The Tapiridae, Rhinocerotidae and Suidae (Mammalia) of the Early Villafranchian site of Milia (Grevena, Macedonia, Greece)

ABSTRACT The fossiliferous site of Milia (Grevena, N. Greece) is best known for the excavation of the longest tusks of Mammut borsoni (Hays, 1834) in the world (4.39 m and 5.02 m). In association with this species occur the Tapir Tapirus arvernensis arvernensis Croizet & Jobert, 1828, the Rhinocerotidae Dicerorhinus jeanvireti Guérin, 1972 and the Suidae Sus avernensis arvernensis Croizet & Jobert, 1828. The first species is represented by two fossils corresponding to one adult and one juvenile individual, the second species is represented by 197 identified remains among which 68 are measurable specimens corresponding to eight adult and one juvenile individuals, and the third species by nine specimens. The dimensions are compared with those of European Ruscinian and Villafranchian species from the same families: Tapirus arvernensis Croizet & Jobert, 1828 and T. jeanpiveteaui Boeuf, 1991 for the tapir, Dicerorhinus megarhinus (de Christof 1834), D. miguelcrusafonti Guérin & Santafe, 1978, D. jeanvireti Guérin, 1972 and D. etruscus etruscus (Falconer, 1859) for the rhinoceros, Potamochoerus provincialis (Gervais, 1859), Sus arvernensis Croizet & Jobert, 1828 and S. strozzii Forsyth Major, 1881 for the boar. The association of Tapirus arvernensis arvernensis, Dicerorhinus jeanvireti and Sus arvernensis arvernensis allows us to date the site to biozone MNQ 16 (Earliest Villafranchian). The degree of evolution of the Milia D. jeanvireti population allows us to assign to it an age somewhat younger than that of Vialette. The faunal association is a clear indication of a forested landscape in a warm and relatively wet climate.


INTRODUCTION, LOCATION AND HISTORY OF EXCAVATIONS
Palaeontological research in Grevena district started in 1990, in the "Ambelia" area of Grevena town, 585 m above sea level, in western Macedonia, 190 km west of essaloniki, Greece ( Fig. 1[GRE]). e excavations of 1992-1995 in the unconsolidated Pleistocene deposits yielded a partial skeleton of the straight-tusked elephant, Elephas antiquus Falconer & Cautley, 1847 (MIS -Oxygen Isotope Stage 6;Tsoukala & Lister 1998). In 1996, the same excavating team of essaloniki Aristotle University (A.U.TH.) followed up information given by local villagers, and discovered abundant fossilized faunal remains round Milia village, 15 km NNE of Grevena. Milia is situated in a mountainous area (altitude 656 m a.s.l.) close to the Pindos Mountain Chain (40°10'45.45"N;21°28'36.38"E;WGS84). e locality consists of yellow-brownish loose sands, fluvial deposits of a branch of Aliakmon River, which is the longest in Greece (297 km long). ere are two main sites with rhino fossils in the area: Milia (MIL) and Agios Georgios Priporos (SGP) (Fig. 1), the former being of major importance with abundant material. e most important rhino fossils are: a complete skull with part of the right hemi-mandible found in 2002 by N. Bacharidis in the MIL3 site, an almost complete skull excavated in 2008 from the MIL8 site, while the most numerous are from the MIL5 site. In 2000, in SGP, a very well preserved mandible and an ulna of a rhino, which were completely intact, were excavated. As the excavations are still in progress, many other rhino and mastodon remains continue to be brought to light from several points, and many fossils are collected by shepherds and local villagers, all deposited and displayed in the collections of the Milia Natural History Museum.

