THE CONTRAST OF THE COMPOUND WORDS BETWEEN ENGLISH AND ALBANIAN LANGUAGEi

In linguistics, a compound is a lexeme (less precisely, a word) that consists of more than one stem. Compounding or composition is the word-formation that creates compound lexemes (the other word-formation process being derivation). Compounding or Wordcompounding refers to the faculty and device of language to form new words by combining or putting together old words. In other words, compound, compounding or word-compounding occurs when a person attaches two or more words together to make them one word. The meanings of the words interrelate in such a way that a new meaning comes out which is very different from the meanings of the words in isolation. The contrast of the words between English to Albanian: Bus driver in English compound words in Albanian simple word (shofer ose shofer i autobusit) or housekeeper – amëvise; schoolbook libër shkolle; classroom – klasë; homework detyrë shtëpia.


Introduction
The compound words are all the words that are compound from two or more words and both of them creative the new words with the new meaning.The compound words në vend të termit kompozitë apo fjalë e përbërë ka përdorur fjalën bashkë-ngjituna.vii ‚Fjalë e përbërë ose kompozitë e mirëfilltë në gjuhën shqipen janë fjalë dygjymtyrëshe që formohet nga bashkimi i dy ose më shumë temave, në një njësi të vetme leksikosemantike strukturalist të mbyllur, e cila formësohet si një njësi e pavarur fonetikomorfologjike, ka kategoritë e veta potenciale fjalëformuese, zhvillohen semantikisht dhe kryen funksionet e veta sintetike gjithnjë si një tërësi-fjalë, pavarësisht nga veçoritë fonetike dhe leksiko-gramatikore të komponentëve të saj‛.viii   The English language has the same form and sometimes same structure and meaning with compound of Albanian e.g.‚English merchants in the Orient during the 18 th century often built enclosed trading stations to protect themselves and their goods form thieves.They called these stockade enclosures compounds, from the Malay kampong, ‚enclosure‛.The compound is no relation to the chemist's compound, which derives from the Latin composer, ‚put together‛.ix With inters of studies for compound nouns we one think by Mariana Celce -Murcia that in his book said: ‚The grammar book‛ ka shkruar: ‚Compounding, or putting together existing words to form a new lexical unit (rain + cout = raincout), is a word-formation process that occurs in some languages.For example, the Germanic language (this includes English) and the Chinese language make rich use of compounding, whereas other languages make much less use of this process.According to the Collins Cobuild English Grammar, almost any noun can modify any other noun in English.Take the noun house, for instance.We have housebroken housemate, house sitter, houseboat, house arrest, housebreaking, houseguest, housefly, housekeeper, houselights, housewife, housework, and this list in not exhaustive, by any means< Some of the frequent English compounding patters are:  Noun + noun: stone wall, baby blanket, rainbow,  Noun + verb: homemade, rainfall, lip-read,  Noun + verb-er: baby-sitter, can opener, screwdriver,  Adj.+ noun: blackbird, greenhouse, cold cream,  Adj./adv.+ noun + -en: quick-frozen, nearsighted, dim-witted,  Prep.+ noun: overlord, underdog, underworld<‛ x   The students who speak a native language with a little word compounding or with very different rules of word compounding many have trouble understanding and vii Norbert Jokl, Naim be Frashëri e pasunimi i gjuhës shqipe, Gjurmime albanologjike, seria shkencore filologjike II, 1972, Prishtinë, 1974 using compound words in English.Such learners may paraphrase and say ‚the sheet of the bed‛ instead of ‚the bedsheet‛ or may even reverse the order of elements in a compound and say ‚wine table‛ when they intend to say ‚tablewine‛.As can be seen, the spelling of compound words proves a further complication because some are written as one word, some are two words, and some are hyphenated.Sometimes the same words are written in more than one way: baby sitter, baby-sitter or babysister.
Traditionally, word formation has been conveniently divided into compounding and derivation.The former is based on combinations of independent lexemes, whose derivation involves the combination of word into complex morphological structure‛ xi .
The concept of compound is marginal between the word and the phrase.A structure composed of two or more words graphically conjoined is undisputedly of compound status some example in Albanian: or in English which has some forms, for example: other words, compound, compounding or word-compounding occurs when a person attaches two or more words together to make them one word.The meanings of the words interrelate in such a way that a new meaning comes out which is very different from the meanings of the words in isolation.
The structure of compound nouns in English has the same form and of courses some different structures than in Albanian.A common semantic classification of compounds yields four types: endocentric, darkroom, smalltalk, exocentric (also bahuvrihi), skinhead, and paleface (head: 'person').
In English an endocentric compound consists of a head, i.e. the categorical part that contains the basic meaning of the whole compound, and modifiers, which restrict this meaning.For example, the English compound doghouse, where house is the head and dog is the modifier, is understood as a house intended for a dog.Endocentric compounds tend to be of the same part of speech (word class) as their head, as in the case of doghouse.(Such compounds were called tatpuruṣa in the Sanskrit tradition.).
Exocentric compounds (called a bahuvrihi compound in the Sanskrit tradition) do not have a head, and their meaning often cannot be transparently guessed from its constituent parts.For example, the English compound white-collar is neither a kind of collar nor a white thing.In an exocentric compound, the word class is determined lexically, disregarding the class of the constituents.For example, a must-have is not a verb but a noun.The meaning of this type of compound can be glossed as "(one) whose B is A", where B is the second element of the compound and A the first.A compound is one whose nature is expressed by neither of the words: thus a white-collar person is neither white nor a collar (the collar's colours is a metaphor for socioeconomic status).
Other English examples include barefoot and Blackbeard.
The Albanian language has two basic forms: Those opinions are public by Albanian studies and it is same with English e.g.
Compound noun are sometimes written as two words (e.g.Credit card), other times as one word (e.g.sunglasses).Occasionally they are joined by a hyphen (e.g.baby-sister).
Often, one part of the compound forms the basis for many different compound nouns.
''As far as the spelling of compound words are concerned, one should bear a very important fact in mind.If the examples listed above are considered carefully, it becomes obvious that they can be divided into three groups.In the first group we have compounds which are written as a single word (rattlesnake, bloodstain etc.), the second group consist of hyphenated compounds (ice-cream, etc), whereas in the third group are those compounds which are written separately (chewing gum, swimming pool

