December 15, 2019 Journal article Open Access

Liu, Jian

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  <identifier identifierType="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.5118653</identifier>
  <creators>
    <creator>
      <creatorName>Liu, Jian</creatorName>
      <givenName>Jian</givenName>
      <familyName>Liu</familyName>
      <affiliation>Tenured Associate Professor, Department of Urban Planning &amp;  Design, School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P. R. China</affiliation>
    </creator>
  </creators>
  <titles>
    <title>Influences of Planning Policies on Community Shaping in China: From Past to Present</title>
  </titles>
  <publisher>Zenodo</publisher>
  <publicationYear>2019</publicationYear>
  <subjects>
    <subject>community shaping; planning policy; social management; spatial organization; Chinese cities</subject>
  </subjects>
  <dates>
    <date dateType="Issued">2019-12-15</date>
  </dates>
  <language>en</language>
  <resourceType resourceTypeGeneral="JournalArticle"/>
  <alternateIdentifiers>
    <alternateIdentifier alternateIdentifierType="url">https://zenodo.org/record/5118653</alternateIdentifier>
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  <relatedIdentifiers>
    <relatedIdentifier relatedIdentifierType="DOI" relationType="IsVersionOf">10.5281/zenodo.5118652</relatedIdentifier>
  </relatedIdentifiers>
  <rightsList>
    <rights rightsURI="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International</rights>
    <rights rightsURI="info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess">Open Access</rights>
  </rightsList>
  <descriptions>
    <description descriptionType="Abstract">&lt;p&gt;In China, as in other countries of the world, communities, which are often considered as self-governing social organizations, are shaped&amp;nbsp;and influenced by many factors. Different from other studies, this paper approaches the issue of community shaping from a planning perspective&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
and tries to answer the questions of how Chinese communities have been physically shaped throughout history and what influences the planning&amp;nbsp;policies have on communities&amp;rsquo; scales, forms, and functions. Hereby, the planning policies concern not only the spatial organization, but also the&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
social management of communities. The research is elaborated chronologically, dividing the history of community development in China roughly&amp;nbsp;into four periods according to socio-economic development trends, planning objectives, and community characters. The narration is mainly based&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
on literature work and case studies, with a focus on the social and spatial characters of urban communities. The paper concludes that before the&amp;nbsp;modernization of China, Chinese communities were mainly shaped into a gated Li-Fang pattern by traditional city building principles, in accordance with the regulations on social management, in spite of the terminological changes in different dynasties and the opening of gated communities&amp;nbsp;during certain dynasties. In the thirty years of the planned economy, Chinese communities were mainly shaped into inward Danwei (or work unit)&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
communities of perimeter blocks by the urban planning institution, which was regarded as a technical tool of the planned socio-economic development to support national industrialization. In the next thirty years of economic transition, Chinese communities were further shaped into gated&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
commodity housing communities of super blocks under the influence of reforms and the guidance of urban planning regulations. In the period of&amp;nbsp;new urbanization, Chinese communities face the challenge of transforming towards a dense grid, with narrow streets and small blocks, and promoting public engagement in community building, in view of the requirements for quality-oriented development.&lt;/p&gt;</description>
  </descriptions>
  <fundingReferences>
    <fundingReference>
      <funderName>European Commission</funderName>
      <funderIdentifier funderIdentifierType="Crossref Funder ID">10.13039/100010661</funderIdentifier>
      <awardNumber awardURI="info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/EC/H2020/770141/">770141</awardNumber>
      <awardTitle>Transition towards urban sustainability through socially integrative cities in the EU and in China</awardTitle>
    </fundingReference>
  </fundingReferences>
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