               United Nations                                                                      S/RES/2677 (2023)
               Security Council                                                  Distr.: General
                                                                                 15 March 2023




               Resolution 2677 (2023)
               Adopted by the Security Council at its 9281st meeting, on
               15 March 2023

                    The Security Council,
                    Recalling its previous resolutions, statements of its President, and press
               statements concerning the situation in South Sudan,
                     Reaffirming its strong commitment to the sovereignty, independence, territorial
               integrity, and national unity of the Republic of South Sudan, and recalling the
               importance of the principles of non-interference, good-neighbourliness, and regional
               cooperation,
                    Affirming its support for the 2018 “Revitalised Agreement on the Resolution of
               the Conflict in the Republic of South Sudan” (the Rev italised Agreement),
                     Stressing that the peace process only remains viable with the full commitment
               by all parties, and urging the full implementation without delay of the Revitalised
               Agreement and of the Agreement on the Roadmap to a Peaceful and Democra tic end
               of the Transition Period of the R-ARCSS, noting with concern the delayed
               implementation of the Revitalised Agreement, which necessitated a further two -year
               extension of the transitional political arrangements,
                     Welcoming that some progress was achieved in the implementation of the
               priority measures defined in paragraph 9 of resolution 2625 (2022), including
               continued security provided to re-designated protection of civilian sites, initiation of
               a permanent constitution-making process, ensuring better freedom of movement of
               UNMISS and the graduation of a first phase of the necessary unified forces,
                     Expressing deep concern over the continued intensification of all forms of
               violence prolonging the political, security, economic, and humanitarian crisis in most
               parts of the country, condemning the mobilization of armed groups by parties to the
               conflict and encouragement of defections, including by members of the government
               forces and armed opposition groups, and further recognizing that intercommunal
               violence in South Sudan is politically and economically linked to national -level
               violence and corruption undertaken by South Sudan’s previous civil war actors in the
               capital, and encouraging UNMISS to continue to support and protect community-led
               peace dialogue processes, in coordination with South Sudanese authorities, in order
               to strengthen local community engagement, empowerment, and national
               reconciliation,




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                     Recognizing the Secretary-General’s report from 22 February 2023
               (S/2023/135), requesting the Government and parties to facilitate unhindered
               humanitarian access along the Nile River corridor which will enable the delivery of
               services to the most vulnerable persons, in which the Secretary-General urged that
               the corridor is given adequate consideration for its potential to contribute to economic
               and social development of South Sudan and recommended that in this endeavor
               UNMISS should provide the required support as needed,
                    Expressing appreciation for the leadership of the Intergovernmental Authority
               on Development (IGAD) in advancing the peace process for South Sudan and
               welcoming the commitment and efforts of IGAD and its member states, the
               Reconstituted Joint Monitoring and Evaluation Commission (RJMEC), the African
               Union (AU), including the African Union Peace and Security Council (AUPSC), the
               United Nations (UN), and countries in the region to continue engaging with South
               Sudanese leaders to address the current crisis, and encouraging their continued and
               proactive engagement,
                    Welcoming the resumption of the facilitation of political dialogue by the
               Community of Sant’Egidio between signatories and non-signatories of the Revitalised
               Agreement and encouraging all parties to continue their efforts to peacefully resolve
               disputes in order to achieve an inclusive and sustainable peace,
                    Encouraging the Government of South Sudan to continue engaging with the
               United Nations Peacebuilding Commission (PBC) to enhance international support
               for South Sudan’s peacebuilding objectives,
                     Stressing the need for the rapid and transparent assessment of violations by the
               Ceasefire and Transitional Security Arrangements Monitoring and Verification
               Mechanism (CTSAMVM), encouraging IGAD to take action on the reports and share
               the reports with the Security Council rapidly, and noting that the African Union,
               IGAD, and the United Nations Security Council demanded that parties that violate
               the Agreement on Cessation of Hostilities, Protection of Civilians, and Humanitarian
               Access (the ACOH) must be held accountable, appealing to member states for
               political, logistical and financial support for the RJMEC and the CTSAMVM to
               enhance their operational capabilities and enhanced diplomatic engagement from
               RJMEC member states with the government to press for action to hold those
               accountable when violations are documented,
                     Expressing grave concern at ongoing reports of sexual and gender-based
               violence, including the findings of the report of the Secretary -General on Children
               and armed conflict in South Sudan (S/2023/99) and on Conflict Related Sexual
               Violence to the Security Council (S/2022/272) of the use of sexual and gender-based
               violence as a tactic by parties to the conflict against the civilian population in South
               Sudan, including use of rape and sexual slavery for the purpose of intimidation and
               punishment, based on perceived political affiliation, and employed as part of a
               strategy targeting members of ethnic groups, and where sexual and gender-based
               violence against women and girls has persisted after the signing of the Revitalised
               Agreement, as documented in the March 2022 report published by UN Commission
               on Human Rights in South Sudan (CHRSS) on “Conflict-Related Sexual Violence
               against women and girls in South Sudan”, noting that some progress was observed by
               South Sudanese parties through implementation of action plans to address sexual
               violence in conflict, and underlining the urgency and importance of timely
               investigations to support accountability and the provision of assistance and protection
               to survivors and victims of sexual and gender-based violence, including conflictrelated sexual violence,
                     Expressing serious and urgent concern over the more than 2.2 million internally
               displaced persons and ongoing humanitarian crisis, 9.4 million in need of

