A revision of the parasitic wasp genus Bathyaulax Szépligeti (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Braconinae) from Africa and the Arabian Peninsula

The predominantly Afrotropical braconine wasp genus Bathyaulax Szepligeti is revised and an identification key provided. A total of 51 species are recognized as valid; 27 species are described as new. andrewi sp. nov., erythropus sp. nov., kvisti sp. nov., larjuskini sp. nov. vannouhuysie sp. nov. and williami sp. nov. from Kenya, artoi sp. nov., heinie sp. nov. and jimii sp. nov. from D. R. Congo, buntikae sp. nov. from Sierra Leone and D. R. Congo, nigroconus sp. nov. from D. R. Congo and Uganda, atrox sp. nov. from Uganda, bifoveae sp. nov. and varkonyii sp. nov. from Tanzania, ikonenie sp. nov. from Senegal, Kenya and Uganda, fritzeni sp. nov., juhai sp. nov. and ollilae sp. nov. from Saudi Arabia, kossui sp. nov. and marjae sp. nov. from Yemen, kupariensis sp. nov. and raunoi sp. nov. from Mozambique, nirgitarsus sp. nov. from Madagascar, ramosus sp. nov. and suvie sp. nov. from South Africa, pickeri sp. nov. from South Africa and Namibia, and pippolaensis sp. nov. from north East Africa, possibly Somaliland. Bicentra Achterberg & Sigwalt is synonymized with Bathyaulax, hence Bathyaulax concavitarsis (van Achterberg & Sigwalt 1987) comb. nov.; Bathyaulax atriceps (Kriechbaumer 1894), Bathyaulax gutta (Enderlein (1918) 1920) and Bathyaulax pectinatus (Enderlein (1918) 1920) are each synonymized with Bathyaulax martinii (Gribodo 1879) syn. nov.; Bathyaulax laeviventris Enderlein (1918) 1920 is synonymized with Bathyaulax foveiventris (Roman 1912), syn. nov.; Bathyaulax krebsii (Cameron 1909) is synonymized with Bathyaulax hirticeps (Cameron 1909) syn. nov.; Goniobracon areolatus Szépligeti 1913 and Goniobracon abdominalis Szépligeti 1914 are synonymized with Bathyaulax kersteni (Gerstaecker 1871) comb. et syn. nov.; Bathyaulax nigriceps Enderlein 1920 is synonymized with Bathyaulax lucidus (Szépligeti 1911) syn. nov.; Goniobracon seminiger Szépligeti 1914 is synonymized with Bathyaulax perspicax (Szépligeti 1905) syn. nov.; Bathyaulax transitus (Szépligeti 1913) is synonymized with Bathyaulax rufa (Szépligeti 1906) syn. nov.


Introduction
The genus Bathyaulax Szepligeti is one of the most easily recognized of the numerous large, principally tropical braconine wasps, with very distinctively arched telotarsi and with the penultimate tarsal articles strongly produced distoventrally on both the inner and outer sides (Quicke 1981(Quicke , 1987. Despite these apomorphies, Bathyaulax species have in the past been almost arbitrarily confused with members of several other genera, such that Shenefelt's (1978) catalogue is unhelpful when it comes to knowing which species should be attributed to this genus. The junior author, having examined the type specimens of almost all braconine species described from the Afrotropical region, has reclassified many species both into and out of Bathyaulax and as a result the genus was thought to comprise approximately 33 species (Quicke 1981(Quicke , 1983(Quicke , 1985a(Quicke ,b, 1991aQuicke and van Achterberg 1990;Quicke and Koch 1990), making it possible to attempt a revision with a realistic hope of including all described species.
As with most tropical genera of Braconinae, there are few published host records that involve reliable parasitoid identifications. For Bathyaulax, several unidentified species were recorded by Quicke (1989) as having been reared from beetles (some at least belonging to the Cerambycidae) from pods of various Acacia species, and it was postulated that the For recognition of the subfamily Braconinae, see van Achterberg (1993). For recognition of the genus Bathyaulax, see Quicke (1987).
Yellow except for the following which are black: small area around stemmaticum, apex of mandibles and ovipositor sheets. Antennae brown. Fore wings faintly darkened with hyaline areas as follows: the base of wings from veins 1-M and cu-a, below pterostigma and around vein r-m. Hind wing hyaline areas on basal and in the base of marginal cells. Apical quarter of pterostigma darkened.

Etymology
Named after Dr. Andrew Polaszek. First metasomal tergite 1.8 times longer than wide; raised median area with strong medio-longitudal furrow, latero-longitudinally striated. Second tergite 1.6 times wider than long; with raised smooth triangular area on anterior part of tergite. Longitudal strigation posterior from triangular area, not reaching the posterior margin of the tergite. Third tergite 2.0 times wider than long. Transverse furrows on anterior and subposterior margins strigated, transverse area in between smooth, longer medially than laterally. Tergites four and five with strigated transverse furrows on anterior and posterior margins, and smooth lateral areas surrounded by similar furrows. Tergites six to eight smooth.    Orange-brown except for the following which are black: antenna, temples and frons, vertex, face and apex of mandibles. Wings fairly evenly darkened, with a faint hyaline zones in fore wings. Basal two-thirds of pterostigma yellowish white.

