               United Nations                                                                    S/RES/2391 (2017)
               Security Council                                                  Distr.: General
                                                                                 8 December 2017




               Resolution 2391 (2017)
               Adopted by the Security Council at its 8129th meeting, on
               8 December 2017

                    The Security Council,
                     Recalling its resolutions 2374 (2017), 2364 (2017) and 2359 (2017), as well as
               its press statement of 6 October 2017,
                    Recalling its primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace
               and security,
                      Affirming its strong commitment to the sovereignty, independence, unity and
               territorial integrity of the countries of the Group of Five for the Sahel (G5 Sahel),
               namely Burkina Faso, Chad, Mali, Mauritania and Niger,
                     Expressing its deep concern regarding the transnational threat posed by
               terrorism and organized crime (including trafficking in persons, arms, drugs and
               natural resources, and the smuggling of migrants) in the Sahel region, and strongly
               condemning the continued attacks in the G5 Sahel States against civilians,
               representatives from local, regional and State institutions, as well as national,
               international and UN security forces,
                    Acknowledging the impact of the activities of terrorist organizations, including
               those benefiting from transnational organized crime, in the G5 Sahel States o n
               regional and international peace and security,
                     Underscoring the primary responsibility of the G5 Sahel States to address these
               threats and challenges, as well as the importance for the international community to
               support African countries uniting their efforts at regional or subregional level to fight
               against terrorism and transnational organized crime with a view to restore peace and
               security, including through the protection of civilians,
                     Welcoming the continued determination of the G5 Sahel States to unite their
               efforts to address the impact of terrorism and transnational organized crime, including
               through the establishment of a joint force conducting cross -border joint military
               counter-terrorist operations (Force conjointe du G5 Sahel — “FC-G5S”), whose
               deployment has been authorized by the African Union Peace and Security Council
               communiqué of 13 April 2017 and welcomed by United Nations Security Council
               resolution 2359 (2017),
                    Noting with satisfaction the reaffirmation of the commitment of G5 Sahel States
               to fully operationalize the FC-G5S, repeatedly expressed during the Summit in




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               Bamako of 2 July 2017, the High-level meeting in New-York on 18 September 2017,
               the mission of the Security Council to the Sahel region from 19 to 22 October through
               visits to Mali, Mauritania and Burkina Faso, as well as the ministerial briefing of the
               Security Council on 30 October 2017,
                     Recalling that the G5 Sahel States have the responsibility to provide the FC-G5S
               with adequate resources, encouraging additional support from bilateral and
               multilateral partners, including through the provision of adequate logistical,
               operational and financial assistance to the FC-G5S, as appropriate, stressing that
               secure funding and support for the FC-G5S will make a critical contribution to a
               lasting stabilization of the Sahel region, and noting the complementarity that bilateral
               and multilateral support can play in addressing the needs of the FC -G5S
               comprehensively and in the most efficient way,
                     Welcoming the commitments made to date by several donors to provide support
               to the FC-G5S, including Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, the European
               Union, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Luxembourg, Slovakia, Slovenia,
               Spain, Turkey and the United States of America,
                   Welcoming the efforts of the French forces to support the operations of the
               FC-G5S,
                    Commending the contribution of bilateral and multilateral partners to strengthen
               security capacities in the Sahel region, notably the role of the European Union
               missions (EU Training Mission in Mali — EUTM Mali, EU Capacity Building
               Mission in Mali — EUCAP Sahel Mali, and EU Capacity Building Mission in
               Niger — EUCAP Sahel Niger) in providing training and strategic advice to national
               security forces in the Sahel region,
                     Taking note of the report of the Secretary-General on the G5 Sahel joint force
               of 16 October 2017 (S/2017/869), including its outline of a range of possible options
               for United Nations support to the FC-G5S, and noting that this report was warmly
               welcomed by G5 Sahel States,
                    Recalling the mission it carried out to the Sahel region from 19 to 22 October,
               through visits to Mali, Mauritania and Burkina Faso, with the main objectives to
               assess the situation in the G5 Sahel States as well as to discuss the observations a nd
               recommendations contained in the report of the Secretary-General mentioned above,
                    Recognizing that the United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization
               Mission in Mali (MINUSMA) and the FC-G5S have the potential to be mutually
               beneficial instruments to restore peace and stability in Mali and in the Sahel region,
               and underlining that they have the potential to constitute a positive interaction
               between a United Nations peacekeeping operation and an African operation,
                     Reiterating its serious concern at the continuing lack of key capabilities for
               MINUSMA, and urging Member States to provide the necessary capacities, including
               troops and police that have adequate capabilities, pre-deployment and, where
               appropriate, in situ training and equipment, including enablers, specific to the
               operating environment, in order for MINUSMA to continue to make progress in the
               implementation of its mandate, pursuant to resolution 2364 (2017), including through
               the achievement of its more proactive and robust posture,
                    Underlining that lasting peace and security in the Sahel region will not be
               achieved without full, effective and inclusive implementation of the Agreement on
               Peace and Reconciliation in Mali (“the Agreement”), and stressing that all parties to
               the Agreement share the primary responsibility to make steadfast progress in its
               implementation,