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           humanitarian assistance according to the 2023 South Sudan Humanitarian Snapshot,
           and the estimated 7.7 million people who faced severe food insecurity in mid -2022
           and likely famine in some areas, according to the Food and Agriculture Organization
           and the World Food Programme, recalling its resolution 2417 (2018) that recognizes
           the need to break the vicious cycle among armed conflict, displacement, and food
           insecurity, condemning the unlawful denial of access by humanitarian personnel to
           civilians in armed conflict and underlining that the use of starvation of ci vilians as a
           method of warfare may constitute a war crime, strongly condemning all attacks
           against humanitarian personnel and facilities that resulted in the deaths of nine
           personnel in 2022 and five personnel since January 2023, further condemning
           obstructions by all parties of civilians and humanitarian actors seeking to reach
           civilians in need of assistance, expressing grave concern at the imposition of taxes
           and illegal fees which hamper the delivery of humanitarian assistance across the
           country, and commending United Nations humanitarian agencies, partners, and donors
           for their efforts to provide urgent and coordinated support to the population,
                 Strongly condemning all human rights violations and abuses and violations of
           international humanitarian law by all parties, including armed groups and national
           security forces, as well as the incitement to commit such abuses and violations,
           including those in Tambura, Western Equatoria State, and recently Jonglei, Unity, and
           Upper Nile States, further condemning severe restrictions of freedoms of opinion,
           expression, peaceful assembly and association, and the harassment, targeting, and
           censorship of UNMISS and civil society, as well as journalists, human rights
           defenders, humanitarian personnel, and media correspondents, and strongly
           encouraging all parties to create a safe and enabling environment for those groups,
           and further emphasizing that South Sudan’s government bears the primary
           responsibility to protect its populations from genocide, war crimes, ethnic c leansing,
           and crimes against humanity, and expressing concern that despite the signing of the
           Revitalised Agreement, violations and abuses including those involving sexual and
           gender-based violence continue to occur, which may amount to international crime s,
           including war crimes and crimes against humanity,
                 Reiterating the urgent need to end impunity in South Sudan and to bring to
           justice all those responsible for violations of international humanitarian law and
           violations and abuses of human rights, expressing serious concern over the delays in
           the establishment of transitional justice mechanisms called for in Chapter V of the
           Revitalised Agreement,
                 Stressing the importance of transitional justice measures included in Chapter V
           of the Revitalised Agreement, to end impunity and promote accountability, facilitate
           national reconciliation and healing, and ensure a sustainable peace, particularly those
           efforts undertaken by the UN-mandated Commission on Human Rights in South
           Sudan, and in this regard, recognizing the operationalization of a Gender-Based
           Violence and Juvenile Court by the Judiciary of South Sudan, and the establishment
           of mobile courts to combat impunity including for intercommunal violence and
           human rights abuses and violations involving killings and rape, acknowledging the
           approval by the Government of South Sudan (GoSS) to establish transitional justice
           mechanisms, including the Hybrid Court for South Sudan, and further recognizing
           that the GoSS conducted nationwide consultations on the Commi ssion for Truth,
           Reconciliation, and Healing, encouraging it to continue to hold meaningful
           consultations with all stakeholders, including full, equal, and meaningful
           participation of women, and inclusion of youth, victims, persons with disabilities, and
           internally displaced persons (IDPs), and South Sudanese refugees, emphasizing its
           expectation that all credible reports of human rights violations and abuses will be duly
           considered by any transitional justice mechanisms for South Sudan including those
           established pursuant to the Revitalised Agreement, stressing the importance of

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               ensuring accountability for IHL violations and expressing grave concern that
               according to credible reports, war crimes and crimes against humanity may have been
               committed, underlining the importance of collection and preservation of evidence for
               eventual use by the Hybrid Court for South Sudan and other accountability
               mechanisms, and encouraging efforts in this regard,
                     Underlining that any obstruction of UNMISS by any party is unacceptable,
               including restrictions on freedom of movement, assault of UNMISS personnel, and
               constraints on mission operations, including restrictions on patrols and UNMISS
               efforts to, inter alia, monitor the human rights situation,
                    Recalling its resolution 2117 (2013) and expressing grave concern at the threat
               to peace and security in South Sudan arising from the illicit transfer, destabilizing
               accumulation and misuse of small arms and light weapons, and further expressing
               concern that illicit trafficking and diversion of arms and related materiel of all types
               undermine the rule of law, and has the potential to undermine respect for international
               humanitarian law, can impede the provision of humanitarian assistance and have
               wide-ranging negative humanitarian and socioeconomic consequences,
                     Noting the measures adopted by the Security Council in resolution 2428 (2018)
               and renewed in 2471 (2019), 2521 (2020), 2577 (2021) and 2633 (2022) recalling
               that individuals or entities responsible for or complicit in, or having engaged in,
               directly or indirectly, actions or policies that threaten the peace, security or stability
               of South Sudan, may be designated for targeted sanctions, further recalling its
               willingness to impose targeted sanctions, and stressing the critical importance of
               effective implementation of the sanctions regime, including its travel ban measures,
               and the key role that neighboring states, as well as regional and subregional
               organizations, can play in this regard, encouraging efforts to further enhance
               cooperation, and reiterating its readiness to consider adjusting measures, including
               through modifying, suspending, lifting or strengthening measures to respond to the
               situation,
                     Emphasizing that persistent barriers to full implementation of resolution 1325
               (2000), and subsequent resolutions addressing women, peace, and security, including
               resolution 2242 (2015), will only be dismantled through dedicated commitment to
               gender equality, women’s empowerment, participation, and human rights, as well as
               concerted leadership, consistent information and action, and support, to facilitate
               women’s full, equal, and meaningful participation in all levels of decision -making
               and leadership,
                    Acknowledging the significance of the GoSS’s ratification of the Optional
               Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Involvement of Children
               in Armed Conflict, and welcoming the extension of the Comprehensive Action Plan
               to End and Prevent All Grave Violations Against Children by the GoSS, and
               endorsement of Call to Action to Ensure the Rights and Wellbeing of Children Born
               of Sexual Violence in Conflict,
                      Welcoming that South Sudan acceded to four international conventions and
               passed into law the (i) Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and
               Optional Protocol; (ii) International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights;
               (iii) Protocol to The African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights on the Rights of
               Women in Africa (Maputo Protocol); and (iv) Internation al Covenant on Economic,
               Social and Cultural Rights,
                     Expressing serious concern about the dire situation of persons with disabilities
               in South Sudan, including abandonment, violence, and lack of access to basic
               services, and emphasizing the need to ensure that the particular needs of persons with
               disabilities are addressed in the humanitarian response,


