New records of West and South African Bathyporeia, with the description of four new species and a key to all species of the genus (Crustacea, Amphipoda)

New data on the warm temperate and tropical east Atlantic Bathyporeia species are presented. Four new species are described: Bathyporeia cunctator sp. nov. from South Africa, B. chevreuxi sp. nov. from Senegal, B. gladiura sp. nov. from South Africa, and B. griffithsi sp. nov. from Namibia. Bathyporeia cunctator sp. nov. and B. chevreuxi sp. nov. are very closely related to the west European B. tenuipes Meinert, 1877 and the Mediterranean B. lindstromi Stebbing, 1906; these four cryptic species forming the complex tenuipes. Bathyporeia griffithsi sp. nov. and B. gladiura sp. nov. are highly distinctive new species. The morphotype “sunnivae” of Bathyporeia guilliamsoniana is recorded for the first time outside the Mediterranean Sea, in the Canary Islands. An identification key to all known Bathyporeia species is given.


Introduction
The amphipod genus Bathyporeia in the north-eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean Sea has been studied extensively by d'Udekem d' Acoz (2004), d'Udekem d' Acoz and Menioui (2004), and d'Udekem d'Acoz and Vader (forthcoming). The present paper, which is the fourth part of the revision of the genus, is devoted to the African material of the South African Museum and the Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris (Chevreux collection).
So far, only a single species of Bathyporeia has been recorded from the austral part of the eastern Atlantic. Earlier authors such as Barnard (1951) and Day (1959) identified their material with Bathyporeia gracilis G. O. Sars, 1891. Vader (1970 considered that it was close to, albeit distinct from, B. tenuipes Meinert, 1877. He was followed by Griffiths (1974aGriffiths ( , 1974bGriffiths ( , 1975Griffiths ( , 1976) who identified his material as Bathyporeia sp. The present study confirmed the existence of a species very close to B. tenuipes in South Africa, which is here described as Bathyporeia cunctator sp. nov. However, a few South African samples included another species with a very stocky outline: Bathyporeia gladiura sp. nov. Another distinctive new species, with a slender morphology, was found in the Namibian material of the South African Museum: Bathyporeia griffithsi sp. nov.
Examination of the material belonging to the Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris revealed another new species of the tenuipes group collected 100 years ago by É douard Chevreux in Senegal: Bathyporeia chevreuxi sp. nov. A single specimen found amongst these B. chevreuxi sp. nov. belongs to a very different species, which is rather similar to B. griffithsi sp. nov. Its mutilated condition does not allow us to conclude if it is a new species or not and it is therefore referred to as Bathyporeia sp. The Chevreux collection also included material of B. guilliamsoniana (Bate, 1857) from the Canary Islands, the females of this sample belonging to the morphotype ''sunnivae' '. Finally, an identification key to all known Bathyporeia species is provided at the end of this paper.

Material and methods
The South African and Namibian material examined belongs to the South African Museum (SAM), the material from Senegal to the Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris (MNHN). Material from the Dublin Museum (DM) and the Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Verona (MVRCr) already listed by d'Udekem d' Acoz (2004) and d'Udekem d'Acoz and Vader (forthcoming), has been used for comparative purposes.
All illustrations have been drawn by the first author utilizing a camera lucida. For the measurement of the different ratios, see d'Udekem d' Acoz (2004). The model of description for B. gladiura sp. nov. and B. griffithsi sp. nov. is similar albeit not identical to that of d'Udekem d' Acoz (2004) and d'Udekem d' Acoz and Menioui (2004). After the examination of all known species of Bathyporeia, some ratios used in previous papers have proved to be of low informative value or redundant. Such ratios have been abandoned in the present paper. For B. chevreuxi sp. nov. and B. cunctator sp. nov., which are extremely similar to the European species B. lindstromi and B. tenuipes, the description is limited to a diagnosis; a few invariant morphological features are not illustrated and several specimens have been illustrated to show some parts of essential diagnostic importance in order to give an idea of their variability. The term ''pseudorostrum'' denotes the enlarged first article of the peduncle of the first antenna. The terminal crown of setae of the third article of the maxillipedal palp is not illustrated. The ''carpal fang'' is a long and strong modified seta found on the carpus of the third and fourth pereiopods in all Bathyporeia species. The medial border of the outer ramus of the third uropod normally has long plumose setae orientated in the same plane as the outer ramus; each plumose seta is either single or forms a pair with a shorter non-setulose spiniform seta pointing obliquely upwards; these spiniform setae, which are not present in all species, are called ''accessory spiniform setae' '. The ratios should be considered as indicative only. Indeed they have been measured on one or two specimens only in B. gladiura sp. nov. and B. griffithsi sp. nov., and mostly from non-dissected specimens in Bathyporeia of the tenuipes group (about eight specimens per species in this group). Ratios are more objective than terms such as ''stout'' and ''slender'', since interspecific differences are usually small and are often not perceived at first glance.