Les Tapiridae, Rhinocerotidae et Suidae (Mammalia) du gisement villafranchien inférieur de Milia
Its size corresponds to the recent T. pinchacus Fischer, 1829 of the Andes Mountains. Its total length reached 1.8 to 2 m, its shoulder height ranging from 75 to 80 cm and it weighed over 200 kg.
Tapirus arvernensis minor Michaux, Sigé & Sudre, 1976, is a subspecies defined in the sands of Montpellier (Early Ruscinian, zone MNQ 14), which is smaller and more slender than the nominate subspecies. e authors revived a species name created in 1839 by M. de Serres, but later on abandoned it because it was a recent synonym of T. arvernensis. Tapirus a. arvernensis is known in the Late Ruscinian (MNQ 15) of Roussillon and the Villafranchian of the Massif Central (Michaux et al. 1976).  characterized T. arvernensis anatomically as follows: compared to T. terrestris, the mandible of T. arvernensis shows the same proportions as the Late Miocene European T. priscus, including a relative height of the corpus that differs from the extant species. e relative lengths of the upper premolars and molars differ from those of extant species: compared to T. terrestris the P1/ and P2/ are longer while the M1/, M2/ and M3/ are shorter. In T. arvernensis arvernensis the average lengths of the lower premolars are smaller than those of T. terrestris (they are the same as in T. pinchacus), except for P/2 and P/4; P/2 and P/3 which are large; the posterior widths of P/3 and P/4 are roughly equivalent to those of T. priscus. e average length of M/1 is barely greater than that of the P/4. e relative width of P/3 and P/4 is the only characteristic that seems to distinguish European Miocene and Pliocene tapirs from extant tapirs (with the exception of T. pinchacus). e long bones have proportions reminiscent of a small T. terrestris with particularly robust diaphyses.
Tapirus arvernensis is known in the Ruscinian formations of Montpellier and Perpignan (MNQ 14 and 15 zones) and is remarkably abundant in Vialette and common in Perrier-Les Étouaires, both sites of Early Villafranchian age (zone MNQ 16). It is at-tested by a tooth fragment in the Late Villafranchian site (zone MNQ 18) of Le Coupet in Haute-Loire (Heintz et al. 1974), which is perhaps the youngest occurrence of European tapirs. However, if the remains of T. arvernensis of Tegelen (Netherlands) are contemporary with Sus strozzii Forsyth Major, 1881 and Dicerorhinus mercki (Jäger, 1839) of the same deposits, this species may extend up to the very early Middle Pleistocene (the stratigraphic position of Tegelen large mammals is unclear, see this topic in Guérin 1980: 978, 979 Rustioni 1992). According to Rook & Rustioni (1991), it is surely present in the V3 level of Baccinello in Tuscany, probably of Latest Turolian age (MN 13). Tapirus arvernensis is also known from the Early Villafranchian of Hajnacka in Slovakia (Fejfar 1964;Janstova 2004). In Romania, Radulescu et al. (2003), reported T. arvernensis in the Dacian Basin in Malusteni (MNQ 15a), and in the Brasov Depression in Capena (MNQ 15b), Vargha (MNQ 15b), Iaras 1 (MNQ 16), Araci-Fântâna Fagului (MNQ 16a) and in the Ilieni Basin (MNQ 16). e species had not hitherto been studied in Greece. ere is only a short reference by Paraskevaidis (1977) of three upper cheek teeth of Tapirus sp. from Servia (W. Macedonia), without description and measurements, but the present location of the specimen is unknown.  DESCRIPTION e mandible fragment and teeth On the mandible fragment ( Fig. 2A-C), the height of the corpus between D/4-M/1 reaches 46.5 mm and its transverse diameter at the same level is 27 mm. For nine specimens of T. arvernensis the height between P/4 and M/1 averages 46.1 mm (range: 42 to 49.8 mm). e lower cheek teeth have the characteristic appearance of the family with their two transversal ridges and anterior and posterior cingula, particularly well distinguished on the M/1 and M/2 ( Fig. 2A-C). e dimensions of the teeth are given in Table 1 (see Appendices), the specimen belongs to juvenile, the D/4 is slightly worn, and the M/1 is not worn at all; the M/2 is not measurable. e Milia M/1 slightly exceeds the average length of 13 specimens of Tapirus arvernensis arvernensis, and the two widths are equal to the maximum values measured on a sample of 11 specimens of the same subspecies; thus, in Milia we are dealing with the nominate Villafranchian subspecies, larger than the Ruscinian one.
Janstova (2004) gives some dimensions of undifferentiated M/1 and M/2 which were collected during the new excavations in Hajnacka : length 22 to 23 mm for five specimens, anterior width 14 to 17 mm for 12 specimens.

Calcaneum
is bone looks very rhinocerotoid (Fig. 2D, E) with elevated tuberosity, the beak (= foremost part of the bone) extending at least as far as the tuberosity, and the relatively small sustentaculum tali perpendicular to the vertical axis of the bone. e dimensions of the calcaneum are in Table 1  (see Appendices).
Compared to a sample of nine to ten specimens of T. arvernensis from the Ruscinian of Montpellier (one specimen) and from the Early Villafranchian of Vialette (all others), the Milia calcaneum is particularly large: the observed maximum values of its dimensions exceed all the others Owing to the largest size of the nominate subspecies this tends to confirm its subspecific identification, but the insufficient size of our comparison sample do not allows us to know precisely the extreme values of the calcaneum dimensions and then prevents us to be certain of it.

Conclusion of the anatomical study of the tapir
Because of their size, the remains of the Milia tapir, which are larger than those of Tapirus arvernensis minor, can therefore be attributed to T. arvernensis arvernensis.

BIOSTRATIGRAPHIC IMPLICATIONS
While Tapirus arvernensis minor is characteristic of the Early Ruscinian (zone MNQ 14), T. arvernensis arvernensis is a subspecies typical of the Late Ruscinian (zone MNQ 15) and the Early Villafranchian (MNQ 16), its presence in more recent levels seems exceptional.