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                 Recognizing the adverse effects of climate change, ecological changes, land
           degradation, food insecurity, and natural disasters, among other factors, on t he
           humanitarian situation and stability in South Sudan, calling on the government to
           engage with local communities to address these challenges, and emphasizing the need
           for comprehensive risk assessments and risk management strategies by the GoSS and
           the United Nations to inform programs relating to these factors, and acknowledging
           the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Paris
           Agreement,
                Strongly urging the Government of South Sudan to coordinate with UNMISS
           and the Humanitarian Country Team to address the flood waters and lack of services
           such as water management, sanitation, and hygiene facilities in IDP sites, including
           at Bentiu,
                 Noting the United Nations Department of Operational Support’s Environment
           Strategy (phase II), which emphasises good stewardship of resources and a positive
           legacy of the mission, and identifies the goal of expanded renewable energy use in
           missions to enhance safety and security, save costs, offer efficiencies and benefit the
           mission,
                 Commending the work of UNMISS, and expressing its deep appreciation for the
           actions taken by UNMISS peacekeepers and troop- and police-contributing countries
           in implementing the UNMISS mandate in a challenging environment,
                 Recognizing the importance of strategic communications to peacekeeping
           operations, acknowledging that its efficient use is crucial to the effective
           implementation of UNMISS’ mandate, emphasizing the need to continue to improve
           UNMISS’ strategic communications capabilities in order to maintain the missio n’s
           ability to achieve its protection, political and humanitarian goals, and welcoming the
           commitment of the Secretary-General to mainstream strategic communications
           activities into both planning and day-to-day operational decisions of missions,
           including UNMISS, as stated in its Action for Peacekeeping Plus Plan,
                 Welcoming the commitment of the Secretary-General to enforce strictly his zerotolerance policy on sexual exploitation and abuse, noting the various measures taken
           by UNMISS and troop- and police-contributing countries to combat sexual
           exploitation and abuse, while expressing continued concern over allegations of sexual
           exploitation and abuse reportedly committed by peacekeepers and other UN personnel
           in South Sudan,
                 Taking note of the Secretary-General’s 15 July 2021 electoral needs assessment
           (S/2021/661), and also taking note of the Report of the Secretary-General of
           25 February 2022 (S/2022/156), and further recognizing that free and fair elections
           necessitate that the GoSS fulfils its commitment to promptly execute key benchmarks
           for the constitutional process and create conditions for the protection of civic and
           political space, and ensuring the will of all South Sudanese voters and the full, equal
           and meaningful participation and inclusion of women, and meaningful and diverse
           inclusion of youth, persons with disabilities, South Sudanese citizens IDPs, South
           Sudanese refugees, as well as members of all political groups is critical for a transition
           toward a stable, inclusive, democratic, and self-reliant state,
                 Determining that the situation in South Sudan continues to constitute a threat to
           international peace and security in the region,
                Acting under Chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nations,




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               UNMISS Mandate
                    1.     Decides to extend the mandate of UNMISS until 15 March 2024;
                     2.    Decides that UNMISS’s mandate is designed to advance the three-year
               strategic vision defined in resolution 2567 (2021) to prevent a return to civil war in
               South Sudan, to build durable peace at the local and national levels, and to support
               inclusive and accountable governance and free, fair, and peaceful elections in
               accordance with the Revitalised Agreement;
                     3.   Decides that UNMISS shall have the following mandate, authorizes
               UNMISS to use all necessary means to implement its mandate, requests the Secretary-General to inform the Security Council of any obstacles to the implementation of the
               mandate, and stresses that the protection of civilians shall be given priority in
               decisions about the use of available capacity and resources;
                    (a)    Protection of civilians:
                    (i) To use all necessary means to ensure effective, timely, and dynamic
                    protection of civilians under threat of physical violence through a
                    comprehensive and integrated approach, irrespective of the source or location
                    of such violence and, in this regard:
                    •     To prevent, deter, and stop violence against civilians, including politically
                          driven violence, particularly in high-risk areas, as well as to promptly and
                          effectively engage any actor that is credibly found to be preparing attacks,
                          or engages in attacks, against civilians, IDP camps, and the UNMISS
                          protection of civilians sites,
                    •     To maintain a proactive deployment and a mobile, flexible, robust and
                          effective posture including by conducting active patrolling by foot and by
                          vehicle, in particular in high risk areas, IDP camps, and the UNMISS
                          protection of civilians site, emphasizing that, pursuant to the SOFA,
                          UNMISS is fully authorized to undertake its mandated tasks,
                    •     To identify and deter threats and attacks against civilians, in cluding through
                          strengthened implementation of a mission-wide early warning and response
                          system that draws upon robust conflict-sensitive analysis, regular
                          interaction with civilians including with Community Liaison Assistants, and
                          close consultations with humanitarian, human rights, civil society, and
                          development organizations, in areas at high risk of conflict, in particular
                          when the GoSS is unable, or fails, to provide such security, and includes
                          tracking, analyzing and reporting on the rate and effectiv eness of the
                          Mission’s protection of civilians responses and ensuring that risks of sexual
                          and gender-based violence in conflict and post-conflict situations are
                          included in the Mission’s data collection, threat analysis and early warning
                          system,
                    •     To maintain public safety and security of and within UNMISS protection of
                          civilians sites, and where protection of civilian sites have been
                          re-designated, to protect civilians in those re-designated sites, irrespective
                          of the source of violence, to maintain a flexible posture linked to threat
                          analysis, to rapidly respond to threats in other locations, to promptly develop
                          contingency plans for protecting civilians in both the protecting of civilian
                          and re-designated sites in a crisis, and ensure the ability to scale up presence
                          and protection of re-designated sites if the security situation deteriorates;
                    (ii) To provide specific protection for women and children, including through
                    the continued and consistent use and deployment of UNMISS’s Child Protection


