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29-Jun-22,,
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Tabs,Columns,Explanation
MDD_Current,,Current species level listing for the Mammal Diversity Database (MDD)
,sciName,"unique combination of taxonomic genus and specific epithet with an underscore connecting them to be used in the MDD.  Uses formula, DO NOT EDIT MANUALLY"
,id,"unique identification number used for indexing and permalinking; initially numbered (14 Sep 2020) as counting up from 1000001 when sorting by phylosort, suborder, infraorder... genus, speciesEpithet; subsequent numbering will be added from 1006485 and up"
,phylosort,"sort the 27 extant orders of mammals according to their phylogenetic hierarchy, following Figure 1 in the Introduction of Checklist of the Mammals of the World (2020)"
,mainCommonName,"common name in the form used in the Handbook of the Mammals of the world series; all words capitalized unless it is the second word in a hyphenated word; directions and any 'and' statements in names are hyphenated (e.g., Black-and-white Ruffed Lemur, South-western Myotis); consistency is attempted throughout a genus in terms of unique name and names based on the genus are typically avoided, although not exclusively (e.g., all Crocidura with the name 'White-toothed Shrew'; the use of White-bellied Rat instead of Niviventer as the common name for the genus); the name is the most broadly encompasing named to avoid confusion when possible (e.g., the use of Wapiti for Cervus canadensis rather than 'Elk', which is also used for Alces alces in Europe)"
,otherCommonNames,other common names that have been used for the species as identified in literature; all names are separated by pipes (|) and follow the same format listed under 'mainCommonName'
,subclass,taxonomic subclass
,infraclass,taxonomic infraclass (if applicable)
,magnorder,taxonomic magnorder (if applicable)
,superorder,taxonomic superorder (if applicable)
,order,"taxonomic order, all caps"
,suborder,"taxonomic suborder (if applicable), all caps"
,infraorder,"taxonomic parvorder (if applicable), all caps"
,parvorder,"taxonomic infraorder (if applicable), all caps"
,superfamily,"taxonomic superfamily (if applicable), all caps"
,family,"taxonomic family, all caps"
,subfamily,"taxonomic subfamily (if applicable), all caps"
,tribe,"taxonomic tribe (if applicable), all caps"
,genus,taxonomic genus
,subgenus,taxonomic subgenus
,specificEpithet,taxonomic species epithet
,authoritySpeciesAuthor,"species authority: author last name(s) that first described the species following typical guidelines for format with specifics listed here; all authors on the author line of the publication in which the species is described are included; a comma is presented after the second to last name if there are more than two authors (e.g., S. E. Pavan, Mendes-Oliveira, & Voss); if the volume was described in a book or journal article with a differing set of editors/authors in the author line, an 'in' is used after the initial authors, followed by the editors/authors of the primary text (e.g., Ambrose in Butynski, Kingdon, & Kalina); when two authors share the same surname, the initials are added before the surname in both cases, and if they share the same initials, than the middle name is also written out (e.g. J. A. Allen and G. M. Allen); for names of Chinese, Korean, and Indochinese origin, the full name is writen out with the suriname put first and hyphens removed to match the format typically given in Chinese publication (e.g., Kuo Haochih, Fang Yinping, Csorba, & Lee Lingling); the suffix 'Jr.' is not included in any name unless it is fully spelt out and part of the surname"
,authoritySpeciesYear,species authority: year that author first described the species
,authorityParentheses,0 for no parentheses around authority; 1 for parentheses around authority
,originalNameCombination,the name combination for each species as it appears in the original description
,authoritySpeciesCitation,"full literature citation of the authority publication as well as the page in which the name either first appears (in older publications, or when an obvious description is unavailable) or where the obvious description of the species begins; citations for papers written in languages other than English are writen in the language in which they appear with the exception of non-latanic lettering (e.g., Chinese, Japanese, Vietnamese), in which case the citation is translated to English and a disclaimer is added in brackets after the citations page number (e.g., [original in Chinese]); the citation is in APA format in concordance with the following examples; journal publication - García, F. J., Sánchez-Hernández, J., & Semedo, T. B. (2014). Descripción de una nueva especie de comadrejita ratona del género Marmosops Matschie, 1916 (Didelphimorphia, Didelphidae). Therya, 5(3), 704. doi: 10.12933/therya-14-209 (DOI when available for recent papers); book - Linnaeus, C. von. (1758). Systema Naturae. Regnum Animale. 10th Ed. Laurentius Salvius, Stockholm, Sweden, 1, 54.; chapter/designated authorship within a book/journal - Handley Jr., C. O. & Gordon, L. K. (1979). New species of mammals from northern South America: mouse opossum, genus Marmosa Gray. In J. F. Eisenberg (ed.). Vertebrate ecology in the Northern Neotropics. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, USA, 68."