Rhinoceros elatus
Croizet & Jobert (1828: 144-154, pl. I, fig. 7, pl. IV, figs 3-6, pl. V, figs 1-4, pl. VI, figs 1, pl. XI, pl. XII, figs 1, 2, 8) had proposed the name of Rhinoceros elatus for the Auvergne rhinoceros whose remains belonged to a mixture of several species, including D. etruscus and D. jeanvireti, according to the dimensions given in the book of Croizet & Jobert (1828). e exact location of that material is unknown. An important part of it was gathered in Perrier-les Étouaires, where Dicerorhinus etruscus and D. jeanvireti are sympatric. Another part, namely the mandible, which is the first rhino remain described by Croizet & Jobert (1828: 144-146), is from Malbattu, a much more recent site where D. etruscus is the sole rhino (Guérin, 1980). Such a mixture and the lack of diagnostic characteristics are enough to invalidate the specific name elatus, also completely forgotten for more than a century, but the fact that the Croizet & Jobert's name is clearly a nomen oblitum is sufficient to discard it.
Dicerorhinus jeanvireti Guérin, 1972 is a very large rhino with slender legs. e massive facial area is very long; the nasals are quite large and reach far forward, bearing an ossified septum in their anterior part. e pseudo-auditory meatus is closed ventrally. e mandible bears a long symphysis and presents a slightly convex lower edge. e M1/ and the M2/ have an almost flat ectoloph with a very slight paracone fold; there is always a crochet, rarely a crista; the protocone is constricted, there is no internal cingulum. e P3/ and the P/4 with an almost flat ectoloph and a very small paracone fold, always present a crochet, very frequently a crista and often a closed medifossette; the protocone is not constricted and there is always a lingual cingulum. e long bones are very large and slender, the limb segments 2 (radius, tibia) and 3 (metacarpals, metatarsals) are very elongated, and the median metapodials are long and relatively slender. e species, defined in Vialette, is also known in other French sites, such as Perrier-Les Étouaires and the Desnes-Vincent-Bletterans region near Dôle.
Dicerorhinus jeanvireti is characteristic of the Early Villafranchian (zone MNQ 16). Mammut borsoni. 197 pieces are attributed to rhinoceros; 144 are bones and bone fragments, 35 are isolated teeth and tooth fragments, 16 are mandibles and mandible fragments with teeth, a maxilla fragment with upper cheek teeth and two skulls: an almost complete one with complete dentition and a cranial dome. From the postcranial skeleton very few bones are complete, while 68 specimens are measurable and listed as follows: -two skulls: a skull with complete dentition MIL 162, which is associated with the right hemimandible fragment and a facially incomplete skull MIL 1501 without its teeth; -a fragment of right maxilla MIL 1476, with P2/ damaged and P3/; -twelve complete or fragmentary mandibles: a mandible with right P/2-P/4 and left P/3-M/ e most abundant anatomical specimen represented among the Milia rhino material is the mandible, which consists of two sub-complete adult specimens and nine more or less fragmentary hemi-mandibles; seven right (including a juvenile) and two left ones. Radius follows, seven of which are studied: five left (four of which are proximal fragments) and two right (both proximal) ones, whose matching remains are doubtful.

Most of the 1685 fossils from Milia belong to
In conclusion, among the Milia material there are at least eight rhino individuals, adults or subadults and a juvenile one.

DESCRIPTION
e reference material used for the Simpson diagrams is the average of 30 to 40 adult individuals of the recent Diceros bicornis (Linnaeus, 1758), the African "Black" Rhinoceros (values in Guérin 1980, plus a few new specimens).