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           Advisers, Women Protection Advisers, and uniformed and civilian Gender
           Advisers, and share best practices with relevant local stakeholders for the
           purpose of capacity building, and to further deter, prevent, and respond to sexual
           and gender-based violence, including by actively intervening to protect civilians
           threatened by, and survivors of, sexual violence, irrespective of its source, and
           by facilitating access to organizations that provide services and support to
           survivors, including medical, sexual and reproductive health, psychosocial,
           mental health, legal, and socioeconomic services;
           (iii) To exercise good offices, confidence-building, and facilitation in support
           of UNMISS’s protection strategy, especially in regard to women and children,
           including to facilitate, the prevention, mitigation, and resolution of
           intercommunal violence through, inter alia, support to community -led peace
           dialogue processes, in line with evidence-based best practice, and informed by
           gender-sensitive conflict and political economy analysis and, conflict-sensitive
           analysis, mediation and community engagement in order to foster sustainable
           local and national reconciliation as an essential part of preventing violence and
           long-term state-building activity;
           (iv) To provide support for the relevant national and state level authorities and
           civil society organizations in developing and implementing gender-responsive
           community violence reduction (CVR) programs, to help de- escalate inter
           communal violence and complement community disarmament initiatives in
           cooperation and coordination with development partners and community
           representatives, with a particular focus on members of armed groups ineligible
           or unwilling to be integrated into the Necessary Unified Forces, women and
           youth; Using technical assistance and capacity building to support the GoSS to
           expand and reform the rule of law and justice sector, in a conflict-sensitive
           manner, and in line with the terms of the Peace Agreement in order to strengthen
           protection of civilians, combat impunity, and promote accountability, including
           investigation and prosecution of gender-based violence, including conflictrelated sexual violence, and human rights violations and abuses in a survivorcentered approach;
           (v) To foster a secure environment for the safe, informed, voluntary, and
           dignified return, relocation, resettlement or integration into host communities
           for IDPs and refugees, informed by robust gender responsive conflict analysis,
           and when and to locations where conditions are conducive, in cluding through
           monitoring of and promoting respect for human rights, coordination with police
           services, security and government institutions, and civil society actors in
           relevant and protection-focused activities, investigation and prosecution of
           sexual and gender-based violence and conflict-related sexual violence, as well
           as other human rights violations and abuses, in order to strengthen protection of
           civilians, combat impunity, and promote accountability, at all times operating
           consistent with the United Nations Human Rights Due Diligence Policy
           (HRDDP);
           (vi) To facilitate the conditions for safe and free movement into, out of, and
           around Juba, including at the means of ingress and egress from the city and
           major lines of communication and transport within Juba, including the airport;
           (vii) To monitor and report the environmental impacts of its operations when
           fulfilling its mandated tasks and, in this context, to manage them as appropriate
           and consistent with applicable and relevant General Assembly resolutions and
           United Nations rules and regulations;




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                     (b) Creating the conditions conducive to the delivery of humanitarian
               assistance:
                    (i) To contribute, in close coordination with humanitarian actors, to the
                    creation of security conditions conducive to the delivery of humanitarian
                    assistance, so as to allow, in accordance with international law, including
                    applicable international humanitarian law, all humanitarian personnel full, safe
                    and unhindered access to all those in need in South Sudan and timely delivery
                    of humanitarian assistance, including IDPs and refugees, consistent with United
                    Nations guiding principles of humanitarian assistance, including humanity,
                    impartiality, neutrality, and independence, including by providing gendersensitive risk assessments on the adverse effects of climate change;
                    (ii) To ensure the security and freedom of movement of United Nations and
                    associated personnel where appropriate, including through explosive ordnance
                    risk mitigation and clearance, and to ensure the security of its installations and
                    equipment necessary for implementation of mandated tasks;
                    (c) Supporting the Implementation of the Revitalised Agreement and the
               Peace Process:
                    (i) To use good offices to support the peace process and the creation of
                    conditions conducive to the full implementation of the Revitalised Agreement
                    and the Agreement on the Roadmap to a Peaceful and Democratic end of the
                    Transition Period of the R-ARCSS, to prevent further escalation of political
                    violence and address the root causes of conflict. including through adv ice,
                    technical assistance, and coordination with relevant regional actors, in particular
                    to learn from the National Dialogue to generate significant political reform and
                    continue a South Sudanese dialogue about how to encourage power-sharing and
                    peaceful political competition;
                    (ii) To assist all parties: to provide the full, equal and meaningful participation
                    of women, and meaningful, diverse and effective engagement of civil society,
                    youth, and other marginalized groups in the peace process, transitional
                    government bodies and institutions, and all conflict resolution and
                    peacebuilding efforts, including on transitional justice, electoral, judicial,
                    legislative, and institutional reform, the constitution-making process, and
                    security sector transformation; to promote an open, free, inclusive, and safe
                    civic space; and to ensure that the protection, rights, well-being and
                    empowerment of children affected by armed conflict are fully incorporated in
                    these processes, as well as their views and needs considered in their design;
                    (iii) To participate in and support the work of CTSAMVM, RJMEC, and other
                    implementation mechanisms in the implementation of their mandates, including
                    at the subnational level;
                    (iv) To use good offices to assist the GoSS and other relevant parties in
                    upholding the view of elections as a phased approach that must first focus on
                    supporting the creation of conditions conducive to civic and political space,
                    transitional security arrangements, and an inclusive constitutional review
                    process for an eventual political transition, including through technical
                    assistance and capacity-building, to support mechanisms of the Revitalised
                    Agreement;
                    (v) To provide technical assistance, to include capacity-building, and
                    logistical support focused on creating conditions for civic and political space
                    and legal frameworks, for the electoral process, as appropriate and, in
                    coordination with the United Nations Country Team and regional and
                    international partners as well as security support to facilitate the el ectoral cycle,

