materials can be divided into metal soft magnetic material and soft magnetic ferrites. Metal soft magnetic material are mainly used in low frequency occasions because of their low resistivity; Soft magnetic ferrites are widely used in high frequency applications.
软磁材料是具有低矫顽力和高磁导率的磁性材料。它的磁滞回线窄而长，起始磁导率高，矫顽力小，易于磁化，也易于退磁，是极其重要的一类磁性材料。按电阻率的不同，软磁材料可以分为金属软磁材料和铁氧体软磁材料两大类。金属软磁材料由于其电阻率较低而主要应用于频率较低的场合；铁氧体软磁材料则在频率较高的场合被广泛采用。
soft magnetic materials
软磁材料
Microporous sheet sintered with metal powder.
用金属粉末烧结成的微孔薄片。
metal separation membrane
金属分离膜
The porcelain is painted on the glaze of ceramics that has been burned with low-temperature color materials, and then baked at 600-900 ° C. The color material on glaze is usually composed of pigment and flux. The flux is generally a low melting point lead silicate glass material, which can reduce the melting temperature of the color material, make the color material firmly bonded on the ceramic glaze, make the glaze shiny and smooth, and help pigment develop color. pigment can be synthetic or natural mineral pigment. When using glaze color materials, it is necessary to add seasonings that make the color materials have flow ability. The seasonings include oil and water. The common seasonings are frankincense oil, camphor oil, kerosene and glue water. The color on glaze has a sense of bulge when touched by hand, its color burning temperature is low, and the color is rich. However, the glossiness of the picture is poor, and the painted picture is easy to wear and fall off, and toxic elements such as lead and cadmium will be dissolved when eroded by acidic substances. Enamel decoration includes glaze red color, Song Jiacai, Wucai, famille rose decoration, sleeve color, ink color, etc.
采用低温彩料在釉烧过的陶瓷釉上彩绘，然后在600-900°C温度下彩烤的瓷器。釉上彩彩料通常由颜料与熔剂配成，熔剂一般是一种低熔点铅硅酸盐玻璃料，降低彩料的熔化温度，使彩料牢固胶结在陶瓷釉上使釉料具有光泽和平滑性以及协助颜料发色，颜料可以用人工合成或天然矿物的颜料。釉上彩料使用时都需加入使彩料具有流动性的调料，调料有油和水两种油调料常用乳香油、樟脑油、煤油与广胶水。釉上彩用手触摸时有凸起感，其彩烧温度低，色彩丰富。但画面光泽度差，彩绘画面容易磨损脱落，受酸性物质侵蚀时会溶出铅、镉等毒性元素。釉彩包括釉上红彩、宋加彩、五彩、粉彩、袖彩、墨彩等。
over-glazed porcelain
釉上彩瓷
A basic extrusive rock. The composition is equivalent to gabbro, and it is one of the most widely distributed rock in extrusive rock. It is mainly composed of basic plagioclase and pyroxene, and the secondary minerals are olivine, sometimes amphibole, biotite, and a small amount of quartze when the silica is supersaturated- It is generally grayish black in color. Porphyritic texture is common, and phenocryst is olivine, pyroxene, basic plagioclase, etc. The matrix is generally fine particles, sometimes aphanitic or glass, with interstitial structure, tholeiitic structure, coarse basaltic structure, diabase structure, etc. Vesicular structure and amygdaloidal structure are common, and hexagonal columnar joints are developed. Large areas of rock often break out. It can be used as the main raw material of caststone, rock wool and scales. Marine eruptive basalt is often associated with Cu and Fe deposits. Fresh and dense, with a compressive strength of 350-500MPa, it is a good building decoration materials and a raw material for bituminous concrete pavement materials of expressway.
