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Özet
\n\nKüresel çapta neden oldu\u011fu etkileri nedeniyle yüzy\u0131l\u0131n salg\u0131n\u0131 olarak niteleyebilece\u011fimiz COVID-19 pandemisinin ba\u015flamas\u0131 üzerinden 5 ayl\u0131k bir süre geçti. Bu süreçte ba\u015flang\u0131çta s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 say\u0131daki çal\u0131\u015fman\u0131n veya matematiksel modelleme ve simülasyonlar\u0131n sundu\u011fu veriler üzerinden anla\u015f\u0131lmaya çal\u0131\u015f\u0131lan salg\u0131n epidemiyolojisine dair bilgiler, yerini farkl\u0131 ülkelerden gelen yeni çal\u0131\u015fma verilerine ve bu verilerin havuzlanarak incelendi\u011fi sistematik derlemeler ve meta analizlerin sundu\u011fu daha güvenilir sonuçlara b\u0131rakmaktad\u0131r. Bu makalede SARS-CoV-2 enfeksiyonlar\u0131n\u0131n inkübasyon periyodu, bula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k dönemi ve süresi, bula\u015fma alanlar\u0131 (nozokomiyal bula\u015f, hanehalk\u0131 bula\u015f\u0131, toplumsal bula\u015f), rezervuar hayvanlar, asemptomatik bireylerin bula\u015ftaki rolü ve bu enfeksiyonlar\u0131n mevsimsel özellikleri ile ilgili genel bilgilere yer verilmi\u015ftir. Ayr\u0131ca bula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k katsay\u0131s\u0131 (R0), sekonder atak h\u0131z\u0131, ülkelere göre vaka say\u0131lar\u0131 ve ölüm oranlar\u0131 gibi salg\u0131n\u0131n temel epidemiyolojik parametreleri incelenmi\u015ftir. COVID-19 salg\u0131n\u0131n\u0131n sundu\u011fu veriler SARS-CoV-2 enfeksiyonlar\u0131n\u0131n önceki koronavirus enfeksiyonlar\u0131 (SARS ve MERS) ile kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda daha yüksek bir bula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011fa sahipken virülans\u0131n\u0131n daha dü\u015fük oldu\u011funa i\u015faret etmektedir. Mevcut veriler SARS-CoV-2 enfeksiyonlar\u0131nda temel epidemiyolojik parametrelerden R0 de\u011ferinin (bölgelere ve dönemlere göre de\u011fi\u015fmek üzere) 2 ila 3 aras\u0131na sabitlenme e\u011filiminde oldu\u011funu, bula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n semptomlar\u0131n ortaya ç\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan 1-2 gün önce ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve inkübasyon periyodunun ortalama 5 gün civar\u0131nda (1-14 gün) oldu\u011funu göstermektedir. Sa\u011fl\u0131k Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan Türkiye’deki R0 de\u011feri 13 May\u0131s 2020 tarihinde 1.56 olarak aç\u0131klanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (bas\u0131n bildirisi). Salg\u0131n\u0131n ilk 5 ay\u0131nda (29 May\u0131s itibariyle) 50’den fazla ülkede toplam olgu say\u0131s\u0131 10.000’i a\u015farken, dünya genelindeki toplam vaka say\u0131s\u0131 6 milyona ula\u015fm\u0131\u015f ve bu olgular\u0131n neredeyse yar\u0131s\u0131 sonlanm\u0131\u015f (kapanm\u0131\u015f) vaka durumuna gelmi\u015ftir. Aktif enfeksiyon olgular\u0131 da dahil edildi\u011finde dünya genelindeki ölüm oran\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131k %6.1 iken, sonlanan 3 milyon vakada bu oran tahmini olarak %12 civar\u0131ndad\u0131r. Vaka say\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n ve mortalite oranlar\u0131n\u0131n ülkelere göre önemli ölçüde farkl\u0131l\u0131klar gösterdi\u011fi bu salg\u0131nda, ülke nüfusuna oranla en yüksek vaka say\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n görüldü\u011fü yerler Katar, Lüksemburg, Bahreyn, \u0130spanya, Kuveyt, Singapur, Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri, \u0130zlanda, \u0130rlanda ve Belçika gibi genel olarak ki\u015fi ba\u015f\u0131na milli geliri yüksek olan veya uluslararas\u0131 ticari faaliyetlerin ve havayolu seyahatlerinin yo\u011fun oldu\u011fu ülkeler olmu\u015ftur. Dünyan\u0131n birçok ülkesine göre daha iyi sa\u011fl\u0131k sistemlerine sahip olan, ancak \u015fiddetli enfeksiyon için risk alt\u0131ndaki nüfusun yüksek oranlarda olmas\u0131 nedeniyle beklenmedik hasta yo\u011funlu\u011fu ile kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kalan Belçika, Fransa, \u0130talya, \u0130spanya, Birle\u015fik Krall\u0131k, Hollanda ve \u0130sveç gibi Avrupa ülkelerinde SARS-CoV-2 enfeksiyonlar\u0131 dünya geneline göre daha yüksek mortalite oranlar\u0131 ile seyretmektedir. Bununla beraber, salg\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015flang\u0131ç günlerinden yak\u0131n zamana kadar olgu say\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n dü\u015fük say\u0131larda seyretti\u011fi Brezilya, Peru, \u015eili, Rusya, Meksika, Hindistan ve Banglade\u015f gibi ülkelerde son haftalarda vaka say\u0131lar\u0131nda h\u0131zl\u0131 art\u0131\u015flar görülmektedir. Bu ülkelerden ya da fakl\u0131 ülkelerde ortaya ç\u0131kabilecek yeni art\u0131\u015flar\u0131n salg\u0131nla ilgili istatistikleri de\u011fi\u015ftirmesi muhtemeldir. Bu makalede salg\u0131n\u0131n ilk 5 ay\u0131 sonunda izlenen temel epidemiyolojik parametrelerin k\u0131sa bir gözden geçirmesini sunulmu\u015ftur.
