,,,,,,,,,,,,,% of count,0.261410788,0.157676349,0.31120332,0.022821577,0.22406639,0.04742268,0.255186722,0.392116183,0.087136929,0.093360996,0.221991701,0.213692946,0.06846473,0.03526971,0.070539419,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
,,,,,,,,,,,,,non-zero count,126,76,150,11,108,23,123,189,42,45,107,103,33,17,34,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
,,,,,,,,,,,,,% of sum,0.258333333,0.109722222,0.248611111,0.015277778,0.156944444,0.031944444,0.179166667,0.687697161,0.132492114,0.179810726,0.451612903,0.415322581,0.133064516,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
,,,,,,,,,,,,,sum,186,79,179,11,113,23,129,218,42,57,112,103,33,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
,,,,,,,,,,,,# PA-study units,482,,,,,,,#PA-Study units ascribing value,276,,,#PA-Study units evaluating justice,243,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
,,,,,,,,,,,,# Outcomes,720,,,,,,,# values,317,,,%justice,0.504149378,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
TSU ID,Source,First author,Title,DOI / ISBN,Year,Name of Protected Area,Type of designation,Country,Country Code,Ecological outcomes,Socio-cultural outcomes,Both Outcomes,Establishment date of Protected Area,NATURE,NCP,GQL,ANTHRO ASSETS,INSTITUTIONS,DRIVERS,VALUES,Instrumental,Relational,Intrinsic,Distributive.justice,Procedural.justice,Recognition,Sustainability,Conflict,State outcomes reported,Notes,Outcome1 category,Outcome 1 (what they say in title or abstract),Indicator(s) (what is actually measured),Method (how measured),"Validity (attribution of outcome to protected area, either through controls, before/after, perception of change) (Yes/No)","Suitability (of indicator to capture what is purported outcome: suitable, not suitable, partially suitable)","Result direction (positive, negative, neutral, divergent, indeterminate)","Beneficiary (for whom is the outcome assessed) (if identified by study, consider nature as stakeholder)",Result description (snippet of text),Outcome2.category,Outcome 2 (snippet of text),Indicator,Method,"Validity (attribution of outcome to protected area, either through controls, before/after, perception of change) (Yes/No/Mixed)",Suitability (of indicator to capture what is purported outcome),"Result direction (positive, negative, neutral, indeterminate)","Beneficiary?? (snippet of text; if identified by study, consider nature as stakeholder)",Result description (snippet of text),Outcome3.category,Outcome 3 (snippet of text),Indicator,Method,"Validity (attribution of outcome to protected area, either through controls, before/after, perception of change) (Yes/No/Mixed)",Suitability (of indicator to capture what is purported outcome),"Result direction (positive, negative, neutral, indeterminate)","Beneficiary?? (snippet of text; if identified by study, consider nature as stakeholder)",Result description (snippet of text),Outcome4.category,Outcome 4 (snippet of text),Indicator,Method,"Validity (attribution of outcome to protected area, either through controls, before/after, perception of change) (Yes/No/Mixed)",Suitability (of indicator to capture what is purported outcome),"Result direction (positive, negative, neutral, indeterminate)","Beneficiary?? (snippet of text; if identified by study, consider nature as stakeholder)",Result description (snippet of text),Outcome5.category,Outcome 5 (snippet of text),Indicator,Method,"Validity (attribution of outcome to protected area, either through controls, before/after, perception of change) (Yes/No/Mixed)",Suitability (of indicator to capture what is purported outcome),"Result direction (positive, negative, neutral, indeterminate)","Beneficiary?? (snippet of text; if identified by study, consider nature as stakeholder)",Result description (snippet of text),Outcome6.category,Outcome 6 (snippet of text),Indicator,Method,"Validity (attribution of outcome to protected area, either through controls, before/after, perception of change) (Yes/No/Mixed)",Suitability (of indicator to capture what is purported outcome),"Result direction (positive, negative, neutral, indeterminate)","Beneficiary?? (snippet of text; if identified by study, consider nature as stakeholder)",Result description (snippet of text),Outcome7.category,Outcome 7 (snippet of text),Indicator,Method,"Validity (attribution of outcome to protected area, either through controls, before/after, perception of change) (Yes/No/Mixed)",Suitability (of indicator to capture what is purported outcome),"Result direction (positive, negative, neutral, indeterminate)","Beneficiary?? (snippet of text; if identified by study, consider nature as stakeholder)",Result description (snippet of text),Outcome8.category,Outcome 8 (snippet of text),Indicator,Method,"Validity (attribution of outcome to protected area, either through controls, before/after, perception of change) (Yes/No/Mixed)",Suitability (of indicator to capture what is purported outcome),"Result direction (positive, negative, neutral, indeterminate)","Beneficiary?? (snippet of text; if identified by study, consider nature as stakeholder)",Result description (snippet of text),Notes
2,Brockington & Wilkie,Bandyopadhyay,Household Consumption and Natural Resource Management around National Parks in Zambia,https://doi.org/10.1080/19390450903350838,2010,Kafue,Park (National),Zambia,ZMB,,x,1,NA,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,,,,1,,,,,Household welfare / household consumption,,GQL,Household welfare,Consumption expenditure,"Survey, impact evaluation","Yes, Sample differentiates between households in and outside game reserves",Suitable,Negative,Households in Game Management Areas,"Only Game Management Areas with limited alternative livelihoods exhibit significant consumption benefits. However, the gains accrue mainly to the relatively well off",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
7,Brockington & Wilkie,Bandyopadhyay,Household Consumption and Natural Resource Management around National Parks in Zambia,https://doi.org/10.1080/19390450903350838,2010,Lower Zambezi,Park (National),Zambia,ZMB,,x,1,NA,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,,,,1,,,,,Household welfare / household consumption,,GQL,Household welfare,Consumption expenditure,"Survey, impact evaluation","Yes, Sample differentiates between households in and outside game reserves",Suitable,Negative,Households in Game Management Areas,"Only Game Management Areas with limited alternative livelihoods exhibit significant consumption benefits. However, the gains accrue mainly to the relatively well ofF",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
9,Brockington & Wilkie,Bandyopadhyay,Household Consumption and Natural Resource Management around National Parks in Zambia,https://doi.org/10.1080/19390450903350838,2010,South Luangwa,Park (National),Zambia,ZMB,,x,1,NA,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,,,,1,,,,,Household welfare / household consumption,,GQL,Household welfare,Consumption expenditure,"Survey, impact evaluation","Yes, Sample differentiates between households in and outside game reserves",Suitable,Positive,Households in Game Management Areas,"Only Game Management Areas with limited alternative livelihoods exhibit significant consumption benefits. However, the gains accrue mainly to the relatively well ofF",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
ADDED,Brockington & Wilkie,Bandyopadhyay,Household Consumption and Natural Resource Management around National Parks in Zambia,https://doi.org/10.1080/19390450903350838,2010,Bangwelu,Park (National),Zambia,ZMB,,x,1,NA,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,,,,1,,,,,Household welfare / household consumption,,GQL,Household welfare,Consumption expenditure,"Survey, impact evaluation","Yes, Sample differentiates between households in and outside game reserves",Suitable,Positive,Households in Game Management Areas,"Only Game Management Areas with limited alternative livelihoods exhibit significant consumption benefits. However, the gains accrue mainly to the relatively well ofF",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
10,Brockington & Wilkie,Karanth,Making resettlement work: The case of India’s Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2007.07.004,2007,Bhadra,Wildlife Sanctuary,India,IND,,x,1,1974,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,,,,,,,,,"Quality of life (electricity, water, schools, health care, transportation, and communication facilities)",Resetlement,GQL,Relocation experience,"Satisfaction,  access to electricity, access to water, presence of schools, health care, transportation, and communication facilities, changes in income and assets. ",Interviews,"Yes, Comparisson across years and between villages",Suitable,Positive,Households,Percentage of households satisfied with the relocation effort and their quality of life,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
11,Brockington & Wilkie,Maekawa,Mountain gorilla tourism generating wealth and peace in post‐conflict Rwanda,https://doi.org/10.1111/1477-8947.12020,2013,des Volcans,Park (National),Rwanda,RWA,,x,1,1925,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,,,,,,,,,Conflict / Restoring capacities,"Nature-based tourism in post-conflict Rwanda, critical issues for restoring capacities",GQL,Economic benefits of nature-based tourism,"Income, revenues, taxes and fees, national parks visits",Data from other papers,No,Suitable,Indeterminate,Unclear,Unclear,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
14,Brooks,Ormsby,"A framework for understanding community resident perceptions of Masoala National Park, Madagascar",https://doi.org/10.1017/S0376892905002146,2005,Masoala,Park (National),Madagascar,MDG,,X,1,1997,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,,,,,,,,,"""Research at Masoala National Park in Madagascar focused on the following questions: (1) What are the factors that influence residents' perceptions of the Park and restrictions on use of natural resources in the Park area? (2) How do residents of communities on the periphery of the Park perceive and interact with Park staff, and what factors influence interactions and perceptions?""",,VALUES,Perceptions towards PAs,"Perceptions on history of park management, community benefits from park, community awareness of the park, community awareness of park staff, community perceptios in general","A multi-method qualitative research approach was taken, including individual and focus group interviews, participant observation, archival research, and an environmental education and communication workshop.","Yes, Triangulating data from different methods",Suitable,Negative,Local stakeholders,Factors influence residents perceptions (assessed by indicator),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
15,Brooks,Méndez-Contreras,"Community Member Viewpoints on the Ría Celestún Biosphere Reserve, Yucatan, Mexico: Suggestions for Improving the Community/Natural Protected Area Relationship",https://doi.org/10.1007/s10745-007-9135-4,2008,Ría Celestún,Biosphere Reserve,Mexico,MEX,,X,1,NA,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,,,,,,,,,"""an analysis of the viewpoints of Celestún community members regarding the Ría Celestún Biosphere Reserve, Mexico, are used as the basis for recommendation to improve the community/natural protected area (NPA) relationship""",,GQL,Viewpoints,"Livelihoods, understanding of ""nature resource"", context","Participant observations, semistructured interviews",No,Partially,Divergent,Community members,"The Ría Celestún Biosphere Reserve has significantly impacted Celestún residents’ daily life, altered their economic activities, changed the information students are taught in schools, and affected opportunities for women to participate in different productive projects",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
16,Brooks,Uychiaoco,Monitoring and Evaluation of Reef Protected Areas by Local Fishers in the Philippines: Tightening the Adaptive Management Cycle,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-005-8414-x,2005,Bolinao,Marine Protected Area,Philippines,PHL,X,,1,2000,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,,,,,,,,,"""abundance estimates of sand, major reef fish carnivores, and fish herbivores""",,INSTITUTIONS,Effects of introducing participatory monitoring methods in management,Benefits of participatory monitoring ,Observation,No,Partially,Positive,"Local community managers, MPA managers",Locally based monitoring also encouraged cooperation among stakeholders and prompted a management response,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
17,Brooks,Uychiaoco,Monitoring and Evaluation of Reef Protected Areas by Local Fishers in the Philippines: Tightening the Adaptive Management Cycle,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-005-8414-x,2005,Calape,Marine Protected Area,Philippines,PHL,X,,1,1995,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,,,,,,,,,"""abundance estimates of sand, major reef fish carnivores, and fish herbivores""",,INSTITUTIONS,Effects of introducing participatory monitoring methods in management,Benefits of participatory monitoring ,Observation,No,Partially,Positive,"Local community managers, MPA managers",Locally based monitoring also encouraged cooperation among stakeholders and prompted a management response,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
18,Brooks,Uychiaoco,Monitoring and Evaluation of Reef Protected Areas by Local Fishers in the Philippines: Tightening the Adaptive Management Cycle,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-005-8414-x,2005,Cordova,Marine Protected Area,Philippines,PHL,X,,1,1992,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,,,,,,,,,"""abundance estimates of sand, major reef fish carnivores, and fish herbivores""",,INSTITUTIONS,Effects of introducing participatory monitoring methods in management,Benefits of participatory monitoring ,Observation,No,Partially,Positive,"Local community managers, MPA managers",Locally based monitoring also encouraged cooperation among stakeholders and prompted a management response,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
19,Brooks,Uychiaoco,Monitoring and Evaluation of Reef Protected Areas by Local Fishers in the Philippines: Tightening the Adaptive Management Cycle,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-005-8414-x,2005,Loon,Marine Protected Area,Philippines,PHL,X,,1,1997,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,,,,,,,,,"""abundance estimates of sand, major reef fish carnivores, and fish herbivores""",,INSTITUTIONS,Effects of introducing participatory monitoring methods in management,Benefits of participatory monitoring ,Observation,No,Partially,Positive,"Local community managers, MPA managers",Locally based monitoring also encouraged cooperation among stakeholders and prompted a management response,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
20,Brooks,Uychiaoco,Monitoring and Evaluation of Reef Protected Areas by Local Fishers in the Philippines: Tightening the Adaptive Management Cycle,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-005-8414-x,2005,Mabini,Marine Protected Area,Philippines,PHL,X,,1,1991,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,,,,,,,,,"""abundance estimates of sand, major reef fish carnivores, and fish herbivores""",,INSTITUTIONS,Effects of introducing participatory monitoring methods in management,Benefits of participatory monitoring ,Observation,No,Partially,Positive,"Local community managers, MPA managers",Locally based monitoring also encouraged cooperation among stakeholders and prompted a management response,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
21,Brooks,Uychiaoco,Monitoring and Evaluation of Reef Protected Areas by Local Fishers in the Philippines: Tightening the Adaptive Management Cycle,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-005-8414-x,2005,Masinloc,Marine Protected Area,Philippines,PHL,X,,1,1989,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,,,,,,,,,"""abundance estimates of sand, major reef fish carnivores, and fish herbivores""",,INSTITUTIONS,Effects of introducing participatory monitoring methods in management,Benefits of participatory monitoring ,Observation,No,Partially,Positive,"Local community managers, MPA managers",Locally based monitoring also encouraged cooperation among stakeholders and prompted a management response,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
22,Brooks,Uychiaoco,Monitoring and Evaluation of Reef Protected Areas by Local Fishers in the Philippines: Tightening the Adaptive Management Cycle,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-005-8414-x,2005,Salcedo,Marine Protected Area,Philippines,PHL,X,,1,1995,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,,,,,,,,,"""abundance estimates of sand, major reef fish carnivores, and fish herbivores""",,INSTITUTIONS,Effects of introducing participatory monitoring methods in management,Benefits of participatory monitoring ,Observation,No,Partially,Positive,"Local community managers, MPA managers",Locally based monitoring also encouraged cooperation among stakeholders and prompted a management response,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
23,Brooks,Uychiaoco,Monitoring and Evaluation of Reef Protected Areas by Local Fishers in the Philippines: Tightening the Adaptive Management Cycle,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-005-8414-x,2005,San Vincente,Marine Protected Area,Philippines,PHL,X,,1,1999,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,,,,,,,,,"""abundance estimates of sand, major reef fish carnivores, and fish herbivores""",,INSTITUTIONS,Effects of introducing participatory monitoring methods in management,Benefits of participatory monitoring ,Observation,No,Partially,Positive,"Local community managers, MPA managers",Locally based monitoring also encouraged cooperation among stakeholders and prompted a management response,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
24,Brooks,Uychiaoco,Monitoring and Evaluation of Reef Protected Areas by Local Fishers in the Philippines: Tightening the Adaptive Management Cycle,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-005-8414-x,2005,Sibulan,Marine Protected Area,Philippines,PHL,X,,1,1997,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,,,,,,,,,"""abundance estimates of sand, major reef fish carnivores, and fish herbivores""",,INSTITUTIONS,Effects of introducing participatory monitoring methods in management,Benefits of participatory monitoring ,Observation,No,Partially,Positive,"Local community managers, MPA managers",Locally based monitoring also encouraged cooperation among stakeholders and prompted a management response,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
ADDED,Brooks,Uychiaoco,Monitoring and Evaluation of Reef Protected Areas by Local Fishers in the Philippines: Tightening the Adaptive Management Cycle,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-005-8414-x,2005,Kiamba,Marine Protected Area,Philippines,PHL,X,,1,1998,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,,,,,,,,,"""abundance estimates of sand, major reef fish carnivores, and fish herbivores""",,INSTITUTIONS,Effects of introducing participatory monitoring methods in management,Benefits of participatory monitoring ,Observation,No,Partially,Positive,"Local community managers, MPA managers",Locally based monitoring also encouraged cooperation among stakeholders and prompted a management response,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
25,Brooks,Van Rijsoort,"Participatory resource monitoring as a means for promoting social change in Yunnan, China",https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-005-8377-y,2005,Tongbiguan,Nature Reserve,China,CHN,X,X,2,NA,2,2,0,0,1,0,0,2,,2,,1,,,,"""This paper presents a participatory resources monitoring (PRM) system developed and implemented by representatives of 12 villages, six each within and adjacent to two nature reserves in Yunnan, China""",,INSTITUTIONS,Effects of participatory monitoring ,Technical and social benefits and problems of participatory monitoring,Participatory workshop,No,Suitable,Divergent,Villagers and staff,"Monitoring is a process which could lead to social change. Participatory monitoring builds trust between stakeholders, changes perceptions and attitudes and leads to more democratic and transparent decision-making.",NATURE,Perceived resource and wildlife abundance,"Observations, quality of resources, status of wildlife habitat","Forest walk, interviews, photos",No,Partially,Negative,Villagers,villages perceive decline,NCP,Perceived resource use,"Ammount of resources collected, market prices, number of households using alternative energy","Forest walk, interviews, photos, surveys, direct observation",No,Partially,Indeterminate,Villagers,Villages perceive decline in abundance and quality of some and increase in others,NCP,Perceived wildlife damage,"Frequency of wildlife damage, extent and scale of damage, status of forest habitat","Direct observation, interview, photo",No,Partially,Positive,Villagers,Villages perceive decline,NATURE,Perceived land use,"Estimated total area of selected land use, growth condition of trees","Direct observation, local databases, interviews",No,Partially,Positive,Villagers,More plants and trees being planted,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Changed BE from ""negative"" to ""positive"" because villagers perceived a decline in wildlife damage, which is a ""positive"" thing (BCK)"
26,Brooks,Van Rijsoort,"Participatory resource monitoring as a means for promoting social change in Yunnan, China",https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-005-8377-y,2005,Xiaoheisan,Nature Reserve,China,CHN,X,X,2,NA,2,2,0,0,1,0,0,2,,2,,1,,,,"""This paper presents a participatory resources monitoring (PRM) system developed and implemented by representatives of 12 villages, six each within and adjacent to two nature reserves in Yunnan, China""",,INSTITUTIONS,Effects of participatory monitoring ,Technical and social benefits and problems of participatory monitoring,Participatory workshop,No,Suitable,Divergent,Villagers and staff,"Monitoring is a process which could lead to social change. Participatory monitoring builds trust between stakeholders, changes perceptions and attitudes and leads to more democratic and transparent decision-making.",NATURE,Perceived resource and wildlife abundance,"Observations, quality of resources, status of wildlife habitat","Forest walk, interviews, photos",No,Partially,Negative,Villagers,villages perceive decline,NCP,Perceived resource use,"Ammount of resources collected, market prices, number of households using alternative energy","Forest walk, interviews, photos, surveys, direct observation",No,Partially,Indeterminate,Villagers,Villages perceive decline in abundance and quality of some and increase in others,NCP,Perceived wildlife damage,"Frequency of wildlife damage, extent and scale of damage, status of forest habitat","Direct observation, interview, photo",No,Partially,Positive,Villagers,Villages perceive decline,NATURE,Perceived land use,"Estimated total area of selected land use, growth condition of trees","Direct observation, local databases, interviews",No,Partially,Indeterminate,Villagers,More plants and trees being planted but fewer grazing grounds,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Changed BE from ""negative"" to ""positive"" because villagers perceived a decline in wildlife damage, which is a ""positive"" thing (BCK)"
27,Brooks,Silori,"Perception of local people towards conservation of forest resources in Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve, north-western Himalaya, India",https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-006-9116-8,2007,Nanda Devi,Biosphere Reserve,India,IND,x,X,2,1988,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,,,,,,,,,"""examines the perception of the Bhotiya tribal community on the use and conservation of natural resources in Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve (NDBR), north-western Himalaya in India with an objective of identifying the bottlenecks in the sustainable management of forest resources of NDBR through people's participation""",,VALUES,Attitudes towards forest and resource conservation,"Benefits derived, perception of conservation, need for protection","Participatory meetings, Participant observation, structured and semi-structured questionnaire interviews, ","Yes, 3 villages were assessed comparing results although no pre and post assessment is performed ",Partially,Positive,Villagers,A substantial proportion supported the concept of conservation of plants and animals.,,Perception towards biosphere reserve management,"Restriction imposition, provision of alternative livelihoods, lack of consultation, time gap between establishment and development of alternative livelihoods","Participatory meetings, Participant observation, structured and semi-structured questionnaire interviews, ","Yes, 3 villages were assessed comparing results although no pre and post assessment is performed ",Partially,Negative,Villagers,The decision of the park management to ban mountaineering activities to the Nanda Devi peak generated a strong negative feeling among the local people,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
28,Brooks,Lejano,Place-based conservation: Lessons from the Turtle Islands,https://doi.org/10.3200/ENVT.49.9.18-27,2007,"Turtle Islands, Municipality of",Conservation Project,Philippines,PHL,X,X,2,2001,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,,,,,,,,,"egg conservation program, merging local and agency science, censure of violators, patroling",,NATURE,Wildlife conservation,Rate of eggs conserved,Egg collection monitoring,No,Partially,Negative,Nature,"The rate of egg conservation took an alarming drop in the year immediately following enactment,",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
29,Brooks,Schmidt-Soltau,The Costs of Rainforest Conservation: Local Responses Towards Integrated Conservation and Development Projects in Cameroon,https://doi.org/10.1080/0258900042000179625,2004,Korup,Park (National),Cameroon,CMR,,X,1,1937,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,,,,,,,,,contributions of ICDPs to poverty reduction,,NCP,Conservation-development conflict ,"Change in forest conservation as a result from hunting and gathering, cash income from hunting and gathering",Data from othe papers,No,Suitable,Divergent,"Villagers, Nature","Conservation efforts have resulted in a professionalisation of hunting and gathering activities. While the actual number of hunters and gatherers in the conservation area has waned, the data indicate that the number of professional hunters and gatherers has increased",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
30,Brooks,Boulicault,The Role of the Local Community in Integrated Conservation with Development Projects: A Case Study of the Phu My Lepironia Conservation Project,https://digitalcollections.sit.edu/isp_collection/687,2009,Phu My Lepironia,Conservation Project,Viet Nam,VNM,,X,1,2004,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,,,,,,,,,"""aimed to examine the nature of the role of the local community in ICDPs, the factors affecting this role and the impact this role is having on the conservation project""",,INSTITUTIONS,Role of local community in ICDPs and repercutions on them,"Perceptions, values, ideas and opinions of people","Participant observations, open-ended interviews",No,Partially,Negative,Local community members,The current role of the local people is very limited and almost entirely economically focused. This limited role had important repercussions on the distribution of benefits from the Project as well as conflict management,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
31,Brooks,Webb,Using local user perceptions to evaluate outcomes of protected area management in the Sagay Marine Reserve,https://doi.org/10.1017/S0376892904001377,2004,Sagay,Marine Reserve,Philippines,PHL,,X,1,1983,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,,,1,1,1,,,,"""In-depth stakeholder surveys using 12 performance indicators were used to evaluate the perceived outcomes of the Sagay Marine Reserve (SMR), the Philippines""",,EQUITY,Equity,"Participation, influence, control, allocation of access rights, income from/of fishery management",Surveys,No,Suitable,Neutral,Villagers,no significant differences in any equity performance indicators across the 1992–2002 time frame,INSTITUTIONS,Efficiency,"Fisher-fisher, government-fisher cooperation, level of conflicts related. ",Surveys,No,Partially,Positive,Villagers,Two out of three efficiency indicators significantly improved between 1992 and 2002,NATURE,Sustainability,"Fish abundance, community compliance with rules, level of threat to fishery results, communication between fishers and government. ",Surveys,No,Partially,Negative,Villagers,Perceived fish abundance significantly declined between 1992 and 2002,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
33,Daw,McClanahan,Fishery recovery in a coral-reef marine park and its effect on the adjacent fishery,https://www.jstor.org/stable/2387154,1996,Mombasa,Marine Park (National),Kenya,KEN,,,0,1987,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,,,,,,,,,,NCP,Fish landing,Number of fish and their wet weight,Replicate visual transects during low tide,"Yes, before and after park establishment",Suitable,Negative,"Nature, fishers","Results suggest that fishing in the reserve reduced fish wet weigh. Further, fishers using pull seines were excluded from the reserve, and their numbers were replaced by fishers using other gear",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
54,Gill,Kamat,"“The Ocean is our Farm”: Marine Conservation, Food Insecurity, and Social Suffering in Southeastern Tanzania",https://doi.org/10.17730/humo.73.3.f43k115544761g0v,2014,Mnazi Bay-Ruvuma,Marine Park,"Tanzania, United Republic Of",TZA,,X,1,NA,0,0,3,0,0,0,0,,,,3,,1,,,Food security,,GQL,Poverty,Not clear,"Participant observation, interviews, focus group discussions","Yes, peoples historical perceptions comparing by gender and performing a pilot study to build rapport",Not suitable,Negative,Local villagers (females mostly),"Elicited narratives provide insights into how the Marine Park, in combination with a multiplicity of factors leading to displacement, dispossession, and social dislocation, has intensified hardships, especially among female-headed households, due to their increasing poverty, marginalization, and food-related insecurity",GQL,Food-related insecurity,"Daily full meals, accessibility to food in the future, crop yields, changes in diets, loss of fertility in land, connection to the MPA, ","Participant observation, interviews, focus group discussions","Yes, peoples historical perceptions comparing by gender and performing a pilot study to build rapport",Suitable,Negative,Local villagers (females mostly),"Elicited narratives provide insights into how the Marine Park, in combination with a multiplicity of factors leading to displacement, dispossession, and social dislocation, has intensified hardships, especially among female-headed households, due to their increasing poverty, marginalization, and food-related insecurity",GQL,Disenpowerment,"Humiliation, anger, dispair, low self-steem, resentment, harrasment by the MPA autorities, dissonance between MPA and locals discourse, marginalization, agency","Participant observation, interviews, focus group discussions","Yes, peoples historical perceptions comparing by gender and performing a pilot study to build rapport",Suitable,Negative,Local villagers (females mostly),"Elicited narratives provide insights into how the Marine Park, in combination with a multiplicity of factors leading to displacement, dispossession, and social dislocation, has intensified hardships, especially among female-headed households, due to their increasing poverty, marginalization, and food-related insecurity",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
55,Gill,Barau,Access to and allocation of ecosystem services in Malaysia's Pulau Kukup Ramsar Site,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2015.10.021,2015,Pulau Kukup,Ramsar Site,Malaysia,MYS,,x,1,2003,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,,1,,,,,,Access and allocation of ecosystem services,,NATURE,Ecological condition,,Group interviews and direct observations ,,,Positive,,"Under the current governance regime, national conservation agencies have struggled to implement the principles of wise use as specified by the Ramsar Convention. Never- theless, such strict local (formal) conservation rules restricting public access have improved the ecological integrity of the mangrove island, with little negative impact on the locals.",NCP,Access to ecosystems services,,Group interviews and direct observations ,No,Partially,Positive,"Home stay owners, fish farmers, conservation officers","Under the current governance regime, national conservation agencies have struggled to implement the principles of wise use as specified by the Ramsar Convention. Never- theless, such strict local (formal) conservation rules restricting public access have improved the ecological integrity of the mangrove island, with little negative impact on the locals.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
88,Gill,Batista,"Assessment of catches, landings and fishing effort as useful tools for MPA management",https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fishres.2015.07.020,2015,Arrábida,Park (Marine),Portugal,PRT,x,,1,1998,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,,,,,,,,Fisheries catches,,NCP,Fish landings,"Fishing effort, landing data, on-board sampling",Surveys,"Yes, accounting for different periods, seasonality and across MPA zones",Suitable,Positive,Fishers,Vessels fishing inside the AMP apparently did not suffer a decrease in revenues during the study period as could have been initially expected due to the implementation of fisheries restrictions,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
91,Gill,Hoffman,"Conch, Cooperatives, and Conflict: Conservation and Resistance in the Banco Chinchorro Biosphere Reserve",10.4103/0972-4923.138408,2014,Banco Chinchorro Biosphere Reserve,Biosphere Reserve,Mexico,MEX,,x,1,1996,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,,,,,,,,,"Resistance to regulations, violence",,VALUES,Resistance to conservation,"Fshermen's resource use, livelihoods, and interaction with conservation interventions",Cultural anthropology participant-observation,No,Partially,Negative,Fishers,Forms of resistance fishermen employed to counter the increasing regulation and vigilance that accompanied the creation of the Banco Chinchorro Biosphere Reserve,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
99,Gill,Webster,Detecting fisheries trends in a co-managed area in the Kingdom of Tonga,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fishres.2016.08.026,2017,O’ua Co-management Area,Co-management Area,Tonga (Kingdom of),TON,x,,1,2007,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,1,,,,1,,,,Fish catches,,ANTHRO ASSETS,Fish landings,"Fishers per boat, hours spent fishing, fishing method, fishing grounds, depth where fishing, catch composition, weight (kg), actual time spent fishing and travelling time","Field data, interviews",No,Suitable,Neutral,Fishers,The catch trends do not appear to have been influenced by effort creep or changes in fishing efficiency since the inception of co-management.,GQL,Socio-economic conditions,,Surveys,No,Partially,Positive,Fishers,"Almost all of the interviewees reported improved socio- economic conditions since the inception of co-management, with increased income from almost all sources",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
100,Gill,Fabinyi,"Dive tourism, fishing and marine protected areas in the Calamianes Islands, Philippines",https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2008.01.004,2008,Calamianes Islands,Marine Protected Area (s),Philippines,PHL,,x,1,2005,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,,,,,,,,1,Conflict,,VALUES,Conflicts - Conservation & diving/fishing,,"Observation at meetings, formal and informal interviews",No,Partially,Negative,Divers & Fishers,"It is argued that although the assumed harmonious relationship between marine conservation and dive tourism may work in theory, in practice different understandings of MPAs can create conflict.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
101,Gill,Aswani,"Do Marine Protected Areas Affect Human Nutrition and Health? A Comparison between Villages in Roviana, Solomon Islands",https://doi.org/10.1080/08920750701593394,2007,Roviana Lagoon,Marine Protected Area,Solomon Islands,SLB,X,X,2,NA,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,1,,,,,,,,,,INSTITUTIONS,Local perceptions,"Perceptions of governance, environmental change, livelihood strategies",Surveys,"Yes, assessment of villages in and out MPAs and with different regulation schemes",Partially,Positive,Villagers,"The higher the enforcement, the higher the perception of MPA effectiveness",GQL,Human nutritional intake,Actual intake,Dietary recall method,"Yes, assessment of villages in and out MPAs and with different regulation schemes",Yes,Positive,Villagers,Residents of villages with effective MPAs had higher energy and protein intake than those who had no MPA or an ineffective MPA.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
102,Gill,Aswani,"Do Marine Protected Areas Affect Human Nutrition and Health? A Comparison between Villages in Roviana, Solomon Islands",https://doi.org/10.1080/08920750701593394,2007,Solomon Islands,Marine Protected Area,Solomon Islands,SLB,,X,1,NA,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,1,,,,,,,,""" “no-take” marine reserves do not have adverse effects and that when MPAs are effectively sustained they may enhance local nutrition and health.""",unable to read the whole article,INSTITUTIONS,Local perceptions,"Perceptions of governance, environmental change, livelihood strategies",Surveys,"Yes, assessment of villages in and out MPAs and with different regulation schemes",Partially,Positive,Villagers,"The higher the enforcement, the higher the perception of MPA effectiveness",GQL,Human nutritional intake,Actual intake,Dietary recall method,"Yes, assessment of villages in and out MPAs and with different regulation schemes",Yes,Positive,Villagers,Residents of villages with effective MPAs had higher energy and protein intake than those who had no MPA or an ineffective MPA.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
106,Gill,Roberts,Effects of Marine Reserves on Adjacent Fisheries,DOI: 10.1126/science.294.5548.1920,2001,Sufrière,Marine Management Area,Saint Lucia,LCA,X,X,2,1995,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,,,,,,,,Catches by artisanal fishers increased with reserves in St Lucia; numbers of world-record sized fish caught for recreational purposes increasing in Florida.,"FL reserve created to limit access to rocket launch site, wildlife protection secondary goal.",NCP,Fish landings,"Mean total catch, fishing effort",Trap-fishing methods,No,Suitable,Positive,Artisanal fishers,Small reserves in St. Lucia increased adjancent catches of artisanal fishers between 46 and 90%,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
ADDED,Gill,Roberts,Effects of Marine Reserves on Adjacent Fisheries,DOI: 10.1126/science.294.5548.1920,2001,Merritt Island,National Wildlife Refuge,United States of America,USA,X,X,2,1962,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,,,,,,,,Catches by artisanal fishers increased with reserves in St Lucia; numbers of world-record sized fish caught for recreational purposes increasing in Florida.,,NCP,World record-sized catches,Frequencies of world record –sized catches in relation to proximity to Merritt Island,Recorded frequencies of fish catches,"Yes, data is compared to other sites with no MPA presense",Suitable,Positive,Recreational fishers,Reserve zones in Merritt Islandd National Wildlife Refuge have supplied increasing numbers of world record-sized fish to adjacent recreatinal fisheries,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
107,Gill,Alcala,Effects of Marine Reserves on Coral Fish Abundances and Yields of Philippine Coral Reefs,https://www.jstor.org/stable/4313453,1988,Apo Island,Marine Protected Area,Philippines,PHL,X,,1,NA,2,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,,,,,,,,"""reviews effects of long term protective management on fish abundances at coral reef reserves and non reserves and on fish yields...""","Not a valuation study. Data collected: kinds of fish, weight, gear used, hours spent fishing.",NATURE,Fish abundance,Species richness and abundance,Data collected by someone else,"Yes, compared to nonreserves and used control sites",Suitable,Positive,Nature,Data showed that fish abundances and standing stock of highly fished species were significantly higher in reserves than in nonreserves and control sites,NCP,Fish yields,"Fish cought, weight, gear used, time spent, ","Fishers records, ","Yes, compared to nonreserves and used control sites",Yes,Positive,Fishers,Data showed that fish abundances and standing stock of highly fished species were significantly higher in reserves than in nonreserves and control sites,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
108,Gill,Alcala,Effects of Marine Reserves on Coral Fish Abundances and Yields of Philippine Coral Reefs,https://www.jstor.org/stable/4313453,1988,Apo Reef,Marine Protected Area,Philippines,PHL,X,,1,NA,2,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,,,,,,,,"""reviews effects of long term protective management on fish abundances at coral reef reserves and non reserves and on fish yields...""","Not a valuation study. Data collected: kinds of fish, weight, gear used, hours spent fishing.",NATURE,Fish abundance,Species richness and abundance,Data collected by someone else,"Yes, compared to nonreserves and used control sites",Suitable,Positive,Nature,Data showed that fish abundances and standing stock of highly fished species were significantly higher in reserves than in nonreserves and control sites,NCP,Fish yields,"Fish cought, weight, gear used, time spent, ","Fishers records, ","Yes, compared to nonreserves and used control sites",Yes,Positive,Fishers,Data showed that fish abundances and standing stock of highly fished species were significantly higher in reserves than in nonreserves and control sites,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
109,Gill,Alcala,Effects of Marine Reserves on Coral Fish Abundances and Yields of Philippine Coral Reefs,https://www.jstor.org/stable/4313453,1988,Balicasag Island,Marine Protected Area,Philippines,PHL,X,,1,NA,2,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,,,,,,,,"""reviews effects of long term protective management on fish abundances at coral reef reserves and non reserves and on fish yields...""","Not a valuation study. Data collected: kinds of fish, weight, gear used, hours spent fishing.",NATURE,Fish abundance,Species richness and abundance,Data collected by someone else,"Yes, compared to nonreserves and used control sites",Suitable,Positive,Nature,Data showed that fish abundances and standing stock of highly fished species were significantly higher in reserves than in nonreserves and control sites,NCP,Fish yields,"Fish cought, weight, gear used, time spent, ","Fishers records, ","Yes, compared to nonreserves and used control sites",Yes,Positive,Fishers,Data showed that fish abundances and standing stock of highly fished species were significantly higher in reserves than in nonreserves and control sites,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
110,Gill,Alcala,Effects of Marine Reserves on Coral Fish Abundances and Yields of Philippine Coral Reefs,https://www.jstor.org/stable/4313453,1988,Calauit,Game Preserve / Wildlife Sancturary,Philippines,PHL,X,,1,NA,2,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,,,,,,,,"""reviews effects of long term protective management on fish abundances at coral reef reserves and non reserves and on fish yields...""","Not a valuation study. Data collected: kinds of fish, weight, gear used, hours spent fishing.",NATURE,Fish abundance,Species richness and abundance,Data collected by someone else,"Yes, compared to nonreserves and used control sites",Suitable,Positive,Nature,Data showed that fish abundances and standing stock of highly fished species were significantly higher in reserves than in nonreserves and control sites,NCP,Fish yields,"Fish cought, weight, gear used, time spent, ","Fishers records, ","Yes, compared to nonreserves and used control sites",Yes,Positive,Fishers,Data showed that fish abundances and standing stock of highly fished species were significantly higher in reserves than in nonreserves and control sites,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
111,Gill,Alcala,Effects of Marine Reserves on Coral Fish Abundances and Yields of Philippine Coral Reefs,https://www.jstor.org/stable/4313453,1988,Carbin Reef,Marine Protected Area,Philippines,PHL,X,,1,NA,2,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,,,,,,,,"""reviews effects of long term protective management on fish abundances at coral reef reserves and non reserves and on fish yields...""","Not a valuation study. Data collected: kinds of fish, weight, gear used, hours spent fishing.",NATURE,Fish abundance,Species richness and abundance,Data collected by someone else,"Yes, compared to nonreserves and used control sites",Suitable,Positive,Nature,Data showed that fish abundances and standing stock of highly fished species were significantly higher in reserves than in nonreserves and control sites,NCP,Fish yields,"Fish cought, weight, gear used, time spent, ","Fishers records, ","Yes, compared to nonreserves and used control sites",Yes,Positive,Fishers,Data showed that fish abundances and standing stock of highly fished species were significantly higher in reserves than in nonreserves and control sites,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
112,Gill,Alcala,Effects of Marine Reserves on Coral Fish Abundances and Yields of Philippine Coral Reefs,https://www.jstor.org/stable/4313453,1988,El Nido Resort,Marine Protected Area,Philippines,PHL,X,,1,NA,2,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,,,,,,,,"""reviews effects of long term protective management on fish abundances at coral reef reserves and non reserves and on fish yields...""","Not a valuation study. Data collected: kinds of fish, weight, gear used, hours spent fishing.",NATURE,Fish abundance,Species richness and abundance,Data collected by someone else,"Yes, compared to nonreserves and used control sites",Suitable,Positive,Nature,Data showed that fish abundances and standing stock of highly fished species were significantly higher in reserves than in nonreserves and control sites,NCP,Fish yields,"Fish cought, weight, gear used, time spent, ","Fishers records, ","Yes, compared to nonreserves and used control sites",Yes,Positive,Fishers,Data showed that fish abundances and standing stock of highly fished species were significantly higher in reserves than in nonreserves and control sites,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
113,Gill,Alcala,Effects of Marine Reserves on Coral Fish Abundances and Yields of Philippine Coral Reefs,https://www.jstor.org/stable/4313453,1988,Pamilacan Island,Marine Protected Area,Philippines,PHL,X,,1,NA,2,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,,,,,,,,"""reviews effects of long term protective management on fish abundances at coral reef reserves and non reserves and on fish yields...""","Not a valuation study. Data collected: kinds of fish, weight, gear used, hours spent fishing.",NATURE,Fish abundance,Species richness and abundance,Data collected by someone else,"Yes, compared to nonreserves and used control sites",Suitable,Positive,Nature,Data showed that fish abundances and standing stock of highly fished species were significantly higher in reserves than in nonreserves and control sites,NCP,Fish yields,"Fish cought, weight, gear used, time spent, ","Fishers records, ","Yes, compared to nonreserves and used control sites",Yes,Positive,Fishers,Data showed that fish abundances and standing stock of highly fished species were significantly higher in reserves than in nonreserves and control sites,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
114,Gill,Alcala,Effects of Marine Reserves on Coral Fish Abundances and Yields of Philippine Coral Reefs,https://www.jstor.org/stable/4313453,1988,Sumilon Island,Marine Protected Area,Philippines,PHL,X,,1,NA,2,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,,,,,,,,"""reviews effects of long term protective management on fish abundances at coral reef reserves and non reserves and on fish yields...""","Not a valuation study. Data collected: kinds of fish, weight, gear used, hours spent fishing.",NATURE,Fish abundance,Species richness and abundance,Data collected by someone else,"Yes, compared to nonreserves and used control sites",Suitable,Positive,Nature,Data showed that fish abundances and standing stock of highly fished species were significantly higher in reserves than in nonreserves and control sites,NCP,Fish yields,"Fish cought, weight, gear used, time spent, ","Fishers records, ","Yes, compared to nonreserves and used control sites",Yes,Positive,Fishers,Data showed that fish abundances and standing stock of highly fished species were significantly higher in reserves than in nonreserves and control sites,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
115,Gill,Stevenson,Evaluating marine protected areas for managing marine resource conflict in hawaii,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2012.11.003,2013,West Hawaii,Fish Replenishment Areas (in),Hawaii,US-HI,,x,1,NA,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,,,,,,,,1,"Perceptions about effectivenes, conflicts, value orientations",,VALUES,Conflicts - Suroundinc commercial fisheries (between commercial diving operators and aquarium fishers),"Perception about effectiveness of MPAs,  Perceived group encounters and threats to coral reefs, Willingness to encourage fishing, Value orientation towards the aquarium fish trade","Surveys, Likert scale questionaires","Yes, two areas compared one with and one withot the establishment of MPAs",Suitable,Divergent,Fishers,MPAs are inadequate for resolving long term conflict between groups who hold highly dissimilar value orientations toward the use of marine resources.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
116,Gill,Maliao,"Evaluating the impacts of mangrove rehabilitation in cogtong bay, philippines",https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-007-9021-2,2008,Cogtong Bay Mangrove,Rehabilitation Project,Philippines,PHL,x,x,2,1985,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,,,,1,1,,,,"Perceived impact (equity, efficiency, and sustainability)",,EQUITY,Perceived impacts of conservation,"Indicators related to equity (participation, influence, control, allocation of access)",Interviews,No,Suitable,Divergent,Villagers,Results showed that there were significant improvements in all indicators under the efficiency criterion but mixed impacts in the equity and sustainability criteria.,INSTITUTIONS,Perceived impacts of conservation,"efficiency (fisher-fisher cooperation, government-fisher cooperation, conflict resolution)",Interviews,No,Suitable,Positive,,Results showed that there were significant improvements in all indicators under the efficiency criterion but mixed impacts in the equity and sustainability criteria.,NATURE,Perceived impacts of conservation,"indicators of sustainability (fish abundance, community compliance, level of threat to mangronves, communication)",Interviews,No,Suitable,divergent,,Results showed that there were significant improvements in all indicators under the efficiency criterion but mixed impacts in the equity and sustainability criteria.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
117,Gill,Tupper,Evaluating the management effectiveness of marine protected areas at seven selected sites in the philippines,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2015.02.008,2015,Bilagbilangan East,Marine Sanctuary,Philippines,PHL,x,x,2,2006,1,0,1,0,1,0,0,2,1,2,,1,,,,"Biophysical, socioeconommic, governance indicators",,NATURE,Biophysical outcomes of management effectiveness,"Focal species abundance, focal species population structure, habitat distribution and complexity, composition and structure of the community, recruitment success within the community, food web integrity, type, level and return on fishing effort, water quality,area showing signs of recovery, area under no reduced human impact","Stakeholder consultation workshops, household surveys",No,Partially,Negative,Not clearly stated,Across the biophysical category there was a negative rating for six of the seven sites,GQL,Socioeconomic outcomes,"Local marine resource use patterns, local values and believefs about marine resources, level of understanding of human impacts on resources, perceptions of seafood availability, perceptions of local resource harvest, perception of non-markent and non-use value, material style of life, quality of human health, household income distribution by source, household occupational structure, community infraestructure and business, number and nature of markets, stakeholder knowledge of natural history, distribution of formal knowledge to community, percentage of stakeholder group in leadership positions, changes in conditions of ancestral and historical sites","Stakeholder consultation workshops, household surveys",No,Partially,Positive,Not clearly stated,Most of the socioeconomic indicators showed a positive rating,INSTITUTIONS,Governance outcomes,"Level of resource conflict, existence of a decision-making & management body, Existence and adoption of a management plan, local understanding of MPA rules and regulations, existence and adequacy of enabling legislation, availability and allocation of MPA resources, existence and application of scientific research and input, existence and activity level of community organiztion, degree of interaction between managers and stakeholders, proportion of stakeholders trained in sustainable use, , level of training provided to stakeholders, level of stakeholder participation, laevel of stakeholder improvement, clearly defined enforcement procedures, enformccement coverage, degree of information dissemination","Stakeholder consultation workshops, household surveys",No,Partially,Negative,Not clearly stated,There were negative ratings for five of the seven sites,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
118,Gill,Tupper,Evaluating the management effectiveness of marine protected areas at seven selected sites in the philippines,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2015.02.008,2015,Bintuan-Sangat,Marine Park,Philippines,PHL,x,x,2,2004,1,0,1,0,1,0,0,2,1,2,,1,,,,"Biophysical, socioeconommic, governance indicators",,NATURE,Biophysical outcomes of management effectiveness,"Focal species abundance, focal species population structure, habitat distribution and complexity, composition and structure of the community, recruitment success within the community, food web integrity, type, level and return on fishing effort, water quality,area showing signs of recovery, area under no reduced human impact","Stakeholder consultation workshops, household surveys",No,Partially,Positive,Not clearly stated,"However, empirical evidence shows that the abundance and biomass of target species has increased, relatively, inside the MPAs [22,23]",GQL,Socioeconomic outcomes,"Local marine resource use patterns, local values and believefs about marine resources, level of understanding of human impacts on resources, perceptions of seafood availability, perceptions of local resource harvest, perception of non-markent and non-use value, material style of life, quality of human health, household income distribution by source, household occupational structure, community infraestructure and business, number and nature of markets, stakeholder knowledge of natural history, distribution of formal knowledge to community, percentage of stakeholder group in leadership positions, changes in conditions of ancestral and historical sites","Stakeholder consultation workshops, household surveys",No,Partially,Positive,Not clearly stated,Most of the socioeconomic indicators showed a positive rating,INSTITUTIONS,Governance outcomes,"Level of resource conflict, existence of a decision-making & management body, Existence and adoption of a management plan, local understanding of MPA rules and regulations, existence and adequacy of enabling legislation, availability and allocation of MPA resources, existence and application of scientific research and input, existence and activity level of community organiztion, degree of interaction between managers and stakeholders, proportion of stakeholders trained in sustainable use, , level of training provided to stakeholders, level of stakeholder participation, laevel of stakeholder improvement, clearly defined enforcement procedures, enformccement coverage, degree of information dissemination","Stakeholder consultation workshops, household surveys",No,Partially,Positive,Not clearly stated,Most of the governance indicators were rated positive with a few notable exceptions. ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
119,Gill,Tupper,Evaluating the management effectiveness of marine protected areas at seven selected sites in the philippines,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2015.02.008,2015,Bugor-Sand Island,Marine Protected Area,Philippines,PHL,x,x,2,2005,1,0,1,0,1,0,0,2,1,2,,1,,,,"Biophysical, socioeconommic, governance indicators",,NATURE,Biophysical outcomes of management effectiveness,"Focal species abundance, focal species population structure, habitat distribution and complexity, composition and structure of the community, recruitment success within the community, food web integrity, type, level and return on fishing effort, water quality,area showing signs of recovery, area under no reduced human impact","Stakeholder consultation workshops, household surveys",No,Partially,Negative,Not clearly stated,Across the biophysical category there was a negative rating for six of the seven sites,GQL,Socioeconomic outcomes,"Local marine resource use patterns, local values and believefs about marine resources, level of understanding of human impacts on resources, perceptions of seafood availability, perceptions of local resource harvest, perception of non-markent and non-use value, material style of life, quality of human health, household income distribution by source, household occupational structure, community infraestructure and business, number and nature of markets, stakeholder knowledge of natural history, distribution of formal knowledge to community, percentage of stakeholder group in leadership positions, changes in conditions of ancestral and historical sites","Stakeholder consultation workshops, household surveys",No,Partially,Divergent,Not clearly stated,there was a negative rating under local marine use patterns for seagrass/algal beds.,INSTITUTIONS,Governance outcomes,"Level of resource conflict, existence of a decision-making & management body, Existence and adoption of a management plan, local understanding of MPA rules and regulations, existence and adequacy of enabling legislation, availability and allocation of MPA resources, existence and application of scientific research and input, existence and activity level of community organiztion, degree of interaction between managers and stakeholders, proportion of stakeholders trained in sustainable use, , level of training provided to stakeholders, level of stakeholder participation, laevel of stakeholder improvement, clearly defined enforcement procedures, enformccement coverage, degree of information dissemination","Stakeholder consultation workshops, household surveys",No,Partially,Negative,Not clearly stated,There were negative ratings for five of the seven sites,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
120,Gill,Tupper,Evaluating the management effectiveness of marine protected areas at seven selected sites in the philippines,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2015.02.008,2015,Capandan,Marine Sanctuary,Philippines,PHL,x,x,2,2003,1,0,1,0,1,0,0,2,1,2,,1,,,,"Biophysical, socioeconommic, governance indicators",,NATURE,Biophysical outcomes of management effectiveness,"Focal species abundance, focal species population structure, habitat distribution and complexity, composition and structure of the community, recruitment success within the community, food web integrity, type, level and return on fishing effort, water quality,area showing signs of recovery, area under no reduced human impact","Stakeholder consultation workshops, household surveys",No,Partially,Positive,Not clearly stated,"However, empirical evidence shows that the abundance and biomass of target species has increased, relatively, inside the MPAs [22,23]",GQL,Socioeconomic outcomes,"Local marine resource use patterns, local values and believefs about marine resources, level of understanding of human impacts on resources, perceptions of seafood availability, perceptions of local resource harvest, perception of non-markent and non-use value, material style of life, quality of human health, household income distribution by source, household occupational structure, community infraestructure and business, number and nature of markets, stakeholder knowledge of natural history, distribution of formal knowledge to community, percentage of stakeholder group in leadership positions, changes in conditions of ancestral and historical sites","Stakeholder consultation workshops, household surveys",No,Partially,Positive,Not clearly stated,Most of the socioeconomic indicators showed a positive rating,INSTITUTIONS,Governance outcomes,"Level of resource conflict, existence of a decision-making & management body, Existence and adoption of a management plan, local understanding of MPA rules and regulations, existence and adequacy of enabling legislation, availability and allocation of MPA resources, existence and application of scientific research and input, existence and activity level of community organiztion, degree of interaction between managers and stakeholders, proportion of stakeholders trained in sustainable use, , level of training provided to stakeholders, level of stakeholder participation, laevel of stakeholder improvement, clearly defined enforcement procedures, enformccement coverage, degree of information dissemination","Stakeholder consultation workshops, household surveys",No,Partially,Positive,Not clearly stated,Most of the governance indicators were rated positive with a few notable exceptions. ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
