[{"instruction": "What is the corollary of the study?", "input": "Spin-orbit coupling gives rise to a range of spin-charge interconversion phenomena in non-magnetic systems where spatial symmetries are reduced or absent. Chirality-induced spin selectivity (CISS), a term that generically refers to a spin-dependent electron transfer in non-magnetic chiral systems, is one such case, appearing in a variety of seemingly unrelated situations ranging from inorganic materials to molecular devices. In particular, the origin of CISS in molecular junctions is a matter of an intense current debate. Here we contend that the necessary conditions for the CISS effect to appear can be generally and fully understood on the basis of a complete symmetry analysis of the molecular junction, and not only of the molecule. Our approach, which draws on the use of point-group symmetries within the scattering formalism for transport, shows that electrode symmetries are as important as those of the molecule when it comes to the emergence of a spin-polarization and, therefore, a possible appearance of CISS. It turns out that standalone metallic nanocontacts can exhibit spin-polarization when relative rotations are introduced which reduce the symmetry. As a corollary, molecular junctions with $\\textbf{achiral}$ molecules can also exhibit spin polarization along the direction of transport, provided that the whole junction is chiral. This formalism also allows to predict the qualitative changes on the spin-polarization upon substitution of a chiral molecule in the junction with its enantiomeric partner. Quantum transport calculations based on density functional theory corroborate all of our predictions and provide further quantitative insight.", "output": "The corollary of the study is that molecular junctions with achiral molecules can also exhibit spin polarization along the direction of transport, provided that the whole junction is chiral."}, {"instruction": "What is the valence of Eu in EuPd$_2$(Si$_{1-x}$Ge$_x$)$_2$ for x = 0.2?", "input": "We present results of magnetic susceptibility and thermal expansion measurements performed on high-quality single crystals of EuPd$_2$(Si$_{1-x}$Ge$_x$)$_2$ for 0 $\\leq$ x $\\leq$ 0.2 and temperatures 2 K $\\leq T \\leq$ 300 K. Data were taken at ambient pressure and finite He-gas pressure $p$ $\\leq$ 0.5 GPa. For x = 0 and ambient pressure we observe a pronounced valence-change crossover centred around $T'_V$ $\\approx$ 160 K with a non-magnetic ground state. This valence-change crossover is characterized by an extraordinarily strong pressure dependence of d$T'_V$ /d$p$ = (80 $\\pm 10)$ K/GPa. We observe a shift of $T'_V$ to lower temperatures with increasing Ge-concentration, reaching $T'_V$ $\\approx$ 90 K for x = 0.1, while still showing a non-magnetic ground state. Remarkably, on further increasing x to 0.2 we find a stable Eu$^{(2+\\delta)+}$ valence with long-range antiferromagnetic order below $T_N$ = (47.5 $\\pm$ 0.1) K, reflecting a close competition between two energy scales in this system. In fact, by the application of hydrostatic pressure as small as 0.1 GPa, the ground state of this system can be changed from long-range antiferromagnetic order for $p$ $<$ 0.1 GPa to an intermediate-valence state for $p$ $\\geq$ 0.1 GPa.", "output": "The valence of Eu in EuPd$_2$(Si$_{1-x}$Ge$_x$)$_2$ for x = 0.2 is stable Eu$^{(2+\\delta)+}$ valence with long-range antiferromagnetic order below $T_N$ = (47.5 $\\pm$ 0.1) K."}, {"instruction": "Write a brief overview of the drug discovery process.", "input": "", "output": "The drug discovery process involves several stages, starting with target identification and validation. Once a target has been identified, compounds are screened for their ability to interact with the target. Promising compounds are then optimized for potency, selectivity, and pharmacokinetic properties. Preclinical studies are conducted to evaluate safety and efficacy, and if successful, the drug candidate enters clinical trials. Clinical trials involve testing the drug in humans to evaluate safety and efficacy. If the drug is approved, it can be marketed and sold."}, {"instruction": "What is the motivation for introducing the subsystem Arf invariant?", "input": "We explore an exact duality in $(2+1)$d between the fermionization of a bosonic theory with a $\\mathbb{Z}_2$ subsystem symmetry and a fermionic theory with a $\\mathbb{Z}_2$ subsystem fermion parity symmetry. A typical example is the duality between the fermionization of the plaquette Ising model and the plaquette fermion model. We first revisit the standard boson-fermion duality in $(1+1)$d with a $\\mathbb{Z}_2$ 0-from symmetry, presenting in a way generalizable to $(2+1)$d. We proceed to $(2+1)$d with a $\\mathbb{Z}_2$ subsystem symmetry and establish the exact duality on the lattice by using the generalized Jordan-Wigner map, with a careful discussion on the mapping of the twist and symmetry sectors. This motivates us to introduce the subsystem Arf invariant, which exhibits a foliation structure.", "output": "The exact duality on the lattice in (2+1)d with a Z2 subsystem symmetry motivates the introduction of the subsystem Arf invariant, which exhibits a foliation structure."}, {"instruction": "What are the three invariants that determine the scaling behaviour of the system's R\\'{e}nyi-type extended entropy?", "input": "A new description of strange attractor systems through three geometrical and dynamical invariants is provided. They are the correlation dimension ($\\mathcal{D}$) and the correlation entropy ($\\mathcal{K}$), both having attracted attention over the past decades, and a new invariant called the correlation concentration ($\\mathcal{A}$) introduced in the present study. The correlation concentration is defined as the normalised mean distance between the reconstruction vectors $\\{\\boldsymbol{X}_{i}\\}$, evaluated by the underlying probability measure on the infinite-dimensional embedding space. These three invariants determine the scaling behaviour of the system's R\\'{e}nyi-type extended entropy, which involves a kernel function of the form $e^{-\\rho\\|\\boldsymbol{X}_{i}-\\boldsymbol{X}_{j}\\|}$ with $\\rho$ a positive spectral parameter. The entropy function is modelled by Kummer's confluent hypergeometric function, which reproduces the known scaling behaviours of $\\mathcal{D}$ and $\\mathcal{K}$ in the \"microscopic\" limit $\\rho\\to\\infty$ while exhibiting a new scaling behaviour of $\\mathcal{A}$ in the other, \"macroscopic\" limit $\\rho\\to 0$. The three invariants are estimated simultaneously via nonlinear regression analysis without needing separate estimations for each invariant. The proposed method is verified through simulations in both discrete (logistic and H\\'{e}non maps) and continuous (Lorenz, R\\\"{o}ssler, Duffing-Ueda and Langford attractors) systems. These results provide an improved understanding of the complex spatiotemporal properties of the chaotic system.", "output": "The three invariants are the correlation dimension ($\\\\mathcal{D}$), the correlation entropy ($\\\\mathcal{K}$), and the correlation concentration ($\\\\mathcal{A}$)."}, {"instruction": "What is the analytical theory developed in the text?", "input": "In a granular gas of rough particles the spin of a grain is correlated with its linear velocity. We develop an analytical theory to account for these correlations and compare its predictions to numerical simulations, using Direct Simulation Monte Carlo as well as Molecular Dynamics. The system is shown to relax from an arbitrary initial state to a quasi-stationary state, which is characterized by time-independent, finite correlations of spin and linear velocity. The latter are analysed systematically for a wide range of system parameters, including the coefficients of tangential and normal restitution as well as the moment of inertia of the particles. For most parameter values the axis of rotation and the direction of linear momentum are perpendicular like in a sliced tennis ball, while parallel orientation, like in a rifled bullet, occurs only for a small range of parameters. The limit of smooth spheres is singular: any arbitrarily small roughness unavoidably causes significant translation-rotation correlations, whereas for perfectly smooth spheres the rotational degrees of freedom are completely decoupled from the dynamic evolution of the gas.", "output": "The text develops an analytical theory to account for the correlations between the spin of a grain and its linear velocity in a granular gas of rough particles. The predictions of this theory are compared to numerical simulations using Direct Simulation Monte Carlo as well as Molecular Dynamics."}, {"instruction": "How was the ME coupling down to the 2D limit verified in the study?", "input": "A promising approach to the next generation of low-power, functional, and energy-efficient electronics relies on novel materials with coupled magnetic and electric degrees of freedom. In particular, stripy antiferromagnets often exhibit broken crystal and magnetic symmetries, which may bring about the magnetoelectric (ME) effect and enable the manipulation of intriguing properties and functionalities by electrical means. The demand for expanding the boundaries of data storage and processing technologies has led to the development of spintronics toward two-dimensional (2D) platforms. This work reports the ME effect in the 2D stripy antiferromagnetic insulator CrOCl down to a single layer. By measuring the tunneling resistance of CrOCl on the parameter space of temperature, magnetic field, and applied voltage, we verified the ME coupling down to the 2D limit and unraveled its mechanism. Utilizing the multi-stable states and ME coupling at magnetic phase transitions, we realize multi-state data storage in the tunneling devices. Our work not only advances the fundamental understanding of spin-charge coupling but also demonstrates the great potential of 2D antiferromagnetic materials to deliver devices and circuits beyond the traditional binary operations.", "output": "The ME coupling down to the 2D limit was verified by measuring the tunneling resistance of CrOCl on the parameter space of temperature, magnetic field, and applied voltage in the study."}, {"instruction": "What is the GQM used for in a correlated Qi-Wu-Zhang model?", "input": "Geometric aspects of physics play a crucial role in modern condensed matter physics. The quantum metric is one of these geometric quantities which defines the distance on a parameter space. In free systems, relationships between the metric and the topological invariant have been reported in recent studies. In this paper, we introduce a generalized quantum metric(GQM) on the Brillouin zone for correlated electron systems. This quantum metric is based on the optical conductivity that is written by single-particle Green's functions. We analytically prove that this definition is equivalent to the existing definition of the quantum metric in free systems and that it is positive semi-definite as necessary for a metric. We then calculate the GQM in a correlated Qi-Wu-Zhang model. We demonstrate that the GQM can detect the topological phase transition in this model by showing that the GQM is larger in the topological phase than in the trivial phase, similar to the free system. Thus, the GQM can serve as a probe to detect the topology in a general lattice model.", "output": "The GQM is used to detect the topological phase transition in a correlated Qi-Wu-Zhang model by showing that the GQM is larger in the topological phase than in the trivial phase, similar to the free system."}, {"instruction": "What is the relationship between $\\psi$ and $\\theta$ for $d>d_{DR}$?", "input": "The random-field Ising model shows extreme critical slowdown that has been described by activated dynamic scaling: the characteristic time for the relaxation to equilibrium diverges exponentially with the correlation length, $\\ln \\tau\\sim \\xi^\\psi/T$ , with $\\psi$ an \\textit{a priori} unknown barrier exponent. Through a nonperturbative functional renormalization group, we show that for spatial dimensions $d$ less than a critical value $d_{DR} \\simeq 5.1$, also associated with dimensional-reduction breakdown, $\\psi=\\theta$ with $\\theta$ the temperature exponent near the zero-temperature fixed point that controls the critical behavior. For $d>d_{DR}$ on the other hand, $\\psi=\\theta-2\\lambda$ where $\\theta=2$ and $\\lambda>0$ a new exponent. At the upper critical dimension $d=6$, $\\lambda=1$ so that $\\psi=0$, and activated scaling gives way to conventional scaling. We give a physical interpretation of the results in terms of collective events in real space, avalanches and droplets. We also propose a way to check the two regimes by computer simulations of long-range 1-$d$ systems.", "output": "For $d>d_{DR}$, $\\psi=\\theta-2\\lambda$ where $\\theta=2$ and $\\lambda>0$ a new exponent."}, {"instruction": "Please classify the different types of vaccines", "input": "", "output": "There are several types of vaccines, including live attenuated vaccines, inactivated vaccines, subunit vaccines, conjugate vaccines, DNA vaccines, and recombinant vector vaccines."}, {"instruction": "What is the mechanism of natural selection?", "input": "", "output": "Natural selection is the process by which organisms with favorable traits are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing those traits on to their offspring."}, {"instruction": "What can we study by mapping the dynamics of an asymmetric tracer in the symmetric simple exclusion process to the local current through the origin in the zero-range process?", "input": "The dynamics of an asymmetric tracer in the symmetric simple exclusion process (SEP) is mapped, in the continuous scaling limit, to the local current through the origin in the zero-range process (ZRP) with a biased bond. This allows us to study the hydrodynamics of the SEP with an asymmetric tracer with a step initial condition, leading to the average displacement as a function of the bias and the densities on both sides. We then derive the cumulant generating function of the process in the high-density limit, by using the Macroscopic Fluctuation Theory and obtain agreement with the microscopic results of Poncet et al (2021). For more general initial conditions, we show that the tracer variance in the high-density limit depends only on the generalized susceptibility in the initial condition.", "output": "By mapping the dynamics of an asymmetric tracer in the symmetric simple exclusion process to the local current through the origin in the zero-range process, we can study the hydrodynamics of the SEP with an asymmetric tracer with a step initial condition, leading to the average displacement as a function of the bias and the densities on both sides."}, {"instruction": "What is the contribution of the A2 and B2 structures to the tetragonal magnetostriction?", "input": "In the framework of density functional theory, the structural and magnetic properties of Fe$_{100-x}$Al$_x$ alloys (${5 \\leq x \\leq 25}$~at.\\%) with the different structural order are investigated. Using the Korringa-Kohn-Rostoker Green's function method with a coherent potential approximation, the equilibrium lattice parameters, ground-state energy, and shear moduli for D0$_3$, B2, and A2 structures are calculated. For all structures, the optimized lattice constant increases while the shear modulus demonstrates a decreasing behavior with increasing Al content. The tetragonal magnetostriction constants are estimated by the torque method. The A2 and B2 structures provide a positive contribution to the tetragonal magnetostriction. With the help of Monte Carlo simulations of the Heisenberg model, the Curie temperatures are obtained in a wide concentration range.", "output": "The A2 and B2 structures provide a positive contribution to the tetragonal magnetostriction."}, {"instruction": "What is the function of the following line of Python code? 'for amino_acid in sequence: molecular_weight += amino_acid_weights[amino_acid]'", "input": "", "output": "The function of this line of code is to calculate the molecular weight of the amino acid sequence using a dictionary of amino acid weights."}, {"instruction": "What is the unusual tetrahedral configuration formed by the (a/2)<111> and a<001> dislocations in a bcc metal?", "input": "We derive a simple analytical line integral expression for the relaxation volume tensor of an arbitrary interconnected dislocation network. This quantity determines the magnitude of dislocation contribution to the dimensional changes and volumetric swelling of a material, and highlights the fundamental dual role of dislocations as sources of internal strain as well as carriers of plastic deformation. To illustrate applications of the method, we compute the relaxation volume of a stacking fault tetrahedron, a defect commonly occurring in fcc metals; the volume of an unusual tetrahedral configuration formed by the (a/2)<111> and a<001> dislocations in a bcc metal; and estimate the relative contribution of extended dislocations to the volume relaxation of heavily irradiated tungsten.", "output": "The unusual tetrahedral configuration formed by the (a/2)<111> and a<001> dislocations in a bcc metal is a volume of a tetrahedron."}, {"instruction": "What is the difference between Huygens view and Fraunhofer diffraction experiment in ARPES?", "input": "Angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) measures the interference of dipole allowed Coulomb wavelets from the individual orbital emitters that contribute to an electronic band. If Coulomb scattering of the outgoing electron is neglected, this Huygens view of ARPES simplifies to a Fraunhofer diffraction experiment, and the relevant cross-sections to orbital Fouriertransforms. This plane wave approximation (PWA) is surprisingly descriptive of photoelectron distributions, but fails to reproduce kinetic energy dependent final state effects like dichroism. Yet, Huygens principle of ARPES can be easily adapted to allow for distortion and phase shift of the outgoing Coulomb wave. This retains the strong physical intuition and low computational cost of the PWA, but naturally captures momentum dependent interference effects in systems that so far required treatment at the ab initio level, such as linear dichroism in Rashba systems BiAg2 and AgTe.", "output": "If Coulomb scattering of the outgoing electron is neglected, ARPES simplifies to a Fraunhofer diffraction experiment, and the relevant cross-sections to orbital Fourier transforms. This plane wave approximation (PWA) is surprisingly descriptive of photoelectron distributions, but fails to reproduce kinetic energy dependent final state effects like dichroism. Yet, Huygens principle of ARPES can be easily adapted to allow for distortion and phase shift of the outgoing Coulomb wave."}, {"instruction": "What is the insulating phase at half-filling?", "input": "We study higher-spin ($S \\geq 1$) generalization of the one-dimensional Kondo-Heisenberg model, in which the local spin-$S$ moments of the Kondo lattice model interact with each other via the antiferromagnetic Heisenberg interaction ($J_{\\text{H}}$), by analytical and numerical methods. The strong-coupling (i.e., large Kondo-coupling) expansion maps out an insulating phase at half-filling whose magnetic correlation depends on the parity of $2S$ as well as a ferromagnetic metallic phase which dominates the strong-coupling region at generic fillings. Then, we carried out the Density-Matrix Renormalization Group (DMRG) simulations for $S=1$ to closely investigate the phase structure at large but finite Kondo coupling. At half-filling, the Kondo coupling and $J_{\\text{H}}$ do not compete and the insulating spin-gapless phase is stable, while the competition of the two leads to a stepwise collapse of the strong-coupling ferromagnetism via an intervening dimerized insulating phase with power-law spin correlation at quarter-filling.", "output": "The strong-coupling expansion maps out an insulating phase at half-filling whose magnetic correlation depends on the parity of 2S."}, {"instruction": "What is the pairing symmetry of the superconducting ground state near half-filling and weak extended Hubbard interactions?", "input": "Superconductivity was recently observed in boron-doped ($\\sqrt{3}\\times\\sqrt{3}$)Sn/Si(111). The material can be described by an extended Hubbard model on a triangular lattice. Here, we use the random-phase approximation to investigate the charge and spin fluctuations as well as the superconducting properties of the system with respect to filling and the relative strength of the extended versus the on-site Hubbard interactions. Our calculations reveal that near half-filling and weak extended Hubbard interactions, the superconducting ground state exhibits chiral $d$-wave pairing. Far from half-filling and for stronger nearest-neighbor Coulomb interactions, the system shows chiral $p$-wave (hole-doping) and $f$-wave (electron-doping) pairings. The dependence of the pairing symmetry on the extended Hubbard interactions suggests that charge fluctuations play an important role in the formation of Cooper pairs. Finally, the temperature dependence of the Knight shift is calculated for all observed superconducting textures and put forward as an experimental method to examine the symmetry of the superconducting gap function.", "output": "The superconducting ground state exhibits chiral $d$-wave pairing near half-filling and weak extended Hubbard interactions."}, {"instruction": "What are the vortex structures of a two-component Fermi gas?", "input": "We study the vortex structures of a two-component Fermi gas experiencing a uniform effective magnetic field in an anisotropic trap that interpolates between quasi-one dimensional (1D) and quasi-two dimensional (2D). At a fixed chemical potential, reducing the anisotropy (or equivalently increasing the attractive interactions or increasing the magnetic field) leads to instabilities towards pair density waves, and vortex lattices. Reducing the chemical potential stabilizes the system. We calculate the phase diagram, and explore the density and pair density. The structures are similar to those predicted for superfluid Bose gases. We further calculate the paired fraction, showing how it depends on chemical potential and anisotropy.", "output": "The vortex structures of a two-component Fermi gas experiencing a uniform effective magnetic field in an anisotropic trap that interpolates between quasi-one dimensional (1D) and quasi-two dimensional (2D) are instabilities towards pair density waves, and vortex lattices."}, {"instruction": "Extract the events related to the use of concrete in construction.", "input": "", "output": "Concrete is widely used in construction due to its strength and durability. The events related to its use include pouring, curing, and finishing. Pouring involves placing the concrete into the formwork, while curing involves allowing the concrete to harden and gain strength. Finishing involves smoothing and leveling the surface of the concrete."}, {"instruction": "What is the steady state current in a quantum dot?", "input": "A pedagogical introduction to matrix Green's function, focusing on its application to steady state transport through discrete-level quantum systems. Topics covered in the notes: 1. Retarded Green's function, spectral function and density of states 2. LCR system 3. Green's function and spectral function of LCR systems 4. Landauer formula and transmission coefficient 5. Semi-infinite tight-binding leads and wide-band limit 6. Linear conductance at zero temperature 7. Steady state current in a quantum dot: resonance and coherence 8. Steady state current across a tight-binding chain: metal-insulator transitions 9. Steady state current along the edge of a two-dimensional lattice: topologically quantized transport", "output": "The steady state current in a quantum dot is the current that flows through the dot when the system is in a steady state. The current is related to the transmission coefficient of the system and can be affected by resonance and coherence effects. These effects can lead to a peak in the current when the energy of the dot is aligned with the energy of the leads."}, {"instruction": "What is the landscape of effective anisotropic energy across the moir\\'{e}?", "input": "We show that anisotropic energy of a 2D antiferromagnet is greatly enhanced via stacking on a magnetic substrate layer, arising from the sublattice-dependent interlayer magnetic interaction that defines an effective anisotropic energy. Interestingly, this effective energy couples strongly with the interlayer stacking order and the magnetic order of the substrate layer, providing unique mechanical and magnetic means to control the antiferromagnetic order. These two types of control methods affect distinctly the sublattice magnetization dynamics, with a change of the ratio of sublattice precession amplitudes in the former and its chirality in the later. In moir\\'{e} superlattices formed by a relative twist or strain between the layers, the coupling with stacking order introduces a landscape of effective anisotropic energy across the moir\\'{e}, which can be utilized to create nonuniform antiferromagnetic textures featuring periodically localized low-energy magnons.", "output": "The landscape of effective anisotropic energy across the moir\\'{e} is introduced by the coupling with stacking order and can be utilized to create nonuniform antiferromagnetic textures featuring periodically localized low-energy magnons."}, {"instruction": "What are skyrmions?", "input": "We argue that Stoner magnetism in bands endowed with Berry curvature is profoundly influenced by the chiral interaction between Berry's orbital magnetization and spin chirality density. The key effect is that carriers moving in the presence of a spin texture see it as a source of a pseudo-magnetic field coupled to their orbital motion through a chiral Aharonov-Bohm effect. This interaction favors chiral spin textures such as skyrmions -- the topologically protected objects with particle-like properties, stabilized in the ground state. The chiral interaction softens the threshold for Stoner instability, rendering chiral spin-ordered phases readily accessible under realistic conditions. We illustrate this effect for a graphene multilayer model, with magnetization and pseudo-magnetic fields taking different values in different valleys, yet the results are applicable to generic Stoner magnets.", "output": "Skyrmions are topologically protected objects with particle-like properties, stabilized in the ground state."}, {"instruction": "What is the phase transition of NaNiO2 at ambient pressure?", "input": "NaNiO$_2$ is a layered material consisting of alternating layers of NaO$_6$ and Jahn-Teller-active NiO$_6$ edge-sharing octahedra. At ambient pressure it undergoes a broad phase transition from a monoclinic to rhombohedral structure between $\\sim$465 K and $\\sim$495 K, associated with the loss of long-range orbital ordering. In this work, we present the results of a neutron powder diffraction study on powdered NaNiO$_2$ as a function of pressure and temperature from ambient pressure to $\\sim$5 GPa between 290 K and 490 K. The 290 K and 460 K isothermal compressions remained in the monoclinic phase up to the maximum pressures studied, whereas the 490 K isotherm was mixed-phase throughout. The unit-cell volume was fitted to a 2nd-order Birch-Murnaghan equation of state, with $B=113(1)$ GPa. We observe at 490 K that the fraction of Jahn-Teller-distorted phase increases with increasing pressure, from 67.8(6)% at 0.71(2) GPa to 80.2(9)% at 4.20(6) GPa. Using this observation, in conjunction with neutron diffraction measurements at 490 K from 5.46(9) GPa to 0.342(13) GPa, we show that the Jahn-Teller transition temperature increases with pressure. Our results are used to present a structural pressure-temperature phase diagram for NaNiO$_2$. To our knowledge, this is the first diffraction study of the effect of pressure on the Jahn-Teller transition temperature in materials with edge-sharing Jahn-Teller-distorted octahedra, and the first variable-pressure study on a JT-active edge-sharing nickelate.", "output": "At ambient pressure, NaNiO$_2$ undergoes a broad phase transition from a monoclinic to rhombohedral structure between $\\sim$465 K and $\\sim$495 K, associated with the loss of long-range orbital ordering."}, {"instruction": "What is the size range of nanoparticles?", "input": "", "output": "Nanoparticles typically range in size from 1 to 100 nanometers."}, {"instruction": "Please interpret the following code: \n\nint[] arr = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};\nfor(int i=0; i0$, starting from $x$, the distribution of $X^{(n)}_{t \\theta^{(p)}_n}$ converges, as $n\\to\\infty$, to a convex combination of the probability measures $\\pi^{(p)}_j$. The weights of the convex combination naturally depend on $x$ and $t$. Let $I_n$ be the level two large deviations rate functional for $X^{(n)}_t$, as $t\\to\\infty$. Under the same hypothesis on the jump rates and assuming, furthermore, that the process is reversible, we prove that $I_n$ can be written as $I_n = I^{(0)} \\,+\\, \\sum_{1\\le p\\le q} (1/\\theta^{(p)}_n) \\, I^{(p)}$ for some rate functionals $I^{(p)}$ which take finite values only at convex combinations of the measures $\\pi^{(p)}_j$: $I^{(p)}(\\mu) < \\infty$ if, and only if, $\\mu = \\sum_{j\\in S_p} \\omega_j\\, \\pi^{(p)}_j$ for some probability measure $\\omega$ in $S_p$.", "output": "The second analytical characterization of the metastable behavior of a Markov chain is expressed in terms of its large deviations rate functional."}, {"instruction": "What is the toric code model with two parallel magnetic fields?", "input": "The most important feature of two-dimensional quantum Rokhsar-Kivelson (RK) type models is that their ground state wavefunction norms can be mapped into the partition functions of two-dimensional statistical models so that the quantum phase transitions become the thermal phase transitions of the corresponding statistical models. For a generic quantum critical point, we generalize the framework of RK wavefunctions by introducing the concept of the thermofield double (TFD) state, which is a purification of the equilibrium density operator. Moreover, by expressing the TFD state in terms of the projected entangled pair state, its $N$-order of R\\'{e}nyi entropy results in a three-dimensional statistical model in Euclidian spacetime, describing the generic quantum phase transitions. Using the toric code model with two parallel magnetic fields as an example, we explain these ideas and derive the partition function of the three-dimensional $Z_2$ lattice gauge-Higgs model, where the phase transitions are characterized by the three-dimensional universality classes.", "output": "The toric code model with two parallel magnetic fields is an example used to explain the ideas of the framework of RK wavefunctions and the thermofield double state. The partition function of the three-dimensional $Z_2$ lattice gauge-Higgs model can be derived from this example, where the phase transitions are characterized by the three-dimensional universality classes."}, {"instruction": "What is the difference between anode and cathode?", "input": "", "output": "What are the differences between anode and cathode?"}, {"instruction": "What is the interpretation of the results?", "input": "We report on the investigation of the magnetic superconductor EuFe$_{2}$(As$_{0.7}$P$_{0.3}$)$_{2}$ based on muon-spin spectroscopy and ac magnetic susceptibility ($\\chi$) measurements. The dependence of the internal field at the muon site on temperature is indicative of a ferromagnetic ordering of Eu$^{2+}$ magnetic moments and only the conventional magnon scattering governs the longitudinal relaxation rate at low temperatures. At the same time, we observe a rich phenomenology for the imaginary component of the susceptibility $\\chi^{\\prime\\prime}$ by means of both standard ac susceptibility and a novel technique based on a microwave coplanar waveguide resonator. In particular, we detect activated trends for several features in $\\chi^{\\prime\\prime}$ over frequencies spanning ten orders of magnitude. We interpret our results in terms of the complex dynamics of vortices and antivortices influenced by the underlying structure of magnetic domains.", "output": "The results are interpreted in terms of the complex dynamics of vortices and antivortices influenced by the underlying structure of magnetic domains."}, {"instruction": "How does mode decomposition learning save training costs?", "input": "Large-scale deep neural networks consume expensive training costs, but the training results in less-interpretable weight matrices constructing the networks. Here, we propose a mode decomposition learning that can interpret the weight matrices as a hierarchy of latent modes. These modes are akin to patterns in physics studies of memory networks. The mode decomposition learning not only saves a significant large amount of training costs, but also explains the network performance with the leading modes. The mode learning scheme shows a progressively compact latent space across the network hierarchy, and the least number of modes increases only logarithmically with the network width. Our mode decomposition learning is also studied in an analytic on-line learning setting, which reveals multi-stage of learning dynamics. Therefore, the proposed mode decomposition learning points to a cheap and interpretable route towards the magical deep learning.", "output": "Mode decomposition learning saves a significant large amount of training costs by interpreting the weight matrices of large-scale deep neural networks as a hierarchy of latent modes. These modes are akin to patterns in physics studies of memory networks. The mode decomposition learning not only saves a significant large amount of training costs, but also explains the network performance with the leading modes."