Description
Female: Length of body 13 mm, of fore wing 12 mm, of ovipositor 11 mm.
Antennae broken. Height of clypeus:inter-tentorial distance:tentorio-ocular dis-tance51.0:3.5:3. times wider than long; strongly medially to sublaterally striated below raised medial triangular area. Third tergite 2.2 times wider than long; median raised area weakly striated, sublaterally smooth, tapering towards lateral sides of tergite. Tergite four with strigated transverse furrows on anterior and subposterior margins, and smooth lateral areas surrounded by similar furrows. Tergites five to eight smooth, tergite five with strigated transverse furrows on anterior and subposterior margins.
First metasomal tergite 1.6 times longer than wide; raised median area smooth, with strigose posterior margin. Second tergite 1.5 times wider than long; medial area raised and strigose. Sublateral areas depressed longitudinally, sculpture on latero-posterior areas coriaceous to pustulate. Third tergite 1.5 times wider than long; with strigated transverse furrows on anterior and subposterior margins, raised median area medially strigated to laterally coriaceous, only antero-lateral areas smooth. Tergites four and five similar but with medial raised area coriaceous. Tergite six similar to four and five but with very small antero-lateral areas. Tergite seven smooth.
Orange-yellow except for the following which are black: dorsal side of the head and temples, occiput, apex of mandibles, metasomal tergite two postero-laterally, tergites three to six. Apical margin of tergite six and tergite seven whitish yellow. Forewings darkened with following hyaline areas: basally from veins 1-M and cu-a, band below pterostigma and oval area around vein r-m. Hind wings darkened postero-apically.

Etymology
Named after the first author's friend, Arto Holappa.
First metasomal tergite 1.5 times longer than wide; raised median area smooth with weak anterior depression and strong ridges on posterior margin. Second tergite 1.8 times wider than long; strongly medially to submedially striated posterior to raised triangular area. Triangular area not smooth, but very faintly strigose. Third tergite 2.2 times wider than long; strongly striated, only smooth areas antero-laterally. Sculpture on tergites three and four similar. Tergite five with strigated transverse furrows on anterior and subposterior margins. Tergites six to eight smooth.
Orange-brown except for the following which are black: antenna, face, temples, frons, vertex and apex of mandibles and ovipositor sheaths. Wings dark brown, with a weak and narrow hyaline zone in fore wing. Basal two thirds of pterostigma whitish-yellow. First metasomal tergite 1.7 times longer than wide; raised median smooth with strigation on posterior margin. Second tergite 1.4 times wider than long; medial area raised and strigose. Sublateral areas smooth. Third tergite 1.6 times wider than long; with strigated transverse furrows on anterior and weakly on posterior margin, raised median area strigated, antero-lateral areas smooth and only weakly raised. Tergites four and five with strigated transverse furrows on anterior margin and weakly on posterior margin, with out strigation. Sculpture on raised median area reticulate to rugulose. Tergites six to eight smooth.
Head dorsally black with red spots medially to eyes, head ventrally red. Antennae black with orange-red apex (1:1). Mesosoma, fore and middle legs red. Dorsal and lateral sides of hind coxa, trochanter, trochantellus and base of femur red, otherwise hind legs black. Tergites and ovipositor sheets black, abdomen ventrally white. Fore and hind wings black, with small pale spot on base of pterostigma.

Etymology
Named after the intriguing life style of parasitic wasps.
First metasomal tergite 1.6 times longer than wide; raised median area smooth with weak anterior depression and strigose to strigated on posterior half. Second tergite 2.5 times wider than long; strongly medially to submedially striated posterior to smooth raised triangular area. Third tergite 1.9 times wider than long; transverse furrows on anterior and subposterior margins strigated, transverse area between them smooth, longer medially than laterally.
Smooth oval raised areas on lateral sides of tergite. Sculpture on tergites three and four is almost similar, tergite four lacks of lateral smooth areas. Tergites five to eight smooth.
Black except for abdomen which is red. Wings dark brown, with hyaline areas on fore wing cell 2a and below vein 2-SR+M. Basal two half of pterostigma whitish-yellow. First metasomal tergite 1.6 times longer than wide; raised median area smooth with medial longitudinal groove, posterior margin strigated. Second tergite 1.7 times wider than long; medial and antero-medial triangular area raised and striate to aciculate. Third tergite 1.9 times wider than long; with transverse furrows on anterior and subposterior margins, anterior furrow medially aciculate to rugose and laterally strigated, and posterior margin strigated. Raised median area anteriorly strigose to rugose, with two depressions separated with a ridge. Antero-lateral areas smooth. Tergites four and five with strigated transverse furrows on anterior and subposterior margins, raised median areas aciculate and smooth antero-lateral areas surrounded by similar furrows. Tergites six to eight smooth.
Yellow except for the following which are black: antenna, frons, vertex, apex of mandibles and ovipositor sheets. Wings darkened with hyaline areas in fore wing below pterostigma and narrowly around vein r-m, and in hind wing in the base of the marginal cell. Pterostigma apical quarter darkened.
First metasomal tergite 1.7 times longer than wide; raised median area smooth, with short strigation on posterior margin. Second tergite 1.1 times wider than long; medial area raised and smooth, with some weak ridges postero-laterally around it. Third tergite 1.5 times wider than long; with strigated transverse furrows on anterior and subposterior margins, median and antero-lateral areas smooth and raised. Two to three ridges between antero-lateral areas. Tergites four and five with strigated transverse furrows on anterior margin, and smooth medial and antero-lateral areas raised. Subposterior furrows on both tergites, strigated in tergite four and smooth in tergite five. Tergites six to eight smooth.
Orange-brown except for the following which are black: antenna, head, apex of mandibles and ovipositor sheets. Orange-brown stripes next to eyes and spots next to toruli on dorsal side of the head. Wings evenly darkened with hyaline zone below pterostigma. About apical half of pterostigma darkened. First metasomal tergite 1.5 times longer than wide; raised median area smooth, posterior margin with dense striation. Second tergite 1.8 times wider than long; raised median area strigated, antero-medial triangular area slightly raised. Third tergite 2.0 times wider than long; with strigated transverse furrows on anterior and subposterior margins, raised median area only narrowly longitudinally strigose. Antero-lateral areas raised and smooth, only a thin strigated area between them (two to three carinae). Tergite four similar, but anterolateral areas more narrow. Tergite five with strigated transverse furrows on anterior and weakly on subposterior margin. Tergites six to eight smooth.
Orange-brown except for the following which are black: face, frons, vertex and temples, apex of mandibles, antennae and ovipositor sheets. Wings darkened, with two hyaline areas in fore wing on basal and subbasal cells and below pterostigma. About a third of pterostigma apically darkened. Hind wing darkened with a hyaline area on marginal cell.