Diagnosis
Body and appendages slender. Anteroventral spines of pseudorostrum short and few in number. Eye with numerous well-developed ommatidia in adults. Articles of major flagellum of A1 in adult males dramatically decreasing in diameter from base to tip of flagellum. Third article of peduncle of A2 with at least two groups of spines or spiniform setae. A2 longer than body in adult males. Penultimate article of maxillipedal palp without longitudinal dorsal row of setae. Inner plate of maxilliped with two to four strong setae on dorsal surface (most commonly four). Ventral margin of coxa 1 toothless or with notch, never with a true tooth. Coxae 2-3 with strong posterior tooth. Some ventral setae of coxae 2-3 quite robust. Coxa 2 with a very characteristic triangular/trapezoidal shape. Propodus of P3 and P4 subequal. Carpal fang of P3-P4 entire, with acute tip. Dactylus of P3-P4 long, slender with long unguis, with posterior border distinctly concave. Basis of P5 with anterior and posterior border distinctly and similarly convex. Merus of P5 broad to very broad, with posterodistal seta group with one short spiniform seta in males and in females (both in adults and in immatures). P6 basis with anterior and posterior border distinctly convex, with posterodistal lobe well developed. Anteromedial setae of merus of P6 especially well developed. Carpus and propodus of P6 quite long and slender. Posterior border of carpus of P6 with at least one group of spines in addition to the distal one. P7 long and slender. Basis of P7 with a fairly large number of posterior setae. Medial face of basis of P7 with pappose setae only, without spines. Ischium of P7 quite long and acute with anterior border distinctly concave. Ep1-Ep2 with middle of posterior border angular. Ep3 without posterior tooth. Urosomite 1 usually with two to four (rarely one) posteriorly directed spines. Outer ventral part of urosomite 1 with several strong setae. Outer dorsal border of peduncle of U1 with long slender spines or setae on proximal half and short and stockier spines on distal half. Inner rami of U1-U2 with border facing outer ramus, with only one long spine in subdistal position. U3 with especially long spines and setae on outer border. Second article of U3 long with spines/setae on both sides. Medial side of U3 usually with short and narrow accessory spiniform setae.

Discussion
The tenuipes complex is quite distinct from any other Bathyporeia taxon, being only distantly related to B. gracilis G. O. Sars, 1891, a species redescribed by d'Udekem d'Acoz (2004. On the other hand, the tenuipes complex itself is perhaps the most difficult case to unravel taxonomically within the, already difficult, genus Bathyporeia. It has an extremely wide distribution, from Denmark to South Africa and to the Mediterranean Sea and it is morphologically extremely homogeneous throughout its range. On first examination, we were tempted to lump all the material available into one species, B. tenuipes. However, it appeared that the typical B. tenuipes from north-west Europe had slightly shorter dactyli than the warm-temperate and tropical populations. Therefore, d'Udekem d'Acoz and Vader (forthcoming) admitted two species: B. tenuipes from north-west Europe and B. lindstromi from the Mediterranean and probably the West African coast. However, after a second look at the African material it appeared that small but consistent differences could be observed between the South African, the Senegalese, the Mediterranean and the northwestern European material. These differences can only be appreciated when good samples of properly fixed material are available. The existence of a single Mediterranean/pan-east-Atlantic species seemed a priori unlikely and we have therefore decided to consider these four groups of populations as different species. The Senegalese and the South African forms are therefore reluctantly described as new, respectively under the names B. chevreuxi sp. nov. and B. cunctator sp. nov. This choice is of course debatable, and other carcinologists could argue that the forms of the complex tenuipes are mere local intraspecific variations or subspecies. The differences between the four species are listed in Table I. Comparative figures of essential characters have been given for B. lindstromi ( Figure 9) and B. tenuipes ( Figure 10). More detailed figures of those species can be found in d'Udekem d'Acoz and Vader (forthcoming) for the former and d'Udekem d' Acoz (2004) for the latter.

Etymology
The species is dedicated to É douard Chevreux who collected the type series more than 100 years ago. The name is a genitive.

