Ostracoda (Myodocopa) from Anchialine Caves and Ocean Blue Holes

Eleven stygobitic myodocopid ostracodes (two new–Danielopolina palmeri and Spelaeoecia hox) in the Order Halocyprida are reported from anchialine waters in 11 inland blue holes in Bahamas. One stygobitic halocyprid ostracode is reported from two localities in Bermuda, and one from a cave in Mexico. A new subfamily, Spelaeoeciinae, is proposed to contain the genus Spelaeoecia, and the subfamily Deeveyinae is elevated to family status. Two new species of cladocopid ostracode (Pseudopolycope helix and Pontopolycope storthynx), are described from a cave in Mexico and an oceanic blue hole in the Bahamas. Nine species of myodocopid ostracodes (four new—Rutiderma flex, Eusarsiella syrinx, Eusarsiella fax, and Synasterope matrix) in the Suborder Myodocopina and one species in the Suborder Halocypridina are reported from ocean blue holes in the Bahamas. This is the first report of a halocyprid living in both an inland and ocean blue hole in the Bahamas. The sarsiellid genus Dantya Kornicker & Cohen 1978 is reported for the first time in the Bahamas, but the single juvenile specimen is left in open nomenclature as Dantya sp. A. The development of Deeveya bransoni and Eusarsiella syrinx is described in detail. With the exception of one species of Danielopolina from deep waters of the South Atlantic, all other species of Danielopolina, Spelaeoecia and Deeveya have been previously found only in inland, anchialine caves. The discovery of Deeveya inhabiting deeper, hydrologically-isolated waters in ocean blue holes, which are otherwise comparable to classical anchialine environments, has raised questions concerning the geographic limits to the anchialine habitat and its supposed reliance on terrestrial inputs.


Introduction
The term anchialine was coined by Holthuis (1973: 3) to designate "pools with no surface connection with the sea, containing salt or brackish water, which fluctuates with the tides". During the Bermuda Marine Cave Symposium October 1984 the definition was modified as follows: Anchialine habitats consist of bodies of haline water, usually with a restricted exposure to open air, always with more or less extensive subterranean connections to the sea, and showing noticeable marine as well as terrestrial influences (Stock et al. 1986: 91).
Caves opening beneath sea level and entirely filled with seawater were termed "submarine caves" and were not considered anchialine since they lack a terrestrial influence.
Until recently, the distinction between anchialine and submarine caves appeared valid based on significant hydrological and biological differences. Typically, anchialine caves are well stratified with a surface layer of fresh or brackish water separated from underlying fully marine waters by a well defined halocline (Iliffe 2000: 61-63). Deeper, marine water in anchialine caves contains little particulate matter and is exceptionally transparent. Due to the cave's remote and indirect connections with the sea, such water appears to have a long residence time within the cave. Water currents range from negligible to low velocity. The fauna of anchialine caves is characterized by cave-adapted stygobitic (exclusively found in aquatic subterranean habitats) taxa. Anchialine species are most commonly found swimming slowly in the cave water column, while the rock walls and ceilings of the cave are for the most part barren of visible life forms. Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope studies have identified three sources of organic matter supporting 2 to 2.5 levels in the anchialine cave food web from the Yucatan Peninsula: 1) forest soil above the cave, 2) freshwater algae in cave entrance pools, and 3) chemoautotrophic bacteria (Pohlman et al. 1997(Pohlman et al. , 2000. Conversely, submarine caves are typically characterized by the presence of powerful tidal currents which reverse direction at the change of the tide (Warner & Moore 1984: 34-41;Trott & Warner 1986: 13). Water in submarine caves consists of open ocean water which is alternately sucked in and flushed out as tidal currents reverse. Residence times are thus on the order of a single to a few tidal cycles. The fauna of submarine caves is mostly made up of encrusting or benthic organisms. They are either well attached to the substrate or only are active when the tides goes slack as it changes direction. Most are filter feeders (e.g. sponges, hydroids, etc.) or scavengers (e.g. shrimp, amphipods, etc.) of the organic detritus carried in from the sea by the current. Few show any noticeable stygomorphic adaptations, and most are also found outside of caves.
Water filled caves in the Bahamas are commonly referred to as "blue holes" due to the predominant color of the water in them, especially when viewed from the air (Palmer 1997: 55). They include both anchialine (called inland blue holes) and submarine (known as ocean blue holes) caves. Within the last several years, cave divers using diver propulsion vehicles (or scooters), closed circuit rebreathers and special mixed gas technology (Prosser & Gray, 1998;Bozanic 2002;Wienke 2002) have penetrated farther and deeper into these caves reaching horizontal penetrations of more than 1,500 m and depths in excess of 130 m. In the deep interior of ocean blue holes, they have discovered habitats and organisms comparable to those previously known only from anchialine caves.
The presence of hydrologically isolated water bodies and stygobitic fauna in the deep interior of open ocean submarine caves significantly broadens the ecological range of the anchialine habitat and calls into question the assumption that terrestrial inputs are a necessary feature. Anchialine habitats, including caves with purely marine waters but inhabited by troglomorphic species (Sket 2004), extend from coastal areas of islands and other land masses across shallow-water platforms and shelves. The vertical depth limits of this habitat are as yet unknown but likely extend for well over 100 m. At present, physiological and technological limitations of human divers restrict our knowledge of the anchialine environment.
Considering the 100 m plus vertical extent of glacial and post-glacial sea level fluctuations during the Pleistocene, nearly all present inland and ocean blue holes would have been dry and air filled for many tens of thousands of years. Long periods of lowered sea level are documented in submerged caves by the presence of stalactites and stalagmites that can only form in air by dripping water. These have been observed in both inland and ocean blue holes to depths in excess of 60 m. During glacial epochs, the present-day shallow banks of the Bahamas would have been dry land and only the deepest submarine caves would have been anchialine.
Many anchialine taxa including the halocyprids are relict, long term survivors of ancient lineages, which have inhabited caves for hundreds of thousands, if not millions of years. For example, great age is implied by the biogeographic distribution of the anchialine fauna of Western Australia including the remipede Lasionectes Yager & Schram 1986, the thermosbaenacean Halosbaena Stock 1976, the ostracode Danielopolina and the misophrioid copepod Speleophria Boxshall & Iliffe 1986 that are otherwise known primarily from caves on opposite sides of the Atlantic (Humphreys 2004). This highly anomalous distribution, coupled with the poor long distance dispersal of stygobites and the tectonic history of Earth, suggests that these species may have initially colonized caves along the margins of the Tethys Sea prior to the breakup of Pangea some 180 million years B.P. and were subsequently dispersed by plate tectonics. Remipedes, with fossil relatives from the Carboniferous, are considered to be among the most primitive of living crustaceans (Martin & Davis 2001); their highly segmented bodies resemble the polychaete worms from which crustaceans are thought to have evolved. The platycopioid copepod Antrisocopia prehensilis Fosshagen 1985in Fosshagen & Iliffe 1985 from Bermuda caves agrees in many ways with the theoretical ancestral copepod (Fosshagen & Iliffe 1985). Erebonectes nesioticu Fosshagen 1985in Fosshagen & Iliffe 1985, also from Bermuda caves, is considered one of the most primitive calanoids due to its first antennae with 27 segments (the highest number recorded), essentially unmodified mouthparts, and primitive legs (Fosshagen & Iliffe 1985). The presence of numerous primitive and apparently ancient taxa in anchialine caves attests to the great age and long term stability of this habitat. Thus, anchialine caves act as preserving centers for relict taxa, known from nowhere else on Earth.
Paradoxically, many of the caves that are today inhabited by anchialine fauna are geologically quite young. The Monte Corona lava cave on Lanzarote in the Canary Islands is only 2,000 to 3,000 years old, yet is inhabited by a rich anchialine fauna including the remipede Speleonectes, four genera of misophrioid copepods (Dimisophria Boxshall & Iliffe 1987, Expansophria Boxshall & Iliffe 1987, Palpophria Boxshall & Iliffe 1987and Speleophriopsis Jaume & Boxshall 1996, the thermosbaenacean Halosbaena Stock 1976 and two species of the halocyprid ostracod Danielopolina . Likewise, the limestone caves in Bermuda are relatively young. The limestone capping this mid-ocean volcanic seamount is no more than one to two million years old, but its caves are inhabited by a diverse group of anchialine taxa. The presence of primitive, relict species in such geologically recent caves suggests that the fauna was originally living in older and probably deeper habitats that allowed for migration into new caves as they formed. Three halocyprid genera, Danielopolina, Deeveya and Spelaeoecia, are known primarily or exclusively from anchialine caves. They have a highly disjunct distribution, suggestive of a Tethyan origin (Fig. 6). Danielopolina is the most widely distributed with species on opposite sides of both the Atlantic and Pacific. Spelaeoecia is limited to Bermuda and the Caribbean (Bahamas, Cuba, Yucatan and Jamaica), while Deeveya occurs only within the Bahamas. The Caribbean and especially the Bahamas appear to be the center of biodiversity for these taxa. Twenty-seven out of the 31 known species of stygobitic halocyprids are found in the Caribbean and Bermuda. Nineteen species of halocyprids inhabit Bahamian caves. These observations are consistent with other anchialine taxa including remipedes (Yager and Humphreys 1996: 184), epacteriscid calanoid copepods (Fosshagen et al. 2001: 314-315), etc. Even within the Bahamas, these halocyprid genera are widely dispersed. Deeveya and Spelaeoecia are represented from caves on the Great Bahama Bank, Little Bahama Bank and San Salvador, although Danielopolina, which has the greatest worldwide distribution, is known at present only within the Bahamas on the Great Bahama Bank (Fig. 8). Deeveya medix inhabits caves on both the Great Bahama and Little Bahama Bank, separated by a deep water channel. Deeveya bransoni and Spelaeoecia styx occur in Andros and the Exumas, on opposite sides of the Great Bahama Bank and more than 150 km apart. Similar disjunct species distributions within the Bahamas also occur for several calanoid copepods from the family Epacteriscidae (Auden Fosshagen, pers. comm. 2003). Oven Rock Cave in the Exumas contains the world's greatest diversity of halocyprid species, including three species of Danielopolina, two species of Spelaeoecia and one species of Deeveya. Such anomalous distributions suggest that the anchialine habitat is far more extensive than has previously been thought.

Endangered species
Unfortunately, many of these unique and fascinating animals are threatened with extinction due to the actions of man. In Bermuda alone, 25 species of cave animals are internationally recognized as "critically endangered" (IUCN 2006). This is the highest level of threat and roughly equates to a 50% chance of the species going extinct within the next decade if nothing is done. All too frequently, anchialine cave animals can be considered endangered since 1) they have very limited distributions, commonly being known only from a single cave, and 2) environmental conditions in these caves are often deteriorating through the effects of water pollution or cave destruction.
Threats to caves include sewage and waste disposal, deep well injection, quarrying and construction activities and diver and other human disturbances (Iliffe 1979). As an example, the small oceanic island of Bermuda is the third most densely populated country in the world and has the largest number of private cesspits per capita. Disposal of sewage and other waste water into cesspits or by pumping down boreholes is contaminating the ground and cave water with nitrates, detergents, toxic metals and pharmaceuticals; depleting the very limited amounts of dissolved oxygen in cave water; and generating toxic levels of hydrogen sulfide (Iliffe et al. 1984). Some ocean caves such as the Blue Holes of the Bahamas have strong tidal currents sweeping through them for very considerable distances. In one such cave, plastic bottles and other trash have been observed littering the floor of the cave nearly a mile back into virgin passage. Far too many caves and sinkholes are viewed as preferred locations for the dumping of garbage and other waste products.
Another serious environmental problem concerns the destruction of caves by limestone quarries or construction activities. At least half a dozen or more caves have been totally destroyed by Bermuda limestone quarries which produced crushed aggregate for construction purposes. Untold other caves have been lost to enormous limestone mines in the Yucatan Peninsula. Many caves have been filled and built over by golf courses, hotels and housing developments in Bermuda. Recently, a series of luxury town homes were built directly on top of the largest cave lake in Bermuda.
Sometimes seemingly innocent activities can threaten caves and cave animals. Along the Caribbean coast of the Yucatan Peninsula, many open water cenote pools are inhabited by several species of freshwater fish. One of these fish, Astyanax mexicanus (De Filippi 1853), has learned to follow divers into caves, moving in front of the dive team and voraciously darting in to devour any crustaceans that chance to stray into the beam of a dive light. Considering the many hundreds to thousands of cave divers who use these systems each year, it is not surprising that the caves most heavily visited by tourist divers are now essentially devoid of life.
Even the gas exhaled by divers may have untold and unknown effects on cave animals. Since anchialine cave waters typically contain extremely low levels of dissolved oxygen in the micrograms per liter range, the oxygen in exhaust bubbles from open circuit scuba divers could have profound effects on the cave ecosystem (Humphreys et al. 1999). Several anchialine caves in Western Australia with unique fauna are currently off limits to open circuit divers and may only be visited by those using closed circuit rebreathers.
Some anchialine caves in Bermuda, the Canary Islands and Mallorca have been developed into commercial tourist attractions. Unfortunately, many of the tourists visiting these sites have viewed the deep clear water cave pools as natural wishing wells in which to throw a coin or two. Copper coins tend to rapidly deteriorate and dissolve in salt water, producing high levels of toxic copper ions in the cave waters. In one such cave in Lanzarote, an endemic, cave-adapted galatheid crab, Munidopsis polymorpha Koelbel 1892, is showing a marked decline in abundance over the last ten years or more, possibly in response to high levels of copper in the cave water.
Our knowledge of the biology and ecology of anchialine caves is still in its infancy. Possibly hundreds to thousand of new anchialine taxa await discovery. In the Yucatan Peninsula, more than 5,000 caves have been catalogued, but only about 1-2% of these have been surveyed biologically. A similar situation exists in the Bahamas and in numerous other locations around the world where many hundreds of caves remain unexplored. Furthermore, almost nothing is known about the nutritional requirements, life history, reproduction, behavior, physiology, dispersal abilities, etc. of most anchialine species. Considering the unprecedented number of new higher taxa already discovered in anchialine caves, their highly anomalous distribution, and their affinities to deep sea fauna, new hypotheses on the evolution and dispersal of life in the oceans are likely to be forthcoming. However, if these potentially endangered habitats and the unique animals within them are to survive, it is critical that we all strive to promote an awareness and appreciation of their worth among the general public and especially government officials and resource managers. To this end, we have created a website on this subject at www.cavebiology.com (Iliffe 2007).
Populations of stygobitic taxa including ostracodes are generally quite low in most caves, and it is not uncommon to collect only a single specimen one time and at other times to find none. Due to limited availability of organic nutrients, coupled with low levels of dissolved oxygen, anchialine stygobite population sizes are severely restricted. Because of the low probability of observing individuals at any given time or place, it is difficult to assess the survival of threatened species, even in face of declining environmental quality of the habitat due to groundwater pollution or other factors. Certainly complete destruction of caves, as occurs during large scale quarrying of limestone or collapsing of caves to stabilize conditions for construction projects, and severe pollution of caves causing widespread anoxia and subsequent hydrogen sulfide accumulation will almost certainly extinguish all higher life forms within that cave. The middle ground, where environmental quality of ground and cave water is declining due to pollution or the effects of climate change but has yet to reach critical extremes, is harder to evaluate but nonetheless still extremely worrisome. Justifiably, many anchialine stygobites can be considered as endangered, and Spelaeoecia bermudensis from Bermuda caves is on the IUCN Red List of endangered and threatened species (IUCN, 2006).

