Institutional Assessment of the Impact of Microsoft Excel on Data Base Management in Federal College of Freshwater Fisheries Technology, Baga, Borno State, Nigeria

The study is an effort to assess the impact of Microsoft Excel on data based management in Federal College of Freshwater Fisheries Technology, Baga – Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria. Data for the study were obtained through face-to-face interview and the used of check list from 1 to 31 March, 2021. Both qualitative and descriptive techniques were employed in the analysis of the data. The result shows that Microsoft Excel was used to calculate, analyze, visualize, processes data and information by the use of columns and rows with formulas. Enables statistical thinking and enhances understanding of important ideas in statistics. It is recommended that holistic approach should be made in the development of information communication technology (ICT) in all spheres of governance in the study area and environs and also at the apex level; Agricultural Research Council of Nigeria (ARCN).


INTRODUCTION
Makrakis (2011) uses of Microsoft Excel in daily life is to perform the calculation, analysis, and visualization of data and information. Microsoft Excel is one of the most important workplace applications that help to organize the business system and processes of data and information by the use of columns and rows with formulas. Microsoft Excel Application is developed and marketed by Microsoft Inc. for Windows, Mac OS, Cloud computing, and Android users. In the excel spreadsheet users can do all kinds of mathematical, financial, logical calculation, data manipulation, data analysis, and visualization of information in quick ways. Excel is used by students, teachers, job seekers, managers, entrepreneurs, companies, retailers, distributors, freelancers, bloggers, and housewives in their daily life. Microsoft Excel's first version was released 31 years ago on September 30, 1985. Today, the latest version you can download is version 16.0 or Excel 2016. Commonly people download & buy complete MS-Office. Because Microsoft Office Suite includes all official applications such as Microsoft Word, PowerPoint, Excel, Publisher, Outlook in one complete package. Excel spreadsheet is a group of 10, 48,576 rows and 16384 columns. Excel is in a table format in which one index is called a CELL. In Excel, there are three worksheets by default. A group of worksheets is called the workbook. Workbook and the electronic spreadsheet is now the synonym of Microsoft Excel. For a higher level of data calculation and manipulation, the use of the function library in Excel is important to utilize. Function library in Excel contains Financial, Logical, and text filtration formulas that are most important to practice for every excel learner. Excel also provides table styles and conditional formatting options for users. That is very beneficial to the visualization of data in colors, based on a condition in the cells (Schau, 2003). Previous studies have found several skills such as communication and relationship building skills to be necessary in the workplace, while 80% of middle-skilled jobs have been found by online recruiters to require at least a basic understanding of Excel skills. Several reports have also found that advanced analytical skills, Excel in particular, results in increased marketability and increased compensation for graduates (Power, 2003). For business students, spreadsheet knowledge is imperative in order for the likelihood of success in the job market. Therefore, a business school should pose the question "What Microsoft Excel skills are necessary to be taught to students for them to be successful in acquiring a job?" A second question can direct a business program by questioning, "What is the purpose of a college education?" Gerstein and Friedman (2016) point out that the answer to this question has varied over the years and still varies greatly today in different institutions. Should the Bachelor of Science in Business Administration (BSBA) curriculum focus predominantly on theory, concepts, critical thinking and knowledge? How much effort should be spent on skills development? With greater intensity employers are demanding skills and competencies that ensure students are productive and resilient in life in spite of the high degree of change being experienced in many professional fields. Formby, Dawn, and Ellington, (2017) quotes Ronald Reagan in 1967 who said "we can no longer afford intellectual luxuries in universities." His point was that that education should create productive and economically sustainable members of society, implying that knowledge alone without skills is incomplete education. Over 80% of freshmen entering college say that the purpose of education is to get a good paying job and businesses are demanding basic skills beyond traditional topical knowledge in the employment process (Formby, Dawn, and Ellington, 2017). Freidman and Friedman (2015) make a compelling case that institutions must stress and teach skills that help students be successful and survive and thrive in the new knowledge economy. The need for graduates to start jobs with sound functional analytical skills, e.g. proficiency with Microsoft Excel, is therefore becoming more of a prerequisite for employment. According to Formby, Dawn, and Ellington, (2017), found that students must have not only a proficiency in Excel, but have advanced skills."A white paper study commissioned by Microsoft and released by IDC, October 2013, reported that the top two skills cited in over 14 million job postings for the top 60 job growth occupations of the economy were oral and written communications and Microsoft Office skills. Microsoft Excel was cited as the most ubiquitous analytics tool in business. Geiger (2015) reported on a study finding that 78% of middle-skilled jobs require digital skills like Excel. Middle-skilled jobs are fast growing job categories that place more emphasis on skills than on the having a bachelor degree, and in many cases pay more than traditional jobs requiring the bachelor degree alone. These jobs require significant business understanding, but with the added emphasis on skills to apply quantitative business intelligence to decision making. Some could argue that business graduates should aspire to more senior management positions, but it is more appropriate to consider these middle-skilled positions as part of an accelerated path for business graduates into management. The business education, coupled with the analytical skills with tools like Microsoft Excel place the business graduates in a highly favored position for future leadership. Business school graduates are therefore often in competition for these higher paying jobs and the skills proficiency makes the difference in the hiring selection (Geiger, 2015). Soergel (2015) reports additional details on the middle-skill job study which concluded that salaries are 13-38% higher based on the analytical tools skills a candidate has when interviewed. Soergel concludes with the following quote from the study, "Jobs requiring advanced analytical tools skills offer the strongest opportunity for middle skill job seekers in terms of salary and growth as well as career advancement. Effectively, entire segments of the U.S. economy are off-limits to people who don't have basic analytical skills." Thus new BSBA graduates need to have these analytical skills to compete for these higher paying middle-skilled jobs. There also appears to be a shift in hiring criteria such that skills are gaining in importance, and degree, school name, and GPA are dropping in importance, (Motunrayo, Mathew, Oladele, Hadiza, Abbajime and Sani, 2018). This message was also reinforced at the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB) workshop "Co-Lab Connecting Business Schools with Practice" in June 2016. In the session "Recruitment, Retention, and Engagement" panel speakers commented that talent acquisition was the #1 issue with many companies today and candidates with cyber and analytics skills and competencies were drawing significantly higher salary offers. Many companies are also establishing baseline quantitative assessment tests at part of the screening and interview process to ensure essential skills and competencies are present before hiring. Vijay (2017) data analysis is very important aspect of work today for an online business or website owner and or a researcher (ecommerce, blog, forums, etc.). Such as tracking website visitors, products sell, customer reviews, marketing campaigns, user behavior, and events. Such work is very time and brain consuming especially when things are not going accordingly as planned. Microsoft Excel application provides great benefits for online business owners and customers. Such as filtering users' data by country, filter users by age, adding conditional formulas in big data, etc. are common daily tasks that can be handled smartly in excel. Many online and offline organizations, companies and clients making it mandatory for virtually all staff to maintain their daily progress reports. It is not only beneficial for the employees but also for the companies to track daily progress reports. A table with Date, Time, Client, Task, Duration, and status will be created, accordingly as required in line with the organizational goal and objectives. The daily progress report is also very beneficial for students and teachers in an educational set up (Vijay, 2017).
Despite the disruption caused by the Boko Haram insurgency on the educational sector of Borno state, as a result of computer application there are still several data sources available for the Borno State Education sector. The Borno State Universal Basic Education Commission (SUBEC) Education Management Information System (EMIS) teams have conducted their school based data collection exercise from One thousand three hundred and forty-six 1,346 schools. They have also gathered school level data about pupils, teachers, and buildings. The Census has collected data based on name, sex, rank, in (schools or Local Government Education Authority hierarchy) dates of birth, first appointment and last promotion, highest qualification, area of specialization and mobile telephone number for all pre-primary, or junior secondary school (JSS) teachers and for the Local Government Education Authority administrators. The Millennium Development Goals (MDG) Data Base Information System in the office of the presidency produced data for one thousand and seventy-eight (1,078) schools containing sixteen thousands five hundreds and ten (16,510) teachers and three hundred and thirty-seven thousand nine hundred and twenty-three (337,923) pupils (UBEC,2020).

