A new genus and three new species of apterous Carventinae from China ( Hemiptera : Heteroptera : Aradidae )

The following new apterous fl at bugs of the subfamily Carventinae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Aradidae) from China are described and illustrated: Cathaycoris bibulbosus gen. nov. & sp. nov. from Yunnan Province; Taiwanaptera guangxiana sp. nov. from Guangxi Province and Taiwanaptera montana sp. nov. from Yunnan Province. A key to all known species of Taiwanaptera is provided.


Introduction
The fl at bug subfamily Carventinae of the family Aradidae is widespread and diverse in tropical and subtropical habitats of the Oriental and Australian Region (USINGER 1950, KORMILEV & FROESCHNER 1987).However, only nine genera are recorded to date from China and Taiwan, seven of them being apterous and two macropterous (YANG et al. 2007, HEISS et al. 2014) (see Table 1).
Examining Aradidae collected in the Chinese provinces Yunnan and Guangxi, we have discovered three undescribed taxa of apterous Carventinae.One of these species is so distinc tive, to the degree that it cannot be placed in any of the described genera of this subfamily -we therefore propose the new genus Cathaycoris gen.nov. to accommodate it (C.bibulbosus sp.nov.).The two remaining species belong to the previously monotypic apterous genus Taiwanaptera Heiss & Nagashima, 2008, known only from Taiwan and Japan (Ryukyu Islands : Okinawa, Iriamote and Kyushu).The two new species are described as T. guangxiana sp.nov.from Guangxi Province and T. montana sp.nov.from Yunnan Province and represent the fi rst records of Taiwanaptera from mainland China.A key to the three known species of Taiwanaptera is also provided.

Material and methods
In order to study several morphological features, it was necessary to clean the specimens from the layer of debris that covered them by hand.Photos were taken using an Olympus SZX 10 binocular microscope with an Olympus E 3 digital camera and processed with Helicon Focus 4.3 software and using Adobe Photoshop and Lightroom 2.3.Measurements were taken with a micrometer eyepiece and are given in millimetres.
When citing the text on labels attached to the specimens, a slash ( / ) separates different lines and, a double slash ( // ) separates different labels.The specimens on which this study is based are preserved in the following collections:  Bai et al., 2011b Yunnan Prov.quarta Bai et al., 2011b Yunnan Prov.schaeferi Heiss & Baňař, 2015 Guangdong Prov.
Description.Head about as long as wide across eyes; genae produced over clypeus, cleft at middle; antenniferous lobes short and blunt; antennae about 1.7 times as long as width of head, segment I thickest and longest, the following thinner and shorter; eyes globose, not inserted in head; postocular lobes with lateral tooth, then converging to neck.Rostrum arising from a slit-like atrium, shorter than head.
Mesonotum consisting of a T-shaped scutellum-like, median, posteriorly elevated sclerite, which is fused to 2 (1+1) oval lateral expansions, interpreted as wing pad rudiments; posterior margin of mesonotum fused to metanotum, both delimited by a deep transverse sulcus.
Metanotum.The 2 (1+1) sclerites situated in the lateral margin of the median scutellar projection of mesonotum are of polygonal shape, their surface being irregularly rugose; fused to mtgI, its fusion line marked by a thin suture.
Mtg I+II fused without being delimited by a visible fusion line, of trapezoidal shape; mtgI strongly elevated at middle into 2 (1+1) granulate humps, higher than adjacent median mesonotal elevation; mtg II sloping posteriorly to transverse suture separating it from tergal plate; surface except humps deeply impressed.
Abdomen.Tergal plate with large median elevation highest on mtg IV+V sloping laterally; deltg II+III fused, triangular, anteriorly reaching mesonotum; deltg III-VII separated by sutures; lateral margin with dorsally refl exed vltg V-VII visible as lateral expansions on deltg V-VII; tergite VII strongly raised in male for accommodating the pygophore.
