UNITED
NATIONS                                                                       S
                 Security Council
                                                               Distr.
                                                               GENERAL

                                                               S/RES/955 (1994)*
                                                               8 November 1994




                               RESOLUTION 955 (1994)

               Adopted by the Security Council at its 3453rd meeting,
                                 on 8 November 1994


     The Security Council,

     Reaffirming all its previous resolutions on the situation in Rwanda,

     Having considered the reports of the Secretary-General pursuant to
paragraph 3 of resolution 935 (1994) of 1 July 1994 (S/1994/879 and S/1994/906),
and having taken note of the reports of the Special Rapporteur for Rwanda of the
United Nations Commission on Human Rights (S/1994/1157, annex I and annex II),

     Expressing appreciation for the work of the Commission of Experts
established pursuant to resolution 935 (1994), in particular its preliminary
report on violations of international humanitarian law in Rwanda transmitted by
the Secretary-General’s letter of 1 October 1994 (S/1994/1125),

     Expressing once again its grave concern at the reports indicating that
genocide and other systematic, widespread and flagrant violations of
international humanitarian law have been committed in Rwanda,

     Determining that this situation continues to constitute a threat to
international peace and security,

     Determined to put an end to such crimes and to take effective measures to
bring to justice the persons who are responsible for them,

     Convinced that in the particular circumstances of Rwanda, the prosecution
of persons responsible for serious violations of international humanitarian law
would enable this aim to be achieved and would contribute to the process of
national reconciliation and to the restoration and maintenance of peace,

________________________

     *   Reissued for technical reasons.



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     Believing that the establishment of an international tribunal for the
prosecution of persons responsible for genocide and the other above-mentioned
violations of international humanitarian law will contribute to ensuring that
such violations are halted and effectively redressed,

     Stressing also the need for international cooperation to strengthen the
courts and judicial system of Rwanda, having regard in particular to the
necessity for those courts to deal with large numbers of suspects,

     Considering that the Commission of Experts established pursuant to
resolution 935 (1994) should continue on an urgent basis the collection of
information relating to evidence of grave violations of international
humanitarian law committed in the territory of Rwanda and should submit its
final report to the Secretary-General by 30 November 1994,

     Acting under Chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nations,

     1.   Decides hereby, having received the request of the Government of
Rwanda (S/1994/1115), to establish an international tribunal for the sole
purpose of prosecuting persons responsible for genocide and other serious
violations of international humanitarian law committed in the territory of
Rwanda and Rwandan citizens responsible for genocide and other such violations
committed in the territory of neighbouring States, between 1 January 1994 and
31 December 1994 and to this end to adopt the Statute of the International
Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda annexed hereto;

     2.   Decides that all States shall cooperate fully with the International
Tribunal and its organs in accordance with the present resolution and the
Statute of the International Tribunal and that consequently all States shall
take any measures necessary under their domestic law to implement the provisions
of the present resolution and the Statute, including the obligation of States to
comply with requests for assistance or orders issued by a Trial Chamber under
Article 28 of the Statute, and requests States to keep the Secretary-General
informed of such measures;

     3.   Considers that the Government of Rwanda should be notified prior to
the taking of decisions under articles 26 and 27 of the Statute;

     4.   Urges States and intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations
to contribute funds, equipment and services to the International Tribunal,
including the offer of expert personnel;

     5.   Requests the Secretary-General to implement this resolution urgently
and in particular to make practical arrangements for the effective functioning
of the International Tribunal, including recommendations to the Council as to
possible locations for the seat of the International Tribunal at the earliest
time and to report periodically to the Council;

     6.   Decides that the seat of the International Tribunal shall be
determined by the Council having regard to considerations of justice and
fairness as well as administrative efficiency, including access to witnesses,
and economy, and subject to the conclusion of appropriate arrangements between

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the United Nations and the State of the seat, acceptable to the Council, having
regard to the fact that the International Tribunal may meet away from its seat
when it considers it necessary for the efficient exercise of its functions; and
decides that an office will be established and proceedings will be conducted in
Rwanda, where feasible and appropriate, subject to the conclusion of similar
appropriate arrangements;