Skull
e "wedge-shaped" general form of the Rhinocerotidae skulls is evident in inferior and superior view (Fig. 3A, B). In profile view (Fig. 3C-E), the relative length of the massive facial area is great, which is characteristic of the genus and the species: the ratio of the distances outer occipital bump-ante-orbital process (variable 8 in Table 2 [see Appendices]) / occipito-nasal length (variable 1) reaches 0.57 and 0.56 for the two Milia skulls when the average values are 0.556 for D. megarhinus and 0.55 for D. etruscus etruscus. e elevation of the massive major occipital crest is well marked; it overhangs the occipital condyles behind. e tip of the nasals extends forwards to the tip of the premaxillae as in the Vialette specimens; the ossified nasal septum extends forwards to the tip of the nasals. On the skull MIL 162 the ossified nasal septum is more than 121 mm in length (it is broken further back), its maximum thickness (back and base of the posterior fracture) reaches 11.5 mm. e skull MIL 1501 shows no trace of ossified nasal septum, but the absence of teeth does not allow the estimation of the age for this individual, which might not be fully adult; note also that enius (1955) suggested that there are a few adult specimens of D. etruscus in which this wall is not ossified probably representing females. e nasal septum is never ossified in D. megarhinus. e post-glenoid apophysis is very wide from front to rear, more vertically developed than the post-tympanic and paroccipital apophyses and it is tilted forward and down (Fig. 3D). e posttympanic apophysis is very short. e paroccipital apophysis is quite long, sub-vertical, and bends slightly forwards at the end. In the skull MIL 162, the level of the posterior end of the nasal notch is between P3/-P4/; this position varies from the middle of P3/ to the interval P3/-P4/ in the two specimens of D. jeanvireti from Vialette. e infraorbital foramen is above the middle of P4/, it is more anterior in Vialette (interval P3/-P4/ in front of P4/). Finally, the level of the anterior border of the orbit is above between M2/ and M3/, it is above the midst of M2/ on the only Vialette skull where it is observable. Antoine (2002) showed that generally in the family Rhinocerotidae, evolution is reflected by a receding of these relative positions.
In superior view (Fig. 3B), the insertion of the posterior horn (frontal) is very broad, and that of the anterior one (nasal) is well marked. e front of the nasal bone is rounded with a small recess in the sagittal plane. e major occipital crest of the skull MIL 1501 is greatly depressed in the middle, while the skull MIL 162 is less concave in its central part. e ante-orbital processes are strong, the supra-orbital ones are slightly prominent and the post-orbital ones are very low. e occipital (Fig. 3 F) is nearly vertical in its lower and middle parts, and tilted slightly backwards and upwards in its superior part. e depression in the centre of the major occipital crest is clearly visible from this angle. In ventral view (Figs 3A; 4A), the basioccipital muscular tubercule is strong. For the skull MIL 162 the posterior part of the post-palatal notch is posterior to M2/ and it is more advanced (interval M1/-M2/) in the only Vialette skull where such an observation is possible. e skulls of the Milia rhinos clearly differ from those of D. megarhinus : the latter especially possess thicker and wider nasals which are free at their rostral end, whithout any ossified septum, and a longer nasal notch ; the major occipital crest is less depressed medially and with a small central bump ; shape and relative lengths of the postglenoidal, posttympanical and paroccipital apophysis are different. e dimensions are given in Table 2 (see Appendices). All measurements exceed those of D. etruscus and are slightly lower than those of D. megarhinus. Most of them are close to those of the two skulls of Vialette D. jeanvireti. e latter, although of similar general proportions, are, however, smaller than those from Milia : in Vialette they are shorter, their nasal notch is shorter, their cranial dome is narrower; the rear of the nasal notch, the infraorbital foramen, the anterior border of the orbit and the rear of the post-palatinal notch are all more reduced in Milia than in Vialette. Due to the small sample available, the only Plio-Villafranchian rhino of Europe in which evolutionary trends have been highlighted in the skull is Dicerorhinus etruscus etruscus: they particularly include the increasing distance of the nasal notch-orbit and the enlargement of the cranial dome (Guérin 1980). It is very likely that these trends are similar to D. jeanvireti, which belongs to the same subgenus, in which case the Milia specimens are more advanced and therefore somewhat more recent than those of Vialette.

Mandible
e ventral edge of the horizontal branch (corpus) is straight in profile view (Fig. 5A, B). e mandibular foramen is at the alveolar border. e scalloped talon is very prominent backwards, a little beyond the posterior edge of the condyles. e anterior border of the ramus is subvertical, barely oblique backwards and upwards, in its upper part.
In superior view the symphyseal region (Fig. 5C, E) shows the slightly spatulate space, observed in D. megarhinus and D. jeanvireti (Guérin 1980). e ventral side of the symphysis bears no median crest. e specimen MIL 244 bears on the front border of the symphysis two small alveoli for I/1, and two large alveoli for I/2, which were well developed into small tusks (Fig. 5D). e spacing between the two tusks is 27 mm and the right alveolus (the only well preserved one) has DT = 19 mm for DDV = 15 mm. e alveoli of the tusks are smaller for MIL 658 (DT = 10 mm, DDV = 9 mm) and less far apart (20.5 mm); these external alveoli, especially for MIL 244, are larger than those typically observed in D. jeanvireti. Altough not functional as were the very large I/2 of the Miocene Dicerorhinus, which were powerfull weapons, the down-sized I/2 of D. megarhinus, button-shaped with a diameter of about 1 cm and a length of about 2 cm, are clearly larger than those of D. jeanvireti.
On the mandible GSP 1 the posterior edge of the symphysis is in the middle of P/2, on MIL 658 it is in the middle of P/3 and on MIL 281 it is in the rear of P/3; the position being more distant than in seven specimens of D. jeanvireti, where it further forwards (Guérin 1980): it ranged from the mid-P/2 to the extreme front of P/3. Antoine (2002) showed  Table 3 (see Appendices). ey are all in the range of variation of 2 to 14 specimens of D. jeanvireti, while those of 2 to 42 specimens of D. etruscus etruscus are smaller and those of 1 to 42 specimens of D. megarhinus are a little larger.
Although of more or less similar dimensions the mandibles of the Milia rhinos clearly differ from those of D. megarhinus: the latter especially possess a more elongated symphysis, a longer, thicker and lower corpus, a talon more proeminent backwards and an anterior border of the ramus oblique backwards and upwards.

