Distinction between inflection and derivation of learning reduplication in Mandarin

Received Sept 13, 2019 Revised Oct 23, 2019 Accepted Oct 30, 2019 Reduplication as a word-formation process in Mandarin, which is one of the most difficult knowledge to comprehend for scholar and student. Theoretically this research offers an approach that is different from what has been made by previous researchers. Using the M.D.S Simatupang free context approach this research contrasts the reduplicative forms of all word classes and shows the relationships between them (AA, AABB, ABAB, ABB) and their basic forms (A, AB), then based on test of categorical word and test of lexical decomposition as proposed by J.W.M Verhaar, this study analyzes and explains reduplication and inflectional reduplication in Mandarin in order to students understand as their meaning vocabularies. As a result, this research examines the derivational and inflectional reduplication in Mandarin all at once can disseminate the use of morphological theory. In addition, this study discusses Mandarin reduplication based on various word classes that are contained as a basis for the relevant form of reduplication. Beginner research results will be presented in this study in order to stimulate more complete writing, it will be better if this research can be disseminated in order to add learning and reading material for future research.


INTRODUCTION
Mandarin is spoken around Beijing and forms the basis of the country's national language [1]. Reduplication is one of the most productive word formation phenomena in Mandarin, as we will see throughout this research. Reduplication in Mandarin is a creative phenomenon, virtually affecting all major lexical categories (nouns, verbs, adjectives). This research will investigate reduplication of Mandarin with specific attention to its part in derivational morphology.
Typologically, Rubino lists two types of reduplication are distinguished based on the size of the Chinese reduplicant: full reduplication and partial reduplication [2]. Full reduplication involves a reduplication of the entire word. Full word lexical reduplication: 年nián 'year' > 年年nián nián 'every year'. Reduplicated monosyllabic nouns like 年年nián nián are abbreviated as AA form. Partial reduplication involves a reduplication of only part of the word. For example, 暗沉àn chén 'dark' > 暗沉沉àn chén chén 'very dark'. Reduplicated monosyllabic nouns like 暗沉沉àn chén chén are abbreviated as AAB form.
According to Chiara & Bianca, reduplication in Mandarin syllables are usually facilitated as symbols A and symbol B, symbol A is used for the first syllable in reduplication, symbol 'B' is used to express the second syllable consisting of two syllables. Both monosyllabic (A → AA) and disyllabic (AB → In the morphology we find a number of criteria for distinguishing between inflection and derivation [5,6]. A first criterion is that derivation may change syntactic category, unlike inflection. A second criterion is that, unlike derivation, inflection is obligatory. A potential problem for this criterion is that it is theorydependent in its application. A third distinguishing characteristic of inflection is full productivity. Examples of inflected words bases are see in Table 1. From cases above, some problems are caused by the reduplication process. In the case (3) above, basic word 上下shàng xià and 坑洼 kēng wā are both nominal domain, and equally duplicated with the AABB form, the reduplicative meanings which are resulted from these two words are totally different. As for disyllabic reduplicated nouns坑坑洼洼kēng kēng wā wā, the disyllabicity of the base 坑洼 kēng wā point to uncontroversially nominal bases. But category 上下shàng xià is changed by AABB form. Reduplication of 上下shàng xià 'top and bottom' is上上下下shàng shàng xià xià 'from top to bottom', which manifests property of lexeme formation and, formally, approaches derivational phenomena of reduplication.
And then, in the cases (1) and (3) above, 星xīng 'star' > 星星xīng xīng 'stars' and 坑洼kēng wā 'hole' > 坑坑洼洼kēng kēng wā wā 'holes', no research ever showed whether this plurle noun is a lexical meaning like 'a lot of' which is created by reduplication or an inflectional plural noun like suffix '-s' in English which is presented by AA or AABB form in Mandarin. Meanwhile, adjective reduplications in (2) and (4) above seems comparative degree forms which is presented by ABB or AABB.
As far as Mandarin is concerned, reduplicative nouns may be a plural form, and many adjective meanings look like comparative degree forms. These criteris show that inflection may be ture for reduplicaton in Mandarin. There are so many meanings and formations that make learning reduplication in Mandarin more confused. And distinctions between inflection and derivation are difficult to understand reduplication in Mandarin. The purpose of this research is to picture all reduplication formation and meaning in Mandarin based on the distinction between derivation and inflection.