     7.   Decides to consider increasing the number of judges and Trial Chambers
of the International Tribunal if it becomes necessary;

     8.   Decides to remain actively seized of the matter.


                                     Annex

                Statute of the International Tribunal for Rwanda

     Having been established by the Security Council acting under Chapter VII of
the Charter of the United Nations, the International Criminal Tribunal for the
Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Genocide and Other Serious Violations of
International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of Rwanda and Rwandan
citizens responsible for genocide and other such violations committed in the
territory of neighbouring States, between 1 January 1994 and 31 December 1994
(hereinafter referred to as "the International Tribunal for Rwanda") shall
function in accordance with the provisions of the present Statute.


                                   Article 1

              Competence of the International Tribunal for Rwanda

     The International Tribunal for Rwanda shall have the power to prosecute
persons responsible for serious violations of international humanitarian law
committed in the territory of Rwanda and Rwandan citizens responsible for such
violations committed in the territory of neighbouring States, between
1 January 1994 and 31 December 1994, in accordance with the provisions of the
present Statute.


                                   Article 2

                                    Genocide

     1.   The International Tribunal for Rwanda shall have the power to
prosecute persons committing genocide as defined in paragraph 2 of this article
or of committing any of the other acts enumerated in paragraph 3 of this
article.

     2.   Genocide means any of the following acts committed with intent to
destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group,
as such:


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     (a)   Killing members of the group;

     (b)   Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group;

     (c) Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to
bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part;

     (d)   Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group;

     (e)   Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group.

     3.    The following acts shall be punishable:

     (a)   Genocide;

     (b)   Conspiracy to commit genocide;

     (c)   Direct and public incitement to commit genocide;

     (d)   Attempt to commit genocide;

     (e)   Complicity in genocide.


                                     Article 3

                             Crimes against humanity

     The International Tribunal for Rwanda shall have the power to prosecute
persons responsible for the following crimes when committed as part of a
widespread or systematic attack against any civilian population on national,
political, ethnic, racial or religious grounds:

     (a)   Murder;

     (b)   Extermination;

     (c)   Enslavement;

     (d)   Deportation;

     (e)   Imprisonment;

     (f)   Torture;

     (g)   Rape;

     (h)   Persecutions on political, racial and religious grounds;

     (i)   Other inhumane acts.



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                                       Article 4

                      Violations of Article 3 common to the Geneva
                        Conventions and of Additional Protocol II

     The International Tribunal for Rwanda shall have the power to prosecute
persons committing or ordering to be committed serious violations of
Article 3 common to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949 for the Protection
of War Victims, and of Additional Protocol II thereto of 8 June 1977. These
violations shall include, but shall not be limited to:

     (a) Violence to life, health and physical or mental well-being of persons,
in particular murder as well as cruel treatment such as torture, mutilation or
any form of corporal punishment;

     (b)   Collective punishments;

     (c)   Taking of hostages;

     (d)   Acts of terrorism;

     (e) Outrages upon personal dignity, in particular humiliating and
degrading treatment, rape, enforced prostitution and any form of indecent
assault;

     (f)   Pillage;

     (g) The passing of sentences and the carrying out of executions without
previous judgement pronounced by a regularly constituted court, affording all
the judicial guarantees which are recognized as indispensable by civilized
peoples;

     (h)   Threats to commit any of the foregoing acts.


                                       Article 5

                                 Personal jurisdiction

     The International Tribunal for Rwanda shall have jurisdiction over natural
persons pursuant to the provisions of the present Statute.


                                       Article 6

                           Individual criminal responsibility

     1.   A person who planned, instigated, ordered, committed or otherwise
aided and abetted in the planning, preparation or execution of a crime referred
to in articles 2 to 4 of the present Statute, shall be individually responsible
for the crime.


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     2.   The official position of any accused person, whether as Head of State
or Government or as a responsible Government official, shall not relieve such
person of criminal responsibility nor mitigate punishment.