Ocean Blue Holes of the Bahamas
In this section, noteworthy discoveries of anchialine ostracodes from marine caves (ocean blue holes) in the Bahamas (Fig. 1) and water quality data which help to explain their presence are discussed. Conch Sound Blue Hole is an ocean blue hole located at the northeast corner of Andros Island (see map in Palmer 1997:48-51). The entrance consists of a submerged depression about 20 m from the coastline in a shallow bay. Strong tidal currents flow through the cave, so it can only be explored at the change of the tide when the inflow slows, goes slack and then reverses direction. The main passage extends to the south, out under the bay and away from land. It has been explored for more that 1,500 m at a maximum depth of 36 m (Brian Kakuk, pers. comm. 2002). At his limits of penetration into the cave, Kakuk discovered a dome room with a depth of 20 m. Here, he has collected remipedes, thermosbaenaceans, the blind cave fish Lucifuga spelaeotes Cohen & Robins, 1970, and the halocyprid ostracode Deeveya bransoni, previously known only from inland anchialine caves on South Andros.
Similar faunas, previously regarded as strictly anchialine, have been found from the deeper waters of ocean blue holes off the southern end of Andros Island. Halocyprid ostracodes reported on here have been collected from depths below 60 m in Double Drop Blue Hole (Fig. 2). This cave has a small entrance in a back reef area at 10 m depth. A narrow fissure angles steeply down before opening onto a 15 m wide chasm at 50 m depth. The bottom drops away to a boulder filled rift as the fissure passage continues. A Hydrolab Water Quality analyzer was used to obtain a water column profile of salinity, temperature, pH and dissolved oxygen as a function of depth. From the entrance to 60 m depth, all measured parameters were uniform and stable, indicating a well mixed water column consisting of open ocean sea water. At 60 m depth, an abrupt and well defined transition zone was encountered, as indicated by an increase in salinity (by 0.8 ppt) and decreases in temperature (by 3 o C), pH (by 0.5 pH units) and dissolved oxygen (by 4 mg/l) with increasing water depth. The direction of these changes and the chemistry of the water below the transition zone are consistent with what is found with increasing depth in inland (anchialine) blue holes. The anchialine ostracode Deeveya bransoni was collected from below this transition zone in Double Drop Blue Hole.   Kornicker et al. 2002:8). The cave entrance is in a coral rimmed depression about 10 m deep. The cave immediately opens onto a 20 m wide and up to 50 m high cavern 20 m wide and up to 50 m high. A Hydrolab profile was taken from a dome in the ceiling of this room to the floor at 56 m depth ( fig. 6 in Kornicker et al. 2002:9). Although no sharp transition zone was found, salinity increased, while temperature, pH and dissolved oxygen decreased with depth.
Other ocean blue holes sampled as part of this study include four caves in the Exuma Cays (Angelfish Blue Hole, Crab Cay Crevasse, Mystery Cave and The Subway) and three, in addition to Conch Sound and Double Drop Blue Holes, on or near Andros Island (Exley's Boiling Hole, South Bight #2 Blue Hole and Vortex Blue Hole). Several of these caves have been described in previous publications: Angelfish Blue Hole (Kornicker & Iliffe 2000:12), Crab Cay Crevasse (Kornicker & Iliffe 2000:12) and Mystery Cave (Kornicker & Iliffe 2000:10). The Subway is an extensive, 56 m deep, ocean cave located just off the shore on the southwest side of Great Exuma Island. Exley's Boiling Hole in the South Bight bisecting Andros Island was at one time (1977) the world's longest (331 m) and deepest (103 m) explored submarine cave (Palmer 1997: 43;map in Exley 1994:101). Nearby South Bight #2 Blue Hole has two passages extending in opposite directions at 40 m depth from the bottom of a submerged entrance pit (Palmer 1997: 34-35). Vortex Blue Hole, located off Gibson Cay in the Middle Bight of Andros Island, is another deep, fracture guided cave that parallels the submarine vertical escarpment that separates Andros Island from the Tongue of the Ocean. Waters in this section of the cave should be even more isolated from exchange with the open sea where water quality and residence times may be comparable to inland anchialine caves. Indeed, in the deep interior of the cave, exploratory cave divers have observed but not collected possible stygobitic crustaceans within the water column (Dan Malone, pers. comm. 1998). However, due the isolated location, deep water depths and small size of connecting passageways in this cave, few biological collections have been made and only ostracodes typical of marine caves have been found to date.

Inland Blue Holes of the Bahamas
Inland, anchialine caves from the Bahamas included here (Fig. 1) in Palmer 1985: 88) are part of the Zodiac Caverns, a complex system of caves and lakes hydrologically linking the north and south shores of Sweeting's Cay. Nearby Lucy's Cave (see map in Palmer 1985: 89) is likewise entered from an inland pond and is extremely well decorated with submerged speleothems. Mermaid's Lair is part of the Lucayan Caverns on Grand Bahama (see map in Kornicker et al. 2002: 4). Dan's Cave in the pine forest of central Abaco is a very extensive cave containing a rich fauna including remipedes, thermosbaenaceans, shrimp and cirolanid isopods (Kornicker et al. 1990:2). Guardian Blue Hole on North Andros Island is a fracture guided cave, 673 m long and 133 m deep (Fig. 3). Sanctuary Blue Hole on South Andros Island is another deep, fracture guided, rift cave (see map in Palmer 1997:139). The three Exuma caves are exceptionally rich habitats for stygobitic fauna, including a new family of stenopodid shrimp (Alvarez et al. 2006), eight new genera of epacteriscid copepods (Fosshagen et al. 2001, Fosshagen & Iliffe 2004), a new genus of cirolanid isopod (Botosaneanu & Iliffe 2003), a new genus of ridgewayiid copepod (Fosshagen & Iliffe 2003) and three new species of remipedes (Koenemann et al. 2003). Descriptions of these caves may be found in the following publications: Norman's Pond Cave (see map in Kornicker & Iliffe 1998:4), Oven Rock Cave (see map in Kornicker & Iliffe 1998:5) and Basil Minn's Cave (Koenemann et al. 2003:247).

Anchialine Cenotes of the Yucatan Peninsula
Inland, anchialine cenotes from Yucatan containing ostracodes reported on in this paper (Fig. 4) include Temple of Doom Cenote (Cenote Esqueleto) on the mainland of the Peninsula and Cenote Aerolito on the island of Cozumel. Temple of Doom Cenote is an extensive cave system located just north of Tulum, Quintana Roo, on the north side of highway to Coba. The entrance is a collapse sinkhole with a 4 m undercut, vertical drop to a large pool. Submerged passages extend to the north and south of the entrance with general orientation being perpendicular to the Caribbean coastline. Cenote Aerolito, situated 240 m inland on Cozumel, has a mapped length of 6.1 km (Mejía et al. 2006).

Anchialine Caves of Bermuda
Inland, anchialine habitats in Bermuda (Fig. 5) discussed here include Wonderland Cave and a saltwater well at the Bermuda Aquarium. Wonderland Cave, described in Bowman & Iliffe (1983), is currently operated as a popular tourist attraction under the new name of Fantasy Cave. The 30 m deep well on the grounds of the Bermuda Aquarium at Flatts is pumped to supply salt water for exhibit tanks. Animals were observed and collected from the pump's filtration system.  In the figures Arabic numbers indicate limbs 1-7, as well as individual segments of each limb (the location of the numeral indicating whether a limb or segment is indicated); the number 5 is also used to designate the sensory bristle of the fifth segment of the first antenna. Roman numerals indicate the endites. Arrows indicate the anterior. All measurements are in millimeters unless otherwise noted. Letters used to identify bristles are explained in Skogsberg (1920: 187-188).

Class Ostracoda Latrielle 1802
Subclass Myodocopa Sars 1866 Kornicker & Sohn (1976: 4, fig. 2), on the basis of a cladistic analysis of several main characters, concluded that the subclass Myodocopa contained two orders, Myodocopida and Halocyprida, and that the latter contained two suborders, Cladocopina and Halocypridina. That classification is followed herein.