}, {"instruction": "What is the impact of the transition-metal dichalcogenide on the overall total density of states at the Fermi level?", "input": "Two-dimensional materials and their heterostructures have opened up new possibilities for magnetism at the nanoscale. In this study, we utilize first-principles simulations to investigate the structural, electronic, and magnetic properties of $\\textrm{Fe}/\\textrm{WSe}_2/\\textrm{Pt}$ systems containing pristine, defective, or doped $\\textrm{WSe}_2$ monolayers. The proximity effects of the ferromagnetic Fe layer are studied by considering defective and vanadium-doped $\\textrm{WSe}_2$ monolayers. All heterostructures are found to be ferromagnetic, and the insertion of the transition-metal dichalcogenide results in a redistribution of spin orientation and an increased density of magnetic atoms due to the magnetized $\\textrm{WSe}_2$. There is an increase in the overall total density of states at the Fermi level due to $\\textrm{WSe}_2$; however, the transition-metal dichalcogenide may lose its distinct semiconducting properties due to the stronger than van der Waals coupling. Spin-resolved electronic structure properties are linked to larger spin Seebeck coefficients found in heterostructures with $\\textrm{WSe}_2$ monolayers.", "output": "There is an increase in the overall total density of states at the Fermi level due to WSe2; however, the transition-metal dichalcogenide may lose its distinct semiconducting properties due to the stronger than van der Waals coupling."}, {"instruction": "What are some superconducting devices that use weak-links?", "input": "Superconducting weak-link (WL), behaving like a Josephson junction (JJ), is fundamental to many superconducting devices such as nanoSQUIDs, single-photon detectors, and bolometers. The interplay between unique nonlinear dynamics and inevitable Joule heating in a JJ leads to new characteristics. Here, we report a time-dependent model incorporating thermal effect in the AC Josephson regime for a Josephson WL shunted by a resistor together with an inductor to investigate the dynamics as well as the resulting current-voltage characteristics. We find that the dynamic regime where phase and temperature oscillate simply widens due to a pure resistive shunt. However, a significant inductive time-scale in the shunt loop, competing with the thermal time-scale, introduces high-frequency relaxation oscillations in the dynamic regime. Based on numerical analysis, we present state diagrams for different parameter regimes. Our model is a guide for better controlling the parameters in the experiments of WL-based devices.", "output": "Superconducting weak-links are fundamental to many superconducting devices such as nanoSQUIDs, single-photon detectors, and bolometers."}, {"instruction": "Identify the relationships between climate change and the decline of polar bear populations.", "input": "", "output": "Climate change is causing the loss of sea ice, which is essential for polar bears to hunt and travel. As a result, polar bears are facing food shortages and are experiencing a decline in population numbers."}, {"instruction": "What is the purpose of animal communication?", "input": "", "output": "The purpose of animal communication is to convey information between individuals of the same or different species. This information can include warnings of danger, the location of food or mates, and social status. Communication can take many forms, including vocalizations, body language, and chemical signals."}, {"instruction": "What is reference-free XRF analysis used for?", "input": "X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis is a widely applied technique for the quantitative analysis of thin films up to the $\\mu$m scale because of its non-destructive nature and because it is easily automated. When low uncertainties of the analytical results in the few percent range are required, the non-linear secondary fluorescence effect in multi-elemental samples may complicate an otherwise straightforward quantification, since it can easily exceed a relative contribution of 20%. The conventional solution, to rely on good performing reference samples, is hindered by their low availability, especially for thin film applications. To address this challenge, we demonstrate a flexible production method of multilayered, alloyed thin films with significant secondary fluorescence contributions. We use reference-free XRF analysis to validate the reliability of the physical model for secondary fluorescence, which includes a thorough uncertainty estimation. The investigated specimens are being qualified as calibration samples for XRF or other quantitative analyses.", "output": "Reference-free XRF analysis is used to validate the reliability of the physical model for secondary fluorescence, which includes a thorough uncertainty estimation."}, {"instruction": "What kind of studies were performed on Cr2Ge2Te6?", "input": "Intrinsic, two-dimensional (2D) ferromagnetic semiconductors are an important class of materials for spin-charge conversion applications. Cr$_2$Ge$_2$Te$_6$ retains long-range magnetic order in bilayer at cryogenic temperatures and shows complex magnetic interactions with considerable magnetic anisotropy. Here, we performed a series of structural, magnetic, X-ray scattering, electronic, thermal transport and first-principles calculation studies which reveal that localized electronic charge carriers in Cr$_2$Ge$_2$Te$_6$ are dressed by surrounding lattice and are involved in polaronic transport via hopping that is sensitive on details of magnetocrystalline anisotropy. This opens possibility for manipulation of charge transport in Cr$_2$Ge$_2$Te$_6$ - based devices by electron-phonon- and spin-orbit coupling-based tailoring of polaron properties.", "output": "A series of structural, magnetic, X-ray scattering, electronic, thermal transport and first-principles calculation studies were performed on Cr2Ge2Te6."}, {"instruction": "What is the fractional quantum Hall effect?", "input": "The fractional quantum Hall (FQH) effect refers to the strongly-correlated phenomena and the associated quantum phases of matter realized in a two-dimensional gas of electrons placed in a large perpendicular magnetic field. In such systems, topology and quantum mechanics conspire to give rise to exotic physics that manifests via robust quantization of the Hall resistance. In this chapter, we provide an overview of the experimental phenomenology of the FQH effect in GaAs-based semiconductor materials and present its theoretical interpretations in terms of trial wave functions, composite fermion quasiparticles, and enigmatic non-Abelian states. We also highlight some recent developments, including the parton theory and the Dirac composite fermion field theory of FQH states, the role of anisotropy and geometrical degrees of freedom, and quantum entanglement in FQH fluids.", "output": "The fractional quantum Hall (FQH) effect refers to the strongly-correlated phenomena and the associated quantum phases of matter realized in a two-dimensional gas of electrons placed in a large perpendicular magnetic field."}, {"instruction": "Interpret the MATLAB code for a simulation of light propagation through a photonic crystal.", "input": "", "output": "The MATLAB code simulates the propagation of light through a photonic crystal by solving the Maxwell equations using the finite-difference time-domain method. The code uses a perfectly matched layer to simulate the infinite boundaries of the crystal and computes the band structure and transmission spectrum of the crystal."}, {"instruction": "Extract the relation between spider silk and material engineering.", "input": "", "output": "Spider silk has been studied extensively for its potential applications in material engineering, due to its unique properties such as high tensile strength and elasticity."}, {"instruction": "What is the chemical formula for sulfuric acid?", "input": "", "output": "The chemical formula for sulfuric acid is H2SO4."}, {"instruction": "What is the minimal model used in the study?", "input": "To understand the biodiversity of an ecosystem cannot be understood by solely analyzing the pair relations of competing species. Instead, we should consider multi-point interactions because the presence of a third party could change the original microscopic outcome significantly. In this way an alliance may emerge where species, who may have biased relations otherwise, can protect each other from an external invader. Such an alliance can be formed by two, three or even more species. By introducing a minimal model where six species compete for space we here study how the size of an alliance determines the vitality of a formation. We show that in the majority of parameter space the group of the smallest size prevails and other solutions can only be observed in a limited parameter range. These phases are separated by discontinuous phase transitions which can only be identified by intensive numerical efforts due to serious finite size effects and long relaxation processes.", "output": "The minimal model used in the study involves six species competing for space."}, {"instruction": "What is the relation between topological invariants defined through the twist boundary condition and the center-of-mass momentum state in multi-particle systems?", "input": "Beyond the well-known topological band theory for single-particle systems, it is a great challenge to characterize the topological nature of interacting multi-particle quantum systems. Here, we uncover the relation between topological invariants defined through the twist boundary condition (TBC) and the center-of-mass (c.m.) momentum state in multi-particle systems. We find that the Berry phase defined through TBC can be equivalently obtained from the multi-particle Wilson loop formulated by c.m. momentum states. As the Chern number can be written as the winding of the Berry phase, we consequently prove the equivalence of Chern numbers obtained via TBC and c.m. momentum state approaches. As a proof-of-principle example, we study topological properties of the Aubry-Andr{\\'e}-Harper (AAH) model. Our numerical results show that the TBC approach and c.m. approach are well consistent with each other for both many-body case and few-body case. Our work lays a concrete foundation and provides new insights for exploring multi-particle topological states.", "output": "The Berry phase defined through TBC can be equivalently obtained from the multi-particle Wilson loop formulated by c.m. momentum states. As the Chern number can be written as the winding of the Berry phase, we consequently prove the equivalence of Chern numbers obtained via TBC and c.m. momentum state approaches."}, {"instruction": "What is the assumption made in the theoretical calculation?", "input": "We present a combined experimental and theoretical work that investigates the magnetic proximity effect at a ferromagnetic-insulator - superconductor (FI-S) interface. The simulation is based on the boundary condition for diffusive quasiclassical Greens functions, that accounts for arbitrarily strong spin-dependent effects and spin-mixing angles. The experimentally found differential conductance of an EuS-Al heterostructure is compared with a theoretical calculation. With the assumption of a uniform spin-mixing angle that depends on the externally applied field, we find good agreement between theory and experiment. The theory depends only on very few parameters, mostly specified by the experimental setup. We determine the effective spin of the interface moments as $ J\\approx 0.74\\hbar $.", "output": "The assumption made in the theoretical calculation is a uniform spin-mixing angle that depends on the externally applied field."}, {"instruction": "What are some challenges in studying highly deformable granular matter?", "input": "Softer than soft, squishy granular matter is composed of grains capable of significantly changing their shape (typically larger than 10% of deformation) without tearing or breaking. Because of the difficulty to test these materials experimentally and numerically, such a family of discrete systems remains largely ignored in the granular matter physics field despite being commonly found in nature and industry. Either from a numerical, experimental, or analytical point of view, the study of highly deformable granular matter involves several challenges covering, for instance: ($i$) the need to include a large diversity of grain rheology, ($ii$) the need to consider \\dc{large material} deformations, and ($iii$) the analysis upon the effects the large body distortion has on the global scale. In this article, we propose a thorough definition of these squishy granular systems, and we summarize the upcoming challenges in their study.", "output": "The challenges in studying highly deformable granular matter include the need to include a large diversity of grain rheology, the need to consider large material deformations, and the analysis upon the effects the large body distortion has on the global scale."}, {"instruction": "What is the relationship between the height of the maximum of the stress-strain relation and the shear range?", "input": "Using non-equilibrium molecular dynamics simulations we study the yielding behaviour of a model cluster crystal formed by ultrasoft particles under shear. We investigate the evolution of stress as a function of strain for different shear rates, $\\dot{\\gamma}$, and temperatures. The stress-strain relation displays a pronounced maximum at the yielding point; the height of this maximum, $\\sigma_\\text{p}$, increases via a power law with an increasing shear range and tends to saturate to a finite value if the limit shear rate goes to zero (at least within the considered temperature range). Interestingly, this behaviour can be captured by the Herschel-Bulkley type model which, for a given temperature, allows us to predict a static yield stress $\\sigma^{0}_\\text{p}$ (in the shear rate tending to zero limit), a characteristic timescale $\\tau_\\text{c}$, and the exponent $\\alpha$ of the above-mentioned power-law decay of the $\\sigma_\\text{p}$ at high shear rates. Furthermore, for different temperatures, the $\\sigma_\\text{p}$ can be scaled as functions of $\\dot{\\gamma}$ onto a single master curve when scaled by corresponding $\\tau_\\text{c}$ and ${\\sigma}_\\text{p}^{0}$. Moreover, for a given shear rate, $\\sigma_\\text{p}$ displays a logarithmic dependence on temperature. Again, the $\\sigma_\\text{p}{-}T$ curves for different shear rates can be scaled on a single logarithmic master curve when scaled by a corresponding fitting parameters.", "output": "The height of the maximum of the stress-strain relation increases via a power law with an increasing shear range."}, {"instruction": "What is the scientific basis for manipulation of the chiral antiferromagnetic texture of Mn3Ge?", "input": "Quantum materials with strong transport responses to disparate physical quantities are of great fundamental significance and may hold technological potentials. The interplay between interactions and topology drive such responses through the effects of spontaneous symmetry breaking and the associated domain configurations on quantum transport. Here we provide a comprehensive description of the magnetism of Mn3Ge, an antiferromagnetic kagomebased semimetal with room temperature transport anomalies associated with topologically protected Weyl nodes. Using polarized neutron diffraction, we show the all-important magnetic structure is anti-chiral and coplanar carrying the symmetry of a ferromagnet without appreciable magnetization. We probe and classify the long wavelength excitations that determine its macroscopic responses including a set of collective magneto-elastic modes. We develop a phenomenological spin Hamiltonian with exchange, Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya, and crystal field interactions to describe its collective magnetism. The itinerant character of the magnetism that drives quantum transport is apparent in spin wave damping and extended magnetic interactions. Our work provides the scientific basis for manipulation of the chiral antiferromagnetic texture of Mn3Ge to control its topological quantum transport.", "output": "Our work provides the scientific basis for manipulation of the chiral antiferromagnetic texture of Mn3Ge to control its topological quantum transport."}, {"instruction": "Analyze the sentiment of the article about the use of nuclear power as a source of energy.", "input": "", "output": "The article expresses a mixed sentiment towards the use of nuclear power, highlighting both its potential as a low-carbon energy source and the risks associated with nuclear accidents and waste disposal."}, {"instruction": "What is the role of efficient use of preliminary data in performing successful measurements within limited experimental time?", "input": "For performing successful measurements within limited experimental time, efficient use of preliminary data plays a crucial role. This work shows that a simple feedforward type neural networks approach for learning preliminary experimental data can provide quick access to simulate the experiment within the learned range. The approach is especially beneficial for physical properties measurements with scanning on multiple axes, where derivative or integration of data are required to obtain the objective quantity. Due to its simplicity, the learning process is fast enough for the users to perform learning and simulation on-the-fly by using a combination of open-source optimization techniques and deep-learning libraries. Here such a tool for augmenting the experimental data is proposed, aiming to help researchers to decide the most suitable experimental conditions before performing costly experiments in real. Furthermore, this tool can also be used from the perspective of taking advantage of reutilizing and repurposing previously published data, accelerating data-driven exploration of functional materials.", "output": "Efficient use of preliminary data plays a crucial role in performing successful measurements within limited experimental time."}, {"instruction": "What is radiative damping?", "input": "Radiative damping is a strong dissipation source for the quantum emitters hybridized with propagating photons, electrons, or phonons, which is not easily avoidable for on-chip magnonic emitters as well that can radiate via the surface acoustic waves of the substrate. Here we demonstrate in an array of on-chip nano-magnets coupled in a long range via exchanging the surface acoustic waves that a point defect in the array, which can be introduced by the local magnon frequency shift by a local biased magnetic field or the absence of a magnetic wire, strongly localizes the magnons, in contrast to the well spreading Bloch-like collective magnon modes in such an array setting. The radiation of the magnon defect states is exponentially suppressed by the distance of the defect to the array edges. Moreover, this defect state is strikingly inertial to the non-Hermitian topology that localizes all the extended states at one boundary. Such configuration robust magnon defect states towards radiation-free limit may be suitable for high-fidelity magnon quantum information storage in the future on-chip magnonic devices.", "output": "Radiative damping is a strong dissipation source for the quantum emitters hybridized with propagating photons, electrons, or phonons."}, {"instruction": "Why is shape memory alloy useful?", "input": "", "output": "Shape memory alloys are useful because they can recover their original shape after being deformed, which is a property that can be utilized in various engineering applications such as actuators, sensors, and biomedical devices."}, {"instruction": "What factors control the concentrations of carriers?", "input": "The elecrooptical response of graphene due to heating and drift of carriers is studied theoretically. Real and imaginary parts of the dynamic conductivity tensor are calculated for the case of effective momentum relaxation, when anisotropic contributions are small. We use the quasiequilibrium distribution of electrons and holes, characterized by the effective temperature of carriers and by concentrations, which are controlled by gate voltage and in-plane electric field. The geometry of normal propagation of probe radiation is considered, spectral and field dependences of the reflection coefficient and the relative absorption are analyzed. The ellipticity degree of the reflected and transmitted radiation due to small birefringence of graphene sheet with current have also been determined.", "output": "The concentrations of carriers are controlled by gate voltage and in-plane electric field in the study of the electrooptical response of graphene due to heating and drift of carriers."}, {"instruction": "What is the spin-mix conductance?", "input": "We applied the Self-Consistent Harmonic Approximation (SCHA), combined with coherent states formalism, to study the ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) in a ferromagentic/normal metal junction. Due to the interface interaction, the FMR-generated spin current is injected from the magnetic insulator to the normal metal, the so-called spin pumping. Ordinarily, ferromagnetic models are described by bosonic representation or phenomenological theories; however, in a coherent magnetization state, the SCHA is the more natural choice to treat FMR problems. Over the years, the SCHA has successfully applied to investigate ferro and antiferromagnetism in a wide range of scenarios. The main point of the SCHA formalism involves the adoption of a quadratic model for which corrections are included through temperature-dependent renormalization parameters. Therefore, the SCHA is an efficient method for determining the properties of magnetically ordered phases. Using the SCHA, we obtained the temperature dependence of FMR-driven spin pumping. In addition, we found the spin-mix conductance, the additional damping from the angular momentum injection into the normal metal side, and the magnetic susceptibility. The SCHA outcomes are in remarkable agreement with the results of the literature.", "output": "The spin-mix conductance is a property obtained using the SCHA method to investigate ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) in a ferromagnetic/normal metal junction. It is the additional damping from the angular momentum injection into the normal metal side."}, {"instruction": "What method was used to investigate the many-body physics of interacting fermions?", "input": "Motivated by a recent experiment [J. H. Han, et. al., Phys. Rev. Lett.122, 065303 (2019)], we investigate many-body physics of interacting fermions in a synthetic Hall tube, using state-of-the-art density-matrix renormalization-group numerical method. Since the inter-leg couplings of this synthetic Hall tube generate an interesting spin-tensor Zeeman field, exotic topological and magnetic properties occur. Especially, four new quantum phases, such as nontopological spin-vector and -tensor paramagnetic insulators, and topological and nontopological spin-mixed paramagnetic insulators, are predicted by calculating entanglement spectrum, entanglement entropies, energy gaps, and local magnetic orders with 3 spin-vectors and 5 spin-tensors. Moreover, the topologically magnetic phase transitions induced by the interaction as well as the inter-leg couplings are also revealed. Our results pave a new way to explore many-body (topological) states induced by both the spiral spin-vector and -tensor Zeeman fields.", "output": "The state-of-the-art density-matrix renormalization-group numerical method was used to investigate the many-body physics of interacting fermions."}, {"instruction": "What is the evidence that magnetic polarons grow in size below T' in Eu$_{5}$In$_{2}$Sb$_{6}$?", "input": "Colossal magnetoresistance (CMR) emerges from intertwined spin and charge degrees of freedom in the form of ferromagnetic clusters also known as trapped magnetic polarons. As a result, CMR is rarely observed in antiferromagnetic materials. Here we use electron spin resonance (ESR) to reveal microscopic evidence for the formation of magnetic polarons in antiferromagnetic Eu$_{5}$In$_{2}$Sb$_{6}$. First, we observe a reduction of the Eu$^{2+}$ ESR linewidth as a function of the applied magnetic field consistent with ferromagnetic clusters that are antiferromagnetically coupled. Additionally, the Eu$^{2+}$ lineshape changes markedly below T' ~ 200 K, a temperature scale that coincides with the onset of CMR. The combination of these two effects provide strong evidence that magnetic polarons grow in size below T' and start influencing the macroscopic properties of the system.", "output": "The Eu$^{2+}$ lineshape changes markedly below T' ~ 200 K, a temperature scale that coincides with the onset of colossal magnetoresistance (CMR). Additionally, a reduction of the Eu$^{2+}$ ESR linewidth as a function of the applied magnetic field consistent with ferromagnetic clusters that are antiferromagnetically coupled is observed. The combination of these two effects provide strong evidence that magnetic polarons grow in size below T' and start influencing the macroscopic properties of the system."}, {"instruction": "What is the role of symmetries in the results?", "input": "We report on the theoretical investigation of the topological properties of a periodically quenched one-dimensional dimerized lattice where a piece-wise constant Hamiltonian switches from $h_1$ to $h_2$ at a partition time $t_p$ within each driving period $T$. We examine different dimerization patterns for $h_1$ and $h_2$ and the interplay with the driving parameters that lead to the emergence of topological states both at zero energy and at the edge of the Brillouin-Floquet quasi-energy zone. We illustrate different phenomena, including the occurrence of both edge states in a semimetal spectrum, the topological transitions, and the generation of zero-energy topological states from trivial snapshots. The role of the different symmetries in our results is also discussed.", "output": "The text states that the role of the different symmetries in the results is also discussed."}, {"instruction": "Can the elastic properties of 2D catenated DNA networks be tuned by modifying the underlying topology?", "input": "Molecular topology of polymers plays a key role in determining their physical properties. We studied herein the topological effects on the static and dynamic properties of a 2D catenated network of DNA rings called a kinetoplast. Restriction enzymes, that cleave DNA at sequence-specific sites, are used to selectively cut and remove rings from the network and hence tune the molecular topology while maintaining overall structural integrity. We find that topology has minimal effects over the spatial extension of the 2D network, however, it significantly affects the relaxation behavior. The shape fluctuations of the network are governed by two distinct characteristic time scales attributed to the thermal fluctuations and confinement of the network. The relationship between the time constant of thermal relaxation and the amplitude of anisotropy fluctuations yields a universal scaling. Interestingly, this scaling is independent of the detailed arrangements of rings and/or perforation within the catenated networks. This study provides a route to tune the elastic properties of 2D catenated DNA networks by modifying the underlying topology in a rational and highly controllable manner.", "output": "Yes, this study provides a route to tune the elastic properties of 2D catenated DNA networks by modifying the underlying topology in a rational and highly controllable manner."}, {"instruction": "What is the difference between learning Markovian and non-Markovian dynamics?", "input": "We investigate the potential of supervised machine learning to propagate a quantum system in time. While Markovian dynamics can be learned easily, given a sufficient amount of data, non-Markovian systems are non-trivial and their description requires the memory knowledge of past states. Here we analyse the feature of such memory by taking a simple 1D Heisenberg model as many-body Hamiltonian, and construct a non-Markovian description by representing the system over the single-particle reduced density matrix. The number of past states required for this representation to reproduce the time-dependent dynamics is found to grow exponentially with the number of spins and with the density of the system spectrum. Most importantly, we demonstrate that neural networks can work as time propagators at any time in the future and that they can be concatenated in time forming an autoregression. Such neural-network autoregression can be used to generate long-time and arbitrary dense time trajectories. Finally, we investigate the time resolution needed to represent the system memory. We find two regimes: for fine memory samplings the memory needed remains constant, while longer memories are required for coarse samplings, although the total number of time steps remains constant. The boundary between these two regimes is set by the period corresponding to the highest frequency in the system spectrum, demonstrating that neural network can overcome the limitation set by the Shannon-Nyquist sampling theorem.", "output": "Markovian dynamics can be learned easily given a sufficient amount of data, while non-Markovian systems are non-trivial and their description requires the memory knowledge of past states."}, {"instruction": "What is the significance of the fractal symmetries in the Pascal's triangle model?", "input": "Recently a ``Pascal's triangle model\" constructed with $\\text{U}(1)$ rotor degrees of freedom was introduced, and it was shown that ($\\textit{i}$.) this model possesses an infinite series of fractal symmetries; and ($\\textit{ii}$.) it is the parent model of a series of $Z_p$ fractal models each with its own distinct fractal symmetry. In this work we discuss a multi-critical point of the Pascal's triangle model that is analogous to the Rokhsar-Kivelson (RK) point of the better known quantum dimer model. We demonstrate that the expectation value of the characteristic operator of each fractal symmetry at this multi-critical point decays as a power-law of space, and this multi-critical point is shared by the family of descendent $Z_p$ fractal models. Afterwards, we generalize our discussion to a $(3+1)d$ model termed the ``Pascal's tetrahedron model\" that has both planar and fractal subsystem symmetries. We also establish a connection between the Pascal's tetrahedron model and the $\\text{U}(1)$ Haah's code.", "output": "The Pascal's triangle model possesses an infinite series of fractal symmetries, and each descendent Zp fractal model has its own distinct fractal symmetry. At the multi-critical point of the Pascal's triangle model, the expectation value of the characteristic operator of each fractal symmetry decays as a power-law of space. These fractal symmetries are important for understanding the behavior of the model and its descendent fractal models."}, {"instruction": "What are the two main methods used to probe the particle?", "input": "We investigate melting and undercooling in nanoscale (radius ~100 nm) gold particles that are levitated in a quadrupole ion (Paul) trap in a high vacuum environment. The particle is heated via laser illumination and probed using two main methods. Firstly, measurements of its mass are used to determine the evaporation rate during illumination and infer the temperature of the particle. Secondly, direct optical measurements show that the light scattered from the particle is significantly different in its liquid and solid phases. The particle is repeatedly heated across its melting transition, and the dependence of heating behavior on particle size is investigated. Undercooling -- the persistence of a liquid state below the melting temperature -- is induced via multi-stage laser pulses. The extent of undercooling is explored and compared to theoretical predictions.", "output": "The two main methods used to probe the particle are measurements of its mass to determine the evaporation rate during illumination and infer the temperature of the particle, and direct optical measurements to show that the light scattered from the particle is significantly different in its liquid and solid phases."}, {"instruction": "Correct the grammar in the following sentence: The activation energy is the minimum energy required for a reaction to occur, and is affected by factors such as temperature and catalysts.", "input": "", "output": "The sentence is grammatically correct."}, {"instruction": "What is the purpose of the study?", "input": "A gap exists in microscopic understanding the dynamic properties of the rotational organic cation (ROC) in the inorganic framework of the metal halide perovskites (MHP) to date. Herein, we develop a microscopic theory of Raman scattering for the ROC in MHP based on the angular momentum of a ROC exchanging with that of the photon and phonon. We systematically present the selection rules for the angular momentum transfer among three lowest rotational levels. We find that the phonon angular momentum that arising from the inorganic framework and its specific values could be directly manifested by Stokes (or anti-Stokes) shift. Moreover, the initial orientation of the ROC and its preferentially rotational directions could be judged in Raman spectra. This study lays the theoretical foundation for the high-precision resolution and manipulation of molecular rotation immersed in many-body environment by Raman technique.", "output": "The purpose of the study is to develop a microscopic theory of Raman scattering for the rotational organic cation (ROC) in the inorganic framework of the metal halide perovskites (MHP) based on the angular momentum of a ROC exchanging with that of the photon and phonon."