December 19, 2022 Report Open Access

Zeyen, Elisabeth; Riepin, Iegor; Brown, Tom

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        <foaf:name>Zeyen, Elisabeth</foaf:name>
        <foaf:givenName>Elisabeth</foaf:givenName>
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        <foaf:name>Riepin, Iegor</foaf:name>
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            <foaf:name>Technical University of Berlin (TUB)</foaf:name>
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        <foaf:name>Brown, Tom</foaf:name>
        <foaf:givenName>Tom</foaf:givenName>
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    <dct:title>Hourly versus annually matched renewable supply for electrolytic hydrogen</dct:title>
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    <dct:issued rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#gYear">2022</dct:issued>
    <dcat:keyword>green hydrogen</dcat:keyword>
    <dcat:keyword>regulation</dcat:keyword>
    <dcat:keyword>electrolysis</dcat:keyword>
    <dcat:keyword>PPA</dcat:keyword>
    <dcat:keyword>decarbonisation</dcat:keyword>
    <dct:issued rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#date">2022-12-19</dct:issued>
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    <dct:description>&lt;p&gt;Electrolytic hydrogen produced using renewable electricity can help lower carbon dioxide emissions in sectors where&lt;br&gt; feedstocks, reducing agents, dense fuels or high temperatures are required. Several standards are being discussed to&lt;br&gt; certify that the grid electricity used is renewable. The standards vary in how strictly they match the renewable generation&lt;br&gt; to the electrolyser demand in time and space. In this paper, we compare electricity procurement strategies to meet a&lt;br&gt; constant hydrogen demand in a computer model for selected European countries in 2025 and 2030. We compare a&lt;br&gt; case where no additional renewable generators are procured with cases where the electrolyser demand is matched to&lt;br&gt; additional supply either on an annual, monthly or an hourly basis. We show that local additionality is required to&lt;br&gt; guarantee low emissions. If no storage is available to buffer the hydrogen, the electrolyser must run at full capacity&lt;br&gt; at all times. For the annually matched case, constant operation means using fossil-fuelled generation from the grid&lt;br&gt; for some hours that results in higher emissions and increased electricity prices compared to the case without hydrogen&lt;br&gt; demand. In the hourly matched case, emissions and prices do not increase, but baseload operation results in high costs&lt;br&gt; for providing constant supply if only wind, solar and batteries are available. Buffering the hydrogen with storage, either&lt;br&gt; in steel tanks or underground caverns, reduces the cost penalty of hourly versus annual matching. Hydrogen production&lt;br&gt; with annual matching can reduce system emissions if the electrolysers operate flexibly or coal is phased out and the&lt;br&gt; renewable generation share is above 80%. The largest emission reduction is achieved with hourly matching when surplus&lt;br&gt; electricity generation can be sold to the grid.&lt;/p&gt;</dct:description>
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