一种基性喷出岩。成分与辉长岩相当，是喷出岩中分布最广的岩石之一。主要由基性斜长石和辉石组成，次要矿物有橄榄石.有时有角闪石、黑云母，二氧化硅过饱和时可有少量石英。-般呈灰黑色。常见斑状结构，斑晶为橄榄石、辉石和基性斜长石等。基质一般为细颗粒，有时为隐晶质或玻璃质，呈间隐结构、拉斑玄武结构、粗玄结构、辉绿结构等。常见气孔状构造、杏仁状构造，六方柱状节理发育。常成大面积的岩流产出。可作为铸石、岩棉、鱗片的主要原料。海相喷发的玄武岩常与Cu、Fe矿床有关。新鲜致密的，抗压强度可达350-500MPa,是良好的建筑装饰材料和高速公路沥青混凝土路面材料的原料。
basalt
玄武岩
The thermosetting resin with furan ring as the main chain is prepared from furfural or furfuryl alcohol. The main varieties include furalresin, furfuryl alcohol resin, furfural acetone resin, furfural acetone formaldehyde resin, furfural ketone epoxy resin, etc.
以糠醛或糠醇为主要原料制得的主链以呋喃环为主的热固性树脂。主要品种有糠醛树脂、糠醇树脂、糠醛丙酮树脂、糠醛丙酮甲醛树脂、糠酮环氧树脂等。
furan resin
呋喃树脂
See disilene.
见二硅烯。
ethylsilene
乙硅烯
A kind of materials coated or bonded on the inner wall of solid propellant shell to protect the shell from high temperature flame ablation and prevent heat loss. The combustion temperature of solid propellant is as high as 2400-3800K, and the working pressure in the rocket engine is generally between 2-30MPa. In order to prevent the chemical ablation, airflow erosion, particle erosion and other harmful effects of fuel gas on the rocket engine housing under high temperature and pressure, it is necessary to select materials with good thermal insulation efficiency and lay them on the inner wall of the engine housing. The commonly used thermal insulation layer is composed of acrylonitrilebutadiene rubber, ethylene-propylene-diene-terpolymer rubber or silicone rubber with good carbonization, flame retardant or fire retardant, heat-resistant agent and other fillers and other functional components. Generally, the insulation layer is required to have low ablation rate, low density and good mechanical properties.
固体推进剂壳体内壁涂覆或黏结的一种保护壳体不被高温火焰烧蚀和防止热散失的材料。固体推进剂的燃烧温度高达2400-3800K,火箭发动机内的工作压力一般在2-30MPa之间，为防止高温高压下燃气对火箭发动机壳体产生的化学烧蚀、气流剥蚀、粒子冲刷等多种有害作用，需要选择具有良好绝热效能的材料敷设于发动机壳体内壁。常用的绝热层由成碳性好的丁腈橡胶、三元乙丙橡胶或硅橡胶与阻燃剂、耐热剂等填料和其他功能组分组成。通常要求绝热层具有较低的烧蚀率、较低的密度、良好的力学性能。
heat insulation liner
绝热层
The theory and technology of collecting, measuring, and analyzing various different signals emitted from local areas of the sample when it is irradiated by high-energy electron beams. High spatial resolution analytical electron microscopy is a method to study the atomic arrangement, atomic type, atomic position, and valence state of elements at ultramicroscopic scale. An analytical electron microscope can focus a very fine electron beam onto a small area of the sample, generating various signals. After analysis and processing, it provides comprehensive information such as the microstructure, structure, and composition of the sample.