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                consistent with the Revitalised Agreement, noting UNMISS support will
                include, inter alia, support to the South Sudanese governmental authorities and
                non-governmental organizations in its efforts to draft a permanent constitution,
                mitigate the potential for tensions throughout the electoral period, provide for
                the full, equal, meaningful and safe participation of women candidates and
                voters, including young voters, at all levels and in all phases of the electoral
                process, and provide for the participation of South Sudanese IDPs and refugees,
                and notes that UNMISS support will be continually assessed and reviewed
                according to the progress made by the South Sudanese authorities in paragraphs
                6, 7, and 8 below;
                (vi) To provide support for the implementation of gender-responsive
                community violence reduction (CVR) programs, to complement community
                disarmament initiatives in cooperation and coordination with development
                partners and community representatives, with a particular focus on the mem bers
                of armed groups ineligible or unwilling to be integrated into the Necessary
                Unified Forces, women and youth;
                (vii) To use technical assistance and capacity building to support the GoSS and
                non-governmental South Sudanese voices to strengthen, expand and reform all
                components of the rule of law and justice sector, in a conflict-sensitive manner,
                and in line with the terms of the Peace Agreement in order to strengthen
                protection of civilians, combat impunity, and promote accountability, inclu ding
                investigation and prosecution of sexual and gender-based violence, including
                conflict-related sexual violence, and human rights violations and abuses in a
                survivor-centered approach, which includes taking measures for the protection
                of victims and witnesses;
                (vii) To ensure that any support provided to non-United Nations security forces
                and government officials is informed by robust conflict-sensitive analysis and
                provided in strict compliance with the HRDDP, and that capacity -building
                support to civilian institutions is informed by conflict sensitive analysis,
                including the monitoring and reporting on how support is used and on the
                implementation of mitigating measures;
               (d) Monitoring, investigating, and reporting on violations of international
           humanitarian law and violations and abuses of human rights:
                (i) To monitor, investigate, verify, and report immediately, publicly, and
                regularly on abuses and violations of human rights and violations of
                international humanitarian law, including those that ma y amount to war crimes
                or crimes against humanity; and, where possible, to monitor, investigate, verify,
                and report immediately, publicly, and regularly on the chains of command and
                the decision-making structures that led to abuses and violations of human rights
                and violations of international humanitarian law, including those that may
                amount to war crimes or crimes against humanity;
                (ii) To monitor, investigate, verify and report specifically and publicly on
                violations and abuses committed against women and children, including those
                involving all forms of sexual and gender-based violence, including conflict
                related sexual violence, and accelerate implementation of monitoring, analysis
                and reporting arrangements on conflict-related sexual violence, including by
                ensuring these arrangements promote timely action to deter, prevent and respond
                to incidents of sexual and gender-based violence, and by strengthening the
                monitoring and reporting mechanism for violations and abuses against children;




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                    (iii) To monitor, investigate and report on incidents of hate speech and
                    incitement to violence in cooperation with the United Nations Special Adviser
                    on the Prevention of Genocide;
                    (iv) To coordinate with, share appropriate information with, and provide
                    technical support, to include capacity building, to international, regional, and
                    community and national mechanisms and relevant local stakeholders engaged
                    in monitoring, investigating, prosecuting and reporting on violations of
                    international humanitarian law and human rights violations and abuses,
                    including those that may amount to war crimes or crimes against humanity, as
                    appropriate;
                     4.   Decides to maintain the overall force levels of UNMISS with a troop
               ceiling of 17,000 personnel, and a police ceiling of 2,101 person nel, including 88
               justice and corrections advisors expresses its readiness to consider adjustments to
               UNMISS force levels and capacity-building tasks based on security conditions on the
               ground and implementation of priority measures in paragraph 9 below;

               South Sudan Peace Process
                    5.    Demands all parties to the conflict and other armed actors to immediately
               end the fighting throughout South Sudan and engage in political dialogue, reminds
               South Sudanese authorities of their primary responsibility to protect civilians in South
               Sudan, and further demands South Sudan’s leaders to implement the permanent
               ceasefire declared in the Revitalised Agreement and all previous ceasefire and
               cessation of hostilities agreements, including commitments in the Rome Declaration;
                     6.    Expresses its deep concern about the delays in implementing the
               Revitalised Agreement, in particular calls for the use of a single Treasury account and
               the required audits, reviews and additional tools for an oil marketing system that is
               open, transparent, and competitive and roots out corruption so that the South
               Sudanese public may benefit from the country’s oil wealth, calls on the parties to
               implement fully the Revitalised Agreement, including by allocating the necessary
               financial resources, establish its institutions without delay, and ensure full, equal, and
               meaningful participation of women, and inclusion of youth, faith groups, and civil
               society in all conflict resolution and peacebuilding efforts, stresses the need to
               expeditiously, finalize security arrangements, establish all transitional institutions,
               and make progress on transitional reforms, including establishing free and open civic
               space, an inclusive constitutional drafting process, and economic transparency and
               public financial management reform, recognizes the detrimental effect of corruption
               and misuse of public funds on the GoSS’s ability to provide services to its population,
               and further stresses the need to enhance good economic governance to ensure
               effective national revenue collection and anti-corruption structures in order to finance
               implementation of regulatory framework essential for a political transition, and the
               humanitarian needs of the population;
                     7.    Stresses that conducting free and fair elections, reflecting the will of all
               South Sudanese and with the full, equal and meaningful participation of women, and
               inclusion of youth, people with disabilities, South Sudanese IDPs, refugees, and
               members of all political groups, is critical for a transition toward a stable, inclusive,
               democratic, and self-reliant state, and in this regard, underscores that elections should
               be viewed as a phased approach and UNMISS should focus in the near-term on key
               conditions, including the prevention of a further escalation of political violence and
               creating conditions for an inclusive, constitutional drafting and review process and
               the inclusive civic space that is a prerequisite to the conduct of free and fair elections,
               and in this calls for the South Sudanese authorities, consistent with the Revitalised
               Agreement, to make immediate and concrete progress on the key milestones to