Venter.Prosternum with a median ridge, meso-and metasternum and mstII fl at at middle, tooth-like projections directed to coxae not developed; surface of pleural regions rugose, that of sternites III-VII smooth and shiny at middle, rugose laterally of lateral apodemes; spiracles II ventral, III-IV sublateral close to lateral margin and slightly visible from above, V-VII lateral on dorsally refl exed vltg V-VII and visible from above, VIII terminal on ptg VIII; sternite VII of male bears a large glabrous round tubercle, produced posteriorly below the refl exed vltg VII and visible from above.
Legs long and slender, unarmed, claws with thin pulvilli.Differential diagnosis.Apterous, medium sized; surface of body and appendages are granular and rather mat, tergal plate is glabrous except the median elevation; coloration is black.Distinguished from other genera by sharing the conspicuous T-shaped mesonotum as follows.There are only three apterous genera of Oriental Carventinae sharing the triangularly produced, T-shaped scutellum-like mesonotum extending to mtgI -Apteraradus Drake, 1957 from Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam and Sunda Islands, Taiwanaptera Heiss & Nagashima, 2008 from Taiwan and Japan, and Parataiwanaptera Heiss, 2010 from Vietnam.Cathaycoris gen.nov.differs from the preceding genera at fi rst glance by the high median elevations on mesonotum, mtgI and tergal plate (which are fl at in the other genera), by the shape of pronotum, and the distinct lateral tooth of the postocular lobes.Etymology.Refers to 'Cathay' the ancient name for China used by the famous European traveller Marco Polo when returning to Venice in 1295 and 'coris', the Greek word for bug.The gender is masculine.Description.As the generic description is already detailed and based on the type specimens, only few additional characters are added here.
Pronotum strongly transverse; anterior lobe with a ring-like collar triangularly produced posteriorly, posterior lobe much wider than anterior one, anterolaterally produced, lateral margin concave, humeri raised.
Mesonotum.T-shaped scutellum-like plate strongly raised posteriorly, fl at with rugose surface laterally; lateral wing pad-like oval sclerites fused to T-shaped sclerite separated by a thin suture.
Metanotum.Median part covered by mesonotal scutellar structure, lateral sclerites sloping to lateral margins, posteriorly fused to mtgI marked by a distinct suture.
Venter (Fig. 3).Median surface glabrous, lateral parts and pleural regions rather matt, granulate and rugose; meso-and metasternum and mstII with a fl at median depression of matt surface, spiracles II ventral, III-IV sublateral close to lateral margin and slightly visible from above, V-VII lateral on dorsally refl exed vltg V-VII and visible from above, VIII terminal on ptg VIII.
Male genitalia.Pygophore conical, twice as wide as long, surface granulate.The single male was not dissected for the study of parameres.
This genus was erected for Taiwanaptera glabra recorded from Taiwan, Japan (Kyushu) and Ryukyu Islands (Okinawa, Ishigaki and Iriamote).Unsurprisingly, the specimens from mainland China belong to different species which can be separated by the key provided below.Description.Female (apterous).Surface of body glabrous with irregular rugosities, legs and antennae fi nely granulate; coloration dark reddish-brown, tibiae and antennal segments II-IV ochraceous.

Key to
Head slightly longer than width across eyes (1.2/1.1);granulate genae produced anteriorly over narrow clypeus leaving a gap in the middle, reaching about half the length of antennal segment I; clypeus longitudinally rugose, a round dorsal tubercle near apex; antenniferous lobes diverging anterolaterally, apex subacute; antennae 2.07 times as long as width of head (2.28/1.1),segment I thickest and constricted at base, II shorter and slender, III thinner and longest, IV fusiform with pilose apex; length of antennal segments I/II/III/IV = 0.65/0.45/0.73/0.45;eyes semicircular granulate; postocular lobes with a distinct tubercle anteriorly then strongly converging toward constricted neck, vertex granulate at middle with 2(1+1) ovate callosities laterally.Rostrum arising from a slit-like atrium, shorter than head; rostral groove deep, closed posteriorly.
Pronotum transverse, 2.5 times as wide as long (1.75/0.7);ring-like collar with a posterior median granulate elevation, delimited by a deep groove; lateral margins converging anteriorly, anterolateral angles roundly produced, not projecting over collar; lateral sclerites of disk irregularly rugose, raised toward lateral margins, separated at middle by a deep groove bearing a thin carina; posterior margin sinuate delimited by a smooth transverse ridge.
