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Pekar, Jonathan E.; Magee, Andrew; Parker, Edyth; Moshiri, Niema; Izhikevich, Katherine; Havens, Jennifer L.; Gangavarapu, Karthik; Malpica Serrano, Lorena M.; Crits-Christoph, Alexander; Matteson, Nathaniel L.; Zeller, Mark; Levy, Joshua I.; Wang, Jade C.; Hughes, Scott; Lee, Jungmin; Park, Heedo; Park, Man-Seong; Ching Zi Yan, Katherine; Tzer Pin Lin, Raymond; Mat Isa, Mohd Noor; Muhammad Noor, Yusuf; Vasylyeva, Tetyana I.; Garry, Robert F.; Holmes, Edward C.; Rambaut, Andrew; Suchard, Marc A.; Andersen, Kristian G.; Worobey, Michael; Wertheim, Joel O.
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of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.</foaf:name> </foaf:Organization> </org:memberOf> </rdf:Description> </dct:creator> <dct:creator> <rdf:Description> <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/Agent"/> <foaf:name>Garry, Robert F.</foaf:name> <foaf:givenName>Robert F.</foaf:givenName> <foaf:familyName>Garry</foaf:familyName> <org:memberOf> <foaf:Organization> <foaf:name>Tulane University, School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.</foaf:name> </foaf:Organization> </org:memberOf> </rdf:Description> </dct:creator> <dct:creator> <rdf:Description> <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/Agent"/> <foaf:name>Holmes, Edward C.</foaf:name> <foaf:givenName>Edward C.</foaf:givenName> <foaf:familyName>Holmes</foaf:familyName> <org:memberOf> <foaf:Organization> <foaf:name>Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, School of Life and Environmental Sciences and School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.</foaf:name> </foaf:Organization> </org:memberOf> </rdf:Description> </dct:creator> <dct:creator> <rdf:Description> <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/Agent"/> <foaf:name>Rambaut, Andrew</foaf:name> <foaf:givenName>Andrew</foaf:givenName> <foaf:familyName>Rambaut</foaf:familyName> <org:memberOf> <foaf:Organization> <foaf:name>Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3FL, UK.</foaf:name> </foaf:Organization> </org:memberOf> </rdf:Description> </dct:creator> <dct:creator> <rdf:Description> <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/Agent"/> <foaf:name>Suchard, Marc A.</foaf:name> <foaf:givenName>Marc A.</foaf:givenName> <foaf:familyName>Suchard</foaf:familyName> <org:memberOf> <foaf:Organization> <foaf:name>Department of Biomathematics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.</foaf:name> </foaf:Organization> </org:memberOf> </rdf:Description> </dct:creator> <dct:creator> <rdf:Description> <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/Agent"/> <foaf:name>Andersen, Kristian G.</foaf:name> <foaf:givenName>Kristian G.</foaf:givenName> <foaf:familyName>Andersen</foaf:familyName> <org:memberOf> <foaf:Organization> <foaf:name>Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.</foaf:name> </foaf:Organization> </org:memberOf> </rdf:Description> </dct:creator> <dct:creator> <rdf:Description> <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/Agent"/> <foaf:name>Worobey, Michael</foaf:name> <foaf:givenName>Michael</foaf:givenName> <foaf:familyName>Worobey</foaf:familyName> <org:memberOf> <foaf:Organization> <foaf:name>Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.</foaf:name> </foaf:Organization> </org:memberOf> </rdf:Description> </dct:creator> <dct:creator> <rdf:Description> <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/Agent"/> <foaf:name>Wertheim, Joel O.</foaf:name> <foaf:givenName>Joel O.</foaf:givenName> <foaf:familyName>Wertheim</foaf:familyName> <org:memberOf> <foaf:Organization> <foaf:name>Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.