     3.   The fact that any of the acts referred to in articles 2 to 4 of the
present Statute was committed by a subordinate does not relieve his or her
superior of criminal responsibility if he or she knew or had reason to know that
the subordinate was about to commit such acts or had done so and the superior
failed to take the necessary and reasonable measures to prevent such acts or to
punish the perpetrators thereof.

     4.   The fact that an accused person acted pursuant to an order of a
Government or of a superior shall not relieve him or her of criminal
responsibility, but may be considered in mitigation of punishment if the
International Tribunal for Rwanda determines that justice so requires.


                                   Article 7

                     Territorial and temporal jurisdiction

     The territorial jurisdiction of the International Tribunal for Rwanda shall
extend to the territory of Rwanda including its land surface and airspace as
well as to the territory of neighbouring States in respect of serious violations
of international humanitarian law committed by Rwandan citizens. The temporal
jurisdiction of the International Tribunal for Rwanda shall extend to a period
beginning on 1 January 1994 and ending on 31 December 1994.


                                   Article 8

                            Concurrent jurisdiction

     1.   The International Tribunal for Rwanda and national courts shall have
concurrent jurisdiction to prosecute persons for serious violations of
international humanitarian law committed in the territory of Rwanda and Rwandan
citizens for such violations committed in the territory of neighbouring States,
between 1 January 1994 and 31 December 1994.

     2.   The International Tribunal for Rwanda shall have primacy over the
national courts of all States. At any stage of the procedure, the International
Tribunal for Rwanda may formally request national courts to defer to its
competence in accordance with the present Statute and the Rules of Procedure and
Evidence of the International Tribunal for Rwanda.




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                                    Article 9

                                 Non bis in idem

     1.   No person shall be tried before a national court for acts constituting
serious violations of international humanitarian law under the present Statute,
for which he or she has already been tried by the International Tribunal for
Rwanda.

     2.   A person who has been tried by a national court for acts constituting
serious violations of international humanitarian law may be subsequently tried
by the International Tribunal for Rwanda only if:

     (a) The act for which he or she was tried was characterized as an ordinary
crime; or

     (b) The national court proceedings were not impartial or independent, were
designed to shield the accused from international criminal responsibility, or
the case was not diligently prosecuted.

     3.   In considering the penalty to be imposed on a person convicted of a
crime under the present Statute, the International Tribunal for Rwanda shall
take into account the extent to which any penalty imposed by a national court on
the same person for the same act has already been served.


                                    Article 10

              Organization of the International Tribunal for Rwanda

     The International Tribunal for Rwanda shall consist of the following
organs:

     (a)   The Chambers, comprising two Trial Chambers and an Appeals Chamber;

     (b)   The Prosecutor; and

     (c)   A Registry.


                                    Article 11

                           Composition of the Chambers

     The Chambers shall be composed of eleven independent judges, no two of whom
may be nationals of the same State, who shall serve as follows:

     (a)   Three judges shall serve in each of the Trial Chambers;

     (b)   Five judges shall serve in the Appeals Chamber.



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                                   Article 12

                      Qualification and election of judges

     1.   The judges shall be persons of high moral character, impartiality and
integrity who possess the qualifications required in their respective countries
for appointment to the highest judicial offices. In the overall composition of
the Chambers due account shall be taken of the experience of the judges in
criminal law, international law, including international humanitarian law and
human rights law.

     2.   The members of the Appeals Chamber of the International Tribunal for
the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International
Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991
(hereinafter referred to as "the International Tribunal for the Former
Yugoslavia") shall also serve as the members of the Appeals Chamber of the
International Tribunal for Rwanda.