Notes
Specimens compared to van Achterberg's (1987) description of new genus and species Bicentra concavitarsis van Achterberg & Sigwalt 1987. The only difference to Bathyaulax is the two foretibial spurs and, thus, can be synonymized. Also another species with two foretibial spurs was found, B. lucidus (Szépligeti 1911). First metasomal tergite 1.3 times longer than wide; raised median area smooth with basal half weakly depressed and striation on posterior half. Second tergite 1.6 times wider than long; strongly medially to sublaterally striated below raised medial triangular area. Third tergite 2.2 times wider than long; with strigated transverse furrows on anterior and subposterior margins, transverse area in between reticulate rugose, laterally smooth, longer medially than laterally. Tergites four and five with strigated transverse furrows on anterior and subposterior margins, and smooth lateral areas surrounded by similar furrows. Tergites six to eight smooth, tergite six with strigated transverse furrow on basal margin.
Orange-brown except for antenna and apex of mandibles which are black. Wings fairly evenly weakly darkened, with faint hyaline zones in fore wings below pterostigma. Apical quarter of pterostigma yellowish-white.
First metasomal tergite 1.5 times longer than wide; raised median area smooth. Second tergite 1.8 times wider than long; median triangular area distinctive, raised and smooth. Scarce transverse carinae around triangular area. Third tergite 2.2 times wider than long; with weakly strigated transverse furrows on anterior and subposterior margins, raised median and antero-lateral areas smooth. Tergites four and five similar to three, but anterolateral areas more narrow. Tergites six to eight smooth.
Head, antennae, middle tibia and tarsi, hind legs and ovipositor sheets black. Apical third of ovipositor hair yellowish-white. Mesosoma, fore legs, mid femur and anterior third of hind coxa orange-red. Abdomen dark metallic blue. Fore wings dark brown with a metallic blue tinge. Narrow hyaline area below pterostigma which is dark brown. Hind wings evenly dark.
First metasomal tergite 1.8 times longer than wide; raised median area strongly strigose. Second tergite 1.5 times wider than long; medial area raised and strongly strigose. Triangular area not distinctive or raised, but constitutes of strigation. Third tergite 1.7 times wider than long; with strigated transverse furrows on anterior and subposterior margins, raised median area strongly strigated, antero-lateral areas smooth and connected with a ridge. Tergites four and five with strigated transverse furrows on anterior and subposterior margins, and smooth antero-lateral areas surrounded by similar furrows. Tergite four raised median area strongly strigose, in tergite five only weakly strigose. Tergites six to eight smooth, tergite six with strigated transverse furrow on basal margin.
Yellow except for the following which are black: antenna, temples and dorsal side of the head, occiput, apex of mandibles, spot on top of clypeus and a stripe continuing from it between toruli, antero-dorsal margin of pronotum, mesoscutum, apical one third of hind tibia, hind tarsi, metasomal tergites four to eight, ovipositor sheaths. Apical two thirds of wings dark brown with two small hyaline areas in fore wing, around veins r-m and 2-SR+M. Hind wing apical half darkened. First metasomal tergite 1.5 times longer than wide; raised median area smooth with medial longitudinal groove and strigation on posterior margin. Second tergite 1.7 times wider than long; medial area raised and strigose. Antero-medial triangular area raised and smooth. Third tergite 2.0 times wider than long; with strigated transverse furrows on anterior and subposterior margins, raised median area rugose, antero-lateral areas smooth. Tergites four and five with strigated transverse furrows on anterior and subposterior margins, antero-lateral and median areas smooth and raised. Tergites six to eight smooth.
Yellow except for the following which are black: antenna, small area around stemmaticum, apex of mandibles and ovipositor sheets. Fore wings darkened with weakly paler areas below pterostigma and narrowly around vein r-m. Hind wings darkened with a paler area in the base of the marginal cell.
Bathyaulax flavipera (Enderlein 1918) (  First metasomal tergite 1.2 times longer than wide; raised median area smooth. Second tergite 3.2 times wider than long; smooth, triangular median area distinctive and raised, smooth, with carinae on apical side. Third tergite 3.8 times wider than long; with strigated transverse furrow on anterior margin, raised median and antero-lateral areas smooth. Tergites four and five smooth with strigated transverse furrow on anterior margin. Tergites six and seven smooth.
Yellow except for the following which are black: triangle-shaped area on top of clypeus continuing between toruli, apex of mandibles, temples and dorsal side of the head, occiput, antennae, propleuron, dorsal part of pronotum, antero-lateral mesoscutum, dorsal part of mesopleuron. Wings evenly weakly darkened, with a darker area on the base of pterostigma of fore wing.
Bathyaulax fortisulcatus (Strand 1912) (  First metasomal tergite 1.3 times longer than wide; raised median area longitudinally depressed and whole area strongly strigated. Second tergite 2.2 times wider than long; raised median area strigated, antero-medial triangular area not raised or conspicuous. Third tergite 2.2 times wider than long; with strigated transverse furrows on anterior and subposterior margins, raised median area longitudinally strigose to reticulate rugose. Antero-lateral areas raised and smooth. Tergites four and five similar. Tergites six and seven smooth.
Orange-brown except for apex of mandibles which are black. Wings fairly evenly weakly darkened, with two hyaline zones in fore wing below pterostigma and basally to veins 1-M and cu-a. Apical quarter of pterostigma darkened. Hind wing darkened with two hyaline areas around vein 1-M and costal and marginal cells.   Legs: Length of fore femur:tibia:tarsus52.1:2.4:1.0. Fore basitarsus 4.4 times longer than deep. Length of hind femur:tibia:tarsus51.7:2.6:1.0. Hind basitarsus 5.7 times longer than deep.
First metasomal tergite 1.6 times longer than wide; raised median area smooth, with small striae on posterior margin, sometimes very few. Second tergite 1.4 times wider than long; antero-medial triangular area raised and smooth, sometimes with weak ridges around it. Third tergite 2.0 times wider than long; with weakly strigated transverse furrows on anterior but not on posterior margin, raised median area very smooth. Antero-lateral areas raised and also smooth. Tergites four and five similar, but five without antero-lateral raised areas. Tergites six to eight smooth.
Orange-brown except for following which are black: head excluding labrum, antennae and ovipositor sheets. Wings fairly evenly weakly darkened, darkest areas around cells 1R1 and 1M. Hyaline zone in fore wing below pterostigma. Apical end of pterostigma darkened (about one fifth of the total length). Hind wing darkened postero-apically. First metasomal tergite 1.5 times longer than wide; raised median with medial longitudinal groove, posterior margin strigose. Second tergite 1.6 times wider than long; medial area raised and strigose. Antero-medial triangular area raised, anteriorly smooth and posteriorly rugose. Third tergite 2.0 times wider than long; with strigated transverse furrows on anterior and subposterior margins, raised median area medially strigated and sublaterally smooth, antero-lateral areas smooth. Tergites four and five with strigated transverse furrows on anterior and subposterior margins, antero-lateral areas smooth and raised. Tergite four raised median area reticulate to rugose, in tergite five smooth. Tergites six to eight smooth.
Yellow except for the following which are black: antenna, stemmaticum, apex of mandibles and ovipositor sheets. Wings darkened with hyaline areas in fore wing below pterostigma and in hind wing in the base of the marginal cell. Apical quarter of pterostigma darkened. First metasomal tergite 1.7 times longer than wide; raised median with medial longitudinal groove. Posterior margin strigated. Second tergite 1.8 times wider than long; medial area raised and sparsely strigose to reticulate. Antero-medial triangular area raised and smooth. Third tergite 2.0 times wider than long; with strigated transverse furrows on anterior and subposterior margins, raised median area strigated, antero-lateral areas smooth and raised. Tergites four and five with transverse furrows on anterior and subposterior margins. Both furrows strigated in tergite four, in five only anterior furrow strigated. Smooth and raised antero-lateral areas on both tergites. Tergite four raised median area rugulose, in tergite five smooth. Tergites six to eight smooth, tergite six with strigated transverse furrow on basal margin.
Yellow except for the following which are black: antenna, temples and dorsal side of the head, occiput, apex of mandibles and ovipositor sheets. Wings darkened with hyaline areas in fore wing basally from veins 1-M and cu-a, a transverse zone below pterostigma and around vein r-m; and in hind wing on the base of marginal cell.