Material examined
Holotype: ovigerous female mounted on 10 slides, Melita Sta. 335  Merus of P5 in female holotype 1.6 times as long as wide. Posterior border of basis of P7 with rather short spines/setae; those of the middle of the border spiniform and distinctly shorter than the proximal and distal ones. Ischium of P7 slightly shorter than in B. tenuipes. Proximal spines of outer side of dorsal border of peduncle of U1 narrow and moderately long; difference between proximal and distal spines small, not clear-cut (rather gradual change between proximal and distal spines). Total number of spines on outer side of dorsal border of peduncle of U1: 8-11 in adults.

Size. 4.5 mm.
Ecology. Fine sand and mud between 5 and 9 m.

Discussion
Chevreux presumably took great care to fix the specimens properly since there are no distortion artefacts on the pseudorostrum. A few Bathyporeia from Western Sahara and Mauritania examined are presumably also referable to B. chevreuxi sp. nov. However they exhibit a higher variability than the type series.    . Griffiths 1974a, p 192;1974b, p 293;1975, p 135;1976, p 46, Figure 26b. ''species … close to tenuipes''; Vader 1970, p 161.

Etymology
From the Latin cunctator, delayer. The name alludes to the fact that the species was recognized as new by Vader (1970) but only described 35 years later. The name is used as a noun in apposition.

Material examined
Holotype: female (dissected and mounted on 13 slides), University of Cape Town, Ecological Survey, LB. 189. F., South Africa, Langebaan, mid-channel off Skrywershoek, 26 April 1949, previously identified as Bathyporeia gracilis by K. H. Barnard (1951); Day (1959) indicates that it is in Saldanha Bay, 33uS, 018uE and that the substrate is sandy, SAM A45255. Paratypes: 27 specimens, University of Cape Town, Ecological Survey, LB. 189. F.,Langebaan,       with rather long spines/setae. Ischium of P7 slightly shorter than in B. tenuipes. Proximal spines of outer side of dorsal border of peduncle of U1 narrow and very long; difference between proximal and distal spines important, clear-cut (change between proximal and distal spines abrupt). Total number of spines on outer side of dorsal border of peduncle of U1: seven to nine (12) in adults.

Size. 4.5 mm.
Ecology. On sandy mud and shell, mud and shell, mud and sand (Griffiths 1974a(Griffiths , 1974b as Bathyporeia sp.), on sand and shell, on sand, on mud, between 5.5 and 97 m (present study).
Distribution. Lü deritz Bay (Griffiths 1974a as Bathyporeia sp.), Saldanha Bay (Day 1959 as Bathyporeia gracilis), south coast of South Africa (Griffiths 1974b as Bathyporeia sp.). The material examined during this study comes from south-western South Africa.

Discussion
This form is exceedingly close to B. lindstromi but the posterior spines/setae of the basis of P7 are more robust in B. lindstromi than in B. cunctator sp. nov. Furthermore, the distribution range of both forms is discontinuous. Some of the apparent profile of the pseudorostrum illustrated in B. cunctator sp. nov. may result from distortion artefacts.

Remarks
The collections of the South African Museum include a sample of Bathyporeia group tenuipes without locality, registered as SAM A 13 496 and including 22 specimens (four adult males, three immature males and 15 females). These specimens are very large (up to 6 mm) and look exceedingly similar to B. tenuipes (they have an acute to subacute pseudorostrum). Most probably these specimens are true B. tenuipes from north-west Europe received long ago by K. H. Barnard.
Bathyporeia gladiura  Etymology From the Latin, gladius5sword and the Greek oúrá5tail, alluding to the large sword-like third uropod. The name is a noun in apposition.