\n\nAbstract
\n\nIt has been a 5-month period since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic which can describe as the outbreak of the century due to its global effects. Information on epidemic epidemiology was initially attempted to be understood through data provided by a limited number of studies or by mathematical modeling and simulations, but today the data of new studies from different countries and the more reliable results provided by systematic reviews and meta-analyzes where these data are pooled and analyzed replaced this information. In this article, general information is summarized about incubation period of SARS-CoV-2 infections, infectious period, transmission modes (nosocomial, household, and social transmission), reservoir animals, the role of asymptomatic individuals in transmission, and seasonal characteristics of these infections. In addition, the main epidemiological parameters of the epidemic such as reproductive number (R0), secondary attack rate, number of cases and mortality rates by country were examined. Data presented by the COVID-19 outbreak indicate that SARS-CoV-2 infections have higher infectivity compared to previous coronavirus infections (SARS and MERS), while have lower virulence. The available data show that the R0 value (depending on regions and periods), which is one of the basic epidemiological parameters, tends to stabilize between 2 and 3, the contamination begins 1-2 days before the symptoms appear and the incubation period is on average 5 days (1-14 days) in SARS-CoV-2 infections. R0 number is estimated as 1.56 in Turkey by the Ministry of Health on May 13, 2020 (press release). In the first 5 months of the epidemic (as of May 29), while the total number of cases in more than 50 countries exceeded 10,000, the total number of cases worldwide reached 6 million, and almost half of these cases ended (closed). While the worldwide mortality rate is around 6.1% (including cases of active infection), this rate is approximately 12% in the 3 million closed cases. In this outbreak, case numbers and mortality rates differ significantly by country. In general, the regions with the highest number of cases according to country population were Qatar, Luxembourg, Bahrain, Spain, Kuwait, Singapore, United States, Iceland, Ireland, and Belgium (in general, these countries have high per capita national income or intensive international trade activities and air travel). SARS infections are progressing with higher mortality rates than the rest of the world in European countries (such as Belgium, France, Italy, Spain, UK, Netherlands, and Sweden) having better healthcare systems than many countries, but facing unexpected patient density due to high rates of population at risk for severe infection. However, in some countries such as Brazil, Peru, Chile, Russia, Mexico, India and Bangladesh, where the number of cases remained low from the onset of the outbreak until recently, there has been a rapid increase in the number of cases in recent weeks. New increases that may occur in these countries or in different countries are likely to change statistics on the outbreak. In this article, a brief review of the main epidemiological parameters monitored at the end of the first 5 months of the outbreak is presented.