     3.   The judges of the Trial Chambers of the International Tribunal for
Rwanda shall be elected by the General Assembly from a list submitted by the
Security Council, in the following manner:

     (a) The Secretary-General shall invite nominations for judges of the Trial
Chambers from States Members of the United Nations and non-member States
maintaining permanent observer missions at United Nations Headquarters;

     (b) Within thirty days of the date of the invitation of the Secretary-General, each State may nominate up to two candidates meeting the qualifications
set out in paragraph 1 above, no two of whom shall be of the same nationality
and neither of whom shall be of the same nationality as any judge on the Appeals
Chamber;

     (c) The Secretary-General shall forward the nominations received to the
Security Council. From the nominations received the Security Council shall
establish a list of not less than twelve and not more than eighteen candidates,
taking due account of adequate representation on the International Tribunal for
Rwanda of the principal legal systems of the world;

     (d) The President of the Security Council shall transmit the list of
candidates to the President of the General Assembly. From that list the General
Assembly shall elect the six judges of the Trial Chambers. The candidates who
receive an absolute majority of the votes of the States Members of the United
Nations and of the non-Member States maintaining permanent observer missions at
United Nations Headquarters, shall be declared elected. Should two candidates
of the same nationality obtain the required majority vote, the one who received
the higher number of votes shall be considered elected.

     4.   In the event of a vacancy in the Trial Chambers, after consultation
with the Presidents of the Security Council and of the General Assembly, the
Secretary-General shall appoint a person meeting the qualifications of
paragraph 1 above, for the remainder of the term of office concerned.


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     5.   The judges of the Trial Chambers shall be elected for a term of four
years. The terms and conditions of service shall be those of the judges of the
International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia. They shall be eligible for
re-election.


                                   Article 13

                      Officers and members of the Chambers

     1.   The judges of the International Tribunal for Rwanda shall elect a
President.

     2.   After consultation with the judges of the International Tribunal for
Rwanda, the President shall assign the judges to the Trial Chambers. A judge
shall serve only in the Chamber to which he or she was assigned.

     3.   The judges of each Trial Chamber shall elect a Presiding Judge, who
shall conduct all of the proceedings of that Trial Chamber as a whole.


                                   Article 14

                        Rules of procedure and evidence

     The judges of the International Tribunal for Rwanda shall adopt, for the
purpose of proceedings before the International Tribunal for Rwanda, the rules
of procedure and evidence for the conduct of the pre-trial phase of the
proceedings, trials and appeals, the admission of evidence, the protection of
victims and witnesses and other appropriate matters of the International
Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia with such changes as they deem necessary.


                                   Article 15

                                 The Prosecutor

     1.   The Prosecutor shall be responsible for the investigation and
prosecution of persons responsible for serious violations of international
humanitarian law committed in the territory of Rwanda and Rwandan citizens
responsible for such violations committed in the territory of neighbouring
States, between 1 January 1994 and 31 December 1994.

     2.   The Prosecutor shall act independently as a separate organ of the
International Tribunal for Rwanda. He or she shall not seek or receive
instructions from any Government or from any other source.

     3.   The Prosecutor of the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia
shall also serve as the Prosecutor of the International Tribunal for Rwanda. He
or she shall have additional staff, including an additional Deputy Prosecutor,
to assist with prosecutions before the International Tribunal for Rwanda. Such


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staff shall be appointed by the Secretary-General on the recommendation of the
Prosecutor.


                                   Article 16

                                  The Registry

     1.   The Registry shall be responsible for the administration and servicing
of the International Tribunal for Rwanda.

     2.   The Registry shall consist of a Registrar and such other staff as may
be required.

     3.   The Registrar shall be appointed by the Secretary-General after
consultation with the President of the International Tribunal for Rwanda. He or
she shall serve for a four-year term and be eligible for reappointment. The
terms and conditions of service of the Registrar shall be those of an Assistant
Secretary-General of the United Nations.

     4.   The staff of the Registry shall be appointed by the Secretary-General
on the recommendation of the Registrar.


                                   Article 17

                   Investigation and preparation of indictment

     1.   The Prosecutor shall initiate investigations ex-officio or on the
basis of information obtained from any source, particularly from Governments,
United Nations organs, intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations.
The Prosecutor shall assess the information received or obtained and decide
whether there is sufficient basis to proceed.

     2.   The Prosecutor shall have the power to question suspects, victims and
witnesses, to collect evidence and to conduct on-site investigations. In
carrying out these tasks, the Prosecutor may, as appropriate, seek the
assistance of the State authorities concerned.