}, {"instruction": "What is the WOT-SRSH functional and how does it compare to other functionals in $G_0W_0$ calculations?", "input": "The dependence of ab initio many-body perturbation theory within the $GW$ approximation on the eigensystem used in calculating quasiparticle corrections limits this method's predictive power. Here, we investigate the accuracy of the recently developed Wannier-localized optimally tuned screened range-separated hybrid (WOT-SRSH) functional as a generalized Kohn-Sham starting point for single-shot $GW$ ($G_0W_0$) calculations for a range of semiconductors and insulators. Comparison to calculations based on well-established functionals, namely PBE, PBE0, and HSE, as well as to self-consistent $GW$ schemes and to experiment, shows that band gaps computed via $G_0W_0$@WOT-SRSH have a level of precision and accuracy that is comparable to that of more advanced methods such as quasiparticle self-consistent $GW$ (QS$GW$) and eigenvalue self-consistent $GW$ (ev$GW$). We also find that $G_0W_0$@WOT-SRSH improves the description of states deeper in the valence band manifold. Finally, we show that $G_0W_0$@WOT-SRSH significantly reduces the sensitivity of computed band gaps to ambiguities in the underlying WOT-SRSH tuning procedure.", "output": "The Wannier-localized optimally tuned screened range-separated hybrid (WOT-SRSH) functional is a generalized Kohn-Sham starting point for single-shot $GW$ ($G_0W_0$) calculations. In comparison to well-established functionals such as PBE, PBE0, and HSE, as well as to self-consistent $GW$ schemes and to experiment, band gaps computed via $G_0W_0$@WOT-SRSH have a level of precision and accuracy that is comparable to that of more advanced methods such as quasiparticle self-consistent $GW$ (QS$GW$) and eigenvalue self-consistent $GW$ (ev$GW$)."}, {"instruction": "What did they observe when comparing their simplified theory to the experiment?", "input": "We experimentally measured the ultra-narrow momentum width of an optical trapped Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) in situ based on matter-wave interference, which validates our previous theoretical work [arXiv: 2205.02416]. By sweeping the interval of double stand-wave pulses, the BEC wave packet was splitted into different diffraction orders and then we counted the oscillation curve of the population of zero-momentum state to calibrate the momentum width. Compared with our simplified theory, we observed an accelerated evolution of interference fringes in time-domain. We evaluated this interference process minutely by numerically calculating the Gross-Pitaevskii equation and using Wigner function to intuitively demonstrate the influence of the external potential and nonlinear term. We confirmed that the reduction of interference fringe evolution period actually originates from the synergistic cooperation of the mean-field interaction of the BEC and spatial density modulation caused by the interference between different momentum states. Our approach could be generalized to other ultra-cold atomic gases with different momentum distributions, and in principle a single shot can obtain the result. This quantum thermometry is particularly suitable for momentum width calibration in practical deep cooling experiments, while for atomic samples at pK level the mean-field interaction can be safely ignored.", "output": "They observed an accelerated evolution of interference fringes in time-domain when comparing their simplified theory to the experiment."}, {"instruction": "What is the effect of electrically-induced band gap on THz detection in graphene bilayer with split-gate p-n junction?", "input": "Graphene shows a strong promise for detection of terahertz (THz) radiation due to its high carrier mobility, compatibility with on-chip waveguides and transistors, and small heat capacitance. At the same time, weak reaction of graphene's physical properties on the detected radiation can be traced down to the absence of band gap. Here, we study the effect of electrically-induced band gap on THz detection in graphene bilayer with split-gate p-n junction. We show that gap induction leads to simultaneous increase in current and voltage responsivities. At operating temperatures of ~25 K, the responsivity at 20 meV band gap is from 3 to 20 times larger than that in the gapless state. The maximum voltage responsivity of our devices at 0.13 THz illumination exceeds 50 kV/W, while the noise equivalent power falls down to 36 fW/Hz^0.5. These values set new records for semiconductor-based cryogenic terahertz detectors, and pave the way for efficient and fast terahertz detection.", "output": "Electrically-induced band gap leads to simultaneous increase in current and voltage responsivities in THz detection in graphene bilayer with split-gate p-n junction."}, {"instruction": "What is the phenomenon of coherent tunneling destruction?", "input": "We study features of tunneling dynamics in an exactly-solvable model of N=4 supersymmetric quantum mechanics with a multi-well potential and with broken reflective symmetry. Quantum systems with a phenomenological potential of this type demonstrate the phenomenon of partial localization of under-barrier states, possibly resulting in the appearance of the so-called \"resonant\" tunneling, or the phenomenon of coherent tunneling destruction, referring to the complete localization. Taking the partial localization and the coherent tunneling destruction as basic examples, we indicate main advantages of using isospectral exactly-solvable Hamiltonians in studies quantum mechanical systems with two- and three-well potentials. They, in particular, are: having enough freedom of changing the potential shape in a wide range, that allows one to choose an exactly-solvable model close to characteristics of the phenomenological one; ability of changing the number of local minima and symmetry characteristics of the potential (symmetric or deformed) without changing the main part of the spectrum; engaging a smart basis of states, that dramatically decreases the dimensionality of matrices used in the diagonalization procedure of the corresponding spectral problem.", "output": "The phenomenon of coherent tunneling destruction refers to the complete localization of under-barrier states in quantum systems with a phenomenological potential of the type studied in the exactly-solvable model of N=4 supersymmetric quantum mechanics with a multi-well potential and with broken reflective symmetry."}, {"instruction": "What is the largest system that can be studied with the new code?", "input": "We present an algorithm and implementation of integral-direct, density-fitted Hartree-Fock (HF) and second-order M{\\o}ller-Plesset perturbation theory (MP2) for periodic systems. The new code eliminates the formerly prohibitive storage requirements and allows us to study systems one order of magnitude larger than before at the periodic MP2 level. We demonstrate the significance of the development by studying the benzene crystal in both the thermodynamic limit and the complete basis set limit, for which we predict an MP2 cohesive energy of $-72.8$ kJ/mol, which is about $10$--$15$ kJ/mol larger in magnitude than all previously reported MP2 calculations. Compared to the best theoretical estimate from literature, several modified MP2 models approach chemical accuracy in the predicted cohesive energy of the benzene crystal and hence may be promising cost-effective choices for future applications on molecular crystals.", "output": "The new code allows us to study systems one order of magnitude larger than before at the periodic MP2 level."}, {"instruction": "What is the most likely way to reach the threshold for caustic formation in three dimensions?", "input": "Caustic singularities of the spatial distribution of particles in turbulent aerosols enhance collision rates and accelerate coagulation. The dominant mechanisms of caustic formation depend sensitively on the dynamical time scales of the particle motion and of the turbulent flow. For strongly inertial particles in rapidly fluctuating flows, caustic formation is described by a Kramers escape of the particle-velocity gradients. Weakly inertial particles in persistent flows have recently been studied in two spatial dimensions, where caustics are induced by rare excursions of the fluid strain, while vorticity remains small. Here we show that in three dimensions, caustics form by a related, yet different mechanism. At weak particle inertia, caustics are induced by a large, strain-dominated fluctuation of the fluid-velocity gradients. In three dimensions, this fluctuation must cross a characteristic threshold in the $Q$-$R$ plane spanned by the invariants of the fluid-velocity gradients. The most likely way to reach this threshold is by an \"optimal fluctuation\" unique up to similarity transformations, that propagates along the Vieillefosse line. We explicitly determine the probability and shape of the optimal fluctuation, and find that it is dominant in numerical simulations even for moderate particle inertia.", "output": "The most likely way to reach this threshold is by an \\\"optimal fluctuation\\\" unique up to similarity transformations, that propagates along the Vieillefosse line. We explicitly determine the probability and shape of the optimal fluctuation, and find that it is dominant in numerical simulations even for moderate particle inertia."}, {"instruction": "What is the buffer layer formed for low O/Ti ratios?", "input": "We investigate the complex relationship between the growth conditions and the structural and transport properties of $\\mathrm{Ti_xO_y}$ thin films grown by molecular beam epitaxy. Transport properties ranging from metallicity to superconductivity and insulating states are stabilized by effectively tuning the O/Ti ratio via the Ti flux rate and the O partial pressure, $P_{Ox}$, for films grown on (0001)-$\\mathrm{Al_2 O_3}$ substrates at 850$^{\\circ}$ C. A cubic $c-\\mathrm{TiO_{1\\pm\\delta}}$ buffer layer is formed for low O/Ti ratios while a corundum cr-$\\mathrm{Ti_2 O_3}$ layer is formed under higher oxidizing conditions. Metallicity is observed for c-$\\mathrm{TiO_{1-\\delta}}$ buffer layers. The superconducting $\\mathrm{\\gamma-Ti_3 O_5}$ Magn\\'eli phase is found to nucleate on a c-$\\mathrm{TiO_{1-\\delta}}$ buffer for intermediate $P_{Ox}$ conditions and an insulator-superconducting transition is observed at 4.5 K (T$_C^{onset}=6 K$) for 85 nm thick films. Strain relaxation of the $\\mathrm{\\gamma-Ti_3 O_5}$ occurs with increasing film thickness and correlates with a thickness-dependent increase in T$_C$ observed for $\\mathrm{Ti_xO_y}$ thin films.", "output": "A cubic c-TiO_{1\u00b1\u03b4} buffer layer is formed for low O/Ti ratios."}, {"instruction": "Write a report on the potential applications of thermoelectric materials in renewable energy systems.", "input": "", "output": "Thermoelectric materials have the potential to revolutionize renewable energy systems by converting waste heat into usable electricity. They can be used in a variety of applications, such as solar panels, geothermal power plants, and waste heat recovery systems."}, {"instruction": "What is the topological interpretation of the zeros of the gap function?", "input": "We review recent theoretical progress in understanding spatially uniform $s$-wave superconductivity which arises from a fermion-fermion interaction, which is repulsive on the Matsubara axis, where it is real, but does depend on the transferred frequency. Such a situation holds, e.g., for systems with a screened Coulomb and retarded electron-phonon interaction. We show that despite repulsion, superconductivity is possible in a certain range of system parameters. However, at $T=0$ the gap function on the Matsubara axis, $\\Delta (\\omega_m)$, must pass through zero and change sign at least once. These zeros of $\\Delta (\\omega_m)$ have a topological interpretation in terms of dynamical vortices, and their presence imposes a constraint on the variation of the phase of the gap function along the real frequency axis, which can potentially be extracted from ARPES and other measurements. We discuss how superconductivity vanishes when the repulsion becomes too strong, and obtain a critical line which terminates at $T=0$ at a quantum-critical point for superconductivity. We show that the behavior of the gap function near this point is highly non-trivial. In particular, an infinitesimally small $\\Delta (\\omega_m)$ contains a singular $\\delta-$function piece $\\omega_m \\delta (\\omega_m)$. We argue that near the critical point superconductivity may be a mixed state with even-frequency and odd-frequency gap components.", "output": "The zeros of the gap function have a topological interpretation in terms of dynamical vortices."}, {"instruction": "Analyze the sentiment of a review for a smart fabric that can change color.", "input": "", "output": "The review is generally positive, with the user praising the fabric's ability to change color and its durability. However, the user notes that the fabric can be difficult to clean and may not be suitable for all types of clothing."}, {"instruction": "What is the working substance chosen for the asymmetric quantum Otto engine cycle?", "input": "We consider the optimization of the work output and fluctuations of a finite-time quantum Otto heat engine cycle consisting of compression and expansion work strokes of unequal duration. The asymmetry of the cycle is characterized by a parameter $r_u$ giving the ratio of the times for the compression and expansion work strokes. For such an asymmetric quantum Otto engine cycle, with working substance chosen as a harmonic oscillator or a two-level system, we find that the optimal values of $r_u$ maximising the work output and the reliability (defined as the ratio of average work output to its standard deviation) shows discontinuities as a function of the total time taken for the cycle. Moreover we identify cycles of some specific duration where both the work output and the reliability take their largest values for the same value of the asymmetry parameter $r_u$.", "output": "The working substance chosen for the asymmetric quantum Otto engine cycle can be a harmonic oscillator or a two-level system."}, {"instruction": "What are the different thiol molecule linkers used in the study?", "input": "Molecular linkers have emerged as an effective strategy to improve electronic transport properties on solution-processed layered materials via defect functionalization. However, a detailed discussion on the microscopic mechanisms behind the beneficial effects of functionalization is still missing. Here, by first-principles calculations based on density functional theory, we investigate the effects on the electronic properties of interconnected MoS$_2$ model flakes systems upon functionalization with different thiol molecule linkers, namely thiophenol, 1,4-benzenedithiol, 1,2-ethanedithiol, and 1,3-propanedithiol. The bonding of benzene- and ethanedithiol bridging adjacent armchair MoS$_2$ nanoflakes leads to electronic states just above or at the Fermi level, thus forming a molecular channel for electronic transport between flakes. In addition, the molecular linker reduces the potential barrier for thermally activated hopping between neighboring flakes, improving the conductivity as verified in experiments. The comprehension of such mechanisms helps in future developments of solution-processed layered materials for use on 2D electronic devices.", "output": "The different thiol molecule linkers used in the study are thiophenol, 1,4-benzenedithiol, 1,2-ethanedithiol, and 1,3-propanedithiol."}, {"instruction": "What is chemotherapy?", "input": "", "output": "Chemotherapy is a type of cancer treatment that uses drugs to destroy cancer cells. The drugs are typically administered through an intravenous (IV) infusion or orally, and work by disrupting the cell division process that allows cancer cells to grow and spread."}, {"instruction": "Explain the function of antibodies.", "input": "", "output": "Antibodies are proteins produced by the immune system that recognize and neutralize foreign substances such as viruses and bacteria. They bind to specific antigens on the surface of these pathogens, marking them for destruction by other immune cells."}, {"instruction": "Can the periodically driven extended Su-Schrieffer-Heeger model be experimentally realized?", "input": "The high Chern number phases with the Chern number |C| > 1 are observed in this study of a periodically driven extended Su-Schrieffer-Heeger (E-SSH) model with a cyclic parameter. Besides the standard intra-dimer and the nearest-neighbor (NN) inter-dimer hopping of the SSH model, an additional next-nearest-neighbor (NNN) hopping is considered in the E-SSH model. The cyclic parameter, which plays the role of a synthetic dimension, is invoked as a modulation of the hopping strengths. A rigorous analysis of different phase diagrams has shown multiple Floquet topological phase transitions among the high Chern number phases. These phase transitions can be controlled by the strength and frequency of the periodic driving. Instead of applying perturbation theory, the whole analysis is done by Floquet replica technique. This gives a freedom to study high as well as low-frequency effects on the system by considering less or more number of photon sectors. This system can be experimentally realized through a pulse sequence scheme in the optical lattice setup.", "output": "Yes, the periodically driven extended Su-Schrieffer-Heeger model can be experimentally realized through a pulse sequence scheme in the optical lattice setup."}, {"instruction": "What is the controlled asymptotic long-time error and how does the adaptive Trotterization scheme allow for it?", "input": "The digital simulation of quantum many-body dynamics, one of the most promising applications of quantum computers, involves Trotterization as a key element. It is an outstanding challenge to formulate a quantum algorithm allowing adaptive Trotter time steps. This is particularly relevant for today's noisy intermediate scale quantum devices, where the minimization of the circuit depth is a central optimization task. Here, we introduce an adaptive Trotterization scheme providing a controlled solution of the quantum many-body dynamics of local observables. Our quantum algorithm outperforms conventional fixed-time step Trotterization schemes in a quantum quench and even allows for a controlled asymptotic long-time error, where Trotterized dynamics generically enters challenging regimes. This adaptive method can also be generalized to protect various other kinds of symmetries, which we illustrate by preserving the local Gauss's law in a lattice gauge theory. We discuss the requirements imposed by experimental resources, and point out that our adaptive Trotterization scheme can be of use also in numerical approaches based on Trotterization such as in time-evolving block decimation methods.", "output": "The controlled asymptotic long-time error is a challenging regime that Trotterized dynamics generically enters. The adaptive Trotterization scheme allows for a controlled asymptotic long-time error, which is discussed in the text. However, more specific information is needed to answer this question."}, {"instruction": "What are the non-linear flow regimes found in the study?", "input": "Stress induced yielding/fluidization in disordered solids, characterized by irreversibility and enhanced dissipation, is important for a wide range of industrial and geological processes. Although, such phenomena in thermal systems have been extensively studied, they remain poorly understood for granular solids. Here, using oscillatory shear rheology and in-situ optical imaging, we study energy dissipation in a dense granular suspension of adhesive particles that forms yield stress solids far below the isotropic jamming point obtained in the limit of hard-sphere repulsion. We find interesting non-linear flow regimes including intra-cycle strain stiffening and plasticity that strongly depend on the applied strain amplitude ($\\gamma_0$) and particle volume fraction ($\\phi$). We demonstrate that such nonlinearity over the entire parameter range can be effectively captured by a dimensionless variable termed as the normalized energy dissipation ($E_N$). Furthermore, in-situ optical imaging reveals irreversible particle rearrangements correlating with the spatiotemporal fluctuations in local velocity, the nature of which strikingly varies across the yielding transition. By directly measuring the critical jamming packing fractions using particle settling experiments, we propose a detailed phase diagram that unravels the role of inter-particle interactions in controlling the flow properties of the system for a wide range of $\\gamma_0$ and $\\phi$ values.", "output": "The study found interesting non-linear flow regimes including intra-cycle strain stiffening and plasticity that strongly depend on the applied strain amplitude ($\\\\gamma_0$) and particle volume fraction ($\\\\phi$)."}, {"instruction": "What is the method used to measure the thermal conductivity mean free path accumulation function?", "input": "The heat-carrying acoustic excitations of amorphous silicon are of interest because their mean free paths may approach micron scales at room temperature. Despite extensive investigation, the origin of the weak acoustic damping in the heat-carrying frequencies remains a topic of debate. Here, we report measurements of the thermal conductivity mean free path accumulation function in amorphous silicon thin films from 60 - 315 K using transient grating spectroscopy. With additional picosecond acoustics measurements and considering the known frequency-dependencies of damping mechanisms in glasses, we reconstruct the mean free paths from $\\sim 0.1-3$ THz. The mean free paths are independent of temperature and exhibit a Rayleigh scattering trend over most of this frequency range. The observed trend is inconsistent with the predictions of numerical studies based on normal mode analysis but agrees with diverse measurements on other glasses. The micron-scale MFPs in amorphous Si arise from the absence of anharmonic or two-level system damping in the sub-THz frequencies, leading to heat-carrying acoustic excitations with room-temperature damping comparable to that of other glasses at cryogenic temperatures.", "output": "The method used to measure the thermal conductivity mean free path accumulation function is transient grating spectroscopy."}, {"instruction": "Write a brief essay on the history of semiconductor technology.", "input": "", "output": "The history of semiconductor technology dates back to the late 19th century, when the first solid-state diodes were invented. Since then, it has evolved rapidly, with the invention of transistors and integrated circuits in the mid-20th century paving the way for modern electronics. Today, semiconductors are used in everything from computers and smartphones to cars and medical devices."}, {"instruction": "What is the ferromagnetic ordering temperature of F5GT?", "input": "The magnetic properties of the quasi-two-dimensional van der Waals magnet Fe$_{5-\\delta}$GeTe$_2$ (F5GT), which has a high ferromagnetic ordering temperature $T_{\\text{C}}$ $\\sim$ 315 K, remains to be better understood. It has been demonstrated that the magnetization of F5GT is sensitive to both the Fe deficiency ${\\delta}$ and the thermal cycling history. Here, we investigate the structural and magnetic properties of F5GT with a minimal Fe deficiency ($|{\\delta}|$ $\\le$ 0.1), utilizing combined x-ray and neutron scattering techniques. Our study reveals that the quenched F5GT single crystals experience an irreversible, first-order transition at $T_{\\text{S}}$ $\\sim$ 110 K upon first cooling, where the stacking order partly or entirely converts from ABC-stacking to AA-stacking order. Importantly, the magnetic properties, including the magnetic moment direction and the enhanced $T_{\\text{C}}$ after the thermal cycling, are intimately related to the alteration of the stacking order. Our work highlights the significant influence of the lattice symmetry to the magnetism in F5GT.", "output": "The ferromagnetic ordering temperature of F5GT is approximately 315 K."}, {"instruction": "Group the following elements into their respective families: lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, and cesium.", "input": "", "output": "Lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, and cesium are all alkali metals."}, {"instruction": "Can you explain how a self-healing concrete material works?", "input": "", "output": "Self-healing concrete materials typically contain capsules filled with a healing agent, such as bacteria or a polymer. When the concrete is damaged, the capsules rupture and release the healing agent, which then fills the crack or hole in the concrete. The healing agent then reacts with the surrounding material to form a bond, restoring the strength and integrity of the concrete. This technology has the potential to significantly extend the lifespan of concrete structures and reduce maintenance costs."}, {"instruction": "What are the two limiting cases considered in the paper?", "input": "Spectral line-shapes provide a window into the local environment coupled to a quantum transition in the condensed phase. In this paper, we build upon a stochastic model to account for non-stationary background processes produced by broad-band pulsed laser stimulation. In particular, we consider the contribution of pair-fluctuations arising from the full bosonic many-body Hamiltonian within a mean-field approximation, treating the coupling to the system as a stochastic noise term. Using the It{\\^o} transformation, we consider two limiting cases for our model which lead to a connection between the observed spectral fluctuations and the spectral density of the environment. In the first case, we consider a Brownian environment and show that this produces spectral dynamics that relax to form dressed excitonic states and recover an Anderson-Kubo-like form for the spectral correlations. In the second case, we assume that the spectrum is Anderson-Kubo like, and invert to determine the corresponding background. Using the Jensen inequality, we obtain an upper limit for the spectral density for the background. The results presented here provide the technical tools for applying the stochastic model to a broad range of problems.", "output": "Using the It{\\^o} transformation, the paper considers two limiting cases for the model which lead to a connection between the observed spectral fluctuations and the spectral density of the environment. In the first case, a Brownian environment is considered and in the second case, the spectrum is assumed to be Anderson-Kubo like."}, {"instruction": "What is the behavior of the effective thermal conductivity of the jammed system?", "input": "A multiphysics modeling approach for heat conduction in metal hydride powders is presented, including particle shape distribution, size distribution, granular packing structure, and effective thermal conductivity. A statistical geometric model is presented that replicates features of particle size and shape distributions observed experimentally that result from cyclic hydride decreptitation. The quasi-static dense packing of a sample set of these particles is simulated via energy-based structural optimization methods. These particles jam (i.e., solidify) at a density (solid volume fraction) of 0.665+/-0.015 - higher than prior experimental estimates. Effective thermal conductivity of the jammed system is simulated and found to follow the behavior predicted by granular effective medium theory. Finally, a theory is presented that links the properties of bi-porous cohesive powders to the present systems based on recent experimental observations of jammed packings of fine powder. This theory produces quantitative experimental agreement with metal hydride powders of various compositions.", "output": "The effective thermal conductivity of the jammed system is simulated and found to follow the behavior predicted by granular effective medium theory."}, {"instruction": "What emergent properties are induced by the implementation of the two principles?", "input": "Several systems can be represented by hypergraphs, an extension of graphs with associations between any number of vertices. These natural hypergraphs doe not appear at once. They are generated by some dynamical process of hypergraph evolution. Here I investigate what are the minimal growth principles of natural hypergraphs. I postulate edge duplication and vertex addition at edge duplications as the key principles of hypergraph growth. The implementation of these two principles induce the emergence of preferential attachment, power law degree distribution, the small-world property, high clustering coefficient and the founder effect. This work clarifies the distinction between principles, emergent properties and context specific details in the context of hypergraph growth dynamics.", "output": "The implementation of the two principles induce the emergence of preferential attachment, power law degree distribution, the small-world property, high clustering coefficient and the founder effect."}, {"instruction": "Please cluster the following list of substances based on their physical properties: oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, mercury, gold", "input": "", "output": "Cluster 1: oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur (gases)\nCluster 2: mercury (liquid)\nCluster 3: gold (solid)"}, {"instruction": "What is the reason for the selectivity displayed by bi- and tri-layer graphene?", "input": "Selective ion transport is a hallmark of biological ion channel behavior but is a major challenge to engineer into artificial membranes. Here, we demonstrate, with all-atom molecular dynamics simulations, that bare graphene nanopores yield measurable ion selectivity that varies over one to two orders of magnitude simply by changing the pore radius and number of graphene layers. Monolayer graphene does not display dehydration-induced selectivity until the pore radius is small enough to exclude the first hydration layer from inside the pore. Bi- and tri-layer graphene, though, display such selectivity already for a pore size that barely encroaches on the first hydration layer, which is due to the more significant water loss from the second hydration layer. Measurement of selectivity and activation barriers from both first and second hydration layer barriers will help elucidate the behavior of biological ion channels. Moreover, the energy barriers responsible for selectivity -- while small on the scale of hydration energies -- are already relatively large, i.e., many $k_B$. For separation of ions from water, therefore, one can exchange longer, larger radius pores for shorter, smaller radius pores, giving a practical method for maintaining exclusion efficiency while enhancing other properties (e.g., water throughput).", "output": "Bi- and tri-layer graphene display selectivity already for a pore size that barely encroaches on the first hydration layer, which is due to the more significant water loss from the second hydration layer."}, {"instruction": "Extract the relationship between voltage and current in a battery.", "input": "", "output": "The relationship between voltage and current in a battery is described by Ohm's law, which states that the current through a conductor between two points is directly proportional to the voltage across the two points."}, {"instruction": "What is the difference between ergodic and nonergodic configurations?", "input": "We consider an open (Brownian) classical harmonic oscillator in contact with a non-Markovian thermal bath and described by the generalized Langevin equation. When the bath's spectrum has a finite upper cutoff frequency, the oscillator may have ergodic and nonergodic configurations. In ergodic configurations (when exist, they correspond to lower oscillator frequencies) the oscillator demonstrates conventional relaxation to thermal equilibrium with the bath. In nonergodic configurations (which correspond to higher oscillator frequencies) the oscillator in general does not thermalize, but relaxes to periodically correlated (cyclostationary) states whose statistics vary periodically in time. For a specific dissipation kernel in the Langevin equation, we evaluate explicitly relevant relaxation functions, which describe the evolution of mean values and time correlations. When the oscillator frequency is switched from a lower value to higher one, the oscillator may show parametric ergodic to nonergodic transitions with equilibrium initial and cyclostationary final states. These transitions are shown to resemble phase transitions of the second kind.", "output": "In ergodic configurations, the oscillator relaxes to thermal equilibrium with the bath. In nonergodic configurations, the oscillator does not thermalize, but instead relaxes to periodically correlated (cyclostationary) states whose statistics vary periodically in time. These states correspond to higher oscillator frequencies."