121,Gill,Tupper,Evaluating the management effectiveness of marine protected areas at seven selected sites in the philippines,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2015.02.008,2015,Decalve,Protection Zone,Philippines,PHL,x,x,2,2004,1,0,1,0,1,0,0,2,1,2,,1,,,,"Biophysical, socioeconommic, governance indicators",,NATURE,Biophysical outcomes of management effectiveness,"Focal species abundance, focal species population structure, habitat distribution and complexity, composition and structure of the community, recruitment success within the community, food web integrity, type, level and return on fishing effort, water quality,area showing signs of recovery, area under no reduced human impact","Stakeholder consultation workshops, household surveys",No,Partially,Negative,Not clearly stated,Across the biophysical category there was a negative rating for six of the seven sites,GQL,Socioeconomic outcomes,"Local marine resource use patterns, local values and believefs about marine resources, level of understanding of human impacts on resources, perceptions of seafood availability, perceptions of local resource harvest, perception of non-markent and non-use value, material style of life, quality of human health, household income distribution by source, household occupational structure, community infraestructure and business, number and nature of markets, stakeholder knowledge of natural history, distribution of formal knowledge to community, percentage of stakeholder group in leadership positions, changes in conditions of ancestral and historical sites","Stakeholder consultation workshops, household surveys",No,Partially,Positive,Not clearly stated,Most of the socioeconomic indicators showed a positive rating,INSTITUTIONS,Governance outcomes,"Level of resource conflict, existence of a decision-making & management body, Existence and adoption of a management plan, local understanding of MPA rules and regulations, existence and adequacy of enabling legislation, availability and allocation of MPA resources, existence and application of scientific research and input, existence and activity level of community organiztion, degree of interaction between managers and stakeholders, proportion of stakeholders trained in sustainable use, , level of training provided to stakeholders, level of stakeholder participation, laevel of stakeholder improvement, clearly defined enforcement procedures, enformccement coverage, degree of information dissemination","Stakeholder consultation workshops, household surveys",No,Partially,Negative,Not clearly stated,There were negative ratings for five of the seven sites,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
122,Gill,Tupper,Evaluating the management effectiveness of marine protected areas at seven selected sites in the philippines,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2015.02.008,2015,General Island,Marine Sanctuary,Philippines,PHL,x,x,2,2005,1,0,1,0,1,0,0,2,1,2,,1,,,,"Biophysical, socioeconommic, governance indicators",,NATURE,Biophysical outcomes of management effectiveness,"Focal species abundance, focal species population structure, habitat distribution and complexity, composition and structure of the community, recruitment success within the community, food web integrity, type, level and return on fishing effort, water quality,area showing signs of recovery, area under no reduced human impact","Stakeholder consultation workshops, household surveys",No,Partially,Positive,Not clearly stated,"However, empirical evidence shows that the abundance and biomass of target species has increased, relatively, inside the MPAs [22,23]",GQL,Socioeconomic outcomes,"Local marine resource use patterns, local values and believefs about marine resources, level of understanding of human impacts on resources, perceptions of seafood availability, perceptions of local resource harvest, perception of non-markent and non-use value, material style of life, quality of human health, household income distribution by source, household occupational structure, community infraestructure and business, number and nature of markets, stakeholder knowledge of natural history, distribution of formal knowledge to community, percentage of stakeholder group in leadership positions, changes in conditions of ancestral and historical sites","Stakeholder consultation workshops, household surveys",No,Partially,Positive,Not clearly stated,Most of the socioeconomic indicators showed a positive rating,INSTITUTIONS,Governance outcomes,"Level of resource conflict, existence of a decision-making & management body, Existence and adoption of a management plan, local understanding of MPA rules and regulations, existence and adequacy of enabling legislation, availability and allocation of MPA resources, existence and application of scientific research and input, existence and activity level of community organiztion, degree of interaction between managers and stakeholders, proportion of stakeholders trained in sustainable use, , level of training provided to stakeholders, level of stakeholder participation, laevel of stakeholder improvement, clearly defined enforcement procedures, enformccement coverage, degree of information dissemination","Stakeholder consultation workshops, household surveys",No,Partially,Positive,Not clearly stated,Most of the governance indicators were rated positive with a few notable exceptions. ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
123,Gill,Tupper,Evaluating the management effectiveness of marine protected areas at seven selected sites in the philippines,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2015.02.008,2015,Pinamgo,Marine Sanctuary,Philippines,PHL,x,x,2,2004,1,0,1,0,1,0,0,2,1,2,,1,,,,"Biophysical, socioeconommic, governance indicators",,NATURE,Biophysical outcomes of management effectiveness,"Focal species abundance, focal species population structure, habitat distribution and complexity, composition and structure of the community, recruitment success within the community, food web integrity, type, level and return on fishing effort, water quality,area showing signs of recovery, area under no reduced human impact","Stakeholder consultation workshops, household surveys",No,Partially,Negative,Not clearly stated,Across the biophysical category there was a negative rating for six of the seven sites,GQL,Socioeconomic outcomes,"Local marine resource use patterns, local values and believefs about marine resources, level of understanding of human impacts on resources, perceptions of seafood availability, perceptions of local resource harvest, perception of non-markent and non-use value, material style of life, quality of human health, household income distribution by source, household occupational structure, community infraestructure and business, number and nature of markets, stakeholder knowledge of natural history, distribution of formal knowledge to community, percentage of stakeholder group in leadership positions, changes in conditions of ancestral and historical sites","Stakeholder consultation workshops, household surveys",No,Partially,Positive,Not clearly stated,Most of the socioeconomic indicators showed a positive rating,INSTITUTIONS,Governance outcomes,"Level of resource conflict, existence of a decision-making & management body, Existence and adoption of a management plan, local understanding of MPA rules and regulations, existence and adequacy of enabling legislation, availability and allocation of MPA resources, existence and application of scientific research and input, existence and activity level of community organiztion, degree of interaction between managers and stakeholders, proportion of stakeholders trained in sustainable use, , level of training provided to stakeholders, level of stakeholder participation, laevel of stakeholder improvement, clearly defined enforcement procedures, enformccement coverage, degree of information dissemination","Stakeholder consultation workshops, household surveys",No,Partially,Negative,Not clearly stated,There were negative ratings for five of the seven sites,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
124,Gill,Tupper,Evaluating the management effectiveness of marine protected areas at seven selected sites in the philippines,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2015.02.008,2015,Sagrada-Bogtong,Marine Reserve,Philippines,PHL,x,x,2,2006,1,0,1,0,1,0,0,2,1,2,,1,,,,"Biophysical, socioeconommic, governance indicators",,NATURE,Biophysical outcomes of management effectiveness,"Focal species abundance, focal species population structure, habitat distribution and complexity, composition and structure of the community, recruitment success within the community, food web integrity, type, level and return on fishing effort, water quality,area showing signs of recovery, area under no reduced human impact","Stakeholder consultation workshops, household surveys",No,Partially,Negative,Not clearly stated,Across the biophysical category there was a negative rating for six of the seven sites,GQL,Socioeconomic outcomes,"Local marine resource use patterns, local values and believefs about marine resources, level of understanding of human impacts on resources, perceptions of seafood availability, perceptions of local resource harvest, perception of non-markent and non-use value, material style of life, quality of human health, household income distribution by source, household occupational structure, community infraestructure and business, number and nature of markets, stakeholder knowledge of natural history, distribution of formal knowledge to community, percentage of stakeholder group in leadership positions, changes in conditions of ancestral and historical sites","Stakeholder consultation workshops, household surveys",No,Partially,Positive,Not clearly stated,Most of the socioeconomic indicators showed a positive rating,INSTITUTIONS,Governance outcomes,"Level of resource conflict, existence of a decision-making & management body, Existence and adoption of a management plan, local understanding of MPA rules and regulations, existence and adequacy of enabling legislation, availability and allocation of MPA resources, existence and application of scientific research and input, existence and activity level of community organiztion, degree of interaction between managers and stakeholders, proportion of stakeholders trained in sustainable use, , level of training provided to stakeholders, level of stakeholder participation, laevel of stakeholder improvement, clearly defined enforcement procedures, enformccement coverage, degree of information dissemination","Stakeholder consultation workshops, household surveys",No,Partially,Negative,Not clearly stated,There were negative ratings for five of the seven sites,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
125,Gill,Thanh Ho,"Evaluation of social and ecological outcomes of fisheries co-management in tam giang lagoon, vietnam",https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fishres.2015.09.013,2016,Tam Giang Lagoon,Co-management System,Viet Nam,VNM,x,x,2,NA,1,1,0,0,1,0,0,1,,1,,,,,,"Fish catch, conflicts, comply with rules",,INSTITUTIONS,Social outcomes,"Conflict between resource users, violation of regulations","Survey, focus groups, interviews",No,Partially,Divergent,Not clearly stated,Results showed that there have been consider- able improvements in lagoon resource protection. Conflict between lagoon resource users has been a problem that is beyond the capacity of the government to handle.,NCP,Fish yield,Fish catch,"Survey, focus groups, interviews",No,Partially,Indeterminate,Fishers,There was insufficient evidence to conclude that there was an increase in fish yield in the lagoon,NATURE,Ecological outcomes,"Fish size, fish diversity","Survey, focus groups, interviews",No,Partially,Indeterminate,Fishers,There was insufficient evidence to conclude that there was an increase in fish yield in the lagoon,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
126,Gill,Barley,"Fishers' perception of a multiple-use marine protected area: why communities and gear users differ at mafia island, tanzania",https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2013.06.005,2014,Mafia Island,Marine Protected Area,"Tanzania, United Republic Of",TZA,,X,1,1991,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,,,,,,,,,Subjective well-being,,NATURE,Perceptions of conservation,"Fisher knowledge on management regulations, on changes over time, on perceived increased catches, on attitudes to conservation",Interviews,No,Suitable,Positive,Fishers,"A randomly distributed questionnaire indicated that 94% of fishers believed that without the MIMP, there would be overfishing, dynamite use, destroyed habitats, and few fish",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
127,Gill,Mahmudul,Fishers' perceptions of the performance of hilsa shad (tenualosa ilisha) sanctuaries in bangladesh,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2016.07.003,2016,Andharmanik River Hilsa,Sanctuary,Bangladesh,BGD,,x,1,NA,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,,1,,,,,,Perceptions towards sancturaries,,NATURE,Perceptions of fishers towards sanctuaries,Biological performance of sanctuaries,"Semi-structured questionnaires, interviews",No,Suitable,Positive,Fishers,"While fishers are largely positive about sanctuaries and their role in conserving biodiversity, they have lost out on income and livelihoods.",GQL,Perceptions of fishers towards sanctuaries,socio-economic implications of scanctuaries,"Semi-structured questionnaires, interviews",No,Suitable,Negative,Fishers,"While fishers are largely positive about sanctuaries and their role in conserving biodiversity, they have lost out on income and livelihoods.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
128,Gill,Mahmudul,Fishers' perceptions of the performance of hilsa shad (tenualosa ilisha) sanctuaries in bangladesh,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2016.07.003,2016,Meghna Estuary,Sanctuary,Bangladesh,BGD,,x,1,NA,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,,1,,,,,,Perceptions towards sancturaries,,NATURE,Perceptions of fishers towards sanctuaries,Biological performance of sanctuaries,"Semi-structured questionnaires, interviews",No,Suitable,Positive,Fishers,"While fishers are largely positive about sanctuaries and their role in conserving biodiversity, they have lost out on income and livelihoods.",GQL,Perceptions of fishers towards sanctuaries,socio-economic implications of scanctuaries,"Semi-structured questionnaires, interviews",No,Suitable,Negative,Fishers,"While fishers are largely positive about sanctuaries and their role in conserving biodiversity, they have lost out on income and livelihoods.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
129,Gill,Mahmudul,Fishers' perceptions of the performance of hilsa shad (tenualosa ilisha) sanctuaries in bangladesh,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2016.07.003,2016,Padma River Hilsa,Sanctuary,Bangladesh,BGD,,x,1,NA,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,,1,,,,,,Perceptions towards sancturaries,,NATURE,Perceptions of fishers towards sanctuaries,Biological performance of sanctuaries,"Semi-structured questionnaires, interviews",No,Suitable,Positive,Fishers,"While fishers are largely positive about sanctuaries and their role in conserving biodiversity, they have lost out on income and livelihoods.",GQL,Perceptions of fishers towards sanctuaries,socio-economic implications of scanctuaries,"Semi-structured questionnaires, interviews",No,Suitable,Negative,Fishers,"While fishers are largely positive about sanctuaries and their role in conserving biodiversity, they have lost out on income and livelihoods.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
130,Gill,Mahmudul,Fishers' perceptions of the performance of hilsa shad (tenualosa ilisha) sanctuaries in bangladesh,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2016.07.003,2016,Shahbajpur River Hilsa,Sanctuary,Bangladesh,BGD,,x,1,NA,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,,1,,,,,,Perceptions towards sancturaries,,NATURE,Perceptions of fishers towards sanctuaries,Biological performance of sanctuaries,"Semi-structured questionnaires, interviews",No,Suitable,Positive,Fishers,"While fishers are largely positive about sanctuaries and their role in conserving biodiversity, they have lost out on income and livelihoods.",GQL,Perceptions of fishers towards sanctuaries,socio-economic implications of scanctuaries,"Semi-structured questionnaires, interviews",No,Suitable,Negative,Fishers,"While fishers are largely positive about sanctuaries and their role in conserving biodiversity, they have lost out on income and livelihoods.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
131,Gill,Mahmudul,Fishers' perceptions of the performance of hilsa shad (tenualosa ilisha) sanctuaries in bangladesh,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2016.07.003,2016,Tetulia River Hilsa Sanctuary,Sanctuary,Bangladesh,BGD,,x,1,NA,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,,1,,,,,,Perceptions towards sancturaries,,NATURE,Perceptions of fishers towards sanctuaries,Biological performance of sanctuaries,"Semi-structured questionnaires, interviews",No,Suitable,Positive,Fishers,"While fishers are largely positive about sanctuaries and their role in conserving biodiversity, they have lost out on income and livelihoods.",GQL,Perceptions of fishers towards sanctuaries,socio-economic implications of scanctuaries,"Semi-structured questionnaires, interviews",No,Suitable,Negative,Fishers,"While fishers are largely positive about sanctuaries and their role in conserving biodiversity, they have lost out on income and livelihoods.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
132,Gill,D'Anna,Governance analysis in the egadi islands marine protected area: a mediterranean case study,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2015.12.009,2016,Egadi Islands,Marine Protected Area,Italy,ITA,,x,1,1991,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,1,,,,,,,1,Conflicts,,INSTITUTIONS,Conflicts - Among stakeholders,"Conflicts fisheries vs. conservation, tourism vs. conservation and fisheries vs. tourism","Document Analysis, Interviews",No,Partially,Negative,"Fishers, conservationists, tourist sector","Main intersectoral conflicts in the study area are related to fishing, tourism and biodiversity conservation. Intrasectoral conflicts are present inside each of the three main sectoral activities",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
134,Gill,Gurney,Integrated conservation and development: evaluating a community-based marine protected area project for equality of socioeconomic impacts,https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2014.0277,2015,North Sulawesi,Marine Protected Area (s),Indonesia,IDN,,X,1,1997,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,,,,1,,,,,"""perceived well-being: present well-being reported as better or not than 5 years ago; environmental knowledge: score based on responses to eight statements concerning the relationship between coastal resources and human activities (electronic supplementary material, text S1); wealth: material style of life index (electronic supplementary material, table S1); fisheries dependence: whether fishing was the primary livelihood for the household; livelihood diversity: total number of different occupations in the household""",Focus on equity of socioeconomic impacts; previous study by Gurney et al. cited evaluates poverty more generally,GQL,Socio-economic impacts,"Perceived well-being, Environmental knowledge, wealth, fisheries dependance, livelihood dependance","Household surveys, semistructured interviews, ","Yes, uses data from pre, mid and post implementation and for different social groups, it also used control villages",Suitable,Indeterminate,Villagers (man and woman and across ages),"Our study found little empirical evidence that the socioeconomic impacts of the integrated MPAs differed according to age, gender or religion.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
135,Gill,Oikonomou,"Integrating conservation and development at the national marine park of alonissos, northern sporades, greece: perception and practice",https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-008-9163-x,2008,Alonissos,Marine Park (National),Grece,GRC,,x,1,1992,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,1,,,1,1,,,,"Evolution of MPA acceptance, perception",,GQL,Acceptance for conservation program ,"Perceptions and attitudes toward the socioeconomic benefits, effectiveness of NMPANS management practices, and issues that reveal differences of opinion among the different groups",Written questionnaires,"Yes, historical memory of respondents",Partially,Divergent,"Local profesionals, fishers, managers and tourist professionals ","The positive attitude of local professionals has eroded due to the unsatisfactory fulfillment of expectations for socioeconomic development. Fishermen expressed dissatisfaction with, mistrust toward, and a reluctancy to communicate with the NMPANS’s management body. On the other hand, tourism operators, who organize trips for tourists to the NMPANS, unanimously reported direct economic benefits.",INSTITUTIONS,Acceptance for conservation program ,"Perceptions and attitudes toward the socioeconomic benefits, effectiveness of NMPANS management practices, and issues that reveal differences of opinion among the different groups",Written questionnaires,"Yes, historical memory of respondents",Partially,Divergent,"Local profesionals, fishers, managers and tourist professionals ","The positive attitude of local professionals has eroded due to the unsatisfactory fulfillment of expectations for socioeconomic development. Fishermen expressed dissatisfaction with, mistrust toward, and a reluctancy to communicate with the NMPANS’s management body. On the other hand, tourism operators, who organize trips for tourists to the NMPANS, unanimously reported direct economic benefits.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
139,Gill,Fiallo,"Local communities and protected areas: attitudes of rural residents towards conservation and machalilla national park, ecuador",https://doi.org/10.1017/S037689290001064X,1995,Machalilla,Park (National),Ecuador,ECU,,X,1,1979,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,,,,,,,,,"Material living standards, Economic living standards",,VALUES,"Attitudes, knowledge, and concept of values concerning conservation","Perception of the NP, perception of the effects of the NP, perception of the benefits from the NP, perception of the natural resource use, perception of restrictions","Survey, Likert scale",No,Partially,Negative,Households within and nerby PA,Local residents living either within or adjacent to Machalilla National Park hold a variety of negative attitudes towards the Park,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
143,Gill,Christie,Marine protected areas as biological successes and social failures in southeast asia,https://marine.rutgers.edu/dmcs/ms606/2014Fall/MPAs.Christie.AFS%20book.2004.pdf,2004,Bunaken,Park (National),Indonesia,IDN,X,X,,1994,2,0,0,0,1,0,0,,,1,,1,,,,"""declining fish populations inside and outside the no take areas""; ""complexities of establishing ambitious conservation areas in impoverished and socially stratified contexts""",,NATURE,Biological outcomes,Fish species richness and density,Records of fish diversity and abundance across transects,No,Partially,Indeterminate,Nature,"Likely increased fish abundance and diversity, improved habitat",INSTITUTIONS,Social outcomes,"Local opinions of MPAs, management systems and rules, perceived benefits and costs, and implementation challenges",Interviews,No,Partially,Divergent,Community members,"Stakeholder participation, conflict resolution mechanisms, no sharing of economic benefits",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
144,Gill,Christie,Marine protected areas as biological successes and social failures in southeast asia,https://marine.rutgers.edu/dmcs/ms606/2014Fall/MPAs.Christie.AFS%20book.2004.pdf,2004,Balicasag Island,Marine Protected Area,Philippines,PHL,X,X,,NA,2,0,0,0,1,0,0,,,1,,1,,,,"""declining fish populations inside and outside the no take areas""; ""complexities of establishing ambitious conservation areas in impoverished and socially stratified contexts""",,NATURE,Biological outcomes,Fish species richness and density,Records of fish diversity and abundance across transects,No,Partially,Neutral,Nature,"Improved habitat, no longer increased fish abundance and diversity",INSTITUTIONS,Social outcomes,"Local opinions of MPAs, management systems and rules, perceived benefits and costs, and implementation challenges",Interviews,No,Partially,Negative,Community members,"No current takeholder participation, no conflict resolution mechanisms, no sharing of economic benefits",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
146,Gill,Christie,Marine protected areas as biological successes and social failures in southeast asia,https://marine.rutgers.edu/dmcs/ms606/2014Fall/MPAs.Christie.AFS%20book.2004.pdf,2004,Twin Rocks,Marine Protected Area,Philippines,PHL,X,X,,NA,2,0,0,0,1,0,0,,,1,,1,,,,"""declining fish populations inside and outside the no take areas""; ""complexities of establishing ambitious conservation areas in impoverished and socially stratified contexts""",,NATURE,Biological outcomes,Fish species richness and density,Records of fish diversity and abundance across transects,No,Partially,Positive,Nature,"Increased fish abundance, diversity, improved habitat",INSTITUTIONS,Social outcomes,"Local opinions of MPAs, management systems and rules, perceived benefits and costs, and implementation challenges",Interviews,No,Partially,Negative,Community members,"No current takeholder participation, no conflict resolution mechanisms, no sharing of economic benefits",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
147,Gill,Oracion,"Marine protected areas for whom? fisheries, tourism, and solidarity in a philippine community",https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2005.04.013,2005,Mabini,Marine Protected Area,Philippines,PHL,,X,1,NA,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,,,1,,,,,conflict between fisheries and tourism; resistance to MPAs,Authors ask a key question as to whether tourism dollars are being used to compensate the right party,GQL,Tensions between sectors,Not clearly stated,"Surveys, likert scale",No,Partially,Divergent,"Fishers, tourism constituents",The inherent economic advantages enjoyed by the tourism sector have marginalized the fishery sector in terms of access and control of the MPAs both sectors helped to establish in the municipalit,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
148,Gill,Russ,Marine reserve benefits local fisheries,https://doi.org/10.1890/03-5076,2004,Apo island,Reserve,Philippines,PHL,X,,1,1985,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,,,,,,,,Biomass of reef fish tripled in well-protected no take reserve between 1983 and 2001,,NCP,Local fishery benefits,"Biomass, fishing effort, total catch","Undrwater visual census, fisher interviews, ","Yes, used data from before PA establishment",Suitable,Positive,Fishers,Total catch of Carangidae and Acanthuridae combined at Apo Island was significantly higher after than before reserve establishment.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
151,Gill,Bloomfield,"No-trawl area impacts: perceptions, compliance and fish abundances",https://doi.org/10.1017/S0376892912000112,2012,Filey,Prohibited Trawling Area,United Kingdom,GBR,x,x,2,NA,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,1,,,,,,,,"Conflict resolution, stock protection",,INSTITUTIONS,Perceptions on regulations,"PTA objectives, success in meeting objectives, conflicts, fish stock benefits",Semi-structured interviews,"Yes, used control areas",Not suitable,Positive,Fishers,"In general, there was a positive view of the role of the PTAs in managing and protecting fish stocks, and resolving conflict between static and mobile sectors",NCP,Fish abundance,"Fish abundance, trawling effort","Bait traps, Videos, records","Yes, used control areas",Suitable,Neutral,"Fishers, Nature",Fish abundance and size data from baited traps (BT) and video (BV) provided no evidence of PTA effects,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
152,Gill,Bloomfield,"No-trawl area impacts: perceptions, compliance and fish abundances",https://doi.org/10.1017/S0376892912000112,2012,Whitby,Trawling Area,United Kingdom,GBR,x,x,2,NA,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,1,,,,,,,,"Conflict resolution, stock protection",,INSTITUTIONS,Perceptions on regulations,"PTA objectives, success in meeting objectives, conflicts, fish stock benefits",Semi-structured interviews,"Yes, used control areas",Not suitable,Positive,Fishers,"In general, there was a positive view of the role of the PTAs in managing and protecting fish stocks, and resolving conflict between static and mobile sectors",NCP,Fish abundance,"Fish abundance, trawling effort","Bait traps, Videos, records","Yes, used control areas",Suitable,Neutral,"Fishers, Nature",Fish abundance and size data from baited traps (BT) and video (BV) provided no evidence of PTA effects,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
153,Gill,Mahajan,Perceptions of ecosystem services and benefits to human well-being from community-based marine protected areas in kenya,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2016.09.005,2016,Kanami,Marine Protected Area / Tengefu,Kenya,KEN,,x,1,2010,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,,1,,,,,,,Perceptions of ES impacts on human well-being,,GQL,Perceived impacts on ES and Human well-being,"Historical background, perceptions on ES and human well-being, perceptions on tengefu project","Photovoice, interviews, observation",No,Partially,Indeterminate,Fishers,"Benefits from the MPA extend beyond just the protection of fish and enhanced fisheries, often argued to be the key benefit from MPAs [104,105]. Rather benefits are intricately linked with their surrounding social systems.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
154,Gill,Mahajan,Perceptions of ecosystem services and benefits to human well-being from community-based marine protected areas in kenya,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2016.09.005,2016,Kuruwitu,Marine Protected Area / Tengefu,Kenya,KEN,,x,1,2005,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,,1,,,,,,,Perceptions of ES impacts on human well-being,,GQL,Perceived impacts on ES and Human well-being,"Historical background, perceptions on ES and human well-being, perceptions on tengefu project","Photovoice, interviews, observation",No,Partially,Indeterminate,Fishers,"Benefits from the MPA extend beyond just the protection of fish and enhanced fisheries, often argued to be the key benefit from MPAs [104,105]. Rather benefits are intricately linked with their surrounding social systems.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
155,Gill,Gurney,Poverty and protected areas: an evaluation of a marine integrated conservation and development project in indonesia,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2014.04.003,2014,North Sulawesi,Marine Protected Area (s),Indonesia,IDN,,x,1,1997,0,0,3,0,0,0,0,3,,,,,,1,,"Poverty alleviation (Security, opportunity, empowerment)",,GQL,Poverty (security),"Livelihood diversity, resource dependance, conflic, well being",Difference-in-differences method,"Yes, used data pre, -mid, and post MPA establishment",Suitable,"Positive (short term), Neutral (long term)",Villagers,"Positive impacts appeared to occur mostly during the implementation period, after which integrated MPA activities all but ceased and reductions in poverty did not continue to accrue",GQL,Poverty (Opportunity),"Financial capital, Human capital, Natural capital",Difference-in-differences method,"Yes, used data pre, -mid, and post MPA establishment",Suitable,"Positive (short term), Neutral (long term)",Villagers,"Positive impacts appeared to occur mostly during the implementation period, after which integrated MPA activities all but ceased and reductions in poverty did not continue to accrue",GQL,Poverty (Empowerment),"Resource access, Influence in community, Governance mechanism",Difference-in-differences method,"Yes, used data pre, -mid, and post MPA establishment",Suitable,"Positive (short term), Neutral (long term)",Villagers,"Positive impacts appeared to occur mostly during the implementation period, after which integrated MPA activities all but ceased and reductions in poverty did not continue to accrue",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
158,Gill,Majanen,"Resource use conflicts in mabini and tingloy, the philippines",https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2006.12.006,2007,Mabini,Marine Protected Area,Philippines,PHL,,x,1,1993,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,,,,1,,,,1,"Resource use conflicts, inequalities, power relations",,GQL,Conflicts,"Perceived benefits, knowledge, participation","Surveys, interviews, ","Yes, historical memory of respondents",Suitable,Divergent,"Fishers, resorts","Differences between groups of stakeholders in terms of perceived benefits and costs of conservation and tourism, and these inequalities have led to conflicts between various stakeholder groups",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
161,Gill,Yang,Social dimensions in the success of a marine protected area: a case in a taiwan fishing community,https://doi.org/10.1080/08920753.2013.768519,2013,Houbihu,Demonstration Area / No-take Marine Protected Area,Taiwan,TWN,,x,1,2004,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,,,,1,,,,,Application of regulations,,INSTITUTIONS,Application of regulations,Not stated,"Review of literature, interviews",No,Partially,Divergent,"Nature, fishers, conservationists, business community","Regulations now are ap- plied mostly to outsiders only, while local fishermen can utilize the marine resources, secretly, for self-consumption or social gift-exchange",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
162,Gill,Hattam,Social impacts of a temperate fisheries closure: understanding stakeholders' views,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2013.09.005,2014,Lyme Bay,Marine Protected Area,United Kingdom,GBR,,x,1,2008,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,1,,,,,1,,"Negative included lengthening fishing trips, tension and conflict, fishermen identity, equity and uncertainty in the long-term. Positive included improved experiences for both commercial fishermen and recreational users, and expectations for long-term benefits",,GQL,Social impacts,"Fishing trips time, tension and conflict, fishermen identity, equity, uncertainty in the long-term, improved experiences, and expectations for long-term benefits.",Small-group semi-structured interviews,No,Partially,Divergent,"Fishers, recreational users",The social impacts expressed varied according to activity in which the stakeholder group engaged. ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
163,Gill,McClanahan,Spillover of exploitable fishes from a marine park and its effect on the adjacent fishery,https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(2000)010[1792:SOEFFA]2.0.CO;2,2000,Mombasa,Marine Park,Kenya,KEN,X,,1,1991,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,,,,,,,,Managed side of park resulted in more spillover than from unmanaged areas.Increased fish stocks adjacent to park.,"Authors cite prior economic study that had no fish spillover assessment, but which suggested the parks are unlikely to be economically competitive.",NCP,Spillover effects,Fish catch,"Trapping methods, fish landing data, ","Yes, measures before and after establishment",Suitable,Negative,Fishers in managed and unmanaged side of the park,"Spillover from the deeper reef edge was evident for the managed but not the unmanaged side of the park. Consequently, the catch per area increase was insufficient to compensate for the lost area over this early period of the park’s establishment",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
164,Gill,Steenbergen,"Strategic customary village leadership in the context of marine conservation and development in southeast maluku, indonesia",https://doi.org/10.1007/s10745-016-9829-6,2016,Tanimbar Kei,Locally managed marine area (community-based),Indonesia,IDN,,x,1,NA,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,,,,1,1,,,,"Village leadership for conservation, winners and loosers from conservation",,INSTITUTIONS,Effects of participation,Not clear,"Ethnographic engagement, interviews, participant observation",No,Partially,Divergent,"Village leaders, villagers outside the costumary group","Customary leaders ensured distribution according to particular norms, and in organizing village governance upheld specific in- terests and claims over natural resources. Villagers outside of the customary group remained marginalized in village governance",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
165,Gill,Levine,"The development and unraveling of marine resource co-management in the pemba channel, zanzibar: institutions, governance, and the politics of scale",https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-015-0856-4,2016,Misali Island,Marine Conservation Area,"Tanzania, United Republic Of",TZA,,x,1,NA,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,,,,,,,,,"Governance, power, participation",,INSTITUTIONS,Effects of marine-management reconfiguration,"Program outcomes, community perceptions of the program, institutional dynamics, and participant motivations, program history","Semistructured questionnaire-based interviews, focus groups","Yes, historical memory of respondents",Partially,Divergent,"Fishers, program officials, nature","With the expansion of the co-management program, protected area coverage, financial resources, and the number of community organizations created for fish- eries co-management expanded tremendously; however, community participation in marine management decreased, and the fishermen’s association previously involved in co- management dissolved.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
167,Gill,McClanahan,The effects of traditional fisheries management on fisheries yields and the coral-reef ecosystems of southern kenya,https://doi.org/10.1017/S0376892997000179,1997,Diani,Marine Protected Area,Kenya,KEN,x,,1,1992,3,1,0,0,1,0,0,1,,1,,,,,1,Fishing yields,,NCP,Conservation effects of traditional fisheries management,"Fish landings, fishing boats, rituals, management decisions, fish wet weight, ","Interviews, fish records, transects, ",No,Suitable,Negative,Nature,,INSTITUTIONS,Conflict,"Rituals, management decisions, cultural traditions, belief systems ",Interviews,"Yes, historical memory",Partially,Negative,"Local fishers, national organizations","The conflict between national organizations and local fishers arises because some resource users are concerned that the management pro- posed by the national organizations will eventually lead to the total loss of access to, and control of the re- source by local fishers.",NATURE,Conservation effects of traditional fisheries management,Biological diversity and coral cover ,,,,Negative,Nature,Biological diversity and coral cover were reduced greatly in all these areas compared to other fished or fully-protected marine park or reserve sites established by the national government,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
169,Gill,Svensson,The perceptions of local fishermen towards a hotel managed marine reserve in vietnam,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2010.01.001,2010,Dam Mon,Marine Reserve,Viet Nam,VNM,x,,1,NA,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,,,,,,,,Fish stocks,,NCP,Spillover effects,"Fish presence, income, fish catch, changes in life, species richness, number of invertebrates",Qualitative and quantitative surveys,No,Partially,Positive,Fishermen,"Fishermen using other fishing techniques were generally in favor of the HMMRs, welcoming more protection and confirming spillover of fish, including large food fishes.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
170,Gill,Svensson,The perceptions of local fishermen towards a hotel managed marine reserve in vietnam,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2010.01.002,2010,Lach Cua Be Channel,Marine Reserve,Viet Nam,VNM,x,,1,NA,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,,,,,,,,Fish stocks,,NCP,Spillover effects,"Fish presence, income, fish catch, changes in life, species richness, number of invertebrates",Qualitative and quantitative surveys,No,Partially,Positive,Fishermen,"Fishermen using other fishing techniques were generally in favor of the HMMRs, welcoming more protection and confirming spillover of fish, including large food fishes.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
171,Gill,Pita,The perceptions of scottish inshore fishers about marine protected areas,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2012.05.007,2013,Cromarty Firth,Site of Special Scientific Interest,Scotland,GBR,,x,1,NA,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,,,,1,,,,,Attitudes and perceptions toward marine conservation,,VALUES,Attitudes towards closed conservation areas,"Opinions on closed areas, current management measures, fisheries regulations, conflicts, state of resources",Questionnaire survey,No,Partially,Divergent,Fishers,Fishers are not a homogeneous collective and the difference in perceptions about closed areas among Scottish inshore fishers operating different gears has important implications for management.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
172,Gill,Pita,The perceptions of scottish inshore fishers about marine protected areas,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2012.05.007,2013,Cromarty Firth,Special Protection Area,Scotland,GBR,,x,1,NA,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,,,,1,,,,,Attitudes and perceptions toward marine conservation,,VALUES,Attitudes towards closed conservation areas,"Opinions on closed areas, current management measures, fisheries regulations, conflicts, state of resources",Questionnaire survey,No,Partially,Divergent,Fishers,Fishers are not a homogeneous collective and the difference in perceptions about closed areas among Scottish inshore fishers operating different gears has important implications for management.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
173,Gill,Pita,The perceptions of scottish inshore fishers about marine protected areas,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2012.05.007,2013,Cromarty Firth,Ramsar Site,Scotland,GBR,,x,1,NA,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,,,,1,,,,,Attitudes and perceptions toward marine conservation,,VALUES,Attitudes towards closed conservation areas,"Opinions on closed areas, current management measures, fisheries regulations, conflicts, state of resources",Questionnaire survey,No,Partially,Divergent,Fishers,Fishers are not a homogeneous collective and the difference in perceptions about closed areas among Scottish inshore fishers operating different gears has important implications for management.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
174,Gill,Pita,The perceptions of scottish inshore fishers about marine protected areas,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2012.05.007,2013,Culbin,Marine Special Area of Conservation,Scotland,GBR,,x,1,NA,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,,,,1,,,,,Attitudes and perceptions toward marine conservation,,VALUES,Attitudes towards closed conservation areas,"Opinions on closed areas, current management measures, fisheries regulations, conflicts, state of resources",Questionnaire survey,No,Partially,Divergent,Fishers,Fishers are not a homogeneous collective and the difference in perceptions about closed areas among Scottish inshore fishers operating different gears has important implications for management.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
175,Gill,Pita,The perceptions of scottish inshore fishers about marine protected areas,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2012.05.007,2013,Culbin,Royal Society Protection of Birds Reserve,Scotland,GBR,,x,1,NA,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,,,,1,,,,,Attitudes and perceptions toward marine conservation,,VALUES,Attitudes towards closed conservation areas,"Opinions on closed areas, current management measures, fisheries regulations, conflicts, state of resources",Questionnaire survey,No,Partially,Divergent,Fishers,Fishers are not a homogeneous collective and the difference in perceptions about closed areas among Scottish inshore fishers operating different gears has important implications for management.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
176,Gill,Pita,The perceptions of scottish inshore fishers about marine protected areas,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2012.05.007,2013,Dornoch Firth,Ramsar Site,Scotland,GBR,,x,1,NA,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,,,,1,,,,,Attitudes and perceptions toward marine conservation,,VALUES,Attitudes towards closed conservation areas,"Opinions on closed areas, current management measures, fisheries regulations, conflicts, state of resources",Questionnaire survey,No,Partially,Divergent,Fishers,Fishers are not a homogeneous collective and the difference in perceptions about closed areas among Scottish inshore fishers operating different gears has important implications for management.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
177,Gill,Pita,The perceptions of scottish inshore fishers about marine protected areas,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2012.05.007,2013,Dornoch Firth,Site of Special Scientific Interest,Scotland,GBR,,x,1,NA,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,,,,1,,,,,Attitudes and perceptions toward marine conservation,,VALUES,Attitudes towards closed conservation areas,"Opinions on closed areas, current management measures, fisheries regulations, conflicts, state of resources",Questionnaire survey,No,Partially,Divergent,Fishers,Fishers are not a homogeneous collective and the difference in perceptions about closed areas among Scottish inshore fishers operating different gears has important implications for management.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
178,Gill,Pita,The perceptions of scottish inshore fishers about marine protected areas,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2012.05.007,2013,Dornoch Firth,Special Protection Area,Scotland,GBR,,x,1,NA,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,,,,1,,,,,Attitudes and perceptions toward marine conservation,,VALUES,Attitudes towards closed conservation areas,"Opinions on closed areas, current management measures, fisheries regulations, conflicts, state of resources",Questionnaire survey,No,Partially,Divergent,Fishers,Fishers are not a homogeneous collective and the difference in perceptions about closed areas among Scottish inshore fishers operating different gears has important implications for management.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
179,Gill,Pita,The perceptions of scottish inshore fishers about marine protected areas,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2012.05.007,2013,Dornoch Firth,Marine Special Area of Conservation,Scotland,GBR,,x,1,NA,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,,,,1,,,,,Attitudes and perceptions toward marine conservation,,VALUES,Attitudes towards closed conservation areas,"Opinions on closed areas, current management measures, fisheries regulations, conflicts, state of resources",Questionnaire survey,No,Partially,Divergent,Fishers,Fishers are not a homogeneous collective and the difference in perceptions about closed areas among Scottish inshore fishers operating different gears has important implications for management.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
180,Gill,Pita,The perceptions of scottish inshore fishers about marine protected areas,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2012.05.007,2013,Inner Moray Firth,Ramsar Site,Scotland,GBR,,x,1,NA,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,,,,1,,,,,Attitudes and perceptions toward marine conservation,,VALUES,Attitudes towards closed conservation areas,"Opinions on closed areas, current management measures, fisheries regulations, conflicts, state of resources",Questionnaire survey,No,Partially,Divergent,Fishers,Fishers are not a homogeneous collective and the difference in perceptions about closed areas among Scottish inshore fishers operating different gears has important implications for management.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
181,Gill,Pita,The perceptions of scottish inshore fishers about marine protected areas,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2012.05.007,2013,Inner Moray Firth,Special Protection Area,Scotland,GBR,,x,1,NA,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,,,,1,,,,,Attitudes and perceptions toward marine conservation,,VALUES,Attitudes towards closed conservation areas,"Opinions on closed areas, current management measures, fisheries regulations, conflicts, state of resources",Questionnaire survey,No,Partially,Divergent,Fishers,Fishers are not a homogeneous collective and the difference in perceptions about closed areas among Scottish inshore fishers operating different gears has important implications for management.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
182,Gill,Pita,The perceptions of scottish inshore fishers about marine protected areas,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2012.05.007,2013,Loch Fleet,Nature Reserve (National),Scotland,GBR,,x,1,NA,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,,,,1,,,,,Attitudes and perceptions toward marine conservation,,VALUES,Attitudes towards closed conservation areas,"Opinions on closed areas, current management measures, fisheries regulations, conflicts, state of resources",Questionnaire survey,No,Partially,Divergent,Fishers,Fishers are not a homogeneous collective and the difference in perceptions about closed areas among Scottish inshore fishers operating different gears has important implications for management.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
183,Gill,Pita,The perceptions of scottish inshore fishers about marine protected areas,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2012.05.007,2013,Loch Fleet,Ramsar Site,Scotland,GBR,,x,1,NA,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,,,,1,,,,,Attitudes and perceptions toward marine conservation,,VALUES,Attitudes towards closed conservation areas,"Opinions on closed areas, current management measures, fisheries regulations, conflicts, state of resources",Questionnaire survey,No,Partially,Divergent,Fishers,Fishers are not a homogeneous collective and the difference in perceptions about closed areas among Scottish inshore fishers operating different gears has important implications for management.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
184,Gill,Pita,The perceptions of scottish inshore fishers about marine protected areas,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2012.05.007,2013,Loch Fleet,Site of Special Scientific Interest,Scotland,GBR,,x,1,NA,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,,,,1,,,,,Attitudes and perceptions toward marine conservation,,VALUES,Attitudes towards closed conservation areas,"Opinions on closed areas, current management measures, fisheries regulations, conflicts, state of resources",Questionnaire survey,No,Partially,Divergent,Fishers,Fishers are not a homogeneous collective and the difference in perceptions about closed areas among Scottish inshore fishers operating different gears has important implications for management.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
185,Gill,Pita,The perceptions of scottish inshore fishers about marine protected areas,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2012.05.007,2013,"Lochs Duich, Long & Alsh reefs",Special Area of Conservation,Scotland,GBR,,x,1,NA,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,,,,1,,,,,Attitudes and perceptions toward marine conservation,,VALUES,Attitudes towards closed conservation areas,"Opinions on closed areas, current management measures, fisheries regulations, conflicts, state of resources",Questionnaire survey,No,Partially,Divergent,Fishers,Fishers are not a homogeneous collective and the difference in perceptions about closed areas among Scottish inshore fishers operating different gears has important implications for management.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
186,Gill,Pita,The perceptions of scottish inshore fishers about marine protected areas,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2012.05.007,2013,Longman & Castle Stuart Bays,Site of Special Scientific Interest,Scotland,GBR,,x,1,NA,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,,,,1,,,,,Attitudes and perceptions toward marine conservation,,VALUES,Attitudes towards closed conservation areas,"Opinions on closed areas, current management measures, fisheries regulations, conflicts, state of resources",Questionnaire survey,No,Partially,Divergent,Fishers,Fishers are not a homogeneous collective and the difference in perceptions about closed areas among Scottish inshore fishers operating different gears has important implications for management.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
187,Gill,Pita,The perceptions of scottish inshore fishers about marine protected areas,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2012.05.007,2013,Moray & Nairn Coast,Ramsar Site,Scotland,GBR,,x,1,NA,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,,,,1,,,,,Attitudes and perceptions toward marine conservation,,VALUES,Attitudes towards closed conservation areas,"Opinions on closed areas, current management measures, fisheries regulations, conflicts, state of resources",Questionnaire survey,No,Partially,Divergent,Fishers,Fishers are not a homogeneous collective and the difference in perceptions about closed areas among Scottish inshore fishers operating different gears has important implications for management.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
188,Gill,Pita,The perceptions of scottish inshore fishers about marine protected areas,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2012.05.007,2013,Moray & Nairn Coast,Special Protection Area,Scotland,GBR,,x,1,NA,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,,,,1,,,,,Attitudes and perceptions toward marine conservation,,VALUES,Attitudes towards closed conservation areas,"Opinions on closed areas, current management measures, fisheries regulations, conflicts, state of resources",Questionnaire survey,No,Partially,Divergent,Fishers,Fishers are not a homogeneous collective and the difference in perceptions about closed areas among Scottish inshore fishers operating different gears has important implications for management.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
189,Gill,Pita,The perceptions of scottish inshore fishers about marine protected areas,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2012.05.007,2013,Moray Firth Marine,Marine Special Area of Conservation,Scotland,GBR,,x,1,NA,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,,,,1,,,,,Attitudes and perceptions toward marine conservation,,VALUES,Attitudes towards closed conservation areas,"Opinions on closed areas, current management measures, fisheries regulations, conflicts, state of resources",Questionnaire survey,No,Partially,Divergent,Fishers,Fishers are not a homogeneous collective and the difference in perceptions about closed areas among Scottish inshore fishers operating different gears has important implications for management.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
190,Gill,Pita,The perceptions of scottish inshore fishers about marine protected areas,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2012.05.007,2013,Mound Alderwoods,Site of Special Scientific Interest,Scotland,GBR,,x,1,NA,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,,,,1,,,,,Attitudes and perceptions toward marine conservation,,VALUES,Attitudes towards closed conservation areas,"Opinions on closed areas, current management measures, fisheries regulations, conflicts, state of resources",Questionnaire survey,No,Partially,Divergent,Fishers,Fishers are not a homogeneous collective and the difference in perceptions about closed areas among Scottish inshore fishers operating different gears has important implications for management.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
191,Gill,Pita,The perceptions of scottish inshore fishers about marine protected areas,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2012.05.007,2013,Munlochy Bay,Site of Special Scientific Interest,Scotland,GBR,,x,1,NA,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,,,,1,,,,,Attitudes and perceptions toward marine conservation,,VALUES,Attitudes towards closed conservation areas,"Opinions on closed areas, current management measures, fisheries regulations, conflicts, state of resources",Questionnaire survey,No,Partially,Divergent,Fishers,Fishers are not a homogeneous collective and the difference in perceptions about closed areas among Scottish inshore fishers operating different gears has important implications for management.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
192,Gill,Pita,The perceptions of scottish inshore fishers about marine protected areas,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2012.05.007,2013,Nigg Bay,Royal Society Protection of Birds Reserve,Scotland,GBR,,x,1,NA,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,,,,1,,,,,Attitudes and perceptions toward marine conservation,,VALUES,Attitudes towards closed conservation areas,"Opinions on closed areas, current management measures, fisheries regulations, conflicts, state of resources",Questionnaire survey,No,Partially,Divergent,Fishers,Fishers are not a homogeneous collective and the difference in perceptions about closed areas among Scottish inshore fishers operating different gears has important implications for management.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
193,Gill,Pita,The perceptions of scottish inshore fishers about marine protected areas,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2012.05.007,2013,Rosehearty to Fraserburgh Coast,Site of Special Scientific Interest,Scotland,GBR,,x,1,NA,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,,,,1,,,,,Attitudes and perceptions toward marine conservation,,VALUES,Attitudes towards closed conservation areas,"Opinions on closed areas, current management measures, fisheries regulations, conflicts, state of resources",Questionnaire survey,No,Partially,Divergent,Fishers,Fishers are not a homogeneous collective and the difference in perceptions about closed areas among Scottish inshore fishers operating different gears has important implications for management.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
194,Gill,Pita,The perceptions of scottish inshore fishers about marine protected areas,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2012.05.007,2013,Torridon,Marine Conservation Area,Scotland,GBR,,x,1,NA,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,,,,1,,,,,Attitudes and perceptions toward marine conservation,,VALUES,Attitudes towards closed conservation areas,"Opinions on closed areas, current management measures, fisheries regulations, conflicts, state of resources",Questionnaire survey,No,Partially,Divergent,Fishers,Fishers are not a homogeneous collective and the difference in perceptions about closed areas among Scottish inshore fishers operating different gears has important implications for management.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
195,Gill,Pita,The perceptions of scottish inshore fishers about marine protected areas,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2012.05.007,2013,Udale Bay,Royal Society Protection of Birds Reserve,Scotland,GBR,,x,1,NA,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,,,,1,,,,,Attitudes and perceptions toward marine conservation,,VALUES,Attitudes towards closed conservation areas,"Opinions on closed areas, current management measures, fisheries regulations, conflicts, state of resources",Questionnaire survey,No,Partially,Divergent,Fishers,Fishers are not a homogeneous collective and the difference in perceptions about closed areas among Scottish inshore fishers operating different gears has important implications for management.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
196,Gill,Pita,The perceptions of scottish inshore fishers about marine protected areas,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2012.05.007,2013,Whitness Head,Site of Special Scientific Interest,Scotland,GBR,,x,1,NA,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,,,,1,,,,,Attitudes and perceptions toward marine conservation,,VALUES,Attitudes towards closed conservation areas,"Opinions on closed areas, current management measures, fisheries regulations, conflicts, state of resources",Questionnaire survey,No,Partially,Divergent,Fishers,Fishers are not a homogeneous collective and the difference in perceptions about closed areas among Scottish inshore fishers operating different gears has important implications for management.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
198,Gill,Oberholzer,The socio-economic impact of africa's oldest marine park,ISSN 0075-6458,2010,Tsitsikamma,Park (National),South Africa,ZAF,,X,1,1964,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,1,,,,,,,,"Economic living standards, Social relations, Security & safety, Subjective well-being",,GQL,Economic impacts,"Park expenditure, expenditure by visitors",Surveys,No,Partially,Positive,"Visitors, Community & Business",We found that the park has a positive economic impact on the surrounding area and that the community exhibits a favourable attitude towards Tsitsikamma National Park. ,VALUES,Attitudes,"Park expenditure, expenditure by visitors",Surveys,No,Partially,Positive,"Visitors, Community & Business",We found that the park has a positive economic impact on the surrounding area and that the community exhibits a favourable attitude towards Tsitsikamma National Park. ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
200,Gill,Lopes,Transboundary socio-ecological effects of a marine protected area in the southwest atlantic,https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-013-0452-0,2013,Tamoios,Marine Protected Area,Brazil,BRA,x,,1,1990,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,,,,,,,,,Fish biomass,,NCP,Ecological effects,"Fish biomass, fishers' productivity, catch per unit effort","Underwater visual sensus, sampling, transects, observation, interviews",Yes,Suitable,Indeterminate,Fishers,"This integrated approach showed that the studied MPA has not delivered ecological benefits, such as higher CPUE or more fish, while higher income closer to the MPA could not be clearly attributed to its effects.",GQL,Socio-economic effects,Fishers socio-economic status,"Underwater visual sensus, sampling, transects, observation, interviews",Yes,Suitable,Indeterminate,Fishers,"This integrated approach showed that the studied MPA has not delivered ecological benefits, such as higher CPUE or more fish, while higher income closer to the MPA could not be clearly attributed to its effects.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
201,Gill,Voyer,"Understanding marine park opposition: the relationship between social impacts, environmental knowledge and motivation to fish",https://doi.org/10.1002/aqc.2363,2014,Batemans,Marine Park,Australia,AUS,,x,1,2006,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,,,,,1,,,,Social impacts and oposition to marine parks,,INSTITUTIONS,Social impacts,"Impacts on local knowledge, impacts on effort and ejoyment, impacts on well-being, impacts on community",Semi-structured interviews,No,Suitable,Negative,"Recreational fisher, profesional fisher, indigenous fisher","Opposition to MPAs, however, cannot be explained by impact alone. All the marine park opponents interviewed represented themselves as ‘knowledge holders’ about their local marine area. This knowledge – predominately ‘fish’ knowledge – appears to have conflicted with a policy position which places biodiversity conservation as the primary objective of MPAs. This has led to a perception that the practical knowledge of users was not valued in the planning of each marine park",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