     3.   If questioned, the suspect shall be entitled to be assisted by counsel
of his or her own choice, including the right to have legal assistance assigned
to the suspect without payment by him or her in any such case if he or she does
not have sufficient means to pay for it, as well as to necessary translation
into and from a language he or she speaks and understands.

     4.   Upon a determination that a prima facie case exists, the Prosecutor
shall prepare an indictment containing a concise statement of the facts and the
crime or crimes with which the accused is charged under the Statute. The
indictment shall be transmitted to a judge of the Trial Chamber.




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                                   Article 18

                            Review of the indictment

     1.   The judge of the Trial Chamber to whom the indictment has been
transmitted shall review it. If satisfied that a prima facie case has been
established by the Prosecutor, he or she shall confirm the indictment. If not
so satisfied, the indictment shall be dismissed.

     2.   Upon confirmation of an indictment, the judge may, at the request of
the Prosecutor, issue such orders and warrants for the arrest, detention,
surrender or transfer of persons, and any other orders as may be required for
the conduct of the trial.


                                   Article 19

                 Commencement and conduct of trial proceedings

     1.   The Trial Chambers shall ensure that a trial is fair and expeditious
and that proceedings are conducted in accordance with the rules of procedure and
evidence, with full respect for the rights of the accused and due regard for the
protection of victims and witnesses.

     2.   A person against whom an indictment has been confirmed shall, pursuant
to an order or an arrest warrant of the International Tribunal for Rwanda, be
taken into custody, immediately informed of the charges against him or her and
transferred to the International Tribunal for Rwanda.

     3.   The Trial Chamber shall read the indictment, satisfy itself that the
rights of the accused are respected, confirm that the accused understands the
indictment, and instruct the accused to enter a plea. The Trial Chamber shall
then set the date for trial.

     4.   The hearings shall be public unless the Trial Chamber decides to close
the proceedings in accordance with its rules of procedure and evidence.


                                   Article 20

                             Rights of the accused

     1.   All persons shall be equal before the International Tribunal for
Rwanda.

     2.   In the determination of charges against him or her, the accused shall
be entitled to a fair and public hearing, subject to article 21 of the Statute.

     3.   The accused shall be presumed innocent until proved guilty according
to the provisions of the present Statute.



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     4.   In the determination of any charge against the accused pursuant to the
present Statute, the accused shall be entitled to the following minimum
guarantees, in full equality:

     (a) To be informed promptly and in detail in a language which he or she
understands of the nature and cause of the charge against him or her;

     (b) To have adequate time and facilities for the preparation of his or her
defence and to communicate with counsel of his or her own choosing;

     (c)   To be tried without undue delay;

     (d) To be tried in his or her presence, and to defend himself or herself
in person or through legal assistance of his or her own choosing; to be
informed, if he or she does not have legal assistance, of this right; and to
have legal assistance assigned to him or her, in any case where the interests of
justice so require, and without payment by him or her in any such case if he or
she does not have sufficient means to pay for it;

     (e) To examine, or have examined, the witnesses against him or her and to
obtain the attendance and examination of witnesses on his or her behalf under
the same conditions as witnesses against him or her;

     (f) To have the free assistance of an interpreter if he or she cannot
understand or speak the language used in the International Tribunal for Rwanda;

     (g) Not to be compelled to testify against himself or herself or to
confess guilt.


                                    Article 21

                       Protection of victims and witnesses

     The International Tribunal for Rwanda shall provide in its rules of
procedure and evidence for the protection of victims and witnesses. Such
protection measures shall include, but shall not be limited to, the conduct of
in camera proceedings and the protection of the victim’s identity.


                                    Article 22

                                    Judgement

     1.   The Trial Chambers shall pronounce judgements and impose sentences and
penalties on persons convicted of serious violations of international
humanitarian law.

     2.   The judgement shall be rendered by a majority of the judges of the
Trial Chamber, and shall be delivered by the Trial Chamber in public. It shall
be accompanied by a reasoned opinion in writing, to which separate or dissenting
opinions may be appended.