etc.).'' xx
The process of joining two or more bases into a singular word is called compounding or composition for example: policeman, overcome, hand-made, myself, twenty-one, high school, son-in-law etc.  Two words: bus driver, washing machine, high school etc.

Types of compound words in English
Word compounding is a very productive way of forming new words in English.Almost any combination of the parts of speech may be employed in compounding, with the exception of articles.Once again we will make no attempt to be exhaustive.formation process that occurs in some language.For example, the Germanic languages make rich use of compounding.In the most adverb + noun compounds the noun implies some action for which Compounding forms a word out of two or more root morphemes.The words are called compounds or compound words.In Linguistics, compounds can be either native or borrowed.Native English roots are typically free morphemes, so that means compounds are made out of independent words that can occur by themselves.
Examples: mailman (composed of free root mail and free root man) mail carrier fireplace, fireplug, fire hydrant etc.
Note that compounds are written in various ways in English: with a space between the elements, with a hyphen between the elements or simply with the two roots run together with no separation.The way the word is written does not affect its status as a compound.In Greek and Latin, on the other hand, roots do not typically stand alone.So compounds are composed of bound roots.Compounds formed in English from borrowed Latin and Greek morphemes preserve this characteristic.
These forms are same and in English language: Some report a sea-mind spawned him...some, that he was begot between two stock-finish...But it is certain, that when he makes water, his urine is congealed ice-that I know to be true...‛ xxviii So it is same and in example: ‚Cases of higher leave similarly of representation and simply the extreme cases which, if this framework is accepted, prove the existence of higher levels‛.xxix   We have shown some tips of Albanian and English and in the following we will comported some another tips e.g.The most common type of word formation is the combination of two (or more) nouns in order to form a resulting noun: Noun + Noun = Noun.Examples: landmine, wallpaper, toothbrush.The first of the two compounds may be descriptive (i.e.tablecloth, a cloth with which to clean [or cloth tables), or both compounds may create a whole new meaning altogether (i.e railroad, which is not a "road" in the typical sense of the word.)It is also possible to form words whose components are equally important to or descriptive of its meaning, for example, a washer-dryer refers to an object combining two functions.There are, of course, many more different ways how compound nouns can be related to each other and how their new meanings can best be explained grammatically.In most cases, however, the nature of these compounds is self-explanatory, and their meanings are quite comprehensible even for those who encounter them for the first time.Note that compound nouns usually appear as two separate words, only those more commonly used, those found in every-day language, and usually compounds with no more than three syllables are found as one word (an aching head), snowfall (snow falling), answerphone (a phone that answers), airconditioner (a machine conditioning air), gunfight (a fight carried out with guns).
The compounds noun-noun is popular from different studies e.g.‚<There's not a solider of us all, that, in the thanksgiving before meat, do relish the petition well that prays for peace‛ xxx .<‚Thus can demi-god, Authority, Make us pay down for our offence by weight-‛ xxxi .Moonlight, armchair, postman, railway, shoemaker, windmill, teaspoon haystack, ringleader, jailbird, horse-power, screwdriver, tax-payer, airman, manservant fire-escape, chess-board.The same think we have and another studies: ‚surely we are agreed that the more sober and restrained pleasure of the present or deeper as well as wiser than the noisy, foolish hustle which passed so often for enjoyment in the days of old-days so recent and yet<Those empty lives which were waster in animals visiting and being visiting, in the health in the worry of great and unnecessary households, in the arranging < xxxii

