AUSTRALIA’S ROLE IN DEVELOPING INDONESIA’S CAPACITY BUILDING IN COMBATTING NARCOTIC CRIMES

This research seeks to explain Australia's role, through the Australian Federal Police (AFP) and the Australian Border Force (ABF) in developing Indonesian National Narcotics Board’s (BNN) capacity building in dealing with narcotics crimes. Special skills are needed in dealing with narcotics crimes, both in the process of prosecution of criminals and crime prevention. The Indonesian National Narcotics Board faced several obstacles in handling narcotic crimes, including the lack of capacity in using technology to identify new kinds of drugs and capability to track down narcotic criminals. Hence, Australia observes that enforcement skills could be developed within Indonesia's capacity to deal with narcotics crimes. This study uses a descriptive research method with a qualitative approach to describe Australia’s role in developing Indonesia's internal and external capacity building.The result of this research shows that Australia's role in developing Indonesia's capacity building through conducting activities in the form of training which consists of skills, knowledge and attitude training. Australia’s training has improved BNN staff’s internal capacity in problem solving, integrity and knowledge. Australia has also improved BNN’s external capacity by developing K-9 facilities and granting dog runs.


INTRODUCTION
This study seeks to explain Australia's role, through the Australian Federal Police (AFP) and the Australian Border Force (ABF) in developing Indonesian National Narcotics Board's (BNN) capacity building in combatting narcotic crimes.Indonesia and Australia are both located between two oceans, making them geographically prone to drugs trafficking and smuggling1 .Thus, the neighboring countries need to cooperate in dealing with transnational narcotic crimes 2 .Indonesia and Australia had diplomatic relations since 1949.Previously, both governments have signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) on Combating Transnational Crime and Developing Police Cooperation.This MoU was signed on 13 June and ratified in September 2002, which became the formal framework for cooperation in law enforcement between the two countries 3 .Cooperation in combatting narcotic crimes between the two countries continued, through the signing of MoU between the Australian Federal Police (AFP) and Indonesia's National Narcotics Agency (BNN) in 2011, followed by another MoU signed by the Australian Border Force (ABF) and Indonesia's National Narcotics Agency in 2018 4 .
Despite the strong bilateral relations between Indonesia and Australia, both countries have faced several problems related to narcotic crimes.For instance, in 2005 there was the Bali Nine case, when nine Australians smuggled drugs to Bali, Indonesia.Despite Australia's protest, Indonesia executed two criminals who became the mastermind of the Bali Nine case in 2015 after ten years of judicial process 5 .Indonesia's death sentence towards Australian drug smugglers affected cooperation between Indonesia and Australia.Before the Bali Nine case, BNN's cooperation with AFP and ABF have significantly contributed towards countering narcotic crimes through joint operation and information sharing.But after the Bali Nine case, Australia limited information sharing with Indonesia.Since then, Australia focused on developing Indonesia's capacity building in countering narcotic crimes 6 .BNN admitted that Indonesia needs to improve capacity building in combatting narcotic crimes, such as technology to identify drugs, laboratory facilities, and increased funding 7 .Australia agreed that by improving Indonesia's capacity building in combatting transnational organized crimes, there will be less drugs trafficking to Australia 8 .The Bali Nine case happened since 2005 until 2015, and this research examined Australia's role in developing Indonesia's capacity building in combatting narcotic crimes from 2016 until 2021.