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                                    Article 23

                                    Penalties

     1.   The penalty imposed by the Trial Chamber shall be limited to
imprisonment. In determining the terms of imprisonment, the Trial Chambers
shall have recourse to the general practice regarding prison sentences in the
courts of Rwanda.

     2.   In imposing the sentences, the Trial Chambers should take into account
such factors as the gravity of the offence and the individual circumstances of
the convicted person.

     3.   In addition to imprisonment, the Trial Chambers may order the return
of any property and proceeds acquired by criminal conduct, including by means of
duress, to their rightful owners.


                                    Article 24

                              Appellate proceedings

     1.   The Appeals Chamber shall hear appeals from persons convicted by the
Trial Chambers or from the Prosecutor on the following grounds:

     (a)   An error on a question of law invalidating the decision; or

     (b)   An error of fact which has occasioned a miscarriage of justice.

     2.   The Appeals Chamber may affirm, reverse or revise the decisions taken
by the Trial Chambers.


                                    Article 25

                                Review proceedings

     Where a new fact has been discovered which was not known at the time of the
proceedings before the Trial Chambers or the Appeals Chamber and which could
have been a decisive factor in reaching the decision, the convicted person or
the Prosecutor may submit to the International Tribunal for Rwanda an
application for review of the judgement.


                                    Article 26

                             Enforcement of sentences

     Imprisonment shall be served in Rwanda or any of the States on a list of
States which have indicated to the Security Council their willingness to accept
convicted persons, as designated by the International Tribunal for Rwanda. Such


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imprisonment shall be in accordance with the applicable law of the State
concerned, subject to the supervision of the International Tribunal for Rwanda.


                                       Article 27

                        Pardon or commutation of sentences

     If, pursuant to the applicable law of the State in which the convicted
person is imprisoned, he or she is eligible for pardon or commutation of
sentence, the State concerned shall notify the International Tribunal for Rwanda
accordingly. There shall only be pardon or commutation of sentence if the
President of the International Tribunal for Rwanda, in consultation with the
judges, so decides on the basis of the interests of justice and the general
principles of law.


                                       Article 28

                       Cooperation and judicial assistance

     1.   States shall cooperate with the International Tribunal for Rwanda in
the investigation and prosecution of persons accused of committing serious
violations of international humanitarian law.

     2.   States shall comply without undue delay with any request for
assistance or an order issued by a Trial Chamber, including, but not limited to:

     (a)   The identification and location of persons;

     (b)   The taking of testimony and the production of evidence;

     (c)   The service of documents;

     (d)   The arrest or detention of persons;

     (e) The surrender or the transfer of the accused to the International
Tribunal for Rwanda.


                                       Article 29

                   The status, privileges and immunities of the
                         International Tribunal for Rwanda

     1.   The Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the United Nations
of 13 February 1946 shall apply to the International Tribunal for Rwanda, the
judges, the Prosecutor and his or her staff, and the Registrar and his or her
staff.




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     2.   The judges, the Prosecutor and the Registrar shall enjoy the
privileges and immunities, exemptions and facilities accorded to diplomatic
envoys, in accordance with international law.

     3.   The staff of the Prosecutor and of the Registrar shall enjoy the
privileges and immunities accorded to officials of the United Nations under
articles V and VII of the Convention referred to in paragraph 1 of this article.

     4.   Other persons, including the accused, required at the seat or meeting
place of the International Tribunal for Rwanda shall be accorded such treatment
as is necessary for the proper functioning of the International Tribunal for
Rwanda.


                                   Article 30

               Expenses of the International Tribunal for Rwanda

     The expenses of the International Tribunal for Rwanda shall be expenses of
the Organization in accordance with Article 17 of the Charter of the United
Nations.


                                   Article 31

                               Working languages

     The working languages of the International Tribunal shall be English and
French.


                                   Article 32

                                 Annual report

     The President of the International Tribunal for Rwanda shall submit an
annual report of the International Tribunal for Rwanda to the Security Council
and to the General Assembly.


                                     -----