Upper teeth
An anterior upper tooth is preserved on the right side of the skull MIL 162 (Fig. 3E). is is the first time that an upper front tooth is seen in Pliocene and Pleistocene rhinoceroses of Europe. Conical, high, it goes just beyond the base of the premaxilla and is located at the base of this bone, 76.5 mm in front of P2/ in the same side, and 54 mm from the rostral end of the intermaxillary; it is probably a dI/2 or I/2, the inability to assess the thickness of the enamel prevents its determination as a deciduous or permanent tooth. Its transversal diameter is 9 mm, the antero-posterior diameter is 10 mm and its height reaches 22.5 mm. is incisor does not show any obvious trace of wear and lacks occlusion, thus it was not functional. e cheek teeth of the skull MIL 162 (Fig. 4A) are all present but worn. e protoloph of P2/ is notched in the middle, while the only internal fold is a crista and there is a continuous lingual cingulum.
On the P3/ ectoloph there is a strong parastyle, also there is a small paracone fold and a very small metacone fold. Crista and crochet are present and on the left tooth, the two folds merge distally to form a closed middle fossette. e lingual cingulum is discontinuous. On maxilla fragment MIL 1476, the P3/ has no crista. e unworn isolated P3/ MIL 806 has a multiple crochet and a small crista, no constriction of protocone or lingual cingulum and there is a small mesostyle. e height of the crown is 43.5 mm and has a hypsodonty index of 101.2. e P4/ is constructed along the same lines as the P3/, but the crochet is multiple, the lingual cingulum is discontinuous and the protocone is slightly constricted. A very small mesostyle is noted in the middle of the ectoloph. e isolated P4/ MIL 868 (Fig. 4B) is characterized by its multiple crochet, its lack of constriction of protocone and its continuous lingual cingulum; the isolated P4/ MIL 880, also bears a multiple crochet but not lingual cingulum, and the hypocone is isolated at its end (Fig. 4C); finally the P4/ MIL 1287 shows a continuous lingual cingulum.
e M1/ has an ectoloph, whose posterior part is directed outwards and a shows a strong paracone fold A crochet is the only internal fold and there is no lingual cingulum; the constriction of the protocone is intense. e M1/ MIL 614 (Fig. 4D) is characterized by a discontinuous lingual cingulum, a slight crista in addition to its crochet, and a small mesostyle. Another isolated M1/ MIL 1569 shows a moderately developed constriction affecting the hypocone as well as the protocone, and a lingual cingulum reduced to two buttons (Fig. 4E). e M2/ has the same ectoloph profile as in M1/. ere is a crista and a crochet. Constriction of the protocone is strong. ere is no lingual cingulum. e isolated M2/ MIL 1187 is very similar but lacks the crista. e M3/ has no crochet and a discontinuous lingual cingulum. Constriction of protocone is well marked. e isolated M3/ MIL 1119 is very similar. e morphology of the Milia upper cheek teeth corresponds to that of D. jeanvireti, although in the molars the paracone fold is more marked and the ectolph less flat than for the molars of Vialette.  Table 4 (see Appendices). In the Milia specimens the dimensions are slightly higher than those of the comparative sample of D. jeanvireti. e four Plio-Villafranchian European rhino species pertaining to the same genus, there are no important differences in the morphology of their upper cheek-teeth; the ectoloph profiles are only slightly different, e.g., a thicker paracone fold for the D. megarhinus P3/-4/.
Lower teeth e type of construction of the lower cheek teeth of Pliocene and Pleistocene rhinoceroses is very monotonous in general, and there are no anatomical characteristics that distinguish the diverse species of Dicerorhinus. e lower cheek teeth of the Milia rhinoceros (Fig. 5E) can only be specifically identified from their dimensions. e M/2 of the mandible MIL 162 bears two Vshaped lingual valleys, which between them present a small difference in level something that happens in most cases of the M/2 of D. jeanvireti, however some of them have an anterior U-shaped valley. e M/3 of the mandible MIL 162 with its anterior V-shaped valley, its posterior U-shaped valley and the high difference of the level between the two valleys, also represents the general case, the variability focuses essentially on the difference in level between the two valleys. It is confirmed in the Milia specimens, that the two isolated M/3s MIL 1145 and MIL 1343 have their two valleys V-shaped, with a difference in level which is reduced in the former but stronger in the latter.
In D. jeanvireti the P/2 does not show any particular character, the P/3 and P/4 lack of lingual or buccal cingula and have V-shaped valleys with a difference in levels between them from low to medium. ese observations apply to the lower premolars from Milia. e dimensions are given in Table 5 (see Appendices). e Milia lower cheek teeth fall within the range of variation of D. jeanvireti, some being marginally larger than the maximum values of the comparative sample.