}, {"instruction": "What is the interacting Rice-Mele model?", "input": "We discuss different properties and the ability of several topological invariants based on position operators to identify phase transitions, and compare with more accurate methods, like crossing of excited energy levels and jumps in Berry phases. The invariants have the form $\\text{Im} \\text{ln} \\left\\langle \\exp \\left[ i(2\\pi /L)\\Sigma _{j}x_{j} \\left( m_{_{\\uparrow }}\\hat{n}_{j\\uparrow } +m_{\\downarrow }\\hat{n}_{j\\downarrow }\\right) \\right] \\right\\rangle $, where $L$ is the length of the system, $x_{j}$ the position of the site $j$, $\\hat{n}_{j\\sigma }$ the operator of the number of particles at site $j$ with spin $\\sigma$. We show that $m_{\\sigma }$ should be integers, and in some cases of magnitude larger than 1 to lead to well defined expectation values. For the interacting Rice-Mele model (which contains the interacting Su-Schrieffer-Heeger and the Ionic Hubbard model as specific cases), we show that three different invariants give complementary information and are necessary and sufficient to construct the phase diagrams in the regions where the invariants are protected by inversion symmetry. We also discuss the consequences for pumping of charge and spin, and the effect of an Ising spin-spin interaction or a staggered magnetic field.", "output": "The interacting Rice-Mele model is a model discussed in the given text. It contains the interacting Su-Schrieffer-Heeger and the Ionic Hubbard model as specific cases. The text shows that three different invariants give complementary information and are necessary and sufficient to construct the phase diagrams in the regions where the invariants are protected by inversion symmetry."}, {"instruction": "What is the theory that maps onto an infinite collection of 1d chiral fermions?", "input": "We study a single 2d Dirac fermion at finite density, subject to a quenched random magnetic field. At low energies and sufficiently weak disorder, the theory maps onto an infinite collection of 1d chiral fermions (associated to each point on the Fermi surface) coupled by a random vector potential. This low-energy theory exhibits an exactly solvable random fixed line, along which we directly compute various disorder-averaged observables without the need for the usual replica, supersymmetry, or Keldysh techniques. We find the longitudinal dc conductivity in the collisionless $\\hbar \\omega/k_B T \\rightarrow \\infty$ limit to be nonuniversal and to vary continuously along the fixed line.", "output": "At low energies and sufficiently weak disorder, the theory maps onto an infinite collection of 1d chiral fermions (associated to each point on the Fermi surface) coupled by a random vector potential."}, {"instruction": "Can the resulting formula be used for the TASEP with non-step initial conditions?", "input": "In this paper we study some conditional probabilities for the totally asymmetric simple exclusion processes (TASEP) with second class particles. To be more specific, we consider a finite system with one first class particle and $N-1$ second class particles, and we assume that the first class particle is initially at the leftmost position. In this case, we find the probability that the first class particle is at $x$ and it is still the leftmost particle at time $t$. In particular, we show that this probability is expressed by the determinant of an $N\\times N$ matrix of contour integrals if the initial positions of particles satisfy the step initial condition. The resulting formula is very similar to a known formula in the (usual) TASEP with the step initial condition which was used for asymptotics by Nagao and Sasamoto [Nuclear Phys. B 699 (2004), 487-502].", "output": "The resulting formula for the probability of the first class particle being at a certain position and still being the leftmost particle in the TASEP with second class particles is only valid if the initial positions of particles satisfy the step initial condition. It cannot be used for non-step initial conditions."}, {"instruction": "What is the significance of the functional dependencies of the tensor coefficients?", "input": "We analytically derive the transport tensor of thermal conductivity in an ultracold, but not yet quantum degenerate, gas of Bosonic lanthanide atoms using the Chapman-Enskog procedure. The tensor coefficients inherit an anisotropy from the anisotropic collision cross section for these dipolar species, manifest in their dependence on the dipole moment, dipole orientation, and $s$-wave scattering length. These functional dependencies open up a pathway for control of macroscopic gas phenomena via tuning of the microscopic atomic interactions. As an illustrative example, we analyze the time evolution of a temperature hot-spot which shows preferential heat diffusion orthogonal to the dipole orientation, a direct consequence of anisotropic thermal conduction.", "output": "The functional dependencies of the tensor coefficients provide a pathway for control of macroscopic gas phenomena via tuning of the microscopic atomic interactions."}, {"instruction": "How do H-vacancy defects influence the size of the gap in graphane?", "input": "The electronic and magnetic properties of graphane with H-vacancies are investigated with the help of quantum-chemistry methods. The hybridization of the edges is found to be absolutely crucial in defining the size of the bandgap, which is increased from 3.04 eV to 7.51 eV when the hybridization is changed from the sp^2 to the sp^3 type. The H-vacancy defects also influence the size of the gap depending on the number of defects and their distribution between the two sides of the graphane plane. Further, the H-vacancy defects induced on one side of the graphane plane and placed on the neighboring carbon atoms are found to be the source of ferromagnetism which is distinguished by the high stability of the state with a large spin number in comparison to that of the singlet state and is expected to persist even at room temperatures. However, the ferromagnetic ordering of the spins is obtained to be limited by the concentration of H-vacancy defects and ordering would be preserved if number of defects do not exceed eight.", "output": "The size of the gap in graphane is influenced by the number of H-vacancy defects and their distribution between the two sides of the graphane plane."}, {"instruction": "Can the authors provide more information on the complementary experimental and theoretical techniques used in their study?", "input": "In the field of van der Waals heterostructures, the twist angle between stacked two-dimensional (2D) layers has been identified to be of utmost importance for the properties of the heterostructures. In this context, we previously reported the growth of a single layer of unconventionally oriented epitaxial graphene that forms in a surfactant atmosphere [F. C. Bocquet, et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 125, 106102 (2020)]. The resulting G-R0$^\\circ$ layer is aligned with the SiC lattice, and hence represents an important milestone towards high quality twisted bilayer graphene (tBLG), a frequently investigated model system in this field. Here, we focus on the surface structures obtained in the same surfactant atmosphere, but at lower preparation temperatures at which a boron nitride template layer forms on SiC(0001). In a comprehensive study based on complementary experimental and theoretical techniques, we find -- in contrast to the literature -- that this template layer is a hexagonal B$_x$N$_y$ layer, but not high-quality hBN. It is aligned with the SiC lattice and gradually replaced by low-quality graphene in the 0$^\\circ$ orientation of the B$_x$N$_y$ template layer upon annealing.", "output": "The text does not provide more information on the complementary experimental and theoretical techniques used in the authors' study."}, {"instruction": "What are some examples of physical networks mentioned in the text?", "input": "The emergence of detailed maps of physical networks, like the brain connectome, vascular networks, or composite networks in metamaterials, whose nodes and links are physical entities, have demonstrated the limits of the current network science toolset. Indeed, link physicality imposes a non-crossing condition that affects both the evolution and the structure of a network, in a way that is not captured by the adjacency matrix alone, the starting point of all graph-based approaches. Here we introduce a meta-graph that helps us discover an exact mapping between linear physical networks and independent sets, a central concept in graph theory. The mapping allows us to analytically derive both the onset of physical effects and the emergence of a jamming transition, and show that physicality impacts the network structure even when the total volume of the links is negligible. Finally, we construct the meta-graphs of several real physical networks, allowing us to predict functional features, like synapse formation in the brain connectome, in agreement with the empirical data. Overall, we find that once present, physicality fundamentally alters the structure of a network, changes that must be quantified to understand the underlying systems.", "output": "The text mentions the brain connectome, vascular networks, and composite networks in metamaterials as examples of physical networks."}, {"instruction": "What are the two phenomena uncovered by scrutinizing the conductivity formula?", "input": "Two-dimensional Dirac materials with a flat band have been demonstrated to possess a plethora of unusual electronic properties, but the optical properties of these materials are less studied. Utilizing $\\alpha$-$\\mathcal{T}_3$ lattice as a prototypical system, where $0\\le \\alpha \\le 1$ is a tunable parameter and a flat band through the conic intersection of two Dirac cones arises for $\\alpha > 0$, we investigate the conductivity of flat-band Dirac material systems analytically and numerically. Motivated by the fact that the imaginary part of the optical conductivity can have significant effects on the optical response and is an important factor of consideration for developing $\\alpha$-$\\mathcal{T}_3$ lattice based optical devices, we are led to derive a complete conductivity formula with both the real and imaginary parts. Scrutinizing the formula, we uncover two phenomena. First, for the value of $\\alpha$ in some range, two types of optical transitions coexist: one between the two Dirac cones and another from the flat band to a cone, which generate multi-frequency transverse electrical propagating waves. Second, for $\\alpha=1$ so the quasiparticles become pseudospin-1, the flat-to-cone transition can result in resonant scattering. These results pave the way to exploiting $\\alpha$-$T_3$ lattice for optical device applications in the terahertz frequency domain.", "output": "The first phenomenon is that for the value of $\\alpha$ in some range, two types of optical transitions coexist: one between the two Dirac cones and another from the flat band to a cone, which generate multi-frequency transverse electrical propagating waves. The second phenomenon is that for $\\alpha=1$ so the quasiparticles become pseudospin-1, the flat-to-cone transition can result in resonant scattering."}, {"instruction": "What is the multibody expansion of LIOM creation operators of the system in the MBL regime?", "input": "The emergent integrability in a many-body localized (MBL) system can be well characterized by the existence of the complete set of local integrals of motion (LIOMs). Such exactly conserved and exponentially localized operators are often understood as quasiparticle operators which can be expanded in terms of single-particle operators dressed with different numbers of particle-hole pairs. Here, we consider a one-dimensional XXZ spin-$\\frac12$ Heisenberg chain in the presence of a random field and try to quantify the corrections needed to be considered in the picture of quasiparticles associated with LIOMs due to the presence of particle-hole excitations. To this end, we explicitly present the multibody expansion of LIOM creation operators of the system in the MBL regime. We analytically obtain the coefficients of this expansion and discuss the effect of higher-order corrections associated with different numbers of particle-hole excitations. Our analysis shows that depending on the localization length of the system, there exist a regime in which the contributions that come from higher-order terms can break down the effective one-particle description of the LIOMs and such quasiparticles become essentially many-body-like.", "output": "The multibody expansion of LIOM creation operators of the system in the MBL regime is a way to quantify the corrections needed to be considered in the picture of quasiparticles associated with LIOMs due to the presence of particle-hole excitations. The coefficients of this expansion can be analytically obtained."}, {"instruction": "What is the potential advantage of using KI nonlinearity instead of Josephson junctions?", "input": "Thin films of disordered superconductors such as titanium nitride (TiN) exhibit large kinetic inductance (KI), high critical temperature, and large quality factors at the single-photon level. KI nonlinearity can be exploited as an alternative to Josephson junctions for creating novel nonlinear quantum devices with the potential to operate at higher frequencies and at elevated temperatures. We study a means of magnifying KI nonlinearity by confining the current density of resonant electromagnetic modes in nanowires with a small volume $V \\simeq 10^{-4}\\text{um}^3$. Using this concept, we realize microwave-frequency Kerr cavities with a maximum Kerr-shift per photon of $K/2\\pi = 123.5 \\pm 3$ kHz and report a nonlinearity-to-linewidth ratio $K/\\gamma = 21\\%$. With improved design, our devices are expected to approach the regime of strong quantum nonlinearity in the millimeter-wave spectrum.", "output": "KI nonlinearity can be exploited as an alternative to Josephson junctions for creating novel nonlinear quantum devices with the potential to operate at higher frequencies and at elevated temperatures."}, {"instruction": "What is the effect of nonequilibrium on collective behaviors?", "input": "Active Brownian particles (ABPs) with pure repulsion is an ideal model to understand the effect of nonequilibrium on collective behaviors. It has long been established that activity can create effective attractions leading to motility-induced phase separation (MIPS), whose role is similar to that of (inverse) temperature in the simplest equilibrium system with attractive inter-particle interactions. Here, our theoretical analysis based on a kinetic theory of MIPS shows that a new type of activity-induced nonequilibrium vaporization is able to hinder the formation of dense phase when activity is large enough. Such nonequilibrium vaporization along with the activity-induced effective attraction thus lead to a MIPS reentrance. Numerical simulations verify such nonequilibrium effect induced solely by activity on phase behaviors of ABPs, and further demonstrate the dependence of MIPS on activity and the strength of inter-particle interaction predicted by our theoretical analysis. Our findings highlight the unique role played by the nonequilibrium nature of activity on phase behaviors of active systems, which may inspire deep insights into the essential difference between equilibrium and nonequilibrium systems.", "output": "Active Brownian particles (ABPs) with pure repulsion is an ideal model to understand the effect of nonequilibrium on collective behaviors."}, {"instruction": "What techniques were used to analyze the magnetic states of partially reversed quasicrystals?", "input": "Aperiodicity and un-conventional rotational symmetries allow quasicrystalline structures to exhibit unprecedented physical and functional properties. In magnetism, artificial ferromagnetic quasicrystals exhibited knee anomalies suggesting reprogrammable magnetic properties via nonstochastic switching. However, the decisive roles of short-range exchange and long-range dipolar interactions have not yet been clarified for optimized reconfigurable functionality. We report broadband spin-wave spectroscopy and X-ray photoemission electron microscopy on different quasicrystal lattices consisting of ferromagnetic Ni81Fe19 nanobars arranged on aperiodic Penrose and Ammann tilings with different exchange and dipolar interactions. We imaged the magnetic states of partially reversed quasicrystals and analyzed their configurations in terms of the charge model, geometrical frustration and the formation of flux-closure loops. Only the exchange-coupled lattices are found to show aperiodicity-specific collective phenomena and non-stochastic switching. Both, exchange and dipolarly coupled quasicrystals show magnonic excitations with narrow linewidths in minor loop measurements. Thereby reconfigurable functionalities in spintronics and magnonics become realistic.", "output": "Broadband spin-wave spectroscopy and X-ray photoemission electron microscopy were used to image the magnetic states of partially reversed quasicrystals and analyze their configurations in terms of the charge model, geometrical frustration and the formation of flux-closure loops."}, {"instruction": "Extract the ecological event from the following sentence: 'The establishment of protected areas has increased the survival rate of endangered species.'", "input": "", "output": "The ecological event in the sentence is the establishment of protected areas, which has increased the survival rate of endangered species."}, {"instruction": "What is the key ingredient for inducing topological superconductivity in planar SNSNS Josephson junctions?", "input": "Topological superconductivity in one dimension requires time-reversal symmetry breaking, but at the same time it is hindered by external magnetic fields. We offer a general prescription for inducing topological superconductivity in planar superconductor-normal-superconductor-normal-superconductor (SNSNS) Josephson junctions without applying any magnetic fields on the junctions. Our platform relies on two key ingredients: the three parallel superconductors form two SNS junctions with phase winding, and the Fermi velocities for the two spin branches transverse to the junction must be different from one another. The two phase differences between the three superconductors define a parameter plane which includes large topological regions. We analytically derive the critical curves where the topological phase transitions occur, and corroborate the result with a numerical calculation based on a tight-binding model. We further propose material platforms with unequal Fermi velocities, establishing the experimental feasibility of our approach.", "output": "The key ingredient for inducing topological superconductivity in planar SNSNS Josephson junctions is having two spin branches with different Fermi velocities transverse to the junctions."}, {"instruction": "What is the accuracy threshold that the method of transfer learning presented in the text meets 93% of the time?", "input": "Machine learning approaches have the potential to approximate Density Functional Theory (DFT) for atomistic simulations in a computationally efficient manner, which could dramatically increase the impact of computational simulations on real-world problems. However, they are limited by their accuracy and the cost of generating labeled data. Here, we present an online active learning framework for accelerating the simulation of atomic systems efficiently and accurately by incorporating prior physical information learned by large-scale pre-trained graph neural network models from the Open Catalyst Project. Accelerating these simulations enables useful data to be generated more cheaply, allowing better models to be trained and more atomistic systems to be screened. We also present a method of comparing local optimization techniques on the basis of both their speed and accuracy. Experiments on 30 benchmark adsorbate-catalyst systems show that our method of transfer learning to incorporate prior information from pre-trained models accelerates simulations by reducing the number of DFT calculations by 91%, while meeting an accuracy threshold of 0.02 eV 93% of the time. Finally, we demonstrate a technique for leveraging the interactive functionality built in to VASP to efficiently compute single point calculations within our online active learning framework without the significant startup costs. This allows VASP to work in tandem with our framework while requiring 75% fewer self-consistent cycles than conventional single point calculations. The online active learning implementation, and examples using the VASP interactive code, are available in the open source FINETUNA package on Github.", "output": "The accuracy threshold that the method of transfer learning presented in the text meets 93% of the time is 0.02 eV."}, {"instruction": "What would be most useful for the Afferrante-Carbone theory?", "input": "In an elegant and interesting theory of ultratough peeling of an elastic tape from a viscoelastic substrate, Afferrante and Carbone (2016) find that, in contrast to the classic elastic Kendall's theory, there are conditions for which the load for steady state peeling could be arbitrarily large in steady state peeling, at low angles of peeling - what they call \"ultratough\" peeling. It is here shown in fact that this occurs near critical speeds where the elastic energy term of Kendall's equation is balanced by the viscoelastic dissipation. Surprisingly, this seems to lead to toughness enhancement higher than the limit value observed in a very large crack in a infinite viscoelastic body, possibly even considering a limit on the stress transmitted. Kendall's experiments in turn had considered viscoelastic tapes (rather than substrates), and his viscoelastic findinds seem to lead to a much simpler picture. The Afferrante-Carbone theory suggests the viscoelastic effect to be an on-off mechanism, since for large angles of peeling it is almost insignificant, while only below a certain threshold, this \"ultratough\" peeling seems to appear. Experimental and/or numerical verification would be most useful.", "output": "Experimental and/or numerical verification would be most useful for the Afferrante-Carbone theory."}, {"instruction": "Classify the superconductors based on their type and critical temperature.", "input": "", "output": "Superconductors can be classified into two types: Type I and Type II. Type I superconductors have a lower critical temperature and are more brittle, while Type II superconductors have a higher critical temperature and are more ductile. The critical temperature is the temperature below which the superconductor exhibits zero resistance to electrical current."}, {"instruction": "What is the N\\'{e}el temperature of EuCd$_2$P$_2$?", "input": "EuCd$_2$P$_2$ is notable for its unconventional transport: upon cooling the metallic resistivity changes slope and begins to increase, ultimately 100-fold, before returning to its metallic value. Surprisingly, this giant peak occurs at 18K, well above the N\\'{e}el temperature ($T_N$) of 11.5K. Using a suite of sensitive probes of magnetism, including resonant x-ray scattering and magneto-optical polarimetry, we have discovered that ferromagnetic order onsets above $T_N$ in the temperature range of the resistivity peak. The observation of inverted hysteresis in this regime shows that ferromagnetism is promoted by coupling of localized spins and itinerant carriers. The resulting carrier localization is confirmed by optical conductivity measurements.", "output": "The N\\'{e}el temperature of EuCd$_2$P$_2$ is 11.5K."}, {"instruction": "What are some of the phases that the system explores as nonreciprocity is increased?", "input": "Newton's third law, \\textit{actio = reactio}, is a foundational statement of classical mechanics. However, in natural and living systems, this law appears to be routinely violated for constituents interacting in a nonequilibrium environment. Here, we use computer simulations to explore the macroscopic phase behavior implications of breaking microscopic interaction reciprocity for a simple model system. We consider a binary mixture of attractive particles and introduce a parameter which is a continuous measure of the degree to which interaction reciprocity is broken. In the reciprocal limit, the species are indistinguishable and the system phase separates into domains with distinct densities and identical compositions. Increasing nonreciprocity is found to drive the system to explore a rich assortment of phases, including phases with strong composition asymmetries and three-phase coexistence. Many of the states induced by these forces, including traveling crystals and liquids, have no equilibrium analogue. By mapping the complete phase diagram for this model system and characterizing these unique phases, our findings offer a concrete path forward toward understanding how nonreciprocity shapes the structures found in living systems and how this might be leveraged in synthetic materials.", "output": "Increasing nonreciprocity is found to drive the system to explore a rich assortment of phases, including phases with strong composition asymmetries and three-phase coexistence. Many of the states induced by these forces, including traveling crystals and liquids, have no equilibrium analogue."}, {"instruction": "Please classify the types of biomaterials.", "input": "", "output": "Biomaterials can be classified into metals, ceramics, polymers, and composites."}, {"instruction": "What did the researchers observe with increasing field?", "input": "Terahertz nonlinear optics is a viable method to interrogate collective phenomena in quantum materials spanning ferroelectrics, charge-density waves, and superconductivity. In superconductors this includes the Higgs amplitude and Josephson phase modes. We have investigated the nonlinear c-axis response of optimally doped La$_{1.85}$Sr$_{0.15}$CuO$_4$ using high-field THz time domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) at field strengths up to $\\sim$80 kV/cm. With increasing field, we observe a distinct red-shift of the Josephson plasma edge and enhanced reflectivity (above the plasma edge) arising from third harmonic generation. The non-monotonic temperature dependent response is consistent with nonlinear drive of the Josephson Plasma Mode (JPM) as verified with comparison to theoretical expectations. Our results add to the understanding that, using THz light, the JPM (in addition to the Higgs mode) provides a route to interrogate and control superconducting properties.", "output": "With increasing field, the researchers observed a distinct red-shift of the Josephson plasma edge and enhanced reflectivity (above the plasma edge) arising from third harmonic generation."}, {"instruction": "Please correct the grammar in the following sentence: 'The clay was kneaded by the potter, and then it was formed into a vase.'", "input": "", "output": "The potter kneaded the clay and formed it into a vase."}, {"instruction": "What is the cross ratio $x$?", "input": "We consider macroscopically large 3-partitions $(A,B,C)$ of connected subsystems $A\\cup B \\cup C$ in infinite spin chains and study the R\\'enyi-$\\alpha$ tripartite information $I_3^{(\\alpha)}(A,B,C)$. At equilibrium in clean 1D systems with local Hamiltonians it generally vanishes. A notable exception is the ground state of conformal critical systems, in which $I_3^{(\\alpha)}(A,B,C)$ is known to be a universal function of the cross ratio $x=|A||C|/[(|A|+|B|)(|C|+|B|)]$, where $|A|$ denotes $A$'s length. We identify three classes of states for which time evolution under translationally invariant Hamiltonians can build up (R\\'enyi) tripartite information with a universal dependency on $x$. We report a numerical study of $I_3^{(\\alpha)}$ in systems that are dual to free fermions, propose a field-theory description, and conjecture their asymptotic behaviour for $\\alpha=2$ in general and for generic $\\alpha$ in a subclass of systems. This allows us to infer the value of $I_3^{(\\alpha)}$ in the scaling limit $x\\rightarrow 1^-$, which we call \"residual tripartite information\". If nonzero, our analysis points to a universal residual value $-\\log 2$ independently of the R\\'enyi index $\\alpha$, and hence applies also to the genuine (von Neumann) tripartite information.", "output": "The cross ratio $x$ is a measure of the relative lengths of the three connected subsystems $A$, $B$, and $C$ in macroscopically large 3-partitions of infinite spin chains. It is defined as $x=|A||C|/[(|A|+|B|)(|C|+|B|)]$. In the ground state of conformal critical systems, the R\\'enyi-$\\\\alpha$ tripartite information $I_3^{(\\\\alpha)}(A,B,C)$ is a universal function of $x$. "}, {"instruction": "What is the need discussed in the conclusion?", "input": "We revisit the recent work from Beardo et al. \\cite{beardo2021observation} wherein the observation of second sound in germanium is claimed. We review the requirements imposed on the collision operator (or equivalently, the full scattering matrix) of the linearized phonon Boltzmann transport equation (LBTE) for the observation of driftless second sound as established by Hardy. By performing an eigendecomposition of the full scattering matrix, we show that the requirement that the smallest nonzero eigenvalue must be associated with an odd eigenvector is not satisfied. Furthermore, direct solutions to the LBTE for a frequency modulated heat source do not reveal the presence of second sound. Finally, numerical solutions to the BTE under the relaxation time approximation (RTA) in the 1D frequency-domain thermoreflectance (1D-FDTR) experimental geometry demonstrate that phase lag alone is not a suitable experimental observable for inferring second sound. We conclude by discussing the need for a second sound `smoking gun'.", "output": "The need for a second sound 'smoking gun' is discussed in the conclusion."}, {"instruction": "What is the insensitivity of the survival probability in the Landau-Zener transition due to?", "input": "A remarkable feature of the Landau-Zener transition is insensitivity of the survival probability to the decay rate, of the excited state. Namely, the probability for a particle, which is initially in the ground state, to remain in the same state is insensitive to decay, which is due to e.g. coupling to continuum [V. M. Akulin and W. P. Schleich, Phys. Rev. A 46, 4110 (1992)]. This insensitivity was demonstrated for the case when the density of states in the continuum is energy-independent. We study the opposite limit when the density of states in the continuum is a step-like function of energy. As a result of this step-like behavior of the density of states, the decay rate of a driven excited level experiences a jump as a function of time at certain moment t_0. We take advantage of the fact that the analytical solution at tt_0 is known. We show that the decay enters the survival probability when t_0 is comparable to the transition time.", "output": "The insensitivity of the survival probability in the Landau-Zener transition is due to decay, which is caused by coupling to continuum. This insensitivity was demonstrated for the case when the density of states in the continuum is energy-independent."}, {"instruction": "What is the advantage of using external quantum states in Ramsey interferometers?", "input": "Ramsey interferometers have wide applications in science and engineering. Compared with the traditional interferometer based on internal states, the interferometer with external quantum states has advantages in some applications for quantum simulation and precision measurement. Here, we develop a Ramsey interferometry with Bloch states in S- and D-band of a triangular optical lattice for the first time. The key to realizing this interferometer in two-dimensionally coupled lattice is that we use the shortcut method to construct $\\pi/2$ pulse. We observe clear Ramsey fringes and analyze the decoherence mechanism of fringes. Further, we design an echo $\\pi$ pulse between S- and D-band, which significantly improves the coherence time. This Ramsey interferometer in the dimensionally coupled lattice has potential applications in the quantum simulations of topological physics, frustrated effects, and motional qubits manipulation.", "output": "The interferometer with external quantum states has advantages in some applications for quantum simulation and precision measurement compared with the traditional interferometer based on internal states."}, {"instruction": "What is the significance of (bio)molecular condensates in cells?", "input": "The formation of (bio)molecular condensates via liquid-liquid phase separation in cells has received increasing attention, as these coacervates play important functional and regulatory roles within biological systems. However, the majority of studies focused on the behavior of pure systems in bulk solutions, thus neglecting confinement effects and the interplay between the numerous molecules present in cells. To advance our knowledge, we perform simulations of binary polymer mixtures in droplets, considering both monodisperse and polydisperse molecular weight distributions for the longer polymer species. We find that confinement induces a spatial separation of the polymers by length, with the shorter ones moving to the droplet surface. This partitioning causes a distinct increase of the local polymer concentration in the droplet center, which is more pronounced in polydisperse systems. Consequently, the systems exhibit liquid-liquid phase separation at average polymer concentrations where bulk systems are still in the one-phase regime.", "output": "(Bio)molecular condensates play important functional and regulatory roles within biological systems."