Description
Body and appendages extremely stout. Eye small with well-developed ommatidia in adults. Pseudorostrum short and broad, with rounded tip, not overhanging, with two proximoventral setae in adults; development and number of apical spines normal. Major flagellum of A1 with six articles in females, 10 in males; several articles of major flagellum with a spine in male; first article of accessory flagellum with one or two non-apical groups of spines. Flagellum of A1 in males rather long (combined length of major flagellum and distal two articles of peduncle 1.8 as long as length of pseudorostrum). Anterior border of third article of peduncle of A2 with one group of spinules and setae in apical position only; article 4 with lateral and apical spinules; flagellum with seven to eight articles in females, eight in males; A2 of adult males 0.4 times as long as body length, not longer than in females, with flagellum almost as long as peduncle.
Penultimate article of mandibular palp elongate. Third article of maxillipedal palp without longitudinal row of setae on dorsal side (two transverse groups of anterior setae only are present); inner plate with four strong setae on dorsal surface; outer plate with five nodular spines.
Coxa 1 with tip narrowly rounded, without ventral tooth, with anteroventral angular discontinuity; a long seta associated with this discontinuity, other setae short, especially those anterior to the anteroventral angular discontinuity, which can be considered as setules.
Coxa 2 without posterior tooth; transition between anterior and ventral border without any angular discontinuity; anterior and ventral borders forming a regular curve; anterior and posterior borders parallel converging downwards (since the anterior border is curved and the posterior nearly straight); ventral border with 10-12 short and narrow irregularsized setae; four to five medial setae.
Coxa 3 without posterior tooth; anterior and posterior border parallel; ventral border with 12 slender irregular-sized setae in adult females, of normal length, four medial setae.
Coxa 4 with 20 irregular-sized setae in adult females, of normal width and length; posterior setae not setulose.
P3 with carpal fang not reaching tip of propodus, distally broad, with accessory setule; propodus extremely robust; outer spines/setae of propodus few in number (six), consisting of two long very strong spines, two short strong spines, one long seta and one rather short seta; dactylus stout, with well-developed unguis, with posterior border convex. P4 with carpal fang much shorter than propodus, distally broad, with accessory setule; propodus extremely robust; outer spines/setae of propodus few in number (five), consisting of two long very strong spines, two short strong spines, one long seta; dactylus stout, with well-developed unguis, with posterior border convex.
Median part of anterior border of basis of P5 straight. Posterior border of basis of P5 with only four very short setae in holotype. Merus of P5 elliptic but not unusually broad (2.0-2.1 times as long as broad); posteromedian seta group of merus with one long and strong major seta and one minute non-setulose accessory seta; posterodistal seta group with one long and strong straight seta (overreaching tip of carpus in female, almost reaching tip of carpus in male), and zero to two setules (minor sexual dimorphism); anterodistal area with one to two setae that are distally denticulate; longest posterior spine of carpus overreaching tip of propodus or shorter than propodus.
Posterodistal lobe of basis of P6 protruding; anterior border strongly and regularly convex; posterior border distinctly convex; in females, anterior border with narrow setae on proximal 0.7, with spiniform setae on distal 0.3. Posterior border of basis of P6 with only three very short setae in holotype. Merus of P6 with three posterior groups of spines/setae and five anterior groups (one reduced to a single seta); longest seta of each anterior seta group not of significantly increasing size towards distal part of merus; carpus without posterior spines (distal group not considered); propodus with two posterolateral, and two anteromedial groups of spines (terminal crown of spines not considered). Spines of carpus and merus long and of normal robustness.
P7 with anterior and posterior border of basis very convex; posterior border of basis with stout ornamentation (spines); spines regular-sized; four to five spines; medial side without spines in females (with pappose setae only). Ischium very short, reaching 0.34 of outer side of merus; anterodistal border barely concave on outer side, weakly concave on medial side; posterodistal border straight on outer side, scarcely concave on medial side. Spines of carpus and merus stout and normal-sized.
Middle of posterior border of Ep1 weakly angular and of Ep2 scarcely angular (almost straight); neither Ep1 nor Ep2 with middle of posterior border produced as tooth.
Ep3 with posteroventral border regularly rounded, without posteroventral tooth, with zero to two single ventrolateral spines and three to four ventral setules, with two to four setules on posterior border.
Urosomite 1 with one pair of anteriorly directed setae, and no posteriorly directed spines dorsally; ventrolateral border without strong setae arising from outer side.
Peduncle of uropod 1: outer dorsal border with four to five spines consisting of following succession: (1) two to three short robust spines, (2) the usual penultimate short robust spine, (3) very short space followed by very strong distal spine; dorsomedial border with three single strong styliform spines. Inner and outer rami neither especially stout nor slender; inner ramus with border facing outer ramus, with only one long spine in subdistal position. Spines on rami neither especially stout nor slender.
Peduncle of uropod 2 of normal proportions; outer dorsal border with four robust spines; dorsomedial border with two single robust spines. Rami neither especially stout nor especially slender; inner ramus with border facing outer ramus with only one long spine in subdistal position. Spines on rami neither especially stout nor especially slender. Peduncle of uropod 3: longest distal spine may slightly overreach inner ramus (endopodal spines excluded); outer border of peduncle of uropod 3 with one group of two strong setae or without setae. Inner ramus elliptic, with two normal-sized spines. Outer ramus with first article of normal width, second article long and very broad. Second article of outer ramus with one to three medial setae and one to two very short outer setae. Medial side of outer ramus (first and second articles together) in female with six rather short, non-plumose setae (setules); in male with nine rather short plumose setae, sometimes associated with short accessory spiniform non-setulose setae; all plumose setae much longer than longest setae on outer side (in male). Outer side of outer ramus (first and second article together) with four to five groups of one to three spiniform setae, much shorter than outer ramus width. Ratio between length of second article and length of first article: 0.47-0.48. Ratio between length of second article and width of first article: 1.8-1. 9.
Telson of typical morphology; lobes without medial setae.