Radius and Ulna
ere are six specimens of proximal radius, of which specimen MIL 657 is the best preserved (Fig. 6A, B). e anatomical characteristics are those of D. jeanvireti, particularly the proximal articulation distinctly undulating on its anterior border, with a strong medial re-entrant, to the posterior edge forming an obtuse angle, and on the lateral facet slightly extending outwards, whose front edge is recessed from the front edge of the medial facet (Fig. 6A). In anterior view, notable are the strong lateral tuberosity of the proximal epiphysis, which is well developed below the articulation, and the convex medial border of the same epiphysis, and the strong insertion of the biceps brachii shifted slightly medially (Fig. 6B). e proximal DT varies from 97.5 to 102 mm (average for four specimens: 99.6 mm), the DAP proximal 64 to 75 mm (average for four specimens: 70.8 mm), the DT of diaphysis 57 to 60 mm (average for two specimens: 58.5 mm), the DAP diaphysis 37.5 to 39 mm (average for two specimens: 38.3 mm). ese dimensions fall within the range of variation of a sample of 10 to 12 radii of D. jeanvireti, whose respective average values are 101.6 mm, 69.9 mm, 56.5 mm and 39.1 mm (Guérin 1980: 479, table 92). e single almost complete ulna (Fig. 6C) measures 560 mm long, which is much more than the maximum value measured on a sample of five ulnae of D. jeanvireti (maximum 529 mm, with an average of 519.4 mm), but less than 580 mm in the Roatto ulna (Campanino et al. 1994).
Mc III ere is a complete third metacarpal (Fig. 7) and a half one. e anatomical characteristics are those of D. jeanvireti: a long and relatively slender bone (Fig. 7A, F); a proximal articulation with a clearly convex anterior border (Fig. 7C); an anterior proximo-lateral articular surface much larger than the posterior, with a distal part as high as the proximal part; a proximo-lateral posterior facet a little higher than wider (Fig. 7B), which is noted to be of trapezoidal shape instead of triangular as in Vialette; a diaphysis of elliptical midsection and slightly depressed in the posterior border (Fig. 7D). e dimensions are given in Table 6 (see Appendices). Except for the length, which is somewhat smaller than the minimum value of the sample of comparison, the Milia specimens fall within the range of variation of 8 to 11 specimens of D. jeanvireti Mc III. e Simpson diagram in Figure 8 shows that the extreme values of D. jeanvireti surround those of Milia rhinoceros, except for the length. e peculiar design of the graph corresponding to D. miguelcrusafonti was noted incidentally.
In 1980, Guérin was not able to identify the evolutionary trends on the D. jeanvireti Mc III.

Tibia
e single complete Milia specimen MIL 819 ( Fig. 6D-F) shows the anatomical features of D. jeanvireti, which were established by Guérin in 1972 and1980: proximal epiphysis with strong tibial tuberosity untrammelled and projecting upwards; brims of the tibial spine shifted backwards (the lateral being more posterior), but not really shifted vertically, the popliteal notch strongly carved; distal epiphysis with the medial malleolus very clear and rather square in outline and relatively low fibular notch.
e distal articulation has DT = 85 mm for DAP = 64 mm; the DT distal articulation of a Desnes tibia reaches 86 mm. e two diameters of articulation are stronger in the Roatto specimen: 92.5 and 75 mm (Campanino et al. 1994).
e other dimensions are given in Table 7 (see  Appendices). e dimensions of Milia tibiae are within the range of variation of 8 to 13 specimens of D. jeanvireti, and are close to the average of this sample. e Roatto tibia is significantly longer (Campanino et al. 1994).
e Simpson diagram in Figure 9 shows that the complete Milia tibia is perfectly framed by the extreme values of D. jeanvireti. It is also noted that the proportions of D. megarhinus are rather different compared to the maximum values of D. jeanvireti; the average length is a little lower, but the proximal epiphysis is larger, the diaphysis is less deep and the distal epiphysis is smaller.
In 1980, Guérin showed that from Vialette (the dawn of zone MNQ 16) to Montopoli (near the end of the zone), the tibia of D. jeanvireti seems to have tendencies of elongating and reducing the width of the proximal epiphysis.

Astragalus
e trochlea of the astragalus in D. jeanvireti is wider, shallower and more asymmetrical than in D. megarhinus; this is also observed in Milia but the trochlea is carved and more symmetrical on MIL 367 and MIL 181 specimens.
In medial view, the distal tubercle is shifted backwards and near the distal edge of the bone.
In distal view, the articular surface for the navicular has its anterior border depressed; in relation to this anterior border, the articular surface for the cuboid is slightly shifted forwards.
All these characteristics are those of D. jeanvireti. e dimensions are given in Table 8 (see Appendices). e dimensions of the three Milia astragali are within the range of variation of 8 to 15 astragali of D. jeanvireti. e Roatto astragalus is significantly larger (Campanino et al. 1994). Figure 10 confirms the proximity of the average size of Milia with the average of D. jeanvireti; compared to D. megarhinus the width is similar but the DAP and particularly the height are lower. Note incidentally an analogy between the graphs corresponding to D. miguelcrusafonti and D. etruscus etruscus, which reveals a certain similarity between the proportions despite the much greater size of the former. e unique evolutionary trend found for the astragalus between the beginning and the end of the zone MNQ 16, is the significant reduction of the transversal diameter (Guérin 1980).