}, {"instruction": "What is the condition for a conventional charge and thermal insulator?", "input": "Starting from the Landau's kinetic equation, we show that an electronic liquid in $d=2,3$ dimensions depicted by a Landau type effective theory will become incompressible on condition that the Landau parameters satisfy either (i) $1+F_{1}^{s}/d=0$ or (ii) $F_{0}^{s}\\to{}+\\infty$. The condition (i) is the Pomeranchuk instability in the current channel and suggests a quantum spin liquid (QSL) state with a spinon Fermi surface; while the condition (ii) means that the strong repulsion in the charge channel and leads to a conventional charge and thermal insulator. In the collisionless regime ($\\omega\\tau\\gg{}1$) and the hydrodynamic regime ($\\omega\\tau\\ll{}1$), the zero and first sound modes have been studied and classified by symmetries, including the longitudinal and transverse modes in $d=2,3$ and the higher angular momentum modes in $d=3$. The sufficient (and/or necessary) conditions of these collective modes have been revealed. It has been demonstrated that some of these collective modes will behave in quite different manners under two incompressibility conditions (i) or (ii). Possible nematic QSL states and a hierarchy structure for gapless QSL states have been proposed in $d=3$.", "output": "The condition for a conventional charge and thermal insulator is $F_{0}^{s}\\to{}+\\infty$, which means there is strong repulsion in the charge channel and leads to incompressibility."}, {"instruction": "What is the plaquette valence bond phase in the J1-J2 XY model?", "input": "We studied the ground state phase diagram of spin-1/2 J1-J2 XY model on the square lattice with first- J1 and second-neighbor J2 antiferromagnetic interactions using both iDMRG and DMRG approaches. We show that a plaquette valence bond phase is realized in an intermediate region 0.50 <= J2/J1 <= 0.54 between a N\\'eel magnetic ordered phase at J2/J1 < 0.50 and a stripy magnetic ordered phase at J2/J1 >= 0.54. The plaquette valence bond phase is characterized by finite dimer orders in both the horizontal and vertical directions. Contrary to the spin-1/2 J1-J2 Heisenberg model, we do not find numerical evidence for a quantum spin liquid phase in the J1-J2 XY model.", "output": "The plaquette valence bond phase is a phase realized in an intermediate region 0.50 <= J2/J1 <= 0.54 between a N\\'eel magnetic ordered phase at J2/J1 < 0.50 and a stripy magnetic ordered phase at J2/J1 >= 0.54. It is characterized by finite dimer orders in both the horizontal and vertical directions."}, {"instruction": "What are the analytical properties of the solution?", "input": "We present a comprehensive pedagogical discussion of a family of models describing the propagation of a single particle in a multicomponent non-Markovian Gaussian random field. We report some exact results for single-particle Green's functions, self-energy, vertex part and T-matrix. These results are based on a closed form solution of the Dyson equation combined with the Ward identity. Analytical properties of the solution are discussed. Further we describe the combinatorics of the Feynman diagrams for the Green's function and the skeleton diagrams for the self-energy and vertex, using recurrence relations between the Taylor expansion coefficients of the self-energy. Asymptotically exact equations for the number of skeleton diagrams in the limit of large N are derived. Finally, we consider possible realizations of a multicomponent Gaussian random potential in quantum transport via complex quantum dot experiments.", "output": "The analytical properties of the solution are discussed in the text."}, {"instruction": "What is the basic element inherent to all rough, textured, fractured and porous media?", "input": "The geometry of rough, textured, fractured and porous media is topologically complicated. Those media are commonly represented by bundles of capillary tubes when modeled. However, angle-containing geometries can serve as a more realistic portrayal of their inner structure. A basic element abidingly inherent to all of them is an open wedge-like channel. The classical theory of capillarity ignoring intermolecular interactions implies that liquid entering the wedge must propagate indefinitely along its spine when the liquid-gas interface is concave. The latter is well-known as a Concus-Finn condition. In the present paper, we show that steady-state rivulets violating Concus-Finn condition can be formed in such channels when the surface forces are taken into account. We present a simple model based on the disjoining pressure approach and analyze the shape of the rivulets in the wedges. Besides, we consider a case when the walls of the wedge are soft and can be deformed by the liquid.", "output": "An open wedge-like channel is a basic element inherent to all rough, textured, fractured and porous media."}, {"instruction": "What is the significance of efficient adsorption and segregation of Xe & Kr gases?", "input": "Efficient adsorption and segregation of Xe & Kr gases is of high importance in commercial as well as nuclear industries. Systematic ab initio calculations reveal that transition metal (TM) decorated boron doped graphene (BDG-TM) sheet can act as an efficient substrate for adsorptive capture of Xe & Kr (adatoms). Substantial enhancement in the adsorption energy (E_ads) is obtained on BDG-TM substrates and it varies as BDG-Cu > BDG-Ni > BDG-Fe > BDG-Zn. The improvement is approximately four times of the pristine BDG and twice that of the conventional metallic substrates. Badar charge analysis and charge density difference maps envisage that, the TM decoration alters the charge distribution at substrate-adatom interface, which in turn brings a considerable change in the polarization of adatom, leads to significant improvement in the E_ads. The change in polarization of adatoms is interlinked with charge transfer process and it has been gauged by computing their effective charges upon adsorption; which follows the same sequence of E_ads and hence corroborated each other. Later, the partial density of states analysis shows a splitting and strong hybridization of Xe-p with TM-d orbitals near the Fermi level of Fe, Ni and Cu decorated systems, unveils a strong adsorption. Further, the effect of clustering and dispersion of Cu atoms on E_ads are analyzed using a first principle based genetic algorithm, which reveals that clustering of Cu atoms deteriorate the E_ads of Xe & Kr. Thus for experimental realization, BDG sheet with uniformly dispersed fine Cu particles is proposed as a substrate.", "output": "Efficient adsorption and segregation of Xe & Kr gases is of high importance in commercial as well as nuclear industries."}, {"instruction": "What is the relevance of the Z2 spin liquid?", "input": "We analyze a Higgs transition from a U(1) Dirac spin liquid to a gapless $\\mathbb{Z}_2$ spin liquid. This $\\mathbb{Z}_2$ spin liquid is of relevance to the spin $S=1/2$ square lattice antiferromagnet, where recent numerical studies have given evidence for such a phase existing in the regime of high frustration between nearest neighbor and next-nearest neighbor antiferromagnetic interactions (the $J_1$-$J_2$ model), appearing in a parameter regime between the vanishing of N\\'eel order and the onset of valence bond solid ordering. The proximate Dirac spin liquid is unstable to monopole proliferation on the square lattice, ultimately leading to N\\'eel or valence bond solid ordering. As such, we conjecture that this Higgs transition describes the critical theory separating the gapless $\\mathbb{Z}_2$ spin liquid of the $J_1$-$J_2$ model from one of the two proximate ordered phases. The transition into the other ordered phase can be described in a unified manner via a transition into an unstable SU(2) spin liquid, which we have analyzed in prior work. By studying the deconfined critical theory separating the U(1) Dirac spin liquid from the gapless $\\mathbb{Z}_2$ spin liquid in a $1/N_f$ expansion, with $N_f$ proportional to the number of fermions, we find a stable fixed point with an anisotropic spinon dispersion and a dynamical critical exponent $z \\neq 1$. We analyze the consequences of this anisotropic dispersion by calculating the angular profiles of the equal-time N\\'eel and valence bond solid correlation functions, and we find them to be distinct. We also note the influence of the anisotropy on the scaling dimension of monopoles.", "output": "The Z2 spin liquid is relevant to the spin S=1/2 square lattice antiferromagnet, where recent numerical studies have given evidence for such a phase existing in the regime of high frustration between nearest neighbor and next-nearest neighbor antiferromagnetic interactions."}, {"instruction": "What are transition states (TS)?", "input": "The QAOA is a variational quantum algorithm, where a quantum computer implements a variational ansatz consisting of p layers of alternating unitary operators and a classical computer is used to optimize the variational parameters. For a random initialization the optimization typically leads to local minima with poor performance, motivating the search for initialization strategies of QAOA variational parameters. Although numerous heuristic intializations were shown to have a good numerical performance, an analytical understanding remains evasive. Inspired by the study of energy landscapes, in this work we focus on so-called transition states (TS) that are saddle points with a unique negative curvature direction that connects to local minima. Starting from a local minimum of QAOA with p layers, we analytically construct 2p + 1 TS for QAOA with p + 1 layers. These TS connect to new local minima, all of which are guaranteed to lower the energy compared to the minimum found for p layers. We introduce a Greedy procedure to effectively maneuver the exponentially increasing number of TS and corresponding local minima. The performance of our procedure matches the best available initialization strategy, and in addition provides a guarantee for the minimal energy to decrease with an increasing number of layers p. Generalization of analytic TS and the Greedy approach to other ans\\\"atze may provide a universal framework for initialization of variational quantum algorithms.", "output": "Transition states (TS) are saddle points with a unique negative curvature direction that connects to local minima."}, {"instruction": "How does the system thermalize faster?", "input": "We study thermalization in finite many-fermion systems with random $k$-body interactions in presence of a mean-field. The system Hamiltonian $H$, for $m$ fermions in $N$ single particle states with $k$-body interactions, is modeled by mean field one-body $h(1)$ and a random $k$-body interaction $V(k)$ with strength $\\lambda$. Following the recent application of $q$-Hermite polynomials to these ensembles, a complete analytical description of parameter $q$, which describes the change in the shape of state density from Gaussian for $q=1$ to semi-circle for $q=0$ and intermediate for $0 \\lambda_t$, the smooth part of the strength functions is very well represented by conditional $q$-normal distribution ($f_{CN}$). Also, $f_{CN}$ describes the transition in strength functions from Gaussian to semi-circle as the $k$-body interaction changes from $k = 2$ to $m$ in $H$. In the thermodynamic region, ensemble averaged results for the first four moments of the strength functions and inverse participation ratio (IPR) are found to be in good agreement with the corresponding smooth forms. For higher body rank of interaction $k$, system thermalizes faster.", "output": "For higher body rank of interaction k, the system thermalizes faster."}, {"instruction": "What is the proposed regime of universal charge transport?", "input": "An intriguing regime of universal charge transport at high entropy density has been proposed for periodically driven interacting one-dimensional systems with Bloch bands separated by a large single-particle band gap. For weak interactions, a simple picture based on well-defined Floquet quasiparticles suggests that the system should host a quasisteady state current that depends only on the populations of the system's Floquet-Bloch bands and their associated quasienergy winding numbers. Here we show that such topological transport persists into the strongly interacting regime where the single-particle lifetime becomes shorter than the drive period. Analytically, we show that the value of the current is insensitive to interaction-induced band renormalizations and lifetime broadening when certain conditions are met by the system's non-equilibrium distribution function. We show that these conditions correspond to a quasisteady state. We support these predictions through numerical simulation of a system of strongly interacting fermions in a periodically-modulated chain of Sachdev-Ye-Kitaev dots. Our work establishes universal transport at high entropy density as a robust far from equilibrium topological phenomenon, which can be readily realized with cold atoms in optical lattices.", "output": "The proposed regime of universal charge transport is for periodically driven interacting one-dimensional systems with Bloch bands separated by a large single-particle band gap."}, {"instruction": "Please correct the grammar in the following sentence: The wave function describes the quantum state of an object and must obey certain mathematical rules, which one of them is that it must be normalized.", "input": "", "output": "The wave function describes the quantum state of an object and must obey certain mathematical rules, one of which is that it must be normalized."}, {"instruction": "What is the dissipative robustness of the currents?", "input": "Genuinely two-dimensional robust crosscurrents -- which flow against the natural direction of heat flux -- have been missing since the discovery of their one-dimensional counterpart. We provide a setup to realize them on a cubic three-dimensional (3D) lattice hosting a Hofstadter model coupled to two heat baths with different temperatures. We show that these currents exhibit dissipative robustness: they are stable against the presence of impurities and tilting of the gauge field in certain nonequilibrium configurations. Moreover, we find protected boundary currents with genuinely 3D robustness, i.e. they are only stable if tunnelling can occur in all three spatial directions. The model also presents generic surface currents, which are robust for both bosonic and fermionic systems. We identify the underlying qualitative mechanism responsible for the robustness of the surface currents and the crucial role played by certain discrete symmetries.", "output": "The currents exhibit dissipative robustness, meaning they are stable against the presence of impurities and tilting of the gauge field in certain nonequilibrium configurations."}, {"instruction": "What are some examples given for the special cases of one and two links?", "input": "The calculation of Euclidean distance between points is generalized to one-dimensional objects such as strings or polymers. Necessary and sufficient conditions for the minimal transformation between two polymer configurations are derived. Transformations consist of piecewise rotations and translations subject to Weierstrass-Erdmann corner conditions. Numerous examples are given for the special cases of one and two links. The transition to a large number of links is investigated, where the distance converges to the polymer length times the mean root square distance (MRSD) between polymer configurations, assuming curvature and non-crossing constraints can be neglected. Applications of this metric to protein folding are investigated. Potential applications are also discussed for structural alignment problems such as pharmacophore identification, and inverse kinematic problems in motor learning and control.", "output": "Numerous examples are given for the special cases of one and two links in the calculation of Euclidean distance between points generalized to one-dimensional objects such as strings or polymers."}, {"instruction": "What are photonic crystal polaritons?", "input": "We present a formalism for studying the radiation-matter interaction in multilayered dielectric structures with active semiconductor quantum wells patterned with an in-plane periodic lattice. The theory is based on the diagonalization of the generalized Hopfield matrix, and it includes loss channels in a non-Hermitian formulation. Hybrid elementary excitations named photonic crystal polaritons arise in these systems, whose detailed dispersion and loss characteristics are shown to depend on material composition as well as on symmetry properties of the lattice. We show the generality of the approach by calculating polariton dispersions in very diverse material platforms, such as multilayered perovskite-based lattices or inorganic semiconductor heterostructures. As an application of the method, we show how to engineer lossless polariton modes through excitonic coupling to bound states in the continuum at either zero or finite in-plane wavevector, and discuss their topological properties. Detailed comparison with a semiclassical approach based on the scattering matrix method is provided, which allows to interpret the optical spectra in terms of polarization-dependent excitation of the different polariton branches. This work introduces an efficient and invaluably versatile numerical approach to engineer photonic crystal polaritons, with potential applications ranging from low-threshold lasers to symmetry-protected propagating modes of hybrid radiation-matter states.", "output": "Hybrid elementary excitations named photonic crystal polaritons arise in these systems, whose detailed dispersion and loss characteristics are shown to depend on material composition as well as on symmetry properties of the lattice."}, {"instruction": "A product description for a set of glass tumblers.", "input": "", "output": "The corrected sentence reads: 'This set of glass tumblers is crafted from high-quality borosilicate glass, making them durable and resistant to thermal shock.'"}, {"instruction": "What is the compound investigated in the muon-spin relaxation investigation?", "input": "We present the results of a muon-spin relaxation ($\\mu^{+}$SR) investigation of the crystalline organic radical compound 4-(2-benzimidazolyl)-1,2,3,5-dithiadiazolyl (HbimDTDA), in which we demonstrate the hysteretic magnetic switching of the system that takes place at $T = 274 \\pm 11\\,\\mathrm{K}$ caused by a structural phase transition. Muon-site analysis using electronic structure calculations suggests a range of candidate muon stopping sites. The sites are numerous and similar in energy but, significantly, differ between the two structural phases of the material. Despite the difference in the sites, the muon remains a faithful probe of the transition, revealing a dynamically-fluctuating magnetically disordered state in the low-temperature structural phase. In contrast, in the high temperature phase the relaxation is caused by static nuclear moments, with rapid electronic dynamics being motionally narrowed from the muon spectra.", "output": "The compound investigated in the muon-spin relaxation investigation is 4-(2-benzimidazolyl)-1,2,3,5-dithiadiazolyl (HbimDTDA)."}, {"instruction": "What are the challenges in developing efficient thermoelectric materials?", "input": "", "output": "Developing efficient thermoelectric materials is a challenging task due to several factors. One major challenge is finding materials that have a high electrical conductivity and a low thermal conductivity, which is necessary for efficient energy conversion. Additionally, materials must be stable at high temperatures and be cost-effective to produce. Researchers are also exploring new materials and design strategies to improve thermoelectric efficiency."}, {"instruction": "What does the MSLP predict?", "input": "A machine-learned spin-lattice interatomic potential (MSLP) for magnetic iron is developed and applied to mesoscopic scale defects. It is achieved by augmenting a spin-lattice Hamiltonian with a neural network term trained to descriptors representing a mix of local atomic configuration and magnetic environments. It reproduces the cohesive energy of BCC and FCC phases with various magnetic states. It predicts the formation energy and complex magnetic structure of point defects in quantitative agreement with density functional theory (DFT) including the reversal and quenching of magnetic moments near the core of defects. The Curie temperature is calculated through spin-lattice dynamics showing good computational stability at high temperature. The potential is applied to study magnetic fluctuations near sizable dislocation loops. The MSLP transcends current treatments using DFT and molecular dynamics, and surpasses other spin-lattice potentials that only treat near-perfect crystal cases.", "output": "The MSLP predicts the formation energy and complex magnetic structure of point defects in quantitative agreement with density functional theory (DFT) including the reversal and quenching of magnetic moments near the core of defects."}, {"instruction": "What is the Arnold tongue?", "input": "Synchronizing a few-level quantum system is of fundamental importance to understanding synchronization in deep quantum regime. Whether a two-level system, the smallest quantum system, can be synchronized has been theoretically debated for the past several years. Here, for the first time, we demonstrate that a qubit can indeed be synchronized to an external driving signal by using a trapped-ion system. By engineering fully controllable gain and damping processes, an ion qubit is synchronized to oscillate at the same frequency as the driving signal and lock in phase. We systematically investigate the parameter regions of synchronization and observe characteristic features of the Arnold tongue. Our measurements agree remarkably well with numerical simulations based on recent theory on qubit synchronization. By synchronizing the basic unit of quantum information, our research opens up the possibility of applying quantum synchronization to large-scale quantum networks.", "output": "The Arnold tongue is a characteristic feature observed in the parameter regions of synchronization. It is a tongue-shaped region in the parameter space where the system is synchronized with the driving signal. It is named after Vladimir Arnold, a Russian mathematician who first described it in the context of dynamical systems."}, {"instruction": "How are the oscillations between bound and unbound states of three particles estimated?", "input": "By improving the Bose-Einstein condensate model of dark matter through the repulsive three-particle interaction to better reproduce observables such as rotation curves, both different thermodynamic phases and few-particle correlations are revealed. Using the numerically found solutions of the Gross-Pitaevskii equation for averaging the products of local densities and for calculating thermodynamic functions at zero temperature, it is shown that the few-particle correlations imply a first-order phase transition and are reduced to the product of single-particle averages with a simultaneous increase in pressure, density, and quantum fluctuations. Under given conditions, dark matter exhibits rather the properties of an ideal gas with an effective temperature determined by quantum fluctuations. Characteristics of oscillations between bound and unbound states of three particles are estimated within a simple random walk approach to qualitatively models the instability of particle complexes. On the other hand, the density-dependent conditions for the formation of composites are analyzed using chemical kinetics without specifying the bonds formed. The obtain results can be extended to the models of multicomponent dark matter consisting of composites formed by particles with a large scattering length.", "output": "The oscillations between bound and unbound states of three particles are estimated within a simple random walk approach to qualitatively model the instability of particle complexes."}, {"instruction": "What is suggested as a realization of the theoretical Hamiltonian?", "input": "A driven quantum system has been recently studied in the context of nonequilibrium phase transitions and their responses. In particular, for a periodically driven system, its dynamics are described in terms of the multi-dimensional Floquet lattice with a lattice size depending on number of driving frequencies and their rational or irrational ratio. So far, for a multi-frequency driving system, the energy pumping between the sources of frequencies has been widely discussed as a signature of topologically nontrivial Floquet bands. However, the unique edge modes emerging in the Floquet lattice has not been explored yet. Here, we discuss how the edge modes in the Floquet lattice are controlled and result in the localization at particular frequencies, when multiple frequencies are present and their magnitudes are commensurate values. First, we construct the minimal model to exemplify our argument, focusing on a two-level system with two driving frequencies. For strong frequency limit, one can describe the system as a quasi-one dimensional Floquet lattice where the effective hopping between the neighboring sites depends on the relative magnitudes of potential for two frequency modes. With multiple driving modes, there always exist the non-trivial Floquet lattice boundaries via controlling the frequencies and this gives rise to the states that are mostly localized at such Floquet lattice boundaries, i.e. particular frequencies. We suggest the time-dependent Creutz ladder model as a realization of our theoretical Hamiltonian and show the emergence of controllable Floquet edge modes.", "output": "The time-dependent Creutz ladder model is suggested as a realization of the theoretical Hamiltonian, which shows the emergence of controllable Floquet edge modes."}, {"instruction": "What are the localized orbitals near the Fermi level?", "input": "The system of an iron phthalocyanine molecule on the Au(111) surface, has been studied recently due to its peculiar properties. In particular, several surprising results of scanning tunneling spectroscopy changing the position of the molecule and applying magnetic field can be explained by the {\\it non-Landau} Fermi liquid state of a 2-channel spin-1 Kondo model with anisotropy. The localized orbitals near the Fermi level are three, one of symmetry $z^2$ and two (nearly) degenerate $\\pi$ orbitals of symmetry $xz$ and $yz$. Previous studies using the numerical renormalization group neglected one of these orbitals to render the problem tractable. Here we investigate, using a slave-boson mean-field approximation, if the splitting $S$ between $\\pi$ orbitals caused by spin-orbit coupling (SOC) justifies this approximation. We obtain an abrupt transition from a 3-band regime to a 2-band one at a value of $S$ which is about 1/3 of the atomic SOC for Fe, justifying the 2-band model for the system.", "output": "The localized orbitals near the Fermi level are three, one of symmetry $z^2$ and two (nearly) degenerate $\\pi$ orbitals of symmetry $xz$ and $yz$."}, {"instruction": "What is the effect of the reported phenomenon on the twist?", "input": "In this work we address the re-entrance of magic-angle phenomena (band flatness and quantum-geometric transport) in twisted bilayer graphene (TBG) subjected to strong magnetic fluxes $\\pm \\Phi_0$, $\\pm 2 \\Phi_0$, $\\pm 3 \\Phi_0$... ($\\Phi_0 = h/e$ is the flux quantum per moir\\'e cell). The moir\\'e translation invariance is restored at the integer fluxes, for which we calculate the TBG band structure using accurate atomistic models with lattice relaxations. Similarly to the zero-flux physics outside the magic angle condition, the reported effect breaks down rapidly with the twist. We conclude that the magic-angle physics re-emerges in high magnetic fields, witnessed by the appearance of flat electronic bands distinct from Landau levels, and manifesting non-trivial quantum geometry. We further discuss the possible flat-band quantum geometric contribution to the superfluid weight in strong magnetic fields (28 T at 1.08$^\\circ$ twist), according to Peotta-T\\\"{o}rm\\\"{a} mechanism.", "output": "Similarly to the zero-flux physics outside the magic angle condition, the reported effect breaks down rapidly with the twist, according to the text."}, {"instruction": "What methods were used to investigate the pumped nonequilibrium dynamics in the one-dimensional extended Hubbard model?", "input": "To study excitonic effects on high-harmonic generation (HHG) in Mott insulators, we investigate pumped nonequilibrium dynamics in the one-dimensional extended Hubbard model. By employing time-dependent calculations based on the exact diagonalization and infinite time-evolving block decimation methods, we find the strong enhancement of the HHG intensity around the exciton energy. The subcycle analysis in the sub-Mott-gap regime shows that the intensity region of the time-resolved spectrum around the exciton energy splits into two levels and oscillates following the driving electric field. This excitonic dynamics is qualitatively different from the dynamics of free doublon and holon but favorably contributes to HHG in the Mott insulator.", "output": "The methods used to investigate the pumped nonequilibrium dynamics in the one-dimensional extended Hubbard model were time-dependent calculations based on the exact diagonalization and infinite time-evolving block decimation methods."}, {"instruction": "\u8bf7\u7ea0\u6b63\u4e0b\u9762\u8fd9\u53e5\u8bdd\u7684\u8bed\u6cd5\u9519\u8bef\u3002\n'\u57fa\u56e0\u7f16\u8f91\u6280\u672f\u80fd\u591f\u7528\u6765\u6cbb\u6108\u4e00\u4e9b\u65e0\u6cd5\u901a\u8fc7\u4f20\u7edf\u836f\u7269\u6cbb\u7597\u7684\u9057\u4f20\u6027\u75be\u75c5\uff0c\u5982\u56ca\u6027\u7ea4\u7ef4\u5316\u3002'", "input": "", "output": "Please correct the grammar error in the following sentence: \n'Gene editing technology can be used to cure some genetic diseases that cannot be treated with traditional drugs, such as cystic fibrosis.'"}, {"instruction": "What is the role of diffused impurities on the optical properties of the heterostructure?", "input": "Wide bandgap semiconductor heterostructures based on nanowires have attracted great interest as one of the nanoscale building blocks for the development of novel optoelectronic devices. Owing to the critical role of heterogeneities and structural imperfections in the optoelectronic properties, it has become a challenge to investigate in detail the local structure and elemental composition of these systems. Typically, transmission electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy are applied to address such issues. Here, using a synchrotron nanobeam probe, we show a correlative spatially-resolved study of the composition, luminescence and local structure of a Zn2GeO4/SnO2 nanowire-based system. Unlike other works, the heterostructures were synthesized by an effective catalyst-free thermal evaporation method and present a skewer-shaped architecture formed by Plateau-Rayleigh instability. Our results highlight the role of diffused impurities on the optical properties of the heterostructure and open new avenues for further heterogeneity studies using the X-ray nanoprobe.", "output": "The results highlight the role of diffused impurities on the optical properties of the heterostructure."}, {"instruction": "Can the framework be used to optimize the yield of all target structures?", "input": "The promise of self-assembly to enable bottom-up formation of materials with prescribed architectures and functions has driven intensive efforts to uncover rational design principles for maximizing the yield of a target structure. Yet, despite many successful examples of self-assembly, ensuring kinetic accessibility of the target structure remains an unsolved problem in many systems. In particular, long-lived kinetic traps can result in assembly times that vastly exceed experimentally accessible timescales. One proposed solution is to design non-equilibrium assembly protocols in which system parameters change over time to avoid such kinetic traps. Here, we develop a framework to combine Markov state model (MSM) analysis with optimal control theory to compute a time-dependent protocol that maximizes the yield of the target structure at a finite-time. We present an adjoint-based gradient descent method that, in conjunction with MSMs for a system as a function of its control parameters, enables efficiently optimizing the assembly protocol. We also describe an interpolation approach to significantly reduce the number of simulations required to construct the MSMs. We demonstrate our approach on two examples; a simple semi-analytic model for the folding of a polymer of colloidal particles, and a more complex model for capsid assembly. Our results show that optimizing time-dependent protocols can achieve significant improvements in yields of selected structures, including equilibrium free energy minima, long-lived metastable structures, and transient states.", "output": "The framework can be used to optimize the yield of selected structures, including equilibrium free energy minima, long-lived metastable structures, and transient states."}, {"instruction": "What is the significance of coupled Cahn-Hilliard dynamics?", "input": "The classical Cahn-Hilliard equation corresponds to a gradient dynamics model that describes phase decomposition in a binary mixture. In the spinodal region, an initially homogeneous state spontaneously decomposes via a large-scale instability into drop, hole or labyrinthine concentration patterns of a typical structure length followed by a continuously ongoing coarsening process. Here we consider coupled Cahn-Hilliard dynamics for two concentration fields and show that nonvariational (or active, or nonreciprocal) coupling may induce a small-scale (Turing) instability. At the corresponding primary bifurcation a branch of periodically patterned steady states emerges. Furthermore, there exist localized states that consist of patterned patches coexisting with a homogeneous background. The branches of steady parity-symmetric and -asymmetric localized states form a slanted homoclinic snaking structure typical for systems with a conservation law.", "output": "Coupled Cahn-Hilliard dynamics for two concentration fields can induce a small-scale (Turing) instability through nonvariational (or active, or nonreciprocal) coupling. At the corresponding primary bifurcation a branch of periodically patterned steady states emerges."