Taxonomic review of the tribe Cochylini (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in Korea and northeast China, with descriptions of two new species

In the present study, we revise the Cochylini fauna of the Korean Peninsula and northeast China. In total, 54 species of 10 genera are recognized including two new species (Aethes bistigmatus sp. nov. and Phalonidia coreana sp. nov.) and three new records (Cochylidia heydeniana (Herrich‐Schäffer), Eugnosta ussuriana (Caradja), and Phalonidia fraterna Razowski) for China plus one subspecies (Eugnosta hydrargyrana mongolica Razowski) newly reported from Northeast China. All the available information, including geographical distribution and biology of each taxon, is provided. The keys to the genera of Cochylini of this region are provided.


Introduction
The moths of the tortricid tribe Cochylini are small to medium sized, ranging throughout the world. More than 900 species have been described (Brown 2005). The tribe can be distinguished by the oblique termen and forewing vein Cu 2 arising from two-thirds of the cell. The wing pattern of the tribe is distinct from other tribes of Tortricinae. The genitalic structure indicates that the tribe has evolved in a way different from neighboring groups (Kuznetsov and Stekolnikov 1973). Especially the transtilla of the male genitalia is characteristically modified, instead of lacking gnathos, and aedeagus is very large with numerous cornuti in vesica. In most species, the uncus is reduced or absent. In female genitalia, ductus bursae is very short and corpus bursae has numerous spinules or sclerites, while the distinct signum is absent (Razowski 1970;Kawabe 1982;Park 1983a;Liu and Li 2002). Larvae of the Cochylini are mostly monophagous or oligophagous, internal feeders of seeds, stems, and roots, and occasionally flowers. Among the species, Falseuncaria kaszabi Razowski has been reported as a notorious pest of Sesamum orientale Linn. in Northwest China (Liu and Li 2002); Eupoecilia ambiguella (Hü bner)

Diagnosis
The new species is characterized by having two distinct spots at middle and subapical portions of forewing costa. The related species A. cnicana (Westwood) and A. amurensis Razowski have longer and distinct medial fascia reaching to the middle of costa.

Description
Adult ( Figure 1). Wingspan 14.5 mm in male. Forewing ground colour pale grey or silverwhite; basal fascia indistinct, shortly elongated on costa, dark brown; median fascia developed on middle of costa, forming a small rectangular spot, then very weak towards dorsum, nearly indistinct, not arcuated; pre-apical streak similar to median fascia in shape and coloration; apex more or less rounded; termen very weakly oblique. Hindwing greyish brown, rather pale grey at basal area, showing a net-like pattern in the remaining area.

Etymology
The specific name refers to the two costal spots.

Diagnosis
Wingspan 13 mm. The species is similar to Aethes amurensis, but can be distinguished by longer valva of male genitalia.

Diagnosis
Wingspan 15-16 mm. The species resembles A. rubigana, but differs by bright ground colour and distinctly dark median fascia in forewing. It also differs from A. rubigana by smaller size and comparatively narrow, less oblique, and usually uninterrupted median fascia of forewing.

Host plants
The larvae feed on Carduus sp. and Cirsium sp. (Asteraceae) and hibernate inside the roots (Kawabe 1982

Diagnosis
Wingspan 16 mm. The species can be identified by its white ground colour with a brownish black medial fascia.

Diagnosis
Wingspan 16 mm in female. The species is quite different from the congeneric species in having acute apex, and slender and straight median and subapical fascia in forewing.

Diagnosis
Wingspan 15-20 mm. The species is similar to A. cnicana (Westwood), but can be distinguished by the rather dark ground colour and yellowish brown median fascia of forewing (Liu and Li 2002).

Diagnosis
Wingspan 17-24 mm. The species is characterized by its median fascia, interrupted by ground colour at one-third near forewing costa, and by its broad subapical fascia.

Diagnosis
Wingspan 14-15 mm. The species is characterized by having broad valvae and broad socii.

Diagnosis
Wingspan 10-13 mm. The species is characterized by the relatively broad median fascia and the barred cilia.

Material examined
Five males, five females, central and southern area, S Korea, May to August, in CIS and NIAST. Two females, Mt Maoershan, HL, 1 July 1998, S. C. Yan, in NEFU.

Host plants
Erigeron sp. and Solidago sp. (Asteraceae) were reported being utilized by this species in Japan (Kawabe 1982).

Remarks
This species is reported from China for the first time.

Diagnosis
Wingspan 14-15 mm. Wing pattern variable. It can be distinguished from the congeneric species by the distinct and straight median fascia followed by several tiny blackish dots in the subapical region. Host plant Kawabe (1982) recorded Artemisia sp. (Asteraceae) as the host plant of this species.

Remarks
There is considerable variation in the material from Northeast China, which has a narrower forewing with slender and dark pattern and ground colour, and the shorter costa of valva with a narrowed apex.

Diagnosis
Wingspan 10-16 mm. The species is characterized by the median fascia, which is more angulate at apex and narrower.

Material examined
Ten males, 10 females, central and southern area, S Korea, May to September, in CIS and NIAST.

