Pulmonic Consonants | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Place → | Labial | Coronal | Dorsal | Laryngeal | ||||||||||||||||||||||
↓ Manner | Bilabial | Labiodental | Linguolabial | Dental | Alveolar | Palato- alveolar |
Retroflex | Alveolo- palatal |
Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Pharyngeal / Epiglottal |
Glottal | |||||||||||||
Nasal | m̥ | m | ɱ | n̼̊ | n̼ | n̥ | n | ɳ̊ | ɳ | ȵ̊ | ȵ | ɲ̊ | ɲ | ŋ̊ | ŋ | ɴ̥ | ɴ | |||||||||
Stop | p | b | p̪ | b̪ | t̼ | d̼ | t | d | ʈ | ɖ | c | ɟ | k | ɡ | q | ɢ | ʡ | ʔ | ||||||||
Sibilant affricate | ts | dz | tʃ | dʒ | ʈʂ | ɖʐ | tɕ | dʑ | ||||||||||||||||||
Non-sibilant affricate | pɸ | bβ | pf | bv | tθ | dð | tθ̠ | dð̠ | t̠ɹ̠̊˔ | d̠ɹ̠˔ | cç | ɟʝ | kx | ɡɣ | qχ | ʡħ | ʡʕ | ʔh | ||||||||
Sibilant fricative | s | z | ʃ | ʒ | ʂ | ʐ | ɕ | ʑ | ||||||||||||||||||
Non-sibilant fricative | ɸ | β | f | v | θ̼ | ð̼ | θ | ð | θ̱ | ð̠ | ɹ̠̊˔ | ɹ̠˔ | ç | ʝ | x | ɣ | χ | ʁ | ħ | ʕ | h | ɦ ʔ̞ | ||||
Approximant | ɸ˕ | ʋ | θ̞ | ɹ̥ | ɹ | ɻ̊ | ɻ | j̊ | j | ɰ̊ | ɰ | |||||||||||||||
Flap or tap | ⱱ̟ | ⱱ | ɾ̼ | ɾ̥ | ɾ | ɽ̊ | ɽ | ɢ̆ | ʡ̮ | |||||||||||||||||
Trill | ʙ | r̼ | r̥ | r | ɽr̥ | ɽr | ʀ̥ | ʀ | ʜ | ʢ | ||||||||||||||||
Lateral affricate | tɬ | dɮ | ʈɭ̊˔ | cʎ̥˔ | kʟ̝̊ | ɡʟ̝ | ||||||||||||||||||||
Lateral fricative | ɬ | ɮ | ɭ̊˔ | ʎ̥˔ | ʎ̝ | ʟ̝̊ | ʟ̝ | |||||||||||||||||||
Lateral approximant | l̼ | l̥ | l | ɭ̊ | ɭ | ʎ̥ | ʎ | ʟ | ʟ̠ | |||||||||||||||||
Lateral flap | ɺ̼ | ɺ | ɭ̆ | ʎ̮ | ʟ̆ |
Non-pulmonic consonants | |||||||||
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Simple clicks | ʘ | ʘ̬ | ʘ̃ | ǀ | ǀ̬ | ǀ̃ | ǃ | ǃ̬ | ǃ̃ |
ǂ | ǂ̬ | ǂ̃ | ǁ | ǁ̬ | ǁ̃ | ǃ˞ | ǃ̬˞ | ǃ̃˞ | |
Other clicks | ʘ̃ˀ | ʘˀ | ˀʘ̃ | ʘ͡q | ʘ͡qχ | ʘ͡qʼ | ʘ͡qχʼ | ¡ | ʞ |
Implosives | ɓ | ɗ | ᶑ | ʄ | ɠ | ʛ | |||
ɓ̥ | ɗ̥ | ᶑ̥ | ʄ̊ | ɠ̊ | ʛ̥ | ||||
Ejectives | pʼ | tʼ | ʈʼ | cʼ | kʼ | qʼ | ʡʼ | ||
fʼ | θʼ | sʼ | ɬʼ | ʃʼ | ʂʼ | ɕʼ | xʼ | χʼ | |
tsʼ | tɬʼ | tʃʼ | ʈʂʼ | tɕʼ | cʎ̝̥ʼ | kxʼ | kʟ̝̊ʼ | qχʼ |
Co-articulated consonants | |||||
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Continuants | ʍ | w | ɥ̊ | ɥ | ɫ |
Occlusives | k͡p | ɡ͡b | ŋ͡m | ɧ | |
t͡p | d͡b | n͡m | q͡ʡ |
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Tone System | |||||
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Even | Rising | Falling | Contour | Short | |
High | 55 | 3545 | 435 | 5 | |
Mid-High | 44 | 34 24 | 54 | 214 | 4 |
Mid | 33 | 13 | 53 43 | 213 | 3 |
Mid-Low | 22 | 12 | 52 42 | 212 | 2 |
Low | 11 | 51 31 21 | 1 | ||
Neutral Tone | 0 |