Size. 3 mm.
Ecology. On sand, and sand with coarse particles, between 16 and 58 m. Not found in the same samples as B. cunctator sp. nov., which seems to prefer finer sediments.
Distribution. South-western South Africa.  B. parkeri Bousfield, 1973, andB. quoddyensis Shoemaker, 1949. Other Bathyporeia species have long or medium-sized antennae in adult males. In the related more basal genus Amphiporeia, the adult males have short antennae too, as in the even more basal and morphologically similar genus Gammarus. Therefore, the character stage ''short antennae in adult males'' is possibly the plesiomorphic condition in the genus Bathyporeia and would give an indication of the evolutionary trends in the genus. This problem will be examined in more detail elsewhere. A single Bathyporeia specimen is identified as Bathyporeia cf. gladiura. This female specimen is exceedingly similar to B. gladiura sp. nov. and is probably identical with it. It has, however, a slightly narrower pseudorostrum (possibly a distortion artefact) and a different third uropod, with much longer outer spines and a narrow second article. This difference in the third uropod is possibly a regeneration anomaly. This specimen has been dissected and mounted on 17 slides. Its coordinates are: University of Cape Town, Ecological Survey, South Africa, FBY. 125. A.,34u06.39'S, 018u299E, fine white sand, 2 m depth, grab, 6 November 1967, SAM A45275.

Etymology
The species is dedicated to Prof. Charles L. Griffiths who suspected it was new. The name is a genitive.