202,Gill,Voyer,"Understanding marine park opposition: the relationship between social impacts, environmental knowledge and motivation to fish",https://doi.org/10.1002/aqc.2363,2014,Port Stephens–Great Lakes,Marine Park,Australia,AUS,,x,1,2005,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,,,,,1,,,,Social impacts and oposition to marine parks,,INSTITUTIONS,Social impacts,"Impacts on local knowledge, impacts on effort and ejoyment, impacts on well-being, impacts on community","Semi-structured interviews, likert scale methods",No,Suitable,Indeterminate,"Recreational fisher, profesional fisher, indigenous fisher","Opposition to MPAs, however, cannot be explained by impact alone. All the marine park opponents interviewed represented themselves as ‘knowledge holders’ about their local marine area. This knowledge – predominately ‘fish’ knowledge – appears to have conflicted with a policy position which places biodiversity conservation as the primary objective of MPAs. This has led to a perception that the practical knowledge of users was not valued in the planning of each marine park",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
203,Gill,Dobrzynski,User group perceptions of the short-term impacts of marine reserves in key west,https://www.dropbox.com/sh/p5vq0zp46y546hb/AADEKTNsH_XDmgpH1tkwsmHVa?dl=0&preview=69700+Dobrzynski+and+Nicholson+2000.pdf,2003,Florida Keys,Marine Sanctuary (National),United States of America,USA,,X,1,1997,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,1,1,,,,,,1,"""investigate user perceptions of short term social and economic impacts of the..reserve system…investigate users' perceptions of ecological changes..since the reserves took effect..""","""less support for process"", ""ecological benefits from non-extractive users"", users: crowding, conflict and uncertainty",GQL,Social impacts,"Changes in crowding of the water, increase in conflicts on the water, encouragment of fishing to children in the future","Observation, focus groups, semi-structured surveys","Yes, historical memory of stakeholders",Partially,Negative,"Dive/snorkel operators, comercial fishers, charter fisher operators","Findings show that users perceived reserves to have higher relative social/psychological impact, in terms of increased crowding and conflict on the water and a heightened sense of uncertainty for the future",GQL,Economic impact,"Number of employees, costumers per week, trip fees","Observation, focus groups, semi-structured surveys","Yes, historical memory of stakeholders",Partially,Divergent,"Dive/snorkel operators, comercial fishers, charter fisher operators",Findings show that users perceived reserves to have had a low economic impact,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
206,Gill,Bennett,"Why local people do not support conservation: community perceptions of marine protected area livelihood impacts, governance and management in thailand",https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2013.08.017,2014,Ao Phang-Nga,Marine Park (National),Thailand,THA,X,X,2,NA,0,1,3,1,2,0,0,4,1,,1,1,,,,"Environmental, Material living standards, Economic living standards, Governance & empowerment",,GQL,Impacts on livelihood strategy,Not stated,"Interviews, household surveys, ",No,Partially,Negative,Community members,participants perceived NMPs to have limited to negative impacts on fisheries and agricultural livelihoods and negligible benefits for tourism livelihoods. ,NCP,Perceived impacts on natural capital,Not stated,"Interviews, household surveys, ",No,Partially,Divergent,Community members,"Positive impacts on terrestrial resources  Mixed impacts on marine resources
Undermines access to marine resources  Undermines local land ownership",GQL,Perceived impacts on social capital,Not stated,"Interviews, household surveys, ",No,Partially,Negative,Community members,"Conflictual relationships with managers and governors
Creation of inter-community conflicts
Undermines community relationships with other agencies and organizations",INSTITUTIONS,Perceived impacts on human capital,Not stated,"Interviews, household surveys, ",No,Partially,Negative,Community members,"Interferes with social programs or alternative livelihood programs initiated by outside organizations
No provision of training or capacity building for local people to participate in tourism or management",ANTHRO ASSETS,Perceived impacts on physical capital,Not stated,"Interviews, household surveys, ",No,Partially,Negative,Community members,"Creation of NMP related tourism infrastructures (e.g., piers, campsites, bathrooms, restaurants)
Does not support the development of social (health, education) or basic (transportation, water, communications) infrastructures  Limits the growth of houses and community boundaries
Confiscates and destroys illegal fishing gears",EQUITY,Perceived impacts on financial capital,Not stated,"Interviews, household surveys, ",No,Partially,Negative,Community members,"No additional access to finances to support local development
National park fees are centrally administered
Minimal economic benefit from tourism to be redirected towards development  Economic capital retained by elite, outside business people, or managers",GQL,Perceived impacts on cultural capital,Not stated,"Interviews, household surveys, ",No,Partially,Negative,Community members,"Undermines traditional livelihoods and cultural practices
Lack of support for maintenance and use of traditional knowledge",INSTITUTIONS,Perceived impacts on political capital,Not stated,"Interviews, household surveys, ",No,Partially,Negative,Community members,"The DNP mandate for national parks supports tourism development
Lack of policies and mechanisms to incorporate local values and knowledge  Minimal provisions for participation in management processes
Lack of policies to ensure local benefit and to support local development","Changed BW from ""neutral"" to ""negative"" after reading result description (BCK)"
207,Gill,Bennett,"Why local people do not support conservation: community perceptions of marine protected area livelihood impacts, governance and management in thailand",https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2013.08.017,2014,Koh Phrathong,Marine Park (National) (Proposed),Thailand,THA,X,X,2,NA,0,1,3,1,2,0,0,4,1,,1,1,,,,"Environmental, Material living standards, Economic living standards, Governance & empowerment",,GQL,Impacts on livelihood strategy,Not stated,"Interviews, household surveys, ",No,Partially,Negative,Community members,participants perceived NMPs to have limited to negative impacts on fisheries and agricultural livelihoods and negligible benefits for tourism livelihoods. ,NCP,Perceived impacts on natural capital,Not stated,"Interviews, household surveys, ",No,Partially,Divergent,Community members,"Positive impacts on terrestrial resources  Mixed impacts on marine resources
Undermines access to marine resources  Undermines local land ownership",GQL,Perceived impacts on social capital,Not stated,"Interviews, household surveys, ",No,Partially,Negative,Community members,"Conflictual relationships with managers and governors
Creation of inter-community conflicts
Undermines community relationships with other agencies and organizations",INSTITUTIONS,Perceived impacts on human capital,Not stated,"Interviews, household surveys, ",No,Partially,Negative,Community members,"Interferes with social programs or alternative livelihood programs initiated by outside organizations
No provision of training or capacity building for local people to participate in tourism or management",ANTHRO ASSETS,Perceived impacts on physical capital,Not stated,"Interviews, household surveys, ",No,Partially,Negative,Community members,"Creation of NMP related tourism infrastructures (e.g., piers, campsites, bathrooms, restaurants)
Does not support the development of social (health, education) or basic (transportation, water, communications) infrastructures  Limits the growth of houses and community boundaries
Confiscates and destroys illegal fishing gears",EQUITY,Perceived impacts on financial capital,Not stated,"Interviews, household surveys, ",No,Partially,Negative,Community members,"No additional access to finances to support local development
National park fees are centrally administered
Minimal economic benefit from tourism to be redirected towards development  Economic capital retained by elite, outside business people, or managers",GQL,Perceived impacts on cultural capital,Not stated,"Interviews, household surveys, ",No,Partially,Negative,Community members,"Undermines traditional livelihoods and cultural practices
Lack of support for maintenance and use of traditional knowledge",INSTITUTIONS,Perceived impacts on political capital,Not stated,"Interviews, household surveys, ",No,Partially,Negative,Community members,"The DNP mandate for national parks supports tourism development
Lack of policies and mechanisms to incorporate local values and knowledge  Minimal provisions for participation in management processes
Lack of policies to ensure local benefit and to support local development","Changed BW from ""neutral"" to ""negative"" after reading result description (BCK)"
208,Gill,Bennett,"Why local people do not support conservation: community perceptions of marine protected area livelihood impacts, governance and management in thailand",https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2013.08.017,2014,Mu Koh Ranong,Marine Park (National),Thailand,THA,X,X,2,NA,0,1,3,1,2,0,0,4,1,,1,1,,,,"Environmental, Material living standards, Economic living standards, Governance & empowerment",,GQL,Impacts on livelihood strategy,Not stated,"Interviews, household surveys, ",No,Partially,Negative,Community members,participants perceived NMPs to have limited to negative impacts on fisheries and agricultural livelihoods and negligible benefits for tourism livelihoods. ,NCP,Perceived impacts on natural capital,Not stated,"Interviews, household surveys, ",No,Partially,Divergent,Community members,"Positive impacts on terrestrial resources  Mixed impacts on marine resources
Undermines access to marine resources  Undermines local land ownership",GQL,Perceived impacts on social capital,Not stated,"Interviews, household surveys, ",No,Partially,Negative,Community members,"Conflictual relationships with managers and governors
Creation of inter-community conflicts
Undermines community relationships with other agencies and organizations",INSTITUTIONS,Perceived impacts on human capital,Not stated,"Interviews, household surveys, ",No,Partially,Negative,Community members,"Interferes with social programs or alternative livelihood programs initiated by outside organizations
No provision of training or capacity building for local people to participate in tourism or management",ANTHRO ASSETS,Perceived impacts on physical capital,Not stated,"Interviews, household surveys, ",No,Partially,Negative,Community members,"Creation of NMP related tourism infrastructures (e.g., piers, campsites, bathrooms, restaurants)
Does not support the development of social (health, education) or basic (transportation, water, communications) infrastructures  Limits the growth of houses and community boundaries
Confiscates and destroys illegal fishing gears",EQUITY,Perceived impacts on financial capital,Not stated,"Interviews, household surveys, ",No,Partially,Negative,Community members,"No additional access to finances to support local development
National park fees are centrally administered
Minimal economic benefit from tourism to be redirected towards development  Economic capital retained by elite, outside business people, or managers",GQL,Perceived impacts on cultural capital,Not stated,"Interviews, household surveys, ",No,Partially,Negative,Community members,"Undermines traditional livelihoods and cultural practices
Lack of support for maintenance and use of traditional knowledge",INSTITUTIONS,Perceived impacts on political capital,Not stated,"Interviews, household surveys, ",No,Partially,Negative,Community members,"The DNP mandate for national parks supports tourism development
Lack of policies and mechanisms to incorporate local values and knowledge  Minimal provisions for participation in management processes
Lack of policies to ensure local benefit and to support local development","Changed BW from ""neutral"" to ""negative"" after reading result description (BCK)"
209,Gill,Bennett,"Why local people do not support conservation: community perceptions of marine protected area livelihood impacts, governance and management in thailand",https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2013.08.017,2014,Than Bhok Khorani,Marine Park (National),Thailand,THA,X,X,2,NA,0,1,3,1,2,0,0,4,1,,1,1,,,,"Environmental, Material living standards, Economic living standards, Governance & empowerment",,GQL,Impacts on livelihood strategy,Not stated,"Interviews, household surveys, ",No,Partially,Negative,Community members,participants perceived NMPs to have limited to negative impacts on fisheries and agricultural livelihoods and negligible benefits for tourism livelihoods. ,NCP,Perceived impacts on natural capital,Not stated,"Interviews, household surveys, ",No,Partially,Divergent,Community members,"Positive impacts on terrestrial resources  Mixed impacts on marine resources
Undermines access to marine resources  Undermines local land ownership",GQL,Perceived impacts on social capital,Not stated,"Interviews, household surveys, ",No,Partially,Negative,Community members,"Conflictual relationships with managers and governors
Creation of inter-community conflicts
Undermines community relationships with other agencies and organizations",INSTITUTIONS,Perceived impacts on human capital,Not stated,"Interviews, household surveys, ",No,Partially,Negative,Community members,"Interferes with social programs or alternative livelihood programs initiated by outside organizations
No provision of training or capacity building for local people to participate in tourism or management",ANTHRO ASSETS,Perceived impacts on physical capital,Not stated,"Interviews, household surveys, ",No,Partially,Negative,Community members,"Creation of NMP related tourism infrastructures (e.g., piers, campsites, bathrooms, restaurants)
Does not support the development of social (health, education) or basic (transportation, water, communications) infrastructures  Limits the growth of houses and community boundaries
Confiscates and destroys illegal fishing gears",EQUITY,Perceived impacts on financial capital,Not stated,"Interviews, household surveys, ",No,Partially,Negative,Community members,"No additional access to finances to support local development
National park fees are centrally administered
Minimal economic benefit from tourism to be redirected towards development  Economic capital retained by elite, outside business people, or managers",GQL,Perceived impacts on cultural capital,Not stated,"Interviews, household surveys, ",No,Partially,Negative,Community members,"Undermines traditional livelihoods and cultural practices
Lack of support for maintenance and use of traditional knowledge",INSTITUTIONS,Perceived impacts on political capital,Not stated,"Interviews, household surveys, ",No,Partially,Negative,Community members,"The DNP mandate for national parks supports tourism development
Lack of policies and mechanisms to incorporate local values and knowledge  Minimal provisions for participation in management processes
Lack of policies to ensure local benefit and to support local development","Changed BW from ""neutral"" to ""negative"" after reading result description (BCK)"
244,Jones,Foerster,Human livelihoods and protected areas in Gabon: a cross-sectional comparison of welfare and consumption patterns,https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605310001791,2011,Biringou,Park (National),Gabon,GAB,,X,1,2002,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,,,,,,,,household income,Outcomes in Fig 2; see Table 4 for covariates,GQL,Livelihoods,"Well-being, income, consumption","Surveys, market value","Yes, longitudinal study and comparison among villages closer and further away from PA",Partially,Neutral,Villagers ,We found no systematic differences in most livelihood measures between park and control households.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
245,Jones,Foerster,Human livelihoods and protected areas in Gabon: a cross-sectional comparison of welfare and consumption patterns,https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605310001791,2011,Ivindo,Park (National),Gabon,GAB,,X,1,2002,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,,,,,,,,household income,Outcomes in Fig 2; see Table 4 for covariates,GQL,Livelihoods,"Well-being, income, consumption","Surveys, market value","Yes, longitudinal study and comparison among villages closer and further away from PA",Partially,Neutral,Villagers ,We found no systematic differences in most livelihood measures between park and control households.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
246,Jones,Foerster,Human livelihoods and protected areas in Gabon: a cross-sectional comparison of welfare and consumption patterns,https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605310001791,2011,Monts de Cristal,Park (National),Gabon,GAB,,X,1,2002,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,,,,,,,,household income,Outcomes in Fig 2; see Table 4 for covariates,GQL,Livelihoods,"Well-being, income, consumption","Surveys, market value","Yes, longitudinal study and comparison among villages closer and further away from PA",Partially,Neutral,Villagers ,We found no systematic differences in most livelihood measures between park and control households.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
247,Jones,Foerster,Human livelihoods and protected areas in Gabon: a cross-sectional comparison of welfare and consumption patterns,https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605310001791,2011,Waka,Park (National),Gabon,GAB,,X,1,2002,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,,,,,,,,household income,Outcomes in Fig 2; see Table 4 for covariates,GQL,Livelihoods,"Well-being, income, consumption","Surveys, market value","Yes, longitudinal study and comparison among villages closer and further away from PA",Partially,Neutral,Villagers ,We found no systematic differences in most livelihood measures between park and control households.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
249,Jones,Clements,Impacts of protected areas on local livelihood,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2014.03.008,2014,Kulen Promtep,Wildlife Sanctuary,Cambodia,KHM,,X,1,1993,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,1,,,,,,,,"""The PAs in Cambodia therefore have some positive impacts on households that use forest and land resources for their livelihoods.""","Table 4, 4a and 4b",GQL,Impact on poverty,"Basic necesities, standard basket of assets, participatory wealth ranking","Mixed effects models and matching, questionnaire","Yes, use of control sites",Yes,Positive,Villagers ,There was no evidence that PAs exacerbated local poverty in comparison with controls. Households bordering the PAs were significantly better off due to greater access to markets and services.,NCP,Impact on livelihoods,Livelihood strategies,"Mixed effects models and matching, questionnaire","Yes, use of control sites",Yes,Positive,Villagers ,"There was no evidence that PAs reduce agricultural harvests in comparison with controls. Non-timber forest product (NTFP) collectors inside PAs were sig- nificantly better off than controls and had greater rice harvests, because they had more secure access to land and forest resources.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
250,Jones,Clements,Impacts of protected areas on local livelihood,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2014.03.008,2014,Preah Vihear,Protected Forest,Cambodia,KHM,,X,1,2002,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,1,,,,,,,,"""The PAs in Cambodia therefore have some positive impacts on households that use forest and land resources for their livelihoods.""","Table 4, 4a and 4b",GQL,Impact on poverty,"Basic necesities, standard basket of assets, participatory wealth ranking","Mixed effects models and matching, questionnaire","Yes, use of control sites",Yes,Positive,Villagers ,There was no evidence that PAs exacerbated local poverty in comparison with controls. Households bordering the PAs were significantly better off due to greater access to markets and services.,NCP,Impact on livelihoods,Livelihood strategies,"Mixed effects models and matching, questionnaire","Yes, use of control sites",Yes,Positive,Villagers ,"There was no evidence that PAs reduce agricultural harvests in comparison with controls. Non-timber forest product (NTFP) collectors inside PAs were sig- nificantly better off than controls and had greater rice harvests, because they had more secure access to land and forest resources.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
251,Jones,Cernea,Poverty Risks and National Parks: Policy Issues in Conservation and Resettlement,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2006.02.008,2008,Boumba Bek,Park (National),Cameroon,CMR,,X,1,NA,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,,,,1,,,,,"displacement, annual income lost",See Tables 1 and 2!,GQL,Displacement ,"1) Displaced people on surface area, 2) Impact on local population, 3) Compensation, 4) Satisfaction with displacement, 5) Income loss estimates following eviction","Literature reviews, Detailed interviews","Yes, Direct assessment of specific NPAs",Suitable,Negative,"Local population, NPA promoters (WWF)","Parks in the Congo basin have already displaced and impoverished about 120–150,000 people and that more will be displaced if this approach continues",GQL,Impovrishment,Income loss estimates,"Detailed interviews,  Assessments of economic values via projection of benefit","Yes, used baseline data to comapare results",Yes,Negative,Local population,"on the ground, these poor people are expelled from their source of livelihood and further impoverished",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
252,Jones,Cernea,Poverty Risks and National Parks: Policy Issues in Conservation and Resettlement,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2006.02.008,2008,Dja,Biosphere Reserve,Cameroon,CMR,,X,1,NA,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,,,,1,,,,,"displacement, annual income lost",See Tables 1 and 2!,GQL,Displacement ,"1) Displaced people on surface area, 2) Impact on local population, 3) Compensation, 4) Satisfaction with displacement, 5) Income loss estimates following eviction","Literature reviews, Detailed interviews","Yes, Direct assessment of specific NPAs",Suitable,Negative,"Local population, NPA promoters (WWF)","Parks in the Congo basin have already displaced and impoverished about 120–150,000 people and that more will be displaced if this approach continues",EQUITY,Impovrishment,Income loss estimates,"Detailed interviews,  Assessments of economic values via projection of benefit","Yes, used baseline data to comapare results",Yes,Negative,Local population,"on the ground, these poor people are expelled from their source of livelihood and further impoverished",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
253,Jones,Cernea,Poverty Risks and National Parks: Policy Issues in Conservation and Resettlement,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2006.02.008,2008,Korup,Park (National),Cameroon,CMR,,X,1,NA,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,,,,1,,,,,"displacement, annual income lost",See Tables 1 and 2!,GQL,Displacement ,"1) Displaced people on surface area, 2) Impact on local population, 3) Compensation, 4) Satisfaction with displacement, 5) Income loss estimates following eviction","Literature reviews, Detailed interviews","Yes, Direct assessment of specific NPAs",Suitable,Negative,"Local population, NPA promoters (WWF)","Parks in the Congo basin have already displaced and impoverished about 120–150,000 people and that more will be displaced if this approach continues",EQUITY,Impovrishment,Income loss estimates,"Detailed interviews,  Assessments of economic values via projection of benefit","Yes, used baseline data to comapare results",Yes,Negative,Local population,"on the ground, these poor people are expelled from their source of livelihood and further impoverished",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,The study covers other protected areas
254,Jones,Cernea,Poverty Risks and National Parks: Policy Issues in Conservation and Resettlement,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2006.02.008,2008,Lake Lobeke,Park (National),Cameroon,CMR,,X,1,NA,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,,,,1,,,,,"displacement, annual income lost",See Tables 1 and 2!,GQL,Displacement ,"1) Displaced people on surface area, 2) Impact on local population, 3) Compensation, 4) Satisfaction with displacement, 5) Income loss estimates following eviction","Literature reviews, Detailed interviews","Yes, Direct assessment of specific NPAs",Suitable,Negative,"Local population, NPA promoters (WWF)","Parks in the Congo basin have already displaced and impoverished about 120–150,000 people and that more will be displaced if this approach continues",EQUITY,Impovrishment,Income loss estimates,"Detailed interviews,  Assessments of economic values via projection of benefit","Yes, used baseline data to comapare results",Yes,Negative,Local population,"on the ground, these poor people are expelled from their source of livelihood and further impoverished",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
255,Jones,Cernea,Poverty Risks and National Parks: Policy Issues in Conservation and Resettlement,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2006.02.008,2008,Dzanga-Ndoki,Park (National),Central African Republic,CAF,,X,1,NA,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,,,,1,,,,,"displacement, annual income lost",See Tables 1 and 2!,GQL,Displacement ,"1) Displaced people on surface area, 2) Impact on local population, 3) Compensation, 4) Satisfaction with displacement, 5) Income loss estimates following eviction","Literature reviews, Detailed interviews","Yes, Direct assessment of specific NPAs",Suitable,Negative,"Local population, NPA promoters (WWF)","Parks in the Congo basin have already displaced and impoverished about 120–150,000 people and that more will be displaced if this approach continues",EQUITY,Impovrishment,Income loss estimates,"Detailed interviews,  Assessments of economic values via projection of benefit","Yes, used baseline data to comapare results",Yes,Negative,Local population,"on the ground, these poor people are expelled from their source of livelihood and further impoverished",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
256,Jones,Cernea,Poverty Risks and National Parks: Policy Issues in Conservation and Resettlement,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2006.02.008,2008,Nouabalé-Ndoki,Park (National),"Congo, The Democratic Republic Of The",COG,,X,1,NA,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,,,,1,,,,,"displacement, annual income lost",See Tables 1 and 2!,GQL,Displacement ,"1) Displaced people on surface area, 2) Impact on local population, 3) Compensation, 4) Satisfaction with displacement, 5) Income loss estimates following eviction","Literature reviews, Detailed interviews","Yes, Direct assessment of specific NPAs",Suitable,Negative,"Local population, NPA promoters (WWF)","Parks in the Congo basin have already displaced and impoverished about 120–150,000 people and that more will be displaced if this approach continues",EQUITY,Impovrishment,Income loss estimates,"Detailed interviews,  Assessments of economic values via projection of benefit","Yes, used baseline data to comapare results",Yes,Negative,Local population,"on the ground, these poor people are expelled from their source of livelihood and further impoverished",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
257,Jones,Cernea,Poverty Risks and National Parks: Policy Issues in Conservation and Resettlement,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2006.02.008,2008,Odzala,Park (National),"Congo, The Democratic Republic Of The",COG,,X,1,NA,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,,,,1,,,,,"displacement, annual income lost",See Tables 1 and 2!,GQL,Displacement ,"1) Displaced people on surface area, 2) Impact on local population, 3) Compensation, 4) Satisfaction with displacement, 5) Income loss estimates following eviction","Literature reviews, Detailed interviews","Yes, Direct assessment of specific NPAs",Suitable,Negative,"Local population, NPA promoters (WWF)","Parks in the Congo basin have already displaced and impoverished about 120–150,000 people and that more will be displaced if this approach continues",EQUITY,Impovrishment,Income loss estimates,"Detailed interviews,  Assessments of economic values via projection of benefit","Yes, used baseline data to comapare results",Yes,Negative,Local population,"on the ground, these poor people are expelled from their source of livelihood and further impoverished",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
258,Jones,Cernea,Poverty Risks and National Parks: Policy Issues in Conservation and Resettlement,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2006.02.008,2008,Nsoc,Park (National),Equatorial Guinea,GNQ,,X,1,NA,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,,,,1,,,,,"displacement, annual income lost",See Tables 1 and 2!,GQL,Displacement ,"1) Displaced people on surface area, 2) Impact on local population, 3) Compensation, 4) Satisfaction with displacement, 5) Income loss estimates following eviction","Literature reviews, Detailed interviews","Yes, Direct assessment of specific NPAs",Suitable,Negative,"Local population, NPA promoters (WWF)","Parks in the Congo basin have already displaced and impoverished about 120–150,000 people and that more will be displaced if this approach continues",EQUITY,Impovrishment,Income loss estimates,"Detailed interviews,  Assessments of economic values via projection of benefit","Yes, used baseline data to comapare results",Yes,Negative,Local population,"on the ground, these poor people are expelled from their source of livelihood and further impoverished",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
259,Jones,Cernea,Poverty Risks and National Parks: Policy Issues in Conservation and Resettlement,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2006.02.008,2008,Ipassa-Mingouli,Protected Area,Gabon,GAB,,X,1,NA,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,,,,1,,,,,"displacement, annual income lost",See Tables 1 and 2!,GQL,Displacement ,"1) Displaced people on surface area, 2) Impact on local population, 3) Compensation, 4) Satisfaction with displacement, 5) Income loss estimates following eviction","Literature reviews, Detailed interviews","Yes, Direct assessment of specific NPAs",Suitable,Negative,"Local population, NPA promoters (WWF)","Parks in the Congo basin have already displaced and impoverished about 120–150,000 people and that more will be displaced if this approach continues",EQUITY,Impovrishment,Income loss estimates,"Detailed interviews,  Assessments of economic values via projection of benefit","Yes, used baseline data to comapare results",Yes,Negative,Local population,"on the ground, these poor people are expelled from their source of livelihood and further impoverished",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
260,Jones,Cernea,Poverty Risks and National Parks: Policy Issues in Conservation and Resettlement,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2006.02.008,2008,Loango,Park (National),Gabon,GAB,,X,1,NA,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,,,,1,,,,,"displacement, annual income lost",See Tables 1 and 2!,GQL,Displacement ,"1) Displaced people on surface area, 2) Impact on local population, 3) Compensation, 4) Satisfaction with displacement, 5) Income loss estimates following eviction","Literature reviews, Detailed interviews","Yes, Direct assessment of specific NPAs",Suitable,Negative,"Local population, NPA promoters (WWF)","Parks in the Congo basin have already displaced and impoverished about 120–150,000 people and that more will be displaced if this approach continues",EQUITY,Impovrishment,Income loss estimates,"Detailed interviews,  Assessments of economic values via projection of benefit","Yes, used baseline data to comapare results",Yes,Negative,Local population,"on the ground, these poor people are expelled from their source of livelihood and further impoverished",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
261,Jones,Cernea,Poverty Risks and National Parks: Policy Issues in Conservation and Resettlement,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2006.02.008,2008,Moukalaba-Doudou,Park (National),Gabon,GAB,,X,1,NA,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,,,,1,,,,,"displacement, annual income lost",See Tables 1 and 2!,GQL,Displacement ,"1) Displaced people on surface area, 2) Impact on local population, 3) Compensation, 4) Satisfaction with displacement, 5) Income loss estimates following eviction","Literature reviews, Detailed interviews","Yes, Direct assessment of specific NPAs",Suitable,Negative,"Local population, NPA promoters (WWF)","Parks in the Congo basin have already displaced and impoverished about 120–150,000 people and that more will be displaced if this approach continues",EQUITY,Impovrishment,Income loss estimates,"Detailed interviews,  Assessments of economic values via projection of benefit","Yes, used baseline data to comapare results",Yes,Negative,Local population,"on the ground, these poor people are expelled from their source of livelihood and further impoverished",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
262,Jones,Cernea,Poverty Risks and National Parks: Policy Issues in Conservation and Resettlement,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2006.02.008,2008,Cross River ,Park (National),Nigeria,NGA,,X,1,NA,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,,,,1,,,,,"displacement, annual income lost",See Tables 1 and 2!,GQL,Displacement ,"1) Displaced people on surface area, 2) Impact on local population, 3) Compensation, 4) Satisfaction with displacement, 5) Income loss estimates following eviction","Literature reviews, Detailed interviews","Yes, Direct assessment of specific NPAs",Suitable,Negative,"Local population, NPA promoters (WWF)","Parks in the Congo basin have already displaced and impoverished about 120–150,000 people and that more will be displaced if this approach continues",EQUITY,Impovrishment,Income loss estimates,"Detailed interviews,  Assessments of economic values via projection of benefit","Yes, used baseline data to comapare results",Yes,Negative,Local population,"on the ground, these poor people are expelled from their source of livelihood and further impoverished",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
264,Jones,Stevenson,Socioeconomic consequences of fishing displacement from marine protected areas in Hawaii,https://doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2012.11.031,2013,"Island of Hawaii, West coast of the",Marine Protected Area,Hawaii,US-HI,,X,1,1999,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,1,,,,,,,,"""Five point Likert scale questions were used to evaluate perceived changes in fisher socioeconomic well-being and fishing operations pre- and post-MPA implementation, where responses ranged from much worse to much better."" ""It does not appear the redistribution of fishing effort negatively impact fishers’ perceptions regarding their economic status, bank savings, family, health, or occupation, but fishers believed the MPA network was responsible for increasing fishing cost and distance traveled to fishing sites"" ""A concern with displacing fishing post-MPA implementation is the reestablishment and concentration of fishers in new areas, which can encourage resource depletion as well as competition and conflict between fishers""",,ANTHRO ASSETS,Alteration to spatial distribution of fishing effort,"fishing operations, fishing displacement, and estimated spatial-catch revenue relationship","social surveys, State fishing reports, and experimental fishing",No,Suitable,Indeterminate,aquarium fishing per- mit holders,The results suggest the MPA network significantly displaced fishing effort from the central to the northern and southern coastal regions of the island farther from ports of entry,GQL,Perceived fisher economic well-being,socioeconomic well-being,social surveys,No,Partially,Divergent,aquarium fishing per- mit holders,"Perceived fisher socioeconomic well-being was unaffected, but perceived fishing cost and travel time increased significantly post-MPA network implementation. ",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
265,Jones,Ferraro,"The local costs of establishing protected areas in low-income nations: Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar",https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-8009(02)00219-7,2002,Ranomafana,Park (National),Madagascar,MDG,,X,1,1991,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,,,,,,,1,"""estimate the opportunity costs borne by residents resulting from the establishment of the Ranomafana National Park in 1991"" and it is small compeared to the benefits",Table 1,NCP,Opportunity cost of protection,"forest use, agricultural activities and socioeconomic indica- tors.","Opportunity cost estimation, questionnaires,",,,Indeterminate,Villagers,The same ecosystems that are top priorities for conservation provide adjacent resident commu- nities with many valuable goods and services on which their lives depend. Diminishing local welfare may generate serious conflicts between protected area managers and the resident population.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
294,Mascia,Goodridge,"Changes in the shallow reef fishery associated with implementation of a system of fishing priority and marine reserve areas in Soufriere, St Lucia",http://aquaticcommons.org/12994/1/gcfi_49-23.pdf,1997,Sufrière,Marine Management Area,Saint Lucia,LCA,,X,1,1995,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,1,,,,,,,,cost benefit analysis of zoning on roal reef fishery,Participants coral reef fishers - unrepresented during conflict resolution meetings,NCP,Changes in catch rates,Catch per unit effort,"Use of available recorded data, monitoring catch and effort, surveys, questionnaires",No,Suitable,Divergent,Fishers,There is evidence that catch per unit effort begun to decrease for small fish pots but this was offset by a significant increase in the catch rate of large wire pots. ,ANTHRO ASSETS,Changes in fishing behaviour,"Areas fished, types of fishing gear, distribution of fishing effort",,No,Partially,Negative,Fishers,A quarter of total fishing effort was deployed in areas of the SMMA closed to fishing,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
297,Mascia,Galal,"Effect of a network of no take reserves in increasing catch per unit effort and stocks of exploited reef fish at Nabq, South Sinai, Egypt",https://www.publish.csiro.au/MF/MF01158,2002,Nabq,Natural Resource Protected Area,Egypt,EGY,X,,1,1995,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,,,,,,1,,"impact of reserves on mean fish abundances, mean length, mean recorded catch per unit effort",authors use findings to support decision to set up reserves and co-management. Abstract only available.,NCP,Fishery sustainability,"abundance, size structure and catch","Underwater visual census, stratified random sampling, weight recordings, fishing effort calculation","Yes, evaluation trough time ",Suitable,Positive,"Nature, Fishers",The establishment of the no-take reserves appears to have played a key role in maintaining the sustainability of the fishery. The involvement of local Bedouin and fishermen in the co-management of fisheries resources was critical to the success of this initiative.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
298,Mascia,Smith,Effectiveness of marine reserves for large scale fisheries management,https://doi.org/10.1139/f05-205,2006,Madison-Swanson,Marine Reserve,United States of America,USA,X,,1,2000,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,,,,,,,,modeling reserve effect on fisheries,,NCP,Efficiency,Catch rates,Panel data modelling,"Yes, before-after comparisons",Suitable,Negative,"Nature, Fishers","We find that the effect of two recently established marine reserves on catch is negative and trending downward, though the reserves have only been in place for 4.5 years.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
299,Mascia,Smith,Effectiveness of marine reserves for large scale fisheries management,https://doi.org/10.1139/f05-205,2006,Steamboat Lumps,Marine Reserve,United States of America,USA,X,,1,2000,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,,,,,,,,modeling reserve effect on fisheries,,NCP,Efficiency,Catch rates,Panel data modelling,"Yes, before-after comparisons",Suitable,Negative,"Nature, Fishers","We find that the effect of two recently established marine reserves on catch is negative and trending downward, though the reserves have only been in place for 4.5 years.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
309,Mascia,Bennett,Evidence of a surf-zone fish assemblage following the establishment of a marine reserve on the southern coast of South Africa,https://www.int-res.com/articles/meps/75/m075p173.pdf,1991,De Hoop,Marine Reserve,South Africa,ZAF,X,,1,NA,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,,,,,,,,"""..long term (catch per unit effort) and size frequency monitoring...prior to proclamation...and thereafter...effectiveness of marine reserve in promoting recovery of fish stocks...""",No information/data/perceptions of anglers collected. Not a valuation study.,NCP,Fish population increase,"Fish catch, fish abundance",Fish sampling,"Yes, comparison among sites",Suitable,Positive,Fishers,"Catch rates for 2 species improved, recoveries were slower amongst 4 other species. ",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
311,Mascia,Abesamis,How much does the fishery at Apo Island benefit from spillover of adult fish from the adjacent marine reserve?,https://researchonline.jcu.edu.au/4085/1/4085_Abesamis_et_al...2006.pdf,2004,Apo Reef,Marine Reserve,Philippines,PHL,X,,1,1985,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,,,,,,,,"""...spillover (export of adult biomass from the reserve) yield from the no-take reserve at Apo Island probably contributes much less than 10% of the overall yield to the local fishery""",Data for the study was collected over 8 months in 2003-2004. May not be a long enough time. Not a valuation study.,NCP,Spillover effects,"Spatial patterns of fishing effort, yield, and catch rates","Daily recordings, interviews.",No,Suitable,Positive,Fishers,Higher catch rates near the reserve were more likely due to spillover than to low fishing intensity.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
325,Mascia,Kelly,The value of a spillover fishery for spiny lobsters around a marine reserve in Northern New Zealand,https://doi.org/10.1080/089207502753504689,2010,Leigh,Marine Reserve,New Zealand,NZL,X,,1,NA,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,,,,,,,,"Catch characteristics compared between 2 sites, catch rates around reserves more seasonal, actual income and costs to lobster fishing pre and post reserves not assessed.",,NCP,Spillover effects,"Catch per unit effort, lenght-weight relationship, estimated price, ",Catch sampling trough traps,"Yes, matching inside and outside the MPA",Suitable,Neutral,Fishers,"Catch rates around the reserve were more variable than at the other sites, but on average, the amount of money made per trap haul was similar to Little Barrier Island and Coastal Leigh.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
327,McKinnon,"Davis, A.","Ha! What is the benefit of living next to the park?' Factors limiting in-migration next to Tarangire National Park, Tanzania",DOI: 10.4103/0972-4923.79184,2011,Tarangire,Park (National),"Tanzania, United Republic Of",TZA,,X,1,1970,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,1,,,,,,,"Material living standards, Economic living standards, Governance & empowerment",,GQL,In-migration due to exclusion,"Livelihood strategies, trust perception regarding the PA, perception of risk regarding the PA, need for in-migration","Household interviews, group interviews","Yes, historical memory of people",Partially,Negative,Villagers,"Several factors were revealed that provide examples of perceived problems and issues, which would deter in-migration to these communities bordering a national park.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
328,McKinnon,"Holladay, P. J.; Ormsby, A. A.","A comparative study of local perceptions of ecotourism and conservation at Five Blues Lake National Park, Belize",http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14724049.2010.529910,2011,Five Blues Lake,Park (National),Belize,BLZ,,,0,1991,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,,,1,,,,,,,GQL,Perceptions of ecotourism and conservation,Attitudes and perceptions towards ecotourism and conservation,Surveys,"Yes, longitudinal analysis ",Partially,Divergent,Community members,"The results of this study indicated that there was a perception among interviewees that ecotourism was good for their community and household. Yet, there was a lower perception of personal benefits from ecotourism.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
329,McKinnon,"Lepp, A.; Holland, S.","A comparison of attitudes toward state-led conservation and community-based conservation in the village of Bigodi, Uganda",https://doi.org/10.1080/08941920600742377,2006,Kibale,Park (National),Uganda,UGA,,X,1,1950,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,,,,,,,,,"Material living standards, Economic living standards, Governance & empowerment",,VALUES,Attitudes towards state-led conservation,"Attituted, behaviour, beliefs","Formal but ""active"" interviews, participant observation","Yes, comparison between two different type of conservation schemes",Suitable,Negative,Residents,Findings show that the community- based approach has generated positive attitudes toward conservation while the state- led approach has not.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
335,McKinnon,"Dahlberg, A. C.; Burlando, C.","Addressing trade-offs: Experiences from conservation and development initiatives in the Mkuze wetlands, South Africa",https://www.jstor.org/stable/26268318,2009,iSimangaliso,Wetland Park,South Africa,ZAF,,X,1,1912,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,,,,,1,,,,"Material living standards, Economic living standards, Social relations, Security & safety",,VALUES,present and potential outcomes of conservation and development interventions in a community bordering the PA by different aspectives,"livelihood strategies, local conservation and development initiatives, and relationships with conservation organizations.","participant observations and in-depth, semistructured interviews",No,not suitable,positive?,conservation organizations and the local community,"Local communities may accept restrictions on resource use as a result of realistic and fairly negotiated trade-offs, but if perceived as unjust and imposed from above, then mistrust and resistance will increase.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
336,McKinnon,"Mukadasi, B.; Kaboggoza, J. R.; Nabalegwa, M.","Agroforestry practices in the buffer zone area of Mt Elgon National Park, eastern Uganda",https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2028.2007.00857.x,2007,Mt Elgon,Forest Reserve and Park (National),Uganda,UGA,X,X,2,NA,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,,,,1,,,,,"Environmental, Material living standards",,VALUES,attitude of people towards agroforestry practices,"9 independent variables; gender, age, education level, membership to farmer organization, number of family labour force ,  on‐ and off‐farm income‐generating activities,  access to credit,  contact with extension staff, except size of family labour force and size of the farm ",causal effect analysis,Yes,Yes,indeterminate,local households and communities,"attitude is depends on main occupation, education status, distance from park boundary, damage caused by wild animals, landholding size and total livestock units owned. ",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
337,McKinnon,"Heinen, J. T.; Shrivastava, R. J.","An analysis of conservation attitudes and awareness around Kaziranga National Park, Assam, India: Implications for conservation and development",https://doi.org/10.1007/s11111-009-0086-0,2010,Kaziranga,Park (National),India,IND,,X,1,1908,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,,,,1,,,,,"Material living standards, Economic living standards, Security & safety",,VALUES,conservation attitudes and awareness ,,survey,Yes,Yes,indeterminate,village,"high variation in attitudes and awareness as a function of ethno-religious group, educational level, and socio-economic and immigration status, indicating more and different needs for economic interventions within some communities than others. ",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
341,McKinnon,"Kaltenborn, B. P.; Bjerke, T.; Nyahongo, J. W.; Williams, D. R.","Animal preferences and acceptability of wildlife management actions around Serengeti National Park, Tanzania",https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-005-6196-9,2006,Serengeti,Park (National),"Tanzania, United Republic Of",TZA,X,,1,1951,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,,,,1,,,,,Environmental,,VALUES,preferences,"wild animal specises; gender, age, education","interview, regression models (OLS)",No,Yes,divergent,village,"Gender has a significant effect on species preferences. Age has no significant effect, but level of education affects preference level for some specie.",VALUES,degree of acceptance for alternative management interventions ,potentially dangerous animal specises,regression models (OLS),No,Yes,positive,village,Species preferences have a positive effect on support for management intervention when dangerous animals cause small or moderate problems to humans,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
346,McKinnon,"Holmes, C. M.",Assessing the perceived utility of wood resources in a protected area of Western Tanzania,https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3207(02)00272-0,2003,Katavi,Park (National),"Tanzania, United Republic Of",TZA,,,0,1974,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,,,,,,,,,,NCP,households' interest in accessing wood resources ,"demographic, socio-economic and wood-use ", survey; logistic regression,No,not suitable?,indeterminate?,village,resource-use interests are largely dependent upon expected individual gains,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
348,McKinnon,"Misra, S.; Maikhuri, R. K.; Dhyani, D.; Rao, K. S.","Assessment of traditional rights, local interference and natural resource management in Kedarnath Wildlife Sanctuary",https://doi.org/10.1080/13504500903332008,2009,Kedarnath,Wildlife Sanctuary,India,IND,X,X,2,NA,2,0,0,0,1,0,0,1,,,,,,,,"Environmental, Economic living standards, Governance & empowerment",,INSTITUTIONS,Manageement effects,"Crop damage by wildlife, lack of infraestructure, grazing patterns, dependance on forest resources",in-depth semi-structured interviews and group discussions,No,Not suitable,Indeterminate,Local population,"After the declaration of the area as a sanctuary, plans were prepared to conserve the habitat, wildlife and related natural resources in KWLS but issues and challenges still need to be addressed, viz. lack of awareness building regarding the concept, role in protecting and sustainable use of resources by local inhabitants, disintegration of traditional village–forest institutions, and continuous facilitation of local inhabitants for sustainable use of resources.",NATURE,Regeneration patterns,"Vegetation characterístics (Trees, sapling, seedling, lopping, species richnes, species diversity, dominance, stand basal area)","Personal observations, field data collection",No,Not suitable,Negative,Nature,Increasing pressure has also led to invasion of weeds/bushes/thorny shrubs that change vegetation dynamics in forest ecosystems,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
351,McKinnon,"Rust, N. A.; Marker, L. L.",Attitudes Toward Predators and Conservancies Among Namibian Farmers,https://doi.org/10.1080/10871209.2013.819537,2013,Ehirovipuka,Community Conservancy,Namibia,NAM,,,0,NA,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,,,,,,,,,,VALUES,Attitutudes affected by perceived depredation,"Sociodemographic characteristics of the respondent, presence and usage of a herder or livestock guarding dog, degree of HWC experienced, predator abundance within the area, and views of predators and conservancies",Questionaires ,No,Yes,Indeterminate,Individuals from communal conservancy,Attitudes were significantly affected by perceived depradetion and when respondents asked fo rhelp to reduce predation,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
352,McKinnon,"Rust, N. A.; Marker, L. L.",Attitudes Toward Predators and Conservancies Among Namibian Farmers,https://doi.org/10.1080/10871209.2013.819537,2013,Khoadi //Hoas,Community Conservancy,Namibia,NAM,,,0,NA,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,,,,,,,,,,VALUES,Attitutudes affected by perceived depredation,"Sociodemographic characteristics of the respondent, presence and usage of a herder or livestock guarding dog, degree of HWC experienced, predator abundance within the area, and views of predators and conservancies",Questionaires ,No,Yes,Indeterminate,Individuals from communal conservancy,Attitudes were significantly affected by perceived depradetion and when respondents asked fo rhelp to reduce predation,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
353,McKinnon,"Rust, N. A.; Marker, L. L.",Attitudes Toward Predators and Conservancies Among Namibian Farmers,https://doi.org/10.1080/10871209.2013.819537,2013,Nyae Nyae,Community Conservancy,Namibia,NAM,,,0,NA,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,,,,,,,,,,VALUES,Attitutudes affected by perceived depredation,"Sociodemographic characteristics of the respondent, presence and usage of a herder or livestock guarding dog, degree of HWC experienced, predator abundance within the area, and views of predators and conservancies",Questionaires ,No,Yes,Indeterminate,Individuals from communal conservancy,Attitudes were significantly affected by perceived depradetion and when respondents asked fo rhelp to reduce predation,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
354,McKinnon,"Rust, N. A.; Marker, L. L.",Attitudes Toward Predators and Conservancies Among Namibian Farmers,https://doi.org/10.1080/10871209.2013.819537,2013,Ozonahi,Community Conservancy,Namibia,NAM,,,0,NA,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,,,,,,,,,,VALUES,Attitutudes affected by perceived depredation,"Sociodemographic characteristics of the respondent, presence and usage of a herder or livestock guarding dog, degree of HWC experienced, predator abundance within the area, and views of predators and conservancies",Questionaires ,No,Yes,Indeterminate,Individuals from communal conservancy,Attitudes were significantly affected by perceived depradetion and when respondents asked fo rhelp to reduce predation,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
355,McKinnon,"Rust, N. A.; Marker, L. L.",Attitudes Toward Predators and Conservancies Among Namibian Farmers,https://doi.org/10.1080/10871209.2013.819537,2013,Sesfontein,Community Conservancy,Namibia,NAM,,,0,NA,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,,,,,,,,,,VALUES,Attitutudes affected by perceived depredation,"Sociodemographic characteristics of the respondent, presence and usage of a herder or livestock guarding dog, degree of HWC experienced, predator abundance within the area, and views of predators and conservancies",Questionaires ,No,Yes,Indeterminate,Individuals from communal conservancy,Attitudes were significantly affected by perceived depradetion and when respondents asked fo rhelp to reduce predation,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
356,McKinnon,"Ogra, M.","Attitudes toward resolution of human - Wildlife conflict among forest-dependent agriculturalists near Rajaji National Park, India",https://doi.org/10.1007/s10745-009-9222-9,2009,Rajaji,Park (National),India,IND,,X,1,1983,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,,,,1,1,,,,Security & safety,,INSTITUTIONS,"Attitudes affecting agriculture -wildlife conflicts, and how they vary across genders ","Sociodemographic characteristics of the respondent, attitude towards wildlife and HWC ",Deep interview and survey questoinaires,No,Yes,Indeterminate,Individuals from Local community near Rajaji National Park and the authorities of the AP,"Plurality of respondents said that fencing is the best solution, that the Forest Department should take leadership, and that villagers would be willing to participate in a cooperative management institution. However, cooperative action was only actively supported by 27.4% of respondents.  ",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
357,McKinnon,"Roy Dr, A. K. D.; Gow, J.","Attitudes towards current and alternative management of the Sundarbans Mangrove Forest, Bangladesh to achieve sustainability",https://doi.org/10.1080/09640568.2013.850405,2013,Sundarbans,Forest Reserve,Bangladesh,BGD,,X,1,1999,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,,,,,1,,,,Governance & empowerment,,INSTITUTIONS,Attitudes towards alternative property rights regime to achieve sustainable co-management,"Sociodemographic characteristics of the respondent, attitudes of different stakeholders towards co-management and property rights",Focus groups and questionnaires,No,Yes,Indeterminate,Forest dependen communities and Bangladesh Forest Department,The study finds that the absence of a management partnership between the BFD and FDCs is mainly responsible for the policy failures to achieve sustainable management of the SMF...A ‘co-management’ property rights regime cannot be established until FDC capacity is enhanced through the formation of community level institutions,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
358,McKinnon,"Almudi, T.; Berkes, F.",Barriers to empowerment: Fighting eviction for conservation in a southern Brazilian protected area,http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13549830903575570,2010,Lagoon,Park (National),Brazil,BRA,,X,1,1986,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,,,,,1,,,1,"Social relations, Governance & empowerment",,INSTITUTIONS,"Conflict resolution between local evicted fisher's communities, PA's and institutions, through empowerment and involvement as stewards of the environment",Levels of interaction between fisher communities and other groups of institutions,Interviews and focus groups,Yes,Yes,Indeterminate?,"Individuals from the fisher communities evicted from the Peixe Lagoon National Park, and the Protected Area","Existing partnerships were sufficient to fight eviction in the short term, but not to safeguard resource access rights in the long term. ",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
359,McKinnon,"Hausser, Y.; Weber, H.; Meyer, B.","Bees, farmers, tourists and hunters: Conflict dynamics around Western Tanzania protected areas",dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-009-9667-6,2009,Katavi,Park (National),"Tanzania, United Republic Of",TZA,,X,1,NA,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,,,,,1,,,,"Economic living standards, Social relations",,INSTITUTIONS,Attitudes towards conflict resolution between sustainable productive projects and different PA's in Tanzania,"Sociodemographic characteristics of the respondents, attitudes towards conservation policies and practices, impacts on livelihoods and projects, their representation of conflicts and project's intervention in conflictive context. ","Reviews of academic and gray literature, questionnaires, semi directed interviews, Peace and Conflict Impact Assessment",Yes,Yes,Positive?,"Individuals participating in innovative conservation projects, PAs institutions,cooperation agencies","Factors that are beyond projects’ influence such as the historical and contemporary context in terms of governance of natural resources and more globally, of power relationships between the state, private organisations and the communities.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
364,McKinnon,"Slater, R.","Between a rock and a hard place: Contested livelihoods in Qwaqwa National Park, South Africa",https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-4959.00042,2002,Qwaqwa,Park (National),South Africa,ZAF,,X,1,1992,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,,,1,1,,,1,"Material living standards, Economic living standards, Social relations, Governance & empowerment",,GQL,Conflict between park residents and management across time and transition to democracy led to new patterns of livelihood activities,"Sociodemographic characteristics of the respondents, changing household livelihood strategies, power relations within and between households and the social relations that enabled people to make a living in the park","Interviews, surveys",No,Yes,Negative?,"Individuals from Qwaqwa National Park, and their livelihoods","Conflict between park residents and management led to new patterns of livelihood activities and household formation, formation, and resulted in material and social differentiation amongst park households.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
366,McKinnon,"Straede, S.; Treue, T.",Beyond buffer zone protection: A comparative study of park and buffer zone products' importance to villagers living inside Royal Chitwan National Park and to villagers living in its buffer zone,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2005.03.017,2006,Royal Chitwan,Park (National),Nepal,NPL,X,X,2,,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,,,1,,,,,"Environmental, Economic living standards",,GQL,Comparison of costs and benefits from products from PA's in villages inside and in the buffer zone,"Sociodemographic characteristics of the respondents, land ownership, list of products collected from the wild, amount of products per month, market price of products, time spent on collection",Survey,Yes,No,Positive,Individuals inside and in the buffer zone of Royal Chitwan National Park,"our study shows that, in both absolute and relative terms, the Park delivers a substantial flow of highly valuable economic benefits to villagers.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
368,McKinnon,"Nagendra, H.; Rocchini, D.; Ghate, R.",Beyond parks as monoliths: Spatially differentiating park-people relationships in the Tadoba Andhari Tiger Reserve in India,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2010.04.050,2010,Tadoba-Andhari Tiger,Reserve,India,IND,,,0,1965,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,,,,,,,,,,,NATURE,"effects of villages inside and on the buffer zone of PAs, in terms of deforestation and land change use","Land cover change, forest fragmentation, distance to villages, use of plant species, attitudes towards conservation","Spatial analysis on LULC, interviews",Yes,Yes,Negative,Individuals from the villages in Tadoba Andhari Tiger Reserve (inland and buffer zone) and PA authorities,"The area at the park periphery is the most depleted of forest cover, with greatest forest fragmentation compared to the areas surrounding the interior villages.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
