The legality and permissibility of push-back policies (forcing people back over a border) and assessment of the attempts to legalise it in Poland

Push-backs are an illegal international practice of forcing migrants back to the country from which they crossed the border (usually irregularly) without giving them an opportunity to apply for refugee status and without launching other administrative procedures against them, including return procedures. Usually border guards who are engaged in pushback operations ‘do not hear’ the wish to apply for international protection, so they do not receive such applications.