Snow bunting respirometry data

1. Arctic animals inhabit some of the coldest environments on the planet and have evolved physiological mechanisms for minimizing heat loss under extreme cold. However, the Arctic is warming faster than the global average and how well Arctic animals tolerate even moderately high air temperatures (T_a) is unknown.

2. Using flow-through respirometry we investigated the heat tolerance and evaporative cooling capacity of snow buntings (Plectrophenax nivalis; ≈ 31g, N = 42), a cold specialist, Arctic songbird. We exposed buntings to increasing T_a and measured body temperature (T_b), resting metabolic rate (RMR), rates of evaporative water loss (EWL) and evaporative cooling efficiency (the ratio of evaporative heat loss to metabolic heat production).

3. Buntings had an average (±SD) T_b of 41.3 ± 0.2 °C at thermoneutral T_a, and increased T_b to a maximum of 43.5 ± 0.3 °C. Buntings started panting at T_a of 33.2 ± 1.7 °C, with rapid increases in EWL starting at T_a = 34.6 °C, meaning they experienced heat stress when air temperatures were well below their body temperature. Maximum rates of EWL were only 2.9x baseline rates at thermoneutral T_a, a markedly lower increase than seen in more heat tolerant arid-zone species (e.g., ≥ 4.7x baseline rates). Heat stressed buntings also had low evaporative cooling efficiencies, with 95% of individuals unable to evaporatively dissipate an amount of heat equivalent to their own metabolic heat production.

4. Our results suggest that buntings' well-developed cold tolerance may come at the cost of reduced heat tolerance. As the Arctic warms, and this and other species experience increased periods of heat stress, a limited capacity for evaporative cooling may force birds to increasingly rely on behavioural thermoregulation, such as minimizing activity, at the expense of diminished performance or reproductive investment.