369,McKinnon,"Kangalawe, R. Y. M.; Noe, C.","Biodiversity conservation and poverty alleviation in Namtumbo District, Tanzania",https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2012.08.008,2012,Mbarang’andu,Wildlife Management Area,"Tanzania, United Republic Of",TZA,,X,1,2003,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,,,1,,,,,"Material living standards, Economic living standards",,GQL,"Poverty alleviation study, in Namtumbo District","Household dependence on natural resources,  Livelihood, and demographic attributes of the population, benefits from main activities, land use, deforestation, ",,Yes,Yes,Negative,"Individuals from the Natumbo District, Tanzania","However, there is little evidence to show the results of such interventions in terms of poverty alleviation, which constrains other local livelihoods while benefiting distant resource users such as private investors.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
371,McKinnon,"Tumusiime, D. M.; Vedeld, P.; Gombya-Ssembajjwe, W.",Breaking the law? Illegal livelihoods from a Protected Area in Uganda,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2011.02.001,2011,Rwenzori,Mountain Park (National),Uganda,UGA,,X,1,1991,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,,,1,,,,,Economic living standards,,GQL,Poverty and dependance on natural resources near PA in Uganda,Household sources of income; dependance on environmental incomes; general access to assets; household income and EI; EI and income inequality,interviews and focus groups,No,Yes,Negative,Individuals from the villages surrounding Rwenzori MNP; Conservation planners,"The findings imply that increasing access restrictions would have a serious impact on the poorest people's livelihoods, who may sink deeper into poverty.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
378,McKinnon,"Tobey, J., Torell, E.",Coastal poverty and MPA management in mainland Tanzania and Zanzibar,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2006.08.002,2006,Jozani-Chwaka Bay,Park (National),"Tanzania, United Republic Of",TZA,X,X,2,1995,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,,,,1,,,,"Environmental, Material living standards, Economic living standards, Social relations, Governance & empowerment",,NCP,Poverty alleviation and MPA management ,household demographic and socioeconomic information; perceptions on key problems and causes of poverty; livelihoods; household consumption and income; material quality of life; social capital; education and health; food security;  characteristics of the fishery; community involvement in MPAs; and perceptions of MPA impacts.,Focus groups and interviews to key informants,"Yes, comparison between sites",Suitable,Negative,Communities within the conservation area ,It is the perception of people in the villages surveyed that marine resources continue to be degraded and overexploited,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
379,McKinnon,"Tobey, J., Torell, E.",Coastal poverty and MPA management in mainland Tanzania and Zanzibar,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2006.08.002,2006,Kilwa,Marine Protected Area,"Tanzania, United Republic Of",TZA,X,X,2,Proposed for legal designation,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,,,,1,,,,"Environmental, Material living standards, Economic living standards, Social relations, Governance & empowerment",,NCP,Poverty alleviation and MPA management ,household demographic and socioeconomic information; perceptions on key problems and causes of poverty; livelihoods; household consumption and income; material quality of life; social capital; education and health; food security;  characteristics of the fishery; community involvement in MPAs; and perceptions of MPA impacts.,Focus groups and interviews to key informants,"Yes, comparison between sites",Suitable,Negative,Communities within the conservation area ,It is the perception of people in the villages surveyed that marine resources continue to be degraded and overexploited,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
380,McKinnon,"Tobey, J., Torell, E.",Coastal poverty and MPA management in mainland Tanzania and Zanzibar,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2006.08.002,2006,Mafia Island,Marine Park,"Tanzania, United Republic Of",TZA,X,X,2,1996,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,,,,1,,,,"Environmental, Material living standards, Economic living standards, Social relations, Governance & empowerment",,NCP,Poverty alleviation and MPA management ,household demographic and socioeconomic information; perceptions on key problems and causes of poverty; livelihoods; household consumption and income; material quality of life; social capital; education and health; food security;  characteristics of the fishery; community involvement in MPAs; and perceptions of MPA impacts.,Focus groups and interviews to key informants,"Yes, comparison between sites",Suitable,Positive,Communities within the conservation area ,"although, in certain protected areas, such as Tanga and Mafia, there is a clear perception of improvement",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
381,McKinnon,"Tobey, J., Torell, E.",Coastal poverty and MPA management in mainland Tanzania and Zanzibar,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2006.08.002,2006,Menai Bay,Marine Protected Area,"Tanzania, United Republic Of",TZA,X,X,2,1997,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,,,,1,,,,"Environmental, Material living standards, Economic living standards, Social relations, Governance & empowerment",,NCP,Poverty alleviation and MPA management ,household demographic and socioeconomic information; perceptions on key problems and causes of poverty; livelihoods; household consumption and income; material quality of life; social capital; education and health; food security;  characteristics of the fishery; community involvement in MPAs; and perceptions of MPA impacts.,Focus groups and interviews to key informants,"Yes, comparison between sites",Suitable,Negative,Communities within the conservation area ,It is the perception of people in the villages surveyed that marine resources continue to be degraded and overexploited,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
382,McKinnon,"Tobey, J., Torell, E.",Coastal poverty and MPA management in mainland Tanzania and Zanzibar,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2006.08.002,2006,Misali Island,Marine Conservation Area,"Tanzania, United Republic Of",TZA,X,X,2,1993,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,,,,1,,,,"Environmental, Material living standards, Economic living standards, Social relations, Governance & empowerment",,NCP,Poverty alleviation and MPA management ,household demographic and socioeconomic information; perceptions on key problems and causes of poverty; livelihoods; household consumption and income; material quality of life; social capital; education and health; food security;  characteristics of the fishery; community involvement in MPAs; and perceptions of MPA impacts.,Focus groups and interviews to key informants,"Yes, comparison between sites",Suitable,Negative,Communities within the conservation area ,It is the perception of people in the villages surveyed that marine resources continue to be degraded and overexploited,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
383,McKinnon,"Tobey, J., Torell, E.",Coastal poverty and MPA management in mainland Tanzania and Zanzibar,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2006.08.002,2006,Tanga,Marine Protected Area,"Tanzania, United Republic Of",TZA,X,X,2,1994,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,,,,1,,,,"Environmental, Material living standards, Economic living standards, Social relations, Governance & empowerment",,NCP,Poverty alleviation and MPA management ,household demographic and socioeconomic information; perceptions on key problems and causes of poverty; livelihoods; household consumption and income; material quality of life; social capital; education and health; food security;  characteristics of the fishery; community involvement in MPAs; and perceptions of MPA impacts.,Focus groups and interviews to key informants,"Yes, comparison between sites",Suitable,Positive,Communities within the conservation area ,"although, in certain protected areas, such as Tanga and Mafia, there is a clear perception of improvement",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
388,McKinnon,"Infield, M.; Namara, A.","Community attitudes and behaviour towards conservation: an assessment of a community conservation programme around Lake Mburo National Park, Uganda",https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3008.2001.00151.x,2008,Lake Mburo,Park (National),Uganda,UGA,X,X,2,1983,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,,,,,,,,,"Environmental, Material living standards, Economic living standards, Governance & empowerment",,VALUES,Attitudes towards conservation,"Wildlife conservation, access to resources, waste of land, fencing, benefits to people, PA designation","Surveys, rapid rural appraisal, interviews","Yes, assessment over a 7 year period",Suitable,Negative,Local population,"Comparison over the 7-year duration of the programme, however, did not show that communi- ties were generally more positive towards conservation.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
389,McKinnon,"Allendorf, T.; Swe, K.K.; Oo, T.; Htut, T.; Aung, M.; Aung, M.; Allendorf, K.; Hayek, L.; Leimgruber, P.; and Wemmer, C.",Community attitudes toward three protected areas in Upper Myanmar (Burma),https://doi.org/10.1017/S0376892906003389,2006,Alaungdaw Kathapa,Park (National),Myanmar,MMR,X,X,2,1890,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,,,,,,,,"Environmental, Material living standards, Economic living standards, Education, Security & safety, Governance & empowerment",,VALUES,Perceptions of conservation,"Attitude, beliefs, perceptions, socio-economic variables",Open-ended surveys,"Yes, comparative techniques",Suitable,Positive,Local population,Many residents living around these PAs in Myanmar have generally positive attitudes. Logistic regression indicated a positive attitude toward the PAs was most highly correlated with a perception of conservation benefits and benefits resulting from management of the areas.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
390,McKinnon,"Tessema, M. E.; Lilieholm, R. J.; Ashenafi, Z. T.; Leader-Williams, N.",Community attitudes toward wildlife and protected areas in Ethiopia,http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08941920903177867,2010,Abijata-Shalla Lakes,Park (National),Ethiopia,ETH,,X,1,NA,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,,,,1,,,,,"Material living standards, Economic living standards",,VALUES,Perceptions of conservation,"Coexistence with wildlife, economic & ecological values, benefits from PA, existence of PA","Focus groups, surveys ",No,Suitable,Positive,Local population,"despite local tensions, most respondents held positive views toward wildlife and nearby PAs. Factors influencing positive views included receiving PA benefits, good relations with PA staff, higher education levels, being older, having a large family, diversified income sources, owning fewer livestock, and fewer incidents of wildlife conflicts.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
391,McKinnon,"Tessema, M. E.; Lilieholm, R. J.; Ashenafi, Z. T.; Leader-Williams, N.",Community attitudes toward wildlife and protected areas in Ethiopia,http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08941920903177867,2010,Awash,Park (National),Ethiopia,ETH,,X,1,NA,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,,,,1,,,,,"Material living standards, Economic living standards",,VALUES,Perceptions of conservation,"Coexistence with wildlife, economic & ecological values, benefits from PA, existence of PA","Focus groups, surveys ",No,Suitable,Positive,Local population,"despite local tensions, most respondents held positive views toward wildlife and nearby PAs. Factors influencing positive views included receiving PA benefits, good relations with PA staff, higher education levels, being older, having a large family, diversified income sources, owning fewer livestock, and fewer incidents of wildlife conflicts.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
392,McKinnon,"Tessema, M. E.; Lilieholm, R. J.; Ashenafi, Z. T.; Leader-Williams, N.",Community attitudes toward wildlife and protected areas in Ethiopia,http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08941920903177867,2010,Bale Mountains,Park (National),Ethiopia,ETH,,X,1,NA,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,,,,1,,,,,"Material living standards, Economic living standards",,VALUES,Perceptions of conservation,"Coexistence with wildlife, economic & ecological values, benefits from PA, existence of PA","Focus groups, surveys ",No,Suitable,Positive,Local population,"despite local tensions, most respondents held positive views toward wildlife and nearby PAs. Factors influencing positive views included receiving PA benefits, good relations with PA staff, higher education levels, being older, having a large family, diversified income sources, owning fewer livestock, and fewer incidents of wildlife conflicts.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
393,McKinnon,"Tessema, M. E.; Lilieholm, R. J.; Ashenafi, Z. T.; Leader-Williams, N.",Community attitudes toward wildlife and protected areas in Ethiopia,http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08941920903177867,2010,Senkelle Swayne’s Hartebeest,Sanctuary,Ethiopia,ETH,,X,1,NA,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,,,,1,,,,,"Material living standards, Economic living standards",,VALUES,Perceptions of conservation,"Coexistence with wildlife, economic & ecological values, benefits from PA, existence of PA","Focus groups, surveys ",No,Suitable,Positive,Local population,"despite local tensions, most respondents held positive views toward wildlife and nearby PAs. Factors influencing positive views included receiving PA benefits, good relations with PA staff, higher education levels, being older, having a large family, diversified income sources, owning fewer livestock, and fewer incidents of wildlife conflicts.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
394,McKinnon,"Chowdhury, M. S. H.; Koike, M.; Rana, P.; Muhammed, N.",Community development through collaborative management of protected areas: Evidence from Bangladesh with a case of Rema-Kalenga Wildlife Sanctuary,https://doi.org/10.1080/13504509.2012.755480,2013,Rema-Kalenga,Wildlife Sanctuary,Bangladesh,BGD,,X,1,1996,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,,,,1,,,,"Material living standards, Economic living standards, Education, Social relations",,GQL,Livelihoods improvement,"Human capital, physical capital, natural capital, financial capital, social capital",Interviews,No,Partially suitable,Positive,Local population,Informants reported a satisfactory level of socio-economic development in the community since the initiation of the new management strategy. Two activities included in the collaborative management strategy- the provision of training for alternative income generating (AIG) activities and the allotment of available vacant lands for agriculture- significantly increased the community’s annual income.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
396,McKinnon,"Camargo, C.; Maldonado, J. H.; Alvarado, E.; Moreno-Sanchez, R.; Mendoza, S.; Manrique, N.; Mogollon, A.; Osorio, J. D.; Grajales, A.; Sanchez, J. A.",Community involvement in management for maintaining coral reef resilience and biodiversity in southern Caribbean marine protected areas,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-008-9555-5,2009,Rosario and San Bernardo Corals,Natural Park (National),Colombia,COL,X,X,2,1977,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,,,,,,,,,"Environmental, Economic living standards, Governance & empowerment",,NATURE,Management effectiveness,"biophysical, socioeconomic and governance indicators","Biophysical surveys, visual surveys, sampling, photo sequences, participative rural diagnostic, interviews, econmic valuation, economic games",No,Suitable,Negative,"Nature, Local population","Currently, the MPA is a reef with low coral cover and high algae cover as well as large dead coral areas, which are generally signs of highly degraded reef habitats.",GQL,Management effectiveness,"biophysical, socioeconomic and governance indicators","Biophysical surveys, visual surveys, sampling, photo sequences, participative rural diagnostic, interviews, econmic valuation, economic games",No,Suitable,Negative,"Nature, Local population",Social and governance indicators showed low-income levels and few opportunities for communities living in and around the park,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
400,McKinnon,"Vodouhe, F. G.; Coulibaly, O.; Adegbidi, A.; Sinsin, B.",Community perception of biodiversity conservation within protected areas in Benin,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2010.06.008,2010,Pendjari,Park (National),Benin,BEN,,x,1,NA,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,,,,,,,,,attitudes/perceptions,,VALUES,Perception of conservation,participants' perception towards biodiversity conservation and park management,Surveys,"Yes, historical memory of people",Suitable,Divergent,Villagers,"Although 89% of participants were favorable to the concept of biodiversity conservation within the park, the decision to ban encroachments due to agricultural activities increased negative opinion on this park management option.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
401,McKinnon,"Morrison, K.M.","Community Perceptions of Forests, Conservation and Livelihoods in La Tigra National Park, Honduras",http://dx.doi.org/10.11575/PRISM/25364,2013,La Tigra,Park (National),Honduras,HND,X,X,2,NA,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,,,,,,,,,"Environmental, Material living standards, Economic living standards, Governance & empowerment",,VALUES,Benefits from the park,"Economic benefits, extraction benefits, ecosystem services, esthetic benefits, conservation values",Interviews,"Yes, historical memory of people",Partially Suitable,Positive,Local population,All people interviewed also recognised benefits of the forest.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
402,McKinnon,"Ferreira, M. N. E.; Freire, N. C.","Community perceptions of four protected areas in the Northern portion of the Cerrado hotspot, Brazil",https://doi.org/10.1017/S0376892909990166,2009,Arvores Fossilizadas,Natural Monument,Brazil,BRA,,X,1,NA,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,,,,,1,,,1,"Social relations, Subjective well-being",,VALUES,Perception of conservation,"Beliefs, values and interactions between local communities and Tocantins state PAs",Interviews,"Yes, historical memory of people",Suitable,Neutral,Villagers,"Residents’ perceptions of PAs in Tocantins state were generally positive or neutral, despite modest community engagement in PA management and related benefits, and the persistence of conflicts regarding natural resources exploitation and settlements inside PAs",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
403,McKinnon,"Ferreira, M. N. E.; Freire, N. C.","Community perceptions of four protected areas in the Northern portion of the Cerrado hotspot, Brazil",https://doi.org/10.1017/S0376892909990166,2009,Cantao,Park (State),Brazil,BRA,,X,1,NA,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,,,,,1,,,1,"Social relations, Subjective well-being",,VALUES,Perception of conservation,"Beliefs, values and interactions between local communities and Tocantins state PAs",Interviews,"Yes, historical memory of people",Suitable,Neutral,Villagers,"Residents’ perceptions of PAs in Tocantins state were generally positive or neutral, despite modest community engagement in PA management and related benefits, and the persistence of conflicts regarding natural resources exploitation and settlements inside PAs",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
404,McKinnon,"Ferreira, M. N. E.; Freire, N. C.","Community perceptions of four protected areas in the Northern portion of the Cerrado hotspot, Brazil",https://doi.org/10.1017/S0376892909990166,2009,Jalapao,Park (State),Brazil,BRA,,X,1,NA,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,,,,,1,,,1,"Social relations, Subjective well-being",,VALUES,Perception of conservation,"Beliefs, values and interactions between local communities and Tocantins state PAs",Interviews,"Yes, historical memory of people",Suitable,Neutral,Villagers,"Residents’ perceptions of PAs in Tocantins state were generally positive or neutral, despite modest community engagement in PA management and related benefits, and the persistence of conflicts regarding natural resources exploitation and settlements inside PAs",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
405,McKinnon,"Ferreira, M. N. E.; Freire, N. C.","Community perceptions of four protected areas in the Northern portion of the Cerrado hotspot, Brazil",https://doi.org/10.1017/S0376892909990166,2009,Lajeado,Park (State),Brazil,BRA,,X,1,NA,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,,,,,1,,,1,"Social relations, Subjective well-being",,VALUES,Perception of conservation,"Beliefs, values and interactions between local communities and Tocantins state PAs",Interviews,"Yes, historical memory of people",Suitable,Neutral,Villagers,"Residents’ perceptions of PAs in Tocantins state were generally positive or neutral, despite modest community engagement in PA management and related benefits, and the persistence of conflicts regarding natural resources exploitation and settlements inside PAs",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
406,McKinnon,"Ite, U. E.","Community perceptions of the Cross River National Park, Nigeria",https://doi.org/10.1017/S0376892900039217,1996,Cross River ,Park (National),Nigeria,NGA,,X,1,,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,,,,,,,,,Economic living standards,,VALUES,Perception and support for conservation,"Geographical location, accessibility & transport, distance, development priorities, acceptance of the park, clan affiliation","Rapid rural appraisal, household questionnaires, focus groups, interviews","Yes, historical memory of people",Suitable,Negative,"Indigeous people, local population","in spite of a high level of community awareness of the need to conserve the forests of the study area, there is a low level of local support for the CRNP forest conservation initiative.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
408,McKinnon,"Weladji, R. B.; Tchamba, M. N.","Conflict between people and protected areas within the B_nou_ Wildlife Conservation Area, North Cameroon",https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605303000140,2003,Benoue,Park (National),Cameroon,CMR,,X,1,1968,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,,,,,,,,"Economic living standards, Security & safety",,NCP,Conflict with wildlife,"Crops grown and their yields, crop types, acreage, damage caused to each crop and the species of wildlife responsible, protection measures adopted and suggested measures of reducing losses, livestock type and number, number killed by wildlife and the species responsible, and current market prices.",Questionnaire surveys,"Yes, historical memory of people",Suitable,Negative,Local population,"Crop damage aCected 86% of the surveyed households, with 31% of crop income lost on average, and with the damage varying significantly between communities",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
410,McKinnon,"Ogutu, Z. A.",Conflicts over resources: Saiwa Swamp National Park (Kenya) and its environs,https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006844031893,1997,Saiwa Swamp,Park (National),Kenya,KEN,X,X,2,NA,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,,,,1,,,1,"Environmental, Material living standards, Economic living standards, Social relations, wildlife/conflict",,NCP,Conflicts,"Poaching, Catchment activities (agricultural inputs, waste disposal, earth extraction, reclamation of wetlands), crop damage by wildlife, transfer of livestock deseases by wildlife, loss of land to the park ",Survey,"Yes, historical memory of people",Partially suitable,Negative,Local population,"The conflicts centre on poaching of park resources and destruction of park ecology on the one hand and, the spread of diseases, crop damage by wildlife and loss of land by adjacent households on the other. The conflicts are primarily due to socio-economic con- straints in park-adjacent areas following government policies which are irresponsive to the livelihood needs of the local community.",NATURE,Conflicts,"Poaching, Catchment activities (agricultural inputs, waste disposal, earth extraction, reclamation of wetlands), crop damage by wildlife, transfer of livestock deseases by wildlife, loss of land to the park ",Survey,"Yes, historical memory of people",Partially suitable,Negative,Local population,"The conflicts centre on poaching of park resources and destruction of park ecology on the one hand and, the spread of diseases, crop damage by wildlife and loss of land by adjacent households on the other. The conflicts are primarily due to socio-economic con- straints in park-adjacent areas following government policies which are irresponsive to the livelihood needs of the local community.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
411,McKinnon,"King, B. H.",Conservation and community in the new South Africa: A case study of the Mahushe Shongwe Game Reserve,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2006.08.001,2007,Mahushe Shongwe,Game Reserve,South Africa,ZAF,X,X,2,NA,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,,,,,,,,"Environmental, Material living standards, Economic living standards",,GQL,Livelihoods,Access to environmental and economic resources,"participant observation, semi-structured interviews, structured survey",No,Partially suitable,Positive,Community members,community members identify a number of beneWts from its existence including education and development opportunities,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
412,McKinnon,"Byaruhanga, M.B.",Conservation and Development: Bwindi Impenetrable National Park,https://ntnuopen.ntnu.no/ntnu-xmlui/bitstream/handle/11250/265238/124619_FULLTEXT01.pdf?sequence=1,2008,Bwindi,Park (National),Uganda,UGA,,X,1,1991,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,1,,,,1,,,1,"Material living standards, Economic living standards, Social relations, Governance & empowerment",,GQL,Conflicts,"Problems with animals, loss of land, revenue sharing, harvesting resources from forest, illegal use of national park","Interviews, questionnaire, observation, life story, document analysis","Yes, use of a multimethod approach",Suitable,Negative,Local population,"there have been benefits accruing from participation delivered through the work of conservation organizations. Despite the benefits, people still feel they deserve more than they are at present getting from the national park.",INSTITUTIONS,Benefits from conservation,"Business development, innitiation of projects, education, transport, health services, employment","Interviews, questionnaire, observation, life story, document analysis","Yes, use of a multimethod approach",Suitable,Positive,Local population,"Generally this research found out that when community conservation is well implemented with the involvement of local communities, it provides benefits to those communities through tourism, minimises conflict and ends up making the people own the projects targeting wildlife conservation.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
414,McKinnon,Baird,Conservation and unscripted development: Proximity to park associated with development and financial diversity,http://hdl.handle.net/10919/25864,2014,Tarangire,Park (National),"Tanzania, United Republic Of",TZA,,X,1,1970,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,,,,,,,,"Economic living standards, Education",IE STUDY (met impact-evaluation critieria but removed because only single site),ANTHRO ASSETS,Development in idigenous communities,effect of proximity to TNP on community and household outcomes,Interviews,"Yes, comparative approach",Suitable,Positive,Indigenous people,"Results from semistructured interviews show that, compared with distant communities, communities near TNP have developed more extensive education and water infrastructure in the past decade by procuring financial support from a greater diversity of external organizations, including wildlife-related organizations.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
415,McKinnon,"Baird, T. D.; Leslie, P. W.",Conservation as disturbance: Upheaval and livelihood diversification near Tarangire,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2013.05.002,2013,Tarangire,Park (National),"Tanzania, United Republic Of",TZA,,X,1,1970,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,,,,,,,,"Material living standards, Economic living standards",,GQL,Livelihood diversification,"Income, livelihood diversification","Group interviews, surveys, ","Yes, historical memory of people",Suitable,Negative,Local population,"results indicate that proximity to park is strongly correlated with livelihood diversification, suggesting that households near the park are adapting to opportunities and constraints and may be seeking to reduce variance in income and wealth in response to disturbances and uncertainty associated with the park",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
416,McKinnon,"Rugendyke, B.; Son, N. T.","Conservation costs: Nature-based tourism as development at Cue Phuong national park, Vietnam",https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8373.2005.00265.x,2005,Cue Phuong,Park (National),Viet Nam,VNM,,X,1,1962,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,,,,,,,,"Material living standards, Security & safety, Governance & empowerment, Subjective well-being",,GQL,Benefits from tourism,"Quality of life, involvement in torusim",Interviews,"Yes, comparison between resetled people and people continuing living in the park",Suitable,Negative,Indigenous people,"Resettled villagers are unable to survive on agricultural activity alone, tourism has done little to provide an alternate livelihood and the park environment is still threatened by the use of park resources by resettled communities in their struggle to survive.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
417,McKinnon,"Oonyu, J. C.","Conservation education and the attitudes of local communities living adjacent to Mt. elgon national park, Uganda",https://doi.org/10.1080/15330150903269258,2009,Mt Elgon,Forest Reserve and Park (National),Uganda,UGA,,X,1,1993,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,,,1,,,,,,"Economic living standards, Education",,VALUES,Attitudes towards conservation,"Positive, negative attitudes",Survey,No,Partially suitable,Positive,Local population,more than three-quarters had favorable attitudes toward the conservation of the Park’s forest and wildlife resource,INSTITUTIONS,Benefits from park,"Direct values, indirect values, non-use values",Survey,No,Partially suitable,Positive,Local population,The major benefits reported by the local people from these conservation edu- cation programs were increased environmen- tal awareness and acquisition of conservation skills,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
420,McKinnon,"Maikhuri, R. K.; Nautiyal, S.; Rao, K. S.; Saxena, K. G.","Conservation policy-people conflicts: A case study from Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve (a World Heritage Site), India",https://doi.org/10.1016/S1389-9341(01)00037-5,2001,Nanda Devi,Biosphere Reserve,India,IND,X,X,2,NA,2,0,0,0,0,0,1,,,1,,,,,,"Environmental, Economic living standards",,VALUES,Attitude towards conservation & development,NA,"Surveys, analysis of archival recors",No,Not suitable,Negative,Local population,The majority of respondents Ž75%. had a nega- tive attitude,NATURE,Perceptions on impacts,NA,"Surveys, analysis of archival recors",No,Not suitable,Positive,Nature,All respondents opined that wildlife population had significantly increased as a result of exclusion of humans from the core zone,na,Loss of income,"Crop yields, income from plants, income from tourism","Surveys, analysis of archival recors",No,No,Negative,Local population,"Monetary loss due to damage to buckwheat, potato and wheat by wildlife was much higher than that to amaranth and beans.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Not sure 3rd outcome is relevant, unless it's the effect of the PA n crop yields?"
421,McKinnon,"Torri, M.C.","Conservation, Relocation and the Social Consequences of Conservation Policies in Protected Areas: Case Study of the Sariska Tiger Reserve, India",DOI: 10.4103/0972-4923.79190,2011,Sariska Tiger,Reserve,India,IND,,X,1,NA,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,,,,1,,,,"Economic living standards, Social relations, Security & safety, Governance & empowerment, Culture/Spiritual Values",,GQL,Consequences of relocation,"Reduction of rights of access and use, lack of social services",Interviews ,"Yes, historical memory of people",Partially suitable,Negative,Villagers,"local people have had little influence on the relocation process, and hardly any say on the limitations of access and use of resources linked to the constitution of this protected area.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
422,McKinnon,"McLean, J.; Str_de, S.","Conservation, relocation, and the paradigms of park and people management - A case study of Padampur Villages and the Royal Chitwan National Park, Nepal",https://doi.org/10.1080/08941920309146,2003,Royal Chitwan,Park (National),Nepal,NPL,,X,1,1973,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,,,,,1,,,,"Economic living standards, Social relations, Governance & empowerment",,VALUES,Consequences of resetlement,"social, cultural, and economic changes resulting from relocation","Interview, ethnographic methods, participant observation, life stories, photography, village census","Yes, historical memory of people",Not suitable,Positive,Local population,"local people have had little influence on the relocation process and park planning; however, positive attitudes toward nature conservation and the RCNP were expressed",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
427,McKinnon,"Shoo, R. A.; Songorwa, A. N.","Contribution of eco-tourism to nature conservation and improvement of livelihoods around Amani nature reserve, Tanzania",https://doi.org/10.1080/14724049.2013.818679,2013,Amani,Nature Reserve,"Tanzania, United Republic Of",TZA,,X,1,,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,,,1,,,,,Economic living standards,,GQL,Improvement of ecotoursim to local livelihoods,"eco-tourism, socio-economic, and demo- graphic data such as income, occupation, education, household size, perceptions and attitudes towards eco-tourism","structured questionnaire, Participatory Rural Appraisal and interviews",No,Suitable,Positive,Local residents,"over Tanzanian Shillings (TAS) 12million (≈ US$10,000; US$ 1 1⁄4 TAS 1300 in November 2007) are generated by ANR annually as revenue from eco-tourism. On average, eco-tourism contributes 9.6% of total annual household income but only 22.7% of the households earn income from eco-tourism. ",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
428,McKinnon,"Kalaba, F. K.; Quinn, C. H.; Dougill, A. J.",Contribution of forest provisioning ecosystem services to rural livelihoods in the Miombo woodlands of Zambia,https://doi.org/10.1007/s11111-013-0189-5,2013,Katanino Joint,Joint Forest Reserve,Zambia,ZMB,,X,1,NA,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,,,1,,,,,"Economic living standards, Governance & empowerment",,GQL,Contribution of provisioning services to livelihoods,,Structured questionnaires,No,Partially,Positive,Villagers,"Poorer households received a lower mean annual income from forests than did their intermediate and wealthy counterparts, but in relative terms, forest income made the greatest con- tribution to the total household incomes of poor households.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
429,McKinnon,"Kalaba, F. K.; Quinn, C. H.; Dougill, A. J.",Contribution of forest provisioning ecosystem services to rural livelihoods in the Miombo woodlands of Zambia,https://doi.org/10.1007/s11111-013-0189-5,2013,Mwekera,Forest Reserve,Zambia,ZMB,,X,1,NA,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,,,1,,,,,"Economic living standards, Governance & empowerment",,GQL,Contribution of provisioning services to livelihoods,,Structured questionnaires,No,Partially,Positive,Villagers,"Poorer households received a lower mean annual income from forests than did their intermediate and wealthy counterparts, but in relative terms, forest income made the greatest con- tribution to the total household incomes of poor households.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
430,McKinnon,"Dinh, T. S.; Ogata, K.; Yabe, M.","Contribution of Forest Resources to Local People's Income: A Case Study in Cat Tien Biosphere Reserve, Vietnam",ISSN: 00236152,2010,Cat Tien,Biosphere Reserve,Viet Nam,VNM,,X,1,,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,,,,,,,,Economic living standards,,NCP,Use of forest resources,"socio–economic profile, education status, occupations, forest resource use, agriculture products, traditional social life and cultivation practice",Questionnaire survey,No,Partially suitable,Negative,"Local population, Nature",Local people in the surveyed area have been overusing forest resources for both subsistence and cash income,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
432,McKinnon,"Xu, J.; L_, Y.; Chen, L.; Liu, Y.",Contribution of tourism development to protected area management: Local stakeholder perspectives,https://doi.org/10.1080/13504500902757189,2009,Wolong,Nature Reserve,China,CHN,X,X,2,1980,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,,,,,,,,"Environmental, Economic living standards",,GQL,Tourism benefits,"Income, occupational distribution",Interviews,No,Suitable,Divergent,Budiness owners,"compared to permanent operators, temporary operators provide less employment opportunities because most of them are small business owners who do not provide employment opportunities to others",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
433,McKinnon,"Sekhar, NU","Crop and livestock depredation caused by wild animals in protected areas: the case of Sariska Tiger Reserve, Rajasthan, India",https://doi.org/10.1006/jema.2002.0587,1998,Sariska Tiger,Reserve,India,IND,X,X,2,1988,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,,,,,,,,"Environmental, Material living standards, Culture/Spiritual Values",,NCP,Lossess related to crop damage and livestock depredation,Yield,In-site measures of yield,"Yes, use of pairing method",Suitable,Negative,Local villagers,Losses from areas near to forest contributed to more than 50% of total losses for each crop in all villages. The projected total value of crop yield losses due to wildlife damage for buffer zone villages located in Garhwal Himalaya is about Rs. 5 38 620 (US$ 15 389),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
435,McKinnon,"Chhangani, A. K.; Robbins, P.; Mohnot, S. M.","Crop Raiding and Livestock Predation at Kumbhalgarh Wildlife Sanctuary, Rajasthan India",https://doi.org/10.1080/10871200802282922,2008,Kumbhalgarh,Wildlife Sanctuary,India,IND,X,X,2,NA,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,,,,,,,,,"Environmental, Economic living standards",,NATURE,Conservation outcomes for species adapted to raiding and predation,NA,"Interviews, participant observation, presence of wild vertebrates",No,Partially Suitable,Divergent,Nature,Species that have succeeded under the current conservation regime are the most frequent raiders and predators while declining species cannot and do not avail themselves of domesticated resources,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
436,McKinnon,"Lam, L. M.",Cultural perspectives of land and livelihoods: A case study of Shuklaphanta Wildlife Reserve in far-Western Nepal,DOI: 10.4103/0972-4923.92146,2011,Shuklaphanta,Wildlife Reserve,Nepal,NPL,,X,1,1976,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,,1,,,,,,,"Material living standards, Security & safety, Subjective well-being",,GQL,Displacement effects,"Nostalgia, homesikness","household surveys, participant observations and in-depth interviews","Yes, historical memory of people",Suitable,Negative,Local population,"a strong sense of nostalgia and homesickness is evident in this community. Displaced Ranas continue to idealise their old abode as ‘paradise on Earth’ while experiencing their new home as only promoting poverty, helplessness and danger.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
439,McKinnon,"Garrard, R.; Kohler, T.; Wiesmann, U.; Price, M. F.; Byers, A. C.; Sherpa, A. R.","Depicting community perspectives: Repeat photography and participatory research as tools for assessing environmental services in Sagarmatha National Park, Nepal",https://doi.org/10.1553/eco.mont-4-2s21,2012,Sagarmatha,Park (National),Nepal,NPL,X,,1,1979,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,,,,,,,Environmental,,NCP,Perception of change of ES,"Provisionin services, regulating services, cultural services perception",Repeat photography,No,Partially Suitable,Divergent,Local people,"Interviewees in all VDCs outlined negative changes in regulating services (protection from landslides and flooding) and provisioning services (firewood.) Changes in cultural services (aesthetic landscape) and provisioning services (building timber) were seen positively, if of value for tourism, or negatively, if at odds with local values",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
440,McKinnon,"Ansong, M.; Rskaft, E.","Determinants of attitudes of primary stakeholders towards forest conservation management: a case study of Subri Forest Reserve, Ghana",http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21513732.2011.613411,2011,Subri,Forest Reserve,Ghana,GHA,,,0,NA,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,1,1,,,,,,,,VALUES,Attitudes towards conservation,"Bequest value of the forest, utility value of the forest, intrinsic value attitude",Interviews with structured questionnaires,No,Partially Suitable,Positive,Household heads,primary stakeholders have positive attitudes towards forest management and this was not dependent on the location of the community,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
457,McKinnon,"Spiteri, A.; Nepal, S. K.","Distributing conservation incentives in the buffer zone of Chitwan National Park, Nepal",https://doi.org/10.1017/S0376892908004451,2008,Royal Chitwan,Park (National),Nepal,NPL,,X,1,1996,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,,,,,,,,"Economic living standards, Security & safety, Subjective well-being",,GQL,Benefits from incentive-based programs,benefits received by their household and their community from the protection of natural resources an development projects,Structured interview questionnaires,No,Partially,Divergent,Local people,"While benefits under IBPs are recognized by the residents, villages distant from the main tourist entry points to the park where costs associated with conservation are highest recognize few benefits.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
467,McKinnon,"Karki, S. T.","Do protected areas and conservation incentives contribute to sustainable livelihoods? A case study of Bardia National Park, Nepal",https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.06.054,2013,Royal Bardia,Park (National),Nepal,NPL,,X,1,1982,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,,,1,,,,,"Material living standards, Economic living standards, Education",,GQL,Impacts to sustainable livelihoods,"Human, financial, physical, natural and social capital",Community workshop,"Yes, historical memory of people",Partialy suitable,Divergent,Villagers,"Different impacts on household livelihoods were observed between the villages. It was found that these impacts were dependent on household characteristi, access to prior capital, and the social position of the household within society.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
469,McKinnon,"Cardozo, M.",Economic displacement and local attitude towards protected area establishment in the Peruvian Amazon,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2011.04.008,2011,Allpahuayo-Mishana,Reserve (National),Peru,PER,,X,1,2000,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,,,1,1,,,,Economic living standards,,VALUES,Attitudes towards conservation,"household demographics, livelihoods (with emphasis on commercial activities), land use extent and location, land tenure, access to family and community labor, access to markets and transportation, past and current relationship with external agencies and access to funding, and attitude towards the reserve.",Semi-structured interviews,,Suitable,Negative,Households outside the reserve,"household head attitude towards the reserve is primarily associated with loss or gain of resource use rights. With the reserve’s establishment, only those who lived within the reserve were allowed to continue using previously shared resources, while the access of neighboring communities, now in the buffer zone, was banned from most of the reserve.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
470,McKinnon,"Ikeda, N.","Economic impacts of livestock depredation by snow leopard Uncia uncia in the Kanchenjunga Conservation Area, Nepal Himalaya",https://doi.org/10.1017/S0376892904001778,2004,Kanchenjunga,Conservation Area,Nepal,NPL,,X,1,1997,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,1,,,,,,,,"Economic living standards, Security & safety",,GQL,Economic damage of wildlife,"Valuation of damages caused by depredation, estimation of annual cash income, ","Interviews, field measurements","Yes, historical memory of people",Suitable,Neutral,Herders,"As yet, the average annual damage does not appear to have adversely affected fundamental livelihoods in households with an average herd size (36.6 head). However, in the worst scenario of livestock depredation, households with medium or small-sized herds (<40 head) might risk their living conditions becoming unsustainable or having to withdraw from yak pastoralism",VALUES,Views on conservation,Attitudes of herders towards conservation,Interviews,"Yes, historical memory of people",Suitable,Negative,Herders,"the majority of the herders, except those who took completely neutral attitudes towards the regional conservation and development programme, had negative views of the snow leopard conservation policy",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
471,McKinnon,"Kremen, C, Niles, J-O, Dalton, MG, Daily, GC, Ehrlich, PR, Fay, JP, Grewal, D and Guillery, RP",Economic incentives for rainforest conservation across scales,dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.288.5472.1828,2000,Masoala,Park (National) and Integrated Conservation and Development Program,Madagascar,MDG,X,X,2,NA,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,,,1,,,,,"Environmental, Material living standards, Economic living standards",,GQL,Cost-benefit of conservation incentives,Net Present Values based on market values and shadow prices,Cost-benefit analysis,No,Partially Suitable,Indeterminate,Not stated,"Conservation generated significant benefits over logging and agriculture locally and globally. Nationally, however, financial benefits from industrial logging were larger than conservation benefits",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
474,McKinnon,"Salum, L. A.","Ecotourism and biodiversity conservation in Jozani-Chwaka Bay National Park, Zanzibar",https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2028.2008.01065.x,2009,Jozani-Chwaka Bay,Park (National),"Tanzania, United Republic Of",TZA,X,X,2,NA,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,,,,,,,,"Environmental, Economic living standards, Governance & empowerment",,GQL,Benefits from ecotourism,"Salary, wages, income, market for local consumption, social services",Questionnaires,No,Partially Suitable,Divergent,Local residents,"Findings also show that the benefits from ecotourism do not reach individual households, but the community as whole, in form of various social services",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
475,McKinnon,"Ormsby, A.; Mannle, K.","Ecotourism benefits and the role of local guides at Masoala National Park, Madagascar",https://doi.org/10.1080/09669580608669059,2006,Masoala,Park (National),Madagascar,MDG,,X,1,1997,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,,,,,,,,,"Economic living standards, Governance & empowerment",,VALUES,Resident attitudes towards park,NA,"Semi-structured individual interviews, focus groups","Yes, historical memory of people",Partially Suitable,Divergent,"Local residents, restaurant and hotel owners","Actual or potential benefits received from the park, including ecotourism revenues, were found to influence the positive and negative perceptions of Masoala National Park held by residents living in the park periphery",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
482,McKinnon,"Spiteri, A.; Nepal, S. K.",Evaluating local benefits from conservation in Nepal's Annapurna Conservation Area,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-008-9130-6,2008,Annapurna,Conservation Area,Nepal,NPL,X,X,2,1989,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,,,1,,,,,"Environmental, Material living standards, Economic living standards",,GQL,Perceptions of incentive based programs,benefits from the protection of natural resources and conservation-related development activities,Structured interviews,No,Partially suitable,Indeterminate,Villagers,"benefits have been dispersed equally to households in villages on and off the main tourist route, and regardless of a household’s participation in tourism. However, benefits are not effectively targeted to poorer residents",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
483,McKinnon,"Garces, L. R.; Pido, M. D.; Tupper, M. H.; Silvestre, G. T.","Evaluating the management effectiveness of three marine protected areas in the Calamianes Islands, Palawan Province, Philippines: Process, selected results and their implications for planning and management",https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2012.07.014,2013,Bintuan-Sangat,Marine Park,Philippines,PHL,X,,1,2004,2,0,1,0,1,0,0,1,1,1,1,1,,,,Environmental,,NATURE,Biophysical efficiency,"focal species abundance, habitat distribution and complexity, type, level, and return on fishing effort.","Participatory workshops, interviews",No,Suitable,Divergent,Nature,The results indicate: (1) a general increase in abundance of all fish inside and outside; (2) an increase in target fish species from 2004/2006 to 2008; and (3) no apparent change in the abundance of reef health indicator fish,GQL,Economic status and perception,"Local marine resource use patterns, Level of understanding of human impacts, Perceptions of local resource harvest, Perceptions of non-market and non-use value, Household income distribution by source, Number and nature of markets, Distribution of formal knowledge to community, Changes in conditions of ancestral and historical sites, features, and/or monuments","Participatory workshops, interviews",No,Suitable,Divergent,Fishers,"The people’s perception about the general decline in fish catch was corroborated with the scientific findings concerning decline in fish biomass. The people’s perception about the general decrease in fish abundance, however, did not match up with scientific findings about increase in fish density",INSTITUTIONS,Governance,"Level of resource conflict, Existence of a decision-making and management body, Existence and adoption of a management plan, Local understanding of MPA rules and regulations, Existence and adequacy of enabling legislation, Availability and allocation of MPA administration resources, Degree of interaction between managers and stakeholders, Clearly defined enforcement procedures, Degree of information dissemination to encourage stakeholders compliance","Participatory workshops, interviews",No,Suitable,Fishers,Positive,Evaluation ratings for the six governance indicators were largely positive. Only three indicators were rated as negative or indeterminate.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
484,McKinnon,"Garces, L. R.; Pido, M. D.; Tupper, M. H.; Silvestre, G. T.","Evaluating the management effectiveness of three marine protected areas in the Calamianes Islands, Palawan Province, Philippines: Process, selected results and their implications for planning and management",https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2012.07.014,2013,Bugor-Sand Island,Marine Protected Area,Philippines,PHL,X,,1,2005,2,0,1,0,1,0,0,1,1,1,1,1,,,,Environmental,,NATURE,Biophysical efficiency,"focal species abundance, habitat distribution and complexity, type, level, and return on fishing effort.","Participatory workshops, interviews",No,Suitable,Divergent,Nature,The results indicate: (1) a general increase in abundance of all fish inside and outside; (2) an increase in target fish species from 2004/2006 to 2008; and (3) no apparent change in the abundance of reef health indicator fish,GQL,Economic status and perception,"Local marine resource use patterns, Level of understanding of human impacts, Perceptions of local resource harvest, Perceptions of non-market and non-use value, Household income distribution by source, Number and nature of markets, Distribution of formal knowledge to community, Changes in conditions of ancestral and historical sites, features, and/or monuments","Participatory workshops, interviews",No,Suitable,Divergent,Fishers,"The people’s perception about the general decline in fish catch was corroborated with the scientific findings concerning decline in fish biomass. The people’s perception about the general decrease in fish abundance, however, did not match up with scientific findings about increase in fish density",INSTITUTIONS,Governance,"Level of resource conflict, Existence of a decision-making and management body, Existence and adoption of a management plan, Local understanding of MPA rules and regulations, Existence and adequacy of enabling legislation, Availability and allocation of MPA administration resources, Degree of interaction between managers and stakeholders, Clearly defined enforcement procedures, Degree of information dissemination to encourage stakeholders compliance","Participatory workshops, interviews",No,Suitable,Fishers,Positive,Evaluation ratings for the six governance indicators were largely positive. Only three indicators were rated as negative or indeterminate.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
485,McKinnon,"Garces, L. R.; Pido, M. D.; Tupper, M. H.; Silvestre, G. T.","Evaluating the management effectiveness of three marine protected areas in the Calamianes Islands, Palawan Province, Philippines: Process, selected results and their implications for planning and management",https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2012.07.014,2013,Sagrada-Bogtong,Marine Reserve,Philippines,PHL,X,,1,2006,2,0,1,0,1,0,0,1,1,1,1,1,,,,Environmental,,NATURE,Biophysical efficiency,"focal species abundance, habitat distribution and complexity, type, level, and return on fishing effort.","Participatory workshops, interviews",No,Suitable,Indeterminate,Nature,The results indicate: (1) a general increase in abundance of all fish inside and outside; (2) an increase in target fish species from 2004/2006 to 2008; and (3) no apparent change in the abundance of reef health indicator fish,GQL,Economic status and perception,"Local marine resource use patterns, Level of understanding of human impacts, Perceptions of local resource harvest, Perceptions of non-market and non-use value, Household income distribution by source, Number and nature of markets, Distribution of formal knowledge to community, Changes in conditions of ancestral and historical sites, features, and/or monuments","Participatory workshops, interviews",No,Suitable,Divergent,Fishers,"The people’s perception about the general decline in fish catch was corroborated with the scientific findings concerning decline in fish biomass. The people’s perception about the general decrease in fish abundance, however, did not match up with scientific findings about increase in fish density",INSTITUTIONS,Governance,"Level of resource conflict, Existence of a decision-making and management body, Existence and adoption of a management plan, Local understanding of MPA rules and regulations, Existence and adequacy of enabling legislation, Availability and allocation of MPA administration resources, Degree of interaction between managers and stakeholders, Clearly defined enforcement procedures, Degree of information dissemination to encourage stakeholders compliance","Participatory workshops, interviews",No,Suitable,Fishers,Positive,Evaluation ratings for the six governance indicators were largely positive. Only three indicators were rated as negative or indeterminate.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
487,McKinnon,"Ite, U.; Adams, W.","Expectations, impacts and attitudes: Conservation and development in Cross River National Park, Nigeria",https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1328(200004)12:3<325::AID-JID655>3.0.CO;2-X,2000,Cross River ,Park (National),Nigeria,NGA,,X,1,NA,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,,,,,,,,"Economic living standards, Health, Education",,GQL,Attitudes towards park and conservation,NA,NA,No,Not Suitable,Negative,Local people,"Two-thirds of all respondents (66 per cent) felt that the Park had caused disadvantage to their households, chie¯y because of impacts on resource use patterns and choices. Eighty per cent of those reporting disadvantage maintained that the project had reduced the area of agricultural land available ",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
492,McKinnon,"Wang, S. W.; Lassoie, J. P.; Curtis, P. D.","Farmer attitudes towards conservation in Jigme Singye Wangchuck National Park, Bhutan",https://doi.org/10.1017/S0376892906002931,2006,Jigme Singye Wangchuck,Park (National),Bhutan,BTN,,,0,NA,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,,,,,,,,,,,VALUES,Attitudes towards park and conservation,"demographics, education, employment, resource extraction including non-timber forest products, land holdings, agricultural production,  livestock ownership, resource-use patterns and attitudes.",Interviews,No,Partially suitable,Negative,Local people,The majority of respondents (52.2%) had a negative attitude towards the Park and its conservation policies represented by the FNCA of 1995,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
493,McKinnon,"Dolisca, F.; McDaniel, J. M.; Teeter, L. D.",Farmers' perceptions towards forests: A case study from Haiti,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2006.07.001,2007,Foret des Pins,Reserve,Haiti,HTI,X,X,2,1937,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,1,,1,,,,,,"Environmental, Material living standards, Economic living standards, Education, Social relations, Governance & empowerment",,GQL,economic status of local people ,"Income from farm households was computed by adding incomes from crops, livestock, and off-farm wages.",Interviews,No,Suitable,Positive,Farmers,"The results suggest that farmers most value economic and environmental objectives, such as tourism and tree planting activities, in promoting forestry programs inside the Reserve.",VALUES,environmental status of local people,"attitudes to the environment, crop inputoutput data, perception of forests",Interviews,No,Partially,Positive,Farmers,"The results suggest that farmers most value economic and environmental objectives, such as tourism and tree planting activities, in promoting forestry programs inside the Reserve.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
495,McKinnon,"Barley Kincaid, K., Rose, G. and Mahudi, H.","Fisher's perception of a multiple-use marine protected area: Why communities and gear users differ at Mafia Island, Tanzania",https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2013.06.005,2014,Mafia Island,Marine Park,"Tanzania, United Republic Of",TZA,,X,1,1991,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,,,,,,,,,Subjective well-being,,VALUES,Perception of MPA,"Management regulations, fish changes over time, perceived increased catches, attitudes to coservation, gear use, involvment and support",Interviews,"Yes, historical memory of people",Suitable,Positive,Local fishers,"94% of fishers believed that without the MIMP, there would be overfishing, dynamite use, destroyed habitats, and few fish. Fishers were more positive about core zones (no-take fishery closures) than general use zones (areas allowing selective fishing) as a consequence of increases in fishing pressure.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
497,McKinnon,"Dimech, M.; Darmanin, M.; Philip Smith, I.; Kaiser, M. J.; Schembri, P. J.",Fishers' perception of a 35-year old exclusive Fisheries Management Zone,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2009.06.019,2009,Maltese,Fisheries Management Zone,Malta,MLT,,X,1,,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,,,1,,,,,Subjective well-being,,GQL,Fishers perception of management zone,"Demographic characteristics, economic situation (costs and revenue), fishers’ activity and behaviour, perception of the Fisheries Management Zone",Questionnaire,"Yes, historical memory of people",Suitable,Negative,Local fishers,"That the establishment of the FMZ has had an overall negative impact on their fishing activity and that the zone is not important for the protection of local fish stocks. Most fishers from all backgrounds said that the zone does not benefit commercial fishers, but benefits mainly recreational fishers.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
499,McKinnon,"Nagendra, H.; Pareeth, S.; Sharma, B.; Schweik, C. M.; Adhikari, K. R.","Forest fragmentation and regrowth in an institutional mosaic of community, government and private ownership in Nepal",https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-007-9162-y,2008,Chitwan,Park (National),Nepal,NPL,X,X,2,1973,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,,,,,,,,,"Environmental, Economic living standards, Governance & empowerment",,NATURE,Forest change,"Forest status, land cover change","Use of landsat images, maping, ","Yes, comparing different types of management regimes in the same site",Suitable,Divergent,Nature,The Park Periphery exhibited the highest proportion of degraded forest and deforestation. Community-based institutions are capable of halting or even reversing trends in deforestation and forest fragmentation.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
501,McKinnon,"Nagendra, H.; Pareeth, S.; Sharma, B.; Schweik, C. M.; Adhikari, K. R.","Forest fragmentation and regrowth in an institutional mosaic of community, government and private ownership in Nepal",https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-007-9162-y,2008,Parsa,Wildlife Reserve,Nepal,NPL,X,X,2,1984,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,,,,,,,,,"Environmental, Economic living standards, Governance & empowerment",,NATURE,Forest change,"Forest status, land cover change","Use of landsat images, maping, ","Yes, comparing different types of management regimes in the same site",Suitable,Divergent,Nature,The Park Periphery exhibited the highest proportion of degraded forest and deforestation. Community-based institutions are capable of halting or even reversing trends in deforestation and forest fragmentation.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