Named after the senior author's friend, Heini Hyvärinen.
Bathyaulax hirticeps (Cameron 1909) ( Figures 61, 62  First metasomal tergite 1.4 times longer than wide; raised median area smooth with medial longitudinal groove, posterior half strongly strigated on. Second tergite 2.2 times wider than long; strongly medially rugose to reticulate. Antero-medial triangular area raised and also strongly sculptured, anteriorly smooth. Third tergite 2.4 times wider than long; transverse furrows on anterior and subposterior margins strigated, raised medial area rugose. Antero-lateral areas smooth. Tergites four and five with anterior and subposterior strigated furrows, raised median areas rugose, antero-lateral areas smooth. Tergites six to eight smooth.
Black to dark brown except for abdomen which is red. Head with reddish-brown lines around eyes. Wings dark brown, with hyaline areas on fore wing below pterostigma and weakly around vein r-m. Apical half of pterostigma darkened. First metasomal tergite 1.7 times longer than wide; raised median area smooth, sometimes subposterior margin weakly strigose. Second tergite 1.5 times wider than long; antero-medial triangular area smooth and raised, and a ridge continuing from the apical end of the triangle towards posterior margin. Third tergite 1.7 times wider than long; with strigated transverse furrows on anterior and subposterior margins, raised median and antero-lateral areas smooth. Tergites four and five with strigated transverse furrow on anterior and smooth transverse furrow on posterior margin, and with raised and smooth antero-lateral and median areas. Tergites six to eight smooth.
Yellow except for the following which are black: antenna, face, frons, vertex, apex of mandibles and ovipositor sheets. Wings darkened with hyaline areas in fore wing below pterostigma and in hind wing in the base of the marginal cell. Pterostigma apical half darkened.