样品被高能电子束照射时，收集、测定和分析从样品局部区域发射出的各种不同信号的理论和技术。高空间分辨率分析电子显微术是一种研究物质超显微尺度的原子排列、原子种类、原子位置、元素价态的方法。分析电子显微镜能将聚焦到很细的电子束打到试样上一个微小的区域中，产生各种不同的信号，经过分析处理，给出试样的微观形貌、结构和成分等综合信息。
analytical electron microscopy
分析电子显微术
Fiber reinforced ceramic matrix composite is an important materials category, which aims to solve the problem of insufficient materials performance under extreme high temperature environment. These composite materials use carbon fiber and silicon carbide fiber as the reinforced phase, and uhra high temperature ceramics as the matrix, usually including carbide, boride and nitride with melting point above 3000 ° C. Their research and development aims to improve the reliability and performance of uhra high temperature ceramics under extreme conditions such as high temperature, high pressure and high speed. The preparation methods of ultra high temperature ceramic matrix composite are diverse, mainly including the following: 1 Chemical vapor infiltration (CVI): This method uses the metal halide precursor of uhra high temperature ceramics to react with other gases (such as hydrocarbon gas and boron containing gas), and deposits the matrix of uhra high temperature ceramics on the fiber surface. 2. polymer impregnation pyrolysis process (PIP): This process involves impregnating uhra high temperature ceramics organic precursors into fiber preforms, and finally forming uhra high temperature ceramics matrix after repeated impregnation and pyrolysis. 3. Reaction infiltration process: This method uses metal, such as metal zirconium or its alloy, to penetrate into porous carbon containing fiber preforms in the form of melt, react with carbon, and form carbide ultra-high temperature phase. These fiber reinforced ultra high temperature ceramic matrix composite have been widely used in hypersonic aircraft, supersonic stamping engines, thermal protection materials for spacecraft and other fields. They can withstand severe extreme environments such as high temperalure oxidation, ablation and erosion, and provide important materials solutions for the aerospace field.
纤维增强陶瓷基复合材料是一种重要的材料类别，旨在解决极端高温环境下材料性能不足的问题。这些复合材料以碳纤维和碳化硅纤维为增强相，采用超高温陶瓷作为基体，通常包括熔点在3000°C以上的碳化物、硼化物和氮化物。它们的研发旨在提高超高温陶瓷在高温、高压、高速等极端条件下的可靠性和性能。超高温陶瓷基复合材料制备方法多种多样，主要包括以下几种：1. 化学气相渗透（CVI）：这一方法使用超高温陶瓷的金属卤化物前驱体与其他气体（如碳氢气体和含硼气体）反应，将超高温陶瓷基体沉积在纤维表面。2. 聚合物浸渍-热解工艺（PIP）：这一过程涉及将超高温陶瓷有机前驱体浸渍到纤维预制体中，经过多次浸渍和热解，最终形成超高温陶瓷基体。3. 反应熔渗工艺：这个方法使用金属，如金属锆或其合金，以熔体的形式渗入多孔含碳的纤维预制体中，与碳反应，形成碳化物超高温相。这些纤维增强的超高温陶瓷基复合材料在高超音速飞行器、超燃冲压发动机、空间飞行器热防护材料等领域中得到广泛应用。它们能够承受高温氧化、烧蚀和冲刷等严酷的极端环境，为航空航天领域提供了重要的材料解决方案。
fiber reinforced ultra high temperature ceramic matrix composite
纤维增强超高温陶瓷基复合材料
A plastic forming process is the process of mixing ceramic powder with plastic clay or organic adhesive and water and repeatedly mixing, then making the billet to be extruded obtain good plasticity and uniformity through vacuum degassing, aging and other process links, and then extruding the product with the desired shape through an extruder under the action of extrusion screw or column plug.
一种塑性成型工艺，是将陶瓷粉与可提供塑性的黏土或有机黏结剂与水一起混合并反复混炼，然后通过真空除气和陈腐等工艺环节使待挤出的坯料获得良好的塑性和均匀性，然后在挤出螺旋或柱塞的作用下，通过挤压机挤出得到所需形状产品的工艺过程。
extrusion moulding
挤压成型
Use a mold with certain lines to press concave and convex patterns on the surface of leather or grain patterns on the surface of animal skin to cover the original lines of leather.