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           facilitate a peaceful electoral process, including adoption of the Permanent
           Constitution, the passing of necessary legislation, transitional security arrangements,
           and the establishment of an independent electoral commission and to mitigate
           potential for tensions throughout the electoral period once the above conditions are
           achieved, while affirming the importance of the South Sudanese authorities and all
           relevant parties creating the propitious conditions to enable UNMISS’s support to the
           electoral process, as provided for in paragraph 3 above;
                 8.    Calls upon the GoSS as well as all relevant parties to ensure an
           environment conducive to open political dialogue consistent with the Revitalised
           Agreement, which includes free and constructive political debate, freedom of opinion
           and expression, including for civil society, opposition parties, and members of the
           press and, freedom of peaceful assembly, equitable access to media including State
           media, the security of all political actors, freedom of movement for all candidates, as
           well as for presence of domestic and international election observers and witnesses,
           journalists, human rights activists and actors from civil society including women,
           which can help lead to free and fair elections;
                9.    Calls upon the GoSS and all relevant actors to take action to fulfill the
           following priority measures before the end of UNMISS’s current mandate:
               • Utilize robust conflict-sensitive analysis to provide protection of civilians and
                 security to re-designated protection of civilian sites, and to prevent and respond
                 to violence or criminality directed towards the inhabitants of those camps, in a
                 manner consistent with its obligations under international human rights law and
                 international humanitarian law, as applicable, and to appropriately vet all
                 security forces personnel involved in providing security at the re-designated
                 sites,
               • Make progress on creating a conducive political environment for elections
                 including, promptly making progress on key benchmarks for the constitutional
                 process that include passage and implementation of the Political Parties Act, and
                 establishment of the Political Parties Council, the Reconstituted National
                 Constitutional Review Commission, and the Constitutional Drafting
                 Committee, expanding inclusive civic space, including robust membership by
                 South Sudanese non-governmental organizations in these bodies, reducing
                 political violence, and ensuring key tasks are met consistent with the principles
                 of inclusive governance,
               • End all obstructions to UNMISS, including, inter alia, obstructions that hamper
                 UNMISS carrying out its mandate to monitor and investigate human rights
                 violations and abuses and violations of international humanitarian law, and
                 immediately cease obstructing international and national humanitarian actors
                 from assisting civilians, and facilitate freedom of movement for the
                 CTSAMVM,
               • Make progress on implementing the security arrangements by ensuring the
                 regular and adequate payment of salaries to the necessary unified forces,
                 consistent with the budgetary outlays to the National Securi ty Service and of
                 the South Sudan Presidential Guard Unit, and by assigning clear missions to
                 these forces in keeping with the Strategic Defense and Security Review (SDSR)
                 process contained in the Revitalised Agreement,
               • Conclude without further delay a Memorandum of Understanding with the
                 African Union to establish the Hybrid Court for South Sudan, start its effective
                 establishment, and set up the Commission for Truth, Reconciliation, and
                 Healing and the Compensation and Reparation Authority, and to prov ide



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                    mechanisms enabling civil society, victims, and witnesses to safely participate
                    in these mechanisms without fear of reprisals or retaliation,
                     10. Reiterates its call on the GoSS to comply with the obligations set out in
               the SOFA between the GoSS and the United Nations, and immediately cease
               obstructing UNMISS in the performance of its mandate, calls on the GoSS to take
               action, to deter, and to hold those responsible to account for any hostile or other
               actions that impede UNMISS or international and national humanitarian actors, and
               to continue to take all appropriate measures to ensure the safety and security and
               freedom of movement of UNMISS personnel with unhindered and immediate access,
               reminds the GoSS that, pursuant to the SOFA, UNMISS, as well as its contractors,
               does not require prior authorization or permission to undertake its mandated tasks and
               shall enjoy full and unrestricted freedom of movement without delay throughout
               South Sudan affirms the critical importance of the ability of UNMISS to m onitor,
               investigate, and report on violations of international humanitarian law and violations
               and abuses of human rights and to use all of its bases without restrictions in order to
               execute its mandate, and urges the GoSS to facilitate the smooth functioning of all
               UNMISS bases and to build an environment of mutual cooperation for UNMISS and
               its partners to conduct their work;
                     11. Demands that all parties immediately cease all forms of violence, human
               rights violations and abuses, and violations of international humanitarian law,
               including sexual and gender-based violence, including conflict-related sexual
               violence, and calls on the GoSS to expedite the implementation of the Action Plan for
               the Armed Forces on Addressing Conflict Related Sexual Violence a nd the South
               Sudan National Police Service Action Plan on addressing conflict -related sexual
               violence, hold those responsible for these violations and abuses accountable, in order
               to break the prevailing cycle of impunity, and to increase its efforts to ex peditiously
               and transparently complete the ongoing investigations of allegations of human rights
               violations and abuses and hold perpetrators accountable in a manner consistent with
               its international obligations, encourages it to release the reports of those
               investigations; and calls on the GoSS to immediately condemn and counter increasing
               hate speech and ethnic violence and to promote reconciliation among its people;
                     12. Demands that all parties allow, in accordance with international law,
               including applicable international humanitarian law, the rapid, safe and unhindered
               access of relief personnel, equipment and supplies, and timely delivery of
               humanitarian assistance, to all those in need throughout South Sudan in particular to
               IDPs and refugees, and end use of hospitals, schools and other civilian premises for
               purposes that could make them subject to attack, stresses the obligation to respect and
               protect all medical personnel and humanitarian personnel exclusively engaged in
               medical duties, their means of transport and equipment, as well as hospitals and other
               medical facilities, stresses also that any returns or other durable solutions for IDPs or
               refugees must be undertaken on a voluntary and informed basis in conditions of
               dignity and safety, and notes that freedom of movement of civilians and their right to
               seek asylum should be respected;
                     13. Calls upon the GoSS to resolve housing, land and property issues for the
               realization of durable solutions for IDPs and refugees, including through efforts to
               develop a National Land Policy and to create a secure environment for the safe,
               informed, voluntary, and dignified return, relocation, resettlement or integration into
               host communities for South Sudanese IDPs and refugees when and to locations where
               conditions are conducive;
                    14. Calls on parties to ensure full, effective, and meaningful participation and
               involvement of women in all spheres and levels of political leadership, the peace
               process, the transitional government, and ongoing reform processes unde r the peace