RESEARCH METHOD
This research investigates the derivational reduplication in Mandarin without context, i.e. free context [7]. The derivation sometimes changes the categorical base word. Therefore, it's necessary to check if the reduplication is derivational and inflectional. Two tests will be used as proposed by Verhaar [8] in free context: (1) test of categorical word; (2) test of lexical decomposition; Test (1) can be used to determine whether reduplication is derivational or paradigmatic/inflectional, using observational techniques to observe the property of the relevant base word. Derivation typically forms new reduplication and can be category or lexical meaning changing. As shown by the case: 天tiān 'day' > 天 天tiān tiān 'everyday', where nominal base has been changed to adverbial. As Verhaar's (1) test of categorical word said, derivation typically forms new lexeme can change category of base.
If reduplication doesn't make a change in the categorical base word, the resulting categorical reduplication is the same as the categorical base word base word, if test (1) can't determine, and test (2) will be used. And if duplicated word dose not display changing property, which means that is inflectional reduplication. AA form are productive with nominal bases [9]. However, whether or not the AA form seems to depend on the meaning and the semantic feature of the bases. Only nominal bases that have a noun quantifier (noun has quantificational meaning) can contain AA form with the meaning 'every or each' [10]. a. 年nián 'year' > 年年nián nián 'every year'; b. 家jiā 'family' > 家家jiā jiā 'every family'; c. 天tiān 'day' > 天天tiān tiān 'every day'; d. 月yuè 'month' >月月yuè yuè 'every month'; e. 岁suì 'year (old)' > 岁岁suì suì 'every year'.
As shown by the cases above (a) --(e), where each of reduplication contains the quantifier 每 měi 'every or each'. Reduplication of monosyllabic nouns proper expresses a 'every or each' meaning, which manifests property of lexeme, and some of categorical bases have been changed. As Verhaar's test of lexical decomposition said, derivation typically forms new lexeme can change lexical meaning of bases. So, reduplicative process noun quantifier + AA form is a derivational process.
The data above show that duplicated noun dose not display changing property, reduplication星星 xīng xīng 'stars' and relevant base星xīng 'star'has the same category status. In certain contexts, such as几颗 星星jǐ kē xīng xīng 'many stars', reduplication is obligatory cause *几颗星 or 几颗杠 will never be used in natural speech. So, reduplication like 星星xīng xīng should be an inflectional plural noun.
Based free-context reduplication on examples (a) -(e), it can be seen immediately and clearly that the reduplication process of the AA form of verb base words does not change the word class, for example example (b) both 写 xiě 'write' and 写写 xiě xiě 'write for a while' are both in the category of verbs.
Examples (a) -(e) show that the reduplication of adjective AA forms does not change word groups either. Because both 红 hóng 'red' and 红红 hóng hóng 'very red' are both categorized as adjectives in Mandarin, the word categorical membership test cannot determine the reduplication process so the lexical decomposition test will be used.
As in example (d), semantic feature [+intensive] is created in长长 cháng cháng by reduplication, whereas this process shows the meaning 'very'. Thus, reduplication of the AA form of basic categories of adjectives in Mandarin does not have grammatical functions, but functions lexically. The lexical function of the AA form reduplication has a semantic feature, that is [+ intensive] and is related to the meaning 'very'. Meanwhile, the meaning of 'very' does not function to form comparative sentences in Mandarin [13]. Reduplication process has changed lexical meaning. So, the reduplication process is classified as derivational reduplication.
As shown by the cases above (a) --(e), There is also no categorical change in the word because both the basic morpheme and the reduplicative form are both categorized as adverbs. However, each of reduplication contains semantic feature 'intensive'. Going back to research topic, reduplication of monosyllabic adverbs proper expresses 'intensive' and 'very' meaning, which manifests property of lexeme. As Verhaar's test of lexical decomposition said, derivation typically forms new lexeme can change lexical meaning of bases. Based on this test, it can be said that the change in lexical meaning is caused by derivational reduplication. Reduplicative process adverbial lexeme + AA form is a derivational process.
The basic numeral words are duplicated with the AA form, then the distributive meaning 'A by A' is produced. Except for example (c) the reduplication process results in figurative meaning. There is also no categorical change in the reduplicative proses because both the relevant base word and the reduplicative form are categorized as verbs. However, lexical meaning (iteratively) is changed by reduplication. So, it can say that the change in lexical meaning, and that is caused by reduplication of derivational.

CONCLUSION
Based on the data examined above, in addition to isolating meanings and figurative meanings. as we have shown with the reduplicative processes of Mandarin as we have shown with the reduplicative processes of Mandarin. This research has given all reduplication formation and meaning in Mandarin based on the distinction between derivation and inflection. It would has explained the meaning which is created by reduplicative process of AA form, ABB form, AABB form and ABAB form.
If the concept of lexeme arises empirically motivated in agglutinating languages whereby inflection markers modify the word form conveying relevant aspect in the syntactic contexts, its motivation is less grounded in isolating languages, where a very small number of words occur inflection markers, i.e. nominal reduplication AA星星xīng xīng 'stars', 框框 kuāng kuāng 'frames', and 杠杠gàng gàng 'lines'.
Reduplication in Mandarin conveys values typically found in the inflectional domain. Many issues deserve a deeper analysis research can be disseminated in order to add teaching, learning, comparison, translation and reading material for future research.