Etymology
Named after the senior author's friend, Suvi Ikonen. First metasomal tergite 1.5 times longer than wide; raised median area smooth with medial longitudinal groove, posteriorly strigose. Second tergite 1.8 times wider than long; medial area raised and strigose. Antero-medial triangular area raised and smooth. Third tergite 2.0 times wider than long; with strigated transverse furrows on anterior and subposterior margins, raised median area strigated, antero-lateral areas smooth. Tergites four and five with strigated transverse furrows on anterior and subposterior margins, antero-lateral areas smooth. Sculpture on tergite four raised median area reticulate to rugose, in tergite five only smooth. Tergites six to eight smooth.
Yellow except for the following which are black: antenna, small area around stemmaticum, apex of mandibles and ovipositor sheets. Fore wings darkened with weakly paler areas below pterostigma and narrowly around vein r-m. Hind wings evenly darkened.

Etymology
Named after the senior author's nephew, Jimi Kaartinen. Shape of vein 1-SR+M apically straight and with a small convex area close to vein 1-M. Swelling in vein 3-CU1 1.5 times thicker than the other part of the vein.
First metasomal tergite 1.5 times longer than wide; raised median area smooth with medial longitudinal depression and strigation on posterior margin. Second tergite 1.8 times wider than long; medial area raised and strigose. Antero-medial triangular area anteriorly more strongly raised, posterior part depressed and strigated. Third tergite 2.3 times wider than long; with strigated transverse furrows on anterior and subposterior margins, raised median area strongly strigated, antero-lateral areas smooth. Tergite four similar. Tergite five with strigated transverse furrows on anterior and posterior margins, median area raised and smooth, and smooth antero-lateral areas surrounded by similar furrows. Tergites six to eight smooth.
Yellow except for the following which are black: antenna, small area around stemmaticum, apex of mandibles and ovipositor sheets. Wings darkened with hyaline areas in fore wing in apical half of basal cell and below pterostigma, and in hind wing in the base on the marginal cell.

Etymology
Named after the senior author's friend, Juha Markkola.  First metasomal tergite 1.1 times longer than wide; median area anteriorly depressed and posterior margin strongly strigated. Second tergite 2.9 times wider than long; triangular median area not raised and whole median and postero-lateral area strigated. Third tergite 3.4 times wider than long; with strigated transverse furrow on anterior margin, raised median area longitudinally strigose to reticulate rugose, sculpture strong. Antero-lateral areas raised and smooth, but narrow. Tergites four and five similar to three. Tergite six strigate, tergites seven and eight smooth.
Orange-brown except for following which are black: antennae, apex of mandibles, varying area around stemmaticum (at least around stemmaticum, sometimes also frons, vertex and occiput black) and ovipositor sheets. Wings fairly evenly weakly darkened, with hyaline zone in fore wing below pterostigma. Apical third of pterostigma darkened. Hind wing evenly darkened.

Notes
The holotype of Goniobracon abdominalis could not be found and the synomymy is based on the description. A specimen in the BMNH collection is labelled as the type of Iphiaulax lativentris Cameron, which was described by Cameron (1906). According to Shenefelt (1978), type is lost and it is possible that this is indeed the holotype; however, as it bears an accession date of 1914 and is not in the collection of the South African Museum, we are reserving judgement on this and not formally synonymizing this species with kersteni.

Material examined
Holotype First metasomal tergite 1.4 times longer than wide; raised median area smooth with medial longitudinal depression, posterior margin strigose. Second tergite 1.7 times wider than long; medial area raised and strigose to weakly reticulate. Triangular area anteriorly raised and smooth, posteriorly strigated. Third tergite 2.3 times wider than long; with strigated transverse furrows on anterior and subposterior margins, raised median area strigated, antero-lateral areas smooth. Tergite four similar to three. Tergite five with strigated transverse furrows on anterior and subposterior margins, medial and anterolateral areas smooth. Tergites six to eight smooth.
Yellow except for the following which are black: antenna, partly stemmaticum, apex of mandibles and ovipositor sheets. Wings with hyaline areas in fore wing below pterostigma and marginal cell and in hind wing in the base of the marginal cell.