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           agreement, further calls on parties to recognize the need to protect women-led
           organizations and women peacebuilders from threats and reprisals and provide a safe
           environment to enable them to carry out their work freely, and fulfill the commit ments
           set out regarding inclusivity, including with respect to national diversity, gender, age
           and regional representation in the Revitalised Agreement to ensure the
           implementation of the 35 percent minimum participation level for women’s
           representation at all levels, which has not yet been achieved, regrets the low
           participation of women in the transition roadmap, and encourages their meaningful
           participation in the implementation;
                 15. Condemns continued acts of sexual violence, including conflict related
           sexual violence, and demands all parties to the conflict and other armed actors prevent
           further commission of sexual violence, and to implement the actions called for in
           resolution 2467 (2019) to adopt a survivor-centered approach to prevent and respond
           to sexual violence in conflict and post-conflict related situations and to hold those
           responsible accountable including through the prompt investigation, prosecution and
           punishment of perpetrators, as well as reparations for victims as appropriate, and
           strongly urges the SSPDF, the SPLA-IO, and the National Salvation Front (NAS) to
           fully implement the joint and unilateral commitments and action plans they have made
           on preventing conflict-related sexual violence;
                 16. Strongly urges all parties to armed conflict in South Sudan to implement
           the actions called for in The Conclusions on Children and Armed Conflict in South
           Sudan adopted by the Security Council Working Group on Children and Armed
           Conflict on 5 March 2021, urges all parties to fully implement the January 2020
           Comprehensive Action Plan to End and Prevent All Grave Violations Against
           Children, and calls on the GoSS to implement the Optional Protocol to the Convention
           on the Rights of the Child on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict and to
           strengthen the legal framework to safeguard children’s rights in South Sudan;
                 17. Calls upon the GoSS, while taking note of paragraph 3.2.2 of Chapter V
           of the Revitalised Agreement, and to ensure that all victims and survivors of sexual
           violence have equal protection under the law, and equal access to justice, and to
           advance respect for human rights of women and girls in these processes, through the
           provision of legal aid and medical support and psychosocial counselling, notes that
           implementing transitional justice measures, including those in the Revitalised
           Agreement, are key to healing and reconciliation, urges the GoSS to prioritize
           expanding and reforming and strengthening all components of the rule of law and
           justice sector, including at the subnational level, in order to strengthen protection of
           civilians, combat impunity, and promote accountability, including for the grave
           violations perpetrated against children described by the Special Representative of the
           Secretary General for Children and Armed Conflict, and calls on the international
           community to extend support to establishing the Hybrid Court for South Sudan; and
           calls upon the GoSS and African Union to overcome their current impasse and
           establish the Hybrid Court for South Sudan;
                 18. Expresses its intention to consider all appropriate measures, as
           demonstrated by adoption of resolutions 2206 (2015), 2290 (2016), 2353 (2017), 2428
           (2018), 2471 (2019), 2521 (2020), 2577 (2021) and 2633 (2022), against those who
           take actions that undermine the peace, stability, and security of South Sudan, stresses
           the sanctity of United Nations protection sites, underscores that individuals or entities
           that are responsible for or complicit in attacks against UNMISS personnel and
           premises and any humanitarian personnel, may meet the designation criteria, takes
           note of the 20 February 2018 Special Report of the Secretary-General on the renewal
           of the mandate of the United Nations Mission in South Sudan ( S/2018/143) that the
           steady re-supply of weapons and ammunition to South Sudan has directly affected the
           safety of United Nations personnel and UNMISS’s ability to carry out its mandate,

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               underscores the measures adopted by the Security Council in resolution 2428 (2018),
               including the arms embargo, to deprive the parties of the means to continue fighting
               and to prevent violations of the ACOH, and demands that all Member States comply
               with their obligations to prevent the direct or indirect supply, sale or transfer of arms
               and related materiel of all types, including weapons and ammunition, to the territory
               of South Sudan as set out in relevant Security Council resolutions;
               UNMISS Operations
                    19. Recalls its resolution 2086 (2013), reaffirms the basic principles of
               peacekeeping, as set forth in Presidential Statement S/PRST/2015/22, including
               consent of the parties, impartiality, and non-use of force, except in self-defence and
               defence of the mandate, and recognizes that the mandate of each peacekeeping
               mission is specific to the need and situation of the country concerned, and that the
               Security Council expects full delivery of the mandates it authorizes;
                    20. Requests the Secretary-General fully implement the activities and existing
               obligations listed in paragraph 20 of resolution 2625 (2022) in the planning and
               conduct of UNMISS’s operations within the limits of the mandate and area of
               operations and in line with existing United Nations guidelines and regulations:

               United Nations and International Support:
                     21. Requests and encourages the Special Representative of the Secretary-General to direct the operations of an integrated UNMISS and coordinate all activities
               of the United Nations system in the Republic of South Sudan, and to exercise his or
               her good offices to lead the UN system in South Sudan in assisting the AU, IGAD,
               RJMEC, CTSAMVM, and other actors, as well as the parties, with implementation of
               the Revitalised Agreement and to promote, peace and reconciliation, underscores in
               this regard the critical role of CTSAMVM as well as the importance of the support
               provided to it by UNMISS in delivering on its mandate, and reaffirms in this regard
               the critical role that the UN plays, in coordination with regional organizations and
               other actors, to advance political dialogue between parties and contribute to achieving
               an enduring cessation of hostilities and lead the parties to an inclusive peace process;
                    22. Encourages continued firm engagement by IGAD, the AU, the AUPSC
               and countries in the region to find durable solutions to peace and security challenges
               in South Sudan, and to urge South Sudan’s leaders to meet witho ut delay all
               commitments made under cessation of hostilities agreements and the Revitalised
               Agreement, in particular as it pertains to resource management, and further
               encourages consultation between regional entities and the Secretary-General and his
               Special Representative on an action plan and common messaging to this end,
               underlines the support by IGAD of the national dialogue, in cooperation with the
               United Nations and AU, and urges IGAD to appoint a Chairperson for the RJMEC;
                     23. Urges all parties and Member States, as well as international, regional and
               subregional organizations to ensure cooperation with the Panel of Experts established
               by resolution 2206 (2015), and further urges all Member States involved to ensure
               the safety of the members of the Panel of Experts and unhindered access, in particular
               to persons, documents and sites in order for the Panel of Experts to execute its
               mandate;
                     24. Requests the Secretary-General to continue to make available technical
               assistance to the Commission of the African Union and to the GoSS in setting up the
               Hybrid Court for South Sudan and for the implementation of other aspects of Chapter V
               of the Revitalised Agreement, including with regard to the establishment of the
               Commission for Truth, Reconciliation, and Healing and the Compensation and
               Reparation Authority, emphasizing measures should be gender-responsive, inclusive,