503,McKinnon,"Kamanga, P.; Vedeld, P.; Sjaastad, E.","Forest incomes and rural livelihoods in Chiradzulu District, Malawi",dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2008.08.018,2009,Chiradzulu,Mountain Reserve,Malawi,MWI,,X,1,NA,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,,,1,,,,,"Material living standards, Economic living standards",,GQL,Income,All reported incomes,"Survey, market values, shadow prices",No,Partially,Positive,Local people,"Forest resources have an important income equalizing effect across rural households. A particular group of resource poor farmers (8.1% of sample), with little access to agricultural land and a high representation of female heads, derives an average of 65% of their income from the forest.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
504,McKinnon,"McSweeney, K.",Forest product sale as natural insurance: The effects of household characteristics and the nature of shock in Eastern Honduras,https://doi.org/10.1080/08941920490247245,2004,Tawahka Asangni,Biosphere Reserve,Honduras,HND,,X,1,NA,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,,,1,,,,,Economic living standards,,NCP,Forest product sale as natural insurance,"Cash needs and investments, household production, wealth, shoks",Interviews,No,Partially,Indeterminate,Indigenous people,"Households sell forest products to pay for crop shortfalls and illness, but that loans from kin are a more common way to weather calamity. Young households with few liquidatable assets and little land are the most likely to sell forest products to self-insure.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
508,McKinnon,"Kari, S.; Korhonen-Kurki, K.","Framing local outcomes of biodiversity conservation through ecosystem services: A case study from Ranomafana, Madagascar",https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2012.12.003,2013,Ranomafana,Park (National),Madagascar,MDG,,X,1,1991,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,,,,,1,,Material living standards,,NCP,Local perceptions of ecosystem service flows,"provisioning, regulating, cultural and supporting services.",Semi-structured interviews,No,Partially,Divergent,Local people,"The findings indicate the presence of trade- offs between types of ecosystem services and between different societal goals, namely conservation and development. Benefit trade-offs also occur within and between beneficiary groups and across spatial and temporal scales. Although conservation might prove beneficial for local people in the long run, its immediate local costs are high. ",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
509,McKinnon,"Herrold-Menzies, M",From Adversary to Partner: The Evolving Role of Caohai Nature Reserve in the Lives of Reserve Residents,https://doi.org/10.1080/02255189.2006.9669119,2006,Caohai,Nature Reserve,China,CHN,,X,1,1985,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,,,,,1,,,1,"Economic living standards, Social relations, Governance & empowerment",,GQL,Conflict,Not stated,Interviews,"Yes, historical memory of people",Suitable,Negative,Local people,"Initially, the establishment of the reserve, which criminalized much localjishing, hunting, and land clearing, led to violent conflicts between reserve managers and local people. ",INSTITUTIONS,Poverty,Not stated,Interviews,"Yes, historical memory of people",Partially suitable,Positive,Local people,"Following the introduction of NGO-sponsored community developmentprograms, the reserve has become the most conspicuous purveyor of social services that state-sponsored poverty alleviation programshavefailed toprovide",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
512,McKinnon,"Joshi, R.",Gujjar Community Rehabilitation from Rajaji National Park: Moving Towards an Integrated Approach for Asian Elephant (Elephas maximus) Conservation,https://doi.org/10.1080/09709274.2009.11906240,2012,Rajaji,Park (National),India,IND,,X,1,NA,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,,,,,,,,,"Education, Security & safety, Subjective well-being",,NATURE,Tiguer and elephant conservation,,"Field surveys, observation","Yes, before and after surveys",Suitable,Positive,Nature,The unidsturbed conditions created as a result from the resettlement have increased the population of elephants and tiguers living in the area,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
514,McKinnon,"Snyman, S.","Household spending patterns and flow of ecotourism income into communities around Liwonde National Park, Malawi",https://doi.org/10.1080/0376835X.2013.832149,2013,Liwonde,Park (National),Malawi,MWI,,X,1,NA,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,,,,,,,,"Material living standards, Economic living standards, Social relations",,GQL,Impact of ecotourism employment on poverty reduction,"Demographics, social welfare/living standards, education, employment patterns, income and expenditures, and attitudes towards tourism and conservation.",Structured interviews,No,Partially,Positive,Community members,Comparisons of household income and social welfare highlight the important role of ecotourism employment in lifting people in these rural villages above the poverty line. Household spending patterns illustrate the flow of income from ecotourism into the local economy and the important impact of this on local socio-economic development,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
515,McKinnon,"Sarker, Ahmr; Roskaft, E.",Human attitudes towards the conservation of protected areas: a case study from four protected areas in Bangladesh,https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605310001067,2011,Chunati,Wildlife Sanctuary,Bangladesh,BGD,,X,1,NA,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,,,,1,,,,,"Economic living standards, Social relations",,VALUES,Perception of conservation,"Socio-demographic variables, how people perceive benefits and problems of protected areas, their opinions about the conservation of these areas",Interviews,"Yes, historical memory of people",Partially,Negative,Indigenous tribal people,Respondents were generally reluctant to embrace conservation and their attitude towards the conservation of protected areas depended on a set of demographic and socio-economic factors.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
516,McKinnon,"Sarker, Ahmr; Roskaft, E.",Human attitudes towards the conservation of protected areas: a case study from four protected areas in Bangladesh,https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605310001067,2011,Dulahazara Safari Park,Forest reserve (adjacent to),Bangladesh,BGD,,X,1,NA,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,,,,1,,,,,"Economic living standards, Social relations",,VALUES,Perception of conservation,"Socio-demographic variables, how people perceive benefits and problems of protected areas, their opinions about the conservation of these areas",Interviews,"Yes, historical memory of people",Partially,Negative,Indigenous tribal people,Respondents were generally reluctant to embrace conservation and their attitude towards the conservation of protected areas depended on a set of demographic and socio-economic factors.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
517,McKinnon,"Sarker, Ahmr; Roskaft, E.",Human attitudes towards the conservation of protected areas: a case study from four protected areas in Bangladesh,https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605310001067,2011,Teknaf,Game Reserve,Bangladesh,BGD,,X,1,NA,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,,,,1,,,,,"Economic living standards, Social relations",,VALUES,Perception of conservation,"Socio-demographic variables, how people perceive benefits and problems of protected areas, their opinions about the conservation of these areas",Interviews,"Yes, historical memory of people",Partially,Negative,Indigenous tribal people,Respondents were generally reluctant to embrace conservation and their attitude towards the conservation of protected areas depended on a set of demographic and socio-economic factors.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
530,McKinnon,"Bajracharya, S.B.;, Furley, P.A.; and Newton, A.C.","Impacts of community-based conservation on local communities in the Annapurna Conservation Area, Nepal.",https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-005-1343-x,2006,Annapurna,Conservation Area,Nepal,NPL,,X,1,NA,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,1,,,,,,,,"Material living standards, Economic living standards, Governance & empowerment",,NCP,Socio-economic impacts,Perceived costs and benefits to local communities,"Survey methods, participatory methods, interview, questionnaire, likert scale",No,Partially,Divergent,Local people,"Results indicate that local com- munities have received a number of benefits from conservation, including improvements in access to forest resources, improved basic infrastructure such as drinking water, trails and bridges, and improvements in health, sanitation and social services. However, relatively few people (14.9%) within ACA receive direct financial income from tourism. Local communities also experience a number of costs of being involved in conservation, the most significant of which is increased crop damage by wildlife.",ANTHRO ASSETS,Socio-economic impacts,Perceived costs and benefits to local communities,"Survey methods, participatory methods, interview, questionnaire, likert scale",No,Partially,Divergent,Local people,"Results indicate that local com- munities have received a number of benefits from conservation, including improvements in access to forest resources, improved basic infrastructure such as drinking water, trails and bridges, and improvements in health, sanitation and social services. However, relatively few people (14.9%) within ACA receive direct financial income from tourism. Local communities also experience a number of costs of being involved in conservation, the most significant of which is increased crop damage by wildlife.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
533,McKinnon,"Kaswamila, A.; Russell, S.; McGibbon, M.",Impacts of wildlife on household food security and income in Northeastern Tanzania,https://doi.org/10.1080/10871200701670003,2007,Lake Manyara,Park (National),"Tanzania, United Republic Of",TZA,,X,1,NA,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,,,,,,,,"Material living standards, Economic living standards, Security & safety",,NCP,Household food security; Income,"Household socioeconomic characteristics, duration of stay in the village (years), average crop prices, main economic activities, types of human–wildlife conflicts, ways to mitigate HWC, types of common wild pests, and specific crops mostly affected by wild pests.","Interviews, archive information","Yes, historical memory of people",Suitable,Negative,Local people,"Crop destruction by wildlife influenced both household food security and cash income. Crop damage to households was, on average, 0.08 ton/annum, equivalent to two months household loss of food",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
534,McKinnon,"Kaswamila, A.; Russell, S.; McGibbon, M.",Impacts of wildlife on household food security and income in Northeastern Tanzania,https://doi.org/10.1080/10871200701670003,2007,Mkomazi,Game Reserve,"Tanzania, United Republic Of",TZA,,X,1,NA,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,,,,,,,,"Material living standards, Economic living standards, Security & safety",,NCP,Household food security; Income,"Household socioeconomic characteristics, duration of stay in the village (years), average crop prices, main economic activities, types of human–wildlife conflicts, ways to mitigate HWC, types of common wild pests, and specific crops mostly affected by wild pests.","Interviews, archive information","Yes, historical memory of people",Suitable,Negative,Local people,"Crop destruction by wildlife influenced both household food security and cash income. Crop damage to households was, on average, 0.08 ton/annum, equivalent to two months household loss of food",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
535,McKinnon,"Korhonen, K, Rahkonen, O and Hemminki, E","Implications of integrated nature conservation for human reproductive health: a case study from Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar",https://doi.org/10.1080/0376835042000288815,2004,Ranomafana,Park (National),Madagascar,MDG,,X,1,1991,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,,,,,,,,,"Health, Education",,GQL,Human reproductive health,"Age of sexual activity and first child, use of contraceptives, fertility rates, prenatal care, mortality rates","Semi-structured interviews, focus groups, observation","Yes, a comparative approach taken",Suitable,Positive,Local population (woman),The study concludes that the impact of the ICDP on human reproductive health was modest,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
537,McKinnon,"Schmitt, J.A.","Improving conservation efforts in the Serengeti ecosystem, Tanzania: An examination of knowledge, benefits, costs, and attitudes",http://hdl.handle.net/11299/59496,2010,Serengeti,Park (National),"Tanzania, United Republic Of",TZA,,X,1,NA,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,,,,,,,,,"Material living standards, Economic living standards, Education",,VALUES,Costs from PAs,"Demographics, income, livelihood, human wildlife interactions, attitudes and knowledge about protected areas, and the benefits and problems associated with protected areas",Surveys,"Yes, historical memory of people",Partially,Negative,,Costs of human-wildlife conflict are widespread,VALUES,Benefits from PAs,"Demographics, income, livelihood, human wildlife interactions, attitudes and knowledge about protected areas, and the benefits and problems associated with protected areas",Surveys,"Yes, historical memory of people",Partially,Negative,,Less than half of the population reported receiving benefits from conservation and the benefits local people report receiving are ineffective at changing behavior,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
539,McKinnon,"Farrelly, T. A.","Indigenous and democratic decision-making: issues from community-based ecotourism in the Bouma _ National Heritage Park, Fiji",https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2011.553390,2011,Bouma National,Heritage Park (National),Fiji,FJI,,X,1,1990,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,,,,,1,,,,"Governance & empowerment, Culture/Spiritual Values",,INSTITUTIONS,Political empowerment,"Political empowerment, value of attending to informal institutions, decision making","Ethnographic fieldwork, participant observation","Yes, historical memory of people",Suitable,Negative,Local population,Introduced democratic decision-making systems may not contribute to political empower- ment in CBEM and can cause difficult situations,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,Good paper concerning alternative decision making processes
540,McKinnon,"Milgroom, J and Spierenburg, M","Induced volition: Resettlement from the Limpopo National Park, Mozambique",https://doi.org/10.1080/02589000802482021,2008,Limpopo,Park (National),Mozambique,MOZ,,X,1,2001,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,,,,,,,,,"Material living standards, Social relations, Governance & empowerment",,INSTITUTIONS,Relocation,Not stated,"Participant observation, interviews","Yes, historical memory of people",Suitable,Negative,Local population,The dynamics of the regional political economy of conservation led to the adoption of a park model and instigated a resettlement process,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
541,McKinnon,"Walmsley, S. F.; White, A. T.","Influence of social, management and enforcement factors on the long-term ecological effects of marine sanctuaries",https://doi.org/10.1017/S0376892903000407,2003,Apo Island,Marine Sanctuaries at,Philippines,PHL,X,,1,,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,,,,,,,,,Environmental,,NATURE,Ecological effects,"Substract cover, fish abundance","Snorkelling surveys, fish census","Yes, measured across time",Suitable,Positive,Nature,"Over time, all sanctuaries showed improvements, or maintenance of, ecological vari- ables compared with pre-enforcement times, with maintenance of hard coral cover and average increases of 8.3% in fish species richness and 54.9% in fish abundance.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
542,McKinnon,"Walmsley, S. F.; White, A. T.","Influence of social, management and enforcement factors on the long-term ecological effects of marine sanctuaries",https://doi.org/10.1017/S0376892903000407,2003,Balicasag Island,Marine Sanctuaries at,Philippines,PHL,X,,1,,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,,,,,,,,,Environmental,,NATURE,Ecological effects,"Substract cover, fish abundance","Snorkelling surveys, fish census","Yes, measured across time",Suitable,Positive,Nature,"Over time, all sanctuaries showed improvements, or maintenance of, ecological vari- ables compared with pre-enforcement times, with maintenance of hard coral cover and average increases of 8.3% in fish species richness and 54.9% in fish abundance.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
543,McKinnon,"Walmsley, S. F.; White, A. T.","Influence of social, management and enforcement factors on the long-term ecological effects of marine sanctuaries",https://doi.org/10.1017/S0376892903000407,2003,Pamilacan Island,Marine Sanctuaries at,Philippines,PHL,X,,1,,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,,,,,,,,,Environmental,,NATURE,Ecological effects,"Substract cover, fish abundance","Snorkelling surveys, fish census","Yes, measured across time",Suitable,Positive,Nature,"Over time, all sanctuaries showed improvements, or maintenance of, ecological vari- ables compared with pre-enforcement times, with maintenance of hard coral cover and average increases of 8.3% in fish species richness and 54.9% in fish abundance.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
544,McKinnon,"Walmsley, S. F.; White, A. T.","Influence of social, management and enforcement factors on the long-term ecological effects of marine sanctuaries",https://doi.org/10.1017/S0376892903000407,2003,Sumilon Island,Marine Sanctuaries at,Philippines,PHL,X,,1,,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,,,,,,,,,Environmental,,NATURE,Ecological effects,"Substract cover, fish abundance","Snorkelling surveys, fish census","Yes, measured across time",Suitable,Positive,Nature,"Over time, all sanctuaries showed improvements, or maintenance of, ecological vari- ables compared with pre-enforcement times, with maintenance of hard coral cover and average increases of 8.3% in fish species richness and 54.9% in fish abundance.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
546,McKinnon,"Mukherjee, A.; Borad, C. K.","Integrated approach towards conservation of Gir National Park: The last refuge of Asiatic Lions, India",https://doi.org/10.1023/B:BIOC.0000040009.75090.8c,2004,Gir,Park (National),India,IND,X,X,2,,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,,,,1,,,,,"Environmental, Social relations, Governance & empowerment",,VALUES,Perception towards the forest conservation,Is conservation needed,Questionnaire,"Yes, hisotrical memory of respondents",Not suitable,Divergent,Local people,"The study revealed that the concept of conservation is well supported. However, the sense of insecurity due to resettlement and limitation in using the forest is a major hindrance towards proper protection of forest.",NCP,Benefits realized by the people from the forest,Benefits derived from the forest,Questionnaire,"Yes, hisotrical memory of respondents",Partially,Indeterminate,Local people,"Except for the low-income group, the actual dependence on the forest is not significant.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
547,McKinnon,"D'Agnes, L.; D'Agnes, H.; Schwartz, J. B.; Amarillo, M. L.; Castro, J.",Integrated management of coastal resoures and human health yields added value: a comparative study in Palawan (Philippines),https://doi.org/10.1017/S0376892910000779,2010,Busuanga,Coastal Resource Management at,Philippines,PHL,X,X,2,NA,2,0,1,0,0,0,0,,,1,,,,,,"Environmental, Economic living standards, Health",,NATURE,Improvements in coastal resource management,The condition of coral reefs and mangroves and their associated fish and benthic communities,Biophysical surveys,"Yes, before and after assessment",Suitable,Positive,Nature,Improvements in coral and mangrove conditions are attributed to the effects of protective management by collaborating peoples’ organizations.,GQL,Human reproductive health,,Household surveys,"Yes, before and after assessment",Suitable,Positive,Local people,a significant decrease in the average number of children born to women in the study area.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
548,McKinnon,"D'Agnes, L.; D'Agnes, H.; Schwartz, J. B.; Amarillo, M. L.; Castro, J.",Integrated management of coastal resoures and human health yields added value: a comparative study in Palawan (Philippines),https://doi.org/10.1017/S0376892910000779,2010,Culion,Coastal Resource Management at,Philippines,PHL,X,X,2,NA,2,0,1,0,0,0,0,,,1,,,,,,"Environmental, Economic living standards, Health",,NATURE,Improvements in coastal resource management,The condition of coral reefs and mangroves and their associated fish and benthic communities,Biophysical surveys,"Yes, before and after assessment",Suitable,Positive,Nature,Improvements in coral and mangrove conditions are attributed to the effects of protective management by collaborating peoples’ organizations.,GQL,Human reproductive health,,Household surveys,"Yes, before and after assessment",Suitable,Positive,Local people,a significant decrease in the average number of children born to women in the study area.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
549,McKinnon,"D'Agnes, L.; D'Agnes, H.; Schwartz, J. B.; Amarillo, M. L.; Castro, J.",Integrated management of coastal resoures and human health yields added value: a comparative study in Palawan (Philippines),https://doi.org/10.1017/S0376892910000779,2010,Cuyo,Coastal Resource Management at,Philippines,PHL,X,X,2,NA,2,0,1,0,0,0,0,,,1,,,,,,"Environmental, Economic living standards, Health",,NATURE,Improvements in coastal resource management,The condition of coral reefs and mangroves and their associated fish and benthic communities,Biophysical surveys,"Yes, before and after assessment",Suitable,Positive,Nature,Improvements in coral and mangrove conditions are attributed to the effects of protective management by collaborating peoples’ organizations.,GQL,Human reproductive health,,Household surveys,"Yes, before and after assessment",Suitable,Positive,Local people,a significant decrease in the average number of children born to women in the study area.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
561,McKinnon,"Luoga, E. J.; Witkowski, E. T. F.; Balkwill, K.",Land cover and use changes in relation to the institutional framework and tenure of land and resources in eastern Tanzania Miombo woodlands,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-003-4013-8,2005,Kitulanghalo,Forest Reserve,"Tanzania, United Republic Of",TZA,X,X,2,1955,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,,,,,,,,,"Environmental, Material living standards, Governance & empowerment",,NATURE,Land cover,Land cover and land use changes,"Participatory rural appraisal, structured and semi-structured interviews, potographs and landsat images","Yes, before and after assessment",Suitable,Negative,Nature,"woodlands declined by 50% between 1964 and 1996, bushlands and croplands increased by 599%",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
563,McKinnon,"Naughton-Treves, L, Alix-Garcia, J and Chapman, CA","Lessons about parks and poverty from a decade of forest loss and economic growth around Kibale National Park, Uganda",https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1013332108,2011,Kibale,Park (National),Uganda,UGA,X,X,2,1993,2,0,1,0,0,0,0,,,1,1,,,,,"Environmental, Material living standards, Economic living standards",IE STUDY (met impact-evaluation critieria but removed because only single site),NATURE,Biodiversity loss; Deforestation,Tree species; Forest use and cover change,"Satelite image analysis, field transects, pannel data on economic assets","Yes, matching methods",Partially,Positive,Nature,"KNP generally maintained forest cover, tree spe- cies, and primate populations, whereas neighboring communal for- est patches were reduced by half and showed substantial declines",GQL,Poverty,"Drinking water, durable roofs, ownership of cattle, goats and woodlots, use of laborers, land abandonment","Satelite image analysis, field transects, pannel data on economic assets","Yes, matching methods",Partially,Positive,Villagers,"Panel data for 252 households show substantial improve- ment in welfare indicators (e.g., safer water, more durable roof material), with the greatest increases found among those with highest initial assets.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
564,McKinnon,"Hartter, J.; Goldman, A. C.","Life on the edge: Balancing biodiversity, conservation, and sustaining rural livelihoods around Kibale National Park, Uganda",https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1949-8535.2009.tb00060.x,2009,Kibale,Park (National),Uganda,UGA,X,X,2,1932,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,,,,,,,,,"Environmental, Material living standards, Social relations, Subjective well-being",,VALUES,Attitudes towards the park,"Household problems with wildilife, support and harm of the park to the family, permanence of the park",Surveys. semi-structured interviews,No,Partially,Positive,Villagers,Positive attitudes in the east and west and mostly indifferent attitudes in the north toward Kibale,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
568,McKinnon,"Nepal, S.; Spiteri, A.",Linking livelihoods and conservation: An examination of local residents' perceived linkages between conservation and livelihood benefits around Nepal's Chitwan National Park,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-011-9631-6,2011,Royal Chitwan,Park (National),Nepal,NPL,,X,1,1973,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,1,,,,,,,,"Economic living standards, Social relations, Security & safety",,VALUES,Perceived benefits from park,"Perception of benefits, perception of linkages between conservation and livelihoods, ",Qustionnaire survey,No,Suitalbe,Positive,Villagers,"Research results indicate that as acknowl- edgement of benefit increases, so does the perception of linkage between the resource and livelihoods.",VALUES,Attitudes towards park management,Attitudes towards park management,Questionnaire survey,No,Partially,Divergent,Villagers,"overwhelming positive support voiced for conservation did not coincide with conduct. In spite of the positive attitudes and high perception of linkage, people did not necessarily behave in a way compatible with conservation.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
569,McKinnon,"Mbile, P.; Vabi, M.; Meboka, M.; Okon, D.; Arrey-Mbo, J.; Nkongho, F.; Ebong, E.",Linking management and livelihood in environmental conservation: Case of the Korup National Park Cameroon,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2005.01.009,2005,Korup,Park (National),Cameroon,CMR,,X,1,1937,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,,,,,1,,,,"Material living standards, Governance & empowerment",,GQL,Community livelihoods,"Perception of ownership, relationship to the park, wildlife harvesting ranks and description, ","GIS assisted participatory mapping, semi-structured interviews, ",No,Partially,Indeterminate,Community members,Results indicate that the successful management of a Park like Korup may well depend on the involvement of the local communities,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
570,McKinnon,"Leclercq, B.",Links Between Conservation/Development Projects and International Conventions and Programs : The Southeastern Rainforest of Madagascar,http://hdl.handle.net/1951/55518,2010,Midongy-Befotaka,Park (National),Madagascar,MDG,X,X,2,NA,1,0,2,0,0,1,1,1,,,,,,,,"Environmental, Material living standards, Economic living standards, Education, Social relations",,GQL,Education,"Literacy, level of education, access to media","Surveys, maps","Yes, use of protected area and surounding areas",Suitalbe,Positive,Villagers,"Positive results were obtained from the very first year. Under the project, a complete educational cycle, including instruction in how to read, write and count, took approximately five months",DRIVERS,Agriculture,"Agrucultural activities, agricultural practices, market value, food scarcity period, ","Surveys, maps","Yes, use of protected area and surounding areas",Suitalbe,Negative,Villagers,"The increase in production was also supported by an expansion of lands used for cultivation. Numerous households were targeted by this expansion, which increased each household‘s land by a small amount.",GQL,Health,"Living conditions, Hygiene conditions, desease rates, water treatment, waste management","Surveys, maps","Yes, use of protected area and surounding areas",Suitalbe,Positive,Villagers,The table clearly shows that indicators related to health improved. The major diseases were reduced over the four-year period.,VALUES,Conservation values,"Support to conservation, deforestation, efficiency index, advantages and disadvantages of the park","Surveys, maps","Yes, use of protected area and surounding areas",Suitalbe,Positive,Nature,"The most positive impacts were realized in terms of local people‘s awareness of the Park. Thanks to the educational methods used, and to environmental education messages to conserve the Park, the necessity to protect the Park was accepted by the villagers. These positive impacts were supported by other indicators, such as the decrease observed in the practice of tavy. ",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Change AM from positive to negative because ""agricultural land conversion"" is a bad thing as far as conservation is concerned (BCK)"
572,McKinnon,"Chen, H.; Shivakoti, G.; Zhu, T.; Maddox, D.",Livelihood sustainability and community based co-management of forest resources in China: Changes and improvement,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-011-9775-4,2012,Gansu Baishuijiang,Natural Reserve (National),China,CHN,X,X,2,1978,1,0,2,1,1,0,0,2,,1,,,,,,"Environmental, Material living standards, Economic living standards, Health, Education, Social relations, Subjective well-being",,GQL,Financial capital,"Household income, Household expenditure",Questionnaire,"Yes, use of before and after information",Suitable,Positive,Community commitees ,"Mean total household income increased significantly from 2006 to 2010, primarily driven by increases in farming income and work outside the village (Fig. 2). However, the income of non-timber forest products decreased from 56 US$/Yr in 2006 to 14 US$/Yr in 2010",GQL,Human capital,"Skill and knowledge, Membership in the CBCM, Leadership Committee Health status",Questionnaire,"Yes, use of before and after information",Suitable,Community Comiteees,Positive,"Health status improved to some degree, but it is not significant. The leadership indicator also increased. This was mainly due to the establishment and development of CBCM committee.",NATURE,Natural capital,"Perception of state of biodiversity conservation, Perception of the state of forest health, Necessary for forest protection, Activities of forest protection",Questionnaire,"Yes, use of before and after information",Suitable,Community Comiteees,Positive,"Local residents perceptive biodiversity conservation to be significantly better in 2010, compared to 2006",ANTHRO ASSETS,Physical capital,"Household Fixed assets, Household durable goods, Household energy structure",Questionnaire,"Yes, use of before and after information",Suitable,Community Comiteees,Positive,"Virtually all measures of physical capital increased between 2006 and 2010, including large items such as tractors and faming vehicles, smaller household durable goods (e.g., washing machines, refrigerators) and energy use (e.g., electricity).",INSTITUTIONS,Social capital,"Community membership, Social network, Participated in CBCM projects, Family decisions made by",Questionnaire,"Yes, use of before and after information",Suitable,Community Comiteees,Positive,Between 2006 and 2010 there were significant increases in community membership and social networks (Fig. 6). CBCM projects provided greater opportunities for social interaction and for local community residents to commu- nicate with each other.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
573,McKinnon,"Amoah, M.; Wiafe, E.D.",Livelihoods of fringe communities and the impacts on the management of conservation area: The case of Kakum National Park in Ghana,https://doi.org/10.1505/146554812800923381,2012,Kakum,Park (National),Ghana,GHA,,X,1,1992,1,1,1,0,0,0,0,1,,,,,,,,"Material living standards, Economic living standards, Social relations",,GQL,Livelihood support strategies,"Level of socio-ecological tourism activities, building of social-capital within the community",Semi-structured interview,No,Partially,Indeterminate,Local people ,The results showed that about 17% of the household leaders were unemployed.,NCP,Non-timber forest product collection,"Frequency of entry to the park, level of processing and market outlents of NTFPs, respondents attitudes regarding forest use and conservation, respondents perceptions, respondents attitudes towards conservation","Questionnaire, likert scale",No,Partially,Negative,Nature,"In spite of restrictions, majority (88.4%) of the household members enter the national park for NTFP collection.  The respondents believed that once the resources are in abundance they must be exploited to meet their socio-economic needs, suggesting the nexus between illegal entry to conservation area and unsustainable exploitation of forest resources",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
574,McKinnon,"Walpole, M. J.; Goodwin, H. J.","Local attitudes towards conservation and tourism around Komodo National Park, Indonesia",https://www.jstor.org/stable/44519885,2001,Komodo,Park (National),Indonesia,IDN,,X,1,,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,1,1,,1,,,,,Economic living standards,,VALUES,Attitudes towards tourism,"Contact with tourism, involvment in tourism industry, attitudes towards conservation and tourism",Structured questionnaire,No,Partially,Positive,Local people ,Results revealed positive attitudes towards tourism and high supoort to conservation (93.7%),NCP,Benefits from tourism,"Distribution of costs and benefits of torism, cultural impacts of tourism",Structured questionnaire,No,Partially,Negative,Local people,Local people recognized distributional inequalities in torusim benefits,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
576,McKinnon,"Macura, B.; Zorondo-Rodrguez, F.; Grau-Satorras, M.; Demps, K.; Laval, M.; Garcia, C. A.; Reyes-Garca, V.","Local community attitudes toward forests outside protected areas in India. Impact of legal awareness, trust, and participation",https://www.jstor.org/stable/26268928,2011,Nagarahole,Park (National),India,IND,,X,1,,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,,,,,,,,,Education,,VALUES,Attitudes towards state controlled forests,"Attitutudes towards controlled forests, wareness about forest right act, attitudes towards state forest department, participation in forest management groups",Structured questionnaire,No,Partially,Positive,Local population (with different tenure rights),Most of the respondents (89%) expressed a positive attitude toward reserved forest.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
577,McKinnon,"Macura, B.; Zorondo-Rodrguez, F.; Grau-Satorras, M.; Demps, K.; Laval, M.; Garcia, C. A.; Reyes-Garca, V.","Local community attitudes toward forests outside protected areas in India. Impact of legal awareness, trust, and participation",https://www.jstor.org/stable/26268928,2011,Rajiv,Park (National),India,IND,,X,1,,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,,,,,,,,,Education,,VALUES,Attitudes towards state controlled forests,"Attitutudes towards controlled forests, wareness about forest right act, attitudes towards state forest department, participation in forest management groups",Structured questionnaire,No,Partially,Positive,Local population (with different tenure rights),Most of the respondents (89%) expressed a positive attitude toward reserved forest.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
579,McKinnon,"Sekhar, N. U.","Local people's attitudes towards conservation and wildlife tourism around Sariska Tiger Reserve, India",http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2003.09.002,2003,Sariska Tiger,Reserve,India,IND,,X,1,1978,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,,,,1,,,,,Economic living standards,,VALUES,Attitudes towards tourism,"Attitudes towards tourism and conservation, ",Close-ended structured questionnaire,No,Partially,Positive,Local people,Two-thirds of the respondents were positive towards tourism and support for conservation,NCP,Benefits from tourism,"Dependency on STR resources, involvement and benefitsf form tourism",,No,Partially,Negative,Local people,"In general, the respondents (63%) were not happy with the unequal distribution of benefits from tourism",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
583,McKinnon,"Karanth, K. K.; Nepal, S. K.",Local residents perception of benefits and losses from protected areas in India and Nepal,dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00267-011-9778-1,2012,Kanha,Park (National),India,IND,,X,1,NA,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,,,,,,,,,"Material living standards, Economic living standards, Education, Security & safety, Subjective well-being",,VALUES,Perceptions of benefits and lossess from PA,"Views of protected area benefits and costs, their attitude toward conservation in general, and attitude toward protected area staff","Open-ended surveys, interviews",No,Partially,Positive,Local people,"Overall, local residents value the existence of the PAs despite incurring losses from crop and property damage and livestock predation.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
584,McKinnon,"Karanth, K. K.; Nepal, S. K.",Local residents perception of benefits and losses from protected areas in India and Nepal,dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00267-011-9778-1,2012,Nagarahole,Park (National),India,IND,,X,1,NA,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,,,,,,,,,"Material living standards, Economic living standards, Education, Security & safety, Subjective well-being",,VALUES,Perceptions of benefits and lossess from PA,"Views of protected area benefits and costs, their attitude toward conservation in general, and attitude toward protected area staff","Open-ended surveys, interviews",No,Partially,Positive,Local people,"Overall, local residents value the existence of the PAs despite incurring losses from crop and property damage and livestock predation.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
585,McKinnon,"Karanth, K. K.; Nepal, S. K.",Local residents perception of benefits and losses from protected areas in India and Nepal,dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00267-011-9778-1,2012,Ranthambore,Park (National),India,IND,,X,1,NA,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,,,,,,,,,"Material living standards, Economic living standards, Education, Security & safety, Subjective well-being",,VALUES,Perceptions of benefits and lossess from PA,"Views of protected area benefits and costs, their attitude toward conservation in general, and attitude toward protected area staff","Open-ended surveys, interviews",No,Partially,Positive,Local people,"Overall, local residents value the existence of the PAs despite incurring losses from crop and property damage and livestock predation.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
586,McKinnon,"Hartter, J.; Goldman, A.",Local responses to a forest park in western Uganda: Alternate narratives on fortress conservation,https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605310000141,2011,Kibale,Park (National),Uganda,UGA,,X,1,1993,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,,,,,,,,,"Material living standards, Economic living standards",,VALUES,Perceptions about NPA,"Benefits, harms, and permanence of the park",Semistructured interviews,No,Suitable,Positive,Local people,most people view Kibale National Park favourably,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
590,McKinnon,"Brown, P.","Marine Protected Areas, Co-Management and Livelihoods: Coastal Change in Vietnam",https://ses.library.usyd.edu.au/handle/2123/9505,2013,Cu Lao Cham,Marine Protected Area,Viet Nam,VNM,,X,1,NA,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,1,,,,,,,,"Material living standards, Economic living standards, Governance & empowerment",,INSTITUTIONS,Livelihoods,NA,"Ethnography, interviews, direct questioning",No,Partially,Negative,Local people,‘alternative livelihood programs’ aimed at stakeholders currently involved in destructive activities... are ineffective and largely rejected by local communities”,VALUES,Environmental values,NA,"Ethnography, interviews, direct questioning",No,Suitable,Negative,Local poeple,"Households are motivated by their own household financial goals in their livelihood decisions, not by the biodiversity conservation goals of MPAs.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
591,McKinnon,"Brown, P.","Marine Protected Areas, Co-Management and Livelihoods: Coastal Change in Vietnam",https://ses.library.usyd.edu.au/handle/2123/9505,2013,Trao Reef,Marine Reserve,Viet Nam,VNM,,X,1,NA,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,1,,,,,,,,"Material living standards, Economic living standards, Governance & empowerment",,INSTITUTIONS,Livelihoods,NA,"Ethnography, interviews, direct questioning",No,Partially,Negative,Local people,‘alternative livelihood programs’ aimed at stakeholders currently involved in destructive activities... are ineffective and largely rejected by local communities”,VALUES,Environmental values,NA,"Ethnography, interviews, direct questioning",No,Suitable,Negative,Local poeple,"Households are motivated by their own household financial goals in their livelihood decisions, not by the biodiversity conservation goals of MPAs.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
592,McKinnon,"Leisher, C., Mangubhai, S., Hess, S., Widodo, H., Soekirman, T., Tjoe, S., Wawiyai, S., Larsen, S. N., Rumetna, L., Halim, A. and Sanjayan, M.",Measuring the benefits and costs of community education and outreach in marine protected areas,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2012.02.022,2012,Cu Lao Cham,Marine Protected Area,Viet Nam,VNM,,X,1,NA,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,,,,,1,,,,Education,,INSTITUTIONS,Knowledge and attitudes towards conservation,knowledge and attitudes about marine environmental issues,Surveys,No,Not suitable,Positive,Local people,"This study demonstrates that investments in MPA education and outreach can generate increases in local knowledge and positive attitudes, and changing knowledge and attitudes is expected to contribute to the long-term compliance with MPA regulations.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
593,McKinnon,"Leisher, C., Mangubhai, S., Hess, S., Widodo, H., Soekirman, T., Tjoe, S., Wawiyai, S., Larsen, S. N., Rumetna, L., Halim, A. and Sanjayan, M.",Measuring the benefits and costs of community education and outreach in marine protected areas,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2012.02.022,2012,Trao Reef,Marine Reserve,Viet Nam,VNM,,X,1,NA,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,,,,,1,,,,Education,,INSTITUTIONS,Knowledge and attitudes towards conservation,knowledge and attitudes about marine environmental issues,Surveys,No,Not suitable,Positive,Local people,"This study demonstrates that investments in MPA education and outreach can generate increases in local knowledge and positive attitudes, and changing knowledge and attitudes is expected to contribute to the long-term compliance with MPA regulations.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
595,McKinnon,"Ambinakudige, S.","National parks, coffee and NTFPs: The livelihood capabilities of Adivasis in Kodagu, India",https://doi.org/10.2458/v18i1.21702,2011,Nagarahole,Park (National) / Adivasis,India,IND,,X,1,1973,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,,1,,,,,,,"Material living standards, Economic living standards, Governance & empowerment",,GQL,Livelihoods,Livelihood capabiities,"Interviews, archival study","Yes, before review and after field study",Partially,Negative,Indigenous peoples,Adivasis' traditional substance practices and their knowledge systems are eroding due to two main factors - the conservation of nature and the commodification of agriculture. ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
596,McKinnon,"De Boer, W. F.; Baquete, D. S.","Natural resource use, crop damage and attitudes of rural people in the vicinity of the Maputo Elephant Reserve, Mozambique",https://doi.org/10.1017/S0376892998000265,1998,Maputo Elephant,Reserve,Mozambique,MOZ,,X,1,1932,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,,,,,,,,,"Material living standards, Economic living standards",,VALUES,Perception of reserve,Relative value of natural resources related to peoples attitudes,"Interviews, questionnaires",No,Partially,Indeterminate,Local people,"The attitude towards the Reserve was correlated with crop damage experiences; people with crop damage caused by elephants, hippos or bushpigs, were more negative.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
597,McKinnon,"Thondhlana, G., Vedeld, P., Shackleton, S.","Natural resource use, income and dependence among San and Mier communities bordering Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park, southern Kalahari, South Africa",https://doi.org/10.1080/13504509.2012.708908,2012,Kgalagadi,Park (Transfrontier),South Africa,ZAF,,X,1,1931,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,,,,,,,,,"Material living standards, Economic living standards",,GQL,Livelihood dependance on PA,"Income accounts, direct-use values",Household surveys,No,Suitable,Indeterminate,Indigenous peoples and local communities,Restricting local people’s access to nat- ural resources (e.g. in the KTP and the resettlement farms) may have negative effects on their livelihoods.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
599,McKinnon,"Leisher, C.van Beukering, P.Scherl, L.M.",Nature's Investment Bank: How Marine Protected Areas contribute to poverty reduction,https://www.nature.org/media/science/mpa_report.pdf,2007,Navakavu,Marine Protected Area,Fiji,FJI,X,X,2,2002,0,0,2,0,1,0,0,1,1,,,1,,,,"Environmental, Economic living standards, Health, Governance & empowerment",,GQL,Opportunities,"Income, housing, luxury goods, fish catch, education, alternative livelihoods","Focus groups, interviews","Yes, use of control sites",Suitable,Positive,Local people,The Navakavu MPA has significantly increased opportunities and assets for local people.,INSTITUTIONS,Empowerment,"Governance mechanisms, Community participation, Benefits to woman, Access and rights","Focus groups, interviews","Yes, use of control sites",Suitable,Positive,Local people (woman),The Navakavu MPA helped strengthen local empowerment by causing the community to better organize itself to manage local marine resources. ,GQL,Security,"Health, Social cohesion, Cultural traditions","Focus groups, interviews","Yes, use of control sites",Suitable,Positive,Local people,"The study findings show that the Navakavu MPA has increased security and reduced vulnerability by improving local health, fostering better communication among residents, reducing conflict in the community, and strengthening cultural traditions.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
600,McKinnon,"Leisher, C.van Beukering, P.Scherl, L.M.",Nature's Investment Bank: How Marine Protected Areas contribute to poverty reduction,https://www.nature.org/media/science/mpa_report.pdf,2007,Bunaken,Park (National),Indonesia,IDN,X,X,2,1991,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,1,1,,,,1,,,"Environmental, Economic living standards, Health, Governance & empowerment",,na,Opportunities,"Income, housing, luxury goods, fish catch, education, alternative livelihoods","Focus groups, interviews","Yes, use of control sites",Suitable,Divergent,Local people,Expressed in the direction of the indicators,INSTITUTIONS,Empowerment,"Governance mechanisms, Community participation, Benefits to woman, Access and rights","Focus groups, interviews","Yes, use of control sites",Suitable,Positive,Local people,The MPA improved local empowerment by making MPA management more responsive to local needs.,GQL,Security,"Health, Social cohesion, Cultural traditions","Focus groups, interviews","Yes, use of control sites",Suitable,Positive,Local people,"Security for the people within the MPA was improved by modest gains in health, strong gains in social cohesion, and a slight reduction in vulnerability to natural disasters.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,Suggest removing outcome 1 - I don't know what it means
601,McKinnon,"Leisher, C.van Beukering, P.Scherl, L.M.",Nature's Investment Bank: How Marine Protected Areas contribute to poverty reduction,https://www.nature.org/media/science/mpa_report.pdf,2007,Apo Island,Marine Protected Area,Philippines,PHL,X,X,2,1994,0,1,2,0,1,0,0,3,1,,,,,,,"Environmental, Economic living standards, Health, Governance & empowerment",,GQL,Opportunities,"Income, housing, luxury goods, fish catch, education, alternative livelihoods","Focus groups, interviews","Yes, use of control sites",Suitable,Positive,Local people, The MPA also has created new livelihoods strategies mostly related to tourism. ,INSTITUTIONS,Empowerment,"Governance mechanisms, Community participation, Benefits to woman, Access and rights","Focus groups, interviews","Yes, use of control sites",Suitable,Divergent,Local people,The Apo Island MPA has had a mixed impact on local governance mechanisms.,GQL,Security,"Health, Social cohesion, Cultural traditions","Focus groups, interviews","Yes, use of control sites",Suitable,Positive,Local people,The Apo Island MPA has improved security for residents through better health and stronger community life.,NCP,Fisheries,Fish catch,"Focus groups, interviews","Yes, use of control sites",Suitable,Positive,Local people,"The qualitative assessment found that the MPA had increased local fish catches, and the spillover effect of the MPA is widely perceived to be the cause. ",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,Split fish catch in outcome 1 off into outcome 4
602,McKinnon,"Leisher, C.van Beukering, P.Scherl, L.M.",Nature's Investment Bank: How Marine Protected Areas contribute to poverty reduction,https://www.nature.org/media/science/mpa_report.pdf,2007,Arnavon Islands,Marine Protected Area,Solomon Islands,SLB,X,X,2,1995,0,0,1,0,1,0,1,1,,,,1,1,,,"Environmental, Economic living standards, Health, Governance & empowerment",,VALUES,Opportunities,"Income, housing, luxury goods, fish catch, education, alternative livelihoods","Focus groups, interviews","Yes, use of control sites",Suitable,Divergent,Local people,"Overall, the MPA communities perceive that life is harder than it was ten years ago. Yet when compared with the non-MPA control sites, in many respects the Arnavons’ communities are better off. ",INSTITUTIONS,Empowerment,"Governance mechanisms, Community participation, Benefits to woman, Access and rights","Focus groups, interviews","Yes, use of control sites",Suitable,Positive,Local people,The Arnavons MPA clearly helped empower local people to improve their lives.,GQL,Security,"Health, Social cohesion, Cultural traditions","Focus groups, interviews","Yes, use of control sites",Suitable,Positive,Local people,"The Arnavons’ MPA increased security and reduced vulnerability by improving health, increasing cooperation among the communities, and strengthening traditions.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
646,McKinnon,"Gunawan, B. I.; Visser, L. E.",Permeable Boundaries: Outsiders and Access to Fishing Grounds in the Berau Marine Protected Area,https://doi.org/10.1080/00664677.2012.694173,2012,Berau,Marine Protected Area,Indonesia,IDN,,X,1,2007,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,,,,1,1,,,Social relations,,GQL,Livelihoods ,Access to resources and legitimacy ,Ethnographic research,No,Suitable ,Negative ,Outsider fishers ,"The livelihoods of outsider small-scale fisheries has been diminished because they are perceived as been ilegitimate and illicit, even if legally they have the right to have access to maine resources in the area ",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
647,McKinnon,"Rishi, P.",PLURALISM IN PROTECTED AREA MANAGEMENT: A CASE STUDY ON KEOLADEO NATIONAL PARK IN INDIA,https://doi.org/10.1080/14728028.2004.9752476,2004,Keoladeo,Park (National),India,IND,,X,1,1899,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,,,,,,,,1,"Social relations, Subjective well-being",,VALUES,Conflict in the PA,"Conservation attitude scale, threats to the park management, observers assessment, and hardships ranking scale ","household survey, informal interviews with different stakeholders, structured interviews, observation and focused group discussions.","Yes, direct perception towards PA",Suitable ,Divergent ,Local communities and nature ,"Conflict persists in the KNP. Stakeholders still hold differing views on the critical issues of  the management system. On the plus side, the ecological importance of KNP is well recognised and unquestioned by all the stakeholders",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
648,McKinnon,"Neba, N. E.","Population dynamics, rural livelihoods and forest protection projects in Sub-Saharan Africa: Experiences from Santa, Cameroon",https://doi.org/10.1080/13504500709469725,2007,Bafut-Ngemba,Forest Reserve (adjacent to),Cameroon,CMR,,X,1,NA,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,,,,,1,,1,"Material living standards, Governance & empowerment",,VALUES,Effectivity of the conservation project and conflicts ,Farmers’ awareness of the status of the montane forest as a protected area and their perception of the conservation project,Interviews and literature review ,"Yes, direct perception of change ",Suitable ,Negative ,Unclear ,"There is a failure to integrate concerns relating to rights, needs and priorities of rural communities, who are the local natural resource users. Rurall livelihoods are affected negatively, the adjacent forest communities often respond in ways involving conflict, illegal exploitation of resources and apathy, which makes the realisation of conservation goals very remote.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
665,McKinnon,"Saayman, M and Saayman, A",Regional development and national parks in South Africa: Lessons learned,dx.doi.org/10.5367/te.2010.0007,2010,Addo Elephant,Park (National),South Africa,ZAF,,X,1,NA,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,1,,,,,,,,"Economic living standards, Social relations, Culture/Spiritual Values",,GQL,Economic impacts ,"Economic gainings from the park, number of new job opportunities and business turovers from the park ",Surveys ,"Yes, comparison between communities ",Suitable,Positive,Regional economies and communities ,The results show a positive economic effect of tourist and park spending on employment and business opportunities,GQL,Social impacts ,"Increase on thing to do in the area, crime levels, participation in community activities, price of good and services, opportunities for local business, opportunities to meet local people, rights and civil liberties of local residents, wellbeing and  facilities available for local residents. ",Surveys ,"Yes, comparison between communities ",Suitable,Divergent ,Local communities ,"Results show improvement of wellbein,  community pride, recreational activities, interaction with locals and tourists and, in the more impoverished areas, improved participation in and funding of community activities. However, there is very little evidence to suggest that national parks have a positive effect on social problems in the surrounding communities",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
666,McKinnon,"Saayman, M and Saayman, A",Regional development and national parks in South Africa: Lessons learned,dx.doi.org/10.5367/te.2010.0007,2010,Karoo,Park (National),South Africa,ZAF,,X,1,1979,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,1,,,,,,,,"Economic living standards, Social relations, Culture/Spiritual Values",,GQL,Economic impacts ,"Economic gainings from the park, number of new job opportunities and business turovers from the park ",Surveys ,"Yes, comparison between communities ",Suitable,Positive,Regional economies and communities ,The results show a positive economic effect of tourist and park spending on employment and business opportunities,GQL,Social impacts ,"Increase on thing to do in the area, crime levels, participation in community activities, price of good and services, opportunities for local business, opportunities to meet local people, rights and civil liberties of local residents, wellbeing and  facilities available for local residents. ",Surveys ,"Yes, comparison between communities ",Suitable,Divergent ,Local communities ,"Results show improvement of wellbein,  community pride, recreational activities, interaction with locals and tourists and, in the more impoverished areas, improved participation in and funding of community activities. However, there is very little evidence to suggest that national parks have a positive effect on social problems in the surrounding communities",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
667,McKinnon,"Saayman, M and Saayman, A",Regional development and national parks in South Africa: Lessons learned,dx.doi.org/10.5367/te.2010.0007,2010,Tsitsikamma,Park (National),South Africa,ZAF,,X,1,1964,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,1,,,,,,,,"Economic living standards, Social relations, Culture/Spiritual Values",,GQL,Economic impacts ,"Economic gainings from the park, number of new job opportunities and business turovers from the park ",Surveys ,"Yes, comparison between communities ",Suitable,Positive,Regional economies and communities ,The results show a positive economic effect of tourist and park spending on employment and business opportunities,GQL,Social impacts ,"Increase on thing to do in the area, crime levels, participation in community activities, price of good and services, opportunities for local business, opportunities to meet local people, rights and civil liberties of local residents, wellbeing and  facilities available for local residents. ",Surveys ,"Yes, comparison between communities ",Suitable,Divergent ,Local communities ,"Results show improvement of wellbein,  community pride, recreational activities, interaction with locals and tourists and, in the more impoverished areas, improved participation in and funding of community activities. However, there is very little evidence to suggest that national parks have a positive effect on social problems in the surrounding communities",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
668,McKinnon,"Saayman, M and Saayman, A",Regional development and national parks in South Africa: Lessons learned,dx.doi.org/10.5367/te.2010.0007,2010,Wilderness,Park (National),South Africa,ZAF,,X,1,NA,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,1,,,,,,,,"Economic living standards, Social relations, Culture/Spiritual Values",,GQL,Economic impacts ,"Economic gainings from the park, number of new job opportunities and business turovers from the park ",Surveys ,"Yes, comparison between communities ",Suitable,Positive,Regional economies and communities ,The results show a positive economic effect of tourist and park spending on employment and business opportunities,GQL,Social impacts ,"Increase on thing to do in the area, crime levels, participation in community activities, price of good and services, opportunities for local business, opportunities to meet local people, rights and civil liberties of local residents, wellbeing and  facilities available for local residents. ",Surveys ,"Yes, comparison between communities ",Suitable,Divergent ,Local communities ,"Results show improvement of wellbein,  community pride, recreational activities, interaction with locals and tourists and, in the more impoverished areas, improved participation in and funding of community activities. However, there is very little evidence to suggest that national parks have a positive effect on social problems in the surrounding communities",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
672,McKinnon,"Tiwari, P. C.; Joshi, B.","Resource utilization pattern and rural livelihood in Nanda Devi biosphere reserve buffer zone villages, Uttarakhand, Himalaya, India",https://doi.org/10.1553/ecomont2s25,2009,Nanda Devi,Biosphere Reserve,India,IND,,X,1,1988,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,1,1,,,,,,,"Material living standards, Economic living standards",,GQL,Livelihoods ,Useof resources and changes in  traditional activities ,Socio-economic survey and field work ,"Yes, comparison between villages ",Suitable ,Negative ,Villages in the buffer zone ,"The closure of access to forests resources transformed the resource utilization pattern and livelihood structure in the NDBR buffer zone, increasing community dependency on subsistence agriculture in severely limited arable land. As a result, the region faces a dramatic food shortfall",NCP,Resource utilization ,Land use and land  cover change ,Remote sensing satellite and surveys ,"Yes, comparison between villages ",Suitable ,Negative ,Nature ,"Forest resources and pastures became drastically depleted due to land-use intensifi- cations. Nevertheless, agricultural productivity is fairly low. ",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
673,McKinnon,"Hartter, J.; Goldman, A.; Southworth, J.",Responses by households to resource scarcity and human-wildlife conflict: Issues of fortress conservation and the surrounding agricultural landscape,dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jnc.2010.06.005,2011,Kibale,Park (National),Uganda,UGA,X,X,2,1993,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,,,,,,,,"Environmental, Economic living standards",,NCP,Rural livelihoods ,Resource availability and use of resources ,Remote sensing techniques and house- hold surveys ,"Yes, dircet perception of chang e",Suitable ,Indeterminate ,Local communities,"Respondents perceived resources shortages in the last years. However, they have coped with them and crop raiding in many positive ways",NATURE,Natural resoures conservation ,Landscape change and fragmentation ,Remote sensing techniques and house- hold surveys ,"Yes, direct perception of change from the villagers and comparison over time ",Suitable ,Negative ,Nature ,Forests and wetlands have decreased in size and number and those that remain have become increasingly isolated within the agri- cultural mosaic,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