Suborder Halocypridina Dana 1853
Composition and distribution. The suborder includes the superfamilies Halocypridoidea Dana, 1853, andThaumatocypridoidea Müller, 1906. Both superfamilies are represented in the collections reported upon herein. The distribution of anchialine ostracodes in the suborder Halocypridina in inland and ocean blue holes in the Bahamas is shown in Tables 1 and 2.
Discussion of identification. The following six morphological characters are useful in identifying the taxa and also may reflect relationships among the taxa (Table 5). A new subfamily, Spelaeoeciinae, is proposed herein, and that subfamily and the subfamily Deeveyinae are placed in the elevated family Deeveyidae in the superfamily Halocypridoidea. The genus Spelaeoecia was formerly placed in the subfamily Deeveyinae.
1. Members of the Thaumatocypridoidea and members of the Deeveyidae, a family in the Halocypridoidea, have two separated rami on the adult male copulatory organ: a broad anterior ramus and a narrower posterior ramus. The male copulatory organs of the adult males of taxa in the Halocypridoidea other than the Deeveyidae have the narrow posterior ramus inserted inside the broad anterior ramus. The A-1 males of all Halocypridoidea have separated rami. The inserted type is interpreted to be the apomorphic character state. The presence of two separate rami in the copulatory organ of all known extant members of the Thaumatocypridoidea, which have fossil members in the Permian, may support that conclusion (Fig. 9).
2. The sixth limbs of the Thaumatocypridoidea and members of the genera Deeveya and Spelaeoecia in the family Deeveyidae in the Halocypridoidea have an exopod represented by a lobe bearing bristles. The lobe is absent on members of the Halocyprididae. The lobe is interpreted herein to be the plesiomorphic character state, and the absence of a lobe the apomorphic character state.
3. The exopod lobe of the sixth limb bears different numbers of bristles: Thaumatocypris one bristle plus one spine, Danielopolina two bristles, Thaumatoconcha three bristles, Deeveya four bristles, Spelaeoecia five bristles. The Halocyprididae do not have a lobe but do have several bristles that could be interpreted to represent an exopod (Kornicker 2003); these have not been considered in Table 5. The number of exopod bristles for each genus is listed in Table 5, but whether the sequence reflects relationships is not known.
4. The carapaces of the Thaumatocypridoidea are without an incisure. In the Halocypridoidea, the carapaces of members of the genus Deeveya in the Deeveyidae have an incisure represented, at most, by a very slight anterior concavity. The carapaces of members of the genus Spelaeoecia, also in the Deeveyidae, and most species of the Halocyprididae have a well defined incisure. A well-defined incisure is interpreted herein as the apomorphic character state (Fig. 9).
5. The carapaces of the Thaumatocypridoidea are without the marginal glandular openings present in the carapaces of members of the Halocypridoidea. The presence of marginal glandular openings is tentatively interpreted herein as the apomorphic character state, mainly because they do not appear to be present in fossil carapaces.
6. The basis of the mandible of all known species of Deeveya and two species of Spelaeoecia, both members of the Deeveyidae, has two entwined lateral bristles (Fig. 28c, g). The corresponding bristles are not entwined on other known members of the Halocypridoidea. The entwined form is interpreted herein to be the apomorphic character state. Discussion of mandible. The basis of mandibles of adults and late instars of known species of Deeveya and also two species of Spelaeoecia has two entwined bristles (Table 6; Fig. 28c, g) (Kornicker & Iliffe 1998: figs. 7e, 13c,d). Although the data are few on early instars, both bristles are absent on the A-5 instar, only one of the bristles is present on the A-4 and A-3 instars, and both bristles are present in later stages (Table 6). In species of Deeveya the bristles cross two or three times on the A-2 instar and five times on the A-1 instar and on both the adult female and male (Table 6; Fig. 28g). The two bristles cross each other twice on an A-1 instar as well as on an adult male and female of S. cubensis, and cross each other five times on an adult female S. capax and only three times on an adult male. The absence of entwined bristles on thaumatocyprids suggests that the entwining of the bristles in Deeveya represents a synapomorphic character state. The entwining in the two species of Spelaeoecia is tentatively interpreted as convergence. The function, if any, of the entwined bristles is unknown. Of possible significance is that in the entwined state the bristles are shorter than if they were not entwined. In an enquiry among a few crustacean specialists (Decapoda, Isopoda, Copepoda), none could recall having observed species with entwined bristles.  4. Approximate diameter of eggs within the ovaries of Spelaeoecia bermudensis (listed in order of increasing diameter), and percentage increase in diameter of consecutive eggs. Dashed lines separate hypothetical clutches (each clutch includes consecutive eggs differing in diameter by less than 15%).   1976) and Mesozoic (Pokornyopsis Kozur 1974) and three known from the Holocene: Thaumatocypris Müller 1906;Thaumatoconcha Kornicker & Sohn 1976;and Danielopolina Kornicker & Sohn 1976. Distribution. Worldwide (Fig. 6). Discussion. When Kornicker & Sohn (1976) proposed the two genera Thaumatoconcha and Danielopolina, the former was known from eight species, the latter from two species, and Thaumatocypris, the third genus in the family, from one species. At present Thaumatoconcha includes 10 species, Danielopolina 12 species, and Thaumatocypris two species. Most of the characters used by Kornicker & Sohn (1976: 24, 93) to distinguish the three genera no longer hold. A distinguishing character that persists is a difference in the number of bristles on the exopod of the sixth limb: Thaumatoconcha with three long bristles, Danielopolina with two long bristles, and Thaumatocypris with one long bristle and one short spine. Composition. This genus contains two subgenera D. (Humphreysella) Danielopol 2006 in Kornicker et al. 2006 andD. (Danielopolina) Kornicker et al. 2006. Members of both subgenera are represented in the present collection.
Correction. Kornicker & Iliffe (1998: 84) stated Danielopolina species A was collected in Open Rock Cave. The collection site should have been listed as Oven Rock Cave.
Diagnosis of subgenera. Humphreysella is without a posterior bristle on the protopod of the second antenna. Danielopolina bears a posterior bristle on the protopod of the second antenna.
Discussion of first antennae. The first and second segments of the first antennae of the adult female holotype and paratype of D. palmeri are linear (Fig. 12a-c), whereas those segments of the adult female first antennae of the holotype and a paratype of D. exuma Kornicker & Iliffe 1998 illustrated by Kornicker & Iliffe (1998: fig. 51d-f) form a right angle. The first and second segments of the first antenna of another adult female of a paratype of D. exuma examined herein also form a right angle (Fig. 13j). A survey of some of the literature in which species of Danielopolina have been described (Kornicker & Iliffe 1989a shows that some illustrations of the first antennae have linear first and second segments, and some show the two segments at right angles, and juveniles as well as adults of both sexes have first antennae of both forms. Examination of whole specimens showed that when the first and second segments are at right angles, the first antenna is partly withdrawn inside the carapace; whereas when the two segments are linear segments twoeight extend horizontally outside the carapace between the anterior edges of the valves. Apparently, when an extrinsic muscle is taut, segments one and two are linear. The various angles between the first and second segments of first antennae of species of Thaumatoconcha illustrated by Kornicker & Sohn (1976: fig. 7) indicate that a similar mechanism also operates in members of that genus. Etymology. Named posthumously in honor of British cave diver Rob Palmer, a pioneering explorer of the blue holes of the Bahamas and author of two books (Palmer 1985(Palmer , 1997 and numerous articles. Rob never returned from a deep dive in the Red Sea in 1997. The type locality for this species was first explored by Rob Palmer. Holotype. USNM 1021375, adult female on two slides and in alcohol. Distribution. Type locality. Description of adult female . Carapace subround in lateral view with fairly straight margin between anterior and anteroventral processes (Fig. 10); hinge line straight (Fig. 11e). Short anterior and anteroventral processes with bases just lateral to valve edge; fragile spines on processes mostly broken off on holotype (Fig.11a); spines on processes completely broken off by dissecting needle leaving small firm triangular protuberance (Fig. 11a); a similar posterodorsal process in same place on each valve. Bristles present along edges of valve, those along anteroventral edge divided distally (Fig. 11e).
Ornamentation: Much of surface ornamentation missing on surface of carapace of holotype. Approximate location of some reticulations and spines of holotype shown in Fig. 11a, and minute subelliptical papillae forming walls of reticulations shown in Fig. 11b; papillae at intersections of reticulate walls generally with small spines; minute spines forming rows near valve edges. Surface ornamentation well preserved on paratype ( First antenna (Figs. 11f, 12a-c): 1st and 2nd segments linear (not forming right angle). 1st segment with 1 dorsal bristle and 1 lateral bristle oriented posteriorly. 2nd segment with 1 dorsal bristle. 3rd and 4th segments fused but place of boundary indicated by slight indentation in ventral margin. 5th segment with long terminal ventral filament. 6th segment bare. 7th segment with 2 long ventral bristles (b-bristle shorter than lateral c-bristle). 8th segment with 3 bristles (d-bristle shorter, f-bristle about one-half length of e-bristle).
Mandible (Fig. 13a-c): Coxa endite with proximal and distal sets of teeth separated by space; proximal set comprising 4 broad cusps plus triangular tooth close to distal set of teeth (Fig. 13a); surface between cusps and surfaces just proximal to cusps with slender spines; 1 spinous bristle with base just posterior and another with base just anterior to triangular tooth; distal set of teeth consisting of 2 flat teeth, each with cusps; 1 slender bristle with base medial to distal set of teeth. Basis (Fig. 13b): tooth of endite with 5 triangular teeth, each with minute marginal cusp on each side (cusps on anterior 4 teeth better defined); posterior edge of endite spinous, with 2 short distal bristles (distal of these tubular with blunt tip); anterior margin of endite with long ringed bristle near midlength; lateral side of endite with 4 bristles (3 long, 1 short) near midlength and 1 short distal bristle; medial side of endite with 2 proximal bristles and long spines near midlength (spines not shown). Endopod 3 segmented (1st and 2nd segments of left limb fused, but interpreted to be an aberrancy (Fig. 13b); right limb with suture between 1st and 2nd segments (Fig. 13c)): 1st segment with lateral spines; 2nd segment with distal lateral spines, 1 ringed distal ventral bristle, 2 ringed distal medial bristles with bases near ventral margin, and 2 ringed dorsal bristles; 3rd segment with dorsal and medial spines (medial spines not shown), 2 terminal lateral bristles (1 at midwidth about twice length of endopod and with distal marginal spines), 1 at ventral edge almost one-half length of bristle at midwidth and with distal marginal spines (longest spines at midlength), 3 shorter ringed terminal medial bristles, and 1 short ringed subterminal bristle on ventral margin. Maxilla (Fig. 13d,e): Endite I with about 10 bristles (3 tubular); endite II with about 6 bristles (2 tubular); endite III with about 5 bristles (1 tubular). Coxa with long spinous dorsal bristle. Basis with 2 ventral bristles (1 spinous bristle near base of endite III, 1 terminal tubular bristle). Endopod 2 segmented: 1st segment with 3 dorsal bristles and 3 distal bristles on or near ventral margin; 2nd segment with stout, straight, unringed, nonarticulated, terminal claw and 4 ringed articulated bristles (1 medial tubular, 3 lateral (longest somewhat clawlike, spinous)).
Bellonci Organ (Figs. 11f,: Well defined, elongate, with rounded tip. Lips (Fig. 12a, f): Anterior face of lip with 2 small processes; tip of upper lip with spines and small process. Lower lip with a triangular process at each side of mouth.
Posterior of body ( Fig. 11f): With 9 or 10 short ridges along posterior edge. Genitalia. None observed. Eggs (Fig. 11f): With several unextruded eggs. Gut content: Gut viewed through body filled with brown unidentified particles. Protistan: Carapace with several elongate and round stemmed protistans along posterior margin (Fig.  11c). Similar protistans also present on dorsal margin of 1st segment of left 1st antenna.
Feeding: Endite I of maxilla anterior and projecting farther medially than endites II and III (Fig. 13d).
Remarks. The holotype is interpreted to be an adult female because of the presence of fairly large unextruded eggs. However, genitalia were not observed, so it could be an A-1 female. Paratype USNM 1021376 was not dissected in order not to fragment the ornamentation of the carapace. It is slightly smaller than the holotype, and no unextruded eggs were visible when the body was viewed through the valve, but the valve somewhat obscured the body. The furca has the same number of the claws as the holotype, and the endopod of the second antenna is similar to that of the holotype. The specimen is assumed to be an adult female, but it could be an A-1 female. Comparisons
Second antenna: USNM 194419, except for minute lateral spine-like bristle near dorsal margin of 2nd segment being barely visible using oil immersion objective, endopod similar to those of adult female illustrated by Kornicker & Iliffe (1998: fig. 51g,h) Mandible: USNM 194419, endite of basis with 4 lateral bristles (2 long, 2 short) on left limb and 5 on right limb (3 long, 2 short). (Right limb differs from basis of both left and right mandibles of adult female illustrated by Kornicker & Iliffe (1998: fig. 51j,k) in having 3 instead of 2 long lateral bristles.) Variability. Second antenna: 2nd endopod segment with minute lateral spine-like bristle near dorsal margin (indistinct on some specimens). Mandible: basis endite with 2 or 3 long lateral bristles.
Remarks. The species is reported for the first time in Basil Minn's Blue Hole.
Type locality. Remarks. Kornicker & Iliffe (1998:90) reported the species to be in the Temple of Doom Cenote in July 1993. The present collection shows that the species continued to inhabit the cenote in July 2000, showing that it was not affected by climatic events occurring during intervening years.

Subfamily Spelaeoeciinae, new subfamily
Type genus: Spelaeoecia Angel & Iliffe 1987. Diagnosis. Carapace with rostrum. First antenna with 8 articles, article 1 without bristles, article 2 with 1 dorsal bristle. Endopod of adult male 2 nd antenna with clasper generally developed better on right limb. Sixth limb with lobe-like exopod bearing 5 bristles. Bellonci Organ bifid. Copulatory limb of male with two processes, posterior process with either narrow or broad tip.
Composition. At present this subfamily includes only the genus Spelaeoecia Angel & Iliffe 1987. The great differences in the morphology of the carapaces of species of Spelaeocia and Deeveya are deemed sufficient evidence to require that each genus be referred to a different subfamily.
Remarks. This is the first report of the species in Sanctuary Blue Hole. Correction. Kornicker & Iliffe (1998: Kornicker et al. 1990.
Type locality.   Discussion. The collection described by Kornicker et al. (2002: 26) contained one female and one early instar. The early instar was referred to S. parkeri. Additional specimens of Spelaeoecia collected at the type locality reveal that two species of the genus live in the cave. The early instar has a divided Bellonci Organ with pointed tips indicating that it is indeed S. parkeri, and not the second species, which is described herein as Spelaeoecia hox, and has a divided Bellonci Organ with rounded tips. The female holotype in the original description was questionably identified as an adult. Comparison with adult females in the present collection shows that the holotype is an adult.
In describing the holotype Kornicker et al. (2002: 26) stated, "rostrum of right valve of holotype twisted and appearing falsely as having a pointed tip (Fig. 16a,f)." The additional specimens in the present collection show that the pointed tip of the rostrum of the right valve is not false. A second species having a pointed tip on the rostrum of the right valve is Spelaeoecia saturna Kornicker & Yager 2002.
Supplementary description of adult female ( Fig. 14a-g). Glandular masses of minute cells visible from outside of valve just within free margins (Fig. 14c). Posterodorsal corner of right valve with minute bristle in area of projecting glandular process.  Central adductor muscle attachments ( Fig. 14o): Consisting of about 8 ovoid attachments posterior to large mandibular attachment scar.
Shell glands: Posterodorsal corner of each valve with glandular openings (that of left valve minute) (Fig.  14j, l). Free margin with small glandular processes along inner edge of valves (Fig. 14m).
Carapace size (length, height in mm): USNM 1021391, 1.74, 0.93. First antenna (Fig. 15a): Similar to that of adult female except spines not observed on segments or bristles.
Second antenna: Protopod and exopod ( Fig. 15b) similar to those of adult female. Endopod with 3 segments: 1st segment with dorsal a-and b-bristles; 2nd segment with 2 terminal f-and g-bristles (g-bristle medial and longer and stouter than f-bristle), 2 slender lateral c-and d-bristles, and 1 smaller lateral e-bristle near base of f-bristle; 3rd segment with equilength h-, i-, and j-bristles; clasper of right limb stout with blunt tip ( Fifth limb (Fig. 16e,f): Epipod with plumose bristles forming 3 groups (ventral and dorsal groups each with 5 bristles, middle group with 6 bristles (Fig. 16f). Protopod interpreted to have 4 endites (because endite sutures are poorly defined, number of bristles on a particular endite approximate); endite I with 2 ventral bristles; endite II with 4 bristles (2 ventral, 2 farther from ventral margin); endite III with 6 bristles (1 claw-like); endite IV with 9 bristles (2 claw-like); 21 total endite bristles; protopod with oval internal mass of cells questionably interpreted as gland. Basis: ventral margin divided into broad proximal part and narrow distal part; broad proximal part with 3 slender bristles on or near ventral margin and 1 plumose lateral bristle set back from ventral margin; narrow distal part with 3 slender ventral bristles and 1 lateral plumose bristle near dorsal margin. Exopod represented by 3 distal dorsal bristles (longest bare, others plumose). Endopod: 1st segment with 1 distal dorsal bristle and 4 ventral bristle near midlength; 2nd segment with 2 stout claw-like bristles and 1 slender ringed ventral bristle.
Lips: Similar to those of adult female. Profile of anterior part of upper lip shown in Fig. 16g. Genitalia (Fig. 17e,f): Copulatory organ on left side of body medial to left sixth limb and lateral to furca. Tip of anterior branch with tubular upturned tip. Posterior branch with narrow tip bearing hairs.
Behavior. Each exopod of the second antennae of two females and one male in the collection is withdrawn inside the carapace, and the distal part of each endopod is located lateral to the exopod. This suggests that the endopod flairs outward when the exopod is withdrawn inside the carapace.
Remarks. This species was reported in Mermaid's Lair in 1997 (Kornicker et al. 2002: 26). The present collection shows that it continued to inhabit the cave in 1998. The species is reported for the first time in Lucy's Cave.  Kornicker & Iliffe 1989a:46). Reported herein for the first time from a saltwater well at the Bermuda Aquarium.

Discussion of eggs.
Eggs within the ovaries of the two adult females of S. bermudensis studied herein differ considerably in diameter (Table 4; Figs. 18e,f,19a,e). Presumably, the large eggs were deposited in the ovary prior to the small eggs, and each egg is oviposited when it reaches a certain developmental stage. The percentage increase in diameter of consecutive eggs based on diameter vary from 0% to 105%. (Table 4). This great difference suggests that either the eggs spurt in growth at different stages or, more likely, that intervals of time separate clutches of eggs, which permit the eggs already formed to grow substantially prior to formation of the following clutch. The eggs in both specimens increased considerably in diameter after reaching about 60 microns. In Table 4, the eggs are grouped into clutches separated on the bases of an arbitrary percentage of more than a 15% increase in diameter between consecutive eggs. The arbitrary division suggests clutches of one to four eggs.   Ornamentation: None visible on preserved specimens, but each valve with numerous minute pores (some shown in Fig. 20). Holotype with round clusters of cells scattered on shell and along free margins of valves ( Fig. 20). Indistinct slender bristles present along valve margins. Posterodorsal corner of right valve with elongate bar (Fig. 21c,d) opposite indistinct socket on left valve (Fig. 21b).