Noun + Adjective
Nouns and adjectives can also be compounded in the opposite order:

Noun + Adjective = Adjective
Examples: camera + shy = camera-shy (shy in respect of appearing or speaking before cameras).
In this case, the resultant is an adjective, while the noun explains the objective.
Another possibility is that the noun supports the adjective, i.e. as an intensifier: Examples: dirt -cheap = cheap as dirt, paper -thin = thin as paper Those rules do also apply to the linking of nouns and participial adjectives: Examples: English -speaking, soul -destroying, frost -bitten More common and shorter compounds appear as one word whereas those longer and less common are linked by a hyphen.More examples of all subtypes: waterproof (proof or resistant against water), seaworthy (a ship withstanding the dangers of the sea), airworthy (an aircraft safely flyable), blameworthy (a person deserving blame), bookworthy (something worth being published), trustworthy (somebody who can be trusted), jet black (deep black), footsore (having a sore foot), heart-sick (a person suffering from heart disease), seasick (being sick from the effects of a stormy sea), home-made (made privately at home), power-mad (mad about or craving power), colour-blind (unable to discriminate colours other than black and white and grey).

The formation of nouns from Adjectives
Examples: dolt from dull, heat from hot, pride from proud etc.
The formation of adjectives from nouns: Examples: milch from milk, wise from wit.

Adjective + Noun
Another major type of word formation is the compounding of adjectives and nouns:

Adjective + Noun = Noun
Example: brown + bear = brownbear In this case, the adjective defines or describes the character of the noun (a brownbear is a bear that is brown).It is also possible, however, to link the two segments and end up with a totally new word, for example, yellow press refers to newspapers specializing in sensational news items.If the meaning of the compound does not immediately register through analysis of the segments, the latter is the case.Then, only a look in the dictionary will help.

Adjective + Noun
Examples: ''surely we are agreed that the more sober and restrained pleasure of the present are deeper as well as wiser than the noisy, foolish hustle which passed so often for enjoyment in the days of old-days so recent and yet<'' xxxiv A drawbridge is a bridge that can be inclined in order to allow ships to pass, or "drawn".Here, the noun is the direct object.hitman = a man who carries out "dirty jobs", or, who "hits".Here, the word as part of speech is the subject.
Besides that, both segments can be related in other ways, i.e. the noun may stand for a adverb of place: walkway = people walk on the walkway.
The usual rules apply to spelling.More examples: walkway (a way to walk on), divecenter (a place where one goes diving), runway (a strip of flat land where aircraft start or land ["run"), filter-paper (paper used for filtering liquids or gases), driveway (a road leading to a garage or a building), payday (the day one receives his or her salary), paycheck (a check used for the payment of wages or salaries).

The formation of nouns from verbs
Examples The most important class of words formed by internal changes consists of the past tenses of the Primary Words.Those past tense-words are not treated as Derivatives.

b. Formation of Nouns from Verbs
Examples: ‚In most uneven and distracted manner.His actions show much like to madness-pray haven his wisdom be not tainted< xxxvii ‛ choice from choose, bliss from bless, chip from chop breach from break, dole from deal, dike from dig, fleet from float, doom from deem, bier from bear, watch from wake, seat from sit, gap from gape, girth from gird, grief from grieve, woof from weave.

Verb + Noun
Examples: ‚They pushed on through the yellow foothills (v + n = n) for the rest of the day and camped that night in a well-concealed little canyon where the light from their fire would not betray their location to the brigands who infested the region‛.xxxviii spendthrift, push-button, pickpocket, popcorn, playground, rattlesnake, watchdog, knitwear, makeshift, hovercraft, playground, grindstone, breakfast, telltale, pick-packet cut-throat, daredevil, hangman, scarecrow.