使用具有一定纹路的模具在皮革表面压出凹凸花纹或压出动物皮的表面粒纹以掩盖其本来纹路的皮革。
embossed leather
压花革
Generally, it refers to the shape memory alloy that is higher than the upper limit of the working temperature of ordinary shape memory alloy. The high temperature memory alloy is used to increase the transformation point by adding Au, Pt or Pci to TiNi instead of Ni. Among them, the TiNiPd series has practical value. It can be forged, rolling and drawing into bars, strips and wires. The elongation of cold drawing reaches 7%. Has high shape memory strain (5%~6%). As the palladium content increases, the shape recovery temperature can reach up to 560 ° C. The high temperature phase of TiNHM high temperature memory alloy is B2 structure, and the low temperature phase is B19 structure. Its shape memory effect mechanism is similar to that of TiNi memory alloy. It is a reversible movement of phase boundary/domain boundary during thermal elasticity martensitic transformation.
一般指高于普通形状记忆合金工作温度上限的形状记忆合金。高温记忆合金是在TiNi中加入Au、Pt或Pci取代Ni，用以提高相变点。其中有实用价值的是TiNiPd系。它可以锻造、轧制和拉拔成棒、带和丝材。冷拉伸长率达7%。有较高形状记忆应变（5%~6%）。随钯含量增加，形状恢复温度高可达到560°C。TiNHM高温记忆合金的高温相为B2结构，低温相为B19结构.其形状记忆效应机理与TiNi记忆合金类似，为热弹性马氏体相变时，相界/畴界作可逆运动。
high temperature shape memory alloy
高温形状记忆合金284
Catalytic materials used to remove volatile organic compounds such as benzene, toluene, xylene, styrene, ethylene dichloride, chloroform, etc. can be divided into catalytic combustion catalytic materials and photocatalytic materials.
用于去除具有挥发性有机物如苯、甲苯、 二甲苯、苯乙烯、二氯乙烯、三氯甲烷等的催化材料， 可分为催化燃烧催化材料和光催化材料。
volatile organic compound catalysts
挥发性有机物催化材料
It generally refers to a kind of adhesive with heat conduction function. Thermally conductive adhesives is usually composed of organic matrix, inorganic thermal conductive filler, solvent, coupling agent and other components. Organic matrix includes epoxy resin, silicone resin, polyurethime, polyester, polyimide, etc., of which epoxy resin and silicone resin are most widely used. Inorganic thermal conductive fillers include silicon nitride, aluminum nitride, boron nitride, etc. Thermally conductive adhesives can be curing by heating. crosslinking reaction takes place in the organic matrix to form a network structure, and inorganic fillers are evenly dispersed in the organic network to form a thermal conductive channel. Thermally conductive adhesives is mainly used for bonding between chips and substrates in integrated circuits or discrete devices. In the application process, thermally conductive adhesives can not only play the role of fixing the chip, but also can dissipate the heat generated in the chip work in time, thus improving the reliability and life of the device.
泛指一类具有导热功能的黏合剂。导热胶通常由有机基体、无机导热填料、溶剂、偶联剂等组分构成。有机基体包括环氧树脂、有机硅树脂、聚氨酯、聚酯、聚酰亚胺等，其中环氧树脂与有机硅树脂应用最为广泛。无机导热填料包括氮化硅、氮化铝、氮化硼等。导热胶可通过加热方式固化，有机基体内发生交联反应形成网状结构，无机填料均匀分散在有机网络中形成导热通道。导热胶主要用于集成电路或分立器件中芯片与基板之间的粘接。应用过程中导热胶不仅可以起到固定芯片的作用，同时还可以将芯片工作中产生的热量及时散发出去，从而提高器件的可靠性与寿命。
thermally conductive adhesives
导热胶
Also called semi gloss coatings. Coatings with gloss of 30% -70% and pigment volume concentration of 35% -45%. Coatings with gloss less than 30% and pigment volume concentration more than 45% are called flat or matt coatings.