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SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing serum antibodies in cats: a serological investigation. bioRxiv 2020.04.01.021196." }, { "reference": "57. Gryseels S, De Bruyn L, Gyselings R, Calvignac-Spencer S, Leendertz F, Leirs H. Risk of Human-to-Wildlife Transmission of SARS-CoV-2. Preprints 2020, 2020050141." }, { "reference": "58. Kim YI, Kim SG, Kim SM, Kim EH, Park SJ, Yu KM, et al. Infection and Rapid Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in Ferrets. Cell Host Microbe 2020; 27(5): 704\u20109.e2." }, { "reference": "59. Wan Y, Shang J, Graham R, Baric RS, Li F. Receptor Recognition by the Novel Coronavirus from Wuhan: an Analysis Based on Decade-Long Structural Studies of SARS Coronavirus. J Virol 2020; 94(7): e00127-20." }, { "reference": "60. Dowell SF, Ho MS. Seasonality of infectious diseases and severe acute respiratory syndrome-what we don't know can hurt us. Lancet Infect Dis 2004; 4(11): 704\u20108." }, { "reference": "61. Monto AS, DeJonge P, Callear AP, Bazzi LA, Capriola S, Malosh RE, et al. Coronavirus occurrence and transmission over 8 years in the HIVE cohort of households in Michigan. J Infect Dis 2020; jiaa161. [Epub ahead of print]." }, { "reference": "62. International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses, Washington, DC. ICTV reports; Coronaviridae. Available at: https://talk.ictvonline.org/ictv-reports/ictv_9th_report/positive-sense-rna-viruses-2011/w/posrna_viruses/222/coronaviridae [Accessed March 30, 2020]." }, { "reference": "63. Gaunt ER, Hardie A, Claas EC, Simmonds P, Templeton KE. Epidemiology and clinical presentations of the four human coronaviruses 229E, HKU1, NL63, and OC43 detected over 3 years using a novel multiplex real-time PCR method. J Clin Microbiol 2010; 48(8):2940-7." } ], "resource_type": { "id": "publication-article", "title": { "de": "Zeitschriftenartikel", "en": "Journal article" } }, "rights": [ { "description": { "en": "The Creative Commons Attribution license allows re-distribution and re-use of a licensed work on the condition that the creator is appropriately credited." }, "icon": "cc-by-icon", "id": "cc-by-4.0", "props": { "scheme": "spdx", "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode" }, "title": { "en": "Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International" } } ], "subjects": [ { "subject": "SARS-CoV-2" }, { "subject": "Pandemi" }, { "subject": "Atak H\u0131z\u0131" }, { "subject": "Bula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k Katsay\u0131s\u0131" }, { "subject": "Pandemic" }, { "subject": "Attack Rate" }, { "subject": "Reproduction Number" } ], "title": "Basic Epidemiological Parameters at the end of the 5th month of the COVID-19 Outbreak" }, "parent": { "access": { "owned_by": { "user": 197681 } }, "communities": { "default": "10f33f78-3f29-41b6-bb10-f757a8f03cb8", "entries": [ { "access": { "member_policy": "open", "members_visibility": "public", "record_policy": "open", "review_policy": "open", "visibility": "public" }, "children": { "allow": false }, "created": "2020-03-16T11:40:44.487619+00:00", "custom_fields": {}, "deletion_status": { "is_deleted": false, "status": "P" }, "id": "10f33f78-3f29-41b6-bb10-f757a8f03cb8", "links": {}, "metadata": { "curation_policy": "The Coronavirus Disease Research Community - COVID-19 is curated by a selected team of experts nominated by OpenAIRE* (see list below). Each time a Zenodo user wants to add a record into the community, an email is sent to the curators that will decide whether to include the record or not.
\r\n\r\nOnly records that may be relevant to the Corona Virus Disease (COVID-19) or the SARS-CoV-2 should be included in this community. The Community curators are not able to edit records, therefore they may ask the corresponding authors to modify the record metadata when necessary, to provide the readers/users with more detailed information according to the FAIR principle of Open Science.
\r\n\r\nIf after its acceptance, a record is subsequently found not to be compliant, we reserve the right to remove it from the community.
\r\n\r\nThe curation team is reachable through the following email address for further clarification or information: covid19@openaire.eu.
\r\n\r\nCurator List:
\r\n\r\n* OpenAIRE: open access and open science training and support since 2009. OpenAIRE is the largest aggregator of European Commission funded research outputs and beyond, also delivering on-demand services for research communities.
\r\n", "page": "This community collects research outputs that may be relevant to the Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) or the SARS-CoV-2. Scientists are encouraged to upload their outcome in this collection to facilitate sharing and discovery of information. Although Open Access articles and datasets are recommended, also closed and restricted access material are accepted. All types of research outputs can be included in this Community (Publication, Poster, Presentation, Dataset, Image, Video/Audio, Software, Lesson, Other).
\r\n\r\nThe recent Corona Virus Disease (COVID-19) outbreak is requiring unseen efforts of collaboration of the scientific community that need to act fast and to share results in an unpredictable manner. In order to facilitate the Scientist efforts, this community was created to collect all research results that could be relevant for the scientific community working on the Corona Virus Disease (COVID-19) and SARS-CoV-2.
\r\n\r\nAlthough Open Access articles and datasets are recommended, also closed and restricted access material are accepted. All types of research outputs can be included in this Community (Publication, Poster, Presentation, Dataset, Image, Video/Audio, Software, Lesson, Other).
\r\n\r\nWhen depositing a resource that is linked to other resources (not limited to the records deposited in Zenodo but also in other repositories), please make sure that your record is linked to all the other related elements already available, in order to adhere to the FAIR principles of Open Science to maximise the reusability of research results.
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