}, {"instruction": "What is the chemical formula for water?", "input": "", "output": "The chemical formula for water is H2O, which means it is made up of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom."}, {"instruction": "How are interelectronic correlations taken into account in the EDABI approach?", "input": "We analyze two-particle binding factors of H2, LiH, and HeH+ molecules/ions with the help of our original exact diagonalization ab intio (EDABI) approach. The interelectronic correlations are taken into account rigorously within the second quantization scheme for restricted basis of renormalized single-particle wave functions, i.e., with their size readjusted in the correlated state. This allows us to determine the many-particle covalency and ionicity factors in a natural and intuitive manner in terms of the microscopic single-particle and interaction parameters, also determined within our method. We discuss the limitations of those basic characteristics and introduce the concept of atomicity, corresponding to the Mott and Hubbard criterion concerning localization threshold in many-particle systems. This addition introduces an atomic ingredient into the electron states and thus removes a spurious behavior of covalency with the increasing interatomic distance, as well as provides a more complete physical interpretation of bonding.", "output": "Interelectronic correlations are taken into account rigorously within the second quantization scheme for restricted basis of renormalized single-particle wave functions, i.e., with their size readjusted in the correlated state."}, {"instruction": "Please write a brief explanation of what graphene is and its potential applications.", "input": "", "output": "Graphene is a single layer of carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal lattice. It is the thinnest and strongest material known to man, with excellent electrical and thermal conductivity. Its potential applications include flexible electronics, water filtration, and energy storage."}, {"instruction": "What happens to T_0 when a magnetic field is applied along the c axis?", "input": "We report anisotropic resistivity measurements of the heavy-fermion superconductor CeRh$_2$As$_2$ in magnetic fields up to 16 T and temperatures down to 0.35 K. The measured CeRh$_2$As$_2$ resistivity shows a signature corresponding to the suggested quadrupole density wave order state at $T_0 \\sim$ 0.5 K for both measured directions. For a magnetic field applied along the tetragonal $a$ axis, $T_0$ is enhanced with magnetic field reaching $\\sim$1.75 K at 16 T. Further, a magnetic field-induced transition occurs at $B_m \\sim $ 8.1 T corresponding to a change to a new broken symmetry state. For a magnetic field applied along the $c$ axis, $T_0$ is suppressed below our base temperature $\\sim$0.35 K by $B \\sim$ 4.5 T, a field close to the previously reported field-induced transition within the superconducting state suggested to be from an even-parity to an odd-parity state. Our results indicate that the multiple superconducting phases in CeRh$_2$As$_2$ are intimately tied to the suppression of the proposed quadrupole-density-wave phase at $T_0$.", "output": "For a magnetic field applied along the $c$ axis, $T_0$ is suppressed below our base temperature $\\sim$0.35 K by $B \\sim$ 4.5 T, a field close to the previously reported field-induced transition within the superconducting state suggested to be from an even-parity to an odd-parity state."}, {"instruction": "What do the results reveal about the generation of topological fluctuation states?", "input": "The recently discovered topological fluctuation state provides a fascinating new perspective on the ultrafast emergence of topology in condensed matter systems. However, rather little is known about the physics of this state and the origin of the topological fluctuations. Using time-resolved small-angle x-ray scattering, we observe that topological fluctuation states appear after laser excitation even if the final state does not host stable skyrmions. Simulations support these findings and reveal that the fluctuations originate from the competition between spontaneous nucleation and decay of skyrmions, consistent with Arrhenius-like activation over a potential barrier. Stable skyrmions can freeze out of such fluctuations when the effective temperature of the system relaxes faster than the decay time of the skyrmions. Our results reveal a robust scenario for the generation of topological fluctuation states, potentially enabling their study in a wide variety of magnetic systems.", "output": "The results reveal a robust scenario for the generation of topological fluctuation states, potentially enabling their study in a wide variety of magnetic systems."}, {"instruction": "What are the corresponding evolutions of the energy distribution?", "input": "We theoretically investigate three-body losses in a single-component Fermi gas near a $p$-wave Feshbach resonance in the interacting, non-unitary regime. We extend the cascade model introduced by Waseem et al. [Phys. Rev. A 99 052704 (2019)] to describe the elastic and inelastic collision processes. We find that the loss behavior exhibits a $n^3$ and an anomalous $n^2$ dependence for a ratio of elastic to inelastic collision rate larger and smaller than one, respectively. The corresponding evolutions of the energy distribution show collisional cooling or evolution toward low-energetic non-thermalized steady states, respectively. These findings are in particular relevant for understanding atom loss and energetic evolution of ultracold gases of fermionic lithium atoms in their ground state.", "output": "The corresponding evolutions of the energy distribution show collisional cooling or evolution toward low-energetic non-thermalized steady states, depending on the ratio of elastic to inelastic collision rate."}, {"instruction": "What is the real composition of Cr$_{1+x}$Pt$_{5-x}$P?", "input": "We present the growth and basic magnetic and transport properties of Cr$_{1+x}$Pt$_{5-x}$P. We show that single crystals can readily be grown from a high-temperature solution created by adding dilute quantities of Cr to Pt-P based melts. Like other 1-5-1 compounds, Cr$_{1+x}$Pt$_{5-x}$P adopts a tetragonal P4/mmm structure composed face-sharing CrPt$_3$ like slabs that are broken up along the c-axis by sheets of P atoms. EDS and X-ray diffraction measurements both suggest Cr$_{1+x}$Pt$_{5-x}$P has mixed occupancy between Cr and Pt atoms, similar to what is found in the closely related compound CrPt$_3$, giving real compositions of Cr$_{1.5}$Pt$_{4.5}$P (x = 0.5). We report that Cr$_{1.5}$Pt$_{4.5}$P orders ferromagnetically at T$_C$ = 464.5 K with a saturated moment of $\\approx$ 2.1 $\\mu_{\\textit{B}}$/Cr at 1.8 K. Likely owing to the strong spin-orbit coupling associated with the large quantity of high Z Pt atoms, Cr$_{1.5}$Pt$_{4.5}$P has exceptionally strong planar anisotropy with estimated anisotropy fields of 345 kOe and 220 kOe at 1.8 K and 300 K respectively. The resistance of Cr$_{1.5}$Pt$_{4.5}$P has a metallic temperature dependence with relatively weak magnetoresistance. Electronic band structure calculations show that CrPt$_5$P has a large peak in the density of states near the Fermi level which is split into spin majority and minority bands in the ferromagnetic state. Furthermore, the calculations suggest substantial hybridization between Cr-3d and Pt-5d states near the Fermi level, in agreement with the experimentally measured anisotropy.", "output": "Cr$_{1+x}$Pt$_{5-x}$P has mixed occupancy between Cr and Pt atoms, similar to what is found in the closely related compound CrPt$_3$, giving real compositions of Cr$_{1.5}$Pt$_{4.5}$P (x = 0.5)."}, {"instruction": "What is superradiance and how is it related to quantum optics?", "input": "As one of the central topics in quantum optics, collective spontaneous emission such as superradiance has been realized in a variety of systems. This work proposes an innovative scheme to coherently control collective emission rates via a self-interference mechanism in a nonlinear waveguide setting. The self-interference is made possible by photon backward scattering incurred by quantum scatterers in a waveguide working as quantum switches. Whether the interference is constructive or destructive is found to depend strongly on the distance between the scatterers and the emitters. The interference between two propagation pathways of the same photon leads to controllable superradiance and subradiance, with their collective decay rates much enhanced or suppressed (also leading to hyperradiance or population trapping). Furthermore, the self-interference mechanism is manifested by an abrupt change in the emission rates in real time. An experimental setup based on superconducting transmission line resonators and transmon qubits is further proposed to realize controllable collective emission rates.", "output": "Superradiance is a type of collective spontaneous emission that is one of the central topics in quantum optics. It has been realized in a variety of systems."}, {"instruction": "What do the AC magnetotransport measurements on Sn-doped tellurium confirm?", "input": "Tellurium is a gyrotropic, p-type Weyl semiconductor with remarkable electronic, optical, and transport properties. It has been argued that some of these properties might stem from Weyl nodes at crossing points in the band structure, and their nontrivial topological textures. However, Weyl nodes in time-reversal invariant semiconductors are split up in energy, rather than in momentum, and located deep below (far above) the top (bottom) of the valence (conduction) band, challenging such an interpretation. Here, instead, we use a 4-band kp Hamiltonian for $p-$type tellurium to show how the k-dependent spin-orbit interaction mixes up the top two (Weyl node free) and bottom two (Weyl node containing) valence bands, generating a 3D hedgehog orbital magnetic texture at the uppermost valence band, accessible to transport already at the lowest doping. Hedgehog textures are important signatures of Weyl fermion physics in general and in the context of condensed matter physics arise form the carriers' wave packet rotation being locked to their propagation wavevector. For spatially dispersive media, such an induced hedgehog texture/carrier rotation stabilizes two novel, nonreciprocal and antisymmetric components to the Hall transport within different weak-localization (antilocalization) relaxation regimes: the anomalous and planar Hall effects, usually forbidden by time reversal symmetry. Our AC magnetotransport measurements on Sn-doped tellurium confirm the theoretical predictions and our work demonstrates how Weyl signatures generally appear in transport on enantiomorphic materials with natural optical activity.", "output": "Our AC magnetotransport measurements on Sn-doped tellurium confirm the theoretical predictions and our work demonstrates how Weyl signatures generally appear in transport on enantiomorphic materials with natural optical activity."}, {"instruction": "What is the methodology for guiding the dynamical evolution of ultracold atomic motional degrees of freedom towards multiparticle entangled Dicke-like states?", "input": "We study a methodology for guiding the dynamical evolution of ultracold atomic motional degrees of freedom towards multiparticle entangled Dicke-like states, via nonlinear self-organization under external driving. Two examples of nonlinear many-body models are investigated. In the first model the external drive is a temporally oscillating magnetic field, leading to self-organization by interatomic scattering. In the second model the drive is a pump laser, leading to self-organization by photon-atom scattering in a ring cavity. We demonstrate highly efficient generation of multiparticle entangled states of atomic motion and discuss prospective experimental realizations of the models. Our results highlight the potential for using self-organization of atomic motion in quantum technological applications.", "output": "The methodology involves nonlinear self-organization under external driving. Two examples of nonlinear many-body models are investigated. In the first model the external drive is a temporally oscillating magnetic field, leading to self-organization by interatomic scattering. In the second model the drive is a pump laser, leading to self-organization by photon-atom scattering in a ring cavity."}, {"instruction": "What is the purpose of developing a materials platform that exhibits both superconducting and semiconducting properties?", "input": "The development of a materials platform that exhibits both superconducting and semiconducting properties is an important endeavour for a range of emerging quantum technologies. We investigate the formation of superconductivity in nanowires fabricated with silicon-on-insulator (SOI). Aluminium from deposited contact electrodes is found to interdiffuses with the Si nanowire structures to form an Al-Si alloy along the entire length of the predefined nanowire device over micron length scales at temperatures well below that of the Al-Si eutectic. The resultant transformed nanowire structures are layered in geometry with a continuous Al-Si alloy wire sitting on the buried oxide of the SOI and a residual Si cap sitting on top of the wire. The phase transformed material is conformal with any predefined device patterns and the resultant structures are exceptionally smooth-walled compared to similar nanowire devices formed by silicidation processes. The superconducting properties of a mesoscopic AlSi ring formed on a SOI platform are investigated. Low temperature magnetoresistance oscillations, quantized in units of the fluxoid, h/2e, are observed.", "output": "The purpose of developing a materials platform that exhibits both superconducting and semiconducting properties is for a range of emerging quantum technologies."}, {"instruction": "What physical implications are discussed in the paper?", "input": "The generic behavior of quantum systems has long been of theoretical and practical interest. Any quantum process is represented by a sequence of quantum channels. We consider general ergodic sequences of stochastic channels with arbitrary correlations and non-negligible decoherence. Ergodicity includes and vastly generalizes random independence. We obtain a theorem which shows that the composition of such a sequence of channels converges exponentially fast to a replacement (rank-one) channel. Using this theorem, we derive the limiting behavior of translation-invariant channels and stochastically independent random channels. We then use our formalism to describe the thermodynamic limit of ergodic matrix product states. We derive formulas for the expectation value of a local observable and prove that the two-point correlations of local observables decay exponentially. We then analytically compute the entanglement spectrum across any cut, by which the bipartite entanglement entropy (i.e., R\\'enyi or von Neumann) across an arbitrary cut can be computed exactly. Other physical implications of our results are that most Floquet phases of matter are metastable and that noisy random circuits in the large depth limit will be trivial as far as their quantum entanglement is concerned. To obtain these results, we bridge quantum information theory to dynamical systems and random matrix theory.", "output": "The paper discusses that most Floquet phases of matter are metastable and that noisy random circuits in the large depth limit will be trivial as far as their quantum entanglement is concerned."}, {"instruction": "What is the cost of maximizing performance by operating in the most irreversible point as a function of tau?", "input": "We introduce unique class of cyclic quantum thermal machines (QTMs) which can maximize their performance at the finite value of cycle duration $\\tau$ where they are most irreversible. These QTMs are based on single-stroke thermodynamic cycles realized by the non-equilibrium steady state (NESS) of the so-called Periodically Refreshed Baths (PReB) process. We find that such QTMs can interpolate between standard collisional QTMs, which consider repeated interactions with single-site environments, and autonomous QTMs operated by simultaneous coupling to multiple macroscopic baths. We discuss the physical realization of such processes and show that their implementation requires a finite number of copies of the baths. Interestingly, maximizing performance by operating in the most irreversible point as a function of $\\tau$ comes at the cost of increasing the complexity of realizing such a regime, the latter quantified by the increase in the number of copies of baths required. We demonstrate this physics considering a simple example. We also introduce an elegant description of the PReB process for Gaussian systems in terms of a discrete-time Lyapunov equation. Further, our analysis also reveals interesting connections with Zeno and anti-Zeno effects.", "output": "Maximizing performance by operating in the most irreversible point as a function of tau comes at the cost of increasing the complexity of realizing such a regime, quantified by the increase in the number of copies of baths required."}, {"instruction": "What do the results of the finite-size scaling analyses lead the researchers to establish?", "input": "Using three-dimensional representation of confluent cell layers, we map the amorphous solid to fluid phase transition in active cell layers onto the two-dimensional (2D) site percolation universality class. Importantly, we unify two distinct, predominant, pathways associated with this transition; namely (i) cell-cell adhesion and (ii) active traction forces. For each pathway, we independently vary the corresponding control parameter and focus on the emergent mechanical stress patterns as the monolayer transitions from a glassy- to a fluid-like state. Through finite-size scaling analyses, our results lead us to establish the glassy- to fluid-like transition as a critical phenomena in terms of stress development in the cell layer and show that the associated criticality belongs to the 2D site percolation universality class. Our findings offer a fresh perspective on solid (glass-like) to fluid phase transition in active cell layers and can bridge our understanding of glassy behaviors in active matter with potential implications in biological processes such as wound healing, development, and cancer progression.", "output": "The results of the finite-size scaling analyses lead the researchers to establish the glassy- to fluid-like transition as a critical phenomena in terms of stress development in the cell layer and show that the associated criticality belongs to the 2D site percolation universality class."}, {"instruction": "Based on the following paragraph about glass, answer the following question: What are some common types of glass? 'Glass can be made in many different colors and types, depending on the composition and manufacturing process. Some common types of glass include soda-lime glass, borosilicate glass, and tempered glass.'", "input": "", "output": "Answer: soda-lime glass, borosilicate glass, and tempered glass."}, {"instruction": "What is the dominant cluster structure of the trion?", "input": "In this work, we develop the basic formalism to study trions in semiconductor layered materials using the Faddeev equations in momentum space for three different particles lying in two dimensions. We solve the trion Faddeev coupled integral equations for both short-range one-term separable Yamaguchi potential and Rytova-Keldysh (RK) interaction applied to the MoS$_2$ layer. The RK potential has an infrared divergence corresponding to a long-range tail, which was challenging from the numerical point of view. We devised two different regularization methods applied to the repulsive electron-electron potential; one screens the interaction in the infrared and the other in the ultraviolet region. By extrapolating the trion energy to the situation without screening, the two methods gave consistent results for the MoS$_2$ layer with a trion binding energy of $-49.5(1)$~meV for the exciton energy of $-753.3$~~meV. We analyzed the trion structure for the RK and Yamaguchi potentials in detail, showing their overall similarities and the dominant cluster structure, where the strongly bound exciton is weakly bound to an electron. We found that this property is manifested in the dominance of two of the Faddeev components over the one where the hole is a spectator of the interacting electron pair.", "output": "The dominant cluster structure of the trion is where the strongly bound exciton is weakly bound to an electron."}, {"instruction": "Why are polymers used in food packaging?", "input": "", "output": "Polymers are used in food packaging because they can be made to be lightweight, flexible, and durable, which makes them ideal for protecting food during shipping and storage. Additionally, polymers can be engineered to have specific properties like gas permeability and moisture resistance, which makes them even more useful in food packaging."}, {"instruction": "What is the relationship between the Rindler Hamiltonian and Minkowski spacetime?", "input": "We present a theoretical study of how a spatially-varying quasiparticle velocity in honeycomb lattices, achievable using strained graphene or in engineered cold-atom optical lattices that have a spatial dependence to the local tunneling amplitude, can yield the Rindler Hamiltonian embodying an observer accelerating in Minkowski spacetime. Within this setup, a sudden switch-on of the spatially-varying tunneling (or strain) yields a spontaneous production of electron-hole pairs, an analogue version of the Unruh effect characterized by the Unruh temperature. We discuss how this thermal behavior, along with Takagi's statistics inversion, can manifest themselves in photo-emission and scanning tunneling microscopy experiments. We also calculate the average electronic conductivity and find that it grows linearly with frequency $\\omega$, vanishing in the DC limit ($\\omega\\rightarrow0$). Finally, we find that the total system energy at zero environment temperature looks like Planck's blackbody result for photons due to the aforementioned statistics inversion, whereas for an initial thermally excited state of fermions, the total internal energy undergoes stimulated particle reduction.", "output": "The Rindler Hamiltonian embodies an observer accelerating in Minkowski spacetime, and can be achieved in honeycomb lattices with a spatially-varying quasiparticle velocity using strained graphene or in engineered cold-atom optical lattices that have a spatial dependence to the local tunneling amplitude."}, {"instruction": "What is the $T=0$ quantum critical point?", "input": "A pair density wave (PDW) is a superconductor whose order parameter is a periodic function of space, without an accompanying spatially-uniform component. Since PDWs are not the outcome of a weak-coupling instability of a Fermi liquid, a generic pairing mechanism for PDW order has remained elusive. We describe and solve models having robust PDW phases. To access the intermediate coupling limit, we invoke large $N$ limits of Fermi liquids with repulsive BCS interactions that admit saddle point solutions. We show that the requirements for long range PDW order are that the repulsive BCS couplings must be non-monotonic in space and that their strength must exceed a threshold value. We obtain a phase diagram with both finite temperature transitions to PDW order, and a $T=0$ quantum critical point, where non-Fermi liquid behavior occurs.", "output": "The $T=0$ quantum critical point is where non-Fermi liquid behavior occurs."}, {"instruction": "What is the relationship between frequency propagation and learning via chemical signaling in flow networks?", "input": "We introduce frequency propagation, a learning algorithm for nonlinear physical networks. In a resistive electrical circuit with variable resistors, an activation current is applied at a set of input nodes at one frequency, and an error current is applied at a set of output nodes at another frequency. The voltage response of the circuit to these boundary currents is the superposition of an `activation signal' and an `error signal' whose coefficients can be read in different frequencies of the frequency domain. Each conductance is updated proportionally to the product of the two coefficients. The learning rule is local and proved to perform gradient descent on a loss function. We argue that frequency propagation is an instance of a multi-mechanism learning strategy for physical networks, be it resistive, elastic, or flow networks. Multi-mechanism learning strategies incorporate at least two physical quantities, potentially governed by independent physical mechanisms, to act as activation and error signals in the training process. Locally available information about these two signals is then used to update the trainable parameters to perform gradient descent. We demonstrate how earlier work implementing learning via chemical signaling in flow networks also falls under the rubric of multi-mechanism learning.", "output": "Frequency propagation and learning via chemical signaling in flow networks are both instances of multi-mechanism learning strategies for physical networks. They incorporate at least two physical quantities, potentially governed by independent physical mechanisms, to act as activation and error signals in the training process. Locally available information about these two signals is then used to update the trainable parameters to perform gradient descent."}, {"instruction": "What is the potential application of the Josephson diode effect in designing qubits?", "input": "The phenomenon of non-reciprocal critical current in a Josephson device, termed Josephson diode effect, has garnered much recent interest. It is typically attributed to spin-orbit interaction and time reversal symmetry breaking in these systems. Here we report observation of the Josephson diode effect in a three-terminal Josephson device based upon InAs quantum well two-dimensional electron gas proximitized by epitaxial aluminum. We demonstrate that the diode efficiency can be tuned by a small out-of-plane magnetic field and electrostatic gating. We show that the diode effect in this device is a consequence of artificial realization of a current-phase relation that is non-$2\\pi$-periodic. These Josephson devices may serve as gate tunable building blocks in designing topologically protected qubits. Furthermore, we show that the diode effect is an inherent property of multi-terminal Josephson devices. This establishes an immediately scalable approach by which potential applications of the Josephson diode effect can be realized, which is agnostic to the underlying material platform.", "output": "Josephson devices based on the Josephson diode effect may serve as gate tunable building blocks in designing topologically protected qubits."}, {"instruction": "Please summarize the properties of thermoelectric materials.", "input": "", "output": "Thermoelectric materials have the ability to convert heat into electricity and vice versa. They have high thermal conductivity and low electrical conductivity, which allows for efficient energy conversion. However, their efficiency is limited by the Seebeck coefficient, which is a measure of the voltage generated per unit temperature difference. Research is ongoing to improve the efficiency of thermoelectric materials for practical applications such as waste heat recovery and refrigeration."}, {"instruction": "Classify the different types of analytical techniques used in chemistry.", "input": "", "output": "There are several types of analytical techniques used in chemistry, including spectroscopy, chromatography, electrochemistry, and mass spectrometry. These techniques are used to identify and quantify chemical compounds in a wide range of samples, from environmental pollutants to biological samples."}, {"instruction": "What are the constraints connected with lattice terminations that may not support edge states in the absence of effects breaking time-reversal symmetry of the system?", "input": "Topological edge states form at the edges of periodic materials with specific degeneracies in their modal spectra, such as Dirac points, under the action of effects breaking certain symmetries of the system. In particular, in Floquet topological insulators unidirectional edge states appear upon breakup of the effective time-reversal symmetry due to dynamical modulations of the underlying lattice potential. However, such states are usually reported for certain simple lattice terminations, for example, at zigzag or bearded edges in honeycomb lattices. Here we show that unconventional topological edge states may exist in Floquet insulators based on arrays of helical waveguides with hybrid edges involving alternating zigzag and armchair segments, even if the latter are long. Such edge states appear in the largest part of the first Brillouin zone and show topological protection upon passage through the defects. Topological states at hybrid edges persist in the presence of focusing nonlinearity of the material. Our results can be extended to other lattice types and physical systems, they lift some of the constraints connected with lattice terminations that may not support edge states in the absence of effects breaking time-reversal symmetry of the system and expand the variety of geometrical shapes in which topological insulators can be constructed.", "output": "The constraints connected with lattice terminations that may not support edge states in the absence of effects breaking time-reversal symmetry of the system are lifted by the unconventional topological edge states. "}, {"instruction": "What are dynamically-bound clusters?", "input": "Sufficiently strong inter-site interactions in extended-Hubbard and XXZ spin models result in dynamically-bound clusters at neighboring sites. We show that the dynamics of these clusters in two-dimensional lattices is remarkably different and richer than that of repulsively-bound on-site clusters in gases without inter-site interactions. Whereas on-site pairs move in the same lattice as individual particles, nearest-neighbor dimers perform an interacting quantum walk in a different lattice geometry, leading to a peculiar dynamics characterized by more than one time scale. The latter is general for any lattice geometry, but it is especially relevant in triangular and diamond lattices, where dimers move resonantly in an effective kagome and Lieb lattice, respectively. As a result, dimers experience partial quasi-localization due to an effective flat band, and may move slower than longer clusters. This surprising link between anomalously slow quantum walk dynamics in these models and flat-band physics may be readily observed in experiments with lanthanide atoms.", "output": "Dynamically-bound clusters are clusters that are formed due to sufficiently strong inter-site interactions in extended-Hubbard and XXZ spin models at neighboring sites."}, {"instruction": "What is the significance of the results presented in this text?", "input": "Majorana corner modes appearing in two-dimensional second-order topological superconductors have great potential applications for fault-tolerant topological quantum computations. We demonstrate that in the presence of an in-plane magentic field two-dimensional ($s+p$)-wave superconductors host Majorana corner modes, whose location can be manipulated by the direction of the magnetic field. In addition, we discuss the effects of edge imperfections on the Majorana corner modes. We describe how different edge shapes and edge disorder affect the number and controllability of the Majorana corner modes, which is of relevance for the implementation of topological quantum computations. We also discuss tunneling spectroscopy in the presence of the Majorana corner modes, where a lead-wire is attached to the corner of the noncentrosymmetric superconductor. The zero-bias differential conductance shows a distinct periodicity with respect to the direction of the magnetic field, which demonstrates the excellent controllability of the Majorana corner modes in this setup. Our results lay down the theoretical groundwork for observing and tuning Majoran corner modes in experiments on ($s+p$)-wave superconductors.", "output": "The results presented in this text lay down the theoretical groundwork for observing and tuning Majorana corner modes in experiments on ($s+p$)-wave superconductors. This has important implications for the development of fault-tolerant topological quantum computations."}, {"instruction": "What is the significance of the reliable method found in the recent work?", "input": "The zero-temperature and finite-temperature thermodynamics of two-component Fermi gases with finite-range attractive interaction suffer from fermion sign problem, which seems like an insurmountable problem in exact numerical simulations. In a recent work, we find a reliable method to simulate the thermodynamic properties of single-component Fermi gases for both noninteracting and repulsively interacting cases based on the method of parametrized partition function and the $\\xi_E$ curve of constant energy. In the present work, this method is generalized to two-component Fermi gases with finite-range attractive interaction, which shows clearly that our method has good chance to apply to various Fermi systems. From the simulated heat capacity, we find a peak at the temperature below the Fermi temperature which implies the pairing of fermions with different spin. At high temperature, the simulated heat capacity approaches the classical value. The reasonable result in this work validates the application of our method to attractive cases, which implies a wide range of applications, from nuclear physics, BCS-BEC crossover, superconductivity, to neutron star, etc..", "output": "The reliable method found in the recent work validates the application of our method to attractive cases, which implies a wide range of applications, from nuclear physics, BCS-BEC crossover, superconductivity, to neutron star, etc.."