684,McKinnon,"O'Neal Campbell, M.",Sacred Groves for forest conservation in Ghana's coastal savannas: assessing ecological and social dimensions,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0129-7619.2005.00211.x,2005,village of Kokrobite,Sacred Groves in the,Ghana,GHA,X,X,2,NA,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,,1,,,,,,,"Environmental, Education, Subjective well-being, Culture/Spiritual Values",,NATURE,Conservation of vegetation,"Conservation effectiveness, composition & sustainability of tree stands, social sustainability, effectivenes of sacred groves relative to legislation",GIS-ecological survey,"Yes, comparison of protected and non-protected areas",Suitable,Positive,Nature,"There were strong similarities and substantial differences in tree species between different sacred groves, and between these and the unprotected stands and proximate deciduous forests. In addition, far fewer tree losses were documented in the sacred groves than in the local unprotected stands.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
685,McKinnon,"O'Neal Campbell, M.",Sacred Groves for forest conservation in Ghana's coastal savannas: assessing ecological and social dimensions,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0129-7619.2005.00211.x,2005,village of Oshiyie,Sacred Groves in the,Ghana,GHA,X,X,2,NA,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,,1,,,,,,,"Environmental, Education, Subjective well-being, Culture/Spiritual Values",,NATURE,Conservation of vegetation,"Conservation effectiveness, composition & sustainability of tree stands, social sustainability, effectivenes of sacred groves relative to legislation",GIS-ecological survey,"Yes, comparison of protected and non-protected areas",Suitable,Positive,Nature,"There were strong similarities and substantial differences in tree species between different sacred groves, and between these and the unprotected stands and proximate deciduous forests. In addition, far fewer tree losses were documented in the sacred groves than in the local unprotected stands.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
686,McKinnon,"O'Neal Campbell, M.",Sacred Groves for forest conservation in Ghana's coastal savannas: assessing ecological and social dimensions,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0129-7619.2005.00211.x,2005,villages of Bortianor-Chokomey,Sacred Groves in the,Ghana,GHA,X,X,2,NA,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,,1,,,,,,,"Environmental, Education, Subjective well-being, Culture/Spiritual Values",,NATURE,Conservation of vegetation,"Conservation effectiveness, composition & sustainability of tree stands, social sustainability, effectivenes of sacred groves relative to legislation",GIS-ecological survey,"Yes, comparison of protected and non-protected areas",Suitable,Positive,Nature,"There were strong similarities and substantial differences in tree species between different sacred groves, and between these and the unprotected stands and proximate deciduous forests. In addition, far fewer tree losses were documented in the sacred groves than in the local unprotected stands.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
687,McKinnon,"Aswani, S.; Weiant, P.",Scientific Evaluation in Women's Participatory Management: Monitoring Marine Invertebrate Refugia in the Solomon Islands,dx.doi.org/10.17730/humo.63.3.r7kgd4thktmyf7k1,2004,Baraulu/Bulelavata,Women's Shelfissh Project,Solomon Islands,SLB,X,X,2,NA,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,,,,,,,,"Environmental, Economic living standards, Social relations, Subjective well-being",,NCP,Improved Shellfish Biomass,"Yields, household harvest, total number of shellfish, ","In-situ monitoring, sampling tansects, ex-situ monitoring ","Yes, comparison accross time",Suitable,Positive,Nature,"In summary, the increase in abundance of shellfish stocks was a significant finding.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
688,McKinnon,"Marcus, R. R.",Seeing the forest for the trees: Integrated conservation and development projects and local perceptions of conservations in Madagascar,dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1013189720278,2001,Andohahela,Park (National),Madagascar,MDG,X,X,2,NA,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,,,,,,,,"Environmental, Economic living standards, Governance & empowerment",,VALUES,Perception of conservation,"Income, wealth, breakdown of wealth, perceptions of PA","Interviews, focus groups, surveys","Yes, historical memory of people",Suitable,Indeterminate,Local people,"While a majority of people living in the peripheral zones do find conservation a valuable goal, they see it as a luxury they cannot afford. Despite their efforts and innovation, conservation and development projects have had a minimal impact on socioeconomic or associational life",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
689,McKinnon,"Marcus, R. R.",Seeing the forest for the trees: Integrated conservation and development projects and local perceptions of conservations in Madagascar,dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1013189720278,2001,Masoala,Park (National),Madagascar,MDG,X,X,2,NA,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,,,,,,,,"Environmental, Economic living standards, Governance & empowerment",,VALUES,Perception of conservation,"Income, wealth, breakdown of wealth, perceptions of PA","Interviews, focus groups, surveys","Yes, historical memory of people",Suitable,Indeterminate,Local people,"While a majority of people living in the peripheral zones do find conservation a valuable goal, they see it as a luxury they cannot afford. Despite their efforts and innovation, conservation and development projects have had a minimal impact on socioeconomic or associational life",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
690,McKinnon,"Marcus, R. R.",Seeing the forest for the trees: Integrated conservation and development projects and local perceptions of conservations in Madagascar,dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1013189720278,2001,Ranomafana,Park (National),Madagascar,MDG,X,X,2,NA,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,,,,,,,,"Environmental, Economic living standards, Governance & empowerment",,VALUES,Perception of conservation,"Income, wealth, breakdown of wealth, perceptions of PA","Interviews, focus groups, surveys","Yes, historical memory of people",Suitable,Indeterminate,Local people,"While a majority of people living in the peripheral zones do find conservation a valuable goal, they see it as a luxury they cannot afford. Despite their efforts and innovation, conservation and development projects have had a minimal impact on socioeconomic or associational life",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
691,McKinnon,"Nath, T. K.; Alauddin, M.","Sitakunda Botanical Garden and Eco-park, Chittagong, Bangladesh: Its impacts on a rural community",http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17451590609618095,2006,Sitakunda,Botanical Garden and Eco-Park,Bangladesh,BGD,,,0,2000,2,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,,,,,,,,,,NATURE,Ecological effects,NA,"Socio-economic survey, interviews",No,Not suitable,Positive,Nature,"Due to recent protection measures, saplings of different indigenous species, such as Albizia spp., Alstonia scholaris, Bombax spp., Syzyzium spp, Streblus asper, Dillenia pentagyna and Micros paniculata, are regenerating naturally (personal observation)",NCP,Dependance on the park ,NA,"Socio-economic survey, interviews",No,Partially suitable,Positive,Local population,"almost 32% of the local people were absolutely dependent on the park forests for agriculture, fuelwood collection, betel leaf cultivation, sun grass collection, grazing and other purposes ",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
693,McKinnon,"Nyenza, O. M.; Nzunda, E. F.; Katani, J. Z.","Socio-ecological resilience of people evicted for establishment of Uluguru nature reserve in morogoro region, Tanzania",https://doi.org/10.1080/14728028.2013.810405,2013,Uluguru,Nature Reserve,"Tanzania, United Republic Of",TZA,,X,1,NA,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,,,,,,,,"Material living standards, Economic living standards, Security & safety, Governance & empowerment",,GQL,Socio-ecological resilience of evicted people,"Wealth, welfare, food security, labour, income, eviction process, compensation",Lickert scale questionnaire,"Yes, historical memory of people",Partially suitable,Negative,Evicted people,"Most of the evicted had low ability to reorganise themselves after the eviction. Following the eviction, the most frequently adopted coping strategy was the provision of casual labour. This resulted in reduced income and certainty of livelihood.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
694,McKinnon,"Tomicevic, J.; Shannon, M.A.; Milovanovic, M.",Socio-economic impacs on the attitudes towards conservation of natural resources: Case study from Serbia,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2009.09.006,2010,Tara,Park (National),Serbia,SRB,,X,1,1981,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,,,,1,1,,,,"Economic living standards, Social relations, Subjective well-being",,VALUES,Attitudes towards conservation,"relationships within the households, within the village, and with the National Park, social-economic variables",Interviews,"Yes, historical memory of people",Partially suitable,Divergent,Local people,"Women have a poor relationship with the NP, and thus a negative attitude towards conservation. Males have a more positive attitude towards the National Park. The findings of the study show that local people have positive attitudes towards cooperation and participation with the National Park authorities and 78.5% expressed a desire to be included in the management of Tara National Park",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
696,McKinnon,"Owino, A. O.; Jillo, A. H.; Kenana, M. L.",Socio-economics and wildlife conservation of a peri-urban national park in central Kenya,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnc.2012.08.004,2012,Oldoinyo Sapuk,Park (National),Kenya,KEN,,,0,1967,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,,,,,,,,,,VALUES,Support for conservation,"socio-economic and demographic variables, views on wildlife and Park con- servation and the effects of the Park to the household economy",Interviews,"Yes, historical memory of people",Partially suitable,Positive,Villagers,"Most respondents considered the Park to have great potential for the future economic development of the area, especially through ecotourism as a potential avenue to support local livelihoods.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
708,McKinnon,"Yuan, J.; Dai, L.; Wang, Q.","State-led ecotourism development and nature conservation: A case study of the Changbai Mountain Biosphere Reserve, China",http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol13/iss2/art55/,2008,Changbai Mountain,Biosphere Reserve,China,CHN,,X,1,1980,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,,,,,,,,,"Material living standards, Economic living standards",,VALUES,Attitudes towards conservation,"Knowledge about conservation, Income sources, Perceptions of Benefits and losses, attitudes towards PA, expextations and arrangements for quality of life, background information","Interviews, group discussions","Yes, historical memory of people",Suitable ,Negative,Farmers without cropland,Results indicate that attitudes held by most farmers are not favorable toward the conservation of the CMBR,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
709,McKinnon,"Jim, C. Y.; Xu, S. S. W.",Stifled stakeholders and subdued participation: Interpreting local responses toward Shimentai nature reserve in South China,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-002-2623-9,2002,Shimentai,Nature Reserve,China,CHN,,X,1,1998,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,,,,,,,,"Economic living standards, Governance & empowerment",,VALUES,Responses towards conservatino,"Knowledge, perceptions, expectations towards park","Questionnaire surveys, interviews, group discussions","Yes, historical memory of people",Suitable ,Indeterminate,Villagers,"Although most respondents welcomed the expected park-related dividends, the most affected near-zone villagers anticipated losses due to restriction on traditional resource-extraction activities in the forest.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
712,McKinnon,"Sheppard, D. J.; Moehrenschlager, A.; McPherson, J. M.; Mason, J. J.",Ten years of adaptive community-governed conservation: Evaluating biodiversity protection and poverty alleviation in a West African hippopotamus reserve,https://doi.org/10.1017/S037689291000041X,2010,Wechiau Community Hippo,Sanctuary (Community),Ghana,GHA,X,X,2,1998,2,0,1,0,0,0,0,,,,,,,,,"Environmental, Material living standards, Economic living standards, Education, Social relations",,GQL,Socio-economic outcomes,short- and long-term socioeconomic viability,Use of financial records and available indicators,No,Not suitable,Positive,Local population,the Sanctuary has improved local livelihoods by spurring economic diversification and infrastructure development rates 2–8 times higher than in surrounding communities,NATURE,Ecological outcomes,short- and long-term ecological viability,"Species count, transects","Yes, comparisson inside and outside",Suitable,Positive,Nature," threats to biodiversity have subsided, hippopotamus numbers have remained stable and the Sanctuary’s riparian habitats now harbour more bird species than comparable areas nearby.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
714,McKinnon,"Kaltenborn, B. P.; Nyahongo, J. W.; Kideghesho, J. R.","The attitudes of tourists towards the environmental, social and managerial attributes of Serengeti National Park, Tanzania",https://doi.org/10.1177%2F194008291100400204,2011,Serengeti,Park (National),"Tanzania, United Republic Of",TZA,,,0,1981,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,,1,,,,,,,,VALUES,Attitudes towards conservation,"trip characteristics, reasons for visiting Serengeti, perceptions of environmental attributes and management conditions, satisfaction with the trip, and willingness to return given major potential changes in management- and environmental conditions",Questionnaire,No,Partially suitable,Positive,Tourists,"They also express a stronger interest in experiencing nature, wilderness and local culture.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
720,McKinnon,"Yasuda, A.","The impacts of sport hunting on the livelihoods of local people: A case study of B_nou_ National Park, Cameroon",https://doi.org/10.1080/08941920.2010.486394,2011,Benoue,Park (National),Cameroon,CMR,,X,1,NA,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,,,,,,,,"Economic living standards, Subjective well-being",,GQL,Livelihoods,IMpact of sport hunting on livelihoods,"Interviews, observation",No,Partially suitable,Positive,"Villagers, employees",sport hunting in Northern Cameroon gener- ated tax revenues of about US$1.2 million in 2008 and also provided profit sharing and employment opportunities to local communities.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
721,McKinnon,"Yi-fong, C.","The indigenous ecotourism and social development in Taroko National Park area and San-Chan tribe, Taiwan",https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-010-9373-7,2012,Taroko,Park (National),Taiwan,TWN,,X,1,NA,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,,,,1,,,,"Economic living standards, Social relations, Culture/Spiritual Values",,GQL,Socio-cultural effects from ecotourism,NA,"Participatory observation, interviews, workshops","Yes, historical memory",Suitable,Negative,Indigenous People,"Tensions between Indigenous peoples and modern nation states take many forms, but few are quite so decisive as the question of resource sovereignty, particularly when disempowered Indigenous peoples were excluded from decision-making process.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
722,McKinnon,"Hazzah, L.; Dolrenry, S.; Kaplan, D.; Frank, L.","The influence of park access during drought on attitudes toward wildlife and lion killing behaviour in Maasailand, Kenya",https://doi.org/10.1017/S0376892913000040,2013,Nairobi,Park (National),Kenya,KEN,,X,1,NA,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,,,,,,,,,"Material living standards, Economic living standards, Education",,VALUES,Attitudes towards wildlife,"Animal rights, aesthetics, religion, intergenerational aspects, ecological role, local norms",Semi-structured interviews,No,Suitable,Indeterminate,Pastoralist,"Access for livestock to PAs, benefits from wildlife and higher education were associated with positive attitudes toward lions and a lower reported propensity to kill.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
723,McKinnon,"Hazzah, L.; Dolrenry, S.; Kaplan, D.; Frank, L.","The influence of park access during drought on attitudes toward wildlife and lion killing behaviour in Maasailand, Kenya",https://doi.org/10.1017/S0376892913000040,2013,Tsavo,Park (National),Kenya,KEN,,X,1,NA,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,,,,,,,,,"Material living standards, Economic living standards, Education",,VALUES,Attitudes towards wildlife,"Animal rights, aesthetics, religion, intergenerational aspects, ecological role, local norms",Semi-structured interviews,No,Suitable,Indeterminate,Pastoralist,"Access for livestock to PAs, benefits from wildlife and higher education were associated with positive attitudes toward lions and a lower reported propensity to kill.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
724,McKinnon,"Nepal, S. K.; Weber, K. E.",The quandary of local people-park relations in Nepal's Royal Chitwan National Park,https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02471937,1995,Royal Chitwan,Park (National),Nepal,NPL,X,X,2,1973,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,,,,,,,,1,"Environmental, Material living standards, Health",,NCP,Conflicts," illlegal transactions of forest products from the park, livestock grazing in the park, illegal hunting and fishing, crop damage, and threats to human and animat life caused by wild animals from the park.","Surveys, group discussions, interviews","Yes, historical memory",Suitable,Negative,"Park, nature, villagers",five major causes of park-people conflicts have occurred in Nepal's Royal Chitwan National Park.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
767,McKinnon,"Saayman, M.; Saayman, A.; Ferreira, M.",The socio-economic impact of the Karoo National Park,ISSN 2071-0771,2009,Karoo,Park (National),South Africa,ZAF,X,X,2,1979,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,,,,,,,,"Environmental, Economic living standards",IE STUDY (met impact-evaluation critieria but removed because only single site),GQL,Socio-economic impact,"Economic activities, magnitud of visitor expenditure, community perception, expenditure of park and employees, social impact",Survey,No,Partially suitable,Positive,"Local pupulation, businesses,","results show that the park has an impact in terms of production, income generation and employment in the area, but this impact is not as significant as that of other national parks in South Africa",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
768,McKinnon,"Oberholzer, S.; Saayman, M.; Saayman, A.; Slabbert, E.",The socio-economic impactof Africa's oldest marine park,http://www.scielo.org.za/pdf/koedoe/v52n1/v52n1a08.pdf,2010,Tsitsikamma,Park (National),South Africa,ZAF,,X,1,1964,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,1,,,,,,,,"Economic living standards, Social relations, Security & safety, Subjective well-being",,GQL,Socio-economic impact,"Monetary spendings, selection of multipliers",Survey,No,Partially suitable,Positive,Local population,the park has a positive economic impact on the surrounding area and that the community exhibits a favourable attitude towards Tsitsikamma National Park.,VALUES,Socio-economic impact,"Monetary spendings, selection of multipliers",Survey,No,Partially suitable,Positive,Local population,the park has a positive economic impact on the surrounding area and that the community exhibits a favourable attitude towards Tsitsikamma National Park.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
770,McKinnon,"Mbaiwa, J. E.","The success and sustainability of Community-Based Natural Resource Management in the Okavango Delta, Botswana",https://doi.org/10.1080/03736245.2004.9713807,2004,Moremi,Game Reserve,Botswana,BWA,,X,1,NA,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,1,,,,1,,,,"Economic living standards, Governance & empowerment",,GQL,Contribution to sustainable use of resources,NA,"Structured questionnaires, unstructured questionnaires, interviews, ","Yes, historical memory of people",Partially suitable,Positive,Local population,"Local communities have successfully established community trusts as institutions to provide leadership in their leadership in participation in tourism and resource managament. The CBNRM in the Okavango Delta has succeeded in income generation, employment creation, establishment of local institutions.",INSTITUTIONS,Contribution to sustainable use of resources,NA,"Structured questionnaires, unstructured questionnaires, interviews, ","Yes, historical memory of people",Partially suitable,Positive,Local population,"Local communities have successfully established community trusts as institutions to provide leadership in their leadership in participation in tourism and resource managament. The CBNRM in the Okavango Delta has succeeded in income generation, employment creation, establishment of local institutions.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
775,McKinnon,"Hicks, C. C.; McClanahan, T. R.; Cinner, J. E.; Hills, J. M.",Trade-Offs in Values Assigned to Ecological Goods and Services Associated with Different Coral Reef Management Strategies,https://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol14/iss1/art10/,2009,Mombasa,Marine Park (National),Kenya,KEN,,X,1,1991,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,,,,,,,,Material living standards,,GQL,Economic value of ecological goods and services,"Social characteristics, direct use, indirect use and non-use values","Hedonic pricing, annual budgets, respondents estimations, ranks, contingent valuation","Yes, comparison against areas with other conservation regimes",Partially Suitable,Divergent,Local population,"The highest total economic values were associated with government management interventions and were probably due to the government’s priority to be involved in the high-value beach tourism destinations. This is, however, associated with losses in a range of local community-level values and the social capital of the resource-user community.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
776,McKinnon,"Jones, J. L.","Transboundary conservation: Development implications for communities in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa",https://doi.org/10.1080/13504500509469637,2005,Lubombo,Transfrontier Conservation Area,South Africa,ZAF,,X,1,2000,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,,,,,,,,"Material living standards, Economic living standards",,GQL,Implications for communities (costs and benefits),"Costs and benefits, attitudes and perceptions, social and ecological patterns","geo-referenced survey, semi-structured interviews, key informants, direct observation, Global Position- ing System (GPS) data, and community interpreta- tion of maps and aerial photographs","Yes, historical memory of people",Partially Suitable,Negative,Local population,"Results are presented that indicate the Mbangweni community in KwaZulu-Natal could experience decreased access to social, natural, and economic resources as a result of the Peace Park.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
779,McKinnon,"Triguero-Mas, M.; Olomi-Sola, M.; Jha, N.; Zorondo-Rodriguez, F.; Reyes-Garcia, V.","Urban and rural perceptions of protected areas: a case study in Dandeli Wildlife Sanctuary, Western Ghats, India",https://doi.org/10.1017/S0376892909990403,2010,Dandeli,Wildlife Sanctuary,India,IND,X,X,2,1975,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,,,,,,,,"Environmental, Material living standards, Economic living standards, Security & safety, Subjective well-being",,VALUES,Perceptions towards conservation,"Benefits and costs associated to PA, attitudes and perceptions of economic, social and environmental inpacts","Semi-structured interviews, free listings, survey",No,Partially Suitable,Positive,Local population,"Local residents’ attitudes towards the PA were mainly positive, especially among urban residents. Multivariate analysis showed a positive association between the perception of economic benefits and individual attitudes towards the PA",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
782,McKinnon,"Campbell, L. M.","Use them or lose them? Conservation and the consumptive use of marine turtle eggs at Ostional, Costa Rica",https://doi.org/10.1017/S0376892998000393,1998,Ostional,Wildlife Refuge,Costa Rica,CRI,,X,1,1983,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,,,,,1,,,,"Social relations, Governance & empowerment",,NATURE,Species conservation ,"Impacts on the economy, impacts on the community, impacts on turtles, future levels of egg harvesting","Interviews, questionnaire",No,Partially Suitable,Positive,Nature,Participation and control were key to local support for conservation of nesting marine turtles and their eggs.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
784,McKinnon,"Appiah-Opuku, S.",Using protected areas as a tool for biodiversity conservation and ecotourism: A case study of Kakum National Park in Ghana,https://doi.org/10.1080/08941920.2010.495108,2011,Kakum,Park (National),Ghana,GHA,,X,1,1989,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,,,,,,,,"Material living standards, Economic living standards",,NCP,Benefits from ecotourism,NA,Focus group interviews,"Yes, historical memory of People",Not suitable,Negative,Local population,The article reveals that most residents in villages close to the park have not realized the expected benefits of ecotourism despite giving up access to resources inside park boundaries more than a decade ago.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
830,Porter-Bolland,Brower,Quantitative changes in forest quality in a principal overwintering area of the monarch butterfly in Mexico.,https://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/pollinators/Monarch_Butterfly/documents/quantitative_changes_forest_quality.pdf,2002,Campanario,Reserve,Mexico,MEX,x,,1,NA,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,,,,,,,,,Deforestation rates,,NATURE,Deforestation rate ,"Forest quality, reduction of the conserved-forest category and changing states of the forest ",Conventional aerial photograph and digital images with standard photogrammetry and by GIS analysis in GRASS,"Yes, longitudinal analysis ",Suitable,Negative,Nature,Results show a severe forest degradation associated with continued uncontrolled extractive activities by local commmuities after the reserve was created ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
831,Porter-Bolland,Brower,Quantitative changes in forest quality in a principal overwintering area of the monarch butterfly in Mexico.,https://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/pollinators/Monarch_Butterfly/documents/quantitative_changes_forest_quality.pdf,2002,Chincua,Reserve,Mexico,MEX,x,,1,NA,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,,,,,,,,,Deforestation rates,,NATURE,Deforestation rate ,"Forest quality, reduction of the conserved-forest category and changing states of the forest ",Conventional aerial photograph and digital images with standard photogrammetry and by GIS analysis in GRASS,"Yes, longitudinal analysis ",Suitable,Negative,Nature,Results show a severe forest degradation associated with continued uncontrolled extractive activities by local commmuities after the reserve was created ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
832,Porter-Bolland,Brower,Quantitative changes in forest quality in a principal overwintering area of the monarch butterfly in Mexico.,https://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/pollinators/Monarch_Butterfly/documents/quantitative_changes_forest_quality.pdf,2002,Chivati Huacal,Reserve,Mexico,MEX,x,,1,NA,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,,,,,,,,,Deforestation rates,,NATURE,Deforestation rate ,"Forest quality, reduction of the conserved-forest category and changing states of the forest ",Conventional aerial photograph and digital images with standard photogrammetry and by GIS analysis in GRASS,"Yes, longitudinal analysis ",Suitable,Negative,Nature,Results show a severe forest degradation associated with continued uncontrolled extractive activities by local commmuities after the reserve was created ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
835,Porter-Bolland,Gaveau,"Three decades of deforestation in southwest Sumatra: Have protected areas halted forest loss and logging, and promoted re-growth?",https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2006.08.035,2007,Bukit Barisan Selatan,Park (National),Indonesia,IDN,x,,1,1984,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,,,,,,,,,Deforestation rates,,NATURE,Forest conservation ,Land cover change and forest fragmentation ,Geo reference and LANSAT assessment ,"Yes, londitudinal study and spatial comparison ",Suitable ,Indeterminate ,Nature national park ,"This study has showed that the performance of the BBSNP in Southern Sumatra at conserving forest habitats has achieved only mixed results. The park performed better than its neighbouring landscape, and yet it failed to slow down agricultural encroachments",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
836,Porter-Bolland,Gaveau,"Three decades of deforestation in southwest Sumatra: Have protected areas halted forest loss and logging, and promoted re-growth?",https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2006.08.036,2007,Gunung Raya,Wildlife Sanctuary,Indonesia,IDN,x,,1,1830,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,,,,,,,,,Deforestation rates,,NATURE,Forest conservation ,Land cover change and forest fragmentation ,Geo reference and LANSAT assessment ,"Yes, londitudinal study and spatial comparison ",Suitable ,Negative ,Nature outside the reserve ,"The results present high levelsof deforestation even after the establishment of the sancturay In Gunung Raya Wildlife Sanctuary,  forests have shrunk by 28,696 ha and 113,105 ha, at an average rate of 2.74% y1 and 2.13% y1, respectively",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
856,Pullin,Hoole,Breaking down fences: Recoupling social-ecological systems for biodiversity conservation in Namibia,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2009.10.009,2010,Etosha,Park (National),Namibia,NAM,,x,1,1990,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,,1,,,,,,,Lost sense of traditional territory / Desire to restore cultural practices,,VALUES,Relationship between communities and their traditional territoy/ Sense of lost,Elders perception of change from mental maps and stories,"Survey, key infomant semi-structured interviews and in-depth structures interviews","Yes, direct perception of change",Suitable,Negative ,Indigenous communities that originally were living inside the national park ,"Results revealed a profound sense of lost traditional territory inside Etosha and a strong desire to return to the Park, not to harvest wildlife but to restore cultural practices and reap certain benefits from the Park. ",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
1069,Tran,Murray,First Nations Values in Protected Area Governance: Tla-o-qui-aht Tribal Parks and Pacific Rim National Park Reserve.,10.1007/s10745-012-9495-2,2012,Pacific Rim,Park Reserve (National),Canada,CAN,,X,1,1970,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,,,,,,1,,,Governance / Sovereighnity / Social engagement,,VALUES,Recognition  and integration of First Nations Values ,Inclusion of First Nation members in the development of management plans for the reserve,Workshops and meetings ,"Yes, analysis of change over different periods of time ",Suitable ,Indeterminate,First Nation partners withn the PA ,There has been a concert effort to recognize  First Nations’ interests and to include their values in all aspects of parks management.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
New ,Tran,Murray,First Nations Values in Protected Area Governance: Tla-o-qui-aht Tribal Parks and Pacific Rim National Park Reserve.,10.1007/s10745-012-9495-2,2012,Haa’uukimun,Tribal Parks,Canada,CAN,,X,1,2008,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,,,,,,1,,,Governance / Sovereighnity / Social engagement,,VALUES,Recognition  and integration of First Nations Values ,Inclusion of First Nation members in the development of management plans for the reserve,Workshops and meetings ,"Yes, analysis of change over different periods of time ",Suitable ,Positive,First Nation partners withn the PA ,"First Nations values and interests has been included inthe management of the PA since its creation, as a result the First Nation members are key in decision-making processess in the PA ",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
1073,Tran,Bossart,Limited erosion of genetic and species diversity from small forest patches: Sacred forest groves in an Afrotropical biodiversity hotspot have high conservation value for butterflies.,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2016.03.032,2016,Asantemanso,Sacred Forest Grove,Ghana,GHA,X,,1,NA,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,,,,,,,1,,Erosion of genetic and species diversity from small forest patches,,NATURE,Erosion of species and genetic diversity from area fragmentation ,"1.- Rarefied richness values, 2.- Number of species, 3.- Gnetic diversity ",Nonmetric multidimensional scaling ,"Yes, the experiment was applied in diffrent PAs",Suitable,Indeterminate,Nature ,"The results proved limited biodiversity loss in this areas. However, biodiversity loss can take many years to manifest after habitats become fragmented, creating an extinction debt that is only slowly paid out over time ",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
1074,Tran,Bossart,Limited erosion of genetic and species diversity from small forest patches: Sacred forest groves in an Afrotropical biodiversity hotspot have high conservation value for butterflies.,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2016.03.029,2016,Bobiri,Reserve,Ghana,GHA,X,,1,NA,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,,,,,,,1,,Erosion of genetic and species diversity from small forest patches,,NATURE,Erosion of species and genetic diversity from area fragmentation ,"1.- Rarefied richness values, 2.- Number of species, 3.- Gnetic diversity ",Nonmetric multidimensional scaling ,"Yes, the experiment was applied in diffrent PAs",Suitable,Indeterminate,Nature ,"The results proved limited biodiversity loss in this areas. However, biodiversity loss can take many years to manifest after habitats become fragmented, creating an extinction debt that is only slowly paid out over time ",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
1075,Tran,Bossart,Limited erosion of genetic and species diversity from small forest patches: Sacred forest groves in an Afrotropical biodiversity hotspot have high conservation value for butterflies.,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2016.03.034,2016,Bonwire,Sacred Forest Grove,Ghana,GHA,X,,1,NA,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,,,,,,,1,,Erosion of genetic and species diversity from small forest patches,,NATURE,Erosion of species and genetic diversity from area fragmentation ,"1.- Rarefied richness values, 2.- Number of species, 3.- Gnetic diversity ",Nonmetric multidimensional scaling ,"Yes, the experiment was applied in diffrent PAs",Suitable,Indeterminate,Nature ,"The results proved limited biodiversity loss in this areas. However, biodiversity loss can take many years to manifest after habitats become fragmented, creating an extinction debt that is only slowly paid out over time ",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
1076,Tran,Bossart,Limited erosion of genetic and species diversity from small forest patches: Sacred forest groves in an Afrotropical biodiversity hotspot have high conservation value for butterflies.,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2016.03.033,2016,Gyakye,Sacred Forest Grove,Ghana,GHA,X,,1,NA,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,,,,,,,1,,Erosion of genetic and species diversity from small forest patches,,NATURE,Erosion of species and genetic diversity from area fragmentation ,"1.- Rarefied richness values, 2.- Number of species, 3.- Gnetic diversity ",Nonmetric multidimensional scaling ,"Yes, the experiment was applied in diffrent PAs",Suitable,Indeterminate,Nature ,"The results proved limited biodiversity loss in this areas. However, biodiversity loss can take many years to manifest after habitats become fragmented, creating an extinction debt that is only slowly paid out over time ",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
1077,Tran,Bossart,Limited erosion of genetic and species diversity from small forest patches: Sacred forest groves in an Afrotropical biodiversity hotspot have high conservation value for butterflies.,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2016.03.035,2016,Kajease,Sacred Forest Grove,Ghana,GHA,X,,1,NA,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,,,,,,,1,,Erosion of genetic and species diversity from small forest patches,,NATURE,Erosion of species and genetic diversity from area fragmentation ,"1.- Rarefied richness values, 2.- Number of species, 3.- Gnetic diversity ",Nonmetric multidimensional scaling ,"Yes, the experiment was applied in diffrent PAs",Suitable,Indeterminate,Nature ,"The results proved limited biodiversity loss in this areas. However, biodiversity loss can take many years to manifest after habitats become fragmented, creating an extinction debt that is only slowly paid out over time ",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
1078,Tran,Bossart,Limited erosion of genetic and species diversity from small forest patches: Sacred forest groves in an Afrotropical biodiversity hotspot have high conservation value for butterflies.,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2016.03.031,2016,Kona,Sacred Forest Grove,Ghana,GHA,X,,1,NA,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,,,,,,,1,,Erosion of genetic and species diversity from small forest patches,,NATURE,Erosion of species and genetic diversity from area fragmentation ,"1.- Rarefied richness values, 2.- Number of species, 3.- Gnetic diversity ",Nonmetric multidimensional scaling ,"Yes, the experiment was applied in diffrent PAs",Suitable,Indeterminate,Nature ,"The results proved limited biodiversity loss in this areas. However, biodiversity loss can take many years to manifest after habitats become fragmented, creating an extinction debt that is only slowly paid out over time ",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
1079,Tran,Bossart,Limited erosion of genetic and species diversity from small forest patches: Sacred forest groves in an Afrotropical biodiversity hotspot have high conservation value for butterflies.,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2016.03.030,2016,Owabi,Reserve,Ghana,GHA,X,,1,NA,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,,,,,,,1,,Erosion of genetic and species diversity from small forest patches,,NATURE,Erosion of species and genetic diversity from area fragmentation ,"1.- Rarefied richness values, 2.- Number of species, 3.- Gnetic diversity ",Nonmetric multidimensional scaling ,"Yes, the experiment was applied in diffrent PAs",Suitable,Indeterminate,Nature ,"The results proved limited biodiversity loss in this areas. However, biodiversity loss can take many years to manifest after habitats become fragmented, creating an extinction debt that is only slowly paid out over time ",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
1080,Tran,Méndez-Lopéz,Local participation in biodiversity conservation initiatives: A comparative analysis of different models in South East Mexico.,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.06.030,2014,Calakmul,Biosphere Reserve,Mexico,MEX,,X,1,NA,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,,,,,1,,,,Participation,,INSTITUTIONS,Local Participation,"Type of participation in creation, design, implementation of areas.",Surveys,"Yes, Direct assessment of NPAs",Suitable,Indeterminate (different for each stage of creation/management),Households,"this study reveals that, despite dissimilar opportunities for participating in decision-making processes for conserving their natural resources, local participation is low across the board, and mostly in nominal and passive ways",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
1081,Tran,Méndez-Lopéz,Local participation in biodiversity conservation initiatives: A comparative analysis of different models in South East Mexico.,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.06.031,2014,Cofre de Perote,Park (National),Mexico,MEX,,X,1,NA,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,,,,,1,,,,Participation,,INSTITUTIONS,Local Participation,"Type of participation in creation, design, implementation of areas.",Surveys,"Yes, Direct assessment of NPAs",Suitable,Indeterminate (different for each stage of creation/management),Households,"this study reveals that, despite dissimilar opportunities for participating in decision-making processes for conserving their natural resources, local participation is low across the board, and mostly in nominal and passive ways",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
1082,Tran,Méndez-Lopéz,Local participation in biodiversity conservation initiatives: A comparative analysis of different models in South East Mexico.,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.06.032,2014,La raíz del futuro,ICCA,Mexico,MEX,,X,1,NA,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,,,,,1,,,,Participation,,INSTITUTIONS,Local Participation,"Type of participation in creation, design, implementation of areas.",Surveys,"Yes, Direct assessment of NPAs",Suitable,Indeterminate (different for each stage of creation/management),Households,The high cost of participation probably also explains that much of the participation in ICCAs is rather passive. Our quantitative and ethnographic information suggests that people who reported to participate in ICCAs did so because they were obliged.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,The study covers various NPAs
1083,Tran,Méndez-Lopéz,Local participation in biodiversity conservation initiatives: A comparative analysis of different models in South East Mexico.,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.06.033,2014,La tierra del faisán,ICCA,Mexico,MEX,,X,1,NA,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,,,,,1,,,,Participation,,INSTITUTIONS,Local Participation,"Type of participation in creation, design, implementation of areas.",Surveys,"Yes, Direct assessment of NPAs",Suitable,Indeterminate (different for each stage of creation/management),Households,"this study reveals that, despite dissimilar opportunities for participating in decision-making processes for conserving their natural resources, local participation is low across the board, and mostly in nominal and passive ways",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
1084,Tran,Méndez-Lopéz,Local participation in biodiversity conservation initiatives: A comparative analysis of different models in South East Mexico.,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.06.029,2014,Much' Kanan K'aax,ICCA,Mexico,MEX,,X,1,NA,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,,,,,1,,,,Participation,,INSTITUTIONS,Local Participation,"Type of participation in creation, design, implementation of areas.",Surveys,"Yes, Direct assessment of NPAs",Suitable,Indeterminate (different for each stage of creation/management),Households,"this study reveals that, despite dissimilar opportunities for participating in decision-making processes for conserving their natural resources, local participation is low across the board, and mostly in nominal and passive ways",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
1085,Tran,Méndez-Lopéz,Local participation in biodiversity conservation initiatives: A comparative analysis of different models in South East Mexico.,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.06.028,2014,Sian Ka'an,Biosphere Reserve,Mexico,MEX,,X,1,NA,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,,,,,1,,,,Participation,,INSTITUTIONS,Local Participation,"Type of participation in creation, design, implementation of areas.",Surveys,"Yes, Direct assessment of NPAs",Suitable,Indeterminate (different for each stage of creation/management),Households,"this study reveals that, despite dissimilar opportunities for participating in decision-making processes for conserving their natural resources, local participation is low across the board, and mostly in nominal and passive ways",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
1134,West,Knudsen,"Conservation and Controversy in the Karakoram: Khunjerab National Park, Pakistan",https://doi.org/10.2458/v6i1.21421,1999,Khunjerab,Park (National),Pakistan,PAK,,x,1,NA,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,,,,1,,1,1,Conflicts,,GQL,Conflcts ,Unclear ,Participatory observation ,"Yes, direct conflict emerge from the establishment of the PA ",Unclear ,Negative ,Local communities within the CA ,"The park became a battle-ground between conservationist objectives and an increasingly vocal opposition. The original park plans violated the customary use-rights of the affected Wakhi villagers, and for Shimshal especially, undermined their livelihood and threatened their future. ",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
1244,West,Sletto,"Producing space(s), representing landscapes: maps and resource conflicts in Trinidad",https://doi.org/10.1191%2F1474474002eu256oa,2002,Nariva Swamp,Environmentally Sensitive Area,Trinidad & Tobago,TTO,,x,1,1996,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,,,,,,,,1,"Conflicts, Power",,VALUES,Conflicts of interests ,Representation of space ,"Review of a variety of verbal and visual representations inclusing media images, paintings, participatory maps, advertising, scientific reports, and so on.","Yes, the authors only reviewed the material produced after the establishment of the evictions in the area which was directly associated with the perception of diverse stakeholders about these evictions. ",Suitable ,Divergent ,1.- Local fishers 2.- Environmental alliance: conservationists and the national media,"‘winners’ of this contest appear to be the environmental alliance and its perspective, in which local fishers were at least temporarily produced as benign swamp dwellers – but whose everyday practices are still subject to the terms of a dominant conservation paradigm.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
1246,West,Slattery,"Resistance to Development at Wilsons Promontory National Park (Victoria, Australia)",https://doi.org/10.1080/08941920290069191,2011,Wilsons Promontory,Park (National),Australia,AUS,,x,1,,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,,,,,,,,,Values expressed in written public submissions against park management plan,,VALUES,Public interest in park protection ,Values expressed in written public submissions against park management plan,Documents coding ,No,Not suitable ,Indeterminate,Unclear ,Unclear ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
350,McKinnon,"Hartter, J.","Attitudes of rural communities toward wetlands and forest fragments around Kibale national park, Uganda",https://doi.org/10.1080/10871200902911834,2009,Kibale,Park (National),Uganda,UGA,,X,1,1993,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,,,1,,,,,Security & safety,,NCP,understand agriculture–wildlife conflicts and how these problems vary spatially and demographically," household composition, employment, and land use, whether or not they had problems with wildlife; identify the problematic animals",interviews,No,Yes,divergent,villages,"vervet and redtail monkeys ranked as the worst crop raiders overall. Baboons and elephants were also problematic in agricultural areas proximate to the park boundary. Despite the problems reported, most respondents prefer to live closer to forest fragments and wetlands because of greater access to natural resources.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
374,McKinnon,"Thaworn, R.; Kelley, L.; Yasmi, Y.",Can biodiversity conservation go hand in hand with local livelihoods? A case of conflict resolution in Thailand,http://www.fao.org/3/i1758e/i1758e08.pdf,2010,Teen Tok village (with two),Park (National),Thailand,THA,,X,1,1981,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,,,,,1,,,1,"Material living standards, Social relations, Governance & empowerment",,GQL,Village-park conflicts ,Perception of participation in decision-making and changes in livelihoods ,Literature review ,No,Suitable ,Positive ,Local communities within the resrve and conservation goals ,This case demostrate  how less exclusionary policies in the establishment of a PA can diminish conflicts between villages and PA authorities generating benefit for development and conservation ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
376,McKinnon,"Mbaiwa, J. E.; Stronza, A. L.","Changes in resident attitudes towards tourism development and conservation in the Okavango Delta, Botswana",https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2011.03.009,2011,Moremi,Game Reserve,Botswana,BWA,,X,1,1990,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,,,,,,,,"Economic living standards, Social relations",,GQL,Attitudes towards tourism and conservation ,NA,Interviews and surveys ,"Yes, direct perception ",NA,Positive ,Communities within the conservation area ,The results show that the local communities have a more possitive attitude towards tourism and conservation after the establishment of the PA because it has improved the quality of life and the livelihoods of local communities,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
606,McKinnon,"Baker, J.; Milner-Gulland, E.J.; and Leader-Williams, N.","Park Gazettement and Integrated Conservation and Development as Factors in Community Conflict at Bwindi Impenetrable Forest, Uganda",DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2011.01777.x,2012,Bwindi,Park (National),Uganda,UGA,,X,1,1991,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,,,1,,,,1,"Economic living standards, Social relations, Security & safety, Governance & empowerment",,GQL,"Conflicts from the implementation of an ""Integrated Conservation and Development""  strategy in the PA","Number of conflicts, instigator of conflict, relationship between conflicts and law enforcement ",Review of documents written by PA staff about conflicts and incidents that happened inside the PA,"Yes, the documents explored refer directly to ocnflicts that emerge after the establishment of the PA. However, the focus of analysis was the implementation of a new conservation startegy in the PA, therefore the results  show outcomes from this initiative but not directly from the stablishment of the PA. ",Suitable ,Divergent ,Local communities living within the PA,"The ICD strategies of income generation and al- ternative livelihoods appear to be effective in reducing conflict and threats to gorillas from commercial activities. However, these strategies have tended to benefit wealth- ier households, whereas commercial activities, particu- larly pit sawing, were largely undertaken by poorer vil- lager",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
607,McKinnon,"Studsrod, J. E.; Wegge, P.","Park-People Relationships: The Case of Damage Caused by Park Animals Around the Royal Bardia National Park, Nepal",https://doi.org/10.1017/S0376892900010183,1995,Royal Bardia,Park (National),Nepal,NPL,,X,1,1969,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,,,,,,,,,Material living standards,,VALUES,Park-people relationship ,Crop damage and livestock predation by park animals,Questionnaire survey,"Yes, the authors explored the direct damage that ha sbeen caused by Park animals ",Suitable ,Indeterminate ,Unclear ,"Due to rapid increase in the population of wild ungulates since the establishment of the National Park, and to the lack of functioning protective measures, the farmers' problems were increasing .  Despite it, local villagers so far have a positive attitude towards the Park, but this positive attitude may erode soon unless serious action is taken to reduce the problems of crop damage and livestock predation in the area.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
633,McKinnon,"Bedunah, DJ and Schmidt, SM",Pastoralism and protected area management in Mongolia's Gobi Gurvansaikhan National Park,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7660.2004.00347.x,2004,Gobi Gurvansaikhan,Park (National),Mongolia,MNG,X,X,2,1993,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,,,,,,,,"Environmental, Material living standards, Economic living standards",,GQL,Livelihoods of pastoral families ,Perception of pastoral comunities about chages in their livelihoods and challenges since the establishment of the PA,"Interviews, rural appraisal , and field reconnaissance.","Yes, perception of change ",Suitable ,Indeterminate,Patoral families within and outside the Park ,"Pastoral families in Gobi Gurvansaikhan National Park face a number of critical problems, but currently there is no evidence that the establishment of the park has had a negative influence on their lives or on the use of communal land. In fact, a few herders are benefiting in direct and indirect ways as tourism has increased.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
635,McKinnon,"Gillingham, S.; Lee, P. C.","People and protected areas: A study of local perceptions of wildlife crop-damage conflict in an area bordering the Selous Game Reserve, Tanzania",https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605303000577,2003,Selous,Game Reserve,"Tanzania, United Republic Of",TZA,,,0,1988,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,,,,,,,,,,NCP,Local perceptions of wildlife crop-damage conflict,Perception of local communities and frequency of the scale of impact of recorded crop-damage events,Interviews and crop-damage monitoring ,"Yes, direct perception of local communities. Also, the rsult were contrasted with the distance between commuities and the PA",Suitable ,Indeterminate ,Communties outside the PA ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
636,McKinnon,"Islam, K. K.; Rahman, G. M.; Fujiwara, T.; Sato, N.",People's participation in forest conservation and livelihoods improvement: Experience from a forestry project in Bangladesh,dx.doi.org/10.1080/21513732.2012.748692,2013,Madhupur Sal,Forest,Bangladesh,BGD,X,X,2,2009,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,,,,,,,,"Environmental, Material living standards, Economic living standards, Education, Social relations",,GQL,Livelihoods ,Perception of change and benefits or impacts in the communities livelihoods ,"In depth interview, focus groups and questionnaires","Yes, direct perception of people ",Suitable ,Positive,Local communities managing the forest consrevation initiative ,"The result revealed that capacity building of encroachers and forest-dependent families were the basic achievements of this project. Natural assets, social relationships, and the utilization of human capital through alternative livelihood strategies have provided security and improved livelihood assets of participant",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
642,McKinnon,"Silori, C. S.","Perception of local people towards conservation of forest resources in Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve, north-western Himalaya, India",https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-006-9116-8,2007,Nanda Devi,Biosphere Reserve,Nepal,NPL,X,X,2,1988,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,,,,,,,,"Environmental, Material living standards, Economic living standards, Governance & empowerment",,VALUES,Perception on the use and conservation of natural resources ,Perception of management restrictions ,Participatory meetings ,"Yes, direct perception of change. Also, the same study wa sconducted in different periods of time ",Suitable ,Negative ,Human-park relationship ,"Respondents developed negative attitude among local people towards NDBR management, mainly because of restricted access to the forest resources for their livelihood.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
644,McKinnon,"Engel, M. T.; Marchini, S.; Pont, A. C.; Machado, R.; Oliveira, L. R. D.","Perceptions and attitudes of stakeholders towards the wildlife refuge of Ilha dos Lobos, a marine protected area in Brazil",https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2013.11.012,2014,Ilha dos Lobos,Wildlife Refuge,Brazil,BRA,,X,1,1983,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,,,,1,1,,,,"Education, Subjective well-being",,VALUES,Perceptions and attitudes of stakeholders towards the PA,"attitudes, knowledge and perceptions towards the PA",Interviews and questionnaires,"Yes,  perception of the PA",Suitable ,Divergent ,"(1) fishermen, (2) tourists and (3) people from the local economy and educational sectors.","Respondents, in general, showed a regular level of knowledge about the WRIL, and this can be influencing their perceptions towards the MPA and the sea lion. Attitudes towards the MPA and the sea lion conservation among fishermen were the most negative, as well as their intention to engage in decision making. Tourists, on the contrary, were very positive in regards to environmental campaigns and the island conservation. The third main group was the most positive, mainly because they expressed positive attitudes towards the MPA and the sea lion conservation, and intention in engage in decision making",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
650,McKinnon,"Brown, D. R.; Dettmann, P.; Rinaudo, T.; Tefera, H.; Tofu, A.","Poverty Alleviation and Environmental Restoration Using Clean Development Mechanism: A Case Study from Humbo, Ethiopia",https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-010-9590-3,2011,"Humbo, Community-based natural regeneration project",Natural Regeneration Project (Community-based),Ethiopia,ETH,X,X,2,2004,4,0,0,0,1,0,0,,,2,,1,,,,"Environmental, Economic living standards, Social relations, Governance & empowerment, Culture/Spiritual Values",,NATURE,Local flora and fauna conservation,Vegetation cover and perception of presence of wildlife in the area ,"Desk study of key project documents, external assessment report, trip reports, personal communication with key informants and site visits ","Yes,  perception of change from local communities",Suitable ,Positive ,Nature,Positive change in vegetative cover and community members have  observed and increased presence of wildlife and birds in the forest ,NATURE,Suistainable forest management ,"Tree rewgrowth, ha of forest restaured, and grow of indigneous tree species ","Desk study of key project documents, external assessment report, trip reports, personal communication with key informants and site visits ","Yes, direct perception and track of results over a period of two years",Suitable,Positive,Nature,"2,728 ha of degraded forest have been protected and restaured, tree regrowth has reached 2-5m and the residents of the communities have observed regrowth of indigenous trees species ",INSTITUTIONS,Social benefits ,Agency of local communities and power to decide over natural resources management in the area,"Desk study of key project documents, external assessment report, trip reports, personal communication with key informants and site visits ","Yes, perception of communities and monitoring of results over 2 years ",Suitable ,Positive ,Local communities within the PA,"Communities have establish managment and user rights over the forest land, and they  are considered as key stakeholder to take decisions over natural resources management in the area ",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
657,McKinnon,"Zommers, Z.; Macdonald, D. W.",Protected Areas as Frontiers for Human Migration,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2012.01846.x,2012,Budongo,Forest Reserve,Uganda,UGA,,X,1,NA,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,,,,,,,,,"Material living standards, Economic living standards",,DRIVERS,Migration and human popultaion growth near the PA,"Birthplace, migration, and use of forest resources",Interviews ,No,Suitable ,Unclear ,Unclear ,There is a increase in migrration and human population growth near the PA  but it is not associated with the establishment of the PA and the availability of natural resources ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
663,McKinnon,"Khan, M. S.; Bhagwat, S. A.",Protected Areas: A Resource or Constraint for Local People?,https://doi.org/10.1659/MRD-JOURNAL-D-09-00024.1,2010,Chitral Gol,Park (National),Pakistan,PAK,X,X,2,1984,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,,,,,1,,,,"Environmental, Material living standards, Economic living standards, Governance & empowerment",,INSTITUTIONS,Effectiveness of governance approaches to resources management ,"People’s perceptions, knowledge, and attitudes toward conservation planning and management",Inerviews and literature review ,"Yes, direct perception of the problem ",Suitable ,Negative ,local communities living in the PA,Results show a lack of awareness and a low level of participation in protected area management,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
787,McKinnon,"Amati, C.",We all voted for it: experiences of participation in community-based ecotourism from the foothills of Mt Kilimanjaro,https://doi.org/10.1080/17531055.2013.841023,2013,Kimana Community,Wildlife Sanctuary,Kenya,KEN,,X,1,1968,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,,,,,1,,,,"Economic living standards, Education, Governance & empowerment",,INSTITUTIONS,Participation and inclusion ,"Knowledge of the PA, capacity to influence decision-making in the area and attendance to meeetings ","Surveys, in depth interviews, focus group and participatory obsrevation ","Yes, direct perception from the residents regarding their level of participation in decision-making in the PA",Suitable ,Indeterminate ,Communities within the conservation area ,"Results show a huge diversity of perceptions of participation degree, capacity of influence over decision-making and knowledge of the PA, which do not allow to arrive to final conclusion about changes in participation and inclusion in the PA",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
790,McKinnon,"Phuc, T. X.",Why did the forest conservation policy fail in the Vietnamese uplands? Forest conflicts in Ba Vi National Park in Northern Region,https://doi.org/10.1080/00207230902759988,2009,Ba Vi,Park (National),Viet Nam,VNM,,X,1,1977,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,,,1,1,,,,"Economic living standards, Governance & empowerment",,GQL,Local livelihoods,perceptions of different groups of people on issues related to biodiversity resources mangement and conflicting values ,In depth-interviews and focus group ,"Yes, direct perception of change ",Suitable,Negative,Communities within the reserve ,"The establishment of the PA emphasises the protection of biodiversity resources to the detriment of the subsistence economy of the villagers who depend on the forest for their livelihoods. At the local level, the policy implementation was shaped by local power relations, with the officials bending the policy for their personal gain, entirely excluding the villagers from the resources",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
