Yard Biodiversity to Support Local Economic Development in Skouw Mabo Village, Muara Tami Sub District, Jayapura City, Papua Province, Indonesia

The biodiversity of plants in the tropical forests of Papua is the time to be conserved using the yard approach. These plants have ecological benefits for environmental sustainability but also as wildlife habitat. The plants that are planted around community homes now also have an economic impact on the family to improve the family's economy. This study aims to obtain the value of yard biodiversity based on vertical diversity (strata) and functional diversity (horizontal) and to determine its benefits. Data collection using vegetation analysis methods and calculation of biodiversity values using the Shanon and Wiener indices. The results of the study are that there are 2 very dominant types of plants in the yard, namely areca nut (Areca catechu L.) with a summed dominance ratio (SDR) of 58.4-66.2. For other types there are Moringa (Moringa oleifera) with (SDR) 10.8. The conclusion of the dominant areca nut and moringa is closely related to culture and the two plants currently support economically for increasing the income of families in the village.


INTRODUCTION
Changes in the environment affect various aspects of life. Changes that occur in the human environment cause disruption to the balance because some of the environmental components become less functional. Environmental changes can occur due to human intervention and can also be due to natural factors (Helena et al. 2018). Forest and land change is currently motivated by high demand for consumption for food, clothing and shelter needs. The need for agricultural businesses and settlements from time to time continues to increase followed by a high increase in population growth (Keraf 2010). Another thing that has been investigated is that agricultural diversification is very dependent on the demographic characteristics of the population and is related to the level of income of the people (Kujawska et al. 2018). Clearing forests and land for food is always inadequate because it is more oriented to food production. The type of land also determines suitable agricultural products to be developed (Zahri 2018). On the other hand, the current food production does not have to be obtained from large tracts of land, but can be functioned in small areas to produce food so that it can meet human needs at this time. Narrow land use is managed by growing economic crops that have high production value.
Utilization of house yards with economic value plants is being developed in urban areas that are starting to become densely populated. In urban areas land use modifications have been made to maximize their functions and benefits. This is different from the condition of the yard in the village. In the village yard is very broad but the types of plants planted are still lacking in a variety of functions and benefits. Traditional use of the yard can increase biodiversity and expand the functioning of the ecosystem as well as being economically and socially able to increase its function (Mohri et al. 2013). Utilization of the yard with agroforestry techniques can be developed in the village. Agroforestry techniques can increase farm household income (Linger 2014). Utilization of the yard is good with the type of plant based on its height (vertical diversity) but also the utilization of plants with their functions (horizontal diversity).

MATERIAL AND METHOD
The yard data was collected with a sample of 20 yards in Skouw Mabo village, Muara Tami District, Jayapura City, Papua Province, Indonesia (fig 1). Data was collected for approximately one month with tools and materials such as: meter roll, questionnaire, global positioning system (GPS), camera and voice recorder. Data on community yards in the village of Skouw Mabo studied horizontal (structural) and / or horizontal (functional) diversity.
Measurement of vertical diversity was carried out around the sample villages (front, side and back yards). In addition to the average yard area data in Skouw Mabo village, there is also another uniqueness in this study, namely: the vertical diversity of the yard plants. Each sample household also showed different plant diversity for each type of plant in their yard. The diversity of vertical yards is meant by the form of diversity based on the stratification of plants (height) planted by the community around their yard. Then an analysis of vegetation per yard unit was carried out. Grouping plants into 5 strata, namely: strata V is a tree> 10 m tall; strata IV ie small trees or large shrubs 5-10 m, strata III are small shrubs, shrubs 2-5 m strata II are shrubs and strata I are herbs, grass <1 m (Arifin et al. 1997).
Data collection methods that will be implemented in this research are survey, interview and literature study methods. The survey method with a random purposive technique was performed by direct observation to the community yard.
Yard data analysis method is a yard vegetation analysis method by first identifying the species and family of the plant.  (Table 1). This species was found dominantly in the community yard and functioned and utilized by the community in Skouw Mabo village.

The extent and diversity of dominant garden species
The average area of yards in Skouw Mabo Village is 3307.8 m2 with the number of plants found, which are 77 types of plants of herbaceous, seedlings, shrubs, small trees and large trees. The size of a yard is very influential in its management for farm households (Guuroh 2014). The area of the yard is dominated by Pinang in RT 1 and 2. RT 1 and RT2 are inhabited by indigenous tribes (Skouw tribe). Whereas for RT 3 there are many migrants, namely Butonese, Buginese, Makassarese and Javanese. Plant species found dominantly in the RT are Moringa plants.
Areca nut is found in the community yard of the summed dominance ratio (SDR) of 66.2 in RT 1. For RT 2 the value of SDR is 58.4 which means that it is quite large. The people of Skouw Mabo village plant areca nut in their yard (fig a&b). Areca nut has a cultural value but is currently an economic and high-value commodity. The demand value of areca nuts is quite high in the market, this is evidenced by the price of a single areca nut ranging from Rp.50,000-500,000. The rise and fall of the price of areca nuts in the market is largely determined by the rainy season and summer. When it is summer, the small amount of areca nut produced causes the price to rise to Rp. 500,000. This is inversely proportional if in the rainy season, the production of areca nut will be excessive so that it can cause the price to only around Rp.50,000 in the market. Plant diversity in the yard is important to maintain income stability (Kujawka 2018). The income earned is also determined by the size of the family member (Dirimanova 2018). Utilization of village funds to develop other plant products to help the community when their income is not optimal. Other studies reveal that budget allocation policy is the second priority in agricultural policy in rural areas in Romania (Galluso 2017). Furthermore, in other studies also explained that the economic conditions of farm households can be developed with policies to provide reinforcement to them (Hendrarini 2018). Other research also states that farm households in the coastal areas of Papua are highly dependent on agricultural products sold to the market (Antoh et al. 2018).
Moringa is a type of introduction plant that goes to Skouw Mabo following the community's presence. Moringa is included in the type of large tree with a morphological form of woody plants and has many functions for the majority Butonese in RT3 (Fig c). Other studies suggest that the composition and structure of plants in the yard need to be considered in terms of their function and use (Ogwu 2014). Moringa plants can function as a vegetable but are also used as medicinal plants. Summed dominance ratio (SDR) value is calculated with a value of 10.8. This means that this plant is almost always found in community yards.