Description
Species rather slender. Eye with well-developed ommatidia in adults. Pseudorostrum with rounded tip, narrow, not overhanging, with two to three proximoventral setae in adults; development and number of apical spines normal. Major flagellum of A1 with six to seven articles in females, 10 in male; first article of accessory flagellum with one to three nonapical groups of spines. Flagellum of A1 in males rather long (combined length of major flagellum and distal two articles of peduncle 1.7 times as long as pseudorostrum). Anterior border of third article of peduncle of A2 with one group of spinules and setae in apical position only or with one single narrow seta more proximally; article 4 with lateral and apical spinules; flagellum with seven to eight articles in female, 30 in male. A2 of adult male longer than body length, with flagellum four times as long as peduncle.
Penultimate article of mandibular palp elongate. Third article of maxilliped palp with longitudinal row of setae on dorsal side (and two transverse groups of anterior setae); inner plate with eight strong setae on dorsal surface; outer plate with six nodular spines.
Coxa 2 with small posterior tooth which may be separated from coxa by a deep or a shallow notch; transition between anterior and ventral borders with angular discontinuity; anterior border straight; anterior and posterior borders parallel; ventral border with eight regular-sized setae of normal length and width (except seta associated with tooth, which is reduced to a setule); no medial setae in dissected specimen.
Coxa 3 without posterior tooth; anterior and posterior border parallel; ventral border with 12 rather regular-sized setae in adult females, of normal width and length, six medial setae.
Coxa 4 with 19 regular-sized setae, of normal width and length; posterior setae not setulose.
P3 with carpal fang just overreaching tip of propodus, distally styliform, without accessory setule; propodus rather slender; outer spines/setae of propodus in normal number (eight), of normal size and shape; dactylus slender, with rather short unguis, with posterior border barely concave (straight if the unguis is not considered). Propodus of P3 longer than propodus of P4. Ratio of propodus length and merus length of P3 in adult female: 0.93. P4 with carpal fang not reaching tip of propodus, distally styliform, without accessory setule; propodus of normal robustness; outer spines/setae of propodus in normal number (eight), of normal size and shape; dactylus rather slender, with rather short unguis, with posterior border barely concave, with scarcely distinct median convexity.
Median part of anterior border of basis of P5 weakly convex; merus elliptic but not unusually broad (2.2 times as long as broad); posteromedian seta group of merus with one long and strong major seta and one 0.2-0.3 times as long non-setulose accessory seta; posterodistal seta group with one long and strong straight seta (nearly reaching tip of carpus), and one well-developed setule (no sexual dimorphism); longest posterior spine of carpus overreaching tip of propodus. Posterodistal lobe of basis of P6 protruding; anterior border regularly convex; posterior border distinctly convex; in females, anterior border with narrow setae on proximal 0.5, with spiniform setae on distal 0.5. Merus of P6 with three (sometimes only two) posterior groups of spines/setae and five to six anterior groups; longest seta of each anterior seta group not of significantly increasing size towards distal part of merus; carpus without posterior spines (distal group not considered); propodus with two posterolateral, and two anteromedial groups of spines (terminal crown of spines not considered). Spines of carpus and merus long and of normal robustness. P7 with anterior and posterior border of basis almost straight, parallel; posterior border of basis with robust ornamentation (spines) except proximally and distally where the spines are replaced by longer spiniform setae; seven spines/setae; medial side with pappose setae and minute spines in females. Ischium short, reaching 0.34 of outer side of merus; anterodistal border barely concave on outer side, distinctly concave on medial side; posterodistal border straight both on outer and medial side. Spines of carpus and merus of normal length and robustness.
Middle of posterior border of Ep1 and Ep2 distinctly angular but not produced as tooth. Ep3 with posteroventral border regularly rounded, without posteroventral tooth, with ventrolateral ornamentation consisting of three single spines and a transverse row of two spines; one ventral setule; one setule on posterior border (i.e. a low number).
Urosomite 1 with one pair of anteriorly directed setae, and two (sometimes one) pairs of posteriorly directed spines dorsally; ventrolateral border without strong setae arising from outer side.
Peduncle of uropod 1: outer dorsal border with six to eight spines consisting of following succession: (1) four to six short robust spines, (2) the usual penultimate short robust spine, (3) very short space followed by very strong distal spine; dorsomedial border with four single styliform spines. Rami of normal length and rather slender; inner ramus with border facing outer ramus, with only one long spine in subdistal position. Spines on rami neither especially stout nor especially slender.
Peduncle of uropod 2 of normal proportions; outer dorsal border with four to five short and robust spines; dorsomedial border with two narrow single spines. Rami of normal length and robustness; inner ramus with border facing outer ramus with only one long spine in subdistal position. Spines on rami neither especially stout nor especially slender. Peduncle of uropod 3 with longest distal spine almost reaching tip of inner ramus (endopodal spines excluded); outer border of peduncle of uropod 3 with two groups of one to two slender setae. Inner ramus elliptic, with two spines (one short and one long). Outer ramus with first article narrow, second article long and narrow. Second article of outer ramus with three to four medial setae, without outer setae. Medial side of outer ramus (first and second articles together) with 11-12 long, plumose setae; accessory spiniform nonsetulose setae may be present; all plumose setae much longer than longest setae on outer side. Outer side of outer ramus (first and second article together) with three to four groups of two spiniform setae, much shorter than outer ramus width. Ratio between length of second article and length of first article: 0.41. Ratio between length of second article and width of first article: 1.8.
Telson of typical morphology; lobes without medial setae.
Colour in life. Unknown, but eye very dark in alcohol.

Ecology.
Concerning the ecology of this species, C. L. Griffiths provided us with the following information: ''The beach … is a wave exposed beach of clean sand with grain size 280 microns and intertidal width 35 m. I do not know exactly what height the sample came from, but given the situation with related species I strongly suspect it would be from the low intertidal. I do not think any samples were taken below low water''.

Discussion
It is difficult to express an opinion concerning the affinities of this species. None of its individual characters is really special, although their combination is unique. However, to a certain extent it seems to exhibit some similarities with B. pelagica, B. elegans, and B. phaiophthalma. The tooth/notch pattern of its coxae 1-3 is somewhat similar albeit not identical with that of B. pelagica. The robustness of the posterior spines of the basis of the seventh pereiopod is similar to B. pelagica and B. elegans. The absence of a tooth on the third epimeral plate is shared with B. elegans and B. phaiophthalma but not with B. pelagica. However, a rather uncommon character is the presence of a quite long and narrow second article on the outer ramus of the third uropod with well-developed setation on the medial side and no setae on the outer side. This condition is also observed in B. phaiophthalma.  Figure 6, Plate 10 Figures 1- 11. Bathyporeia pelagica;Chevreux 1925, p 295, in part (list, no description) (not B. pelagica (Bate, 1857); Chevreux and Fage 1925, p 94 (in part: Canarian record only). Bathyporeia guilliamsoniana; Watkin 1938, p 216, Figure 1a-g;d'Udekem d'Acoz 2004, p 46, Figures 26-36;d'Udekem d'Acoz and Vader forthcoming, Figures 12-20 (ubi syn.). Bathyporeia sunnivae Bellan-Santini and Vader 1988, p 237, Figure 4; Bellan-Santini 1989, p 378, Figure 254.