Spelaeoecia hox, new species
Shell glands: Posterior end of dorsal margin of right valve minutely serrate and with internal gland visible through valve (Fig. 21c,d). Posterior end of left valve with single gland (Fig. 21b). Glandular pore canals present along inner edge of anteroventral, ventral, and posterior margins (Fig. 20).
Central adductor muscle attachments: Consisting of about 11 ovoid attachment scars. Location shown by dashed oval in Fig. 20. 3rd segment with long distal ventral bristle. 4th segment with slender dorsal bristle and long stout filamentlike terminal ventral bristle. 5th segment with long filament-like terminal ventral bristle. sixth segment bare. 7th segment with slender a-bristle, long filament-like b-bristle, and longer filament-like c-bristle. 8th segment with long filament-like d-, e-, f-, and g-bristles.
Second antenna (Figs. 21a, 22a-c): Protopodite bare. Endopodite with 3 segments: 1st segment with 2 slender a-and b-bristles; 2nd segment with short c-, d-, and e-bristles and long filament-like f-and g-bristles (g-bristle stouter than f-bristle); 3rd segment with long filament-like h-, i-, and j-bristles and terminal clublike process with minute terminal spine (process of right limb longer than that of left limb). Exopod with 9 segments: 1st segment divided into long proximal and short distal parts and with long slender terminal bristle (with short marginal spines) reaching well past 9th segment; bristles of segments 2 to 8 stouter and longer than bristle of 1st segment and with natatory hairs; 9th segment with 4 bristles (1 short, 1 medium length, 2 long).
Genitalia (Fig. 24f): On left side of body medial to 6th limb. Posterior branch slender with hirsute slightly widening tip. Anterior branch with recurved tapered tip.
Carapace size ( Comparisons. S. hox is closely related to S. bermudensis. The tip of the anterior branch of the copulatory organ of the adult male S. hox tapers to a point, whereas that of S. bermudensis is blunt (see Kornicker 1989: fig. 2i). The tip of the clasping process on the endopod of the second antenna of the adult male S. hox bears a minute terminal spine absent on S. bermudensis (see Kornicker 1989: fig. 2b-d). The infold of the carapace of S. hox is without a list, whereas a list is well developed on S. bermudensis. S. hox is smaller than S. bermudensis. The length of the adult male of S. hox is 1.07 mm, whereas that of an adult male of S. bermudensis is 1.37 mm (Kornicker 1989: 320).
The lengths of the two adult females of S. hox in the present collection are 1.02 mm and 1.12 mm, whereas the range of lengths of 15 adult females of USNM 1021402 is 1.43-1.64 mm (Angel & Iliffe 1987: 541;Kornicker 1989: 322;Kornicker & Iliffe, 1989b: 46;herein). The length (0.83 mm) of the A-1 male of S. hox in the present collection is smaller than the lengths (1.25 mm and 1.27 mm) of the two A-1 males of S. bermudensis measured by Kornicker & Iliffe (1998: 46).
The mandibles of S. hox differ from those of S. capax Kornicker and S. cubensis Kornicker & Yager in not having two entwined lateral bristles on the basis endite. The valves of S. hox differ from those of S. barri Kornicker in Kornicker & Barr 1997 in not having a protuberance on the posterior edge near the dorsal margin. The right valve of S. hox differs from that of S. styx Kornicker 1990 in not having the posterodorsal gland on a distinct triangular projection, and the first antenna differs in having a ventral bristle on the third segment. The first antenna of S. hox differs from those of S. jamaicensis Kornicker & Iliffe, S. parkeri Kornicker et al.and S. sagax Kornicker in having a ventral bristle on the third segment. The appendages of S. hox and S. mayan Kornicker & Iliffe are similar. The carapaces differ in that S. hox is smaller and has a more elongate rostrum. The carapaces of S. parkeri and S. saturno Kornicker & Yager differ from that of S. hox in having the rostrum of the right valve much narrower than that of the left valve.

Spelaeoecia sagax Kornicker 1990 in Kornicker et al. 1990
Spelaeoecia sagax Kornicker 1990, in Kornicker et al. 1990 Holotype. USNM 193446, adult male. Remarks. Kornicker et al. (1990: 15) reported this species in Sagittarius Blue Hole from collections made in . The present collections made in 1989, 1991 show that the species has continued to inhabit the cave and was not affected by intermediate climatic events. The species is reported for the first time from Virgo Blue Hole.
Composition. At present this subfamily includes only the genus Deeveya Kornicker & Iliffe 1985. The great differences in the morphology of the carapaces of species of Spelaeoecia and Deeveya are deemed sufficient evidence to require that each genus be referred to a different subfamily
Identification of growth stages. Members of Deeveya generally live in the deep recesses of caves and apparently do not occur in great numbers, for each collection usually contains only a few specimens. The specimens collected may or may not include adults. Because of the difficulties inherent in collecting specimens of this important taxon, the senior author in prior publications has attempted to differentiate species that were represented in the collections in various developmental stages. When the morphometric characters of the various developmental stages became better known, it was possible to reestimate the stage of development of previously described specimens : Table 5).
The A-3 and A-5 instars of a member of the genus (D. bransoni Kornicker & Palmer 1987) are described for the first time. As a result, the A-1 to A-5 instars are known in the genus. The A-4 instar of D. bransoni is also described; previously, that instar was known for only D. jillae Kornicker & Iliffe 1989a.
The data on the furca of the known stages of species of Deeveya suggest that the number of claws on each lamella is useful for discriminating the developmental stage of a specimen (Tables 7, 8).   A-1 7 Adult 7 Carapace average length mm (no. of specimens) 0.58 (2) 0.73 (2) 0.92 (2) 1.19 (4) 1.60 (8) 2.03 (4)       Triangular process a f t e r c l a w s *Percentages were calculated by subtracting the number of bristles, claws, and teeth in one stage from the number in the following stage, then dividing the difference by the number in the first stage and multiplying by 100. **Percentages were calculated by dividing the number of bristles, claws, and teeth between successive stage by the total number obtained by subtracting the number on instar I from the number on the adult female and then multiplying by 100. ***Percentages were calculated by dividing the number of bristles, claws, and teeth on each stage by the number on the adult female and then multiplying by 100. The stage of development of the male copulatory organ is useful in discriminating between the A-1 instar and the adult, and the stage of development of the female genitalia and the presence of eggs are of some use in discriminating between the A-1 instar and the adult, but these are of less certain value than differences in the copulatory organ of the male (Kornicker et al. 2002: 11).
Although the distributions of bristles on individual appendages of the A-1 instar and adult appear to be fairly similar, it was observed that the total number of bristles at each stage of D. bransoni, including the A-1 instar and adult, steadily increased (Table 9, Figs. 25,26). An examination of Table 9 shows that whereas the numbers of bristles on the first and second antennae and mandible of the A-1 instar and adult are fairly constant, the numbers of bristles on some segments of the maxilla and fifth and sixth limbs of the adult are greater than on the A-1 instar. The numbers of bristles on the first endopod segments of the fifth and sixth limbs, which are fairly easy to count on whole specimens, are listed in Table 10. The data suggest that the numbers of bristles on the first endopod segments of the fifth and sixth limbs may be useful in discriminating between the A-1 instar and adult of species of Deeveya. The stage of development of the A-1 male and the adult male can be ascertained with certainty because of clear differences in the morphology of the copulatory organs. The total numbers of bristles on D. bransoni and Eusarsiella syrinx are compared in Figs. 25 and 26. Comparison of carapace lengths of species of Deeveya. Recognition of the three species D. bransoni , D. styrax and D. medix (all Kornicker 1990in Kornicker et al. 1990) are based primarily on differences in the copulatory organ of the adult male. The hypothesis of different species is supported by their carapaces having different lengths (Table 11). The oldest stage known for D. jillae is the A-2 instar. The length of the A-2 instar of D. bransoni suggests that the adult D. jillae is much smaller than the adult D. bransoni.
Type locality. Remarks. Specimens were collected previously in Dan's Cave in 1984(Kornicker et al. 1990. The specimen reported upon herein was collected in the cave in 1996 showing that the species continued to be present and had not been affected by intermediate climactic events.  Kornicker & Palmer 1987 Figs. 27-39 Deeveya bransoni Kornicker & Palmer 1987: 610, figs. 1-5.-Kornicker et al. 1990: 37, figs. 22c, 23d,e, 29b, 30.-Kornicker et al. 2002 Holotype. USNM 193301, A-1 female on slide and in alcohol. Type locality. Evelyn Green's Blue Hole, South Andros Island, Great Bahama Bank. Remarks. Because many appendages of the adult male described in Kornicker et al. (2002: 15) were lost and thus incompletely described, a supplementary description of the adult male is presented herein.
Central adductor muscle scars (Fig. 27a, Second antenna (Fig. 27e-j): Protopod with distal lateral spines (Fig. 27g). Endopod 3-segmented (Fig.  27f,h,j): 1st and 2nd segments linear; 1st segment with 2 terminal spinous bristles (proximal a-bristle about one half length of distal b-bristle); 2nd segment with filament-like f-bristle, about one-half length of g-bristle; g-bristle with more-strongly developed rings than f-bristle; both f-and g-bristles with widely separated minute spines and with tapered tips with terminal papilla; 3rd segment small, separated from 2nd segment by suture, with filament-like h-, i-, and j-bristles (each less than one-half length of g-bristle and with tapering tip and terminal papilla) and with minute medial ventral peg and small medial bristle near midwidth (Fig. 27f,h,j). Exopod 9-segmented ( Fig. 27i): 1st segment divided into long proximal and short distal parts; distal part with short ringed bristle with short marginal spines (Fig. 27i); bristle of 2nd segment long, with short ventral spines and dorsal natatory hairs; 9th segment with 4 bristles (longest bristle with dorsal spines and distal natatory hairs, next-to-longest bristle with only minute spines; shorter 2 bristles either bare or with minute spines). Fulcrum attached to posterior edge of protopod more strongly sclerotized along dorsal edge (Fig. 27e).
Mandible (Fig. 28): Coxa endite with proximal and distal sets of teeth separated by space (Fig. 28f); proximal set comprising 4 stout cusps, and with 2 short, spinous, distal bristles on anterior edge and 1 short, spinous, distal bristle on posterior edge; surface between cusps and anterior and posterior to cusps with abundant slender spines. Stout rounded tooth between proximal and distal sets of teeth, with 2 spinous bristles adjacent to tooth. Distal set of teeth comprising 2 flat teeth; proximal tooth with 5 cusps (posterior cusp stouter); distal tooth with 6 or 7 cusps (middle cusp stouter); 2 spinous bristles present lateral to distal set of teeth. Basis with 2 proximal bristles (1 stout plumose, 1 long, slender, either bare or with short spines), and 2 medial plumose bristles (1 long, 1 short) on short process (Fig. 28d, j). Basis endite (Fig. 28g): anterior margin with single bristle; posterior margin with proximal hairs, and 1 short bristle proximal to 1 short distal tubular bristle; medial side with few rows of long hairs near midlength and also just proximal to terminal cusps; lateral side with 6 slender distal bristles (2 longer than others and entwined with 5 crossings) and 1 short, stout tooth just proximal to distal edge of endite; ventral edge of endite with 6 terminal cusps (5 anterior cusps ser-rate proximally, 1 posterior cusp smaller than others). Endopod 3-segmented (Fig. 28e,h,i): 1st segment with 1 spinous, terminal, dorsal bristle, 1 spinous, distal, ventral bristle, and 4 spinous distal medial bristles (left limb of USNM 1021408 with additional lateral bristle); 2nd segment with 3 spinous, terminal, dorsal bristles (1 claw-like on edge of segment and with distal rings), and 1 spinous, terminal, ventral bristle; 3rd segment hirsute medially and along anterior margin, with 4 medial spinous bristles forming row, and 3 stout terminal bristles (middle bristle longest and with smooth, pointed, slightly recurved tip; posterior bristle with long spines at midlength).
Bellonci Organ (Fig. 27c): Well developed, bifurcate at midlength, with each branch tapering to point. Lips: Upper lip as shown in Figs. 28a, 32a,b. Lower lip a beak-shaped process on each side of mouth (Fig.  32b).
Copulatory organ (Fig. 32c-g): Similar to that illustrated in   fig. 8g-j) in having 2 tubular processes at tip of anterior branch, but some variability observed in shape and distribution of minute teeth on large flat tooth (Fig. 32d,e,g).
Posterior of body (Fig. 32c): Unsegmented; posterodorsal edge of posterior of specimen with fringe and small spine, but both could be debris.
Remarks. The third segment of the first antenna of the adult male described herein (Fig. 27c) is more elongate than the third segment of the A-1 female illustrated by Kornicker et al. (1990: fig. 22c).
Supplementary description of adult female 39f). Carapace shape similar to that of adult female illustrated in   fig. 10a) (Fig. 33a-d). Ornamentation similar to that of adult male (Fig. 39f).
Ornamentation (Figs. 35c, 37b): Surface in transmitted light with bright round spots inside very weakly developed reticulations (Fig. 39b). Smaller round bright spots present between larger bright spots, few bristles along valve margins. The spots form concentric circles on the valve surface.
First antenna (Fig. 35d): 1st segment with spines in distal ventral corner. 2nd segment with 1 dorsal bristle. 3rd and 4th segments fused but indentation on ventral margin indicates place of separation; 3rd segment with 1 ventral bristle; 4th segment with 1 short dorsal bristle. 5th segment bare or with minute ventral terminal nub. 6th segment bare. 7th segment with short a-bristle and long c-bristle with minute widely separated marginal spines. 8th segment with medium d-bristle, long e-bristle with widely separated minute spines and with terminal papilla, medium g-bristle with terminal papilla, and very short f-bristle. 1st and 2nd segments linear.
Mandible (Figs. 35g-j, 36g): Coxa endite with proximal and distal sets of teeth separated by space (Fig.  35h,i): proximal set comprising 4 stout cusps and with 2 short spinous bristles (1 on anterior edge, 1 on posterior edge); surface between cusps with abundant slender spines; stout pointed tooth between proximal and distal sets of teeth, with 1 spinous bristle lateral to tooth. Distal set of teeth comprising 2 flat teeth; proximal and distal teeth each with 6 cusps; stout lateral bristle proximal to proximal tooth. Basis with 2 plumose medial bristles near dorsal margin and 1 long slender lateral bristle near endopod (Fig. 35g). Basis endite: left limb (Fig. 35j): anterior margin with single bristle; posterior margin with proximal hairs and 1 short bristle proximal to short distal tubular bristle; lateral side with 3 bristles (1 long posterior to midwidth, 1 long near posterior margin, 1 short proximal and anterior to long bristles; none entwined); ventral edge of endite with 6 cusps; single lateral tooth near distal edge of endite. Right limb (probably aberrant) (Fig. 35g): differs from left limb in having basis endite with only 4 terminal teeth and no distal lateral tooth). Endopod with 3 segments (Fig. 35g): 1st segment with 1 dorsal terminal bristle; 2nd segment with 2 dorsal terminal bristles (1 claw-like); 3rd segment hirsute medially and along anterior margin, with 1 medial bristle and 3 terminal bristles.
Ornamentation (Figs. 37a,b, 39a): Valve viewed in transmitted light with closely spaced large round bright spots appearing inside very weakly developed reticulations (Fig. 39a). Few single bristles along valve edge.
Infold ( First antenna (Fig. 37d): Differs from A-3 instar in having 3rd and 4th segments fused (without suture separating them), and in lacking a dorsal bristle on the 2nd segment, a ventral bristle on the 3rd segment, a dorsal bristle on the 4th segment, a ventral bristle on the 5th segment, a-and b-bristles on the 7th segment, and an f-bristle on the 8th segment. Also, the c-bristle of the 7th segment is much shorter.
Mandible (Fig. 37h-l): Coxa endite (Fig. 37i, j): proximal set of teeth similar to that of A-3 instar. Stout tooth between proximal and distal sets of teeth and 1 or 2 bristles adjacent to tooth. Distal set of teeth comprising 2 flat teeth (proximal set with 7 cusps; distal set with fewer cusps (exact number of teeth present obscured); 1 bristle present lateral to proximal set of teeth. Basis with long slender bristle near insertion of endopod and 2 plumose bristles near dorsal margin (Fig. 37h,k). Basis endite (Fig. 37k): anterior margin with single bristle; posterior margin with proximal hairs, 1 short proximal bristle, and 1 short distal tubular bristle; lateral side with 2 slender bristles; bristles entwined on adult absent; ventral edge of endite with 5 terminal cusps, and without short stout lateral tooth proximal to distal edge. Endopod 3-segmented (Fig. 37l): 1st segment with 1 terminal dorsal bristle and without medial bristles; 2nd segment with 2 terminal dorsal bristles (1 claw-like); 3rd segment hirsute medially and along anterior margin, with 1 medial bristle and 3 terminal bristles.
Sixth limb and Seventh limbs: Absent. Furca (Fig. 38f): Differs from A-1 instar in having 3 instead of 5 claws. Anus visible just dorsal to anterior edge of lamellae.
Bellonci Organ (Fig. 37d): Similar to that of A-1 instar. Lips and mouth (Fig. 38g-k): In general, upper lip similar to that of A-3 instar. Lower lip with a large and a small triangular process. Dorsal end of esophagus with transparent elongate structures (Fig. 38h)