METHOD
This research used a descriptive qualitative method to examine Australia's role in developing Indonesia's capacity building in countering narcotic crimes.Descriptive qualitative method's purpose is to describe, find out and understand social or humanities phenomenon 9 .This research's time frame focuses after the Bali Nine case, which altered Indonesia and Australia's relations from joint cooperation in combatting narcotic crimes into Australia giving assistance to develop Indonesia's capacity building in law enforcement.Data collecting process took place from September until December 2022, from official documents and online interviews with BNN.The subject of research includes the Australian Federal Police (AFP) and Australian Border Force (ABF).This research utilizes the role concept to discuss Australia's role in assisting Indonesia, as well as capacity building concept to describe Indonesia's capacity in law enforcement, and cooperation in countering narcotic crimes.means somebody's capability to do his or her rights and responsibilities in life 10 .Meanwhile Biddle and Thomas explained that role is divided into four categories, specifically: somebody or a group contributing towards social interaction; an action as a result of interaction; position of somebody in an interaction; and between individual and his or her action 11 .Whereas Andarmoyo argued that role means action conducted by an actor according to his or her responsibility 12 .
On the other hand, Brown explained that capacity building is a process to increase somebody's capacity, group, organization or system to complete a task better than before 13 .
According to the United Nations, capacity building means an effort to improve capacity from an individual, group, or organization to achieve better 14 .Improving capacity building requires problem identification and finding solution, by providing professional skills training, technical assistance, and strengthening network 15 .
Capacity building according to Enemark has three dimensions: Individual level which includes human resource development through training; Entity level which include the government, private sector and informal organization; as well as System level which involve all countries and society, subcomponents, law and order, managerial perspective, accountability and available human resources..One of BNN's required skills is on how to train tracking dogs (K-9) in detecting drugs carried by smugglers 19 .Previously only Indonesian customs has K-9 capability.Next in terms of knowledge, BNN staff's foreign language ability needs to be improved, especially English to understand the development of transnational crimes and to counter drugs trafficking and smuggling 20 .Mrs. Rika Motota, BNN's staff on Indonesia-Australia cooperation, explained that not all of BNN staffs have proficient foreign language capability 21 .During the Bali Nine case, there were some document mistranslations during trial, which caused delayed law enforcement of the case until 2010 22 .Therefore, BNN needs to strengthen tracing ability and English proficiency 23 .
In terms of skills, BNN needs to improve their technological and leadership capacity.Narcotic criminals utilize technology to hide drugs and ease narcotic transactions.
To anticipate it, BNN has established a laboratory to identify different kinds of drugs 24 .
BNN has also used technology to map and track down narcotic syndicates 25 .Before cooperating with Australia, the United States (US) assisted BNN to develop its capacity in analyzing dark web, or market places which provide illegal services including drugs trade.
However, there are still insufficient number of BNN staffs capable of analyzing dark web, with lack of technological facilities 26 .Mrs. Farranthi Shavitri and Mrs. Rika Motota, BNN staffs on Indonesia-Australia cooperation, stated that from 2005 until 2015, not all BNN staffs were capable of using technology to track down dark web or identify intelligence 27 .
Since its establishment in 2002, BNN's leadership skills could be seen from its consistency in decision-making.For instance, BNN supported death penalty for drug traffickers during the Bali Nine case in 2005 28 .This decision was taken to prevent similar cases from happening in the future.As a response, Australia protested Indonesia's death penalty decision and withdrew its ambassador to Indonesia.On the behavioral aspect, BNN faced some problems when there were some staffs which sold and misused drugs taken from arrested criminals, which decreased BNN's reputation 29 .
On the other hand, BNN's External Capacity include facilities to support it mission.
BNN has a laboratory used to identify different kinds of drugs in Indonesia 30 .BNN also had a tactical building for tracker dogs (K-9), but with limited funding to build a dog runs facility for K-9.There are also still limited number of police dogs owned by BNN, without having the capability to breed them 31 .

Australia's Role in Developing Indonesia's Capacity in Countering Narcotic Crimes
Australia has better capacity building than Indonesia in terms of technology, tracking method and problem-solving skills in countering narcotic crimes 32 .Therefore, AFP and ABF's assistance has improved BNN's capacity in countering narcotic crimes.