Etymology
Named after the senior author's friend, Janne Koskimäki. First metasomal tergite 1.7 times longer than wide; raised median area strongly strigose. Second tergite 1.9 times wider than long; medial area raised and strongly strigose. Triangular area not very distinctive (not raised), but constitutes of strigation. Third tergite 2.1 times wider than long; with strigated transverse furrows on anterior and posterior margins, raised median area strongly strigated, antero-lateral areas smooth and connected with a ridge. Tergites four and five with strigated transverse furrows on anterior and posterior margins, and smooth antero-lateral areas surrounded by similar furrows. Tergite four raised median area strongly strigose, in tergite five only weakly strigose. Tergites six to eight smooth, tergite six with strigated transverse furrow on basal margin.
Yellow except for the following which are black: antenna, temples and dorsal side of the head, occiput, apex of mandibles, spot on top of clypeus and a stripe continuing from it between toruli, antero-dorsal margin of pronotum, mesoscutum, apical one third of hind tibia, hind tarsi, metasomal tergites 4-8, ovipositor sheets. Apical two-thirds of wings dark brown with two small hyaline areas in fore wing, around veins r-m and 2-SR+M. Hind wing apical half darkened.

Etymology
Named after the senior author's friend, Jussi Kupari.

Material examined
Holotype: Female (BMNH): Kenya, Diani Beach, VII-1951 First metasomal tergite 1.6 times longer than wide; raised median area smooth with a weak medial longitudinal depression, posterior margin strigated. Second tergite 1.8 times wider than long; medial area raised and strigated. Antero-medial triangular area raised and smooth. Third tergite 2.0 times wider than long; with strigated transverse furrows on anterior and subposterior margins, raised median area strigated, antero-lateral areas smooth. Tergites four and five with strigated transverse furrows on anterior and subposterior margins, and medial and antero-lateral areas raised and smooth. Tergites six to eight smooth.
Yellow except for the following which are black: frons and vertex around stemmaticum, apex of mandibles and ovipositor sheets. Antennae brown. Wings darkened with hyaline areas in fore wing below pterostigma and weakly on apical part of basal cell, and in hind wing on the base of the basal cell. Less than fifth on pterostigma apically darkened.
First metasomal tergite 1.3 times longer than wide; raised median area smooth with medial longitudinal groove, posterior half finely and densely strigated. Second tergite 1.8 times wider than long; strongly medially raised, and striated to rugose. Antero-medial triangular area raised and also strongly sculptured, anteriorly smooth. Third tergite 2.6 times wider than long; transverse furrows on anterior and subposterior margins strigated, raised medial area finely strigated. Antero-lateral areas smooth. Tergites four and five with anterior and subposterior strigated furrows, raised median areas finely strigated in tergite four and smooth in tergite five. Antero-lateral areas smooth. Tergite six smooth with transverse strigated furrow on anterior margin. Tergites seven and eight smooth.
Black to dark brown except for metasomal tergites two to eight which are red. Head with reddish-brown lines around eyes and spots on dorsal side posterior to toruli. Wings dark brown, with hyaline areas on fore wing below pterostigma and weakly around vein r-m. Apical half of pterostigma darkened.

Etymology
Named after the senior author's friend, Niko Larjuskin.

Material examined
Orange-brown except for apex of mandibles which are black. Wings fairly evenly weakly darkened, with two hyaline zones in fore wing below pterostigma and basally to veins 1-M and cu-a. Apical quarter of pterostigma darkened. Hind wing darkened with two hyaline areas around vein 1-M and costal and marginal cells.

Notes
The type of B. nigriceps could not be located [though it was seen by Quicke and van Achterberg (1990)]. However, the original description agrees well with the type of B. lucidus and the two specimens identified as nigriceps in the RMCA are also conspecific. First metasomal tergite 1.5 times longer than wide; raised median area smooth with median longitudinal groove, posterior margin strigated. Second tergite 1.8 times wider than long; medial area raised and strigose. Antero-medial triangular area raised and smooth. Third tergite 2.2 times wider than long; with strigated transverse furrows on anterior and subposterior margins, raised median area strigated, antero-lateral areas smooth. Tergites four and five with strigated transverse furrows on anterior and subposterior margins, antero-lateral areas smooth. Raised median area in tergite four reticulate to rugose, in tergite five smooth. Tergites six to eight smooth.
Yellow except for the following which are black: antenna, area around stemmaticum, apex of mandibles and ovipositor sheets. Apical third to quarter of pterostigma darkened.