(similar structures in A-4 instar).
Gut content: Filled with fine-grained particulate matter containing numerous minute unidentified ovoids.
Remarks. The species is reported for the first time in Conch Sound Blue Hole, Sanctuary Blue Hole, and Double Drop Blue Hole.
Ontogenetic development (Table 9). The present collection includes A-3, A-4, and A-5 instars. An A-4 instar of D. jillae was described by Kornicker & Iliffe (1989a: 19). In that publication the specimen had been identified erroneously as an A-3 instar : Table 5). The A-3 and A-5 instars of Deeveya have not been described previously.
Carapace: The carapaces of adult and later instars of species of Deeveya are ornamented with walled polygons, and disks that appear bright in transmitted light are present at the intersections of the polygonal walls. In the present collection walled polygons are developed on the carapaces of instars A-1, A-2, and A-3, but only weakly on carapaces of instars A-4 and A-5. The bright disks on the carapace of the A-4 and A-5 instars are relatively larger than those on the carapaces of the later instars as well as that of the adult (Fig. 39). The carapace of the A-4 instar has smaller round bright disks between the larger disks. The large bright disks on instars A-4 and A-5 are interpreted to be forerunners of reticulations, and are no longer present when the reticulations become well developed in later instars and adults. Thus, the large disks on instars A-4 and A-5 are equivalent to reticulations in valves of later instars and adults, and not to the disks on valves of those stages. The smaller disks on valves of the A-4 instar are equivalent to the disks of the adults. The disks form concentric ovals on the valves (this is more apparent on the A-4 instar described herein than on the other stages).
First antenna: Segments 3 and 4 are fused on instars A-5 and A-4 instars and are separated by a suture in later stages. Segment 2 of instar A-5 is without a dorsal bristle but bears 1 dorsal bristle on later stages. Segment 3 of instar A-5 is without a ventral bristle but bears 1 bristle on later stages. Segment 4 is without a dor-sal bristle on instar A-5, but bears either a short node or small bristle on instar A-4, and 1 bristle on later instars. Segment 5 is without a ventral bristle on instars A-5 and A-4 but bears a bristle on later instars; the bristle becomes longer on later instars. The 7th segment of instar A-5 lacks b-and c-bristles, and the 8th segment lacks a g-bristle. The 7th segment on the A-4 instar lacks only the b-bristles, and the 8th segment bears a small g-bristle. Instar A-3 and later stages bear on segments all bristles present on the adult; both the b-bristle of the 7th segment and the g-bristle of the 8th segment become longer on later instars.
Second antenna: Exopod: The 1st segment is not divided into two parts on instar A-5, is partly divided on A-4, and is divided on later stages. The 1st segment is without a bristle on instar A-5 and bears 1 short bristle on later stages. The 9th segment bears 2 bristles on instars A-5 and A-4, 3 on the A-3 instar, and 4 on later stages. Endopod: 1st segment with 1 dorsal bristle on instars A-5, A-4, and A-3, and 2 dorsal bristles on later stages. 2nd segment without f-bristle on instar A-5 and with bristle on later instars (f-bristle on instar A-4 very small). All stages with g-, h-, i-, and j-bristles.
Mandible: Basis: The distributions of bristles on the mandible of known stages are listed in Table 9. Of particular interest is the distribution of the two distal lateral bristles of the basis that are entwined on later stages. Both bristles are absent on the A-5 instar and one is absent on instar A-4; both bristles are present on the A-3 instar but are not entwined; the bristles cross each other 2 or 3 times on the A-2 instar, and 4 or 5 times on later stages. A distal lateral tooth present on the basis endite of the A-4 instar and later stages is absent on instar A-5.
Maxilla and fifth limb: See Table 9 for distribution of bristles.
Sixth limb: The 1st and 2nd endopod segments are fused in instars A-5, A-4, and A-3 and separated by a suture in later stages. The limb is absent on instar A-5, is weakly developed and does not extend past the 5th limb on instar A-4, and is well developed and extends past the 5th limb in later stages.

Seventh limb: The limb with bristles is absent on instars A-5 and A-4 and bears 3 bristles on later stages. Furca: Each furcal lamella bears 3 claws on instar A-5, 4 claws on instar A-4, 5 claws on instar A-3, 6 claws on instar A-2, and 7 claws on instar A-1 and the adult. Except for the A-1 instar and adult, each lamella of earlier instars bears a small triangular process (incipient claw) following the last claw.
Bellonci Organ: Similar on all known stages.
Seventh limb: Absent. Furca (Fig. 42i,j): Each lamella with 4 spinous claws followed by small triangular process fused to lamella. Claws separated from lamella by suture. Small projecting glandular process midway between claws 1 and 2. Long unpaired bristle present posterior to lamellae.
Bellonci Organ (Fig. 41e): Well developed, bifurcate distally, branches taper to point. Upper lip (Fig. 42a): Anterior margin of body near upper lip with projecting rounded process on each side; anterior tip of lip with chevron-like processes. Lower lip triangular (Fig. 42k) Gut content: Specimen with 2 food pellets in gut (length 0.19 mm, width 0.11 mm) (Fig. 42j). Each pellet with numerous closely packed amber-colored narrow strips, a few with nodes suggesting teeth, one terminating in a claw (Fig. 42l). The strips appear to be the skeleton of one or more invertebrates and indicate that the species is either a carnivore or scavenger.
Remarks. The A-4 instar from Norman's Pond Cave is referred to D. exleyi because 3 other anchialine ostracodes collected in that cave have also been collected in Oven Rock Cave, the type locality of the species. Each cave is on a different cay in the Exumas. This is the first report of the genus in Norman's Pond Cave. An A-4 instar of the species has not previously been described; the morphology of the present specimen is consistent with what would be expected for an A-4 instar collected at the type locality.
Distribution. Andros Island (Guardian Blue Hole). Description of fragmented carapace. Size of transparent disks of carapace similar in size to those on carapaces of D. exleyi, larger than those on carapaces of D. bransoni. Fragment length: Fragment length (1.73 mm) probably only slightly less than that of complete valve (stage unknown).
Remarks. Although ornamentation of carapace of Deeveya sp. A closely resembles that of D. exleyi, a species that has not been reported from Andros Island, lack of appendages does not permit specific identification. Further collections are warranted from Guardian Blue Hole.
Stout pointed unpaired process on body proximal to posterior claw. Indistinct coiled process visible within anterior part of lamellae.
Posterior of body (Fig. 43d): With rows of spines dorsal to furca. Remarks. A round amber-colored sphere filled with minute cells is present within the carapace just anterior to the furca of USNM 1021453 (Fig. 44f). No limbs or structures are visible within sphere, so it is unlikely to be an extruded egg, unless it was aborted. It has no exterior appendages usually present on crustacean parasites.
Comparisons. The new species, P. helix is smaller and has a more fragile and transparent carapace than species previously referred to the genus. The carapace of the new species differs from that of Eupolycope bahamensis in not having two small projections along the posteroventral edge of the right valve. The partly coiled structure within the lamellae of the furca of P. helix has not been described previously in members of the genus and could be characteristic of the species, although it may have been overlooked on previously described species. The transparency of the valves of the holotype permitted comparison of pertinent appendages with those of the dissected paratype. The undissected holotype is preserved in alcohol because it is a more permanent method than slides.
Composition and distribution. Chavtur (1981: 58) referred three species to this genus from the Bay of Naples and Canadian Basin, Arctic Ocean. Kornicker & Iliffe (1992: 17) described Pontopolycope mylax Kornicker & Iliffe 1992 from an anchialine cave in Jamaica. Fig. 45 Etymology. The specific name from the Greek storthynx (point, spike) in reference to the spines along the posterior margin of the carapace.
Description of A-1 female (Fig. 45). Carapace oval in lateral view with pointed rostrum, 4 pointed posterior spines, surface ridges and reticulations; surface between reticulations with pebbly texture (after being in glycerine for several months the ridges, reticulations, and pebbly texture are no longer visible and the rostrum is indistinct.) Anteroventral and ventral margin with broad serrated lamellar prolongation (Fig. 45a,b).
Mandible (Fig. 45e): Coxa endite well developed with flat serrate tip. Basis with 4 hirsute ventral bristles and 1 dorsal bristle near and medial to exopod. Exopod with 2 segments; 1st segment broad; terminal segment diaphanous (indistinct). Endopod with 2 fused segment: segment 1 with ventral bristle and 2 hirsute terminal bristles; 2nd segment with 2 hirsute terminal bristles; dorsal bristle of 2nd segment longer than others and with long stout spines near tip.
Fifth limb: Obscured, approximate morphology and bristles shown in Fig. 45g. Furca (Fig. 45i): Each lamella with 6 articulated claws. Small nonarticulated triangular process between adjacent claws and following claw 6. Pointed unpaired process on body posterior to terminal claw. Posterior of body with rows of spines near furca.
Bellonci Organ (Fig. 45h): 2 slender bristles (no marginal hairs observed). Age of specimen. Both specimens in the collection are estimated to be A-1 instars because of having only six claws on each lamella of the furca.
Comparisons. The carapace of the new species P. storthynx differs from those of P. mylax, Pontopolycope rostrata (Müller 1894) and Pontopolycope? moenia (Joy & Clark 1977) in having three or four posterior spines (appendages unknown for the latter species). The carapace of P. storthynx differs from that of Pontopolycope dentata (Müller 1894) in lacking two dorsal spines. The mandible of P. storthynx differs from that of P. dentata in having a long bristle just proximal to the exopod and in lacking a bristle on the exopod.

Suborder Myodocopina Sars 1866
Distribution. For species reported in the Bahamas (see Table 3).
Ornamentation (Fig. 46b-e): Surface with widely distributed long and medium length bristles; long bristles with broad triangular basal part. Outer edge of rostrum with small nodes (Fig. 46b,d). Ribs, punctations, and reticulations absent on USNM 1021461.
Sixth limb (Fig. 47f): Bilobed with marginal spines and 1 long spinous bristle on smaller lobe. Seventh limb: Absent. Furca (Fig. 46k): Each lamella with 5 claws decreasing in length and width posteriorly along lamella. A stout spine adjacent to base of posterior edge of claw 5; additional slender spines along lamella following claw 5. Anterior of right lamella with slender spines near base of claw 1. Claw 1 with stout medially tooth proximal to midlength. All claws with proximal teeth along posterior edge.
Y-Sclerite (Figs. 46n, 47g): Branching distally. Discussion. The second instar of a species of Pseudophilomedes has not been described previously. The specimen from Bottomly's Blue Hole provided the opportunity to describe instar II of P. ferulanus. The morphology of the first antenna and sixth limb of the species is consistent with members of the Myodocopina in that the fourth segment of the first antenna bears only a dorsal bristle, and the sixth limb bears only one bristle (see Hiruta 1983: 673). The bristle of the sixth limb of instar II of P. ferulanus is unusually long.

