Published July 29, 2023 | Version v1
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HBV, HCV and HIV Seroprevalence in Hemodialysis Patients Admitted to a Tertiary Care Hospital in Mogadishu, Somalia

  • 1. Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Mogadishu Somalia-Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Mogadishu, Somalia.
  • 2. Department of Infectious Disease and Clinical Microbiology, Mogadishu Somalia-Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Mogadishu, Somalia.

Description

Abstract

Hemodialysis (HD) patients are a special group of patients who are at high risk for infection and related complications. Blood-borne viruses associated with chronic diseases such as hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are important causes of morbidity and mortality in HD patients. Immunodeficiency of the patients, weak protective efficacy of vaccines (HBV etc.), invasive vascular procedures, long-term dialysis applications and device-related contaminated blood contact risk, need for blood transfusion, medical practices associated with the risk of nosocomial transmission are some of the factors associated with an increased risk of infection transmission in HD patients. In addition to standard precautions to prevent infection transmission, some additional practices specific to HD patients have been recommended. HBV vaccination, patient isolation (special staff and use of separated rooms, devices, and equipment) in case of indication, precautions to be taken during catheter application (selection of catheter location, catheter care, skin antisepsis, and performing the procedures under appropriate and sterile conditions), monitoring patients for infection markers (before dialysis and at recommended intervals), taking into account inadequate antibody production and the long incubation period of viral infections are some examples of preventive procedures specific to HD patients. In this study, the prevalence of HBV, HCV and HIV infections in HD patients treated in a tertiary care hospital in Somalia was investigated. A total of 744 HD patients, 419 (56.3%) males and 325 (43.7%) females, were included in the study. The mean age of the patients was 50.81±17.62 (range 7-91) and the median age was 53. 660 of the patients were tested for anti-HBs (386 positive patients; 58.5%), 718 for HBsAg (63 positive patients, 8.8%), 720 for anti-HCV (19 positive patients, 2.6%), and 599 for anti-HIV (one positive patient 0.17%). Seropositivity rates were found to increase with age in HD patients, in line with the prevalence of viral agents in the population. In 718 patients tested for HBsAg, the positivity rates in men and women were 10.8% (44/406) and 6.1% (19/312), respectively, and the seropositivity rate was significantly higher in men (p=0.026). Anti-HCV seropositivity (2.6%) was approximately twice and significantly higher in HD patients than the hospital general prevalence (1.41%) (p=0.005). Emergency responses to injuries related to ongoing conflict across the country, invasive procedures performed outside the hospital and under unsuitable conditions, lack of molecular diagnostic tests for viral infections in identifying seronegative cases, patients apply to various centers with different capabilities for dialysis procedures and irregular patient follow-up records, missing hemodialysis sessions due to economic or other reasons high prevalence of HBV, and lack of trained and specialized personnel draw attention as problems specific to the region. 

Özet

Hemodiyaliz (HD) hastaları enfeksiyon bulaşı ve ilişkili komplikasyonlar için yüksek risk altında olan özel bir hasta grubudur. Hepatit B virusu (HBV), hepatit C virusu (HCV) ve insan immünyetmezlik virusu (human immunodeficiency virus, HIV) gibi kan yolu ile bulaşan ve kronik hastalıklarla ilişkili viral etkenler HD hastalarında önemli morbidite ve mortalite nedenleridir. Hastaların immün yetmezliği, aşıların (HBV gibi) zayıf koruyuculuğu, invaziv vasküler girişimler, uzun süreli diyaliz uygulamaları ve cihaz ilişkili kontamine kan teması riski, kan nakli gereksinimi, nozokomiyal bulaş riski ile ilişkili tıbbi uygulamalar bu hastalarda artmış enfeksiyon bulaş riski ile ilişkili faktörlerden bazılarıdır. Enfeksiyon bulaşının önlenmesi için standart önlemlere ek olarak HD hastalarına özel bazı ek uygulamalar önerilmiştir. HBV aşılaması, endikasyon varlığında hasta izolasyonu (özel personel ve ayrı oda, cihaz ve ekipman kullanılması), kateter uygulaması sırasında alınacak önlemler (kateter yerinin seçimi, kateter bakımı, cilt antisepsisi ve işlemlerin uygun ve steril koşullarda gerçekleştirilmesi), hastaların yetersiz antikor üretimi ve viral enfeksiyonların uzun sürebilen inkübasyon süreleri de dikkate alınarak diyaliz öncesinde ve önerilen aralıklarla enfeksiyon belirteçleri (marker) için izlenmesi HD hastalarına özel koruyucu prosedürlere örnek verilebilir. Bu çalışmada Somali'de yerleşik bir üçüncü basamak hastanesinde tedavi gören HD hastalarında HBV, HCV ve HIV enfeksiyonlarının sıklığı araştırıldı. Çalışmaya 419'u (%56.3) erkek ve 325'i (%43.7) kadın olmak üzere toplam 744 HD hastası dahil edildi. Hastaların yaş ortalaması 50.81±17.62 (aralık 7-91) ve ortanca yaşı 53 idi. Hastaların 660'ı anti-HBS (386 pozitif hasta; %58.5), 718'i HBsAg (63 pozitif hasta %8.8), 720'si anti-HCV (19 pozitif hasta, %2.6) ve 599'u anti-HIV (bir pozitif hasta %0.17 ) için test edilmişti. HD hastalarında viral etkenlerin toplumdaki prevalansına uygun olarak yaşla birlikte artan oranlarda seropozitiflik bulundu. HBsAg için test edilen 718 hastada erkek ve kadınlarda pozitiflik oranları sırası ile %10.8 (44/406) ve %6.1 (19/312) olup, seropozitiflik oranı erkeklerde anlamlı derecede daha yüksekti (p=0.026). Anti-HCV seropozitifliği (%2.6) ise HD hastalarında hastane genelindeki prevalansa (%1.41) göre yaklaşık iki kat ve anlamlı derecede daha yüksekti (p=0.005). Ülke genelinde devam eden çatışmalarla ilişkili yaralanmalara yapılan acil müdahaleler, hastane dışında ve uygun olmayan koşullarda yapılan invaziv işlemler, seronegatif olguların belirlenmesinde viral etkenler için moleküler tanı testlerinin yokluğu, hastaların diyaliz işlemleri için imkan ve kabiliyetleri farklı çeşitli merkezlere başvurması ve hasta izlemi ve kayıtlarının düzensiz olması, hastaların ekonomik veya diğer nedenlerle hemodiyaliz seanslarını kaçırması, yüksek HBV prevalansı, eğitimli ve uzman personel eksikliği bölgeye özgü sorunlar olarak dikkat çekmektedir.

Notes

Mogadişu Somali'de Bir Üçüncü Basamak Hastanesine Başvuran Hemodiyaliz Hastalarında HBV, HCV ve HIV Seroprevalansı

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