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                Underlining that all efforts to counter terrorism in Mali and in the Sahel region
           should be complementary to ongoing political processes, including the full, effective
           and inclusive implementation of the Agreement,
                 Stressing that a military response to the threats faced by G5 Sahel States can
           only be effective if conducted in full compliance with international law, by taking
           active steps to minimize the risk of harm to civilians in all areas of operation, as well
           as if accompanied by the rapid and effective implementation of inclusive regional
           strategies encompassing security, governance, development, human rights and
           humanitarian issues,
                 Emphasizing the important role of women in prevention and resolution of
           conflicts, in peacebuilding as well as in post-conflict situations, as recognized in the
           relevant Security Council resolutions, including resolution 1325 (2000) and
           resolution 2242 (2015),
                 Noting that the activities of terrorist organizations, including those benefiting
           from transnational organized crime, in the Sahel region constitute a threat to
           international peace and security,

           Operationalization and status of the FC-G5S
                 1.   Welcomes the steady and rapid progress achieved in the operationalization
           of the FC-G5S, including through the fulfilment of the initial operational capacity of
           the joint force on 17 October 2017, and takes positive note of its first operation
           “Hawbi”, which took place on the Center boundary zone;
                2.    Commends the G5 Sahel States for their sustained efforts towards the full
           and effective operationalization of the FC-G5S, and encourages them to continue to
           take appropriate measures in order for the FC-G5S to reach its full operational
           capacity by the announced timeframe of March 2018;
                 3.    Recalls that the deployment of the FC-G5S throughout the territories of its
           contributing countries, with up to 5,000 military, civilian and police personnel, with
           a view to restoring peace and security in the Sahel region, is authorized by a decision
           of the African Union Peace and Security Council for an initial period of 12 months
           starting from 13 April 2017;

           Groupe de soutien
                 4.   Notes that the Groupe de Soutien referred to in the strategic concept of
           operations of the FC-G5S (“the Groupe de Soutien”) represents a useful and
           appropriate platform to exchange views on the operationalization of the FC -G5S, the
           mobilization and coordination of international support, furt her clarification of its
           strategic objectives and concept of operations as well as the implementation of
           comprehensive strategies encompassing security, governance, development, human
           rights and humanitarian issues;
                 5.   Encourages the G5 Sahel States to clarify the format and modalities of
           work of the Groupe de Soutien, which is due to involve key regional and international
           actors supporting the FC-G5S, and meet alternatively at technical and political level;
                 6.    Calls upon the G5 Sahel rotating presidency to convene on a regular basis
           meetings of the Groupe de Soutien, in order to continue to ensure full and effective
           integration of the FC-G5S in its regional and international environment as well as the
           efficient coordination of the international support to the FC-G5S;




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               Coordination of international support
                     7.    Welcomes the central role played by the G5 Sahel, supported by the
               European Union and its member States notably through the “coordination hub”
               mechanism, and in close coordination with the United Nations and the African Union,
               in identifying the needs of the FC-G5S and coordinating the bilateral contributions of
               the donors;
                    8.     Notes the positive role of the Permanent Secretariat of the G5 Sahel to
               support the cooperation of G5 Sahel States in the field of security, governance and
               development, and requests the Secretary-General, through UNOWAS, to provide
               technical assistance, within existing mandate and resources, to the Permanent
               Secretariat of the G5 Sahel in order to achieve this task;

               Bilateral support
                     9.   Welcomes the commitments made by the G5 Sahel States and several
               donors to provide support to the FC-G5S, which amount to a total of more than 177
               million euros up to date, and notes with satisfaction the steps already taken to fulfil
               some of these commitments;
                    10. Notes with appreciation the proposal made by the European Union, with
               the support of the G5 Sahel States, that its African Peace Facility serves as a
               mechanism for channelling international voluntary contributions in support of the
               FC-G5S, in close coordination with other contributions;
                     11. Welcomes the intent of the current chairmanship of the G5 Sahel, the
               United Nations, the African Union and the European Union to co -host an international
               pledging conference in support of the FC-G5S in Brussels, and encourages all
               international and regional partners to seize this occasion to commit to provide
               bilateral assistance to the FC-G5S;