Mesonotum 2.7 times as wide as long (2.18/0.8);laterally expanded lobes rounded at apices, surface rugose; median scutellar projection as wide as diameter of lateral sclerites, its surface elevated and rugose.
Mtg I+II fused, anterior margin forming a bisinuate smooth transverse ridge from which 2 narrower lateral and one wide median smooth ridge produced posteriorly with 4 (2+2) deep oval depressions between them; posterior margin slightly concave at middle.
Abdomen.Fused tergal plate of oval outline, surface with a median elevation highest on mtg IV-V; lateral apodemal impressions fl at, delimited by smooth carinate margins; deltg II+III fused, deltg III-VII separated by sutures, their surface granulate and raised along lateral margin; posteriorly to dorsally visible spiracle VI with small rim and posterior to spiracle VII a triangular projection representing the dorsally refl exed portions of veltg VI and VII.
Venter.Prosternum with a median ridge, meso-and metasternum fused to sternites II+III, fl at matt depression medially; spiracles II-IV ventral,V sublateral but visible from above, VI and VII lateral and visible, VIII dorsal on transverse paratergites VIII.
Pronotum about 2.7 times as wide as long (1.7/0.63);smooth ring-like collar with granulate transverse ridge posteriorly; lateral margins converging towards produced rounded anterolateral angles; disk granular, lateral sclerites separated at middle by a deep furrow; posterior margin sinuate, smooth and thickened.
Mesonotum 2.6 times as wide as long (1.95/0.75);scutellar projection with rounded apex its median ridge subparallel, half as wide as diameter of lateral sclerites, these rounded and raised laterally; surface rugose, depressed basally laterad of median ridge.
Mtg I+II raised at fusion line to metanotum, sloping posteriorly; structure as in T. guangxiana sp.nov.
Abdomen.Tergal plate with median elevation on mtg IV+V, lateral apodemal impressions with granulate surface around smooth apodemes; deltg II+III fused, deltg III-VII separated by sutures, their lateral margin raised; tergite VII raised medially for reception of pygophore; a small rim of dorsally refl exed vltg IV-VII is visible posteriorly to spiracles IV-VI which is triangularly produced on deltg VII.
Venter.Prosternum with a median ridge, meso-and metasternum fused to sternites II+III, with a fl at matt depression medially; spiracles II-III ventral and not visible from above, IV sublateral, V-VII lateral and distinctly visible from above, VIII terminal on ptg VIII; sternite VII with 2 (1+1) distinct sublateral tubercles directed ventrally.
Legs long and slender, straight, protibial comb present; claws with long thin pulvilli.Male genitalia.Pygophore pear shaped, transversely rugose; paratergites VIII small, reaching half of pygophore.The single male was not dissected for the study of parameres.
Female.Basically similar to male, however of larger size and with a wider and more rounded abdomen; tergite VII raised posteriorly to a transverse ridge, surface rather smooth with few transverse striae.
Measurements.Male (holotype).Length 5.3 mm; width of abdomen across tergite III -2.50, IV -2.55, .length 6.2 mm; length/width of head 1.25/1.175;length/width of pronotum 0.65/1.85;length/width of mesonotum 0.75/2.2;length of antennal segments I/II/III/IV = 0.6/0.4/0.65/0.45;ratio length of antennae / width of head 1.79; width of abdomen across tergites III -3.15, IV -3.2, V -3.15, VI -2.9.Variation.The two specimens from Yunnan, Pingbian, Daweishan share all essential characters of T. montana sp.nov., but show slight differences in minor structures (e.g.slightly longer antennae, somewhat wider antenniferous tubercles, postocular lobes more granulate, compare Figs 10, 12).The Daweishan mountains are located about 108 km distant from Huanglianshan and are not directly connected.These records are presently classifi ed as T. montana sp.nov., but not included in the type series, as it cannot be excluded that the species from Daweishan represents an endemic taxon, which needs to be tested by molecular data and dissection of genitalia.Etymology.The species name, montanus (-a, -um), is the Latin adjective referring to the mountainous region of Yunnan where it occurs.Distribution.Recorded from China, Yunnan Province.