Family Rutidermatidae Brady & Norman 1896
Composition and distribution. The Rutidermatidae include two subfamilies, Rutidermatinae Brady &Norman 1896, andMetaschismatinae Kornicker 1994. Members of the former are widely distributed, and two genera and five species, including a new species described herein, are known from the Bahamas (see Cohen & Kornicker 1987). The Metaschismatinae includes only one species from the vicinity of Australia (Kornicker 1994:123).
Infold: Infold of rostrum with 7 single bristles (Fig. 49c). Anteroventral infold with 10 single bristles forming row (Fig. 49e). Ventral infold anterior to caudal process with about 5 small single bristles forming row (Fig. 49d). Infold of caudal process of each valve somewhat obscured by debris, with pocket with anterior oblique shelf with straight posterior edge without bristles (Fig. 49d,f); ventral edge of shelf curves posteriorly and terminates in sclerotized process (Fig. 49d,f); posterior edge of shelf with transparent lamellar prolongation; dorsal part of lamellar prolongation of right valve with minute serrations (Fig. 49d); 3 or 4 small bristles present near posterior edge of caudal process (Fig. 49d,f). Lamellar prolongation may be divided at incisure, but obscured by debris.
Maxilla (Fig. 50g): Limb reduced. Bristles somewhat obscured on limb examined under oil immersion lens. Coxa with plumose dorsal bristle. Basis with bristle near dorsal margin and 2 at midwidth. Endites I-III with total of about 11 bristles. Endopod 2nd segment with about 7 weakly developed bristles. Exopod not observed.
Seventh limb (Fig. 50j): Long, slender, with 3 or 4 proximal bristles (1 or 2 on each side), each with 2 bells, and 4 terminal bristles (2 on each side), each with 4 bells. Tip with opposing teeth, 2 on each side. Furca (Figs. 48,51b): Each lamella with 4 primary claws followed by 1 or 2 secondary claws; claw 1 with medial and lateral row of teeth (distal teeth smaller); following claws with spines along posterior edge; claws 1 and 2 with proximal medial spines forming row; claws 1-3 with slender distal spines along anterior edge; right lamella anterior to left by width of base of claw 1. Bellonci Organ (Fig. 50k): Elongate with proximal suture, short wide part near midlength, and pointed tip. Eyes: Medial eye with black pigment and without dorsal filaments (Fig. 50k). Lateral eye about twice size of medial eye, with numerous divided ommatidia surrounded by black pigment except along edges (Figs. 48,49g,50l).

Posterior of body
Y-Sclerite (Fig. 51a,c): Branching distally; posterior end forming angle. Comparisons. The carapace of the male R. flex differs from that of R. dinochelatum Kornicker 1958(Kornicker 1958 in that the upper lateral rib does not extend anteriorly to intersect the anterior edge of the rostrum, and the lower lateral rib does not extend anteriorly to midlength of the carapace. The structure of the posterior edge of the shelf in the anterior part of the pocket of the infold of the caudal process of R. flex differs from those of R. darbyi Kornicker 1983(Kornicker 1983) and R. schroederi Kornicker & Iliffe 2000(Kornicker & Iliffe 2000). The infold of the rostrum of R. flex bears a row of seven bristles compared to 12 on R. mortenseni Poulsen 1965(Poulsen 1965). The adult male of R. flex is larger than that of R. licinum Kornicker 1983, the furca bears one or two instead of three secondary claws, and the basis of the mandible bears four instead of six bristles near the ventral margin.
Type locality. Bimini, Bahamas. Material. USNM 193115, 1 adult female with body removed from carapace; all in alcohol and from continental shelf southwest of Florida.
Distribution. Bimini, Great Bahama Bank and southwest Florida continental shelf. Known depth range intertidal to 22.5 m.
Discussion. No specimens of E. capillaris are present in the collections from the Bahamas reported upon herein. However, for comparative purposes an adult female from the continental shelf southwest of Florida that had been reported and partly described by Kornicker (1986: 58) was reexamined in order to compare it with other species in the present collection, and a supplementary description of an adult female is presented herein. Appendages were studied while attached to the body and not all details were visible.
Supplementary description of adult female (Fig. 52). Carapace oval in lateral view with projecting tapered caudal process and numerous spinous processes, most with 1 or 2 fairly long bristles with broad base and short broad tapered bristles with rounded tips: ventral and anterior margins with ten processes; posterodorsal margin with 4 processes; location of additional processes shown in Fig. 52a. Surface of valves including processes covered by gel-like substance, not shown in illustration.
Ornamentation (Fig. 52a): Surface with shallow oval fossae, scattered short, recurved, broad spine-like bristles, and scattered small slender spine-like bristles; lateral ridges absent. Edge of valves with long bristles broad proximally and narrow distally, and short spine-like bristles.
Central adductor muscle attachments (Fig. 52a): Comprising about 13 ovoid scars (only 7 shown). Carapace size USNM 193115: Kornicker(1986: 58) gave length as 1.28 mm, and height as 0.93 mm. Measurements herein of carapace with body removed (carapace had been preserved in alcohol for about 35 years): length 1.15 mm, height 0.85 mm for right valve, and 1.19 mm for length of left valve.
Mandible (Fig. 52d): Similar to that described for instar IV by Kornicker (1986: 57). Seventh limb (Fig. 52e): With 2 proximal bristle with 3 or 4 bells, and 6 terminal bristles (2 short with 2 or 3 bells, 2 medium length with 4 or 5 bells, 2 long with 5 or 6 bells). Tip of limb with opposing curved teeth, 2 or 3 on each side. Furca (Fig. 52f): Right lamella anterior to left by width of base of claw 1. Lamellae following claws without stout spines (two minute spines observed on left lamella). Stout marginal teeth on claws 1 and 2 as shown.
Comparisons. The first antenna of this species is unusual in lacking a dorsal bristle on the second segment of the first antenna (Fig. 52b). Bristles on processes of the carapace of E. capillaris differ from those of Eusarsiella paniculata Kornicker 1986 in being broader and having blunter tips (Kornicker 1986:61).
Remarks. The above description provides details omitted from prior descriptions of the species.
Description of adult male (Figs. 53-56a,b). Carapace elongate with incisure forming right angle (Fig.  53). Surface with two lateral ribs connected posteriorly by vertical ridge. Horizontal ridge present between lower rib and ventral margin of valve. Small spinous process near posterodorsal corner of valve connected by 2 rows of small bristles to posterior end of upper horizontal rib. Rostrum formed by process extending anteri-  orly past anterior edge of valve (Fig. 54a-c). Caudal process in lateral view forming a 45° angle.
Ornamentation (Figs. 53,54c): Surface with shallow round fossae and numerous small single spine-like bristles; bristles mostly between fossae and not restricted to edges of fossae; not more than 8 bristles along edges of fossae. Bristles along ribs, ridges, edges of valves, and near rostrum and caudal process longer and more numerous than those on other surfaces of valves. Few long bristles with broad bases scattered over valve surface. Transparent gel-like substance visible filling space between bristles on ribs, ridges, and valve edges.
Infold: Anterior infold with single small bristle ventral to rostrum (Fig. 54a). Infold of caudal process with proximal vertical row of 3 small bare bristles and two smaller bristles along inner edge (Fig. 54b); posterior infold with 2 setal bristles Selvage: Narrow selvage with smooth outer edge undivided at incisure Central adductor muscle attachments: Many small oval attachments (some attachments darkened in Fig.  53).
Sixth limb (Fig. 55d): Single endite with 3 small bristles. End segment with bristles forming 2 rows: medial row of 5 bristles with short spines, and 8 lateral bristles with long spines; posterior edge with distal spines and 2 stout plumose bristles immediately adjacent to posterior ventral bristle.
Seventh limb (Fig. 55e,f): Limb long with about 54 well defined segments. Terminal group with 4 bristles, 2 on each side, each bristle with 6 or 7 bells and no marginal spines. Terminus slightly convex, bare.
Furca (Fig. 55g): Each lamella with 5 claws; claw 1 fused to lamella, claws 2-5 separated from lamella by suture. All claws with teeth along posterior edges and indistinct spines along part of anterior edges. Left lamella with spines along lamella following claws.
Posterior of body: Evenly rounded, bare. Genitalia (Fig. 55g,h): Lobate copulatory organ on each side of body anterior to furca; distal lobe with sclerotized curved tooth and 2 or 3 short bristles. All lobes with few short bristles.
Gut content: Unrecognizable particulate matter. Description of adult female . Carapace oval in lateral view with long tapered backward-pointing caudal process and without incisure (Fig. 57). Surface with 2 lateral ribs connected posteriorly by diagonal rib terminating posteriorly with backward-pointing spinous node. Upper lateral rib with 6 nodes, 5 of these with long terminal bristle. Lower lateral rib with 6 nodes, 5 of these with long terminal bristle. Row of 3 long bristles present near anterior part of shell between the 2 ribs. Row of 3 nodes bearing 1 or 2 long terminal bristles present between lower rib and ventral margin of valve; 1 node with long terminal bristle present near anterior end of caudal process. Outer edge of valve with 16 nodes bearing 1 or 2 long bristles. All nodes and ribs covered with small bristles with knobby tips. Ornamentation (Figs. 57, 58 ): Surface with shallow oval fossae with bare bottoms. Scattered small bristles with knobby tips present between fossae and on ribs and nodes (Fig. 58b). Anterior and ventral margins with long bristles with broad section at distal two-thirds and pointed tips, and shorter slenderer bristles with pointed tips (these medial to the long bristles). Tip of caudal process with 2 bristles (1 near dorsal end, 1 near ventral end) with 4 shorter bristles between them. Valve including ribs and nodes coated with transparent gellike substance filling space between the short bristles.
Selvage: Lamellar prolongation extending well past tip of caudal process. Lamellar prolongation broad along anterior and ventral margins and with smooth outer edge.
Sixth limb (Fig. 60d): Single endite with 3 bristles. End segment with 12 bristles (5 medial, 7 lateral) separated by space from 2 posterior plumose bristles Seventh limb (Fig. 60e,f): Each limb with 2 proximal bristles, each with 5 bells, and 6 terminal bristles, each with 3 to 7 bells; distal 15 segments proximal to terminus slightly broader than proximal segments, each with sclerotized midline, and a small amber colored round cell near outer edge (Fig. 60f). Terminus with opposing teeth (2 or 3 on each side (exact number difficult to resolve)). Bristles without marginal spines.
Bellonci Organ: Lost. Elongate with rounded tip based on organ of A-1 female shown in Fig. 61l. Furca (Fig. 60g): Each lamella with 5 claws; lamella following claws of left side with numerous spines; only few spines on right lamella. Claws 1 to 4 with teeth along posterior edges; claw 1 with 3 or 4 stouter teeth near midlength; tips of claws pointed. Right lamella anterior to left by width of claw 1, and with few minute spines along anterior edge near base of claw.
Genitalia: Small oval amber-colored area present anterior to Y-sclerite, but it may not be genitalia.  (Fig. 61). Shape of carapace in lateral view differs from that of adult female in having an oblique posterior margin (Fig. 61a).
Ornamentation (Fig. 61a,b): Carapace without parallel ribs present on carapace of adult female and with fewer nodes. Surface with shallow round fossae; except for those near middle of valve, fossae appear as crescents open to valve margin. Surface between fossae with small bristles with knobbed tips (Fig. 61b). Tip of caudal process with 2 bristles (1 at ventral end, 1 near dorsal end) and few shorter bristles between them.
Selvage: Narrow selvage with smooth outer edge undivided at incisure and extending past tip of caudal process.
First antenna (Fig. 61f): 1st segment bare. 2nd with minute dorsal spine near midlength and distal dorsal bristle with few indistinct marginal spines. 3rd and 4th segments fused; 3rd with 2 terminal bristles (1 ventral, 1 dorsal); 4th segment with 3 bristles (2 ventral, 1 dorsal). Long ventral bristle of 5th segment with 2 minute marginal filaments. 6th segment with short bare medial bristle. 7th segment: a-bristle bare, about same length as 5th segment; b-bristle same length as a-bristle; c-bristle same length as bristle of 5th segment, with 2 minute marginal filaments. 8th segment: d-and e-bristles shorter than c-bristle, bare with blunt tips; f-bristle shorter than c-bristle, about same length as d-bristle, with 1 minute proximal filament; g-bristle about same length as c-bristle, with 4 minute marginal filaments (2 proximal filaments longer than others). b-, c-, f-, and g-bristles with terminal spine.
Second antenna: Protopod and exopod (including number of bristles and their spination) similar to those of adult female. Endopod with single segment with 2 ringed anterior bristles and short unringed terminal bristle (Fig. 61g).
Mandible: Basis with 3 medial bristles (shortest closer to ventral margin). Limb otherwise similar to that of adult female. Ventral area of precoxa just adjacent to coxa with brown pigment.
Maxilla (Fig. 61h): Endite I with 6 bristles; endite II with 4 bristles; endite III with 6 bristles similar to those of adult female. Coxa, basis, endopod, and exopod similar to those of adult female.
Bellonci Organ (Fig. 61l): Elongate with rounded tip. Furca (Fig. 61k): Each lamella with 5 claws similar to those of adult female. Anterior claw of right lamella anterior to anterior claw of left lamella by width of base of claw 1. Lamella following right claw with 2 fairly stout spines, that of left claw with 5 fairly stout spines.
Eyes (Fig. 61l): Lateral eye small with 5 amber colored ommatidia. Medial eye larger than lateral eye, bare, light amber in color.
Upper lip (Fig. 61m): With projecting rounded tooth-like tip . Genitalia: Absent. Y-Sclerite (Fig. 61k): With usual ventral branch. Posterior of body: Evenly rounded, bare. Gut content: With unrecognizable amber colored particles. Eggs: Absent. Description of instar III (A-2) (sex unknown) (Fig. 62). Shape of carapace in lateral view similar to that of instar IV female (Fig. 62a). Valves including nodes coated with transparent gel-like substance filling space between the short bristles.
Ornamentation (Fig. 62a): Ribs absent. Nodes, in general, similar to those of instar IV female, less developed than those of adult female. Fossae of USNM 1021458 more distinct than those of instar IV female and adult female described above; many fossae rectangular making surface of valves appear reticulate. Surface with many long bristles distributed, in general, in same manner as in instar IV female. Surface between fossae with minute bristles with knobby tips.
Infold: Anterior infold with small bristle near midheight. Infold of caudal process with vertical row of 3 bristles and 1 or 2 small bristles near inner margin of infold. Posterior infold with 2 setal bristles ventral to midheight.
Selvage: Lamellar prolongation extending well past tip of caudal process. Lamellar prolongation broad along anterior and ventral margins and with smooth outer edge. Central adductor muscle attachments (Fig. 62b): Each valve with about 13 oval attachments. Carapace size (length, height in mm): USNM 1021467, length including caudal process 1.02, length excluding caudal process 0.85, length from tip of posterior node to anterior margin of valve 0.81, height 0.69.
Mandible (Fig. 62e): Coxa, endopod similar to those of both instar IV and adult female. Basis with 3 medial bristles (shortest closer to ventral margin) and 2 minute dorsal bristles (1 distal to midlength, 1 terminal). Ventral area of precoxa adjacent to coxa with brown pigment in transmitted light similar to area observed on instar IV female.
Maxilla: Endites I, II, and III, coxa, basis, endopod, and exopod with similar number of bristles present on both instar IV and adult female.
Seventh limb (Fig. 62g): Elongate, without rings, bare. Furca: With 5 claws similar to those of both instar IV and adult female. Spines following claws on lamella. Positions of left and right lamella relative to each other similar to those of both instar IV and adult female.
Ornamentation (Fig. 63a): Surface with shallow round fossae (only few shown in Fig. 63a). Surface between fossae with short bristles with knobby tips. Few long bristles with broad bases on valve surface. Long bristles present along anterior and ventral margins. Tip of caudal process with 2 bristles (1 near dorsal end, 1 near ventral end). Transparent gel-like substance visible filling space between bristles and along valve edges.
Infold: Anterior infold with small bristle near midheight. Infold of caudal process with 2 or 3 bristles near anterior end and 2 minute bristles near inner margin of infold. Posterior infold with 2 setal bristles near midheight.
First antenna (Fig. 63c): 1st segment bare. 2nd segment with minute dorsal spine at midlength and short distal dorsal bristle. 3rd segment fused to 4th; 3rd segment with 2 bristles (1 ventral, 1 dorsal); 4th segment with dorsal bristle reaching middle of 5th segment. 5th segment with long ventral bristle with 2 minute proximal filaments. 6th segment with short medial bristle. 7th segment: a-bristle short; b-bristle about same length as a-bristle; c-bristle same length as bristle of 5th segment, with 2 minute marginal filaments. 8th segment: dand e-bristle shorter than c-bristle, bare with blunt tips; f-bristle slightly shorter than d-and e-bristles, with minute proximal marginal filament; g-bristle as long as c-bristle, with 2 small proximal marginal filaments.
Second antenna: Protopod bare. Exopod similar to that of instar III, with bent terminal spine-like medial bristle on 1st segment and 2 bristles on 9th segment (Fig. 63e). Endopod with single segment with short prox-imal ringed anterior bristle and small unringed terminal bristle on small node (node could be interpreted to be 2nd segment) (Fig. 63d).
Mandible (Fig. 63f): Precoxa with brown pigment at ventral margin adjacent to coxa. Coxa endite consisting of short stout spine; ventral margin of coxa with short hairs. Basis: medial surface near ventral margin with 3 bristles (shortest bristle closer to ventral margin); dorsal margin with 1 minute spine-like bristle distal to midlength and similar bristle subterminal. Endopod similar to that of instar III.
Sixth limb (Fig. 63h): Lobate with 1 bristle near midwidth; margin of limb hirsute. Seventh limb: Short, bare. Furca: Each lamella with 5 claws similar to those of instar III. Spines on lamellae following claws similar to those of instar III. Right lamella anterior to left by width of base of claw 1.
Posterior of body: Evenly rounded, bare. Genitalia: absent. Y-Sclerite: With ventral branch. Gut content: Unrecognizable particulate matter. (Figs. 64, 65). Carapace similar in shape to that of Instar II instar. Ribs and nodes absent. Surface with scattered long bristles and numerous small bristles with knobby tips. Anterior and ventral margins with numerous long bristles. Surface coated with transparent gellike substance filling space between short bristles.