又叫半光涂料。涂漆后所形成的漆膜光泽在30%-70%之间，颜料体积浓度在35%-45%的涂料。光泽低于30%,颜料体积浓度在45%以上的涂料称为平光或哑光涂料。
semi-gloss paint
半光漆
Insensitive propellant capable of withstanding high temperature environment above 120 ° C. It has higher melting point and lower vapor pressure. It can still ignite reliably after long-term heating and cooling, and has lower impact sensitivity and higher energy. The formula adopts oxidizer with high decomposition temperature and combustible with high ignition point, which are used for the ignition mechanism in deep oil wells and space launch vehicles.
能够耐受120°C以上高温环境的钝感发火药。其表现为具有较高的熔点和较低的蒸气压。经长期加热和冷却后仍然可靠地发火，同时具有较低的撞击感度和较高的能量。配方采用分解温度高的氧化剂和发火点较高的可燃剂，用于石油深井和航天运载器内的点火机构。
thermo stability firing composition
耐高温点火药
A period of time when a certain decomposition depth (or the effective stabilizer in propellant is consumed to a certain content) before the autocatalytic decomposition of explosive received from the fire inspector or the fire inspector drops to the level necessary to ensure safe storage. The safe storage life has a certain guiding significance for the storage of fire and explosive in the warehouse and the prevention of accidents in the long-term storage test.
从炸药或火验收到炸药自催化分解前的某一分解深度（或火药中有效安定剂消耗至一定含量）降至确保安全存放所必需的水平的一段时间。安全寿命对厍存火炸药的保管、避免长储试验中事故的发生，有一定的指导意义。
safe storage life
安全寿命
It is also called friction materials. A special materials that converts kinetic energy into heat energy by friction and absorbs or dissipates it to reduce the relative motion speed of the grinding surface. The friction coefficient of such materials shall be as high as possible and shall not change with the working conditions. In order to adapt to the temperature rise caused by strong friction heat, it should have high thermal stability and low wear rate. There are also high requirements for controlling and reducing frictional noise. A single materials often does not have the above properties and must develop composite friction materials. Friction materials can be divided into three categories: one is formed by bonding resin with fiber, granular friction reinforcement component and friction modifier, and the most commonly used fiber is asbestos, which has been replaced by potassium titanate and other fibers due to its environmental pollution; The second is metal products, such as foundry high phosphorus cast iron brake shoes or powder metallurgy products, such as friction materials composed of quartze, corundum or mullite powder and copper alloy powder; The third type is carbon/carbon composhes, which bears high temperature above 2000 ° C without bating or deformation, and has a special position in friction materials. It is divided into six levels based on friction speed, nominal contact pressure, lining bearing temperature, and overall temperature of the worn surface. Mainly used as brake pads and brakes.
又称摩擦材料。利用摩擦作用将动能转化为热能，并加以吸收或散失以减少对磨表面相对运动速度的专用材料。这类材料的摩擦系数应尽可能高且不随工作条件改变。为适应强烈摩擦热引起的温度升高.它应有很高的热稳定性和较低的磨损率。在控制和减少摩擦噪声上也有较高的要求。单一材料往往不具备上述性能而必须发展复合型摩擦材料。可将摩擦材料分为三类:一类是由树脂与纤维、颗粒状的摩擦增强组元和摩擦改进剂黏结固化成型，最常用纤维是石棉，由于它对环境造成污染，已为钛酸钾等纤维所代替；二类是金属制品，如铸造的高磷铸铁闸瓦或粉末冶金制品，如石英、刚玉或莫来石粉末与铜合金粉组成的摩擦材料；三类是碳/碳复合材料，承受2000°C以上的高温而不软化或变形，在摩擦材料中具有特殊地位。根据摩擦速度、名义接触压力、衬里承受温度以及对磨面整体温度而将它分为六个等级。主要用作刹车片和制动器。
friction materials
磨阻材料