}, {"instruction": "What is the purpose of the integrated AFM and PLD setup?", "input": "To visualize the topography of thin oxide films during growth, thereby enabling to study its growth behavior quasi real-time, we have designed and integrated an atomic force microscope (AFM) in a pulsed laser deposition (PLD) vacuum setup. The AFM scanner and PLD target are integrated in a single support frame, combined with a fast sample transfer method, such that in-situ microscopy can be utilized after subsequent deposition pulses. The in-situ microscope can be operated from room temperature (RT) up to 700$^\\circ$C and at (process) pressures ranging from the vacuum base pressure of 10$^{-6}$ mbar up to 1 mbar, typical PLD conditions for the growth of oxide films. The performance of this instrument is demonstrated by resolving unit cell height surface steps and surface topography under typical oxide PLD growth conditions.", "output": "The purpose of the integrated AFM and PLD setup is to visualize the topography of thin oxide films during growth, enabling the study of its growth behavior quasi real-time."}, {"instruction": "What is the correlation scaling behavior for the fermion bilinear on the honeycomb lattice at the multicritical point?", "input": "The fluctuations-driven continuous quantum criticality has sparked tremendous interest in condensed matter physics. It has been verified that the gapless fermions fluctuations can change the nature of phase transition at criticality. In this paper, we study the fermionic quantum criticality with enlarged Ising$\\times$Ising fluctuations in honeycomb lattice materials. The Gross-Neveu-Yukawa theory for the multicriticality between the semimetallic phase and two ordered phases that break Ising symmetry is investigated by employing perturbative renormalization group approach. We first determine the critical range in which the quantum fluctuations may render the phase transition continuous. We find that the Ising criticality is continuous only when the flavor numbers of four-component Dirac fermions $N_f\\geq1/4$. Using the $\\epsilon$ expansion in four space-time dimensions, we then study the Ising$\\times$Ising multicriticality stemming from the symmetry-breaking electronic instabilities. We analyze the underlying fixed-point structure and compute the critical exponents for the Ising$\\times$Ising Gross-Neveu-Yukawa universality class. Further, the correlation scaling behavior for the fermion bilinear on the honeycomb lattice at the multicritical point are also briefly discussed.", "output": "The correlation scaling behavior for the fermion bilinear on the honeycomb lattice at the multicritical point is briefly discussed."}, {"instruction": "What is the magnitude of the AFE?", "input": "It is widely known that the magneto-optical Faraday effect is linear in magnetization and therefore the Faraday angles for the states with opposite magnetizations are of opposite sign but equal in modulus. Here we experimentally study propagation of light through a one-dimensional all-garnet magnetophotonic crystal to demonstrate an asymmetric Faraday effect (AFE) for which Faraday angles for opposite magnetic states differ not only in sign but in the absolute value as well. AFE appears in the vicinity of the cavity resonance for an oblique incidence of light which plane of polarization is inclined to the incidence plane. Under proper incidence and polarization angles the magnitude of AFE could be very large reaching 30% of the absolute value of the Faraday effect. The effect originates from the difference in Q-factors for p- and s- polarized cavity modes that breaks the symmetry between the two opposite directions of polarization rotation. The discovered AFE is of prime importance for nanoscale magnonics and optomagnetism.", "output": "Under proper incidence and polarization angles, the magnitude of the AFE could be very large reaching 30% of the absolute value of the Faraday effect."}, {"instruction": "What are some of the materials used for spin qubits?", "input": "Spin qubits in semiconductor quantum dots represent a prominent family of solid-state qubits in the effort to build a quantum computer. They are formed when electrons or holes are confined in a static potential well in a semiconductor, giving them a quantized energy spectrum. The simplest spin qubit is a single electron spin located in a quantum dot, but many additional varieties have been developed, some containing multiple spins in multiple quantum dots, each of which has different benefits and drawbacks. While these spins act as simple quantum systems in many ways, they also experience complex effects due to their semiconductor environment. They can be controlled by both magnetic and electric fields depending on their configuration and are therefore dephased by magnetic and electric field noise, with different types of spin qubits having different control mechanisms and noise susceptibilities. While initial experiments were primarily performed in gallium arsenide (GaAs) based materials, silicon qubits have developed substantially and research on qubits in metal-oxide-semiconductor (Si-MOS), silicon/silicon germanium (Si/SiGe) heterostructures, and donors in silicon is also being pursued. An increasing number of spin qubit varieties have attained error rates that are low enough to be compatible with quantum error correction for single-qubit gates and two-qubit gates have been performed in several with success rates, or fidelities, of 90-95%.", "output": "Initial experiments were primarily performed in gallium arsenide (GaAs) based materials, but silicon qubits have developed substantially and research on qubits in metal-oxide-semiconductor (Si-MOS), silicon/silicon germanium (Si/SiGe) heterostructures, and donors in silicon is also being pursued."}, {"instruction": "What is the relation between the intercept of EEs and the two-magnon distance?", "input": "We introduce the spin entanglement entropy (EE) to characterize spin excitations. The scalings of EEs are elaborated as $\\ln N$, $\\ln N+D_k$ and $2\\ln N+D$ for the single-magnon states, two-magnon bound states and two-magnon continuum, respectively, based on the Bethe ansatz solutions of the ferromagnetic spin chain with $N$ sites. The $\\ln N$ divergence for the bound states reveals the two magnons emerge as a new quasiparticle. More importantly, the nonzero intercepts ($D_k,D$) embody the many-body effects of two-magnon states. In particular, an exact relation between the intercept of EEs and an observable quantity, the two-magnon distance, is established for the bound states. In such a case, we quantify the two-magnon confinement in a spin system by the increasing entanglement with the distance as a particle physics analogue. Moreover, the EEs can also be used to study the evolution of the excitations. When the bound states are immersed in the continuum in the alternating chain, they undergo an oscillating confinement-deconfinement crossover, shown by the oscillations of the EEs and two-magnon distance with the chain length.", "output": "An exact relation between the intercept of EEs and the two-magnon distance is established for the bound states."}, {"instruction": "What is the indirect evidence of the finding?", "input": "This work is focused on determining the electrical resistance, which induced by single domain wall in magnetic nanowire with a negligible defect. The provided model covers a wide range of nanowire's diameters. The obtained result demonstrates a few orders rapid reduction of the domain wall resistance accompanied by its possible deviations versus the diameter growth ranging from 1.2 nm to 15.2 nm. The origin of these deviations, which are also identified as oscillations, is referred to the non-uniform electron scattering on the domain wall due to the intermixing electron scattering conditions: ballistic for one spin channel and quasi-ballistic for other one with opposite spin direction. It may happen when the domain wall width by value is approximately in between two lengths: a mean free path with the spin down and spin up. The indirect evidence of this finding is also coming from the fact that homogeneous nanowires shows the most valuable domain wall resistance oscillations by magnitude rather than segmented magnetic nanowires. In addition to the approach, where DW width is constant, the other reasonable model is used when the domain wall can be constrained for some conditions. The same results are valid for magnetic junctions with domain wall. Finally, resistance simulation in the diffusive range, when a diameter of the nanowire (or point-like junction) is larger than any of spin resolved mean free path of electrons, successfully follows experimental data for the single and double domain wall resistances available in literature.", "output": "The indirect evidence of this finding is also coming from the fact that homogeneous nanowires show the most valuable domain wall resistance oscillations by magnitude rather than segmented magnetic nanowires."}, {"instruction": "What is the dependence of the conductance of these systems on?", "input": "We devise a semi-classical model to describe the transport properties of low-dimensional fermionic lattices under the influence of external quantum stochastic noise. These systems behave as quantum stochastic resistors, where the bulk particle transport is diffusive and obeys the Ohm/Fick's law. Here, we extend previous exact studies beyond the one-dimensional limit to ladder geometries and explore different dephasing mechanisms that are relevant to different physical systems, from solid-state to cold atoms. We find a non-trivial dependence of the conductance of these systems on the chemical potential of the reservoirs. We then introduce a semi-classical approach that is in good agreement with the exact numerical solution and provides an intuitive and simpler interpretation of transport in quantum stochastic resistors. Moreover, we find that the conductance of quantum ladders is insensitive to the coherence of the dephasing process along the direction transverse to transport, despite the fact that the system reaches different stationary states. We conclude by discussing the case of dissipative leads affected by dephasing, deriving the conditions for which they effectively behave as Markovian injectors of particles in the system.", "output": "There is a non-trivial dependence of the conductance of these systems on the chemical potential of the reservoirs."}, {"instruction": "Find the relationship between hydroxyapatite and bone tissue engineering.", "input": "", "output": "Hydroxyapatite is a commonly used biomaterial in bone tissue engineering due to its biocompatibility, bioactivity, and osteoconductivity."}, {"instruction": "What material was used to demonstrate the unusual magnetization reversal?", "input": "Magnetization reversal in ferro- and ferrimagnets is a well-known archetype of non-equilibrium processes, where the volume fractions of the oppositely magnetized domains vary and perfectly compensate each other at the coercive magnetic field. Here, we report on a fundamentally new pathway for magnetization reversal that is mediated by an antiferromagnetic state. Consequently, an atomic-scale compensation of the magnetization is realized at the coercive field, instead of the mesoscopic or macroscopic domain cancellation in canonical reversal processes. We demonstrate this unusual magnetization reversal on the Zn-doped polar magnet Fe$_2$Mo$_3$O$_8$. Hidden behind the conventional ferrimagnetic hysteresis loop, the surprising emergence of the antiferromagnetic phase at the coercive fields is disclosed by a sharp peak in the field-dependence of the electric polarization. In addition, at the magnetization reversal our THz spectroscopy studies reveal the reappearance of the magnon mode that is only present in the pristine antiferromagnetic state. According to our microscopic calculations, this unusual process is governed by the dominant intralayer coupling, strong easy-axis anisotropy and spin fluctuations, which result in a complex interplay between the ferrimagnetic and antiferromagnetic phases. Such antiferro-state-mediated reversal processes offer novel concepts for magnetization control, and may also emerge for other ferroic orders.", "output": "The unusual magnetization reversal was demonstrated on the Zn-doped polar magnet Fe$_2$Mo$_3$O$_8$."}, {"instruction": "What are the key roles played by the random wave process and the global shape of the stone in the new model?", "input": "This article introduces a new geophysical theory, in the form of a single simple partial integro-differential equation, to explain how frictional abrasion alone of a stone on a planar beach can lead to the oval shapes observed empirically. The underlying idea in this theory is the intuitive observation that the rate of ablation at a point on the surface of the stone is proportional to the product of the curvature of the stone at that point and how often the stone is likely to be in contact with the beach at that point. Specifically, key roles in this new model are played by both the random wave process and the global (non-local) shape of the stone, i.e., its shape away from the point of contact with the beach. The underlying physical mechanism for this process is the conversion of energy from the wave process into potential energy of the stone. No closed-form or even asymptotic solution is known for the basic equation, even in a 2-dimensional setting, but basic numerical solutions are presented in both the deterministic continuous-time setting using standard curve-shortening algorithms, and a stochastic discrete-time polyhedral-slicing setting using Monte Carlo simulation.", "output": "Specifically, key roles in this new model are played by both the random wave process and the global (non-local) shape of the stone, i.e., its shape away from the point of contact with the beach."}, {"instruction": "What are some potential drawbacks of using toxic solvents in chemical reactions?", "input": "", "output": "Using toxic solvents in chemical reactions can have a variety of drawbacks, such as posing health and safety risks to workers, generating hazardous waste, and contributing to environmental pollution. In addition, the use of toxic solvents can be expensive and inefficient, as they may require special handling and disposal procedures. Overall, the use of non-toxic and sustainable solvents is becoming increasingly important in the field of green chemistry."}, {"instruction": "What is the effect of resonant scattering of phonons on paramagnetic spins on longitudinal heat current?", "input": "It has become common knowledge that phonons can generate thermal Hall effect in a wide variety of materials, although the underlying mechanism is still controversial. We study longitudinal $\\kappa_{xx}$ and transverse $\\kappa_{xy}$ thermal conductivity in Pr$_2$Ir$_2$O$_7$, which is a metallic analogue of spin ice. Despite the presence of mobile charge carriers, we find that both $\\kappa_{xx}$ and $\\kappa_{xy}$ are dominated by phonons. A $T/H$ scaling of $\\kappa_{xx}$ unambiguously reveals that longitudinal heat current is substantially impeded by resonant scattering of phonons on paramagnetic spins. Upon cooling, the resonant scattering is strongly affected by a development of spin ice correlation and $\\kappa_{xx}$ deviates from the scaling in an anisotropic way with respect to field directions. Strikingly, a set of the $\\kappa_{xx}$ and $\\kappa_{xy}$ data clearly shows that $\\kappa_{xy}$ correlates with $\\kappa_{xx}$ in its response to magnetic field including a success of the $T/H$ scaling and its failure at low temperature. This remarkable correlation provides solid evidence that an indispensable role is played by spin-phonon scattering not only for hindering the longitudinal heat conduction, but also for generating the transverse response.", "output": "Resonant scattering of phonons on paramagnetic spins substantially impedes longitudinal heat current."}, {"instruction": "What is the role of shear strain in controlling high-harmonic generation in single-layer graphene?", "input": "We propose a novel method for controlling the high-harmonic generation (HHG) with a high dynamic range in single-layer graphene. We find that, by utilizing shear strain, a significant enhancement or quenching of HHG is possible over a range of several orders of magnitude. This feature is made possible by the resonance mechanism at a van Hove singularity. Therein, the shear strain controls the configurations of the two Dirac cones, resulting in changes in the energy and dipole moment at the saddle point of the band dispersion. Our findings provide a way for modulating or switching light by using a nano-optomechanical device composed of single-layer graphene.", "output": "Shear strain plays a crucial role in controlling high-harmonic generation in single-layer graphene by allowing for a significant enhancement or quenching of HHG over a range of several orders of magnitude. This is made possible by the resonance mechanism at a van Hove singularity, wherein the shear strain controls the configurations of the two Dirac cones, resulting in changes in the energy and dipole moment at the saddle point of the band dispersion."}, {"instruction": "What is the purpose of using a composite of two dongles?", "input": "Software-defined radio dongles are small and inexpensive receivers well known to amateur radio enthusiasts. When connected to an antenna, they enable monitoring of a wide range of the radio spectrum by conditioning the input signal and transferring a downconverted version of it to a personal computer for software processing. Here, we employ a composite of two such dongles, interfaced with codes written in MATLAB and GNU Radio, as a measuring instrument to study the flexural vibrations of a few-layer graphene nanomechanical resonator. Instead of an antenna, we connect the dongles to the split output of a photodetector used to detect vibrations optically. We first perform a quantitative analysis of the dynamics of the first vibrational mode. We then measure the response of the first two vibrational modes in parallel. To illustrate our technique, we detect changes in the vibrational amplitude of both modes induced by periodic strain modulation with a delay of $\\approx1$ ms between measurements. Last, we show that our software-based instrument can be employed to demodulate human voice encoded in the vibrations of our resonator. For parallel measurements of several frequency channels, and provided that the input signal is not too weak, our composite system may offer an alternative to the use of multiple lock-in amplifiers or multiple spectrum analyzers, with the distinct advantage of being cost-effective per frequency channel.", "output": "The purpose of using a composite of two dongles is to employ them as a measuring instrument to study the flexural vibrations of a few-layer graphene nanomechanical resonator. Instead of an antenna, the dongles are connected to the split output of a photodetector used to detect vibrations optically."}, {"instruction": "How do atomic losses affect analogue Hawking radiation?", "input": "The sonic analogue of Hawking radiation can now be experimentally recreated in Bose-Einstein Condensates that contain an acoustic black hole. In these experiments the signal strength and analogue Hawking temperature increase for denser condensates, which however also suffer increased atom losses from inelastic collisions. To determine how these affect analogue Hawking radiation, we numerically simulate creation of the latter in a Bose-Einstein Condensate in the presence of atomic losses. In particular we explore modifications of density-density correlations through which the radiation has been analyzed so far. We find that losses increase the contrast of the correlation signal, which we attribute to heating that in turn leads to a component of stimulated radiation in addition to the spontaneous one. Another indirect consequence is the modification of the white hole instability pattern.", "output": "Atomic losses increase the contrast of the correlation signal, which is attributed to heating that leads to a component of stimulated radiation in addition to the spontaneous one. Another indirect consequence is the modification of the white hole instability pattern."}, {"instruction": "Explain how an adjacent compensated antiferromagnet weakens superconductivity.", "input": "Spin-splitting induced in a conventional superconductor weakens superconductivity by destroying spin-singlet and creating spin-triplet Cooper pairs. We demonstrate theoretically that such an effect is also caused by an adjacent compensated antiferromagnet, which yields no net spin-splitting. We find that the antiferromagnet produces N\\'eel triplet Cooper pairs, whose pairing amplitude oscillates rapidly in space similar to the antiferromagnet's spin. The emergence of these unconventional Cooper pairs reduces the singlet pairs' amplitude, thereby lowering the superconducting critical temperature. We develop a quasiclassical Green's functions description of the system employing a two-sublattice framework. It successfully captures the rapid oscillations in the Cooper pairs' amplitude at the lattice spacing scale as well as their smooth variation on the larger coherence length scale. Employing the theoretical framework thus developed, we investigate this N\\'eel proximity effect in a superconductor/antiferromagnet bilayer as a function of interfacial exchange, disorder, and chemical potential, finding rich physics. Our findings also offer insights into experiments which have found a larger than expected suppression of superconductivity by an adjacent antiferromagnet.", "output": "An adjacent compensated antiferromagnet weakens superconductivity by creating N\\'eel triplet Cooper pairs, which reduces the singlet pairs' amplitude, thereby lowering the superconducting critical temperature. This effect destroys spin-singlet and creates spin-triplet Cooper pairs, which reduces the superconductivity."}, {"instruction": "What are the limitations of MBPT methods?", "input": "Quasiparticle self-consistent many-body perturbation theory (MBPT) methods that update both eigenvalues and eigenvectors can calculate the excited-state properties of molecular systems without depending on the choice of starting points. However, those methods are computationally intensive even on modern multi-core central processing units (CPUs) and thus typically limited to small systems. Many-core accelerators such as graphics processing units (GPUs) may be able to boost the performance of those methods without losing accuracy, making starting-point-independent MBPT methods applicable to large systems. Here, we GPU accelerate MOLGW, a Gaussian-based MBPT code for molecules, with open accelerators (OpenACC) and achieve speedups of up to 10x over 16 open multi-processing (OpenMP) CPU threads on a personal computer.", "output": "MBPT methods that update both eigenvalues and eigenvectors can calculate the excited-state properties of molecular systems without depending on the choice of starting points. However, those methods are computationally intensive even on modern multi-core central processing units (CPUs) and thus typically limited to small systems."}, {"instruction": "What techniques were used to examine the electronic structure of NdSb?", "input": "The rare-earth monopnictide (REM) family, which hosts magnetic ground states with extreme magnetoresistance, has established itself as a fruitful playground for the discovery of interesting topological phases. Here, by using high-resolution angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy complemented by first-principles density functional-theory based modeling, we examine the evolution of the electronic structure of the candidate REM Dirac semimetal NdSb across the magnetic transition. A complex angel-wing-like band structure near the zone center and three arc-like features at the zone corner have been observed. This dramatic reconstruction of the itinerant bands around the zone center is shown to be driven by the magnetic transition: Specifically,, the Nd 5d electron band backfolds at the Gamma point and hybridizes with the Sb 5p hole bands in the antiferromagnetic phase. Our study indicates that antiferromagnetism plays an intricate role in the electronic structure of the REM family.", "output": "High-resolution angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy complemented by first-principles density functional-theory based modeling were used to examine the electronic structure of NdSb."}, {"instruction": "What are some examples of self-healing materials?", "input": "", "output": "Noun: examples, self-healing materials. Verb: are. Adjective: self-healing."}, {"instruction": "What is the purpose of the study mentioned in the article?", "input": "Disordered dielectrics with structural correlations on length scales comparable to visible light wavelengths exhibit complex optical properties. Such materials exist in nature, leading to beautiful structural non-iridescent color, and they are also increasingly used as building blocks for optical materials and coatings. In this article, we study the single-scattering properties of micron-sized, disordered colloidal assemblies. The aggregates act as structurally colored supraparticles or as building blocks for macroscopic photonic glasses. We present experimental data for the differential scattering and transport cross-section. We show how we can adapt existing macroscopic models to describe the scattering from small colloidal assemblies outside the weak-scattering limit and entering the Lorentz-Mie regime.", "output": "The purpose of the study is to investigate the single-scattering properties of micron-sized, disordered colloidal assemblies that act as structurally colored supraparticles or as building blocks for macroscopic photonic glasses."}, {"instruction": "What is the anomalous Hall effect?", "input": "The anomalous Hall effect has had a profound influence on the understanding of many electronic topological materials but is much less studied in their bosonic counterparts. We predict that an intrinsic anomalous Hall effect exists in a recently realized bosonic chiral superfluid, a $p$-band Bose-Einstein condensate in a 2D hexagonal boron nitride optical lattice [X. Wang et al., https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03702-0 Nature (London) 596, 227 (2021)]. We evaluate the frequency-dependent Hall conductivity within a multi-orbital Bose-Hubbard model that accurately captures the real experimental system. We find that in the high frequency limit, the Hall conductivity is determined by finite loop current correlations on the $s$-orbital residing sublattice, the latter a defining feature of the system's chirality. In the opposite limit, the dc Hall conductivity can trace its origin back to the non-interacting band Berry curvature at the condensation momentum, although the contribution from atomic interactions can be significant. We discuss available experimental probes to observe this intrinsic anomalous Hall effect at both zero and finite frequencies.", "output": "The anomalous Hall effect is a phenomenon that has had a profound influence on the understanding of many electronic topological materials."}, {"instruction": "Identify the supramolecular structure of the host-guest complex formed by cucurbit[7]uril and adamantane.", "input": "", "output": "The supramolecular structure of the host-guest complex formed by cucurbit[7]uril and adamantane is a tight inclusion complex."}, {"instruction": "What is the physical origin of the enhancement in high-harmonics generation in graphene using a two-color radiation field?", "input": "High-order frequency mixing in graphene using a two-color radiation field consisting of the fundamental and the second harmonic fields of an ultrashort linearly polarized laser pulse is studied. It is shown that the harmonics originated from the interband transitions are efficiently generated in the case of the orthogonally polarized two-color field. In this case, the generated high-harmonics are stronger than those obtained in the parallel polarization case by more than two orders of magnitude. This is in sharp contrast with the atomic and semiconductor systems, where parallel polarization case is more preferable. The physical origin of this enhancement is also deduced from the three-step semi-classical electron-hole collision model, extended to graphene with pseudo-relativistic energy dispersion. In particular, we discuss the influence of the many particle Coulomb interaction on the HHG process within dynamical Hartree-Fock approximation. Our analysis shows that in all cases we have an overall enhancement of the HHG signal compared with the free-charged carrier model due to the electron-hole attractive interaction.", "output": "The physical origin of the enhancement is deduced from the three-step semi-classical electron-hole collision model, extended to graphene with pseudo-relativistic energy dispersion. In particular, the influence of the many particle Coulomb interaction on the HHG process within dynamical Hartree-Fock approximation is discussed."}, {"instruction": "What is the explanation for why the entanglement hops in alternate sites?", "input": "We propose a mechanism for perfect entanglement transport in anti-ferromagnetic (AFM) quantum spin chain systems with modulated exchange coupling along the xy plane and in the z direction. We use the principle of adiabatic quantum pumping process for entanglement transfer in the spin chain systems. In our proposed mechanism, perfect entanglement transfer can be achieved over an arbitraly long distance. We explain analytically and physically why the entanglement hops in alternate sites. We solve this problem by using the Berry phase analysis and Abelian bosonization methods. We find the condition for blocking of entanglement transport even in the perfect pumping condition. We also explain physically why entanglement transfer in AFM chain out performs the ferromagnetic chain. Our analytical solution interconnects quantum many body physics and quantum information science.", "output": "The explanation for why the entanglement hops in alternate sites is solved by using the Berry phase analysis and Abelian bosonization methods."}, {"instruction": "What is the effect of nonmagnetic impurity on the band of carriers?", "input": "We present a theoretical study of electronic states in magnetic and nonmagnetic semiconductor quantum wires. The effects of chemical and magnetic disorder at paramagnetic temperatures are investigated in single-site coherent potential approximation. It is shown that the nonmagnetic impurity shifts the band of carriers and suppresses the van Hove singularities of the local density of states (LDOS) depending on the value of impurity concentration. The magnetic impurity, however, broadens the band which depends on the strength of exchange coupling, and in the high impurity concentration, the van Hove singularities in the LDOS can completely disappear and the curves become smooth.", "output": "The nonmagnetic impurity shifts the band of carriers and suppresses the van Hove singularities of the local density of states (LDOS) depending on the value of impurity concentration."}, {"instruction": "What is the significance of the results obtained in this study?", "input": "Droplet impact on a surface is closely tied to a diverse field of nature and practical applications, while a complete control of its outcomes remains challenging due to various unmanageable factors related to droplet, surface and surrounding environment. In this work, we propose the quantum simulation of droplet impact dynamics in the platform of ultracold atoms. Specifically, we study the quantum-fluctuation-driven dynamics(QFDD) of two-dimensional Bose-Bose mixtures from an initial Townes soliton towards the formation of quantum droplet. By tuning the fluctuation energy of initial Townes state through its size and number, the subsequent QFDD can exhibit distinct outcomes including splashing, recoiling and deposition, thereby well simulating the droplet impact dynamics. We have utilized the Weber number to identify the thresholds of splashing and recoiling, and further established a universal scaling law between the maximum spreading factor and the Weber number in recoiling regime. In addition, we show the residual QFDD in deposition regime can be used to probe the collective breathing modes of quantum droplet. Our results, which can be directly tested in cold atoms experiments, pave the way for exploring the intriguing droplet dynamics in a clean and fully controlled quantum setting.", "output": "The results obtained in this study pave the way for exploring the intriguing droplet dynamics in a clean and fully controlled quantum setting, and can be directly tested in cold atoms experiments."