796,Porter-Bolland,Armenteras,Are conservation strategies effective in avoiding the deforestation of the Colombian Guyana Shield?,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2009.02.006,2009,Barranco Colorado,Indigenous Reservation,Colombia,COL,x,,1,NA,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,,,,,,,,,Deforestation rates,,NATURE,Performance based on forest conservation ,Land cover change and deforestation rate ,Spatial analysis using LANDSAT TM and ETM satellite images,"Yes, spatial and time comparison ",Suitable,Indeterminate ,Nature ,"Results showed that indigenous reservations are a effective way of protecting forest. However, comparing with national protected areas they are less efficient ",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
797,Porter-Bolland,Armenteras,Are conservation strategies effective in avoiding the deforestation of the Colombian Guyana Shield?,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2009.02.007,2009,Barranquillita,Indigenous Reservation,Colombia,COL,x,,1,NA,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,,,,,,,,,Deforestation rates,,NATURE,Performance based on forest conservation ,Land cover change and deforestation rate ,Spatial analysis using LANDSAT TM and ETM satellite images,"Yes, spatial and time comparison ",Suitable,Indeterminate ,Nature ,"Results showed that indigenous reservations are a effective way of protecting forest. However, comparing with national protected areas they are less efficient ",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
798,Porter-Bolland,Armenteras,Are conservation strategies effective in avoiding the deforestation of the Colombian Guyana Shield?,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2009.02.008,2009,Cano Mesetas-Dagua Murcielago,Indigenous Reservation,Colombia,COL,x,,1,NA,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,,,,,,,,,Deforestation rates,,NATURE,Performance based on forest conservation ,Land cover change and deforestation rate ,Spatial analysis using LANDSAT TM and ETM satellite images,"Yes, spatial and time comparison ",Suitable,Indeterminate ,Nature ,"Results showed that indigenous reservations are a effective way of protecting forest. However, comparing with national protected areas they are less efficient ",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
799,Porter-Bolland,Armenteras,Are conservation strategies effective in avoiding the deforestation of the Colombian Guyana Shield?,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2009.02.002,2009,Chiribiquete,Protected Area,Colombia,COL,x,,1,NA,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,,,,,,,,,Deforestation rates,,NATURE,Performance based on forest conservation ,Land cover change and deforestation rate ,Spatial analysis using LANDSAT TM and ETM satellite images,"Yes, spatial and time comparison ",Suitable,Positive,Nature ,Results showed that national protected areas have slower deforestation rates,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
800,Porter-Bolland,Armenteras,Are conservation strategies effective in avoiding the deforestation of the Colombian Guyana Shield?,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2009.02.009,2009,El itilla,Indigenous Reservation,Colombia,COL,x,,1,NA,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,,,,,,,,,Deforestation rates,,NATURE,Performance based on forest conservation ,Land cover change and deforestation rate ,Spatial analysis using LANDSAT TM and ETM satellite images,"Yes, spatial and time comparison ",Suitable,Indeterminate ,Nature ,"Results showed that indigenous reservations are a effective way of protecting forest. However, comparing with national protected areas they are less efficient ",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
801,Porter-Bolland,Armenteras,Are conservation strategies effective in avoiding the deforestation of the Colombian Guyana Shield?,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2009.02.010,2009,"Group 1 (includes Cano Bachaco Guaripa, La Hormiga y Guacamayas Maipore)",Indigenous Reservation,Colombia,COL,x,,1,NA,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,,,,,,,,,Deforestation rates,,NATURE,Performance based on forest conservation ,Land cover change and deforestation rate ,Spatial analysis using LANDSAT TM and ETM satellite images,"Yes, spatial and time comparison ",Suitable,Indeterminate ,Nature ,"Results showed that indigenous reservations are a effective way of protecting forest. However, comparing with national protected areas they are less efficient ",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
802,Porter-Bolland,Armenteras,Are conservation strategies effective in avoiding the deforestation of the Colombian Guyana Shield?,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2009.02.011,2009,"Group 2 (includes Lagos del Dorado, Lagos del paso, Bacat-Arara, Vuelta del Alivio, Yabilla II)",Indigenous Reservation,Colombia,COL,x,,1,NA,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,,,,,,,,,Deforestation rates,,NATURE,Performance based on forest conservation ,Land cover change and deforestation rate ,Spatial analysis using LANDSAT TM and ETM satellite images,"Yes, spatial and time comparison ",Suitable,Indeterminate ,Nature ,"Results showed that indigenous reservations are a effective way of protecting forest. However, comparing with national protected areas they are less efficient ",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
803,Porter-Bolland,Armenteras,Are conservation strategies effective in avoiding the deforestation of the Colombian Guyana Shield?,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2009.02.012,2009,"Group 3 (includes Barranco Ceiba y Lag., Cano Jabon, Cuenca Media y alta del rio Inirida, Nukak Maku, Parte alta del rio, Guainia, Remanso Chorro Bocon, Rios Cuiari e Isana, Tonina-Sejal-San Jose)",Indigenous Reservation,Colombia,COL,x,,1,NA,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,,,,,,,,,Deforestation rates,,NATURE,Performance based on forest conservation ,Land cover change and deforestation rate ,Spatial analysis using LANDSAT TM and ETM satellite images,"Yes, spatial and time comparison ",Suitable,Indeterminate ,Nature ,"Results showed that indigenous reservations are a effective way of protecting forest. However, comparing with national protected areas they are less efficient ",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
804,Porter-Bolland,Armenteras,Are conservation strategies effective in avoiding the deforestation of the Colombian Guyana Shield?,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2009.02.013,2009,La Fuga,Indigenous Reservation,Colombia,COL,x,,1,NA,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,,,,,,,,,Deforestation rates,,NATURE,Performance based on forest conservation ,Land cover change and deforestation rate ,Spatial analysis using LANDSAT TM and ETM satellite images,"Yes, spatial and time comparison ",Suitable,Indeterminate ,Nature ,"Results showed that indigenous reservations are a effective way of protecting forest. However, comparing with national protected areas they are less efficient ",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
805,Porter-Bolland,Armenteras,Are conservation strategies effective in avoiding the deforestation of the Colombian Guyana Shield?,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2009.02.014,2009,La Sal,Indigenous Reservation,Colombia,COL,x,,1,NA,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,,,,,,,,,Deforestation rates,,NATURE,Performance based on forest conservation ,Land cover change and deforestation rate ,Spatial analysis using LANDSAT TM and ETM satellite images,"Yes, spatial and time comparison ",Suitable,Indeterminate ,Nature ,"Results showed that indigenous reservations are a effective way of protecting forest. However, comparing with national protected areas they are less efficient ",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
806,Porter-Bolland,Armenteras,Are conservation strategies effective in avoiding the deforestation of the Colombian Guyana Shield?,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2009.02.015,2009,Llanos de Yari (Yaguara II),Indigenous Reservation,Colombia,COL,x,,1,NA,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,,,,,,,,,Deforestation rates,,NATURE,Performance based on forest conservation ,Land cover change and deforestation rate ,Spatial analysis using LANDSAT TM and ETM satellite images,"Yes, spatial and time comparison ",Suitable,Indeterminate ,Nature ,"Results showed that indigenous reservations are a effective way of protecting forest. However, comparing with national protected areas they are less efficient ",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
807,Porter-Bolland,Armenteras,Are conservation strategies effective in avoiding the deforestation of the Colombian Guyana Shield?,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2009.02.003,2009,Macarena,Protected Area,Colombia,COL,x,,1,NA,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,,,,,,,,,Deforestation rates,,NATURE,Performance based on forest conservation ,Land cover change and deforestation rate ,Spatial analysis using LANDSAT TM and ETM satellite images,"Yes, spatial and time comparison ",Suitable,Positive ,Nature ,Results showed that national protected areas have slower deforestation rates,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
808,Porter-Bolland,Armenteras,Are conservation strategies effective in avoiding the deforestation of the Colombian Guyana Shield?,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2009.02.016,2009,Piaroa de Cachicamo,Indigenous Reservation,Colombia,COL,x,,1,NA,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,,,,,,,,,Deforestation rates,,NATURE,Performance based on forest conservation ,Land cover change and deforestation rate ,Spatial analysis using LANDSAT TM and ETM satellite images,"Yes, spatial and time comparison ",Suitable,Indeterminate ,Nature ,"Results showed that indigenous reservations are a effective way of protecting forest. However, comparing with national protected areas they are less efficient ",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
809,Porter-Bolland,Armenteras,Are conservation strategies effective in avoiding the deforestation of the Colombian Guyana Shield?,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2009.02.017,2009,Puerto Nare,Indigenous Reservation,Colombia,COL,x,,1,NA,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,,,,,,,,,Deforestation rates,,NATURE,Performance based on forest conservation ,Land cover change and deforestation rate ,Spatial analysis using LANDSAT TM and ETM satellite images,"Yes, spatial and time comparison ",Suitable,Indeterminate ,Nature ,"Results showed that indigenous reservations are a effective way of protecting forest. However, comparing with national protected areas they are less efficient ",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
810,Porter-Bolland,Armenteras,Are conservation strategies effective in avoiding the deforestation of the Colombian Guyana Shield?,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2009.02.018,2009,Puerto Viejo y puerto Esperanza,Indigenous Reservation,Colombia,COL,x,,1,NA,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,,,,,,,,,Deforestation rates,,NATURE,Performance based on forest conservation ,Land cover change and deforestation rate ,Spatial analysis using LANDSAT TM and ETM satellite images,"Yes, spatial and time comparison ",Suitable,Indeterminate ,Nature ,"Results showed that indigenous reservations are a effective way of protecting forest. However, comparing with national protected areas they are less efficient ",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
811,Porter-Bolland,Armenteras,Are conservation strategies effective in avoiding the deforestation of the Colombian Guyana Shield?,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2009.02.004,2009,Puinaway,Protected Area,Colombia,COL,x,,1,NA,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,,,,,,,,,Deforestation rates,,NATURE,Performance based on forest conservation ,Land cover change and deforestation rate ,Spatial analysis using LANDSAT TM and ETM satellite images,"Yes, spatial and time comparison ",Suitable,Positive ,Nature ,Results showed that national protected areas have slower deforestation rates,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
812,Porter-Bolland,Armenteras,Are conservation strategies effective in avoiding the deforestation of the Colombian Guyana Shield?,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2009.02.019,2009,Tucan de Caño Giriza La Palma,Indigenous Reservation,Colombia,COL,x,,1,NA,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,,,,,,,,,Deforestation rates,,NATURE,Performance based on forest conservation ,Land cover change and deforestation rate ,Spatial analysis using LANDSAT TM and ETM satellite images,"Yes, spatial and time comparison ",Suitable,Indeterminate ,Nature ,"Results showed that indigenous reservations are a effective way of protecting forest. However, comparing with national protected areas they are less efficient ",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
813,Porter-Bolland,Armenteras,Are conservation strategies effective in avoiding the deforestation of the Colombian Guyana Shield?,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2009.02.005,2009,Tuparro,Protected Area,Colombia,COL,x,,1,NA,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,,,,,,,,,Deforestation rates,,NATURE,Performance based on forest conservation ,Land cover change and deforestation rate ,Spatial analysis using LANDSAT TM and ETM satellite images,"Yes, spatial and time comparison ",Suitable,Positive ,Nature ,Results showed that national protected areas have slower deforestation rates,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
814,Porter-Bolland,Southworth,Assessing the impact of Celaque National Park on forest fragmentation in western Honduras,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2004.07.003,2004,Celaque,Park (National),Honduras,HND,x,,1,1987,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,,,,,,,,,Forest fragmentation,,NATURE,Forest conservation ,Forest fragmentation ,"Remote sensing, GIS and landscape pattern analysis","Yes, spatial comparison ",Suitable,Positive ,Nature ,The park has been largely successful in maintaining forest cover,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
816,Porter-Bolland,Ruiz-Perez,Conservation and development in Amazonian Extractive Reserves: the case of Alto Juruá.,https://doi.org/10.1579/0044-7447-34.3.218,2005,Alto Juruá,Extractive Reserve,Brazil,BRA,x,x,2,1990,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,,,,,,,,,"Deforestation rates, socio-economic changes",,NATURE,Conservation ,Forest cover ,Review of previous logitudinal studies ,"Yes, longitudinal analysis and spatial comparison ",Suitable ,Negative ,Nature ,Per capita deforestation  has dobled since the establishment of the PA and the fragmentation of the forest has increased ,GQL,Development ,Socio-economic indicators: main source of income and presence and type of extractive activities ,Surveys ,"Yes, longitudinal analysis and spatial comparison ",Suitable ,Indeterminate ,Unclear ,The social and economic contexts in the area have suffered changes but results do not show if these changes have been positive or negative ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
817,Porter-Bolland,Mendoza,Deforestation in Lacandonia (southeast Mexico): evidence for the declaration of the northernmost tropical hotspot.,https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008916304504,1999,Montes Azules,Biosphere Reserve,Mexico,MEX,x,,1,1978,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,,,,,,,,,Deforestation,,NATURE,Deforestation ,Land cover change ,Spatial analysis using  satellite Landsat Multis- pectral Scanner System (MSS) and Thematic Mapper (TM),"Yes, longitudinal analysis and spatial comparison ",Suitable ,Positive ,Nature ,"The deforestation rate in the PA is less than in the areas next to it. In addition, after the establishment of the PA the deforestation rate declined ",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
819,Porter-Bolland,Chai,High rates of forest clearance and fragmentation pre- and post- National Park establishment: the case of a Jmaican montane rainforest.,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2009.05.020,2009,The Blue and John Crow Mountains,Park (National),Jamaica,JAM,x,,1,1993,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,,,,,,,,,Deforestation rates,,NATURE,Forest conservation ,Rates of forest clearance and fragmentation,Sensing techniques ,"Yes, longitudinal analysis ",Suitable ,Negative ,Nature ,"Fragmentation and deforestation continued post-establishment, and manifested itself in an increasing number of smaller more vulnerable fragments. ",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
820,Porter-Bolland,Ellis,"Is community-based forest management more effective than protected areas? A comparison of land use/land cover change in two neighboring study areas of the Central Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico.",https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2008.07.036,2008,Calakmul,Biosphere Reserve,Mexico,MEX,x,,1,1989,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,,,,,,,,,Deforestation / Land Use Change Cover,,NATURE,Forest Conservation ,Land use and cover change ,Land use and cover change analysis using remote sensing and losgistic regression analysis ,"Yes, longitudinal analysis ",Suitable,Negative,Nature,Deforestation increased even more compared to the period before its establishment.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
821,Porter-Bolland,Ellis,"Is community-based forest management more effective than protected areas? A comparison of land use/land cover change in two neighboring study areas of the Central Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico.",https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2008.07.036,2008,Felipe Carrillo Puerto,Municipality,Mexico,MEX,x,,1,NA,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,,,,,1,,,,Deforestation / Land Use Change Cover,,NATURE,Forest Conservation ,Land use and cover change ,Land use and cover change analysis using remote sensing and losgistic regression analysis ,"Yes, longitudinal analysis ",Suitable,Positive,Nature,"the results show that there is forest conservation or maintenance, largely driven by local community forestry institutions, which were strengthened with the establishment of conservation zones ",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
822,Porter-Bolland,Vester,Land change in the Southern Yucatán and Calakmul biosphere reserve: effects on Habitat and Biodiversity.,https://www.jstor.org/stable/40061892,2007,Calakmul,Biosphere Reserve,Mexico,MEX,x,,1,NA,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,,,,,,,,,Land changes,,NATURE,Effective conservation inside and outside the reserve ,"Land change, forest structure and species composition ",Landsat analysis and density and height tree analysis ,"Yes, longitudinal analysis ",Suitable,Negative,Nature inside and outside the reserve ,"The reserve appear to be more at risk due to a reduction in effective ecosystem size, loss of critical habitat, expansion of barriers to the movement of biota and an increase in exposure of biota to humans. ",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
823,Porter-Bolland,Smith,Land-cover assessment of conservation and buffer zones in the Bosawas natural Resource Reserve of Nicaragua,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-002-2774-8,2003,Bosawas,Natural Resource,Nicaragua,NIC,x,,1,1991,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,,,,,,,,,Changes in land cover,,NATURE,Forest Conservation ,Land cover change,Landsat thematic mapper (TM) image and site visits ,"Yes, longitudinal analysis ",Suitable ,Negative ,Nature buffer and conservation zone ,Results show a  major increases in both agriculture and scrub/early secondary forest and decreaing amounts of conserved forest ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
824,Porter-Bolland,Nagendra,"Landscapes of protection: forest change and fragmentation in Northern West Bengal, India.",https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-009-9374-10,2006,Baikunthapur,Forest Reserve,India,IND,x,,1,1961,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,,,,,,,,,"Forest change, fragementation",,NATURE,Forest Conservation ,Forest change and fragmentation ,"Satellite image classification, fragstats and field data ","Yes, longitudinal analysis ",Suitable ,Indeterminate ,Nature,"The two protected areas experience a trend toward forest regrowth, relating to the cessation of com- mercial logging by park management during this period. Yet, there is still substantial clearing toward peripheral areas that are well connected to illegal timber markets by transportation networks. ",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
825,Porter-Bolland,Nagendra,"Landscapes of protection: forest change and fragmentation in Northern West Bengal, India.",https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-009-9374-9,2006,Mahananda,Wildlife Sanctuary,India,IND,x,,1,1988,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,,,,,,,,,"Forest change, fragementation",,NATURE,Forest Conservation ,Forest change and fragmentation ,"Satellite image classification, fragstats and field data ","Yes, longitudinal analysis ",Suitable ,Indeterminate ,Nature ,"The two protected areas experience a trend toward forest regrowth, relating to the cessation of com- mercial logging by park management during this period. Yet, there is still substantial clearing toward peripheral areas that are well connected to illegal timber markets by transportation networks. ",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
826,Porter-Bolland,Wyman,Modeling social and land-use/land-cover change data to assess drivers of smallholder deforestation in Belize,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2009.10.001,2010,Community Baboon,Sanctuary,Belize,BLZ,x,,1,1985,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,,,,,,,,,Deforestation rates,,NATURE,Deforestation rate ,Land cover change ,"Remote sensing, household survey data, and spatial modeling to assess","Yes, longitudinal analysis ",Suitable ,Negative ,Nature ,There was an increase o 30% in the deforestation rate ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
851,Pullin,Petrzelka,"""With the Stroke of a Pen"": Designation of the Grand Staircase Escalante National Monument and the Impact on Trust",https://doi.org/10.1007/s10745-012-9544-x,2013,Grand Staircase Escalante,Monument (National),United States of America,USA,,x,1,NA,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,,,,,1,,,,Impact on trust towards federal entities,,INSTITUTIONS,Residents’ trust in the federal conservation agencies ,Perceptions of residents about the conservation agency in the area comparing with other agencies in the USA ,Surveys ,"Yes, logitudinal analysis ",Suitable ,Negative ,Unclear ,"There is a high level of distrust in government resource management agencies, especially after the establishment of the PA, mainly as a result of the way the PA was created and how has been managed in a top-down manner ",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
858,Pullin,Torri,"Conservation, replication and the social consequences of conservation policies in protected areas: Case study of the Sarisk aTiger Reserve",10.4103/0972-4923.79190,2011,Sariska Tiger,Reserve,India,IND,,X,1,,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,,,,1,,,,Resetlement effects,,GQL,Social effects ,Pereption of impacts in people´s  livelihoods ,Interviews ,"Yes, direct perception of impacts ",Suitable,Negative ,Local communities realocated outside the PA ,"People has been realocated since the establishment of the reserve. Local people have had little influence on the relocation process, and have suffered from the limitations of access and use of resources linked to the constitution of the PA",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
863,Pullin,Davis,"Ha! What is the benefit of living next to the park?' Factors limiting in-migration next to Tarangire National Park, Tanzania",http://www.conservationandsociety.org/text.asp?2011/9/1/25/79184,2011,Tarangire,Park (National),"Tanzania, United Republic Of",TZA,,X,1,1970,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,,,,,,,,"Material living standards, Economic living standards, Governance & empowerment",,GQL,Limitations of living next to a PA,Perceived threats to livelihoods and security ,Interviews and field work ,"Yes, direct perception of change and spatial comparison ",Suitable,Negative,Villages next to the reserve ,"There are a perception between residents of more threats since the establishment of the park as fears of park expansion, loosing land and livelihood options to the interests of wildlife, wildlife conflicts and damages to crops, humans, and livestock, and restrictions on being able to address issues of poverty and drought. ",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
876,Pullin,Mbaiwa,"Wildilfe resource utilisation at Moremi Game Reserve and Khwai community area in the Okavango Delta, Botswana",10.1016/j.jenvman.2005.03.007,2005,Moremi,Game Reserve,Botswana,BWA,,X,1,1963,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,,,,,,,,,"Economic living standards, Social relations, Governance & empowerment",,GQL,Displacement ,Perception of negative impacts from the reallocation of communities ,Interviews and archival information review ,"Yes, perception of change ",Suitable,Negative,Local communities,"The establishment of the reserve led to the displacement of residents from their land, affecting hunting and gathering economy ",VALUES,Human-park conflicts ,"Relation between local communities, and wildlife and natural reserve managers ",Interviews and archival information review ,"Yes, perception of change ",Suitable,Negative,Local communities and park managers,The establishment of the reserve marked the beginning of resource conflicts between indigenous residents and wildlife managers as well as the development of negative attutudes towards wildlife conservation ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
926,Schleicher,Vuohelainen,"The effectiveness of contrasting protected areas in preventing deforestation in Madre de Dios, Peru",https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-012-9901-y,2012,Amarumayo,Protected Area,Peru,PER,x,,1,2006,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,,,,,,,,,Deforestation rates,,NATURE,Effectiveness of PA,Effectiveness score the diference between expeted and observed deforestation rates ,Deforestation maps and interviews,"Yes, spatial comparison ",Suitable,Positive,Nature,Overall the PA has reduced the deforestation rate and present high levels of effectiveness score ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
927,Schleicher,Vuohelainen,"The effectiveness of contrasting protected areas in preventing deforestation in Madre de Dios, Peru",https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-012-9901-y,2012,Boca Pariamanu,Community Reserve (Native),Peru,PER,x,,1,1992,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,,,,,,,,,Deforestation rates,,NATURE,Effectiveness of PA,Effectiveness score the diference between expeted and observed deforestation rates ,Deforestation maps and interviews,"Yes, spatial comparison ",Suitable,Positive,Nature,Overall the PA has reduced the deforestation rate and present high levels of effectiveness score ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
928,Schleicher,Vuohelainen,"The effectiveness of contrasting protected areas in preventing deforestation in Madre de Dios, Peru",https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-012-9901-y,2012,Infierno Native,Community Reserve,Peru,PER,x,,1,1974,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,,,,,,,,,Deforestation rates,,NATURE,Effectiveness of PA,Effectiveness score the diference between expeted and observed deforestation rates ,Deforestation maps and interviews,"Yes, spatial comparison ",Suitable,Positive,Nature,Overall the PA has reduced the deforestation rate and present high levels of effectiveness score ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
929,Schleicher,Vuohelainen,"The effectiveness of contrasting protected areas in preventing deforestation in Madre de Dios, Peru",https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-012-9901-y,2012,Inkaterra,Ecological Reserve,Peru,PER,x,,1,2004,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,,,,,,,,,Deforestation rates,,NATURE,Effectiveness of PA,Effectiveness score the diference between expeted and observed deforestation rates ,Deforestation maps and interviews,"Yes, spatial comparison ",Suitable,Positive,Nature,Overall the PA has reduced the deforestation rate and present high levels of effectiveness score ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
930,Schleicher,Vuohelainen,"The effectiveness of contrasting protected areas in preventing deforestation in Madre de Dios, Peru",https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-012-9901-y,2012,Palma Real,Community Reserve (Native),Peru,PER,x,,1,1975,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,,,,,,,,,Deforestation rates,,NATURE,Effectiveness of PA,Effectiveness score the diference between expeted and observed deforestation rates ,Deforestation maps and interviews,"Yes, spatial comparison ",Suitable,Negative ,Nature,The results shows that this PA has not been effective in reduce reforestation rates ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
931,Schleicher,Vuohelainen,"The effectiveness of contrasting protected areas in preventing deforestation in Madre de Dios, Peru",https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-012-9901-y,2012,Paraíso Amazónico,Ecological Reserve,Peru,PER,x,,1,2004,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,,,,,,,,,Deforestation rates,,NATURE,Effectiveness of PA,Effectiveness score the diference between expeted and observed deforestation rates ,Deforestation maps and interviews,"Yes, spatial comparison ",Suitable,Positive,Nature,Overall the PA has reduced the deforestation rate and present high levels of effectiveness score ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
932,Schleicher,Vuohelainen,"The effectiveness of contrasting protected areas in preventing deforestation in Madre de Dios, Peru",https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-012-9901-y,2012,Picaflor,Research Centre,Peru,PER,x,,1,2004,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,,,,,,,,,Deforestation rates,,NATURE,Effectiveness of PA,Effectiveness score the diference between expeted and observed deforestation rates ,Deforestation maps and interviews,"Yes, spatial comparison ",Suitable,Positive,Nature,Overall the PA has reduced the deforestation rate and present high levels of effectiveness score ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
933,Schleicher,Vuohelainen,"The effectiveness of contrasting protected areas in preventing deforestation in Madre de Dios, Peru",https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-012-9901-y,2012,Shihuahuaco,Protected Area,Peru,PER,x,,1,2008,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,,,,,,,,,Deforestation rates,,NATURE,Effectiveness of PA,Effectiveness score the diference between expeted and observed deforestation rates ,Deforestation maps and interviews,"Yes, spatial comparison ",Suitable,Positive,Nature,Overall the PA has reduced the deforestation rate and present high levels of effectiveness score ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
934,Schleicher,Vuohelainen,"The effectiveness of contrasting protected areas in preventing deforestation in Madre de Dios, Peru",https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-012-9901-y,2012,Tambopata,Reserve (National),Peru,PER,x,,1,2000,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,,,,,,,,,Deforestation rates,,NATURE,Effectiveness of PA,Effectiveness score the diference between expeted and observed deforestation rates ,Deforestation maps and interviews,"Yes, spatial comparison ",Suitable,Positive,Nature,Overall the PA has reduced the deforestation rate and present high levels of effectiveness score ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
935,Schleicher,Vuohelainen,"The effectiveness of contrasting protected areas in preventing deforestation in Madre de Dios, Peru",https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-012-9901-y,2012,Taricaya,Ecological Reserve,Peru,PER,x,,1,2005,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,,,,,,,,,Deforestation rates,,NATURE,Effectiveness of PA,Effectiveness score the diference between expeted and observed deforestation rates ,Deforestation maps and interviews,"Yes, spatial comparison ",Suitable,Positive,Nature,Overall the PA has reduced the deforestation rate and present high levels of effectiveness score ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
939,Soliku & Schraml,Gandiwa,"CAMPFIRE and Human-Wildlife Conflicts in Local Communities Bordering Northern Gonarezhou National Park, Zimbabwe",http://dx.doi.org/10.5751/ES-05817-180407,2013,Northern Gonarezhou,Park (National),Zimbabwe,ZWE,,x,1,1989,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,,,,,,,,wildlife/conflict/perceptions,Better effectiveness perception leads to less wildlife conflicts,NCP,Effectiveness of the conservation area,Perception of human-wildlife conflicts and positive impacts from the establishmet of the PA,Focus group discussion ,"Yes, perception of change and spatial comparison ",Suitable,Indeterminate ,Communities within the conservation area ,"Results indicate that local communities showed considerable differences in how the conservation area effectiveness was perceived. Some people perceived a decline in human-wildlife conflicts, although some people had experienced problems with wild animals.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
940,Soliku & Schraml,Ruschkowski,Causes and Potential Solutions for Conflicts between Protected Area Management and Local People in Germany,http://www.georgewright.org/0943vonruschkowski.pdf,2010,Harz,Park (National),Germany,DEU,,x,1,2006,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,,,,,,,,,attitudes/perceptions towards NAP,A number of factors contribute to a positive or negative attitude towards the park,VALUES,Attiudes towards conservation strategies ,Perecpetion towards the national park ,Digital surveys ,"Yes, perception of change ",Suitable ,Indeterminate ,Unclear ,The results present a mix perception between positive and negative attitudes towrads the PA which has not changed significately since the establishment of the area. ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
957,Soliku & Schraml,Debelo,"Contested terrains: conflicts between state and local communities over the management and utilization of Nech Sar National Park, southern Ethiopia",https://www.academia.edu/3043919/CONTESTED_TERRAINS_CONFLICTS_BETWEEN_STATE_AND_LOCAL_COMMUNITIES_OVER_THE_MANAGEMENT_AND_UTILIZATION_OF_NECH_SAR_NATIONAL_PARK_SOUTHERN_ETHIOPIA,2011,Nech Sar,Park (National),Ethiopia,ETH,,x,1,1960,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,,,,,1,1,1,1,power/conflict,Official narratives of development and conservation contradict local conceptions and fail to ensure both conservation and development missions,VALUES,Perceptions of development and conservation ,Perception and attitudes towards the PA,Unclear ,Yes? direct perception of change but the authors do not explain the methods they use,NA,Negative ,Local communities living in the PA,"This perspective not only excludes local people from their customary land rights, but it denigrates local knowledge of resource governance, management and conservation practices. As a result, the state ‘development’ and ‘conservation’ programs have created a hostile relationship between the people and the park and threatens the lives of the people and sustainability of the resources in the park",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
958,Soliku & Schraml,Liu,Environmental attitudes of stakeholders and their perceptions regarding protected area-community conflicts: A case study in Chin,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2010.06.007,2010,Jinyun Mountain,Park (National),China,CHN,,x,1,2001,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,,,,,,,,1,attitudes/perceptions towards NAP,"Harmony and conflict both exist in the PJM, but have different forms among different stakeholders, and seem to be opposite between government staff and local farmers.",VALUES,Protected-area community conflicts (categories of harmonious relationsiops),,Questionnaire surveys,,,Divergent  (Harmonious relationships identified by government staff and conflicting relationships identified by farmers),"Farmers, Government staff, Business persons, Tourists",,VALUES,Ecological attitudes,,Questionnaire surveys,Reference to literature (Used NEP scale),,indeterminate,"Farmers, Government staff, Business persons, Tourists (Highest NEP scores for Government staff, lower for Business persons)",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,The overall outcome is protected area-community conflicts / Noticed a mistake in the type of designation / Worth identifying if methods are applied independently or brought together to build the narrative of the outcome
976,Soliku & Schraml,Acquah,"Human-wildlife interactions, nature-based tourism, and protected areas management: the case of Mole National Park and the adjacent communities in Ghana",http://hdl.handle.net/1828/4970,2013,Mole,Park (National),Ghana,GHA,,x,1,1958,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,1,1,,,,,,,attitudes/perceptions towards NAP,"Highl levels of tourist satisfaction, Communities closer to PAs rate benefits higher than far away, Cultural valuation of animals influence interaction with wildlife, Nature-based tourism in and around PAs can serve both conservation and development outcomes",VALUES,Communities perception  ,"1.- overall attitude of adjacent communities towards the natural park; 2.- Attitude of adjacent communities towards wildlife,","Key informant interviews, focus group meetings, field observations and questionnaire surveys","Yes, the study evaluates the perception of the communities about the benefits that the PA has generate in their lifes ",Suitable ,Positive,Adjacent communities to the national park ,"Overall, most people have a positive attitude towards the park; have a more positive attitude towards wildlife than communities farther away from the park because of the benefits they receive through wildlife such as cultural value, entertainment and tourism",NCP,Impacts of wildlife on park adjacent communities ,1.- Perceived concerns and benefits of living near the natural park 2.-Differences in attitude related ti the perceived impact of different wildlife species ,"interviews, focus group meetings, and surveys ",No,Suitable ,Divergent ,Adjacent communities to the national park ,"Yet, their responses to specific concerns and benefits show mixed perceptions of the park. More than half of the respondents think that the cost of living near the park outweighs the benefits. tourism communities are appreciative of their location and perceive benefits higher than nontourism communities. ; Communities closer to the park although suffer from crop depredation and livestock attacks by wildlife, have a more positive attitude towards wildlife than communities farther away from the park because of the benefits they receive through wildlife such as cultural value, entertainment and tourism",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
991,Soliku & Schraml,Velded,"Protected areas, poverty and conflicts: A livelihood case study of Mikumi National Park, Tanzania",https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2012.01.008,2012,Mikumi,Park (National),"Tanzania, United Republic Of",TZA,,x,1,1954,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,,,,1,,,,,wildlife/conflict/income,"Although the park may not necessarily be a “poverty trap”, it must be seen as yet another and substantial constraint for people securing their livelihoods.",GQL,Improvement of livelihoods ,"1.- Incomes including sgricuktural, non-farm incomes, non-farm employment, remittances and environmentla incomes ; 2.- Loss of assets ",Household questionnaire ,"Yes, the villages inluded in the study were selected based on their ecological differences and their different distances to the park ",Suitable ,Negative ,Communities outside the Park ,"Income levels are very low even for the “least poor group”.  The extreme restriction of re- source access experienced by households living near the park is a major constraint for improved livelihoods; All the communities have lost some of their crops and livestock due to the wildlife that in general habits inside the Park. Gowever, the losses are socially differentiated i.e. the poorest group reported a loss of 20% of total incomes, while the medium group reported 2.9% and the least poor group only 1.2% of total incomes.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
996,Soliku & Schraml,Peters,"Understanding conflicts between people and parks at Ranomafana, Madagascar",https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007572011454,1999,Ranomafana,Park (National),Madagascar,MDG,,x,1,1991,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,,,,,,,,1,power/conflict,"Key factors in understanding conflicts are examined, a conflict management strategy is suggested",VALUES,Conflict ,Conflicting pereception by the restrctions imposed from the establishment of the natural reserve ,Secondary data review and personal experiences from the author who worked for several years in the area  ,"Yes, the documents that the author review are directly associated with the perceptin of different stakeholders about conflicts in the area after the establishment of the PA",Suitable ,Negative ,"1.- Park´s stakeholder: reserachers, government and management personnel and 2.- Resident population ",The imposition of the Ranomafana National Park on the historical and contemporary land use of the resident populations has produced perceptions of conflict on both sides of the park’s physical and conceptual boundaries.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
1005,Tauli-Corpuz,Gauthier,An Atlas on Indigenous Peoples facing Nature Conservation.,https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/read/56813558/an-atlas-on-indigenous-peoples-facing-nature-conservation,2016,Ashaninka,Territory,Brazil,BRA,,x,1,2011,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,,,,,,,,,Violence as a threat,,GQL,Benefit for the indigenous communities ,1.-Quality of life for local communities 2.- Recovery of natural resources and 3.- Local communities security ,NA,No,Suitable ,Divergent ,Ashaki communities which co-manage the reserve,"Live for Asharika communities have improved since the establishment of the conservation area, they have recovered their territory and generated some positive impacts in the area as restauration of tortoise population in the area and replantation of the forest. however, the death treatments against members of the community have inceased since the establishment of the conservation area ",NATURE,Benefit for the indigenous communities ,1.-Quality of life for local communities 2.- Recovery of natural resources and 3.- Local communities security ,NA,No,Suitable ,Positive,Ashaki communities which co-manage the reserve, generated some positive impacts in the area as restauration of tortoise population in the area and replantation of the forest.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
1006,Tauli-Corpuz,Gauthier,An Atlas on Indigenous Peoples facing Nature Conservation.,https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/read/56813558/an-atlas-on-indigenous-peoples-facing-nature-conservation,2016,Los Flamencos,Reserve (National),Chile,CHL,,x,1,1990,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,,,,,1,,,,Divergent effects from ecotourism,,GQL,Social and environmental impacts of the national park in local communities ,2.- Impacts of tourism ,NA,No,Partially suitable ,Divergent ,Indigenous communities living inside the reserve ,"The community has built startegy alliances that allow everyone to perserve the environment. Also, the co-management of the area has given the communities access to entreperneuship, emplayment opportunities and training. However, the increased of tourism in the area has weakened the water situation for the communities. ",NATURE,Social and environmental impacts of the national park in local communities ,1.- preservation of the environment ,NA,No,Partially suitable ,Divergent ,Indigenous communities living inside the reserve ,"The community has built startegy alliances that allow everyone to perserve the environment. Also, the co-management of the area has given the communities access to entreperneuship, emplayment opportunities and training. However, the increased of tourism in the area has weakened the water situation for the communities. ",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
1007,Tauli-Corpuz,Gauthier,An Atlas on Indigenous Peoples facing Nature Conservation.,https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/read/56813558/an-atlas-on-indigenous-peoples-facing-nature-conservation,2016,Itombwe,Nature Reserve,"Congo, The Democratic Republic Of The",COG,,x,1,NA,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,,,,,1,1,,1,Participation,,INSTITUTIONS,Participation ,1.- Conflict 2.-recognision of all the stakeholders opinion ,NA,No,Suitable ,Positive ,Bambuti local tribu inside the Ntaure Reserve ,"After years of conflict and negotiation between the Bambuti local tribu and government authorities, the situation have been resolved and there have been a change in the conservation pattern setting indigenous people back at the center of the ecosystems as major player rceognising their traditional rights and enabling them the ownership of the forest. ",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
1008,Tauli-Corpuz,Gauthier,An Atlas on Indigenous Peoples facing Nature Conservation.,https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/read/56813558/an-atlas-on-indigenous-peoples-facing-nature-conservation,2016,Guiana Amazonian,Park,French Guiana,GUF,,x,1,2007,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,,,,,1,1,,,Recognition of rights / Development opportunities,,INSTITUTIONS,Protection of natural resources ,1.- Presence of ilegal activities and 2.- Conflicts ,NA,No,Suitable ,Negative ,Amerindians licing inside the Park ,Ilegal gold mining  remains present and the conflict between Amerindians and exernal stakeholders dor the protection of the resources have increased,INSTITUTIONS,Benefit of the Park to local communities ,Recognition of rights of the local communities,NA,"Yes? the article explores directly the efects of the PA over the local communities. However, they do not explain the mehod they follow so its difficult to be sure that the results they are presenting are just related to the conservation Area ",Suitable ,Negative ,Amerindians living inside the Park ,"Despite the amerindians are informally recognised to co-manage the park and to be an important figure to conserve the resources on it, the French government have not given them the formal recognition and have ignored them for important decisions as assignation of funding and training",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
1009,Tauli-Corpuz,Gauthier,An Atlas on Indigenous Peoples facing Nature Conservation.,https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/read/56813558/an-atlas-on-indigenous-peoples-facing-nature-conservation,2016,Bukit Duabelas,Park (National),Indonesia,IDN,,x,1,2000,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,,,,,,1,,,Development-conservation conflict,,INSTITUTIONS,Recognition of indigenous communities  rights ,NA,NA,No,No suitable ,Indeterminate,Orange Rimba communities living inside the conservtaion area ,Unclear ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
1010,Tauli-Corpuz,Gauthier,An Atlas on Indigenous Peoples facing Nature Conservation.,https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/read/56813558/an-atlas-on-indigenous-peoples-facing-nature-conservation,2016,Tengis-Shishged,Park (National),Mongolia,MNG,,x,1,2012,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,,,,1,,,,,Deployment of livelihoods,,GQL,Impacts to indigenous peoples ,Local communities livelihoods ,NA,No,Suitable ,Negative ,Dukha indigenous peoples living inside the park ,The establishment of the park treat the Dukha community with extinction due to the restrictions imposed to the community which have deprived them to continue with ther livelihoods ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
1011,Tauli-Corpuz,Colchester,Conservation and Indigenous Peoples: Assesing the progress since Durban,https://www.forestpeoples.org/sites/fpp/files/publication/2010/08/wccconservationandipsinterimrepsept08eng.pdf,2008,Boumba Bek,Park (National),Cameroon,CMR,,x,1,NA,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,,,,,,1,,,Gaps in the recognition of community rights,,INSTITUTIONS,Recognition of indigenous communities  rights ,Degree of information and support from the governmnet to local communities ,regional meetings with various stakeholders and interviews,No,Suitable ,Negative ,Indigenous communities living inside and outside the national park ,"Unfortunately, little progress has been made in Cameroon to secure forest communities’ rights. Communities have remainded impeded by a persistent lack of information and support, and they are also constrained by outdated laws which contradict the government’s international commitments. ",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
1012,Tauli-Corpuz,Colchester,Conservation and Indigenous Peoples: Assesing the progress since Durban,https://www.forestpeoples.org/sites/fpp/files/publication/2010/08/wccconservationandipsinterimrepsept08eng.pdf,2008,Campo Ma’an,Park (National),Cameroon,CMR,,x,1,NA,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,,,,,,1,,,Gaps in the recognition of community rights,,INSTITUTIONS,Recognition of indigenous communities  rights ,Degree of information and support from the governmnet to local communities ,regional meetings with various stakeholders and interviews,No,Suitable ,Negative ,Indigenous communities living inside and outside the national park ,"Unfortunately, little progress has been made in Cameroon to secure forest communities’ rights. Communities have remainded impeded by a persistent lack of information and support, and they are also constrained by outdated laws which contradict the government’s international commitments. ",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
1013,Tauli-Corpuz,Colchester,Conservation and Indigenous Peoples: Assesing the progress since Durban,https://www.forestpeoples.org/sites/fpp/files/publication/2010/08/wccconservationandipsinterimrepsept08eng.pdf,2008,Dja,Wildlife Reserve,Cameroon,CMR,,x,1,NA,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,,,,,,1,,,Gaps in the recognition of community rights,,INSTITUTIONS,Recognition of indigenous communities  rights ,Degree of information and support from the governmnet to local communities ,regional meetings with various stakeholders and interviews,No,Suitable ,Negative ,Indigenous communities living inside and outside the national park ,"Unfortunately, little progress has been made in Cameroon to secure forest communities’ rights. Communities have remainded impeded by a persistent lack of information and support, and they are also constrained by outdated laws which contradict the government’s international commitments. ",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
1014,Tauli-Corpuz,Colchester,Conservation and Indigenous Peoples: Assesing the progress since Durban,https://www.forestpeoples.org/sites/fpp/files/publication/2010/08/wccconservationandipsinterimrepsept08eng.pdf,2008,Lobeke,Park (National),Cameroon,CMR,,x,1,NA,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,,,,,,1,,,Gaps in the recognition of community rights,,INSTITUTIONS,Recognition of indigenous communities  rights ,Degree of information and support from the governmnet to local communities ,regional meetings with various stakeholders and interviews,No,Suitable ,Negative ,Indigenous communities living inside and outside the national park ,"Unfortunately, little progress has been made in Cameroon to secure forest communities’ rights. Communities have remainded impeded by a persistent lack of information and support, and they are also constrained by outdated laws which contradict the government’s international commitments. ",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
1015,Tauli-Corpuz,Colchester,Conservation and Indigenous Peoples: Assesing the progress since Durban,https://www.forestpeoples.org/sites/fpp/files/publication/2010/08/wccconservationandipsinterimrepsept08eng.pdf,2008,Nki,Park (National),Cameroon,CMR,,x,1,NA,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,,,,,,1,,,Gaps in the recognition of community rights,,INSTITUTIONS,Recognition of indigenous communities  rights ,Degree of information and support from the governmnet to local communities ,regional meetings with various stakeholders and interviews,No,Suitable ,Negative ,Indigenous communities living inside and outside the national park ,"Unfortunately, little progress has been made in Cameroon to secure forest communities’ rights. Communities have remainded impeded by a persistent lack of information and support, and they are also constrained by outdated laws which contradict the government’s international commitments. ",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
1016,Tauli-Corpuz,Colchester,Conservation and Indigenous Peoples: Assesing the progress since Durban,https://www.forestpeoples.org/sites/fpp/files/publication/2010/08/wccconservationandipsinterimrepsept08eng.pdf,2008,Crocker Range,Park (National),Malaysia,MYS,,x,1,NA,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,,,,,1,1,,,Gaps in the recognition of community rights,,INSTITUTIONS,Recognition of indigenous communities  rights ,Participation in decision-making processes about the PA and recognition of their territory ,NA,No,Suitable ,Indeterminate,Indigenous communities living inside and outside the national park ,"While not amounting to proper recognition of indigenous rights, Some measures that the governmnet is taking  are accepted as steps in the right direction and evidence that the administration is not inflexible with respect to local communities. Indigenous peoples are being involved in the drafting of laws recognising indigenous peoples’ rights to their traditional knowledge and to benefits from its use. ",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
1017,Tauli-Corpuz,Colchester,Conservation and Indigenous Peoples: Assesing the progress since Durban,https://www.forestpeoples.org/sites/fpp/files/publication/2010/08/wccconservationandipsinterimrepsept08eng.pdf,2008,Bataan,Park (National),Philippines,PHL,,x,1,NA,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,,,,,1,1,,,Gaps in the recognition of community rights,,INSTITUTIONS,Recognition of indigenous communities  rights ,Implementation of measures with respect to indigenous rights ,NA,No,Suitable,Indeterminate,Ayta communities living inside and outside the PA. ,Ayta filed a claim under the IPRA for recognition of their ancestral domain. There has been no progress with this claim since. However the Protected Area Management Board has allotted 2 places for Ayta on the Management Board but no training or outreach has been undertaken to allow them to effectively engage with the Protected Area authoritie,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
New ,Tauli-Corpuz,Colchester,Conservation and Indigenous Peoples: Assesing the progress since Durban,https://www.forestpeoples.org/sites/fpp/files/publication/2010/08/wccconservationandipsinterimrepsept08eng.pdf,2008,Bwindi ,Protected Area ,Uganda ,UGA,,x,1,NA,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,,,,,1,1,,,Gaps in the recognition of community rights,,INSTITUTIONS,Recognition of indigenous communities  rights ,Communities participation in decision-making about the PA,NA,No,Suitable,Negative ,Batwa communities living inside PA,"While certain frameworks exist and there is growing recognition of community rights in relation to protected areas, genuine participation of the Batwa, based on positions of equality, remains illusory in Uganda. Government authorities continue to act in a paternalistic manner toward communities and merely pass on a few responsibilities to communities rather than empowering Batwa communities to be active partners in decision making and implementation. ",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
New ,Tauli-Corpuz,Colchester,Conservation and Indigenous Peoples: Assesing the progress since Durban,https://www.forestpeoples.org/sites/fpp/files/publication/2010/08/wccconservationandipsinterimrepsept08eng.pdf,2008,Mgahinga,Protected Area ,Uganda ,UGA,,x,1,NA,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,,,,,1,1,,,Gaps in the recognition of community rights,,INSTITUTIONS,Recognition of indigenous communities  rights ,Communities participation in decision-making about the PA,NA,No,Suitable ,Negative ,Batwa communities living inside PA,"While certain frameworks exist and there is growing recognition of community rights in relation to protected areas, genuine participation of the Batwa, based on positions of equality, remains illusory in Uganda. Government authorities continue to act in a paternalistic manner toward communities and merely pass on a few responsibilities to communities rather than empowering Batwa communities to be active partners in decision making and implementation. ",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
1021,Tauli-Corpuz,Pyhälä,Protected Areas in the Congo Basin: Failig Both People and Biodiversity,https://www.rainforestfoundationuk.org/media.ashx/protected-areas-in-the-congo-basin-failing-both-people-and-diversity-english.pdf,2016,Doumba Bek,Park (National),Cameroon,CMR,,x,1,2005,0,0,2,0,0,0,1,,,1,2,,1,1,,"Innefective restrictions, livelihood impacts,",,GQL,Respect of indigenous commmunities rights ,Perception from the communities about participation and human-right abuses ,Interviews,"Yes, perception of change ",Suitable ,Negative ,Baka population (indigenous poeples)  living inside and outside the PA,"Members of the communities reported  abuse, torture and repression by eco-guards, and several flaws in the obligation to inform and involve the indogenous group ",GQL,Livelihoods ,Perception of local communities related to changes in their economic activities and impacts in their lifestyles ,Interviews ,"Yes, perception of change ",Suitable ,Negative ,Baka population (indigenous poeples)  living inside and outside the PA,the PA  has exacerbated the hardships that Baka communities face and enhanced their land insecurity.,VALUES,Awareness of the value of conservation ,Perception about future benefits from the PA,Interviews ,"Yes, perception of change ",Suitable ,Positive ,Baka population (indigenous poeples)  living inside and outside the PA,Local communities have detailed knowledge of the forest and entrenched interest in preserving it for themselves and future generations,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
1022,Tauli-Corpuz,Pyhälä,Protected Areas in the Congo Basin: Failig Both People and Biodiversity,https://www.rainforestfoundationuk.org/media.ashx/protected-areas-in-the-congo-basin-failing-both-people-and-diversity-english.pdf,2016,Nki,Park (National),Cameroon,CMR,,x,1,2005,0,0,2,0,0,0,1,,,1,2,,1,1,,"Innefective restrictions, livelihood impacts,",,GQL,Respect of indigenous commmunities rights ,Perception from the communities about participation and human-right abuses ,Interviews,"Yes, perception of change ",Suitable ,Negative ,Baka population (indigenous poeples)  living inside and outside the PA,"Members of the communities reported  abuse, torture and repression by eco-guards, and several flaws in the obligation to inform and involve the indogenous group ",GQL,Livelihoods ,Perception of local communities related to changes in their economic activities and impacts in their lifestyles ,Interviews ,"Yes, perception of change ",Suitable ,Negative ,Baka population (indigenous poeples)  living inside and outside the PA,the PA  has exacerbated the hardships that Baka communities face and enhanced their land insecurity.,VALUES,Awareness of the value of conservation ,Perception about future benefits from the PA,Interviews ,"Yes, perception of change ",Suitable ,Positive ,Baka population (indigenous poeples)  living inside and outside the PA,Local communities have detailed knowledge of the forest and entrenched interest in preserving it for themselves and future generations,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
1023,Tauli-Corpuz,Pyhälä,Protected Areas in the Congo Basin: Failig Both People and Biodiversity,https://www.rainforestfoundationuk.org/media.ashx/protected-areas-in-the-congo-basin-failing-both-people-and-diversity-english.pdf,2016,Tumba Ledima,Nature Reserve,"Congo, The Democratic Republic Of The",COG,x,x,2,2006,1,0,2,0,1,0,0,1,,1,,1,1,,1,"Conflicts, participation, livelihoods, human rights abuses, effectivenes on conserving biodiversity",,INSTITUTIONS,Conflicts ,1.- Participation and involvement of the communities in the management of the PA  2.- Perception of the local communities about the PA ,Participatory mapping and consultation ,"Yes, perception of change ",Sitable ,Indeterminate,Villlages within the reserve ,"Communities were not  consulted before the reserve was created and have not been properly informed or involved in current management activities. Some villages also report that ICCN officials promised certain improvements, such as the construction of schools and dispensaries. The fact that these projects have not been carried out has increased animosity and mistrust",GQL,Livelihoods ,Perception of the community about changes and restrictions,Participatory mapping and consultation ,"Yes, perception of change ",Suitable ,Negative ,Villlages within the reserve ,"All of the interviewees reported negative changes in the community  livelihoods due to the reserve.  With the imposed restrictions, not only has the livelihood and diet been severely and suddenly altered, but also the culture, which has had to change and adapt very fast. ",NATURE,Conservation efectiveness ,"Perception of the communities about how the reserve, mainly the natural resources in it, has been managed",Participatory mapping and consultation ,"Yes, perception of change ",Suitable ,Negative ,Nature ,"In sum, it seems that current management of the reserve has not led to effective surveillance or protection of biodiversity",GQL,Human rights violations ,Percpetion of local communities about abuses by eco-guards ,Participatory mapping and consultation ,"Yes, perception of change ",Suitable ,Negative ,Villlages within the reserve ,"Eco-guards seem to have overstepped their mandate, on one hand,  and, on the other, they clearly contravened themost basic human rights principles, particularlyregarding the presumption of innocence and generally due process, as well as protection against cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment or punishment",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