Thin films with conductive functions. The charged carriers of conductive films are scattered by the surface and interface during transportation. When the thickness of the film can be compared to the free path of electrons, the influence on the surface and interface becomes significant, which is called the size effect of the film. It is equivalent to the reduction of the free path of the carrier, so the electric conductivity of the film is smaller than that of the block of the same materials. Due to incomplete preparation techniques, the defect concentration in the thin film is usually relatively high. The main defects are impurities, vacancy, interstitial atoms, dislocation, grain boundary, and adsorption and segregation on the surface and interface. These defects scatter or capture the carrier, thus reducing the free path and lifetime of the carrier, which also causes the reduction of the electric conductivity of the film. The formation process of thin films is divided into four stages: nucleation, growth, connection into maze, and continuous film formation. If it stops at any stage, it becomes a different structural film, such as the film before the particle connection, becoming a particle film. The conductivity of particle films involves the transfer of electrons between separated particles. The conduction mechanism is complex. There are two main theories: firstly, tunneling conduction, where the barrier between particles is narrow, and electrons pass through the barrier through the tunneling effect? Transfer between particles: the second is thermal electron emission conduction, which transfers electrons between particles by thermal emission mechanism and plays a major role at higher temperatures. Some thin films indirectly complete the conductive process of the particle film through charge transfer between the particles and the substrate.
具有导电功能的薄膜.导电薄膜的荷电载流子在输运过程中受到表面和界面的散射，当薄膜的厚度可与电子的自由程相比拟时，在表面和界面的影响将变得显著，这个现象称薄膜的尺寸效应。它等效于载流子的自由程减小，因此与同样材料的块体相比，薄膜的电导率较小。由于制备技术欠完善，通常薄膜中的缺陷浓度比较高。主要缺陷为杂质、空位、填隙原子、位错、晶界，以及表面和界面的吸附和偏析等。这些缺陷都对载流子产生散射或俘获，从而减小了载流子的自由程和寿命.这同样引起薄膜的电导率减小。薄膜形成过程分为四个阶段：成核，生长，连接成迷津和连续成膜。如果在其中任何阶段停下来.则成为不同的结构膜，如在粒子连接之前的薄膜，成为粒子膜。粒子膜的导电，是电子在分离的粒子之间转移。其导电机制是复杂的.有两种主要理论：一是隧穿导电，粒子之间位垒较窄，电子于隧道效应穿过位垒?在粒子间传递：二是热电子发射导电，粒子之间以热发射机制转移电子，在较高温度时起主要作用。也有的薄膜是由粒子与基底之间发生电荷转移，而间接完成粒子膜的导电过程。
conductive film
导电膜
AIN crystal takes [AIN4] tetrahedron as structural unit and covalent bond compound, with wurtzite type structure, belonging to hexagonal crystal system. Chemical composition AI 65.81%, N 34.19%, specific gravity 3.261g/cm3, white or grayish white, colorless and transparent single crystal, sublimation decomposition temperature under normal pressure 2450 ℃. It is a high-temperature and heat-resistant materials. Thermal expansion coefficient (4.0-6.0) X10-6/℃. The thermal conductivity of polycrystal AIN is up to 260W/(m.k), 5-8 times higher than that of alumina, so it has good thermal shock resistance and can withstand extreme heat of 2200 ℃. In addition, aluminum nitride is not corroded by molten aluminum, other molten metals and gallium arsenide, and has excellent corrosion resistance to molten aluminum.
AIN晶体以〔AIN4〕四面体为结构单元共价键化合物，具有纤锌矿型结构，属六方晶系。化学组成 AI 65.81%，N 34.19%，比重3.261g/cm3，白色或灰白色，单晶无色透明，常压下的升华分解温度为2450℃。为一种高温耐热材料。热膨胀系数（4.0-6.0）X10-6/℃。多晶AIN热导率达260W/(m.k)，比氧化铝高5-8倍，所以耐热冲击好，能耐2200℃的极热。此外，氮化铝具有不受铝液和其它熔融金属及砷化镓侵蚀的特性，特别是对熔融铝液具有极好的耐侵蚀性。
aluminum nitride ceramics
氮化铝陶瓷
Degradation biomaterials that can be absorbed, utilized or involved in metabolism of the body. Absorbable biological materials mainly include absorbable macromolecule materials, absorbable bioceramics, bioaksorbable metallic materials, etc.