Etymology
Named after the senior author's mother, Marja Kaartinen.  Chishi Island, 24.6.1908, S.A. Neave (HECO) [Note: these two specimens were mistaken for syntypes of a MS name by Grosvenor by Quicke (1980) now recognised as a nomen nudum, see Achterberg and O'Toole (1993) First metasomal tergite 1.4 times longer than wide; raised median area with medial longitudinal groove and posterior area strongly striated. Second tergite 2.0 times wider than long; median area striated, without raised area. Third tergite 2.3 times wider than long; with strigated transverse furrows on anterior and subposterior margins, raised median area longitudinally striated. Antero-lateral areas raised and smooth. Tergite four similar but without conspicuous antero-lateral areas, and sculpture striated to reticulate. Tergite five smooth with strigated transverse furrow on anterior and posterior margins, tergites six to eight smooth.
Orange-brown or yellow except for the following which are black: head excluding labrum, apex of mandibles, antennae, middle telotarsi (not always entirely black), apical 5/ 6 of hind tibia, hind tarsi, ovipositor sheaths. Wings evenly darkened apically from veins 1-M and cu-a, with two hyaline zones in fore wing below pterostigma and around vein r-m.
Apical third of pterostigma darkened. Hind wing darkened postero-apically. The size and darkness of hyaline areas varies in both wings, but the pattern is similar.
Bathyaulax monteiroii (Cameron 1909) ( First metasomal tergite 1.3 times longer than wide; raised median area anteriorly smooth and depressed, posterior half and lateral areas strongly strigated, and with median longitudinal groove. Second tergite 2.0 times wider than long; raised median area longitudinally strigated, antero-medial triangular area clearly raised and smooth. Sublateral areas smooth. Third tergite 2.0 times wider than long; with strigated transverse furrows on anterior and subposterior margins, raised median area smooth. Antero-lateral areas raised and smooth. Tergites four and five similar to three, but antero-lateral areas more narrow. Tergites six to eight smooth.
Orange-brown except for the following which are black: Frons and vertex, antennae and apex of mandibles. Wings fairly evenly darkened, with a hyaline zone in fore wing below pterostigma. Apical 1/6 of pterostigma darkened. Hind wing darkened with hyaline area on marginal cell. First metasomal tergite 1.1 times longer than wide; median area weakly raised and smooth. Second tergite 1.9 times wider than long; medial area strigose, with a small smooth antero-medial area, also postero-lateral areas smooth. Third tergite 2.3 times wider than long; with strigated transverse furrow on anterior margin, and a smooth furrow on subposterior margin. Antero-median area weakly strigated, lateral and posterior areas of tergite smooth. Tergite four with weak strigation on antero-median area, otherwise smooth. Tergites five to eight smooth.
Yellow except for the following which are black: antenna, small area around stemmaticum, apex of mandibles and ovipositor sheets. Fore wings darkened with hyaline areas as follows: the base of wings from veins 1-M and cu-a, below pterostigma and around vein r-m. Hind wing postero-apically darkened.

Etymology
Named from black hind tibia and tarsi. 2-CU151.0:5.8. Shape of vein 1-SR+M straight but angled close to vein 1-M. Swelling in vein 3-CU1 1.3 times thicker than the other part of the vein.
First metasomal tergite 1.7 times longer than wide; raised median area smooth. Second tergite 1.4 times wider than long; medial area raised and strigose, smooth antero-medial area. Third tergite 1.5 times wider than long; with strigated transverse furrows on anterior and subposterior margins, raised median area strigated, antero-lateral areas smooth and only weakly raised. Tergites four and five with strigated transverse furrows on anterior and mid-subposterior margins, sculpture on raised median area weak aciculation on tergite four and punctuation on tergite five. Sublateral areas smooth on tergites two to five. Tergites six to eight smooth.
Head dorsally black and ventrally orange-red. Antennae black with yellowish orange apex (about 1:1). Orange-red except for the following which are black: apical four-fifths of the hind tibia, hind tarsi, tergites four to eight and ovipositor sheets. Fore wing darkened with following hyaline areas: base of wing around basal and subbasal cells, small area in the middle of first submarginal cell and a narrow area around vein r-m. Small pale spot in the base of pterostigma (about 1/10 of the total length). Hind wing darkened with hyaline areas on basal and the base of marginal cells.
First metasomal tergite 1.7 times longer than wide; raised median area smooth with medial longitudinal groove, posterior margin strigated. Second tergite 1.5 times wider than long; medially strigated. Antero-medial triangular area raised and rugose, anteriorly smooth. Third tergite 2.0 times wider than long; transverse furrows on anterior and subposterior margins strigated, raised medial area strigated. Antero-lateral areas smooth. Tergites four and five with anterior and subposterior strigated furrows, raised median area strigose in tergite four and smooth in five. Antero-lateral areas smooth. Tergites six to eight smooth.
Orange-yellow except for the following which are black: area around stemmaticum, antennae, apex of mandibles and ovipositor sheets. Wings darkened with hyaline areas in fore wing below pterostigma and in hind wing on the base of the marginal cell. Apical third of the pterostigma darkened.