Diagnosis
Wingspan 16-19 mm. The species is easily recognized by creamy white ground colour and the slender and medially interrupted median fascia.

Remarks
The species is reported from China for the first time.

Diagnosis
Wingspan 16 mm. The species is similar to E. citrinana, but distinguishable by having nearly rectangular valva (Kawabe 1972).

Diagnosis
Wingspan 11 mm in male. The species is characterized by having strongly curved ventral margin of valva and shortly curved socii.

Material examined
One

Diagnosis
Wingspan 15-22 mm. The species is similar to the preceding species, but has a broad median fascia and submarginal fascia in the forewing.

Host plant
Lilium auratum L. (Liliaceae) was reported being utilized by the species in Japan (Kawabe 1982

Diagnosis
Wingspan 11-14 mm. The species is very similar to G. minimana, but can be distinguished by the less angulate median fascia of the forewing and presence of the subapical spot which is strigulated or fractured in the tornal area.

Material examined
Five males, five females, central and southern area, including Is. Jeju, S Korea, late May to mid-September, in CIS and NIAST.

Remarks
This species can be found singly in mixed grassland, meadows, bamboo forest, coniferous and mixed forests from July to August in the Russian Far East (Kuznetsov 1973).

Diagnosis
Wingspan 9-12 mm. The present species is similar to G. alismana, but distinguishable by having a more angulate medial fascia and smaller size.

Diagnosis
Wingspan 12 mm. The extent and intensity of the greyish suffusion and strigulation of the forewing varies: in some specimens, it may be very weak, the pale ochreous-white ground colour then being more evident. The blackish grey suffusion at the middle of the outer margin of the median fascia and the grey suffusion in the distal half are characteristic for this species.

Material examined
Five males, five females, central and southern area, S Korea, mid-May to early September, in CIS and NIAST. Two females, Liangshui, HL, 27-28 June 1996, S. C. Yan; one female, same locality, early August 1996, S. C. Yan, in NEFU.

Diagnosis
Wingspan 15 mm in female. The species is similar to G. permixtana (D. and S.) in appearance, but distinguishable by the rather dark medial fascia of forewing, surrounded by numerous tiny dark blackish brown dots between the outer margin of medial fascia towards termen.

Diagnosis
Wingspan 9-12 mm. The wing pattern varies individually, but it can be distinguished by the small size, olive-brown general coloration of the forewing, and the reticulated pattern in the distal area.

Material examined
Ten males, 10 females, central and southern area including Is. Jeju, S Korea, mid-May to late August, in CIS and NIAST.

Diagnosis
The new species can be easily distinguished from the species of Gynnidomorpha by broad basal patch of forewing and long corpus bursae of female genitalia which is indistinguishable from ductus bursae.

Description
Wing venation (Figure 8). Forewing venation with R 1 and R 2 distant at base and parallel; R 3 and R 4 parallel towards costa; R 4 and R 5 closely approximated at base; R 4 towards end at five-sixths of costa and R 5 emerged to costa just before apex; R 5 and M 1 stalked; M 3 closer to Cu 1 than M 2 ; Cu 2 arising beyond two-thirds of cell. Hindwing venation with Rs and M 1 stalked; M 3 and Cu 1 separated; Cu 2 originated from two-thirds of cell; 1A+2A reaching to basal one-third of dorsum. Different from Gynnidomorpha Turner by the following: vein R 5 in forewing emerged to apex or termen, and R 5 and M 1 not stalked.
Adult (Figure 9). Wingspan 14 mm in male and female. Vertex covered by strongly appressed scales. Labial palpus long; second segment expanded, dilated towards terminal portion; terminal segment very short and thin. Wing pattern with ground colour dark brown; basal patch dark yellow, distinct, well developed, covering nearly two-fifths of forewing; two small dark yellow spots located on middle of tornus; median and sub-terminal fasciae concolorous with ground colour, but with distinct outlines. Hindwing dark grey.
Male genitalia (Figures 10, 11). Tegumen short, rounded at dorsum. Socii short, broad, rounded at apex. Transtilla appressed laterally, a slender and long posterior medial process present with apex bifurcate shortly. Juxta broad, somewhat pentagonal. Valva rather broad basally, sub-rectangular, extremely narrowed at distal one-third; sacculus well developed, ventral margin with a pointed apex. Aedeagus large, long and thick, attenuate towards posterior end, with long and prominent cornutus.

Etymology
The specific name refers to the country name of the holotype locality.

Diagnosis
Wingspan 11 mm in male, 14 mm in female. This species can be recognized by the blackish brown median fascia and subapical spot.

Diagnosis
Wingspan 16 mm. The species is characterized by its peculiar wing pattern, which has various tiny dots throughout the forewing.

Diagnosis
Wingspan 12-14 mm. The species can be distinguished from the congeneric species by the shape of gnathos and sacculus in the male genitalia.

Diagnosis
Wingspan 14 mm. The species differs from related species by the broad and rounded sacculus of the male genitalia, which is protruded ventrally, and fairly broad socii.