AFP's role in Developing BNN's Capacity Building in Countering Narcotic Crimes
Initially, the Australian Federal Police (AFP) improved BNN's internal capacity, including BNN staff's human resource capability.AFP have trained BNN in problem solving, by tracking down motorcycle gangs through intelligence sharing.For instance, AFP and BNN have tracked down the Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs (OMCGs), which distribute illegal drugs in Australia, with some members residing in Bali 33 .
In terms of knowledge, AFP have shared information on narcotic crimes' transnational development, to anticipate similar problems in other countries from happening domestically in Indonesia.AFP held online meetings to train BNN's staff on how to track dark web, identifying and dealing with illegal sites 34 .In 2020, AFP held an enforcement training on the dangers of transnational crime, especially drugs trafficking to strengthen the integrity of law enforcement bodies 35 .
Despite tensions between Indonesia and Australia during the Bali Nine case, AFP still provided intelligence sharing to BNN annually, especially limited to narcotic criminals' motives based on cases of drugs trafficking to Australia from other countries.
For instance, drugs from China were trafficked through the sea hidden in tea bags.Such information would increase BNN's law enforcement capacity to anticipate similar drugs smuggling motives from entering Indonesia 36 .
English language proficiency is extremely important in tracing narcotic criminals.
Australia stated that Indonesia faced language barriers in dealing with the Bali Nine case by mistranslating certain documents 37 .Thus, AFP decided to organize English training for BNN and Indonesia's Customs 38 .This training was held annually since 2019, by inviting Indonesian staffs to Australia.However, since the pandemic in 2020, this training continued to be held online39 .
AFP also trained BNN to improve their skills.Previously, Indonesia was assisted by the United States (US) in tracking down dark web.Dark web are hidden sites which provide illegal services anonymously to hide users' identity and to escape tracking from the government 40 .To prevent dependency towards the US, BNN asked AFP to assist them in dark web tracing 41 .This training also talked about online drugs trade using crypto currency.Ms. Rika Motota explained that there is an increasing number of BNN staffs capable of tracing dark web, from 5 to 10 people 42 .Another annual training on social media and Open-Source Intelligence Training (OSINT) was also held by AFP to improve BNN staffs' skills in investigating digital data from social media 43 .
In Additionally, ABF provided intelligence sharing on how drug traffickers hide drugs.
Although intelligence sharing between Indonesia and Australia suspended due to the Bali Nine case, ABF provided information to BNN related to the different kinds of drugs, and the field of customs, based on the new strategies used by narcotic criminals in smuggling drugs to Australia 49 .Besides that, ABF also provided English language proficiency training for BNN staff, to ease information sharing related to narcotic crimes.This training was conducted since 2018, by sending BNN staff to Australia, and also online.
In terms of skills, ABF is capable of using technology for border protection and customs, unlike BNN.ABF doesn't provide this training due to the difference of work aspects between the two institutions.Even so, ABF provided leadership training to BNN in 2019 to develop strategic leadership, knowledge in response towards narcotic crimes, educating future leaders in predicting potential incidents 50 .On the behavioral aspect, ABF also provided professionalism training on ethical code on problem solving, law enforcement, to increase society's trust towards BNN 51 .
Finally, ABF improved BNN's External Capacity.ABF provided grant to BNN in the form of dog runs, fenced facilities being built in BNN's current K-9 training ground, including 20 dog runs unit with 3x9 meter dimension per unit 52 .Previously BNN had limited dog runs facility.Besides that, ABF also gave five tracker dogs to BNN 53  Australia has also improved BNN's external capacity, by providing facilities for K- . In short, Cooperation between Indonesia and Australia have positive result towards improving BNN's capacity building in improving skills, knowledge, behavior of law enforcements in countering narcotic crimes.Australia responded Indonesia's demand for organizing training despite diplomatic tension previously.CONCLUSION Indonesia cooperated with Australia to improve BNN's capacity building.Australia provided training, which include internal capacity such as skills training to improve BNN staffs' problem-solving skills, increased number of staff whom participated in the training from 5 to 10 members, less violation by law enforcers in misusing drugs, improved integrity and knowledge of BNN staff.Training future BNN leaders in countering narcotic crimes.

Table 1 .
Indonesia's Capacity Building in Countering Narcotic Crimes

Capacity Building before cooperating with Australia Indonesia's Capacity Building after cooperating with Australia
Source: adopted by authors from Enemark, S. 2003.Understanding the Concept of Capacity Building and the Nature of Land Administration Systems.FIG Working Week, 5.Based on the indicators above, there are two aspects to capacity building, which are internal and external capacity.From both aspects, Indonesia, specifically BNN has internal capacity in problem solving and knowledge to combat narcotic crimes.In terms of skills, BNN has technological and leadership capacity.In terms of behavior, BNN conducts its work responsibly.Additionally, BNN possesses external capacity to support its mission by utilizing facilities such as laboratory and K-9 tactical building.In both aspects, BNN's capacity needs to be improved.

role in Developing BNN's Capacity Building in Countering Narcotic Crimes Australian
46rms of leadership and behavioral aspects, Australia believes that Indonesia is consistent in law enforcement towards narcotic criminals.Nevertheless, AFP provided annual training since 2019 to prepare staffs to become the next BNN leaders.This training consists of leadership, managerial skills, professionalism and law enforcement in countering narcotic crimes strategically44.Ms.Farranthi Shavitri and Ms. Rika Motota Border Force (ABF) is Australia's customs institution, capable of enforcing law by tracking down drugs using technology and detector dogs.ABF has assisted Indonesia by improving BNN's internal capacity.In terms of capability, ABF has assisted BNN in problem solving, by signing an MoU in 2018 on developing canine training skills, management and breeding K-9 dogs45.Countering narcotic crimes require detector dogs, also called canine (K-9) capable of detecting and tracking down drug possessions46.
48tremism, supply chain security & cyber security and how to counter those transnational problems.Weak law enforcement in terms of border protection became the main problem48.