               United Nations support
                     12. Stresses that the efforts of the FC-G5S to counter the activities of terrorist
               groups and other organized criminal groups will contribute to create a more secure
               environment in the Sahel region, and thus facilitate the fulfilment by MINUSMA of
               its mandate to stabilize Mali, and further stresses that operational and logistical
               support from MINUSMA, as outlined in paragraph 13 below, has the potential to
               allow the FC-G5S, given its current level of capacities, to enhance its ability to deliver
               on its mandate;
                    13. Requests in this context the Secretary-General to take appropriate steps to
               conclude as soon as possible a technical agreement between the United Nations, the
               European Union and G5 Sahel States, with a view to providing specified operational
               and logistical support through MINUSMA to the FC-G5S (“the technical
               agreement”), and that the support provided pursuant to the technical agreement
               should:
                   (a) apply to G5 Sahel States defence and security forces only when operating
               on Malian territory in the framework of the joint force,
                     (b) comprise MEDEVAC and CASEVAC, access to life support consumables
               (fuel, water and rations) and use of UN engineering plant equipment and material, as
               well as uniformed MINUSMA engineering enabling units to assist in preparation of
               FC-G5S operational bases in Mali,




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                 (c) be subject to full financial reimbursement to the United Nations, through
           an EU-coordinated financing mechanism established for the coordination of
           international voluntary contributions to support the FC-G5S,
                (d) be conducted at the discretion of the Special Representative of the
           Secretary-General for Mali and Head of MINUSMA, in close consultation with the
           Force Commander, and without affecting MINUSMA’s capacity to implement its
           mandate and strategic priorities, and be restricted to the areas of operations of
           MINUSMA where such support is compatible with its current level of capacities;
                14. Encourages the technical agreement to constitute a temporary measure
           towards full self-sufficiency of the FC-G5S, and emphasizes that MINUSMA’s
           support arrangements, including MEDEVAC and CASEVAC, engineering capability
           as well as logistical supply chains, should not be adjusted to facilitate support to the
           FC-G5S if such an adjustment would adversely impact its own operations or put
           mission personnel at undue risk;
                15. Recommends that the Secretary-General periodically reviews the
           implementation of the technical agreement, with a particular focus on
           operationalization of the FC-G5S;
                 16. Calls upon MINUSMA and the FC-G5S to continue to ensure adequate
           coordination and exchange of information, through relevant mechanisms, of their
           operations, within their respective mandates, and reiterates in this regard its request
           to the Secretary-General to enhance cooperation between MINUSMA and the G5
           Sahel Members States through provision of relevant intelligence and liaison officers
           from the G5 Sahel Members States to MINUSMA;

           Obligations under international law and human rights policy
                 17. Underlines the need for the operations of the FC-G5S to be conducted in
           full compliance with international law, including international humanitarian law,
           international human rights law and international refugee law, as applicable, and for
           G5 Sahel States and the FC-G5S to take active steps to minimize the risk of harm to
           civilians in all areas of operation as well as to ensure accountability and transfer to
           criminal justice of those apprehended during operations and suspected of terrorist and
           related crimes;
                 18. Underlines that a gender perspective should be taken into account in
           implementing all aspects of the strategic concept of operations of the FC -G5S,
           including by ensuring that gender analysis and women’s participation are integrated
           into assessments, planning and operations;
                19. Underlines the need for the G5 Sahel States to take into account the
           association of children with terrorist and transnational organized criminal groups to
           protect and consider as victims children who have been released or otherwise
           separated from those groups and to pay particular attention to the protection, release
           and reintegration of all children associated with those groups;
                 20. Welcomes the African Union’s zero tolerance stance on sexual exploitation
           and abuse, and underlines the need for the G5 Sahel States to take adequate measures
           to prevent and combat impunity for sexual exploitation and abuse by their personnel
           operating in the framework of the FC-G5S;
                 21. Calls upon the G5 Sahel States to ensure the highest standards of
           transparency, conduct and discipline for their contingents operating in the framework
           of the FC-G5S, to establish a robust compliance framework to prevent, investigate,
           address and publicly report violations and abuses of human rights law and violations



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               of international humanitarian law related to the FC-G5S (“the compliance
               framework”);
                     22. Calls upon regional and international partners to support, through
               voluntary contributions, technical assistance and advice, G5 Sahel States’ efforts in
               the establishment and implementation of the compliance framework by the G5 Sahel
               States and the FC-G5S, and encourages all relevant partners, including United
               Nations relevant entities, EUTM, EUCAP, the French forces, within the framework
               of their respective mandates and existing resources, to support the implementation of
               the compliance framework and to ensure close coordination of their activities in this
               regard;
                    23. Notes that the Secretary-General will ensure that any support provided to
               non-United Nations security forces is provided in strict compliance with the Human
               Rights Due Diligence Policy on United Nations support to Non-United Nations
               security forces (HRDDP), and calls upon the FC-G5S to cooperate with the United
               Nations in implementing the HRDDP, including by ensuring that the relevant
               monitoring and reporting mechanisms are in place and functional;