Diagnosis
Wingspan 10 mm. This species is very similar to P. lydiae, superficially, but it can be distinguished by the slightly curved median fascia of forewing, but nearly straight and distinct without curve in P. lydiae. The aedeagus is rather long and more elongate than in the latter, with a large cornutus, which is longer than half of the aedeagus; it is rather short in P. lydiae.

Remarks
The species is reported from China for the first time.

Diagnosis
Wingspan 14 mm. The species is readily distinguished from the congeneric species by broad median fascia.

Diagnosis
Wingspan 10 mm. This species is very similar to G. fraterna in external morphology, but distinguishable by narrowly angulate median fascia of forewing and the size of aedeagus of the male genitalia.

Diagnosis
Wingspan 14 mm. Liu and Ge (1991) mentioned that the species is closely allied to G. scabra Liu and Ge in general appearance, but different from the latter in narrower median fascia, elongated and apically tapered valva, and sacculus ventrally rounded.

Diagnosis
Wingspan 12-15 mm in male, 13-16 mm in female. The species is characteristic by having a very broad medial fascia towards costa of forewing, very small valva, sacculus with a short process, and ring-shaped sclerite along the inner surface of corpus bursae.

Diagnosis
Wingspan 13-15 mm in both sexes. The species can be distinguished from the G. latifasciana by broader valva and aedeagus with a sharp apex.

Diagnosis
Wingspan 12-15 mm. This species can be recognized by the rounded apex of forewing and the broad blackish brown submarginal fascia along termen. JB, 13 August 1975, K. T. Park; one female, same locality, 2 June 1989, K. T. Park, in NIAST.

Diagnosis
Wingspan 16 mm. Wing pattern characterized by having median fascia of forewing running from three-quarters of costa to the middle of dorsum, slender but distinct in coloration.

Diagnosis
Wingspan 15-17 mm in male. Similar to C. nankinensis Razowksi, but different in the male genitalia.

Discussion
The venation is rather uniform within the tribe. It is also useful to apply the venation R 5 and M 1 of the forewing to separate specific groups at the generic level. According to the wing pattern, the two new species, Aethes bistigmatus and Phalonidia coreana, can be easily distinguished from the related species. Especially Aethes bistigmatus is very characteristic of extremely short median fascia representing on middle and near apex of costa such as a spot, while the related species, A. cnicana (Westwood) and A. amurensis Razowski, have the typically long median fascia. And Phalonidia coreana has a peculiar wing pattern showing the distinct and broad basal patch on forewing, which is quite different from the related species.
In the present paper, we adopted the newly suggested names of the two genera, i.e. Phtheochroa Stephens (5Hysterosia Stephens) and Cochylimorpha Razowski (5Stenodes Guenée). Some nomenclatural histories of them are discussed. Nye and Fletcher (1991) stated ''Hysterosia Stephens, 1852 is unavailable name according to Code (Edn 3), Article 10'' and suggested using Phtheochroa Stephens, 1829, which is followed by recent researchers (Razowksi 1991;Oku 2003). On the genus Cochylimorpha Razowski, 1959, they also mentioned that ''A junior homonym of Stenodes Dujardin, [1844 November] 1845, in Roret, Suites â Buffon, Hist. nat. Helminthes: 264, -Vermes. There is no objective replacement name but C. elongana was placed by Leraut, 1980, Liste syst. syn. Lépid. Fr. Belg. Corse: 100, as the senior synonym of Cochylis favillana Staudinger, 1859, the type-species of Cochylimorpha Razowski, 1959; the latter is thus available for use as a subjective replacement name'' (Nye and Fletcher 1991). Their suggestion is followed by recent researchers (Kuznetsov 2001;Oku 2003). Recently, the species from both Gynnidomorpha and Phalonida have been combined into Gynnidomorpha (Kuznetsov 2001;Oku 2003) due to the confused nomeclatural history. In this study, we follow the newest taxonomic status for the two genera (Brown 2005), which listed the species placing under each genus respectively.
From a biogeographic point of view, 39 of the 41 known northeast Chinese species are Palaearctic elements, while the Korean fauna include an Oriental species, Phalonidia scabra Liu and Ge, and three East Palaeartic-Oriental species, Eupoecilia inouei Kawabe, E. kobeana Razowski, and Cochylimorpha nankinensis Razowski. Even though Razowski (2000) indicated that Eupoecilia ambiguella (Hü bner), which is distributed in sounthern China, e.g. Jiangxi and Hunan, is a Transpalaearctic species, we considered that it would be better to regard it as a Transpalaearctic-Oriental species, because it was reported to be widely distributed in the Indo-Oriental region, e.g. India, Myanmar, Nepal, Indonesia, and Taiwan (Kawabe and Sakurai 1988;Byun et al. 1998). In the shared species, the two faunas show a high affinity, representing the percentages to the total number of each fauna as 66% for the Korean Peninsula and 61% for Northeast China. The percentages of endemism to total number of these faunas are low, showing 3.7% for Korea and 1.9% for northeast China.