Material examined
Seven specimens (two adult males with a dorsal pair of posteriorly directed spines on urosomite 1 and with eyes very big but not dorsally merged, one immature male of the morphotype ''sunnivae'', three adult females (two ovigerous) of the morphotype ''sunnivae'', two juveniles of the morphotype ''sunnivae''), Canary Islands, La Luz [Gran Canaria], Melita St. 283 [28u099N,15u259W], sand, 4 m depth, 10 January 1890, previously identified as ''Bathyporeia pelagica ?'' by E. Chevreux  April 2003 by the first author (TMU 12 241) consists of eight adult males with posterior spines, 28 adult males without posterior spines, 21 immature males without posterior spines, and 29 females without posterior spines. Furthermore, in Bathyporeia species such as B. elegans Watkin, 1938 which always have posterior spines of the first urosomite, those spines are usually longer in adult males than in other specimens, confirming that the extent of dorsal spination of the first urosomite is partly related to sex and maturity.

Material examined.
One adult female in alcohol, Melita Sta. 333,Senegal,Dakar,9 m depth,fine sand,26 February 1890, previously identified as B. pelagica Bate by E. Chevreux and previously mixed together with B. chevreuxi sp. nov. (right appendages lacking, presumably previously dissected), MNHN-Am 5461; one ovigerous female (two dried out slides with right appendages, but without P6 and without U3; microscopical preparations probably made from the specimen in alcohol listed above, which had been partly dissected), Melita Sta. 333,Senegal,Dakar,9 m depth,fine sand,26 February 1890, MNHN-Am 5462.