}, {"instruction": "What are the transition lines observed for Nf=2 and Q=1?", "input": "We consider a variant of the charge-Q compact Abelian-Higgs model, in which an Nf-dimensional complex vector is coupled with an Abelian Z_q gauge field. For Nf=2 and Q=1 we observe several transition lines that belong to the O(4), O(3), and O(2) vector universality classes, depending on the symmetry breaking pattern at the transition. The universality class is independent of $q$ as long as q>=3. The universality class of the transition is uniquely determined by the behavior of the scalar fields; gauge fields do not play any role. We also investigate the system for Nf=15 and Q=2. In the presence of U(1) gauge fields, the system undergoes transitions associated with charged fixed points of the Abelian-Higgs field theory. These continuous transitions turn into first-order ones when the U(1) gauge fields are replaced by the discrete Z_q fields: in the present compact model charged transitions appear to be very sensitive to the nature of the gauge fields", "output": "For Nf=2 and Q=1, several transition lines are observed that belong to the O(4), O(3), and O(2) vector universality classes, depending on the symmetry breaking pattern at the transition."}, {"instruction": "What is the driving force behind the strong anharmonic dynamics?", "input": "The anharmonicity of atomic motion limits the thermal conductivity in crystalline solids. However, a microscopic understanding of the mechanisms active in strong thermal insulators is lacking. In this letter, we classify 465 experimentally known materials with respect to their anharmonicity and perform fully anharmonic ab initio Green-Kubo calculations for 58 of them, finding 28 thermal insulators with $\\kappa < 10$ W/mK including 6 with ultralow $\\kappa \\lesssim 1$ W/mK. Our analysis reveals that the underlying strong anharmonic dynamics is driven by the exploration of meta-stable intrinsic defect geometries. This is at variance with the frequently applied perturbative approach, in which the dynamics is assumed to evolve around a single stable geometry.", "output": "The underlying strong anharmonic dynamics is driven by the exploration of meta-stable intrinsic defect geometries."}, {"instruction": "What does the following code related to superconductors do? resistance = 0 if temperature < critical_temperature else resistance = 1", "input": "", "output": "This code checks if the temperature is below the critical temperature of the superconductor. If it is, the resistance of the superconductor is set to zero, indicating that it can conduct electricity without any loss. Otherwise, the resistance is set to one, indicating that the superconductor behaves like a normal conductor."}, {"instruction": "What must be used to characterize the bath's ability to handle fast or large fluctuations?", "input": "Important models of nonequilibrium statistical physics (NESP) are limited by a commonly used, but often unrecognized, near-equilibrium approximation. Fokker-Planck and Langevin equations, the Einstein and random-flight diffusion models, and the Schnakenberg model of biochemical networks suppose that fluctuations are due to an ideal equilibrium bath. But far from equilibrium, this perfect bath concept does not hold. A more principled approach should derive the rate fluctuations from an underlying dynamical model, rather than assuming a particular form. Here, using Maximum Caliber as the underlying principle, we derive corrections for NESP processes in an imperfect - but more realistic - environment, corrections which become particularly important for a system driven strongly away from equilibrium. Beyond characterizing a heat bath by the single equilibrium property of its temperature, the bath's speed and size must also be used to characterize the bath's ability to handle fast or large fluctuations.", "output": "Beyond characterizing a heat bath by the single equilibrium property of its temperature, the bath's speed and size must also be used to characterize the bath's ability to handle fast or large fluctuations."}, {"instruction": "What is the lambda transition temperature according to the theory?", "input": "We present a theory describing the lambda transition and the Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) in a liquid ${\\rm ^4He}$ based on the diatomic quasiparticle concept. It is shown that in liquid ${\\rm ^4He}$ for the temperature region $1~{\\rm K}\\leq{\\rm T}\\leq {\\rm T}_\\lambda$ the diatomic quasiparticles macroscopically populate the ground state which leads to BEC in liquid ${\\rm ^4He}$. The approach yields the lambda transition temperature as ${\\rm T}_\\lambda=2.16~{\\rm K}$ which is in excellent agreement with the experimental lambda temperature ${\\rm T}_\\lambda=2.17~{\\rm K}$. The concept of diatomic quasiparticles also leads to superfluid and BEC fractions which are in a good agreement with the experimental data and Monte Carlo simulations.", "output": "According to the theory, the lambda transition temperature is ${\\rm T}_\\lambda=2.16~{\\rm K}$, which is in excellent agreement with the experimental lambda temperature ${\\rm T}_\\lambda=2.17~{\\rm K}."}, {"instruction": "What is the focus of the study?", "input": "Nanomechanical resonators made from van der Waals materials (vdW NMRs) provide a new tool for sensing absorbed laser power. The photothermal response of vdW NMRs, quantified from the resonant frequency shifts induced by optical absorption, is enhanced when incorporated in a Fabry-Perot (FP) interferometer. Along with the enhancement comes the dependence of the photothermal response on NMR displacement, which lacks investigation. Here, we address the knowledge gap by studying electromotively driven niobium diselenide drumheads fabricated on highly reflective substrates. We use a FP-mediated absorptive heating model to explain the measured variations of the photothermal response. The model predicts a higher magnitude and tuning range of photothermal responses on few-layer and monolayer NbSe$_{2}$ drumheads, which outperform other clamped vdW drum-type NMRs at a laser wavelength of $532\\,$nm. Further analysis of the model shows that both the magnitude and tuning range of NbSe$_{2}$ drumheads scale with thickness, establishing a displacement-based framework for building bolometers using FP-mediated vdW NMRs.", "output": "The study focuses on investigating the dependence of the photothermal response on NMR displacement."}, {"instruction": "What happens when the strength of the staggered potential is increased?", "input": "We study the superconductor-insulator transition (SIT) in the ground state of the attractive honeycomb Hubbard model in the presence of a staggered potential (a mass term), using a combination of unbiased computational methods, namely, exact diagonalization and quantum Monte Carlo simulations. We probe the nature of the lowest-energy charge excitations across the SIT and show that they are bosonic, as inferred (and shown in the strongly interacting regime) in a previous study of the same model in the square lattice. Increasing the strength of the staggered potential leads to a crossover in which bosonic low-energy excitations give way to fermionic ones within the insulating phase. We also show that the SIT belongs to the 3$d$-XY universality class, like in its square lattice counterpart. The robustness of our results in these two lattice geometries supports the expectation that our findings are universal for SITs in clean systems.", "output": "Increasing the strength of the staggered potential leads to a crossover in which bosonic low-energy excitations give way to fermionic ones within the insulating phase."}, {"instruction": "What is the hybrid Monte Carlo method?", "input": "We introduce methodologies for highly scalable quantum Monte Carlo simulations of electron-phonon models, and report benchmark results for the Holstein model on the square lattice. The determinant quantum Monte Carlo (DQMC) method is a widely used tool for simulating simple electron-phonon models at finite temperatures, but incurs a computational cost that scales cubically with system size. Alternatively, near-linear scaling with system size can be achieved with the hybrid Monte Carlo (HMC) method and an integral representation of the Fermion determinant. Here, we introduce a collection of methodologies that make such simulations even faster. To combat \"stiffness\" arising from the bosonic action, we review how Fourier acceleration can be combined with time-step splitting. To overcome phonon sampling barriers associated with strongly-bound bipolaron formation, we design global Monte Carlo updates that approximately respect particle-hole symmetry. To accelerate the iterative linear solver, we introduce a preconditioner that becomes exact in the adiabatic limit of infinite atomic mass. Finally, we demonstrate how stochastic measurements can be accelerated using fast Fourier transforms. These methods are all complementary and, combined, may produce multiple orders of magnitude speedup, depending on model details.", "output": "The hybrid Monte Carlo (HMC) method is an alternative to the DQMC method that achieves near-linear scaling with system size by using an integral representation of the Fermion determinant."}, {"instruction": "What is the nonlinear phonon-magnon coupling in the proposed system?", "input": "Cavity magnomechanics has become an ideal platform to explore macroscopic quantum effects. Bringing together magnons, phonons, and photons in a single physical system, it opens many opportunities for quantum technologies. It was conventionally realized by a yttrium iron garnet, which exhibits a linear magnon-phonon coupling $\\hat{m}^\\dag\\hat{m}(\\hat{b}^\\dag+\\hat{b})$, with $\\hat{m}$ and $\\hat{b}$ being the magnon and phonon modes. Inspired by the recent realization of two-dimensional (2D) magnets, we propose a new cavity magnomechanical system with one of the cavity mirror formed by a 2D magnetic material. Its anisotropic magnetostrictive interaction induces a unique nonlinear phonon-magnon coupling $\\hat{m}^\\dag\\hat{m}(\\hat{b}^\\dag+\\hat{b})^2$. It is found that a stable squeezing of the phonon and bi- and tri-partite entanglements among the three modes are generated in the regimes with a suppressed phonon number. Compared with previous schemes, ours does not require any extra nonlinear interaction and reservoir engineering and is robust against the thermal fluctuation. Enriching the realization of cavity magnomechanics, our system exhibits its superiority in quantum-state engineering due to the versatile interactions enabled by its 2D feature.", "output": "The proposed system has a unique nonlinear phonon-magnon coupling of $\\hat{m}^\\dag\\hat{m}(\\hat{b}^\\dag+\\hat{b})^2$ induced by its anisotropic magnetostrictive interaction."}, {"instruction": "What is the effect of elevated temperatures on the carrier concentration of Bi2212?", "input": "We study the variation of the electronic properties at the surface of a high temperature superconductor as a function of vacuum conditions in angle resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) experiments. Normally, under less than ideal vacuum conditions the carrier concentration of Bi2Sr2CaCu2O{8+x} (Bi2212) increases with time due to the absorption of oxygen from CO2 and CO molecules that are prime contaminants present in ultra high vacuum (UHV) systems. We find that in a high quality vacuum environment at low temperatures, the surface of Bi2212 is quite stable (the carrier concentration remains constant), however at elevated temperatures the carrier concentration decreases due to the loss of oxygen atoms from the Bi-O layer. These two effects can be used to control the carrier concentration in-situ. Our finding opens the possibility of studying the electronic properties of the cuprates as a function of doping across the phase diagram on the same piece of sample (i.e. with the same impurities and defects). We envision that this method could be utilized in other surface sensitive techniques such as scanning tunneling microscopy/spectroscopy.", "output": "The carrier concentration of Bi2212 decreases at elevated temperatures due to the loss of oxygen atoms from the Bi-O layer."}, {"instruction": "What is the network density matrix formalism?", "input": "The network density matrix formalism allows for describing the dynamics of information on top of complex structures and it has been successfully used to analyze from system's robustness to perturbations to coarse graining multilayer networks from characterizing emergent network states to performing multiscale analysis. However, this framework is usually limited to diffusion dynamics on undirected networks. Here, to overcome some limitations, we propose an approach to derive density matrices based on dynamical systems and information theory, that allows for encapsulating a much wider range of linear and non-linear dynamics and richer classes of structure, such as directed and signed ones. We use our framework to study the response to local stochastic perturbations of synthetic and empirical networks, including neural systems consisting of excitatory and inhibitory links and gene-regulatory interactions. Our findings demonstrate that topological complexity does not lead, necessarily, to functional diversity -- i.e., complex and heterogeneous response to stimuli or perturbations. Instead, functional diversity is a genuine emergent property which cannot be deduced from the knowledge of topological features such as heterogeneity, modularity, presence of asymmetries or dynamical properties of a system.", "output": "The network density matrix formalism allows for describing the dynamics of information on top of complex structures."}, {"instruction": "What is the relationship between bacteria and antibiotics?", "input": "", "output": "Antibiotics are used to kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria. However, overuse and misuse of antibiotics can lead to antibiotic resistance in bacteria, posing a serious threat to public health."}, {"instruction": "What new insights do the findings provide?", "input": "We investigated size effects on thermoelectricity in thin films of a strongly correlated layered cobaltate. At room temperature, the thermopower is independent of thickness down to 6 nm. This unusual behavior is inconsistent with the Fuchs-Sondheimer theory, which is used to describe conventional metals and semiconductors, and is attributed to the strong electron correlations in this material. Although the resistivity increases, as expected, below a critical thickness of $\\sim$ 30 nm. The temperature dependent thermopower is similar for different thicknesses but resistivity shows systematic changes with thickness. Our experiments highlight the differences in thermoelectric behavior of strongly correlated and uncorrelated systems when subjected to finite size effects. We use the atomic limit Hubbard model at the high temperature limit to explain our observations. These findings provide new insights on decoupling electrical conductivity and thermopower in correlated systems.", "output": "The findings provide new insights on decoupling electrical conductivity and thermopower in correlated systems."}, {"instruction": "What is the purpose of dynamical decoupling techniques?", "input": "A practical implementation of a quantum computer requires robust qubits that are protected against their noisy environment. Dynamical decoupling techniques have been successfully used in the past to offer protected high-fidelity gate operations in negatively-charged Nitrogen-Vacancy (NV-) centers in diamond, albeit under specific conditions with the intrinsic nitrogen nuclear spin initialised. In this work, we show how the SMART protocol, an extension of the dressed-qubit concept, can be implemented for continuous protection to offer Clifford gate fidelities compatible with fault-tolerant schemes, whilst prolonging the coherence time of a single NV- qubit at room temperature. We show an improvement in the average Clifford gate fidelity from $0.940\\pm0.005$ for the bare qubit to $0.993\\pm0.002$ for the SMART qubit, with the nitrogen nuclear spin in a random orientation. We further show a $\\gtrsim$ 30 times improvement in the qubit coherence times compared to the bare qubit.", "output": "Dynamical decoupling techniques are used to offer protected high-fidelity gate operations in negatively-charged Nitrogen-Vacancy (NV-) centers in diamond, albeit under specific conditions with the intrinsic nitrogen nuclear spin initialised."}, {"instruction": "What is the stable configuration for carbon and nitrogen on interstitial sites?", "input": "We study the electronic and magnetic structure of carbon and nitrogen impurities and interstitials in rutile TiO${_2}$. To this end we perform \\textit{ab-initio} calculations of a 48-atom supercell employing the VASP code. In order to obtain a realistic description of the electronic and magnetic structure, exchange and correlation are treated with the HSE06 hybrid functional. Both, atomic positions and cell dimensions are fully relaxed. Substitutional carbon and nitrogen are found to have a magnetic moment of 2 and 1$\\mu{_B}$, respectively, with a tendency for anti-ferromagnetic long range order. For C/N on interstitial sites we find that carbon is non-magnetic while nitrogen always possesses a magnetic moment of 1$\\mu{_B}$. We find that these interstitial positions are on a saddle point of the total energy. The stable configuration is reached when both carbon and nitrogen form a C-O and N-O dimer with a bond length close to the double bond for CO and NO. This result is in agreement with earlier experimental investigations detecting such N-O entities from XPS measurements. The frequencies of the symmetric stretching mode are calculated for these dimers, which could provide a means for experimental verification. For all configurations investigated both C and N states are found inside the TiO${_2}$ gap. These new electronic states are discussed with respect to tuning doped TiO${_2}$ for the application in photocatalysis", "output": "The stable configuration for carbon and nitrogen on interstitial sites is when both form a C-O and N-O dimer with a bond length close to the double bond for CO and NO. This result is in agreement with earlier experimental investigations detecting such N-O entities from XPS measurements. The frequencies of the symmetric stretching mode are calculated for these dimers, which could provide a means for experimental verification."}, {"instruction": "What is the difference in lifetime of the AM oscillations observed with different polarizations?", "input": "Low dimensionality in CDW systems leads to anisotropic optical properties, in both equilibrium and non-equilibrium conditions. Here we perform polarized two-color pump probe measurements on a quasi-1D material ZrTe$_3$, in order to study the anisotropic transient optical response in the CDW state. Profound in-plane anisotropy is observed with respect to polarization of probe photons. Below $T_\\mathrm{CDW}$ both the quasi-particle relaxation signal and amplitude mode (AM) oscillation signal are much larger with $\\mathbf{E}_\\mathrm{pr}$ nearly parallel to $a$ axis ($\\mathbf{E}_\\mathrm{pr} \\parallel a$) than for $\\mathbf{E}_\\mathrm{pr}$ parallel to $b$ axis ($\\mathbf{E}_\\mathrm{pr} \\parallel b$). This reveals that $\\mathbf{E}_\\mathrm{pr} \\parallel a$ signal is much more sensitive to the variation of the CDW gap. Interestingly, the lifetime of the AM oscillations observed with $\\mathbf{E}_\\mathrm{pr} \\parallel b$ is longer than $\\mathbf{E}_\\mathrm{pr} \\parallel a$. Moreover, at high pump fluence where the electronic order melts and the AM oscillations vanish for $\\mathbf{E}_\\mathrm{pr} \\parallel a$ , the AM oscillatory response still persists for $\\mathbf{E}_\\mathrm{pr} \\parallel b$. We discuss possible origins that lead to such unusual discrepancy between the two polarizations.", "output": "The lifetime of the AM oscillations observed with $\\mathbf{E}_\\mathrm{pr} \\parallel b$ is longer than $\\mathbf{E}_\\mathrm{pr} \\parallel a$."}, {"instruction": "What is the mathematical justification for coarse-grained dynamics?", "input": "Transient bonds between fast linkers and slower particles are widespread in physical and biological systems. In spite of their diverse structure and function, a commonality is that the linkers diffuse on timescales much faster compared to the overall motion of the particles they bind to. This limits numerical and theoretical approaches that need to resolve these diverse timescales with high accuracy. Many models, therefore, resort to effective, yet ad-hoc, dynamics, where linker motion is only accounted for when bound. This paper provides a mathematical justification for such coarse-grained dynamics that preserves detailed balance at equilibrium. Our derivation is based on multiscale averaging techniques and is broadly applicable. We verify our results with simulations on a minimal model of fast linker binding to a slow particle. We show how our framework can be applied to various systems, including those with multiple linkers, stiffening linkers upon binding, or slip bonds with force-dependent unbinding. Importantly, the preservation of detailed balance only sets the ratio of the binding to the unbinding rates, but it does not constrain the detailed expression of binding kinetics. We conclude by discussing how various choices of binding kinetics may affect macroscopic dynamics.", "output": "The mathematical justification for coarse-grained dynamics that preserves detailed balance at equilibrium is based on multiscale averaging techniques and is broadly applicable."}, {"instruction": "What kind of instabilities do quasi-one-dimensional lattices of self-propelled droplets exhibit?", "input": "Recent experiments show that quasi-one-dimensional lattices of self-propelled droplets exhibit collective instabilities in the form of out-of-phase oscillations and solitary-like waves. This hydrodynamic lattice is driven by the external forcing of a vertically vibrating fluid bath, which invokes a field of subcritical Faraday waves on the bath surface, mediating the spatio-temporal droplet coupling.By modelling the droplet lattice as a memory-endowed system with spatially nonlocal coupling, we herein rationalise the form and onset of instability in this new class of dynamical oscillator. We identify the memory-driven instability of the lattice as a function of the number of droplets, and determine equispaced lattice configurations precluded by geometrical constraints. Each memory-driven instability is then classified as either a super- or sub-critical Hopf bifurcation \\emph{via} a systematic weakly nonlinear analysis, rationalising experimental observations. We further discover a previously unreported symmetry-breaking instability, manifest as an oscillatory-rotary motion of the lattice. Numerical simulations support our findings and prompt further investigations of this nonlinear dynamical system.", "output": "Recent experiments show that quasi-one-dimensional lattices of self-propelled droplets exhibit collective instabilities in the form of out-of-phase oscillations and solitary-like waves."}, {"instruction": "What theories were tested using the new method?", "input": "Motivated by establishing holographic renormalization for gravitational theories with non-metricity and torsion, we present a new and efficient general method for calculating Gibbons-Hawking-York (GHY) terms. Our method consists of linearizing any nonlinearity in curvature, torsion or non-metricity by introducing suitable Lagrange multipliers. Moreover, we use a split formalism for differential forms, writing them in $(n-1)+1$ dimensions. The boundary terms of the action are manifest in this formalism by means of Stokes' theorem, such that the compensating GHY term for the Dirichlet problem may be read off directly. We observe that only those terms in the Lagrangian that contain curvature contribute to the GHY term. Terms polynomial solely in torsion and non-metricity do not require any GHY term compensation for the variational problem to be well-defined. We test our method by confirming existing results for Einstein-Hilbert and four-dimensional Chern-Simons modified gravity. Moreover, we obtain new results for Lovelock-Chern-Simons and metric-affine gravity. For all four examples, our new method and results contribute to a new approach towards a systematic hydrodynamic expansion for spin and hypermomentum currents within AdS/CFT.", "output": "The new method was tested on four theories: Einstein-Hilbert, four-dimensional Chern-Simons modified gravity, Lovelock-Chern-Simons, and metric-affine gravity. The method confirmed existing results for the first two and obtained new results for the latter two."}, {"instruction": "What facilitates the establishment of global, seemingly long-ranged order?", "input": "The ability of cells to reorganize in response to external stimuli is important in areas ranging from morphogenesis to tissue engineering. Elongated cells can co-align due to steric effects, forming states with local order. We show that molecular-scale substrate anisotropy can direct cell organization, resulting in the emergence of nematic order on tissue scales. To quantitatively examine the disorder-order transition, we developed a high-throughput imaging platform to analyze velocity and orientational correlations for several thousand cells over days. The establishment of global, seemingly long-ranged order is facilitated by enhanced cell division along the substrate's nematic axis, and associated extensile stresses that restructure the cells' actomyosin networks. Our work, which connects to a class of systems known as active dry nematics, provides a new understanding of the dynamics of cellular remodeling and organization in weakly interacting cell collectives. This enables data-driven discovery of cell-cell interactions and points to strategies for tissue engineering.", "output": "The establishment of global, seemingly long-ranged order is facilitated by enhanced cell division along the substrate's nematic axis, and associated extensile stresses that restructure the cells' actomyosin networks."}, {"instruction": "Identify the parts of speech in the sentence: 'The Seebeck coefficient is a measure of the thermoelectric power of a material.'", "input": "", "output": "The (DT) Seebeck (NNP) coefficient (NN) is (VBZ) a (DT) measure (NN) of (IN) the (DT) thermoelectric (JJ) power (NN) of (IN) a (DT) material (NN)."}, {"instruction": "What is a 2D Stiefel-Whitney insulator?", "input": "Two-dimensional (2D) Stiefel-Whitney (SW) insulator is a fragile topological state characterized by the second SW class in the presence of space-time inversion symmetry. So far, SWIs have been proposed in several electronic materials but seldom in phononic systems. Here we recognize that a large class of 2D buckled honeycomb crystals termed Xenes and their ligand-functionalized derivatives realize the nontrivial phononic SW topology. The phononic SWIs are identified by a nonzero second SW number $w_2=1$, associated with gaped edge states and robust topological corner modes. Despite the versatility of electronic topological properties in these materials, the nontrivial phononic SW topology is mainly attributed to the double band inversion between in-plane acoustic and out-of-plane optical bands with opposite parities due to the structural buckling of the honeycomb lattice. Our findings not only reveal an overlooked phononic topological property of 2D Xene-related materials, but also afford abundant readily synthesizable material candidates with simple phononic spectra for further experimental studies of phononic SW topology physics.", "output": "A 2D Stiefel-Whitney insulator is a fragile topological state characterized by the second SW class in the presence of space-time inversion symmetry."}, {"instruction": "What is the quantum spin Hall effect?", "input": "Two-dimensional topological insulators (2DTIs), which host the quantum spin Hall (QSH) effect, are one of the key materials in next-generation spintronic devices. To date, experimental evidence of the QSH effect has only been observed in a few materials, and thus, the search for new 2DTIs is at the forefront of physical and materials science. Here, we report experimental evidence of a 2DTI in the van der Waals material Ta$_2$Pd$_3$Te$_5$. First-principles calculations show that each monolayer of Ta$_2$Pd$_3$Te$_5$ is a 2DTI with weak interlayer interactions. Combined transport, angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy, and scanning tunneling microscopy measurements confirm the existence of a band gap at the Fermi level and topological edge states inside the gap. These results demonstrate that Ta$_2$Pd$_3$Te$_5$ is a promising material for fabricating spintronic devices based on the QSH effect.", "output": "The quantum spin Hall effect is a phenomenon in which electrons flow without resistance along the edges of a material due to their spin properties."}, {"instruction": "What is the reason for the small gauge factor of silicene?", "input": "The outstanding properties of graphene have laid the foundation for exploring graphene-like two-dimensional systems, commonly referred to as 2D-Xenes. Amongst them, silicene is a front-runner owing to its compatibility with current silicon fabrication technologies. Recent works on silicene have unveiled its useful electronic and mechanical properties. The rapid miniaturization of silicon devices and the useful electro-mechanical properties of silicene necessitates the exploration for potential applications of silicene flexible electronics in the nano electro-mechanical systems. Using a theoretical model derived from the integration of \\textit{ab-initio} density-functional theory and quantum transport theory, we investigate the piezoresistance effect of silicene in the nanoscale regime. Like graphene, we obtain a small value of piezoresistance gauge factor of silicene, which is sinusoidally dependent on the transport angle. The small gauge factor of silicene is attributed to its robust Dirac cone and strain-independent valley degeneracy. Based on the obtained results, we propose to use silicene as an interconnect in flexible electronic devices and a reference piezoresistor in strain sensors. This work will hence pave the way for exploring flexible electronics applications in other 2D-Xene materials.", "output": "The small gauge factor of silicene is attributed to its robust Dirac cone and strain-independent valley degeneracy."}, {"instruction": "What is the difference between ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic materials?", "input": "", "output": "Ferromagnetic materials are strongly attracted to a magnetic field and can retain their magnetization even after the external magnetic field is removed, while antiferromagnetic materials have magnetic moments that cancel each other out and do not exhibit a net magnetic moment."}, {"instruction": "Can the lack of invariance in the elastic Navier equations be overcome?", "input": "Cloaking elastic waves has, in contrast to the cloaking of electromagnetic waves, remained a fundamental challenge: the latter successfully uses the invariance of Maxwell's equations, from which the field of transformational optics has emerged, whereas the elastic Navier equations are not invariant under coordinate transformations. Our aim is to overcome this challenge, at least in practical terms, and thereby unlock applications in mechanics, ultrasound, vibration mitigation, non-destructive evaluation and elastic wave control. We achieve near-cloaking by recognising that, despite the lack of invariance, a decoupling into a system of form invariant potential equations together with a quantifiable approximation, can be used effectively in many cases to control the flow of elastodynamic waves. Here, in particular we \\rvc{focus} on the efficiency and practicability of the proposed near-cloaking which is illustrated using carpet cloaks to hide surface defects from incoming compressional and shear in-plane waves and from surface elastic Rayleigh waves.", "output": "The lack of invariance in the elastic Navier equations cannot be overcome, but a decoupling into a system of form invariant potential equations together with a quantifiable approximation can be used effectively in many cases to control the flow of elastodynamic waves."}, {"instruction": "What is the difference in electronic properties at different types of contact between substrate and the overlayer?", "input": "Based on the ab initio calculations, we study the electronic structure of the BiTeI/MnBi2Te4 heterostructure interface composed of the anti-ferromagnetic topological insulator MnBi$_2$Te$_4$ and the polar semiconductor trilayer BiTeI. We found significant difference in electronic properties at different types of contact between substrate and the overlayer. While the case of Te-Te interface forms natural expansion of the substrate, when Dirac cone state locates mostly in the polar overlayer region and undergoes slight exchange splitting, Te-I contact is the source of four-band state contributed by the substrate Dirac cone and Rashba-type state of the polar trilayer. Owing to magnetic proximity, the pair of Kramers degeneracies for this state are lifted, what produces Hall response in transport regime. We believe, our findings provide new opportunities to construct novel type spintronic devices.", "output": "The case of Te-Te interface forms natural expansion of the substrate, when Dirac cone state locates mostly in the polar overlayer region and undergoes slight exchange splitting, while Te-I contact is the source of four-band state contributed by the substrate Dirac cone and Rashba-type state of the polar trilayer."}, {"instruction": "What is the compression-relaxation mechanism that produces static ripples on graphene sheets?", "input": "The amount of rippling in graphene sheets is related to the interactions with the substrate or with the suspending structure. Here, we report on an irreversibility in the response to forces that act on suspended graphene sheets. This may explain why one always observes a ripple structure on suspended graphene. We show that a compression-relaxation mechanism produces static ripples on graphene sheets and determine a peculiar temperature $T_c$, such that for $T