Category,Behaviour,Description Aggressive contact,attack,"Aggressive action targeted at a conspecific including grabbing, biting, hitting, and tackling" Aggressive contact,bump,Individual pushes other individual with side of body Aggressive contact,hit,Individual uses a hand to quickly smack another outside the context of play Aggressive contact,push,Individual pushes another with its hands outside of the context of play Body positioning,approach,Decrease distance between self and conspecific Body positioning,arrive,Greeter arrives at point of greetee Body positioning,bend-away,Individual leans away from a passing higher rank individual Body positioning,bipedal,Standing or locomotion on hind legs Body positioning,chase,Individual runs after a conspecific who is fleeing from them Body positioning,distancing,Greeter increasing distance between themselves and greetee Body positioning,divert,Greeter diverts before reaching greetee Body positioning,follow,Individual follows closely behind the other Body positioning,pass_no-contact,Individual passes another within 2m without making physical contact Body positioning,sit,Individual goes from another position to sitting Body positioning,stand,Individual standing quadrupedally Body positioning,turn_away,Greetee repositions entire body to be facing away from greeter Contact,hind-quarter_touch,One hand is used to touch the hindquarters of a second individual Contact,hip-grasp,"Both hands are used to touch the hips of a second individual, but neither individual moves forward" Contact,inspect,"Individual investigates by a combination of via sight, touch, and smell" Contact,mount,The focal individual grasps the hips of another individual and positions their genitals facing the anogenital region of the conspecific. Does not involve thrusting or intromission Contact,penis-diddle,The focal individual touches the penis of another male Contact,polonaise,"The focal individual touches the hips of a conspecific with both hands, and the two move forward with the focal individual maintaining contact." Contact,prancing,"The focal individual moves the torso up and down rapidly, lifting both front legs off the ground repeatedly." Contact,scratch,"The hand is placed in the fur of a conspecific and fingers are contracted several times. This is a brief behavior and not targeted with a focused gaze, unlike grooming." Contact,sniff,Sniffing of conspecific Contact,stroke,An open or slightly curved hand is briefly drawn along the fur of a conspecific. Contact,touch,"The focal individual uses a hand to contact the body of a second individual, not including the genital, groin region, or hips " Contact,upside_down_embrace,"Individual A stands in front of B, who is usually seated, bends forward with their rump and tail in the area, puts their head towards the ground and reaches their arms through their hind legs to touch or grasp individual B. B usually makes physical contact with A and sniffs or inspects A" Event criteria,2_m_radius_start,Individual gets within 2 m of second individual Event criteria,2_m_radius_stop,Individual gets within 2 m of second individual Event criteria,end,Event stop criteria are reached Facial expression,ear-flattening,Ears are pressed against side of head Facial expression,glance_toward,Brief glance at another individual Facial expression,grimace,Lips are drawn back to expose teeth Facial expression,lip-smack,"Lips and tongue moved rapidly repeatedly, often accompanied by audible smacking" Facial expression,look_away,Head turned actively and sharply away from the direction of the conspecific Facial expression,observe,Continued watching of another individual Facial expression,threat_eyebrow_flash,Individual gazes directly at conspecific and raises eyebrows repeatedly Facial expression,threat_headbob,Individual gazes directly at conspecific and moves head forward and down repeatedly. Often paired with eyebrow flashing. Facial expression,yawn,Mouth stretched wide open in yawn Greeting contact,embrace,"The focal individual wraps one or both arms around a conspecific from the front, side or rear" Infant interactions,infant_carry,Infant is clutched to the chest with one or both arms while carrier is locomoting Infant interactions,infant_grab,Individual reaches for or grabs infant; contact is not necessary if mother interferes Infant interactions,infant_groom,Grooming infant Infant interactions,infant_inspect,Sniffing and visually inspecting infant Infant interactions,infant_observe,Watching a conspecific's infant in a focused way Infant interactions,infant_release,When an individual holding or grasping an infant’s limb releases the infant Infant interactions,infant_touch,Touching infant without trying to lift Infant interactions,nursing,A mother is carrying her natal coat infant and may or may not be feeding the infant Movement,displace,Individual approaches a conspecific who in turn moves to another location. The individual immediately assumes the conspecific’s position once vacated. Movement,dodge_flinch,"Dodging or flinching away from another individual, not in a context of play" Movement,flee,Greetee moves away from greeter quickly Movement,lunge,A sudden movement toward a conspecific often finishing with an attempt to grab Movement,move_towards,Greetee moves towards greeter Movement,pause,Individual interrupts an approach and stops moving forward Movement,present,"Individual approaches conspecific and positions posterior towards the conspecific, typically raising the tail. The presenter may lower the torso towards the ground." Movement,reach,"Individual reaches out towards conspecific to touch, but doesn't make contact" Movement,solicit_grooming,"Individual moves towards a conspecific, positions self for grooming, and waits in position for several seconds until either successful (grooming begins) or unsuccessful (other individual ignores solicitation, typically avoids gazing at solicitor, and the solicitor sits down or moves off)." Movement,walk-away,Greetee moves away from greeter OR greeter moves further away from the greetee prior to coming within 2 meters Non-social,forage,"Active acquisition, processing, and eating of food" Non-social,groom_self,Individual uses hands or mouth to groom itself Non-social,head_shake,Individual shakes head rapidly Non-social,rest,Individual stays in one place with little movement and no other primary activity state Non-social,scratch_ground,"Individual uses hand to scratch at or dig in ground, often foraging related" Non-social,scratch_self,"All behavioral events directed towards one's own body and that have been interpreted in other studies as indicative of anxiety, including scratch, self-touch, nose touch, and body shake" Non-social,vigilant,"Individual is tensely observing another individual, animal, human, etc. who may be a threat" Social affiliative contact,copulate,Mounting with intromission and thrusting. Often accompanied by a copulation call produced by the female Social affiliative contact,groom,"Individual uses fingers and potentially mouth in a focused manner to move conspecific’s hair back and forth, removing loose hair, dirt, and pests. The groomer’s gaze is focused on the area being groomed." Social affiliative contact,groom_other,Groom an individual besides partner Social affiliative contact,jump_on,Individual jumps on the others back in play or frustration. Typically performed by juveniles Vocalizations,bark,"Short, loud, medium- or high-frequency vocalization that resembles a dog's bark (includes alarm barks and lost barks)" Vocalizations,chatter,Quickly move mouth and lips to produce repetitive sound that sounds like (and may be the result of) teeth chattering Vocalizations,contact_call,Short call to locate other individual Vocalizations,copulation_call,"Long, guttural staccato vocalization produced by a female after copulating." Vocalizations,grunt,"Low-frequency vocalization, usually punctuated by silences, emitted with the mouth closed or slightly open" Vocalizations,keck,"A cough-like, staccato medium frequency vocalization given with an open mouth (grimace), punctuated by silences between each syllable (usually occurs in a submissive context, in response to an approach, or in response to aggression or threat of aggression)" Vocalizations,scream,"High pitched, continuous vocalization" Vocalizations,wahoo,"A loud, two-part vocalization in which the syllables sounds similar to ""wa"" and ""hoo"""