Description of the specimen in alcohol
Species rather slender. Eye very large with well-developed ommatidia. Pseudorostrum with bluntly subquadrate tip, of normal height, scarcely overhanging, with two proximoventral setae; development and number of apical spines normal. Major flagellum of A1 with six articles; first article of accessory flagellum with two non-apical groups of spines. Anterior border of article 3 of peduncle of A2 with one group of spinules and setae in apical position; article 4 with lateral and apical spinules; flagellum with 10 articles.
Penultimate article of mandibular palp elongate but broader than ultimate article. Third article of maxilliped palp with longitudinal row of setae on dorsal side. Coxa 1 with tip narrowly rounded, without ventral tooth, without ventral notch, without anteroventral angular discontinuity, with well-developed ventral setae, without apical setule.
Coxa 2 without posterior tooth but with notch; transition between anterior and ventral border without angular discontinuity; anterior border curved and convex; ventral border with 10 narrow regular-sized setae of normal length (except posterior seta associated with notch, which is reduced to a setule); probably five medial setae (difficult to see without dissection).
Coxa 3 without posterior tooth but with notch; ventral border with 11 regular-sized setae, of normal width and length (except posterior seta associated with notch, which is reduced to a setule); six medial setae.
Coxa 4 with 20 regular-sized setae, of normal width and length; posterior setae not setulose.
P3 with carpal fang just overreaching tip of propodus, distally styliform, without accessory setule; propodus rather slender; outer spines/setae of propodus in normal number (eight), of normal size and shape; dactylus slender, of normal size, with normal-sized unguis (albeit not very long), with posterior border slightly concave (unguis considered or not). P4 with carpal fang reaching tip of propodus, distally styliform, without accessory setule; propodus of normal robustness; outer spines/setae of propodus in normal number (seven), of normal size and shape; dactylus rather short, difficult to examine properly without dissection.
Median part of anterior border of basis of P5 straight (faintly convex); merus rather narrow; posteromedian seta group of merus with one long seta and no accessory seta; posterodistal seta group with one long and strong straight seta (reaching tip of carpus), and without setule; longest posterior spine of carpus almost overreaching tip of propodus; ratio between carpus+propodus length and merus length in adult female: 0.95.
Posterodistal lobe of basis of P6 protruding; anterior border regularly convex; posterior border distinctly convex. Merus of P6 with three posterior groups of spines/setae and five anterior groups; carpus and propodus lacking.
Posterior border of basis of P7 with very robust ornamentation (11 short and strong spines). Ischium short, reaching 0.32 of outer side of merus; anterodistal border nearly straight on outer side. Carpus and propodus lacking.
Ep3 with posteroventral border regularly rounded, without posteroventral tooth, with one single slender spine followed by a transverse row of two slender spines and a tranverse row of three slender spines on ventrolateral surface; with one setule on posterior border (there could have been more that have been rubbed off).
Urosomite 1 with one pair of anteriorly directed setae, and one pair of posteriorly directed stout spines dorsally; ventrolateral border without strong setae arising from outer side.
Peduncle of uropod 1: outer dorsal border with six short (not very stout) spines consisting of following succession: (1) four short robust spines, (2) the usual penultimate short robust spine, (3) very short space followed by a much stronger distal spine; dorsomedial border with six groups of spines/setae (one seta followed by two6one strong spine paired with one seta, followed by two6one strong single spine, followed by one strong spine paired with one seta); inner ramus with border facing outer ramus, with only one long spine in subdistal position. Peduncle of uropod 2 with five stout outer dorsal spines; dorsomedial border with three strong single spines; inner ramus with border facing outer ramus with only one long spine in subdistal position.
Descriptive notes based on the two dried-out slides Coxa 1 with tip narrowly rounded, without ventral tooth, without ventral notch, without anteroventral angular discontinuity, with well-developed ventral setae, without apical setule.
Coxa 2 with small posterior tooth. Coxa 3 with anterior and posterior borders slightly converging downwards; posteroventral angle difficult to understand on dried-out microscopical preparation: apparently without tooth but with a setule associated with a notch.
Basis of P5 with both margins straight and parallel. Posteromedian seta group of merus of P5 with major seta rubbed off but with a short accessory seta; posterodistal seta group with one long and strong straight seta (reaching tip of carpus), and one setule.
Basis of P7 with both spines and pappose setae on medial surface, with 11 short spines on posterior border (they look narrower than on specimen in alcohol but this is presumably a drying out artefact). Anterior border of ischium distinctly concave on medial side.
-Basis of P5 rather narrow with anterior border nearly straight and posterior border straight, both borders parallel. Posterior border of basis of P7 obtusely angular, with setae and spines on posteroproximal part and on angle separating the two parts; no spines/setae on posterodistal part itself. Middle of posterior border of Ep1-Ep2 barely angular. Posterior border of Ep3 weakly convex, not reaching posteroventral tooth. Urosomite 1 without spinules on the anterior hump (only on the posterior hump). Medial side of outer ramus of U3 with two to three very strong spines and often a plumose seta at the tip of the first article. Telson lobes with one to two pairs of medial setae. Nova Scotia to Chesapeake Bay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B. quoddyensis Shoemaker, 1949 3. Posterodistal seta group of merus of P5 with a short spiniform seta, shorter than half of carpus length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 -Posterior seta group of merus of P5 with a long slender seta, longer than half of carpus length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 4. Coxa 2 with anterior and posterior borders strongly diverging downwards. Carpus of P6 with at least one group of spines on posterior border (besides distal group  . . . . . . 18 17. Pseudorostrum apex regularly rounded and very narrow; tip of coxa 1 fairly narrow; subdistal setule of carpal fang about as long as tip of fang; P5 merus posteromedian group of setae consisting of one major glabrous seta and one long very plumose accessory seta; P7 basis with narrow setae on posterior border in females. Not farther south than the Bay of Biscay . . B. pilosa Lindströ m, 1855 -Pseudorostrum apex subrectangular and always broad in females, more rounded and fairly narrow (i.e. much less characteristic) in males; tip of coxa 1 broadly rounded; subdistal setule of carpal fang much longer than tip of fang; P5 merus posteromedian group of setae consisting of one major glabrous seta and one to two very short setae which are sparsely setulose or appear as non-setulose on microscopical preparations; P7 basis with spines on posterior border in females.
As far south as Galicia and possibly N Portugal . . . . B. sarsi Watkin, 1938 18. Dorsal surface of article 2 of Mxp palp with four to six strong long setae in adults. Coxa 1 anteriorly not especially broad, without ventral angular discontinuity, without very short seta behind the anteroventral long setae. Dactylus of P3-P4 normally developed and fairly slender. Posterior border of basis of P7 straight or slightly concave. Ventrolateral surface of Ep3 with spines forming at least one transverse row. Urosomite 1 with pair of well-developed and stout posteriorly directed dorsal conical spines (besides pair of anteriorly directed setae) . . . . . . . . . . . . B. ledoyeri