-ing participle / noun
Examples: dining room, fishing boat, cooking stove, flash-point and flashing point, wash-stand and washing stand, handwriting, writing paper, chewing gum etc.
The formation of words has few rules which determine the nature of the words formed thus.
A compound noun is made up of two nouns, or an adjective and a noun for
Noun compounds are like compressed formal definitions.They can usually be interpreter by reversing the order of the words in the noun compound and inserting prepositions and articles.A water purification system = a system for the purification of water

The plural compounds
The plural compound nouns have three different ways and are contrast with Albanian language: A. The plural compounds The plural compound nouns have three different ways: a. Plural in the last elements, for example: the adverb may serve as a circumstantial modifiel: bashkëatdhetar -conversation, bashkëbisedues -co-speaker, bashkëveprim -co-fighter, bashkëpunëtor -co-worker, bashkëudhëtar -fellow traveler, bashkëveprim -co-action, drejtshkrim -orthography, drejtshqiptim -correct pronunciation xxv .Noun compounds consist of two or more nouns placed together to represent specific items or substances.They represent the ultimate reduction of an adjective clause, as shown in the examples below <a gear, a worn-shaped gear, a warm gear, a system a water purification system xxvi .
të) i xl dashur -it schoolmaster schoolmasters -pedagog -ët grow-up grow-ups -rritu-rit merry-go-round merry-go-rounds -karusel-et b.Plural in the last elements, for example: William Shakespeare, Measure for Measure, London, 1995, p. 88. xl Shkelqim Millaku, The Genetive, Anglisticum, Volume 4, issue 4, 2015, e-ISSN: 1857-8187, p-ISSN: 1857-8179, http://aassee.eu/anglisticum.mk/index.php/Anglisticum/article/view/1218havesome same structure with English compounds e.g.atdhetaret, bregdetas, kryeqytetas, mirëdashësit, mirëkuptime, keqkuptime.Compounds form the plural in different ways, but below is the most usual.a. Plural in the first element mother-in-low mothers-in-low, in the last element, d. assistant director assistant directors.xli xli Randolph Quirk, Sidney Greenbaum, University Grammar of English, London, 1973, p. 84 -85.THE CONTRAST OF THE COMPOUND WORDS BETWEEN ENGLISH AND ALBANIAN LANGUAGE European Journal of Foreign Language Teaching -Volume 2 │ Issue 2 │ 2017 126 In this paper, as a consummation we have seen the contrast of the compounds nouns between Albanian and English.In Albanian language the compound words usually are created by two or more mining words.It is similarly and in English but in this language the phrase has function of the compound e.g.Alarm clock, Traffic light, Parking meter, Credit card, Dining room, Movie star.In Albanian language it is impossible as a compound than in English.Those sportsmen look happy.Këta njërzit shihen të lumtur xlii . is e.g.son-in-law, edition-in-chief, man-of-war than in Albanian usually are simple words or as in English cannot create compound with preposition or conjunctive.It's contrast.
, p. 28.viii A. Kostallari, Mbi ix Robert Henderickson, Word and phrase origins, New York, 1997, p. 164.x Mariana Celce-Murcia, The Grammar book, USA, 1999, p. 35 THE CONTRAST OF THE COMPOUND WORDS BETWEEN ENGLISH AND ALBANIAN LANGUAGE European Journal of Foreign Language Teaching -Volume 2 │ Issue 2 │ 2017 112
are a number of subtypes of compounds, and they are not mutually exclusive.
construction exists in English, generally with the verb and noun both in uninflected form: examples are spoilsport, killjoy, breakfast, cutthroat, pickpocket, dreadnought, and know-nothing.Also common in English is another type of verb-noun (or noun-verb) compound, in which an argument of the verb is incorporated into the xxxiii William Shakespeare, Measure for Measure, London, 1995, p. 89.xxxivArthur Conan Doyle, The lost world and other thrilling tales, London, 2001, p. 290.This : In both of languages are productive this tip of compound e.g.‚E habitshme ishte këmbëngulja për të mos e treguar dredhinë<‛ xxxv or another example from Wlliam xxxv Ismail Kadare, Përbindëshi, Tiranë, 2005, p.40. xxxvi William Shakespeare, Richard iii, Denmark, 1993, p.13.
: ‚Come sir, come sir, come sir, foh sir, why you bald-patted lying rascal<you must be hooded, must you‛?xxxix Example: alarm clock, traffic light, parking meter, credit card, dining room, movie star, brother-in-law, math teacher, mother tongue (your first language) xxxvii William Shakespeare, Measure for Measure, London, 1995 p. 74.xxxviii David Eddings, Magician's Gambit, London, 1983, p.115.THE CONTRAST OF THE COMPOUND WORDS BETWEEN ENGLISH AND ALBANIAN LANGUAGE European Journal of Foreign Language Teaching -Volume 2 │ Issue 2 │ 2017 124 example