可被机体吸收、利用或参与机体代谢的可降解生物材料。可吸收生物材料主要包括可吸收高分子材料、可吸收生物陶瓷、可吸收金属材料等。
absorbable biomaterials
可吸收生物材料
Nonlinear optical materials capable of effective frequency conversion of high pulse energy laser above 10MJ. It is required that materials have high integrity, few defects, impurities and no structural stress to ensure that materials have high optical uniformity and high light damage threshold.
能对10MJ以上高脉冲能量激光进行有效频率转换的非线性光学材料。要求材料完整性高，缺陷、杂质少和无结构应力，以保证材料有高光学均匀性和高光损伤阈值。
laser frequeney conversion materials
激光频率转换材料
Polyamide-6, which is polymerization by injecting molten caprolactam monomer into the mold under the action of catalyst. The molecular weight is higher than that of typical polyamide-6, reaching 35000-70000.
将熔融的己内酰胺单体注入模具中在催化剂作用下聚合而成的聚酰胺-6。分子量比通常的聚酰胺-6高，可达3.5万~7万。
monomer cast polyamide
单体浇铸聚酰胺
Under the action of the external electric field, the electrons bound to atoms, ions or molecules in the dielectric have elasticity displacement relative to the atomic nucleus, that is, the polarization formed by the deformation of the electron cloud.
在外电场作用下，电介质内部束缚在原子、离子或分子上的电子相对于原子核发生弹性位移，即电子云变形而形成的极化。
electronic displacement polarization
电子位移极化
It is called MIG welding for short. See gas shielded arc welding.
简称MIG焊.见气体保护电弧焊。
metal inert gas welding
熔化极惰性气体保护焊
It is also called polyamide 46, commonly known as nylon 46, or PA46 for short. PA46 is a polyamide thermoplastic resin with adipic acid and adipic acid by condensation polymerization.
又名聚酰胺46,俗称尼龙46，简称PA46。PA46是由丁二胺和己二酸缩聚而成，含有己二酰与丁二胺交替重复相连结构的聚酰胺热塑性树脂。
polytetramethylene adipamide resin
聚己二酰丁二胺树脂
Ceramics utensils and articles for daily life. Including tableware, tea sets, coffee sets, stationery, cooking utensils, and various containers for storing homogeneous or liquid food, such as jars, jars, bowls, pots, etc. It can be divided into porcelain, pottery, stoneware, etc. Porcelain can also be divided into fine porcelain, ordinary porcelain and coarse porcelain. According to composition, it can be divided into sericite porcelain, feldspathic porcelain, bone ash porcelain and talc porcelain. Pottery can also be divided into coarse pottery and fine pottery. Domestic porcelain require smooth and beautiful surface, dense and hard texture, and certain strength. When used as cookware, the green body requires good thermal stability.