Etymology
Named after the senior author's friend, Anne-Maarit Ollila.
First metasomal tergite 1.6 times longer than wide; raised median area smooth with weak ridges on posterior margin. Second tergite 1.6 times wider than long; strongly medially striated. Third tergite 1.8 times wider than long; weakly medially striated. Tergite four with smooth, slightly raised antero-lateral areas, raised median area longitudinally strigose to reticulate. Tergite five with strigated transverse furrow on anterior margin and smooth transverse furrow on subposterior margin. Raised median area sparsely punctulate. Tergite six with strigated transverse furrow on anterior margin. Tergite seven smooth. Sublateral areas on all tergites smooth.
Yellow except for the following which are black: antenna, temples and dorsal side of the head, forming conspicuous wedge towards occipital carina, apex of mandibles, three fourths of hind tibia, hind tarsi, metasomal tergites four to eight and ovipositor sheaths. Setae on apical half of ovipositor sheets silvery white. Apical two-thirds of wings dark brown with two hyaline zones in fore wing and one in hind wing. First metasomal tergite 1.8 times longer than wide; raised median area smooth with strigated posterior margin. Second tergite 1.3 times wider than long; medial area raised and strigose, strigae wavy. Triangular area not very distinctive (not raised). Sublateral areas smooth, anteriorly depressed. Third tergite 1.4 times wider than long; with strigated transverse furrows on anterior and subposterior margins, antero-lateral areas smooth and raised, and connected in the middle by a ridge. Sculpture on medial area conspicuous with a ridge in the middle and several ridges branching from it postero-laterally. Tergite four similar, but antero-lateral areas more narrow. Tergite five with transverse furrows on anterior and subposterior margins, anterior furrow strigated. Antero-lateral and medial areas smooth and raised. Tergites six to eight smooth.
Entirely black except for abdomen which is red. Wings brownish-black with hyaline areas below pterostigma and faintly around vein r-m (not always present). Pterostigma basal half light yellow-brown.
First metasomal tergite 1.3 times longer than wide; raised median area smooth with medial longitudinal groove, posterior margin striated. Second tergite 1.7 times wider than long; medial area raised and strigose. Antero-medial triangular area smooth, only weakly raised and wider than long. Third tergite 2.3 times wider than long; with strigated transverse furrows on anterior and posterior margins, raised median area smooth, antero-lateral areas smooth and connected medially with a ridge. Tergites four and five with strigated transverse furrow on anterior margin. Subposterior margin also strigated in tergite four, but smooth in tergite five. Antero-lateral areas smooth in both tergites. Tergites six to eight smooth.
Yellow except for stemmaticum and ovipositor sheets which are black, and brown antennae. Fore wing with hyaline areas below pterostigma and weakly in basal cell. Hind wings broken.
First metasomal tergite 1.6 times longer than wide; raised median smooth and posteriorly strigose. Second tergite 1.9 times wider than long; antero-medial triangular area raised and smooth. From the apical end of the triangle continues a ridge towards posterior margin, and some additional ridges branching from it postero-laterally forming a conspicuous pattern. Third tergite 2.0 times wider than long; with strigated transverse furrows on anterior and subposterior margins, raised median area rugose, antero-lateral areas smooth and connected medially with a ridge. Tergites four and five with strigated transverse furrows on anterior and subposterior margins, medial and antero-lateral areas smooth and raised. Tergites six to eight smooth.
Yellow except for the following which are black: antenna, temples and dorsal side of the head, occiput, apex of mandibles and ovipositor sheets. Both wings darkened with hyaline area in fore wing below pterostigma. About apical half of pterostigma darkened.

Etymology
Named after the branching ridges on second metasomal tergite.
First metasomal tergite 1.7 times longer than wide; raised median area smooth with a weak medial longitudinal groove and strigation on posterior margin. Second tergite 1.5 times wider than long; medial area raised and strigose. Antero-medial triangular area raised and smooth. Third tergite 1.5 times wider than long; with strigated transverse furrows on anterior and subposterior margins, raised median area narrow and strigated, medial area raised and forming a notch. Antero-lateral areas smooth. Tergites four and five with strigated transverse furrows on anterior and subposterior margins, medial and anterolateral areas smooth. Tergites six to eight smooth.
Yellow except for the following which are black: antenna, frons, vertex, occiput, apex of mandibles and ovipositor sheets. Wings fairly evenly darkened, with hyaline areas in fore wing below pterostigma and in hind wing in the base on the marginal cells.

Etymology
Named after the senior author's father Rauno Kaartinen. First metasomal tergite 1.4 times longer than wide; raised median area with medial longitudinal groove and whole area strongly strigated. Strigae on sub-lateral area curve downwards. Second tergite 1.9 times wider than long; raised median area strongly strigated, antero-medial triangular area only weakly raised with reticulate sculpture, continuing to posterior margin. Third tergite 2.2 times wider than long; with strigated transverse furrows on anterior and subposterior margins, raised median area longitudinally strigose to reticulate rugose. Antero-lateral areas raised and smooth. Tergite four similar, but raised median area is reticulate rugose. Tergite five with strigated transverse furrows on anterior and subposterior margins, raised median area almost smooth, with very weak pustulation. Tergites six to eight smooth.
Orange-brown except for apex of mandibles which are black and brown antennae. Wings darkened, with two hyaline areas in fore wing below pterostigma and basally to veins 1-M and cu-a. Apical third of pterostigma darkened. Hind wing darkened on posterior and apical margin. Legs: length of fore femur:tibia:basitarsus52.2:2.4:1.0. Fore basitarsus 3.8 times longer than deep. Length of hind femur:tibia:basitarsus52.2:2.7:1.0. Hind basitarsus 4.1 times longer than deep.
First metasomal tergite 1.5 times longer than wide; raised median area smooth with medial longitudinal groove, postero-lateral areas strigated. Second tergite 2.0 times wider than long; medially strigated. Antero-medial triangular area raised and also strigated, anteriorly smooth. Third tergite 2.4 times wider than long; transverse furrows on anterior and subposterior margins strigated, raised medial area strigated. Antero-lateral areas smooth. Tergites four and five with strigated anterior and subposterior furrows, raised median area strigated in tergite four and smooth in five, antero-lateral areas smooth. Tergites six to eight smooth.
Black to dark brown except for metasomal tergites two to eight which are red. Head with reddish-brown lines around eyes and spots on dorsal side posterior to toruli. Wings black to dark brown, with hyaline area on fore wing below pterostigma. Apical half of pterostigma darkened.

Etymology
Named after the senior author's friend, William Velmala.