Description of instar I (A-4) instar (sex unknown)
Ornamentation (Fig. 64a): Surface with weakly developed oval fossae with bare bottoms. Surface between fossae with scattered long bristles and numerous short bristles with knobby tips. Anterior and ventral margins with long and medium length bristles with pointed tips. Tip of caudal process with 2 bristles (1 near ventral end, 1 near dorsal end) and smaller bristles between them.
Infold: Anterior infold with small bristle near midheight. Selvage of caudal process with none (left valve) or 1 small bristle (right valve) near anterior end and 2 small bristles at inner edge of infold. Posterior infold with 1 setal bristle ventral to midheight.
Selvage: Lamellar prolongation of selvage extending well past tip of caudal process. Lamellar prolongation broad along anterior and ventral margins and with smooth outer edge.
Central adductor muscle attachments (Fig. 64a,b): USNM 1021469 with about 20 muscle that appeared as jumbled mass when viewed through shell. Individual muscles not forming tight bundle usually extending from valve to valve in myodocopids. Muscles in USNM 1021470 appear of normal tightly bundled type when viewed through valves (valves not opened).
First antenna (Fig. 64c): 1st segment bare. 2nd segments with minute distal dorsal spine (in about same location as bristle on later stages). 3rd and 4th segments fused; segment 3 with 2 bristles (1 ventral, 1 dorsal); segment 4 bare. 5th segment with long ventral bristle. 6th segment with small medial bristle. 7th segment: abristle 2 or 3 times length of bristle of 6th segment; b-bristle about same length as a-bristle; c-bristle about same length as bristle of 5th segment. 8th segment: d-and e-bristles only slightly shorter than c-bristle; f-bristle shorter than d-bristle; g-bristle about same length as c-bristle. Bristle of 5th segment and c-, f-, and g-bristles without marginal filaments.
Mandible (Fig. 64f,g): Coxa and endopod similar to those of instar II. Ventral part of precoxa adjacent to coxa without brown color. Basis: medial surface with 3 bristles (shortest bristle closer to ventral margin); dorsal margin with 2 distal minute spine-like bristles.
Y-Sclerite: With ventral branch (Fig. 65g). Girdle weakly developed (Fig. 65g). Gut content: Unidentified particulate matter. Remarks. The adult male, adult females and juveniles referred to this species were collected in the same sample. The adult male and female of many sarsiellids differ considerably in morphology of both the carapace and appendages, and one cannot always with certainty refer them to the same species. The referral here is supported by the morphology of the short bristles covering the carapaces of both the male and female. The bristles have a knobby tip on both the male and female, and the locations of the bristles relative to the shallow fossae are similar on both the adult male and female. The knobby tip is smaller on the adult male than on the adult female. The knobby bristles are also present on juveniles. The small knobby tips are seen best when the valve is viewed at high magnification (40X or 100X objective) and preferably with the valve under a cover slip. A few early instars of sarsiellids in the sample, which do not have bristles with knobby tips, are referred to Eusarsiella sp. indet.
Comparisons. Male: The valves of the male E. syrinx differ from those of the adult male E. ryanae Kornicker & Iliffe 2000 in having a less elongate caudal process and less abundant short spine-like bristles, especially along edges of fossae and, also, fewer bristles on the infold of the caudal process (three compared to six or seven). The endopod of the second antenna of E. syrinx bears one bristle on the first segment compared to two bristles on E. ryanae. The first antenna of E. syrinx bears one ventral bristle on the fourth segment compared to two bristles on E. ryanae. The exopod of mandible of E. syrinx is a short bare blunt process, whereas that of E. ryanae is longer and spinous. The second segment of the endopod of the second antenna of E. syrinx is much longer than that of E. warneri . The exopod of the mandible of E. syrinx is a short blunt process, whereas that of E. warneri is a small bristle (Fig. 56c). Parts of the mandible of E. warneri and E. syrinx are compared in Fig. 56. E. syrinx differs from the adult male designated Eusarsiella sp. X by Kornicker et al. (2002: 63) in having both no proximal bristles on the seventh limb and a second segment on the endopod of the second antenna (see Kornicker 1958: figs. 74c, 75c). The mandible of the adult male E. syrinx differs from that of the adult male E. styx Kornicker & Iliffe 1989b, in having a smaller and bare exopod and a longer terminal claw on the third endopod segment.
Female: The carapace of E. syrinx differs from that of E. ryanae in that the short bristles on the outer surface have knobby rather than pointed tips and in the carapace having many more nodes. The first antennae of E. capillaris (Kornicker 1958) and Eusarsiella sp. X (Kornicker et al. 2002: 63) differ from those of E. syrinx in not having a dorsal bristle on the first segment. The carapace of E. syrinx is much larger than that of E. cornuta Poulsen 1965, and the endopod of the second antenna of the former bears a terminal bristle absent on the latter. The precoxa of the mandible of the adult female and instars II to IV of E. syrinx have ventrally adjacent to the coxa a brown or reddish brown area not described in previous sarsiellids. However, its presence on other species may not have been sufficiently noticed to be included in their descriptions. The basis of the mandible of E. syrinx bears three bristles near the ventral margin compared to six on E. ryanae. In the "Key to the Species of Eusarsiella" in Kornicker (1986:44-47) which includes 35 species from the West Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico, the female E. syrinx keys out to Eusarsiella cornuta Poulsen 1965. The carapace of E. cornuta differs from that of E. syrinx in lacking projecting processes along the outer margin. The carapaces of two species described from Bermuda, Eusarsiella absens (Kornicker 1981) and Eusarsiella styx Kornicker & Iliffe 1989b, differ from that of E. syrinx in lacking projecting processes along the margins.
Ontogeny and Sexual Dimorphism (Table 13, Figs. 25,26). Carapace: Posterior margins of instars in lateral view are oblique, whereas the margin of the adult female is vertical. The posterodorsal part of the carapace of the adult female is broader than on instars, no doubt to accommodate eggs. The carapace of the adult male differs from those of instars and the adult female mainly in having a prominent rostrum.
Ornamentation: Adults have prominent ribs which are absent on instars. Prominent nodes on the adults progressively become less prominent in younger instars. Visibility of fossae is in part a function of preservation, because they are quite apparent on an instar II (USNM 1021467 but are less apparent on other instars.
They are quite visible on both adult females in the collection. The number and distribution of long bristles appear similar in the adult female and instars. Short bristles with knobbed tips are present on all specimens.
Infold: The anterior infold of instars and adult bear a small bristle near midheight. The adult female caudal process bears 4 to 6 bristles forming vertical row; the numbers decrease in progressively younger instars, and none are present on instar I. A broad infold is present at all stages.
Selvage: A broad lamellar prolongation with a smooth outer margin is present on all stages. It extends well past the posterior end of the caudal process and is undivided at the anterior margin of valves.
Central adductor muscle attachments: The number of muscle attachments given herein is those seen through the outside of each valve, and the differences observed for the stages are in large part the result of their being partly obscured on some specimens. In one of the first instars (USNM 1021469) the individual muscle strands are loosely packed (Fig. 64b), but in the second instar I (USNM 1021470) in the collection the strands are tightly bound together, as is normal for myodocopids.
Carapace size: Growth factors based on total length including the caudal process for the few specimens in the collection are: Instar I to instar II, 1.24; II to III, 1.23; II to IV, 1.27; IV to adult female, 1.30; and IV to adult male, 0.75.
First antenna: The 3rd and 4th segments are fused in all stages. The 5th segment is wedged ventrally between the 4th and 6th segments in the adult male. The 6th segment is well developed only in the adult male; in other stages the segment is fused to the 5th segment and, at most, consists of a narrow band. Segment 2 is without a dorsal bristle on instar I, and bears 1 dorsal bristle on later stages. Segment 4 is without bristles on instar I, bears 1 dorsal bristle on instar II, 1 ventral and 1 dorsal bristle on instar III as well as on the adult male, and 2 ventral and 2 dorsal bristles on remaining stages. The ventral bristle of the 5th segment is without marginal filaments on instar I and bears numerous long marginal filaments on the adult male; on other stages the bristle contains a few minute marginal filaments. The c-bristle of the 7th segment and the d-, f-, and g-bristles of the 8th segment are without filaments on instar I and bear a few minute filaments on later stages.
Mandible: Limb similar in instars and adult female; e. g., each of 3 endopod segments bears a strong ventral terminal claw, and limb is without an exopod. Adult male very different; e. g., a strong claw present only on 3rd endopod segment, and limb bears a small exopod.
Maxilla: Limb similar in instars and adult female, except endite III of instar I with four bristles compared to 6 in other stages. Male limb reduced and all bristles except those of exopod very weakly developed (difficult to count).
Fifth limb: Number of epipod bristles increases from 25 on instar I to 35 on adult female and 36 on adult male, otherwise instars and adult female similar. Limb of adult male reduced.
Sixth limb: Limb without bristles on instar I, with 1 bristle on instar II, and with many bristles on other stages.
Seventh limb: Limb bare on instars I to III, becoming longer on each succeeding stage. Instar IV female limb with 6 bristles, adult female limb with 8, and adult male limb with 4. Instar IV and adult female limbs with terminal opposing spines, which are absent on adult male.