日常生活用的陶瓷器皿和物件。包括餐具、茶具、咖啡具、文具、炊具、各种存储同体食物或液体食物的容器如缸、罐、钵、壶等。按种类分有瓷器、陶器、炻器等。瓷器又有细瓷、普通瓷和粗瓷之分。按组成则可分为絹云母质瓷，长石质瓷、骨灰瓷和滑石质瓷。陶器也有粗陶和精陶之分。日用陶瓷要求表面光洁美观、质地致密坚硬、有一定强度、用作炊具时则坯体要求有良好的热稳定性。
domestic porcelain
日用陶瓷
High energy density materials is a new type of energetic materials that appeared in the 1980s. It not only has a large energy density, but also has special properties that can meet various requirements. Generally, it is a high-energy composition composed of high energy density compound, oxidizer, combustible agents, adhesive and other additive. High energy density materials have strong applicability and can be used as propellants, gun propellant, warhead charges and initiating explosive devices for various weapons. It has the advantages of significantly improving the energy index of ammunition, reducing the use risk and vulnerability of ammunition, enhancing the use reliability, extending the service life, and weakening the target characteristics. It is mainly used in high-energy insensitive explosive, small propulsion system solid fuel, smokeless pyrotechnic agent, gas generating composition, flameless low temperature extinguishing agent, etc.
高能量密度材料是20世纪80年代出现的一类新型含能材料，其不仅有较大的能量密度，而且具有可满足各种要求的特殊性能，一般是由高能量密度化合物、氧化剂、可燃剂、黏结剂及其他添加剂构成的高能组合物。高能量密度材料有极强的适用性，可用作各类武器的推进剂、发射药、战斗部装药及火工品药剂。它具有显著提高弹药的能量指标、降低弹药的使用危险性和易损性、增强使用可靠性、延长使用寿命，并减弱目标特征等优点。主要应用于高能钝感炸药、小型推进系统固体燃料、无烟烟火剂、气体发生剂、无焰低温灭火剂等。
high energy density materials
高能量密度材料
The transformation zone between the high elastic slate state and the viscous flow state of the polymer is called the viscous flow transformation zone, and the corresponding transformation temperature is called the flowing temperature Tf. Flowing temperature Tf is one of the main bases for determining the processing parameters of polymer melt molding.
高聚物高弹态与粘流态之间的转变区，称为粘流转变区，对应的转变温度称为流动温度Tf。流动温度Tf是确定高聚物熔体成型工艺参数的主要依据之一。
flowing temperature
流动温度
It enables dye or dyestuffc to be slowly absorbed by fibers to avoid uneven dyeing caused by too fast dyeing rate. Secondly, when the dyeing is uneven, it makes the dark dye or dyestuffc move to the light ones, and finally achieves even dyeing. According to the action mechanism of dye leveller, it can be divided into two categories: fiber affinity dye leveller and dye or dyestuffc affinity dye leveller. Fiber affinity The affinity of dye leveller for fiber is greater than that of dye or dyestuffc for fiber, and it competes with dye or dyestuffc for fiber. dye leveller preferentially combines with fiber, delaying dye or dyestuffc uptake. Then, with the increase of temperature, dye or dyestuffc gradually displaces dye leveller from fiber to achieve the purpose of slow and uniform dyeing. Quaternary ammonium cationic surfactants used in acrylic cationic dye or dyestuffc, anionic surfactants containing sulfonic acid groups used in wool dyeing with strong acid dye or dyestuffc and nylon dyeing with weak acid dye or dyestuffc are all fiber affinity dye leveller. Affinity of dye or dyestuffc The affinity of dye leveller to dye or dyestuffc is greater than that of dye or dyestuffc to fibers. Before dye or dyestuffc are absorbed by fibers, they are first combined with dye leveller to form a stable polymer. At high temperatures, this polymer contacts with fibers to produce decomposition and release dye or dyestuffc, and then dye or dyestuffc are combined with fibers to achieve the effect of retarding and homogenizing. This dye leveller also has tension on the dye or dyestuffc that have been dyed on the fibers. It can pull the dye or dyestuffc in the dark part back to the dyeing bath and then transfer them to the light part, so as to achieve even dyeing through transfer. Non ionic surfactants such as high alcohol polyoxyethylene ether and alkyl phenol polyoxyethylene ether belong to dye or dyestuffc affinity dye leveller, which are commonly used for dyeing of vat dye or dyestuffc and disperse dye or dyestuffc.
是能使染料较缓慢地被纤维吸附，避免上染速率太快造成染色不均的