August 30, 2022 Book section Open Access

Klaus Witold

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      "pages": "30-32", 
      "title": "Beyond the law. Legal assessment of the Polish state's activities in response to the humanitarian crisis on the Polish-Belarusian border"
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    "doi": "10.5281/zenodo.6595623", 
    "description": "<p>Since early August 2021, when the humanitarian crisis began to unfold on the Polish-Belarusian border, the&nbsp;key actors who provide real help to migrants in borderland forests are activists and local residents. The role&nbsp;of the latter cannot be overestimated, especially when they live and act in a state of emergency zone to which&nbsp;no one else has access. This assistance has been met with both great appreciation from one &ndash; large &ndash; part of&nbsp;society and with condemnation from another. Some of those who condemn it include public officials (both&nbsp;members of the Border Guard and other law enforcement agencies) who threaten activists rescuing people&nbsp;in border area with criminal prosecution. The two legal provisions that they most often refer to are: assistance&nbsp;in facilitating illegal stay in Poland (Art. 264a &sect; 1 of the Polish Criminal Code &ndash; hereafter PCC) and&nbsp;assistance in organising illegal border crossings (Art. 264a &sect; 2 PCC). In this analysis, I would like to discuss&nbsp;these regulations from the point of view of whether they permit punishment for granting humanitarian aid.</p>", 
    "license": {
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    "title": "Criminalisation of solidarity. Whether activists who help forced migrants in the borderland can be penalised for their actions?", 
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      "publisher": "Institute of Law Studies Polish Academy of Sciences", 
      "place": "Warsaw", 
      "isbn": "978-83-66300-68-2"
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    "references": [
      "Z. \u0106wi\u0105kalski In: W. Wr\u00f3bel, A. Zoll (eds.) (2017). Kodeks karny. Cz\u0119\u015b\u0107 szczeg\u00f3lna. Vol. II. Part II. Komentarz [Criminal Code: Special Part. Volume II. Part II. Commentary]. Warsaw: Wolters Kluwer, LEX.", 
      "A. Lach In: V. Konarska-Wrzosek (ed.) (2020). Kodeks karny. Komentarz [Criminal Code: Commentary]. Warsaw: Wolters Kluwer."
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    "publication_date": "2022-08-30", 
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        "affiliation": "ILS PAS", 
        "name": "Klaus Witold"
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