</foaf:name> </foaf:Organization> </org:memberOf> </rdf:Description> </dct:creator> <dct:title>SARS-CoV-2 emergence very likely resulted from at least two zoonotic events</dct:title> <dct:publisher> <foaf:Agent> <foaf:name>Zenodo</foaf:name> </foaf:Agent> </dct:publisher> <dct:issued rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#gYear">2022</dct:issued> <dcat:keyword>SARS-CoV-2; zoonosis; phylodynamics; molecular clock</dcat:keyword> <dct:issued rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#date">2022-02-26</dct:issued> <dct:language rdf:resource="http://publications.europa.eu/resource/authority/language/ENG"/> <owl:sameAs rdf:resource="https://zenodo.org/record/6342616"/> <adms:identifier> <adms:Identifier> <skos:notation rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#anyURI">https://zenodo.org/record/6342616</skos:notation> <adms:schemeAgency>url</adms:schemeAgency> </adms:Identifier> </adms:identifier> <dct:isVersionOf rdf:resource="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6291627"/> <dct:description><p>Understanding the circumstances that lead to pandemics is critical to their prevention. Here, we analyze the pattern and origin of genomic diversity of SARS-CoV-2 early in the COVID-19 pandemic. We show that the SARS-CoV-2 genomic diversity prior to February 2020 comprised only two distinct viral lineages&mdash;denoted A and B&mdash;with no transitional haplotypes. Novel phylodynamic rooting methods, coupled with epidemic simulations, indicate that these two lineages were the result of at least two separate cross-species transmission events into humans. The first zoonotic transmission likely involved lineage B viruses and occurred in late-November/early-December 2019 and no earlier than the beginning of November 2019, while the introduction of lineage A likely occurred within weeks of the first event. These findings define the narrow window between when SARS-CoV-2 first jumped into humans and when the first cases of COVID-19 were reported. Hence, as with SARS-CoV-1 in 2002 and 2003, SARS-CoV-2 emergence likely resulted from multiple zoonotic events.</p></dct:description> <dct:accessRights rdf:resource="http://publications.europa.eu/resource/authority/access-right/PUBLIC"/> <dct:accessRights> <dct:RightsStatement rdf:about="info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess"> <rdfs:label>Open Access</rdfs:label> </dct:RightsStatement> </dct:accessRights> <dct:license rdf:resource="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode"/> <dcat:distribution> <dcat:Distribution> <dcat:accessURL rdf:resource="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6342616"/> <dcat:byteSize>363169</dcat:byteSize> <dcat:downloadURL rdf:resource="https://zenodo.org/record/6342616/files/Data_S1.tsv"/> <dcat:mediaType>text/tab-separated-values</dcat:mediaType> </dcat:Distribution> </dcat:distribution> <dcat:distribution> <dcat:Distribution> <dcat:accessURL rdf:resource="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6342616"/> <dcat:byteSize>78025</dcat:byteSize> <dcat:downloadURL rdf:resource="https://zenodo.org/record/6342616/files/Data_S2.tsv"/> <dcat:mediaType>text/tab-separated-values</dcat:mediaType> </dcat:Distribution> </dcat:distribution> <dcat:distribution> <dcat:Distribution> <dcat:accessURL rdf:resource="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6342616"/> <dcat:byteSize>10256</dcat:byteSize> <dcat:downloadURL rdf:resource="https://zenodo.org/record/6342616/files/Data_S3.xlsx"/> <dcat:mediaType>application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet</dcat:mediaType> </dcat:Distribution> </dcat:distribution> <dcat:distribution> <dcat:Distribution> <dcat:accessURL rdf:resource="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6342616"/> <dcat:byteSize>20437803</dcat:byteSize> <dcat:downloadURL rdf:resource="https://zenodo.org/record/6342616/files/Pekar_Zoonosis_20220306.pdf"/> <dcat:mediaType>application/pdf</dcat:mediaType> </dcat:Distribution> </dcat:distribution> </rdf:Description> </rdf:RDF>
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