PROBLEM SETTING AND RESEARCH OBJECTIVE
Using Excel in Educational Institution for relevant activities that requires its application is possible solution for some of the challenges of data base management in most of our educational institutions. Therefore, its application will have positive impact on the data based management for the development of the educational sector. In spite the essential contribution of Microsoft Excel in the aspect of student enrolment, staff strength and funding of the college, the application of the Microsoft Excel is limited in the Federal College of Freshwater Fisheries Technology, Baga, Borno state, Nigeria. Considering the crucial role of Microsoft Excel in data base management in the sustainable development of education, there is the need for the institutional assessment of the impact of Microsoft Excel on this aspect of education in the study area. In view of the above, this research work was undertaken to assess the impact of Microsoft Excel on data based management with particular reference to student enrolment, staff strength and funding in such a way to find some avenues of remedying its limitation to maximized it application to attain a higher degree of efficiency and effectiveness in data base managementin the assess the contribution of Microsoft Excel in the determination of the level of funding in the study area. The output of this research work may be useful in decision making processes that has to do with the development of the educational sector in the area of provision of infrastructural facilities and other teaching and learning materials to the study area. It may also enable the school authority and other organization at the apex level for the organization of a program to improve the working capacity of the workers either by the way of sponsorship for the furtherance of the staff educational level or through the organization of workshop, seminars, for capacity building to improve their skillfulness in the discharge of their duties consequently attained higher degree of efficiency in the discharge of duty. The outcome of the research work may enable planners at the educational sector to formulate policies with respect to teacher employment, student enrolment and school funding policies towards the development of the educational sectors. The outcome of this research work may also result in comparative study analysis that may initiate educational system that will accelerate the much needed development; for example, the growth in technology is impacting on homes, streets, schools and other social, economic and political institutions thus introduction of educational system in line with required changes. Data collection for the research work was carried out within the period of one (1) month, from 1 st to 31 st March, 2021,Considering the fact that within that period the students were in full session carrying out academic activities and the period coincided with the period of annual school record update submersible to the National Board for Technical Education, Kaduna, Nigeria (NBTE), an organization responsible for regulating the academic activities of the College. The targeted population for this study consist of two hundred and twenty (220) teaching staff, non-teaching staff and student from the study area, out of which thirty-five (35) respondents were used for the study. Data for the study was obtained from primary and secondary source. Both the primary and secondary data were obtained through a face-to-face interview and the check list was used to elicit information from the respondents. Multi-stage sampling procedure was adopted for this study. In the first stage Federal College of Freshwater Fisheries Technology, Baga, -Maiduguri was purposively selected out of the Educational institutions in the state for this study. The second stage involved the selection of teaching, non-teaching staff and student in all the department of the institution and finally five (5) teaching staff, five (5) student in each of the three (3) departments were selected and five (5) non-teaching staff across all the three departments were also selected making a total of thirty-five (35) respondents for the study. Both qualitative and descriptive technique were employed in the analysis of data to evaluate the contribution of Microsoft Excel in the number of student enrolment in the study area (objective i), examine the contribution of Microsoft Excel in the classification of staff strength in the study area (objective ii), assess the contribution of Microsoft Excel in the determination of the level of funding in the study area (objective iii). This result confirmed that of Makrakis (2011) uses of Microsoft Excel in daily life is to perform the calculation, analysis, visualization of data and information. Microsoft Excel is one of the most important workplace applications that help to organize the business system and processes of data and information by the use of columns and rows with formulas. The result shows consistency with the finding of Vijay (2017) Microsoft Excel software provides very wide features and functionalities for everyday official works. The various uses of Microsoft Excel features in daily, based on different types of users in the educational sector. Interesting cells can be highlighted in colors, emphasize important values and visualize data using bars and charts.