,authoritySpeciesLink,hyperlink to that publication listed under the 'authoritySpeciesCitation' column or the journals page for the abstract for publications without open access
,holotypeVoucher,"museum number of the type series as gleaned from museum databases or original publication with labels in brackets following the museum number to indicate whether the specimen is the holotype or a paratype; if the species is represented by multilpe syntypes (including the concept of cotypes), then they are listed separately with labels in brackets indicating that they are syntypes; if a lectotype of a type series has been indicated, all specimens from the original type series will also be included, being labeled in brackets as the lectotype or paralectotypes; in cases where the type specimen was lost or destroyed and a neotype was designated, the neotype is the specimen listed here with a label in brackets that may include information on the previous holotype or lectotype; when no type material is designated or known, the field is left blank for now"
,holotypeVoucherURIs,"link(s) to the specimen in external website(s), including the hosting museum collection"
,typeLocality,"geographic locality of where the holotype was collected or observed; as published with edited place names in CMW 2020 and matched to MDD species, then updated to the currently recognized taxonomy"
,typeLocalityLatitude,"geographic locality of the type specimen, latitude in decimal degrees"
,typeLocalityLongitude,"geographic locality of the type specimen, longitude in decimal degrees"
,nominalNames,"all nominal specific epithets included under the current definition of the pertinent species including the authority and year with a comma and in parentheses when originally named in a different genus (O. Thomas, 1900); this includes the current name of the species and all nominal senior and junior synonyms, but not subsequent misspelling, earlier spellings under different genera, or name combinations; listed in the style of MSW3 with authorities formated in the same way as the 'authoritySpeciesAuthor' column; if a name is a nomen nudum, nomen dubium, nomen oblitum, or nomen inquirendum, it is listed after the authority in brackets ([nomen nudum]); if a name was preoccupied, the name that preoccupies it is mentioned in brackets after the authority ([preoccupied by pallidus, Thomas, 1899, a synonym of Caluromys derbianus]]); also noted are changes to gender if the gender of the name is changed to match the genus in which the species occurs."
,taxonomyNotes,notes by MDD staff upon making taxonomic changes -- separated by semicolons (;)
,taxonomyNotesCitation,evidence citation backing up the changes made in the taxonomyNotes column by MDD staff; separated by pipes (|)
,distributionNotes,"more detailed distributional notes than the subregional, country, and continental distribution columns, including notes on the recently introduced populations of the species; includes abbreviations for various cardinal directions and landmarks: mountain/mountains = Mt/Mts, island/islands = I/Is, North = N, South = S, East = E, West = W, Central = C; cardinal directions can be combined to indicate intermediate directions (e.g., Northwest = NW)"
,distributionNotesCitation,"evidence citation backing up the changes in the distributionNotes column by MDD staff, separated by pipes (|)"
,subregionDistribution,"each subregion with larger countries in which the species is extanct or reintroduced into its native distribution is listed; subregions will be groups within parentheses following the country in which they are a part of and separated by commas (,); countries will be seaparte by pipies (|) (e.g., USA(VA,MD,ID)|China(...)...); subregions in which the species is uncertainly present or possibly extinct are listed with a question mark (?) following the subregion; subregions will be abbreviated based on standard two or three digit codes defined within each country; for the United States, state codes follow the standard ANSI codes"