               Implementation of the Agreement on Peace and Reconciliation in Mali
                    24. Expresses its deep concern over the persistent delays in the full
               implementation of key provisions of the Agreement;
                    25. Renews its urgent call to the Government of Mali and the Plateforme and
               Coordination armed groups, as expressed during its meeting with the members of the
               Comité de suivi de l’accord in Bamako on 21 October 2017, to take immediate and
               concrete action to fully and expeditiously deliver on their remaining obligations under
               the Agreement, in particular through:
                    (a)   the operationalization of the interim administrations in the North of Mali,
                    (b) the establishment of the Operational Coordination Mechanism in Kidal
               and Timbuktu,
                     (c) progress in the cantonment and disarmament, demobilization and
               reintegration processes, including through the definition of adequate eligibility
               criteria and the submission of finalized lists of candidates, as well as progress in the
               security sector reform, with a view to achieve the progressive redeployment of the
               reconstituted armed and security forces in Mali,
                    (d)   progress in the decentralization process,
                    (e)   ensuring full and equal women’s participation;
                    26. Welcomes the appointment of the Carter Center as the Independent
               Observer referred to in the Agreement, recalls that the mandate of the Independent
               Observer, as defined by the Agreement, is to objectively evaluate progress towards
               implementation of the Agreement, including through the rele ase every 4 months of a
               comprehensive report on the implementation of the commitments undertaken in the
               Agreement, identifying any impediments, determining responsibility and
               recommending the steps to be taken, and calls upon all parties to fully cooperate with
               the Carter Center in order to facilitate the implementation of its mandate as
               Independent Observer;
                     27. Underlines that engaging in hostilities in violation of the Agreement as
               well as actions taken that obstruct, or that obstruct by prolonged delay, or that threaten
               the implementation of the Agreement constitute a basis for sanctions designations
               pursuant to resolution 2374 (2017), among other designation criteria;



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                 28. Calls on all members of the Comité de suivi de l’Accord and other relevant
           international partners to sustain their support to the implementation of the Agreement;

           Development and governance efforts
                29. Reaffirms the centrality of the United Nations integrated strategy for the
           Sahel (UNISS) in providing a comprehensive framework to strengthen governance,
           security and development in the Sahel region;
                 30. Welcomes the efforts of the Secretary-General to give renewed impetus to
           the implementation of the UNISS through the establishment of the Executive
           Committee Working Group on the Sahel chaired by the Deputy Secretary-General,
           with a view to ensuring better coordination and efficiency of the internatio nal
           response to the needs of the people and communities of the Sahel region, through the
           identification of key priorities and objectives, and calls upon donors to mobilize their
           efforts and align their activities on these key priorities and objectives;
                 31. Welcomes the mobilization of key donors to promote innovative
           approaches to support development efforts in the Sahel, including through the launch
           of the “Alliance for the Sahel”, in close coordination with the United Nations;
                 32. Calls upon G5 Sahel States to ensure women’s full and equal participation
           in institutions and mechanisms for the prevention and resolution of conflicts, as well
           as to include a gender perspective in the development of comprehensive strategies to
           counter the threat posed by terrorism and organized crime (including trafficking in
           persons, arms, drugs and natural resources, and the smuggling of migrants) in the
           Sahel region;

           Reporting and follow-up
                 33. Requests the Secretary-General, in close coordination with the G5 Sahel
           States and the African Union, to report to the Security Council on the activities of the
           FC-G5S, five months after the adoption of this resolution and then every six months,
           focusing:
                (i)   on progress in the operationalization of the FC-G5S,
                (ii) on international support granted to the FC-G5S and possible measures to
           enhance its efficiency,
                 (iii) on implementation of the technical agreement, including through a
           detailed outline of the support provided by MINUSMA to the FC -G5S, an assessment
           of its potential impact on MINUSMA as well as the provision of benchmarks to
           indicate the level of operationalization of the FC-G5S at which MINUSMA’s
           logistical and operational support may be gradually withdrawn,
                 (iv) on challenges encountered by the FC-G5S and possible measures for
           further consideration,
                 (v) on implementation by the G5 Sahel States of the compliance framework, the
           HRDDP, as well as on ways to mitigate any adverse impact of the military operations
           of the FC-G5S on the civilian population, including on women and children;
                34. Expresses its intent to periodically review the deployment of the FC-G5S,
           on the basis of the reports of the Secretary-General;
                35. Decides that the reports of the Secretary-General mentioned in paragraph
           33 above constitute an alternative to the different lines of reporting on the FC -G5S
           requested by paragraph 7 of resolution 2359 (2017), which shall no longer be in force;
                36.   Decides to remain actively seized of the matter.

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