CONTRIBUTION OF MICROSOFT EXCEL IN STAFF STRENGTH CLASSIFICATION IN THE STUDY AREA
The contribution of Microsoft Excel in the study area shows teaching staff and non-teaching staff distribution by academic qualification, membership of a professional body as per their designation departmentally and non-teaching staff distribution by Hatiss/Contiss level for the year 2017/2018 academic session. The summary of the findings in the department of fisheries technology revealed that members of staff registered with professional body appeared highest with total number of ten (10) members of teaching staff with membership of professional body, followed by five (05)

Contribution of Microsoft Excel in the Determination of the Level of Funding in the Study Area
Finding revealed Microsoft Excel enables the determination of the level of funding in the study area in the aspects of total amount sought, total amount approved and total amount released under the categories of capital expenditure, recurrent expenditure and other special grant such as research grant, teaching grant and rehabilitation special fund for a given period of time usually a year (See Appendix VIII, Pp.22). This result confirmed that of Makrakis (2011) in the Microsoft Excel spreadsheet users can do all kinds of mathematical, financial, logical calculation, data manipulation, data analysis and visualization of information in quick ways. This result shows consistency with the finding of Schau (2003) function library in Microsoft Excel contains financial, logical and text filtration formulas that are most important to practice for every excel learner. Microsoft Excel also provides table styles and conditional formatting options for users. That is very beneficial to the visualization of data in colors, based on a condition in the cells.

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
The impact of Microsoft Excel on data base management in education cannot be overemphasized owing to the fact that Microsoft Excel as versatile software have offered a wide range of data base management which have demonstrated experimentally and explored experimental variability and illustrated combinatorial ideas and enhanced understanding of important ideas in statistics relating to student enrolment, staff strength and the level of funding in the study area. Microsoft Excel enhances student, teacher and non-teaching staff to use their intellectual capability in the conversion of raw data in to meaningful, tracked research goals, performed calculations faster and accurately and has enabled quick visualization of the level of funding although Microsoft excel is not adequately institutionally used in the study area. Therefore, it worth mentioning that Microsoft Excel application in the study area should be compel to both student, teacher and non-academic staff as opined by friedman and friedman (2015) that institutions must stress and teach skills that help students be successful and survive and thrive in the new knowledge economy.
The outcome of the study shows that Microsoft Excel have impacted positively on data base management in the study area in the aspects of student enrolment, classification of staff strength and the determination of the level of funding but there is the need for improvement. The following recommendations were made: -1) Capacity building training program should be organized for both the teachers and students of the Federal College of Freshwater Fisheries Technology, Baga, Borno State of Nigeria to acquire proficiency in Microsoft Excel application with emphasis to data base management.