,countryDistribution,"each country in which the species is extant or reintroduced into its native distribution is listed and separated by pipes (|); only the species native distribution or ancient introductions are included, whereas subjectively recently introduced populations in different countries are not included; countries in which the species is uncertainly present or possibly extinct are listed with a question mark (?) following the country; domestic species are listed as ""Domesticated""; for fully extinct species, the distribution reflects the species distribution in the last 500 years (although this is somewhat subjective as well); for marine species, the countries in which the species is found along the coastline or in inland rivers are listed; when an 'and' is present within the countries name, it is listed using the ampersand (&); dependencies are listed when geographically distant from there dependent country (see list below for specific examples); there are a number of city states and minor territories that are not included separately since most distributional data does not account for these regions, these include Andorra, Monaco, San Marino, the Vatican, Gibralter, Saint Pierre & Miquelon, and any nearby islands or exclaves that are geographically close to the primary country or territory; the following is a list of the countries, dependencies, and territories listed as well as the spelling used for each: Greenland|Alaska|Canada|United States|Bermuda|Mexico|Guatemala|Belize|El Salvador|Honduras|Nicaragua|Costa Rico|Panama|Bahamas|Cuba|Jamaica|Haiti|Dominican Republic|Cayman Islands|Puerto Rica|United States Virgin Islands|British Virgin Islands|Turks & Caicos|Anguilla|Saint Martin|Saba|Saint Barthélemy|Montserrat|Martinique|Guadeloupe|Sint Eustatius|Saint Vincent & the Grenadines|Saint Kitts & Nevis|Saint Lucia|Grenada|Barbados|Antigua & Barbuda|Dominica|Aruba|Bonaire|Curaçao|Trinidad & Tobago|Colombia|Venezuela|Guyana|Suriname|French Guiana|Ecuador|Galapagos|Peru|Brazil|Bolivia|Chile|Argentina|Falkland Islands|Kerguelen Islands|Prince Edward Islands|South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands|Saint Helena|Iceland|Norway|Sweden|Finland|Ireland|United Kingdom|Portugal|Spain|France|Belgium|Netherlands|Luxembourg|Germany|Denmark|Switzerland|Liechtenstein|Italy|Malta|Austria|Hungary|Slovakia|Czech Republic|Slovenia|Croatia|Bosnia & Herzegovina|Serbia|Kosovo|Montenegro|Albania|North Macedonia|Greece|Cyprus|Bulgaria|Poland|Moldova|Romania|Belarus|Lithuania|Latvia|Estonia|Russia|Georgia|Armenia|Azerbaijan|Turkey|Syria|Lebanon|Israel|Palestine|Jordan|Saudi Arabia|Qatar|Bahrain|Oman|Yemen|Kuwait|Iraq|Iran|Turkmenistan|Uzbekistan|Kazakhstan|Tajikistan|Kyrgyzstan|Afghanistan|Pakistan|Mongolia|China|India|Nepal|Bhutan|Bangladesh|Sri Lanka|Maldives|North Korea|South Korea|Japan|Taiwan|Vietnam|Laos|Cambodia|Myanmar|Thailand|Malaysia|Singapore|Andaman Islands|Nicobar Islands|Christmas Island|Cocos Islands|Indonesia|Brunei|Philippines|East Timor|Papua New Guinea|Solomon Islands|Australia|New Zealand|Micronesia|Fiji|Kiribati|Marshall Islands|Nauru|Palau|Samoa|Tonga|Tuvalu|Vanuatu|Cook Islands|Niue|American Samoa|Easter Island|French Polynesia|Guam|Hawai'i|New Caledonia|Norfolk Island|Northern Mariana Islands|Pitcairn|Tokelau|Wallis & Futuna|Canary Islands|Azores|Madeira|Cabo Verde|Morocco|Algeria|Tunisia|Libya|Egypt|Mali|Mauritania|Senegal|Gambia|Guinea-Bissau|Guinea|Sierra Leone|Liberia|Burkina Faso|Ivory Coast|Ghana|Togo|Benin|Niger|Nigeria|Chad|Central African Republic|Cameroon|Equatorial Guinea|Sao Tome & Principe|Gabon|Republic of the Congo|Democratic Republic of the Congo|Sudan|South Sudan|Eritrea|Djibouti|Ethiopia|Somalia|Kenya|Uganda|Tanzania|Rwanda|Burundi|Angola|Namibia|Zambia|Malawi|Mozambique|Zimbabwe|Botswana|South Africa|Eswatini|Lesotho|Seychelles|Comoros|Mauritius|Mayotte|Reunion|Madagascar|Antarctica"
