March 8, 2022 Journal article Open Access

Padrós, Francesc; Caggiano, Massimo; Toffan, Anna; Constenla, Maria; Zarza, Carlos; Ciulli, Sara

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{
  "DOI": "10.3390/pathogens11030330", 
  "container_title": "Pathogens", 
  "language": "eng", 
  "title": "Integrated\u00a0Management\u00a0Strategies\u00a0for\u00a0Viral\u00a0Nervous\u00a0Necrosis\u00a0(VNN)\u00a0Disease\u00a0Control\u00a0in\u00a0Marine\u00a0Fish\u00a0Farming\u00a0in\u00a0the\u00a0Mediterranean", 
  "issued": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2022, 
        3, 
        8
      ]
    ]
  }, 
  "abstract": "<p>Viral&nbsp;nervous&nbsp;necrosis&nbsp;(VNN)&nbsp;is&nbsp;the&nbsp;most&nbsp;important&nbsp;viral&nbsp;disease&nbsp;affecting&nbsp;farmed&nbsp;fish&nbsp;in&nbsp;the&nbsp;Mediterranean.&nbsp;VNN&nbsp;can&nbsp;affect&nbsp;multiple&nbsp;fish&nbsp;species&nbsp;in&nbsp;all&nbsp;production&nbsp;phases&nbsp;(broodstock,&nbsp;hatchery,&nbsp;nursery&nbsp;and&nbsp;ongrowing)&nbsp;and&nbsp;sizes,&nbsp;but&nbsp;it&nbsp;is&nbsp;especially&nbsp;severe&nbsp;in&nbsp;larvae&nbsp;and&nbsp;juvenile&nbsp;stages,&nbsp;where&nbsp;can&nbsp;it&nbsp;cause&nbsp;up&nbsp;to&nbsp;100%&nbsp;mortalities.&nbsp;European&nbsp;sea&nbsp;bass&nbsp;has&nbsp;been&nbsp;and&nbsp;is&nbsp;still&nbsp;the&nbsp;most&nbsp;affected&nbsp;species,&nbsp;and&nbsp;VNN&nbsp;in&nbsp;gilthead&nbsp;sea&nbsp;bream&nbsp;has&nbsp;become&nbsp;an&nbsp;emerging&nbsp;problem&nbsp;in&nbsp;recent&nbsp;years&nbsp;affecting&nbsp;larvae&nbsp;and&nbsp;juveniles&nbsp;and&nbsp;associated&nbsp;to&nbsp;the&nbsp;presence&nbsp;of&nbsp;new&nbsp;nervous&nbsp;necrosis&nbsp;virus&nbsp;(NNV)&nbsp;reassortants.&nbsp;The&nbsp;relevance&nbsp;of&nbsp;this&nbsp;disease&nbsp;as&nbsp;one&nbsp;of&nbsp;the&nbsp;main&nbsp;biological&nbsp;hazards&nbsp;for&nbsp;Mediterranean&nbsp;finfish&nbsp;farming&nbsp;has&nbsp;been&nbsp;particularly&nbsp;addressed&nbsp;in&nbsp;two&nbsp;recent&nbsp;H2020&nbsp;projects:&nbsp;PerformFISH&nbsp;and&nbsp;MedAID.&nbsp;The&nbsp;presence&nbsp;of&nbsp;the&nbsp;virus&nbsp;in&nbsp;the&nbsp;environment&nbsp;and&nbsp;in&nbsp;the&nbsp;farming&nbsp;systems&nbsp;poses&nbsp;a&nbsp;serious&nbsp;menace&nbsp;for&nbsp;the&nbsp;development&nbsp;of&nbsp;the&nbsp;Mediterranean&nbsp;finfish&nbsp;aquaculture.&nbsp;Several&nbsp;risks&nbsp;associated&nbsp;to&nbsp;the&nbsp;VNN&nbsp;development&nbsp;in&nbsp;farms&nbsp;have&nbsp;been&nbsp;identified&nbsp;in&nbsp;the&nbsp;different&nbsp;phases&nbsp;of&nbsp;the&nbsp;farming&nbsp;system.&nbsp;The&nbsp;main&nbsp;risks&nbsp;concerning&nbsp;VNN&nbsp;affecting&nbsp;gilthead&nbsp;seabream&nbsp;and&nbsp;European&nbsp;seabass&nbsp;have&nbsp;been&nbsp;identified&nbsp;as&nbsp;restocking&nbsp;from&nbsp;wild&nbsp;fish&nbsp;in&nbsp;broodstock&nbsp;facilities,&nbsp;the&nbsp;origin&nbsp;of&nbsp;eggs&nbsp;and&nbsp;juveniles,&nbsp;quality&nbsp;water&nbsp;supply&nbsp;and&nbsp;live&nbsp;food&nbsp;in&nbsp;hatcheries&nbsp;and&nbsp;nurseries,&nbsp;and&nbsp;infected&nbsp;juveniles&nbsp;and&nbsp;location&nbsp;of&nbsp;farms&nbsp;in&nbsp;endemic&nbsp;areas&nbsp;for&nbsp;on\u2010growing&nbsp;sites.&nbsp;Due&nbsp;to&nbsp;the&nbsp;potential&nbsp;severe&nbsp;impact,&nbsp;a&nbsp;holistic&nbsp;integrated&nbsp;management&nbsp;approach&nbsp;is&nbsp;the&nbsp;best&nbsp;strategy&nbsp;to&nbsp;control&nbsp;VNN&nbsp;in&nbsp;marine&nbsp;fish&nbsp;farms.&nbsp;This&nbsp;approach&nbsp;should&nbsp;include&nbsp;continuous&nbsp;surveillance&nbsp;and&nbsp;early&nbsp;and&nbsp;accurate&nbsp;diagnosis,&nbsp;essential&nbsp;for&nbsp;an&nbsp;early&nbsp;intervention&nbsp;when&nbsp;an&nbsp;outbreak&nbsp;occurs,&nbsp;the&nbsp;implementation&nbsp;of&nbsp;biosecurity&nbsp;and&nbsp;disinfection&nbsp;procedures&nbsp;in&nbsp;the&nbsp;production&nbsp;sites&nbsp;and&nbsp;systematic&nbsp;vaccination&nbsp;with&nbsp;effective&nbsp;vaccines.&nbsp;Outbreak&nbsp;management&nbsp;practices,&nbsp;clinical&nbsp;aspects,&nbsp;diagnostic&nbsp;techniques,&nbsp;and&nbsp;disinfections&nbsp;methods&nbsp;are&nbsp;reviewed&nbsp;in&nbsp;detail&nbsp;in&nbsp;this&nbsp;paper.&nbsp;Additionally,&nbsp;new&nbsp;strategies&nbsp;are&nbsp;becoming&nbsp;more&nbsp;relevant,&nbsp;such&nbsp;as&nbsp;the&nbsp;use&nbsp;of&nbsp;genetic&nbsp;resistant&nbsp;lines&nbsp;and&nbsp;boosting&nbsp;the&nbsp;fish&nbsp;immune&nbsp;system&nbsp;though&nbsp;nutrition.&nbsp;</p>", 
  "author": [
    {
      "family": "Padr\u00f3s, Francesc"
    }, 
    {
      "family": "Caggiano, Massimo"
    }, 
    {
      "family": "Toffan, Anna"
    }, 
    {
      "family": "Constenla, Maria"
    }, 
    {
      "family": "Zarza, Carlos"
    }, 
    {
      "family": "Ciulli, Sara"
    }
  ], 
  "page": "330", 
  "volume": "11", 
  "type": "article-journal", 
  "issue": "3", 
  "id": "6411253"
}