1024,Tauli-Corpuz,Pyhälä,Protected Areas in the Congo Basin: Failig Both People and Biodiversity,https://www.rainforestfoundationuk.org/media.ashx/protected-areas-in-the-congo-basin-failing-both-people-and-diversity-english.pdf,2016,Odzala,Park (National),"Congo, The Democratic Republic Of The",COG,,x,1,1935,0,0,2,0,1,0,0,1,,,,1,1,,,"Attitutes towards the park, conflicts, abuses.",,INSTITUTIONS,Participation and inclusion ,Awareness and attitudes of the communities towards the park ,Interviews ,"Yes, perception of change ",Suitable ,Negative ,Villages within the national park ,"Local communities have not been included in decision-making processes taking place in the park, including the establishment of new restrictions that affect directly the communities ",GQL,Livelihoods ,Perception of the community about changes and restrictions,Interviews ,"Yes, perception of change ",Suitable ,Negative ,Villages within the park ,All the interviewees reported negative changes in their livelihoods due to the park and they pperceive a correlation between increased hardship and the park,GQL,Human rights violations ,Relation of communities´ members with eco-gards and reports of abuses ,Interviews ,"Yes, perception of change ",Suitable ,Negative ,Villages within the park ,All the interviewees reported have directly suffered or have listened of abuse and “brutality” by the eco-guards. Human-right violations have increased since the establishment of the PA mainly from eco-guards. ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
1025,Tauli-Corpuz,Pyhälä,Protected Areas in the Congo Basin: Failig Both People and Biodiversity,https://www.rainforestfoundationuk.org/media.ashx/protected-areas-in-the-congo-basin-failing-both-people-and-diversity-english.pdf,2016,Ivindo,Park (National),Gabon,GAB,,x,1,2002,0,1,2,0,1,0,0,,,,,1,1,,,"Conflict, participation, livelihoods",,INSTITUTIONS,Participation and inclusion ,Perception of the residents about consultation and involvement in the management of the PA,Interviews ,"Yes, perception of change ",Suitable ,Negative ,Villages within the national park ,"There has not been any consultations to the local communities about the park, and allthe decisions has been imposed to them ",GQL,Livelihoods ,Perception of the community about changes and restrictions,Interviews ,"Yes, perception of change ",Suitable ,Negative ,Villages within the park ,"The establishment of the National Park has imposed a number of other restrictions  which has led to local communities less to eat,  less surplus to sell, meaning they have fewer resources to pay, for cover basic needs as education. ",NCP,Human-wildlife conflict,Perception of the communities about the impacts of wildife in their lives ,Interviews ,No,Suitable ,Negative ,Villages within the park ,"Wild animals, mainly elephants, which are protected by the National Park contatsly destroy the crops from the local communiies exacerbating the already low food supplies.",GQL,Human rights violations ,Percpetion of local communities about abuses and relation with park managers ,Interviews ,"Yes, perception of change ",Suitable ,Negative ,Villlages within the National Park ,"Villagers  have suffered from brutal and violent actions from eco-guards.  Therfeore, many of the interviewed hold very negative views towards eco-guards and park managers. ",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
1031,Tauli-Corpuz,Ayari,The human cost of conservation in the Republic of Congo: Conkouati-Douli and Nouabale-Ndoki National Parks and their impacts on the rights and livelihoods of forest communities,https://www.rainforestfoundationuk.org/media.ashx/the-human-impact-of-conservation-republic-of-congo-2017-english.pdf,2017,Conkouati-Douli,Park (National),"Congo, The Democratic Republic Of The",COG,,x,1,1999,0,0,2,0,1,0,0,1,1,,1,1,1,,,"Land rights, livelihoods, human rights, participation and consultation, indigenous people's rights",,GQL,Livelihoods ,Perception of communities about changes and impacts iin their subsistence activities,Survey ,"Yes, perception of change ",Suitable ,Negative ,Villages inside and outside the national park ,"Conservation-related restrictions in the PA have prevented the communities from accessing their traditional lands and resources, hampering villagers’ subsistence activities – such as hunting and gathering – and affecting their social identities. Livelihoods have been further compromised by wildlife-human conflict. ",GQL,Human rights and abuse ,Relation of communities´ members with eco-gards and reports of abuses ,Survey ,"Yes, perception of communities about the evaluated outcome ",,Negative ,Villages inside and outside the national park ,"One of the most significant and detrimental consequences of the PA  in the areas investigated are the tensions between communities and park management authorities – ultimately embodied by eco-guards – leading sometimes to serious conflicts. In some reported cases, these tensions have resulted in fatalities among villagers.",INSTITUTIONS,Participation and inclusion ,Perception of communities about the information they have recived and the right they have to take decisions over the PA ,Survey ,"Yes, perception of communities about the evaluated outcome ",Suitable ,Negative,Villages inside and outside the national park ,The PA have had inadequate managing plans failing to include communities.  Local inhabitants generally aren’t aware of the laws related to protected areas,EQUITY,Indigenous Peoples Rights,Perception of indigenous communities about the consequences of the PA in their life,Survey ,"Yes, perception of communities about the evaluated outcome ",Suitable ,Negative,Villages inside and outside the national park ,"Indigenous communities appear to have suffered the biggest impacts related to conservation programmes taking place on their customary lands. They find themselves not only discriminated against by neighbours and authorities, but they also carry the biggest burden of conservation-related restrictions and limitations.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
1032,Tauli-Corpuz,Ayari,The human cost of conservation in the Republic of Congo: Conkouati-Douli and Nouabale-Ndoki National Parks and their impacts on the rights and livelihoods of forest communities,https://www.rainforestfoundationuk.org/media.ashx/the-human-impact-of-conservation-republic-of-congo-2017-english.pdf,2017,Nouabalé-Ndoki,Park (National),"Congo, The Democratic Republic Of The",COG,,x,1,1993,0,0,2,0,1,0,0,1,1,,1,1,1,,,"Land rights, livelihoods, human rights, participation and consultation, indigenous people's rights",,GQL,Livelihoods ,Perception of communities about changes and impacts iin their subsistence activities,Survey ,"Yes, perception of change ",Suitable ,Negative ,Villages inside and outside the national park ,"Conservation-related restrictions in the PA have prevented the communities from accessing their traditional lands and resources, hampering villagers’ subsistence activities – such as hunting and gathering – and affecting their social identities. Livelihoods have been further compromised by wildlife-human conflict. ",GQL,Human rights and abuse ,Relation of communities´ members with eco-gards and reports of abuses ,Survey ,"Yes, perception of communities about the evaluated outcome ",,Negative ,Villages inside and outside the national park ,"One of the most significant and detrimental consequences of the PA  in the areas investigated are the tensions between communities and park management authorities – ultimately embodied by eco-guards – leading sometimes to serious conflicts. In some reported cases, these tensions have resulted in fatalities among villagers.",INSTITUTIONS,Participation and inclusion ,Perception of communities about the information they have recived and the right they have to take decisions over the PA ,Survey ,"Yes, perception of communities about the evaluated outcome ",Suitable ,Negative,Villages inside and outside the national park ,The PA have had inadequate managing plans failing to include communities.  Local inhabitants generally aren’t aware of the laws related to protected areas,EQUITY,Indigenous Peoples Rights,Perception of indigenous communities about the consequences of the PA in their life,Survey ,"Yes, perception of communities about the evaluated outcome ",Suitable ,Negative,Villages inside and outside the national park ,"Indigenous communities appear to have suffered the biggest impacts related to conservation programmes taking place on their customary lands. They find themselves not only discriminated against by neighbours and authorities, but they also carry the biggest burden of conservation-related restrictions and limitations.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
1036,Terraube,McNally,The effect of a protected area on the tradeoffs between short-run and long-run benefits from mangrove ecosystems,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1101825108,2011,Saadani,Park (National),"Tanzania, United Republic Of",TZA,X,X,2,2005,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,,,1,,,,,"How PAs affect ecosyetems and local communities; environmental, social",IE STUDY (met impact-evaluation critieria but removed because only single site),NCP,Income for the poor ,Fishing and shrimping income generation ,Econometric methods,"Yes,  they applied an approach to control time trends, time-invariant unobservable factors, and sample selection. ",Suitable ,Positive ,Villages outside the PA,All wealth classes appear to benefit from long-term sustainability gains in shrimping and fishing that result from mangrove protection. Mangrove conservation is providing gains in income for the local villages as a result of the preservation of nursery habitat and biodiversity.,NATURE,Ecosystems conservations ,Changes on mangrove habitat cover,Geospatial Data and Household Surveys,"Yes, the changes were evaluated for three different periods of time including before and after the establishment of the PA",Suitable ,Positive ,Nature ,The loss of mangroves within SANAPA slowed considerably after the park’s establishment in 2005. ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
1037,Terraube,Olivia Sylvester,The Protection of Forest Biodiversity can Conflict with Food Access for Indigenous People,10.4103/0972-4923.191157,2016,La Amistad,Park (International),Costa Rica,CRI,X,X,2,1977,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,1,1,1,,,,,"Food access for indigenous people, effects on environment, social outcomes, economic standards",,GQL,Food access for indigenous people ,Restrictions over foos consumption and changes in food procurement dimensions ,Document analysiss and interviews,"Yes, the study directly evaluates the impact of the PA over food access analysing PA regulations and considering the perception of change of local communities",Suitable ,Negative,Indigenus people within the PA ,"PA regulations have affected people’s access to nutrition.  Also, PA regulations have negatively affected food sharing, people’s ability to feel a sense of pride associated with sharing food, people’s right to their cultural identity, and the availability of wild species",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
1052,Tran,Denham,Community Forest Owners Evaluate a Decade of Payments for Ecosystem Services in the Mexican Cloud Forest: The Importance of Attention to Indigenous Sovereignty in Conservation,https://doi.org/10.1080/08941920.2017.1295495,2017,Upper Chinantla,ICCA,Mexico,MEX,,x,1,2004,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,1,,,,,,,"Conservation, Community livelihoods, Governance, Sovereignity",,NATURE,Forest and biodiversity conservation ,Unclear ,Interviews ,No ,Unclear ,Positive ,Nature ,Ten years of PES in these communities have contributed to forest and biodiversity conser- vation,GQL,Benefits f the programme to local communities ,1.- Perception of change in livelihoods and culture 2.- Perception of the new guidelines for forest conservation ,Interviews,"Yes, direct perception of change ",Yes,Positive ,Indigenous communities within the consrevation area,"The conservation area has contributed in continuity in traditional livelihoods and culture, and broad satisfaction among community members",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
1068,Tran,Sepulveda,"Escaping the Border, Debordering the Nature: Protected Areas, Participatory Management, and Environmental Security in Northern Patagonia (i.e. Chile and Argentina).",https://doi.org/10.1080/14747731.2015.1133045,2016,Alto Bío-Bío,Reserve (National),Chile,CHL,,x,1,1912,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,,,,,1,,,,Stakeholder Integration / Recognition of rights / Conflict resolution,,INSTITUTIONS,Power relations ,Unclear ,Review of managements agreements of the reserve ,No ,Unclear ,Indeterminate,Local indigenous communities within the reserve ,"The co-management agreements signed do not provide a pertinent framework for redefining power relationships within protected areas. On the contrary, the participatory management appears to redefine and reinforce the state’s power and territorial control, especially in its margins",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
1071,Tran,Shultis,Hegemonic and emerging concepts of conservation: a critical examination of barriers to incorporating Indigenous perspectives in protected area conservation policies and practice.,https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2016.1158827,2016,Tombstone,Territorial Park,Canada,CAN,,x,1,NA,,,,,,0,,,,,,,,,,New conservation concepts,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
1097,Tran,Stevens,National Parks and ICCAs in the High Himalayan Region of Nepal: Challenges and Opportunities,https://www.jstor.org/stable/26393097,2013,Sagarmatha,Park (National),Nepal,NPL,,x,1,1979,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,,,,,,1,,,Maintainance of costumary rights / recognition,,INSTITUTIONS,Recognition of ICCAs (Idigenous People Conseved Territories and Areas),Efforts to maintain ICCAs and to incorporte them in formal processes ,Workshop ,No ,Suitable ,Undefined ,Idigenous People within the PA,"Some indigenous peoples of Sagarmatha National Park have continued to maintain customary ICCAs and even to develop new ones despite lack of state recognition, respect, and coordination",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
1101,Tran,Cormier-Salem,"Participatory governance of marine protected areas: A political challenge, an ethical imperative, different trajectories: Senegal case studies.",https://journals.openedition.org/sapiens/1560,2014,Bamboung,Marine Protected Area (Community-Managed),"Senegal, Republic of",SEN,,X,1,2004,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,,,,1,1,,,1,MPA legitimacy,,INSTITUTIONS,Legitimacy of decision-making processes,Participation of local communities and emerging conflicts ,Literature Review,No,Unclear ,Indeterminate ,Local communities withinh the reserve,"Decision-making remains the prerogative of certain individuals, leaders or “important people” whose legitimacy is based on their knowledge and more importantly, on their religious, economic or sociopolitical power. There is a lack of participation of minority groups and tensions and conflicts have arisen. ",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
1102,Tran,Cormier-Salem,"Participatory governance of marine protected areas: A political challenge, an ethical imperative, different trajectories: Senegal case studies.",https://journals.openedition.org/sapiens/1560,2014,Mangagoulack,ICCA,"Senegal, Republic of",SEN,,X,1,NA,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,,,,1,1,,,1,MPA legitimacy,,INSTITUTIONS,Legitimacy of decision-making processes,Participation of local communities and emerging conflicts ,Literature Review,No,Unclear ,Indeterminate ,Local communities withinh the reserve,"Decision-making remains the prerogative of certain individuals, leaders or “important people” whose legitimacy is based on their knowledge and more importantly, on their religious, economic or sociopolitical power. There is a lack of participation of minority groups and tensions and conflicts have arisen. ",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
1103,Tran,Cormier-Salem,"Participatory governance of marine protected areas: A political challenge, an ethical imperative, different trajectories: Senegal case studies.",https://journals.openedition.org/sapiens/1560,2014,"Saint Louis MPA,",Marine Protected Area,"Senegal, Republic of",SEN,,X,1,NA,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,,,,1,1,,,1,MPA legitimacy,,INSTITUTIONS,Legitimacy of decision-making processes,Participation of local communities and emerging conflicts ,Literature Review,No,Unclear ,Indeterminate ,Local communities withinh the reserve,"Decision-making remains the prerogative of certain individuals, leaders or “important people” whose legitimacy is based on their knowledge and more importantly, on their religious, economic or sociopolitical power. There is a lack of participation of minority groups and tensions and conflicts have arisen. ",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
1111,Tran,Muller,Towards Decolonisation of Australia's Protected Area Management: the Nantawarrina Indigenous Protected Area Experience.,https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8470.00190,2003,Nantawarrina,Indigenous Protected Area,Australia,AUS,,X,1,1998,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,,,,,1,,,,Contributions to decolonisation,,INSTITUTIONS,Decolonisation ,1.- Community representation 2.-Formal recognition of community land management 3- Local control in meeting conservation objectives,Field trips and interviews,"Yes, perception of change ",Suitable ,Positive ,Indigenous communities within the PA,"Various aspects of the Nantawarrina IPA reflect a decolonisation of management. The Nepabunna Community feels in control of man- agement priorities and visitor access, stemming from direct involvement in the construction of the management plan and visitor access.",NATURE,Decolonisation ,4.- Nature conservation ,Field trips and interviews,"Yes, perception of change ",Suitable ,Positive ,Indigenous communities within the PA,"Various aspects of the Nantawarrina IPA reflect a decolonisation of management. The Nepabunna Community feels in control of man- agement priorities and visitor access, stemming from direct involvement in the construction of the management plan and visitor access.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
1118,Tran,Murray,Understanding Power in Indigenous Protected Areas: the Case of the Tla-o-qui-aht Tribal Parks.,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10745-017-9948-8,2017,Tla-o-qui-aht Tribal Parks,Indigenous Protected Area,Canada,CAN,,X,1,NA,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,,,,,,1,,,Exercise of power,,INSTITUTIONS,Excersise of power by indigenous communities ,Agency of local communities to take decisions that have influenced over the PA management strategies ,Surveys and interviews ,"Yes, perception of change ",Suitable,Positive ,Indigenous communities within the PA ,"the Tla-o-qui-aht have drawn power from different bases and exercised it by different means, and have done so in relationship to other actors. This includes turning to the Courts in a context of legal uncertainty, protest and direct action coupled with appeals to public opinion, developing and drawing on relationships with both local and non-local interests, and by strategically ‘tapping into’ prominent discourses",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
1119,Tran,Licona,Using ungulate occurrence to evaluate community-based conservation within a biosphere reserve model.,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-1795.2010.00416.x,2011,Bahuaja‐Sonene,Park (National),Peru,PER,x,,1,1990,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,,,,,,,,,Ungulate occurrence,,NATURE,Ungulate ocurrance,1.- Ocurrence of ungulate depending on habitat and 2.- Ocurrence of ungulate depending on conservation strategy ,occupancy-based methods,"Yes,  spatial comparison ",Suitable ,Indeterminate ,Nature ,"The occurrence of ungulates differed little between buffer and reserves, but community lands managed by indigenous peoples showed reduced probabilities of ungulate occurrence. Our results indicate that passive protection afforded by inaccessibility might be an effective management strategy for this region",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
1120,Tran,Licona,Using ungulate occurrence to evaluate community-based conservation within a biosphere reserve model.,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-1795.2010.00416.x,2011,Tambopata,Reserve (National),Peru,PER,x,,1,1990,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,,,,,,,,,Ungulate occurrence,,NATURE,Ungulate ocurrance,1.- Ocurrence of ungulate depending on habitat and 2.- Ocurrence of ungulate depending on conservation strategy ,occupancy-based methods,"Yes,  spatial comparison ",Suitabe ,Indeterminate ,Naure ,"The occurrence of ungulates differed little between buffer and reserves, but community lands managed by indigenous peoples showed reduced probabilities of ungulate occurrence. Our results indicate that passive protection afforded by inaccessibility might be an effective management strategy for this region",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
1121,Tran,Davies,Warlpiri experiences highlight challenges and opportunities for gender equity in Indigenous conservation management in arid Australia.,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2017.10.002,2018,Northern Tanami,Indigenous Protected Area,Australia,AUS,,X,1,NA,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,,,,1,1,1,,,"Gender equity, governance",,INSTITUTIONS,"Gender equity, women recognition ",,Interviews and literature review ,"Yes, analysis of documents from the PA and direct perception of local communities baout influence of the PA over women participation ",Suitable ,Negative ,Women in local communities within the PA ,"There is a marginalisation of women in implementation of programs that support contemporary Indigenous conservation management,. Men had been more prominent than women in the community-based ranger groups and land management organizations",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
1122,Tran,Ibarra,"When formal and market-based conservation mechanisms disrupt food sovereignty: impacts of community conservation and payments for environmental services on an indigenous community of Oaxaca, Mexico.",https://doi.org/10.1505/146554811798293935,2011,Upper Chinantla,Natural Resources Committee,Mexico,MEX,X,X,2,,,,,,,0,,,,,,,,,,Effects on food sovereignity,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
1139,West,Stone,"Ecotourism and Community Development: Case Studies from Hainan, China",https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-003-3029-z,2004,Diaoluoshan,Forest Park (National),China,CHN,,x,1,1992,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,1,,,,,,,,"Ecotourism, economic income",,GQL,Impacts in local communities lives,Perception of change in livelihoods ,"Interviews, observations and secondary sources","Yes, direct perception of change ",Suitable ,Divergent,Local communities within the PA ,"Residents face pressures due to resource use restrictions, compensation should be provided. Some residents also noted that they had lost jobs or land and that it is now harder to make a living, highlighting the need for compensation. Although interviews revealed that some compensation has varyingly been provided to residents in the form of new homes, crop seeds, lump sum payments, and subsidized education, electricity, and water fees",NCP,Benefits from ecotourism ,Attitudes from local communities to ecotourism ,"Interviews, observations and secondary sources","Yes, the ecotourism project has been implemented after the establishment of the PA",Suitable ,Underfined ,Local communities within the PA ,"Ecotourism is at an early stage of development at each park. As such, there have been relatively few socioeconomic impacts to date",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
1140,West,Stone,"Ecotourism and Community Development: Case Studies from Hainan, China",https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-003-3029-z,2004,Jianfengling,Forest Park (National),China,CHN,,x,1,1994,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,1,,,,,,,,"Ecotourism, economic income",,GQL,Impacts in local communities lives,Perception of change in livelihoods ,"Interviews, observations and secondary sources","Yes, direct perception of change ",Suitable ,Divergent,Local communities within the PA ,"Residents face pressures due to resource use restrictions, compensation should be provided. Some residents also noted that they had lost jobs or land and that it is now harder to make a living, highlighting the need for compensation. Although interviews revealed that some compensation has varyingly been provided to residents in the form of new homes, crop seeds, lump sum payments, and subsidized education, electricity, and water fees",NCP,Benefits from ecotourism ,Attitudes from local communities to ecotourism ,"Interviews, observations and secondary sources","Yes, the ecotourism project has been implemented after the establishment of the PA",Suitable ,Underfined ,Local communities within the PA ,"Ecotourism is at an early stage of development at each park. As such, there have been relatively few socioeconomic impacts to date",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
1233,West,Pfeffer,"Forest Conservation, Value Conflict, and Interest Formation in a Honduran National Park",https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1549-0831.2001.tb00073.x,2009,Cerro Azul Meambar,Park (National),Honduras,HND,,x,1,1987,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,,,,,,,,,"Conflicts, Equity/Inequality",,VALUES,Change in values by local communities ,Opinion about environment ,Interview and plan management reviews ,"Yes, the study was applied in different areas",Suitable ,Indetermiante ,Local communities inside and outside the conservation area ,"the perception and the vocabulary about conservation and environment from communities inside and outside the PA have changed over time, they have adopted the global environmentalist ideas as their own ",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
1238,West,Mehta,Local attitudes toward community-based conservation policy and programmes in Nepal: a case study in the Makalu-Barun Conservation Area,https://doi.org/10.1017/S037689299800040X,1998,Makalu-Barun,Conservation Area,Nepal,NPL,,x,1,1991,0,0,0,1,0,0,3,2,1,2,2,,,,,Attitudes,,VALUES,Attitude of local communities toward ecotourism ,"Perception local resisdents toward 1.- Importance of ecotourism to people, 2.- Possible effects of ecotourism on local trasitions and culture, 3.- The potencial implementation of new infrastructure for ecotourism in the area and 4.- Approval or disapproval of tourists coming to the Conservation Area ",Surveys and open-ended interviews ,"Yes,  direct perception of communities toward the Conservation Area ",Suitable ,Positive ,Local communities in the conservation area ,"Local communities in the CA had a very positive attitude toward ecotourism. It is interesting to note that local people wanted tourism, but not at the cost of jeopardizing forests or wildlife and displacing people.",ANTHRO ASSETS,Attitude of local communities toward community development programmes ,"People perception of whether or not the actions of the project have resulted in the improvement of school facilities,  drinking water facilities, trails, bridges and training opportunities ",Surveys and open-ended interviews ,"Yes,  direct perception of communities toward  programmes implemented in the Conservation Area ",Suitable ,Negative ,Local communities in the conservation area ,Low average scale and item scores revealed that the respondents did not have an overall favourable perception of the project’s action in developing their communities.,VALUES,Attitude of local communities toward community forestry ,1.- People satisfaction with the forest use rights provided to them 2.- People satisfaction with the livestock grazing rights given to them 3.- People satisfaction with the community forestry programme implemented in the Local Community Forest User Group Committees,Surveys and open-ended interviews ,"Yes, direct perception of communities toward programmes implemented in the Conservation Area",Suitable ,Divergent ,1.-Local communities in the CA and 2.- Women in the CA ,"Local communities strongly supported the community forestry approach of the project. Overall, they also seemed largely satisfied with their use rights. However, females’  have a less favourable attitudes toward community forestry which can be related to their being the primary users of forest products in Nepal and, therefore, they suffer most when restrictions are placed on community forest utilization",VALUES,Attitude of local communities toward wildlife conservation ,People perecption of importance of wildlife conservation for them ,Surveys and open-ended interviews ,"Yes, direct perception of communities toward programmes implemented in the Conservation Area",Suitable ,Divergent ,1.- Wealthy families in the CA 2.- Poor families in the CA,"Significantly more wealthier than poorer respondents viewed wildlife protection as im- portant for their community. Bhotes are the poorest of all ethnic groups in the CA, they have nfavourable attitudes toward wildlife protection, the current ban on hunting and trapping of depredating wild animals may cause a greater negative economic impact on them.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
1239,West,Belsky,"Misrepresenting Communities: The Politics of Community‐Based Rural Ecotourism in Gales Point Manatee, Belize",https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1549-0831.1999.tb00382.x,2009,Gales Point Manatee,Community based rural ecotourism project,Belize,BLZ,,x,1,NA,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,,,,,,,,1,"Limitations to management, distribution and support for conservation",,VALUES,Impacts in rural livelihoods from ecotourism startegies implemented in the PA,Unclear ,Ethnographic analysis and interviews ,"Yes, sirect perception about ecotourism which was an strategy developed after the establishment of the PA",Unclear ,Negative ,Local communities within the PA,"On the contrary, ecotourism brought unanticipated consequences: it exacerbated intra-community differences and inter-community and state rivalries, produced a violent backlash against conservation, and instigated a privatized approach to tourismM development with unknown social and ecological impacts.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
1242,West,Kaus,Percepciones ambientales y relaciones sociales en la Reserva de la Biósfera de Mapimí,https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.1993.07020398.x,1993,Mapimí,Biosphere Reserve,Mexico,MEX,,x,1,1977,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,,,,,,1,,,Perceptions,,INSTITUTIONS,Social relations,Perception ,Interviews ,"Yes,  perception of the national park ",Suitable ,Positive ,"1 Local communities, 2.- Researchers","The reserve has created the beginnings of a community in a region notable for its lack of social cohesion. The local people refer to the ""convivencia"" of the researchers in the reserve, the living together in one spot and sharing its difficulties. They say that without this, there would have been no cooperation on their part. The result is that the reserve, by using the social rather than the legal system to encourage cooperation with its policies, has managed to continue functioning in a place where legal restrictions have little meaning.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
1245,West,Alexander,Resident attitudes towards conservation and black howler monkeys in Belize: the Community Baboon Sanctuary,https://doi.org/10.1017/S0376892900000394,2000,Baboon,Sanctuary (Community),Brazil,BRA,,x,1,1985,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,1,1,,,,1,,Attitudes and economic benefits distribution,,VALUES,Residents’ attitudes toward resource protection and management of the Sanctuary,(1) perceptions toward the CBS in general; (2) attitudes towards the black howler monkeys and conservation of resources directed toward their protection; (3) feelings about managers of the CBS and their assessment of recent changes in management structure; (4) evaluation of both personal and community benefits resulting from the sanctuary; and (5) involvement in the CBS and any tourism opportunities derived from it.,Survey ,"Yes, the survey was directly focused on analyse the influence of the conservation area in the perception of residents about the management strategies of the area and the conservation of naural resources ",Suitable ,Indeterminate ,Local villages ,"Most residents living in the villages, which are part of the sanctuary, had positive feelings about its purpose and its impacts. Strong positive feelings were expressed regarding the howler monkeys and their protection as well as conserving the natural resources in the area for both the howlers and for future generations. While residents appreciated the howler monkeys and wanted to help protect them, they were frustrated with the sanctuary and its managers because promises of direct involvement in administration and significant economic benefits had yet to be realized",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
1249,West,Silori,"Status and distribution of anthropogenic pressure in the buffer zone of Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve in western Himalaya, India",https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1016698107326,2001,Nanda Devi,Biosphere Reserve,India,IND,x,,1,1988,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,,,,,,,,"Timber extraction, regeneration",,DRIVERS,Anthropogenic pressure ,"Cutting and lopping of trees for firewood, timber and fodder",Transects ,"No, all the villages explored in the study belongs to the buffer zone of the PA, there is no way to verify  that the changes in the anthropogenic pressures are a result from the PA ",Suitable ,Positive ,Unclear ,It is concluded that the overall magnitude of anthropogenic pressure was significantly lower in the buffer zone of NDBR,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
1250,West,Rao,"Status Review of the Protected‐Area System in Myanmar, with Recommendations for Conservation Planning",https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2002.00219.x,2002,Alaungdaw Kathapa,Park (National),Myanmar,MMR,x,x,2,1989,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,,,,,,,,,"Timber extraction, conflict, NPA management",,DRIVERS, Status (Effectiveness of the PA) ,1) Activities incompatible with the protected-area status. Small-scale and large-scale incompatibilities. 2) Park-management status ,Guided visits to select areas ,"Yes, the paper compares different areas around the country which were established in different years",Suitable ,Indeterminate ,Unclear ,Unclear ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
1251,West,Rao,"Status Review of the Protected‐Area System in Myanmar, with Recommendations for Conservation Planning",https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2002.00219.x,2002,Hkakaborazi,Park (National),Myanmar,MMR,x,x,2,1998,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,,,,,,,,,"Timber extraction, conflict, NPA management",,DRIVERS, Status (Effectiveness of the PA) ,1) Activities incompatible with the protected-area status. Small-scale and large-scale incompatibilities. 2) Park-management status ,Guided visits to select areas ,"Yes, the paper compares different areas around the country which were established in different years",Suitable ,Indeterminate ,Unclear ,Unclear ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
1252,West,Rao,"Status Review of the Protected‐Area System in Myanmar, with Recommendations for Conservation Planning",https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2002.00219.x,2002,Hlawga,Park,Myanmar,MMR,x,x,2,1982,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,,,,,,,,,"Timber extraction, conflict, NPA management",,DRIVERS, Status (Effectiveness of the PA) ,1) Activities incompatible with the protected-area status. Small-scale and large-scale incompatibilities. 2) Park-management status ,Guided visits to select areas ,"Yes, the paper compares different areas around the country which were established in different years",Suitable ,Indeterminate ,Unclear ,Unclear ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
1253,West,Rao,"Status Review of the Protected‐Area System in Myanmar, with Recommendations for Conservation Planning",https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2002.00219.x,2002,Inlay Wetland,Bird Sanctuary,Myanmar,MMR,x,x,2,1985,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,,,,,,,,,"Timber extraction, conflict, NPA management",,DRIVERS, Status (Effectiveness of the PA) ,1) Activities incompatible with the protected-area status. Small-scale and large-scale incompatibilities. 2) Park-management status ,Guided visits to select areas ,"Yes, the paper compares different areas around the country which were established in different years",Suitable ,Indeterminate ,Unclear ,Unclear ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
1254,West,Rao,"Status Review of the Protected‐Area System in Myanmar, with Recommendations for Conservation Planning",https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2002.00219.x,2002,Lampi Island,Park (Marine),Myanmar,MMR,x,x,2,1996,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,,,,,,,,,"Timber extraction, conflict, NPA management",Suggests stepforward through cultural landscapes,DRIVERS, Status (Effectiveness of the PA) ,1) Activities incompatible with the protected-area status. Small-scale and large-scale incompatibilities. 2) Park-management status ,Guided visits to select areas ,"Yes, the paper compares different areas around the country which were established in different years",Suitable ,Indeterminate ,Unclear ,Unclear ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
1255,West,Rao,"Status Review of the Protected‐Area System in Myanmar, with Recommendations for Conservation Planning",https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2002.00219.x,2002,Loimwe,Protected Area,Myanmar,MMR,x,x,2,1996,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,,,,,,,,,"Timber extraction, conflict, NPA management",,DRIVERS, Status (Effectiveness of the PA) ,1) Activities incompatible with the protected-area status. Small-scale and large-scale incompatibilities. 2) Park-management status ,Guided visits to select areas ,"Yes, the paper compares different areas around the country which were established in different years",Suitable ,Indeterminate ,Unclear ,Unclear ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
1256,West,Rao,"Status Review of the Protected‐Area System in Myanmar, with Recommendations for Conservation Planning",https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2002.00219.x,2002,Meinmahla Kyun,Wildlife Sanctuary,Myanmar,MMR,x,x,2,1994,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,,,,,,,,,"Timber extraction, conflict, NPA management",,DRIVERS, Status (Effectiveness of the PA) ,1) Activities incompatible with the protected-area status. Small-scale and large-scale incompatibilities. 2) Park-management status ,Guided visits to select areas ,"Yes, the paper compares different areas around the country which were established in different years",Suitable ,Indeterminate ,Unclear ,Unclear ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
1257,West,Rao,"Status Review of the Protected‐Area System in Myanmar, with Recommendations for Conservation Planning",https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2002.00219.x,2002,Minsontaung,Wildlife Sanctuary,Myanmar,MMR,x,x,2,1999,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,,,,,,,,,"Timber extraction, conflict, NPA management",More about how biophysical data was embedded in desing of MPA,DRIVERS, Status (Effectiveness of the PA) ,1) Activities incompatible with the protected-area status. Small-scale and large-scale incompatibilities. 2) Park-management status ,Guided visits to select areas ,"Yes, the paper compares different areas around the country which were established in different years",Suitable ,Indeterminate ,Unclear ,Unclear ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
1258,West,Rao,"Status Review of the Protected‐Area System in Myanmar, with Recommendations for Conservation Planning",https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2002.00219.x,2002,Minwuntaung,Wildlife Sanctuary,Myanmar,MMR,x,x,2,1972,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,,,,,,,,,"Timber extraction, conflict, NPA management",Comparison between traditional management and The Reserve Management Plan.,DRIVERS, Status (Effectiveness of the PA) ,1) Activities incompatible with the protected-area status. Small-scale and large-scale incompatibilities. 2) Park-management status ,Guided visits to select areas ,"Yes, the paper compares different areas around the country which were established in different years",Suitable ,Indeterminate ,Unclear ,Unclear ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
1259,West,Rao,"Status Review of the Protected‐Area System in Myanmar, with Recommendations for Conservation Planning",https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2002.00219.x,2002,Moyingi,Wildlife Sanctuary,Myanmar,MMR,x,x,2,1988,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,,,,,,,,,"Timber extraction, conflict, NPA management",,DRIVERS, Status (Effectiveness of the PA) ,1) Activities incompatible with the protected-area status. Small-scale and large-scale incompatibilities. 2) Park-management status ,Guided visits to select areas ,"Yes, the paper compares different areas around the country which were established in different years",Suitable ,Indeterminate ,Unclear ,Unclear ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
1260,West,Rao,"Status Review of the Protected‐Area System in Myanmar, with Recommendations for Conservation Planning",https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2002.00219.x,2002,Natmataung,Wildlife Sanctuary,Myanmar,MMR,x,x,2,1994,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,,,,,,,,,"Timber extraction, conflict, NPA management",,DRIVERS, Status (Effectiveness of the PA) ,1) Activities incompatible with the protected-area status. Small-scale and large-scale incompatibilities. 2) Park-management status ,Guided visits to select areas ,"Yes, the paper compares different areas around the country which were established in different years",Suitable ,Indeterminate ,Unclear ,Unclear ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
1261,West,Rao,"Status Review of the Protected‐Area System in Myanmar, with Recommendations for Conservation Planning",https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2002.00219.x,2002,Parsar,Protected Area,Myanmar,MMR,x,x,2,1996,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,,,,,,,,,"Timber extraction, conflict, NPA management",,DRIVERS, Status (Effectiveness of the PA) ,1) Activities incompatible with the protected-area status. Small-scale and large-scale incompatibilities. 2) Park-management status ,Guided visits to select areas ,"Yes, the paper compares different areas around the country which were established in different years",Suitable ,Indeterminate ,Unclear ,Unclear ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
1262,West,Rao,"Status Review of the Protected‐Area System in Myanmar, with Recommendations for Conservation Planning",https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2002.00219.x,2002,Pidaung,Wildlife Sanctuary,Myanmar,MMR,x,x,2,1918,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,,,,,,,,,"Timber extraction, conflict, NPA management",,DRIVERS, Status (Effectiveness of the PA) ,1) Activities incompatible with the protected-area status. Small-scale and large-scale incompatibilities. 2) Park-management status ,Guided visits to select areas ,"Yes, the paper compares different areas around the country which were established in different years",Suitable ,Indeterminate ,Unclear ,Unclear ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
1263,West,Rao,"Status Review of the Protected‐Area System in Myanmar, with Recommendations for Conservation Planning",https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2002.00219.x,2002,Popa Mountain,Park,Myanmar,MMR,x,x,2,1989,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,,,,,,,,,"Timber extraction, conflict, NPA management",,DRIVERS, Status (Effectiveness of the PA) ,1) Activities incompatible with the protected-area status. Small-scale and large-scale incompatibilities. 2) Park-management status ,Guided visits to select areas ,"Yes, the paper compares different areas around the country which were established in different years",Suitable ,Indeterminate ,Unclear ,Unclear ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
1264,West,Rao,"Status Review of the Protected‐Area System in Myanmar, with Recommendations for Conservation Planning",https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2002.00219.x,2002,Pyin oo Lwin,Bird Sanctuary,Myanmar,MMR,x,x,2,1918,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,,,,,,,,,"Timber extraction, conflict, NPA management",,DRIVERS, Status (Effectiveness of the PA) ,1) Activities incompatible with the protected-area status. Small-scale and large-scale incompatibilities. 2) Park-management status ,Guided visits to select areas ,"Yes, the paper compares different areas around the country which were established in different years",Suitable ,Indeterminate ,Unclear ,Unclear ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
1265,West,Rao,"Status Review of the Protected‐Area System in Myanmar, with Recommendations for Conservation Planning",https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2002.00219.x,2002,Shwe‐U‐Daung,Protected Area,Myanmar,MMR,x,x,2,1918,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,,,,,,,,,"Timber extraction, conflict, NPA management",,DRIVERS, Status (Effectiveness of the PA) ,1) Activities incompatible with the protected-area status. Small-scale and large-scale incompatibilities. 2) Park-management status ,Guided visits to select areas ,"Yes, the paper compares different areas around the country which were established in different years",Suitable ,Indeterminate ,Unclear ,Unclear ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
1266,West,Rao,"Status Review of the Protected‐Area System in Myanmar, with Recommendations for Conservation Planning",https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2002.00219.x,2002,Shwesettaw,Wildlife Sanctuary,Myanmar,MMR,x,x,2,1940,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,,,,,,,,,"Timber extraction, conflict, NPA management",,DRIVERS, Status (Effectiveness of the PA) ,1) Activities incompatible with the protected-area status. Small-scale and large-scale incompatibilities. 2) Park-management status ,Guided visits to select areas ,"Yes, the paper compares different areas around the country which were established in different years",Suitable ,Indeterminate ,Unclear ,Unclear ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
1267,West,Rao,"Status Review of the Protected‐Area System in Myanmar, with Recommendations for Conservation Planning",https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2002.00219.x,2002,Tamanthi,Wildlife Sanctuary,Myanmar,MMR,x,x,2,1974,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,,,,,,,,,"Timber extraction, conflict, NPA management",,DRIVERS, Status (Effectiveness of the PA) ,1) Activities incompatible with the protected-area status. Small-scale and large-scale incompatibilities. 2) Park-management status ,Guided visits to select areas ,"Yes, the paper compares different areas around the country which were established in different years",Suitable ,Indeterminate ,Unclear ,Unclear ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
1268,West,Rao,"Status Review of the Protected‐Area System in Myanmar, with Recommendations for Conservation Planning",https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2002.00219.x,2002,Taunggyi,Bird Sanctuary,Myanmar,MMR,x,x,2,1930,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,,,,,,,,,"Timber extraction, conflict, NPA management",,DRIVERS, Status (Effectiveness of the PA) ,1) Activities incompatible with the protected-area status. Small-scale and large-scale incompatibilities. 2) Park-management status ,Guided visits to select areas ,"Yes, the paper compares different areas around the country which were established in different years",Suitable ,Indeterminate ,Unclear ,Unclear ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
1269,West,Rao,"Status Review of the Protected‐Area System in Myanmar, with Recommendations for Conservation Planning",https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2002.00219.x,2002,Wetthikan Wetland,Bird Sanctuary,Myanmar,MMR,x,x,2,1939,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,,,,,,,,,"Timber extraction, conflict, NPA management",,DRIVERS, Status (Effectiveness of the PA) ,1) Activities incompatible with the protected-area status. Small-scale and large-scale incompatibilities. 2) Park-management status ,Guided visits to select areas ,"Yes, the paper compares different areas around the country which were established in different years",Suitable ,Indeterminate ,Unclear ,Unclear ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
1274,West,Castagna,The wilding of the Urewera National Park: Analysis of Re(Creation) Discourses in Godzone,https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10125/11624/uhm_ma_3198_r.pdf,2005,Urewera,Park (National),New Zealand,NZL,,x,1,,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,,,,,1,1,,,Colonial contestation,,INSTITUTIONS,Inhabitants ownership and management ,Presence of colonial epistemology in management documents ,Discourse analysis ,No ,No suitable ,Negative ,Maori communities ,The management documents clearly show the continuity and salience of European epistemologies. The current exclusion of the Tuhoe from ownership and management of their Te Urewera (their land) is the reiteration of colonial era erasures. ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
145,Gill,Christie,Marine protected areas as biological successes and social failures in southeast asia,https://marine.rutgers.edu/dmcs/ms606/2014Fall/MPAs.Christie.AFS%20book.2004.pdf,2004,San Salvador Island,Marine Protected Area,Philippines,PHL,X,X,2,1989,2,0,0,0,1,0,0,,,1,,1,,,,"""declining fish populations inside and outside the no take areas""; ""complexities of establishing ambitious conservation areas in impoverished and socially stratified contexts""",conflict and lack of conflict-resolution mechanisms at all 4 MPAs,NATURE,Biological outcomes,Fish species richness and density,Records of fish diversity and abundance across transects,No,Partially,Positive,Nature,"Increased fish abundance, diversity, improved habitat",INSTITUTIONS,Social outcomes,"Local opinions of MPAs, management systems and rules, perceived benefits and costs, and implementation challenges",Interviews,No,Partially,Negative,Community members,"No current takeholder participation, no conflict resolution mechanisms, no sharing of economic benefits",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
32,Brooks,Blomley,"Woodlots, Woodfuel and Wildlife: Lessons from Queen Elizabeth National Park, Uganda",ISBN 978-1-84369-396-3,2000,Queen Elizabeth,Park (National),Uganda,UGA,,X,1,1952,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,2,,,1,,,,,,,NCP,Change in damage in property by park animals,Not stated,Not stated,NA,NA,Negative,Local stakeholders,The establishment of trees appears to have increased damage of property by park animals,NCP,Perception on pressure over resources,Not stated,Not stated,NA,NA,Negative,Local stakeholders,"There is some doubt over whether the trees planted within fishing villages will offset demand for park resources, and in particular firewood.",EQUITY,Equitable distribution of benefits,Not stated,Not stated,NA,NA,Negative,Local stakeholders,"The benefits from the project have been inequitably distributed, partly due to the complex and largely unresolved issue of land tenure, as well as the approach adopted by the project of participant self-selection",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
349,McKinnon,"Harada, K.","Attitudes of local people towards conservation and Gunung Halimun national park in west Java, Indonesia",https://doi.org/10.1007/s10310-003-0037-z,2003,Gunung Halimun,Park (National),Indonesia,IDN,,X,1,1992,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,,,,,1,,,,"Material living standards, Economic living standards, Social relations, Governance & empowerment",,VALUES,local residents' attitudes towards PAs,residents’ perceptions of the national park and conservation ; residents’  natural  resource use ; strategies for co-management between government authorities and local communities,survey and interviews,No,Yes,divergent?,multiple villages,"Firstly, the local community does not have enough information about the park and, consequently, people only follow the compulsory laws. Secondly, local conservation knowledge and the global objectives of park management cannot be harmonized because of the lack of information and agreement concerning the park between local people and government authorities. People do not have certain incentives to conserve biodiversity, as they cannot get any benefits from the park. Thirdly, in spite of these adverse findings, it largely depends on the government authorities' capabilities whether the integrated park management can succeed or not, because people still have positive attitudes towards local participation.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
1020,Tauli-Corpuz,Witter,Invisible losses and the logics of resettlement compensation.,https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.12283,2014,Limpopo,Park (National),Mozambique,MOZ,,x,1,NA,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,1,1,,,1,,,"Resetlement, changes in ownership, sense of belonging, food security, weakened risk assessment.",,VALUES,Impacts of resettlement in local communities ,"1.- Perceived losses anticipated by residents targeted for resettlemen, 2.- Governmnet official ammounts and ways of compensation ","Official documentation review, interviews and ethnographic observation ","Yes, they ask the perception of people about an action ""resettlement"" that is directly associated by the establishment of the National Park ",Suitable ,Indeterminate,Villages inside the National Park ,"Decision makers’ assessments of natural resource use and value neglect losses from resettlement residents identified as critical, such as ancestral identity and social belonging linked to gravesites; the importance of tree roots that provide a powerful sense of security because they suppress hunger in periods of scarcity; and the importance of people’s location within social networks and hierarchies. The neglection of these looses in ressettlement planning might generate great negative impacts in the relocated communities ",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
1243,West,Walpole,"Pricing Policy for Tourism in Protected Areas: Lessons from Komodo National Park, Indonesia",https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2001.99231.x,2008,Komodo,Park (National),Indonesia,IDN,,x,1,1980,,,,,,0,,,,,,,,,,Economic income (willingness to pay),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
661,McKinnon,"Stone, M.T.","Protected Areas, Tourism and Rural Community Livelihoods in Botswana",https://repository.asu.edu/attachments/114539/content/Stone_asu_0010E_13150.pdf,2003,Chobe,Park (National),Botswana,BWA,,X,1,1933,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,,,,,,,,"Material living standards, Economic living standards, Social relations, Governance & empowerment, Culture/Spiritual Values",,GQL,Benefits for introduction of tourism after th establishment of the PA ,Community capitals,Interviews and literature review ,"Yes, direct perception of change ",Suitable ,Positive ,communities living inside the PA,"the introduction of tourism has linked Chobe National Park and community livelihoods; resulting in positive outcomes not only in monetary terms, but with respect to community capitals enhancement",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
662,McKinnon,"Stone, M.T.","Protected Areas, Tourism and Rural Community Livelihoods in Botswana",https://repository.asu.edu/attachments/114539/content/Stone_asu_0010E_13150.pdf,2003,Chobe,Conservation Trust,Botswana,BWA,,X,1,1933,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,,,,,,,,"Material living standards, Economic living standards, Social relations, Governance & empowerment, Culture/Spiritual Values",,GQL,Benefits for introduction of tourism after th establishment of the PA ,Community capitals,Interviews and literature review ,"Yes, direct perception of change ",Suitable ,Positive ,communities living inside the PA,"the introduction of tourism has linked Chobe National Park and community livelihoods; resulting in positive outcomes not only in monetary terms, but with respect to community capitals enhancement",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
998,Tauli-Corpuz,Annecke,"A review of the impact of militarization: The case of rhino poaching in Kruger National Park, South Africa.",http://www.conservationandsociety.org/text.asp?2016/14/3/195/191158,2016,Kruger,Park (National),South Africa,ZAF,x,x,2,,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,,,,,,,1,1,"Violence, conservation, human rights abuses, conflicts",,GQL,Impacts of militarisation to avoid rhino poaching ,"Not defined but the resuts were cladified in positive, unintended and negative impacts ",Analysis of peer-reviewed documents ,No ,NA ,Negative ,Unclear ,We have argued that the negative implications and the social and economic costs of the military anti-poaching operations in the Kruger National Park are considerable and will be unsustainable in the longer term.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
637,McKinnon,"Ho, T. V. T.; Cottrell, A.; Valentine, P.; Woodley, S.",Perceived barriers to effective multilevel governance of human-natural systems: An analysis of marine protected areas in Vietnam,https://doi.org/10.2458/v19i1.21711,2012,Con Dao,Marine Protected Area,Viet Nam,VNM,,X,1,1984,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,,,,,1,,,,"Economic living standards, Social relations, Governance & empowerment",,INSTITUTIONS,Effective governance ,Factors that can impede the participation and collaborative interactions between the actors to make decisions,"focus-group discussions, semi-structured and open-ended interview","Yes, comparison between PA",Suitable ,Negative,Unclear ,"We conclude that formal institutions, and the existing design of MPA authorities, have influenced collaborative governance processes within the socio-political context of Vietnam. These have not only significantly obstructed the participation and collaboration of actors across levels and across areas of expertise, but also weakened the roles and functions of MPA authorities. This has resulted in decreased effectiveness of governance of these MPAs.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
638,McKinnon,"Ho, T. V. T.; Cottrell, A.; Valentine, P.; Woodley, S.",Perceived barriers to effective multilevel governance of human-natural systems: An analysis of marine protected areas in Vietnam,https://doi.org/10.2458/v19i1.21711,2012,Halong Bay,Marine Protected Area,Viet Nam,VNM,,X,1,1962,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,,,,,1,,,,"Economic living standards, Social relations, Governance & empowerment",,INSTITUTIONS,Effective governance ,Factors that can impede the participation and collaborative interactions between the actors to make decisions,"focus-group discussions, semi-structured and open-ended interview","Yes, comparison between PA",Suitable ,Negative,Unclear ,"We conclude that formal institutions, and the existing design of MPA authorities, have influenced collaborative governance processes within the socio-political context of Vietnam. These have not only significantly obstructed the participation and collaboration of actors across levels and across areas of expertise, but also weakened the roles and functions of MPA authorities. This has resulted in decreased effectiveness of governance of these MPAs.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
639,McKinnon,"Ho, T. V. T.; Cottrell, A.; Valentine, P.; Woodley, S.",Perceived barriers to effective multilevel governance of human-natural systems: An analysis of marine protected areas in Vietnam,https://doi.org/10.2458/v19i1.21711,2012,Nha Trang Bay,Marine Protected Area,Viet Nam,VNM,,X,1,2001,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,,,,,1,,,,"Economic living standards, Social relations, Governance & empowerment",,INSTITUTIONS,Effective governance ,Factors that can impede the participation and collaborative interactions between the actors to make decisions,"focus-group discussions, semi-structured and open-ended interview","Yes, comparison between PA",Suitable ,Negative,Unclear ,"We conclude that formal institutions, and the existing design of MPA authorities, have influenced collaborative governance processes within the socio-political context of Vietnam. These have not only significantly obstructed the participation and collaboration of actors across levels and across areas of expertise, but also weakened the roles and functions of MPA authorities. This has resulted in decreased effectiveness of governance of these MPAs.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
645,McKinnon,"Launio, C. C.; Morooka, Y.; Aizaki, H.; Iiguni, Y.","Perceptions of small-scale fishermen on the value of marine resources and protected areas: Case of Claveria, Northern Philippines",https://doi.org/10.1080/13504509.2010.500023,2010,Claveria,Marine Protected Area,Philippines,PHL,,X,1,,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,,1,,,,,,"Material living standards, Economic living standards, Security & safety",,VALUES,Attitudes and perceptions on marine resource values and conservation,Evaluate statements around the MPA using a six-level Likert scale,"Focus group discussions (FGD), key informant and household survey interviews.","Yes, direct perception of the MPA and its value",Suitable ,Positive ,Unclear ,"The majority of fishermen had positive perceptions of the non-market value of marine resources, agreed with the need for MPAs, and perceived positive potential income benefit from MPAs.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
1040,Tran,Premauer,"A pluralistic approach to protected area governance: indigenous peoples and Makuira National Park, Colombia",https://doi.org/10.15451/ec2015-5-4.4-1-16,2015,Makuira,Park (National),Colombia,COL,,X,1,,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,,,,,1,,,1,Governance / Tradeoffs,,INSTITUTIONS,Collaboration for conflict reduction ,Unclear ,Interviews ,"Yes, perception of change ",Unclear ,Positive ,indigenous communities and park authorities ,"The Wayúu give up part of their self-determination rights and the Park gives up part of the ideals of ecosystem conservation based on biological criteria. The strategic alliance works because it is based on the recognition of the legitimacy of Indigenous governing authority, the Parks’ role in protecting Wayúu territory, and the complementary strengths of the two parties.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
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