Calcaneum
In posterior view (Fig. 11A), the sustenculum tali axis is slightly inclined towards the bottom and it makes a slightly obtuse angle with the axis of the body of the bone. In lateral and medial views (Fig. 11B, C), the front of the tuberosity is situated slightly behind the beak (= foremost part of the bone), the anterior edge between these two points is concave. e posterior edge of the lateral face is rectilinear for the lower three quarters of its height. e dimensions of the Milia calcaneum are situated well within the range of variation of 10 and 14 of D. jeanvireti calcanea (Appendices , Table 9).
Cuboid e medial face (Fig. 11D) is typical of D. jeanvireti. e anterior face (Fig. 11E) is trapezoidal and not taller than broader, with a medial edge longer than that of the medial face. On the proximal articulation (Fig. 11F) the lateral facet is shorter but once again broader than the medial one. e dimensions (Appendices , Table 10) of the Milia cuboid are situated within the range of variation of two to nine cuboids of D. jeanvireti, somewhat below the mean except for the height of the bone.
Mt III e complete Mt III (Fig. 12A-F) presents all the anatomical characteristics of D. jeanvireti: an elongated and relatively slender bone (Fig. 12B, D), the proximal articulation is not very broad but deep and the anterior border is regular and weakly convex (Fig. 12A); the proximo-lateral articulation consists of two facets with similar length and height, the former being well above the posterior (Fig. 12C). e proximo-medial articulation has two distinct facets in which the posterior one, situated below, is significantly larger than the anterior one (Fig. 12E). e cross section of the diaphysis is trapezoidal with a rounded posterior border, which is slightly depressed (Fig. 12F). e dimensions are given in Table 11 (see Appendices). e Milia specimens fall in the range of variation of 6 to 11 specimens of Mt III of D. jeanvireti, two of them (the DT of diaphysis and the distal articulation) are, however, marginally higher than the maximum values of the sample for comparison. e Roatto Mt III is significantly larger (Campanino et al. 1994).
e Simpson diagram in Figure 13 shows that the extreme values of D. jeanvireti frame more often those of the Milia rhinoceros, where however, the DAP of diaphysis and the distal epiphysis exceed the maximum values observed. Note here again a certain parallelism in the graphs corresponding to D. miguelcrusafonti and D. etruscus etruscus.
From the beginning to the end of the zone MNQ 16, the proximal epiphysis tends to shrink; the diaphysis becomes shallower and narrower at its base (Guérin 1980).
Mt IV e complete specimen represented in Figure 12G, J, also presents the anatomical and biometric characteristics of Dicerorhinus jeanvireti. e bone is slender and elongated (Fig. 12G, H). e proximal articulation, a little wider than longer, is pentagonal, with an anterior border having a very open angle and a posterior margin barely emarginated (Fig. 12I). e proximo-medial articulation bears two facets, the anterior one, which is smaller and more or less trapezoidal in shape and is located much higher than the posterior one, which is larger and elliptical (Fig. 12H). e cross section of the diaphysis (Fig. 12J) is a rounded parallelogram, with the medial border shorter than the lateral one. e dimensions are given in of variation of a sample of five to ten specimens of D. jeanvireti, but its proximal epiphysis has two diameters slightly greater than the maximum values of our sample. Durisova (2004) gives the dimensions of two Mt IV which were collected during new excavations in Hajnacka. ese dimensions, reported in Table 12 (see Appendices), correspond perfectly to those of D. jeanvireti. Figure 14 shows that the proportions of the Milia Mt IV are those of D. jeanvireti, with dimensions close to the maximum values of the comparative sample, and confirms the high volume of the Milia proximal epiphysis. e evolutionary trends (Guérin 1980) are: an increase in length, a narrowing of the diaphysis at mid-shaft and a broadening to its base.

CONCLUSION OF THE ANATOMICAL STUDY OF THE RHINOCEROS
e Milia rhinoceros presents all the anatomical and biometric characteristics of D. jeanvireti. In Figure 15, there is a comparative Simpson diagram of the lengths of the limbs for these four types of European rhinoceros considered in this article. It shows a certain similarity which reflects attribution to the same genus Dicerorhinus (the lengthening of metapodials, especially of abaxial ones, compared to Diceros bicornis, which serves as the reference material, is remarkable), and also shows that D. jeanvireti was more cursorial than D. megarhinus with its metapodials relatively longer, but shorter humerus, femur and tibia.
BIOSTRATIGRAPHIC IMPLICATIONS D. jeanvireti is known from the zone MNQ 16, which corresponds to the Early Villafranchian. Considering the evolutionary trends highlighted in the European Dicerorhinus by Guérin (1980), and for Rhinocerotidae in general by Antoine (2002), it may be presumed that the Milia D. jeanvireti is a bit more advanced than that of Vialette; thus Milia could be a little more recent than Vialette, which lies at the base of the zone MNQ 16, but not younger than the Perrier-les Étouaires rhino, which is located near the top of the same zone. e age of Vialette is around 3 Ma and that of Perrier-les Étouaires is 2.5 + 0.1 Ma (Guérin 2007).

PALAEOECOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS
e preferential habitat of Dicerorhinus jeanvireti is dominated by woodland with grassy areas that consist of graminae and ferns, in a humid climate (Guérin 1980 Guérin et al. (1998) estimated its mass to be between 45 and 100 kg. He recognised two successive sub-species, S. arvernensis minor Depéret, 1890 of the Ruscinian and S. arvernensis arvernensis Croizet & Jobert, 1828 of the Early Villafranchian. e cheek teeth are still relatively simple and the last molars usually end in a single tubercle. Recall that the syntype of the species consists of a fragment of right maxilla bearing D2/, D3/, D4/ and M1/, and a mandible fragment bearing D/2, D/3, D/4 and M/1 on both sides, and the bud of the right M/2 (Croizet & Jobert 1828: pl. 13, figs 3-5).
e Auvergne boar is defined in France in the Early Villafranchian of Perrier-les Étouaires, it is also found in Vialette and in Trévoux-Reyrieux in Ain (Guérin et al. 1998); its primitive subspecies is known from the Ruscinian in the Perpignan region, in Cavaillé brickfield, in Serrat d'en-Vacquer (type-site of S. arvernensis minor) and Mas Bruno near Saint-Estève, and Autrey near Gray in Haute-Saône (Depéret 1890;Guérin et al. 1998). Guérin et al. (1998) pointed out that this species is also found in Great Britain (Red Crag of Suffolk), in Germany (Herbolzheim), in Hungary (Süttö), in Slovakia (Hajnacka and Ivanovca), in Moldova and probably in Georgia (Kvabébi), and in Turkey (Afyon-Dinar-Akçaköy and Çalta). ey also recall that the species is not rare in Italy (Tuscany: upper levels of Casino, Val di Pugna, Barga, Pieve Fosciana and Piedmont: Triversa, Villafranca d'Asti). Also in Italy, Campanino et al. (1994) described a third upper premolar of "Sus minor" discovered in Roatto near Villafranca d'Asti of the same age as the Dicerorhinus jeanvireti remains. Finally, Gliozzi et al. (1997) reported a Sus sp. of "small size", in Collepardo in Anagni Basin (Lazio), which is probably S. arvernensis because of its size .
Finally, with regards to Greece, Sus arvernensis may be present in Ptolemaida/Servia (Tobien 1981). In addition, two indeterminate suids are reported in the Ruscinian Damatria Formation of Rhodes Island, which could correspond to "Sus" minor according to Koufos (1986

Upper tooth row and canine
It belongs to a young adult because P4/ and M2/ display no traces of wear, and M3/, although in place, is unworn ( Fig. 16A-C). e principal cusp of P4/ is not quite central, it is slightly shifted buccally; M1/ and M2/ are typical of Suinae with their four principal tubercles; they have a peripheral cingulum which for the M2/ is slightly folded behind; the M3/ has in addition to the four principal tubercles, a large posterior axial tubercle. ere are many accessory cuspids on the anterior cingulum, on the posterior of the paracone and the metacone and around the metaconule; this tooth resembles the homologous tooth from Çalta (Guérin et al. 1998: fig. 1E). e dimensions of the cheek teeth are given in Table 13 (see Appendices). e dimensions of the upper cheek teeth fall within the range of variation of a sample from 5 to 28 specimens of Sus arvernensis, the lengths are close to the maximum values measured on our comparative sample, the widths are however somewhat lower than the observed average. e canine MIL 511 is rather slender, its crown width is about 18 mm and the length about 15 mm.

Rostral fragment of mandible
is fragment bears part of the canine, whose tip is broken (Fig. 16E, F). e lower canine has a triangular cross section, whose rounded hypotenuse covers approximately 18 mm and corresponds to the antero-lingual border. e postero-dorsal border without enamel is about 13 mm wide. e external border is about 17 mm. e inferior dihedral is acute. e cross-section and size of the canine are similar to those of the Çalta boar and as for the latter, the Milia boar approaches recent Asian Sus verrucosus (Guérin et al. 1998). e canine MIL 1485 is much stronger and its hypotenuse covers approximately 24 mm and corresponds to the antero-lingual border. e postero-dorsal border without enamel is about 18 mm wide, and the external border is about 22 mm.

M/2
It is present in a hemi-mandible fragment, in which there are also roots of P/4 and M/1, and an anterior root of M/3 (Fig. 16D). It is barely worn and its morphology requires no special comment. e three dimensions of the M/2 are close to the average of nine to ten specimens of S. arvernensis (Appendices , Table 13).

Radius
e proximal epiphysis of the Milia radius has DT = 27.5 mm for DAP = 19 mm. e same two dimensions are respectively 25 and 22 mm in Çalta specimens, and 26 and 19.5 mm for the two radii from Villafranca d'Asti.

CONCLUSION ON THE ANATOMICAL STUDY OF SUIDAE
Because of its dimensions, in particular its upper cheek teeth, the Milia Suidae belongs to the nominate subspecies Sus arvernensis arvernensis, S. arvernensis minor being smaller.

PALAEOECOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS
Sus arvernensis was a species of open forest in relatively warm regions, well adapted to digging deep into the humid soils.

CONCLUSION ON THE MILIA FAUNA
Milia is probably the first major palaeontological site in Greece dating from the Early Villafranchian. is is the first deposit in Greece which has yielded Tapirus arvernensis and Dicerorhinus jeanvireti, the latter (along with Mammut borsoni) being particularly well represented. e association among Tapirus arvernensis arvernensis, Dicerorhinus jeanvireti and Sus arvernensis arvernensis characterizes the Early Villafranchian (zone MNQ 16), which lasted from a little older than 3 to 2.5 Ma (ages respectively of Vialette and Perrier-Les Étouaires, see Guérin 2007). e degree of development of the Milia D. jeanvireti suggests an age for the Milia site a little younger than the Vialette site. e same faunal association is characteristic of a landscape dominated by forest vegetation, under a humid and relatively warm climate.