,continentDistribution,"each continent in which the species is extant or reintroduced into its native distribution is listed and separated by pipes (|); only the species native distribution or ancient introductions are included, whereas subjectively recently introduced populations in different continents are not included; continents in which the species is uncertainly present or possibly extinct are listed with a question mark (?) following the continent; domestic species are listed as ""Domesticated""; for fully extinct species, the distribution reflects the species distribution in the last 500 years (although this is somewhat subjective as well); for marine species, the continents in which the species is found along the coastline or in inland rivers are listed; the following is a list of the continents as well as the spelling used for each: Africa|Antarctica|Asia|Europe|North America|Oceania|South America|Domesticated; the continents are defined as follows: Africa includes all African countries, Madagascar and the surrounding Indian Ocean island nations, the Canary Islands, Madeira, Cabo Verde, Sao Tome and Principe, and Socotra Islands; Antarctica includes continental Antarctica and all Southern Ocean island groups except for the Falkland Islands; Asia includes eastern Eurasia, cutting off from Europe at the Ural and Caucasus Mts in Russia and Ural River in Kazakhstan, from Africa at the Sinai Peninsula (part of Asia), and from Oceania at Webers Line in Indonesia; Europe includes western Eurasia delimited from Asia by the Ural and Caucasus Mts in Russia and Ural River in Kazakhstan and includes the Azores and all Mediterranean Islands except Cyprus; North America includes the continental countries as well as Greenland, Bermuda, the Caribbean except for Trinidad and Tobago and the Netherland Antilles, separating from South America at the border between Panama and Colombia; Oceania includes Australia, New Guinea, Wallacea east of Webers Line, New Zealand, and all Pacific Island Nations including Hawai'i and the Easter Islands; South America includes all continental countries, the Galapagos, Netherland Antilles, Trinidad and Tobago, and the Falkland Islands"
,biogeographicRealm,"biogeographic realm(s) where the species is present, as separated by pipes (|) (refer to: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogeographic_realm#/media/File:Ecozones.svg)"
,iucnStatus,"IUCN conservation statuses as given in IUCN 2021-2 and matched to MDD species, then updated to the currently recognized taxonomy ('NA' means not yet assessed by the IUCN; 19 domestic species are also not evaluated; otherwise the standard IUCN status acronyms are used)"
,extinct,"0 = extant, 1 = extinct; species has gone entirely extinct or is expected to have become extinct in the last ~500 years (similar criterion as used by IUCN)"
,domestic,"0 = species is wild; 1 = species is domesticated; domestic species are treated as distinct entities for politicaly/conservation purposes here for species with ancient domestication history (19 species in total, including Homo sapiens); this arrangement follows guidelines from the following publication - Gentry, A., Clutton-Brock, J., & Groves, C. P. (2004). The naming of wild animal species and their domestic derivatives. Journal of Archaeological Science, 31(5), 645-651."
,flagged,"0 = valid, not flagged; 1 = flagged as taxonomically questionable"
,CMW_sciName,unique combination of taxonomic genus and specific epithet with an underscore connecting them -- from the Illustrated Checklist of the Mammals of the World (CMW)
,diffSinceCMW,0 = species present in CMW taxonomy; 1 = species new since CMW 2020
,MSW3_matchtype,category of automated or manual matching to the third edition of Mammals Species of the World (MSW3) scientific names
,MSW3_sciName,scientific name as matched to the MSW3 taxonomy
,diffSinceMSW3,0 = species present in MSW3 taxonomy; 1 = species is new since MSW3 cutoff of ~2004