Eusarsiella paniculata
Type locality. West Florida continental shelf, depth 58.5 m. Material. Sta 00-025, Conch Sound Blue Hole, Andros Island, Great Bahama Bank: USNM 1021471, one instar A-1 female on slide and in alcohol; USNM 1021472, one A-1 male in alcohol; USNM 1021473, one A-2 instar (sex unknown) in alcohol. Kornicker 1986, USNM 1021471, A-1 female: a, complete specimen from left side, length with caudal process 1.26 mm; b, central adductor muscle scars of left valve, ov; c, round fossae and small pointed spines on surface of left valve, ov; d, caudal process of left valve, iv; e, caudal process of right valve, iv; f, right first antenna, mv (nabs). Scale equals 0.10 mm (b-d,f) and 0.05 mm (e). Kornicker 1986, USNM 1021471, A-1 female: a, protopod right second antenna and right lateral eye, lv; b, endopod right second antenna, mv; c, right mandible drawn on body, mv; d, right maxilla drawn on body, lv; e, endite III right maxilla, lv; f, endites I and II left maxilla, mv; g, right fifth limb drawn on body, lv; h, right sixth limb drawn on body, lv; i, left seventh limb; j, left lamella of furca, lv; k, medial eye.Scale equals 0.10 mm (a,j,k) and 0.05 mm (b-i).
Description of A-1 female (Figs. 66-68a,b). Carapace oval in lateral view with pointed caudal process triangular in lateral view (Fig. 66a). Surface with gel-like substance coating valves and short bristles. Ornamentation (Fig. 66a,c): Surface with numerous processes bearing short tapered bristles, 1 very long bristle, and 1 shorter more slender bristle (Fig. 66a); surface with shallow round fossae with bare bottoms; surface between fossae with small spine-like pointed bristles of various lengths; spines also abundant along valve edge including caudal process.
Infold: Anterior infold with minute bristle near midheight. Infold of caudal process with 4 or 5 bare bristles forming vertical row and 1 similar bristle closer to the inner edge of infold (Fig. 66d,e).
Selvage: Broad lamellar prolongation with smooth outer edge present along entire margin and extending well past tip of caudal process.
Mandible (Fig. 67c): Coxa endite consisting of short stout spine; ventral margin of coxa with short hairs. Basis with 6 bristle with 3 medial, 3 smaller on ventral margin, and 2 spine-like small dorsal subterminal bristles. Exopod absent. Endopod: 1st segment with distal medial spines, row of medial spines along distal margin, 3 stouter terminal dorsal spines, and minute spine-like medial bristle at base of stout ventral claw. 2nd segment with minute terminal dorsal bristle and stout ventral claw. 3rd segment with 2 minute bristles (1 ventral, 1 dorsal) and stout terminal claw.
Furca (Fig. 67j): Each lamella with 5 claws with claw 1 fused to lamella. Claw 1 with 5 stout teeth, many small teeth, and long spines forming medial row near base; claws 2 and 3 with small teeth; claw 5 very small. Left lamella with ventral spines following claws and posterior to right lamella by width of claw 1 at base. Both lamellae with small anterior spine at about midheight.
Genitalia? (Fig. 68b): Broad rounded lobe on each side of longer tapered lobe, all bare. Each rounded  Distribution. Type locality. Description of A-1 female b). Carapace oval in lateral view with triangular pointed caudal process (Figs. 69, 70c). Surface with 2 lateral ribs with pebbly surface and several nodes bearing a long bristle but no short broad bristles (Fig. 69).
Ornamentation (Figs. 69, 70a-c): Very short spines covering caudal process and remainder of valves, appearing pebble-like along valve edges and on ridges. Surface of holotype with fossae with irregular outline, some with inward-pointing minute spines along edges. Surface coated with gel-like substance. Infold: Anterior infold with minute bristle at midheight. Infold of caudal process with 3 bristles (Fig. 70c). Two setal bristles present dorsal to caudal process.
Selvage: Lamellar prolongation with smooth outer edge along valve margins. Prolongation with serrated margin extends well past tip of caudal process.
Mandible (Fig. 70f): Coxa endite consisting of short stout spine; ventral margin of coxa with short hairs. Basis: medial side near ventral margin with 4 short bristles; ventral margin with 2 minute bristles; dorsal margin with 2 small distal bristles. Exopod absent. Endopod: 1st segment with distal medial spines, row of minute medial spines along distal margin (row extends to stout spine on dorsal edge of segment), and stout ventral claw with proximal row of minute teeth along dorsal edge; minute medial spine-like bristle at base of stout claw. 2nd segment with minute dorsal bristle and stout ventral claw. 3rd segment with 2 minute bristles (1 ventral, 1 dorsal) and stout terminal claw. Maxilla (Fig. 70g,h): Endite I with 6 bristles; endite II with 4 bristles; endite III with 6 bristles. Coxa with short dorsal bristle. Basis with single bristle near exopod. Exopod with 2 bristles. Endopod with 2 segments: segment 1 with alpha-and beta-bristles; segment 2 with 2 a-bristles, 1 c-bristle, and 5 pectinate end bristles. Fig. 71h; also shown in Fig. 72e. Posterior of body (Fig. 72c): Evenly rounded and bare ventral to girdle. Genitalia (Fig. 72f): A single tapered lobe on each side of body; 3 minute bristles near tip of each lobe.   (Fig. 72c): With ventral branch. Gut content: Unidentified crustacean fragments. Description of A-1 instar (sex unknown) (Fig. 71l). Carapace similar in shape and ornamentation to those of A-1 female and male.

Comparisons
The irregular outlines of fossae on the carapace of E. fax are unusual; the fossae of previously described species having fossae are evenly rounded. The carapace of the new species resembles that of Eusarsiella cornuta Poulsen 1965, which is known only from an adult female collected in the Virgin Islands (Poulsen 1965:106). The edges of the fossae on the carapace of that species are crenulate, but the fossae are more rounded than those of E. fax. Composition and distribution. Genus with 10 species, widespread, known depth range shallow water to 142 m (Kornicker & Iliffe 2000: 45).
Type locality. Exuma Sound, Great Bahama Bank, depth 142 m. Material. Sta 00-019, Mystery Cave, Stocking Island, Great Exuma, Great Bahama Bank: USNM 1021484, one instar II female on slide and in alcohol; USNM 1021485, one instar III female on slide and in alcohol; USNM 1021486, two instar III females in alcohol; USNM 1021487, one instar IV female in alcohol.
Description of instar II female (Figs. 73,74). Carapace similar in shape to that of instar IV male illustrated by   fig. 46a) (fig. 73a). Anterior rostrum indicated by minute overlap at midheight of anterior margin of carapace (Fig. 73a,e,f). Posterior edge of caudal process linear (Fig. 73a-c). Anterior and anteroventral margin of valves slightly rugose (Fig. 73f). Extent of attached dorsal margin indicated in Fig. 73b.
Ornamentation (Fig. 73a,c): Single bristles numerous along valve margins and scattered over valve surface. Row of about 6 short straight bristles present along outer edge of caudal process.
Infold: Infold of caudal process with about 10 bristles forming row along inner margin and 2 small bristles near midwidth (Fig. 73d). Two setal bristles present just dorsal to caudal process. Usual bristle on anterior infold near rostrum not observed with certainty.
Selvage: Lamellar prolongation with smooth outer edge present along free margins and extending past posterior end of caudal process.
Central adductor muscle attachments (Fig. 73a,b): Consisting of about 17 small oval attachments. Carapace size (length, height in mm): USNM 1021484, 0.66, 0.50. First antenna (Fig. 74a,b): 1st segment bare. 2nd segment with distal dorsal bristle. 3rd and 4th segments fused; 3rd segment with dorsal bristle; 4th segment with terminal dorsal bristle and few terminal ventral spines. Sensory bristle of 5th segment long with 2 minute distal spines and terminal spine. 6th segment fused to 5th segment, with short terminal dorsal bristle with base on medial side. 7th segment: a-bristle almost twice length of bristle of sixth segment; b-bristle medial, slightly longer than a-bristle; c-bristle about same length as sensory bristle of 5th segment, narrower in distal half. 8th segment: d-bristle obscured but appearing to be only slightly longer than b-bristle, filament-like, bare; e-bristle almost same length as c-bristle, filament-like distally, bare; f-bristle about two-thirds length of c-bristle, bare; g-bristle same length as c-bristle, bare. Tips of c-, f-, and g-bristles with terminal spine.
Type locality. Remarks. The species was collected in Crab Cay Crevasse in 1995 (Kornicker et al. 2002: 67). It continued to be present in the crevasse in 2000 showing that environmental stresses during that period have not decimated the species.
Ornamentation (Fig. 76, 77a,c): Surface with scallop-like reticulations with digitate margins; numerous minute pustules present within reticulations; surface with indistinct horizontal ribs; posterior dorsal corner of valve with prominent node; valve surface and margins with single bristles.
Remarks. This early instar was left intact. The valve of the early instar differs somewhat from the holotype of Dantya magnifica illustrated by Kornicker & Cohen (1978: Fig.1) in lacking nodes, and the fourth furcal claw is not broader than the third as it is in the holotype (Kornicker & Cohen 1978: Fig. 4d), but these differences could be attributed to the immaturity of the specimen. The carapace of Dantya heardi Kornicker 1986, does not have the posterodorsal node present on Dantya sp. A, but it is possible that Dantya sp. A could be referred to D. heardi when adults are known. This is the first report of a member of the genus Dantya in the Bahamas.
Type locality. Sta 95-006, transect BB, Exuma Sound, Great Bahama Bank, depth 88 m. Material. Holotype. No specimens were in the present collections. Remarks. Kornicker & Iliffe (2000: 61) did not completely describe the maxilla and fifth limb of the adult female holotype. The number of bristles on the various parts of those limbs are given herein. The total number of bristles on other appendages given below are from descriptions by Kornicker & Iliffe (2000: 61-72).

Synasterope browni Kornicker & Iliffe 2000
Remarks. The species was collected in Mystery Cave in 1997 (Kornicker et al. 2002: 85). Its presence in the cave in 1999 shows that it continues to live there and was not affected by environmental stresses during that period.
Description of adult male . Carapace elongate with evenly rounded anterior and posterior margins (Fig. 79a). Ornamentation: Vertical row of few long hairs near posterior end of valve. Infold: Obscure on slide, especially posterior end of valves. Infold of rostrum with about 19 bristles (Fig.  79c,d). Anteroventral infold with about 11 bristles (Fig. 79e). Ventral infold with about 7 bristles. Flap-like posterior bristles present but number obscured. Few small bristles present between flap-like bristles and posterior margin of valve. No processes observed between posteroventral list and valve margin. sensory bristle of the first antenna of the adult male of S. matrix bears about 40 filaments compared to over 100 for S. browni. The dorsal margin of the basis of the mandible of the adult male of S. matrix bears one long and one short terminal bristles, compared to two long bristles on S. browni. The sixth limb of S. matrix has more bristles along the ventral margin than on S. setisparsa (Kornicker 1958) and fewer bristles than the eight species in the "Key to Selected Species of Synasterope" from the Gulf of Mexico and west Atlantic presented in Kornicker (1986:68, 69).

Results
In this paper, 33 cave dwelling species from 15 genera within the ostracode Subclass Myodocopa are discussed or described. A total of 15 stygobitic species, including two new, from Danielopolina, Spelaeoecia and Deeveya in the Suborder Halocypridina inhabit inland, anchialine caves. Of these three genera, Danielopolina, with 11 anchialine species, is the most widely distributed, inhabiting caves, mostly on islands, on opposite sides of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Spelaeoecia, with 11 species, is intermediate in distribution, being found in Bermuda and the Caribbean, while Deeveya, with eight species, has the most limited distribution, occurring only in the Bahamian archipelago.
The Bahamas appears to be the center of biodiversity for anchialine halocyprids, being inhabited by four species of Danielopolina, six species of Spelaeoecia and all eight species of Deeveya. A comparable situation exists pertaining to the known biogeography of the crustacean Class Remipedia, which occurs in many of the same caves and geographic locations as Danielopolina, e.g., the Bahamas, Yucatan Peninsula, Cuba, Canary Islands and Western Australia, and has the majority of its described species, 13 out of a total of 17, inhabiting caves in the Bahamas (Koenemann et al. 2007).
Uncertainty exists as to whether the present day distribution of relict anchialine taxa such as Danielopolina results from vicariance (earth history) or dispersal (biological) events (Humphreys & Danielopol 2005). Kornicker and Iliffe (1989) and others have argued for a Tethyan origin of Danielopolina in the Mesozoic with subsequent dispersal by plate tectonics. The recent discovery of Danielopolina on Christmas Island, a limestone-capped, volcanic seamount in the Indian Ocean, has fueled debate concerning the potential for oceanic dispersal of anchialine taxa to such otherwise isolated locations (Humphreys & Danielopol 2005).
The relative breadth of the distributions of three anchialine genera suggests a possible order in the evolution and dispersal of these three genera. Danielopolina, which occurs on opposite sides of the Earth, would seem to have the earliest origins. Spelaeoecia, which occurs only in the Western Atlantic, would be intermediate in age, while Deeveya, which is restricted to just the Bahamas, would have the most recent origins of the three.
The Bahamas archipelago consists of two very large shallow-water platforms, the Great Bahama Bank with the islands of Andros, New Providence, Eleuthera, the Exumas, Cat and Long, and the Little Bahama Bank containing the islands of Grand Bahama and Abaco, separated by deep-water channels. Other islands occur on separate but smaller platforms, including the Turks and Caicos Islands, which are geographically and geologically an extension of the archipelago. Within the Bahamas, Danielopolina has so far been found only on the Great Bahama Bank (Andros, Eleuthera and the Exumas). Spelaeoecia occurs on both the Little Bahama Bank (Grand Bahama) and the Great Bahama Bank (Andros, Exumas and Long Island), in addition to San Salvador. Deeveya extends from the Little Bahama Bank (Grand Bahama and Abaco) through the Great Bahama Bank (Andros, Exumas and Eleuthera) to the Caicos Bank (Providenciales). We can compare these halocyprid distributions to the three families that make up Remipedia (Koenemann et al. 2007). The Family Godzilliidae is found only in the Bahamas and occurs on the Little Bahama Bank (Grand Bahama and Abaco), the Great Bahama Bank (Exumas) and the Caicos Bank (North Caicos). The Micropacteridae with one species is found exclusively on the Caicos Bank (Providenciales). The Speleonectidae, which has the largest worldwide distribution (Cuba, Yucatan, the Dominican Republic, the Canary Islands and Western Australia), inhabits the Little Bahama Bank (Grand Bahama and Abaco), the Great Bahama Bank (Exumas and Cat), San Salvador, and the Caicos Bank (Providenciales and North Caicos). While both the Speleonectidae and Danielopolina have an extremely wide distribution on a global scale, it is unclear why the former occurs in a number of locations on separate banks throughout the Bahamas, while the latter inhabits just two islands in the Bahamas from the same platform.
Another interesting parallel between halocyprid ostracods and remipedes is the presence of multiple genera and species within a single cave. For example, Sanctuary Blue Hole on South Andros contains species from all three genera of halocyprids, i.e., Danielopolina palmeri, Deeveya bransoni and Spelaeoecia styx. Sagittarius and Virgo Blue Holes on Sweeting's Cay both contain species from two genera: Spelaeoecia sagax and Deeveya medix. Basil Minn's Blue Hole on Great Exuma Island is likewise inhabited by Danielopolina exuma and Deeveya medix. Mermaid's Lair on Grand Bahama is inhabited by two species from the same genus: Spelaeoecia hox and Spelaeoecia parkeri. From the Remipedia, Dan's Cave on Abaco includes four genera: Godzilliognomus frondosus Yager 1989, Pleomothra apletocheles Yager 1989, Cryptocorynetes haptodiscus Yager 1987 and Speleonectes benjamini Yager 1987, while three new species of Speleonectes, S. minnsi, S. parabenjamini and S. tanumekes, were described from Basil Minn's Blue Hole by Koenemann et al. (2003).
With the exception of one species of Danielopolina from deep waters of the South Atlantic, all other species of Danielopolina, Spelaeoecia and Deeveya have been so far exclusively found in inland, anchialine caves. The discovery of Deeveya inhabiting deeper, hydrologically isolated waters in ocean blue holes, which are otherwise comparable to classical anchialine environments, has raised questions concerning the geographic limits to the anchialine habitat and its supposed reliance on terrestrial inputs. The use of helium-containing breathing mixtures for deep diving and closed circuit rebreathers permitting much longer dive times should significantly expand the depth and distance limits of cave divers and thus enable cave diving scientists to investigate more effectively the biodiversity and ecology of both marine and anchialine caves.

Disposition of specimens
All specimens have been deposited in the collections of the former United States National Museum (USNM), now the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, and have been assigned USNM numbers.