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           accessible, fully resourced and designed and implemented with women’s full, equal
           and meaningful participation and leadership, and invites the African Union to share
           information on progress made in the establishment of the Hybrid Court for S outh
           Sudan, with the Secretary-General;
                 25. Commends the commitment of the troop- and police-contributing countries
           in implementing the Mission’s mandate in a challenging environment, and in this
           connection stresses that any national caveat that negatively affects the
           implementation of mandate effectiveness should not be accepted by the Secretary -
           General, requests troop- and police-contributing countries to implement relevant
           provisions of resolution 2538 (2020) and all other relevant resolutions on reducing
           barriers to and increasing women’s participation at all levels and in all positions in
           peacekeeping, including by ensuring safe, enabling and gender-sensitive working
           environments for women in peacekeeping operations, and highlights that lack of
           effective command and control, refusal to obey orders, failure to respond to attacks
           on civilians, declining to participate in or undertake long -range patrols in remote parts
           of the country, inadequate equipment, and financial resources may adversely affect
           the shared responsibility for effective mandate implementation;
                26. Urges troop- and police-contributing countries to continue taking
           appropriate action to prevent sexual exploitation and abuse, includin g vetting, predeployment and in-mission awareness training for all personnel, to ensure full
           accountability in cases of such conduct involving their personnel, including through
           timely survivor-centered investigations of allegations of sexual exploitation and
           abuse, to repatriate units when there is credible evidence of widespread or systemic
           sexual exploitation and abuse by those units, to take appropriate disciplinary
           measures, and to report to the United Nations fully and promptly on actions
           undertaken;
                27. Calls upon the international community to scale up gender-sensitive
           humanitarian response for the people of South Sudan to meet the severe and
           increasing range of humanitarian needs, and further calls upon the Government of
           South Sudan to match their stated priorities in their national budget, including funds
           dedicated to implementing the R-ARCSS;
                 28. Stresses the ongoing need for bilateral and multilateral partners to work
           closely with the GoSS to respond to the COVID-19 pandemic, and provide
           international assistance, as well as sustainable development assistance, in partnership
           with agencies of the United Nations development system;

           Reporting:
               29. Requests the Secretary-General to continue to report violations of the
           SOFA or obstructions to UNMISS on a monthly basis;
                 30. Recalls paragraph 3 (a)(i) and (a)(ii) of this resolution, and stresses the
           importance of a proactive, robust military posture to deter, prevent, and respond to
           threats of violence against civilians and in this regard, requests the Secretary -General,
           to provide the Security Council, no later than 15 October 2023, a separate
           independently conducted impact assessment of the mission’s implementation of its
           protection of civilians mandate with a focus on the mission’s protection of civilians
           strategy following the redesignation of several POC sites, troop and police mindset,
           whole of mission integration, and any obstacles to the mission being able to fulfill its
           mandate, including obstruction by host government or other forces;
                31. Request the Secretary-General provide, no later than15 October 2023, a
           separate report that provides: an assessment and a detailed analysis of the political,
           security, and economic factors delaying R-ARCSS implementation and their causes,

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               including the causes of ongoing subnational violence; an assessment of certain
               conditions and/or indicators, such as an inclusive constitution-making process and
               drafting of critical legal frameworks through broader engagement with
               non-governmental and sub-national organizations, expansion of civic space, and
               further prevention of political violence that remain necessary pre -requisites for
               credible elections; an integrated UN transition strategy focusing on the self -reliance
               of South Sudan and the critical gaps to be addressed to build durable peace at the
               local and national levels; and recommendations for how UNMISS might adapt in light
               of the findings of the report;
                     32. Requests the Secretary-General to report to the Security Council on
               implementation of the UNMISS mandate and the obstructions UNMISS encounters
               in doing so in a comprehensive written report to be submitted within 90 days of the
               date of adoption of this resolution, every 90 days thereafter, and underscores that such
               reporting should provide integrated, evidence-based and data-driven analysis,
               strategic assessments and frank advice to the Security Council and should i nclude
               attention to:
                    • Whether and how each of its activities undertaken pursuant to paragraph 3 have
                      contributed toward advancing the strategic vision described in paragraph 2, and
                      what challenges and obstacles the mission faced in advancing the strateg ic
                      vision, using the data collected and analyzed through the Comprehensive
                      Planning and Performance Assessment System (CPAS), the mission’s
                      implementation of the Integrated Peacekeeping Performance and Accountability
                      Framework (IPPAF) and other strategic planning and performance measurement
                      tools to describe the mission’s impact and overall mission performance,
                      including information on undeclared caveats, declining to participate in or
                      undertake patrols and their impact on the mission, and how the reported cases
                      of under-performance are addressed,
                    • Progress made on the elements in paragraphs [5, 6, 7, and 8] above,
                    • Implementation of priority measures referenced in paragraph 9 above,
                    • How it has implemented the capacities and obligations described in paragraph
                      20 in the planning and conduct of its operations, including regarding its posture
                      and footprint, such as Temporary Operating Bases,
                    • Analysis of risks associated with climate change that may adversely impact
                      peace and security in South Sudan, and implementation of the UNMISS
                      mandate,
                    • Providing recommendations, where appropriate, for Security Council action to
                      address obstacles identified through strategic planning and performance
                      measurement tools;
                     33.   Decides to remain actively seized of the matter.




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