Implementation of the Nanostate Phenomenon in Materials Science of Functional Nanocomposites Based on Industrial Polymers

The conceptual directions of creating functional composites based on polymer matrices for metal–polymer systems are considered. An algorithm has been developed to develop a methodology for the implementation of the nanostate phenomenon in materials science and technology of composites and metal–polymer systems. The methodological principles of the implementation of the nanostate phenomenon in materials science and the technology of functional materials based on polymer matrices for metal–polymer systems with high performance characteristics are proposed.


INTRODUCTION
The implementation of the fifth and sixth technological modes in the economic development of the economic complex of the Republic of Belarus in accordance with the requirements of the state strategy [1] involves the creation of a domestic material and technological base using convergent technologies [2][3][4].
In the presence of various expert assessments on the effectiveness of the application of convergent NBIC technologies in the post-industrial economy [3][4][5][6][7], it is advisable to carry out, on the basis of a systematic approach, a comprehensive analysis of promising areas for using the established ideas about the mechanisms of manifestation of the nanostate phenomenon in functional materials science. When making such an assessment, it is appropriate to rely on the classical definition of a nanostate presented by the founder of nanomaterials science Peter P. von Weymarn: "… between the world of molecules (atoms, ions) and microscopically visible particles, there is a special form of matter with a complex of new physicochemical properties inherent in this form-it is an ultrafine or colloidal state that forms when the degree of dispersion (fragmentation) is in the region (10 5 -10 7 ) cm -1 in which the films have a thickness, and the fibers and particles have a diameter across the range (1.0-100) nm" [8].
It seems reasonable and advisable to consider the possible mechanisms for implementing the nanostate phenomenon in the development of composite materials with a certain set of functional characteristics for various practical applications. Of particular interest are functional composite materials based on high molecular weight matrices (polymer, oligomeric, combined) which, due to a combination of operational and technological characteristics and economic parameters, are in some cases a non-alternative solution to the problem of industrial production of a new machines and mechanisms generation including those implementing the principles of self-organization with external influences [9].
The purpose of this work was to evaluate the effectiveness of various directions of nanostate phenomenon manifestation in the development of compositions and technology of functional composites based on polymer matrices of industrial production.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
A systematic analysis of literature and our studies [10][11][12][13][14][15][16] made it possible to characterize the nanostate as a special form of existence of particles or elements of condensed matter, characterized by their activity in the processes of interphase interaction, due to the presence of intrinsic or acquired uncompensated and delocalized charge carriers of various nature with variable mobility and localization under the influence of external factors (temperature, mechanical, wave, friction, electromagnetic, radiation, etc.) which manifests itself in a certain size range individual for each type of substance.
The proposed content of nanostate definition allows us to determine the conceptual ways of creating functional composites based on polymer matrices for metal-polymer systems of various types and purposes. The basic components of these areas shown in Fig. 1 are the foundations of materials science and technology that have formed at present, which can be formulated as several conceptual blocks.
The classical concepts of condensed matter physics and material science about the structural imperfection (defectiveness) of the components of polymer composites [17,18] make it possible to consider their transformation into centers of functional modification of matrices and systems. In this approach, it is possible to purposefully introduce into the defective regions of the polymer matrix (which are centers of fracture processes nucleation) of components that cause the formation of a structure with greater resistance to adverse factors (temperature, mechanical, chemical, etc.). In this case, mutual compensation of structural defects of the matrix binder and functional component (filler, reinforcing, tribotechnical, electric conductive, etc.) is possible with formation a system of synergistic combination of properties parameters.
A characteristic example of the validity of this direction are studies carried out by the scientific school of Professor A. Machyulis [19]. It is obvious that the use as modifiers of industrial polymer matrices with various levels of structural imperfection of functional components exhibiting signs of nanostate will allow develop composite technologies with an optimized structure and higher resistance to operational factors.
A promising conceptual approach to the creation of functional composites based on polymer matrices seems to be providing conditions for the realization of synergistic effects by using the potential of components with a perfect structure. This approach is based on the theoretical and experimentally proven fact of a decrease in the defectiveness of condensed systems upon reaching the dimensional boundaries characteristic of the manifestation of a nanostate. A similar approach can be implemented for example in the formation of boundary layers with an optimal structure due to a directed change in the mechanisms of interfacial interactions at the stages of formation and processing of composites [20].
The structural imperfection factor of industrial polymers manifested in their polydispersity, presence of radical synthesis products, residual amounts of catalysts and monomers, which impedes the realization of potential in functional composites, can in some cases be successfully blocked by targeted synthesis using chemical, mechanochemical, tribotechnical, Conceptual directions of creating functional composites based on polymer matrices for metal−polymer systems of various purposes Transformation of components structural imperfections into centers of functional modification of matrices and systems Realization of synergistic effects by using the potential of components with a perfect structure Purposeful synthesis of polymer matrices and modifiers of a specific composition, structure and dispersion using chemical, mechanochemical, tribotechnical and energy effects on components and systems Formation of functional structures with a different level of organization for the implementation of systems with complicated operational functions and energy effects on components and systems for their receipt, processing and operation of products [20].
Analysis of literary sources and our studies clearly indicate the impossibility of achieving optimal parameters of characteristics of functional composites even when using high-strength components. This effect called as "structural paradox," is observed for example when reinforcing polytetrafluoroethylene with carbon-containing modifiers-carbon fiber, fullerenes, carbon nanotubes [20]. Therefore, the formation of functional structures based on polymer matrices with various levels of organization seems to be a very promising approach. This approach is implemented in systems with complicated operational functions considered in [9,16].
The choice of the conceptual direction of creating functional composites based on polymer matrices for metal-polymer systems of various designs is determined by their purpose, technological and economic factors affecting the effectiveness of the decision. At the same time, the expediency of realizing the phenomenon of components nanostate to form the structure of a composite or system adequate to the intensity of the impact of operational factors is obvious. Regardless of the conceptual direction used, the algorithm of the methodological approach presented in Fig. 2. seems reasonable.
Studies of the factors that determine the mechanisms of manifestation of the nanostate of the components of materials and systems allow, on the basis of the concept of energy and technological compliance [14,[21][22][23], to develop methodological principles for creating functional composites and technologies for their manufacture and processing into products for metal-polymer systems with various levels of structural organization (Fig. 3). In developing the principles, we proceeded from the prevailing material, technical, technological and personnel support of the production activities of enterprises of the machine-building complex of Belarus and a number of other states of the post-union space, which is focused mainly on the IV technological order. The principles proposed in Fig. 3 can be implemented in a specific field of nanocomposite materials science-nanocomposites with enhanced performance parameters developed on the basis of polymer matrices of large tonnage production at enterprises in Belarus and other CIS countries.
The proposed principles have been tested in the development of functional nanocomposites based on various matrices .
Nanoscale modifiers of various compositions, structures, technologies for obtaining and introducing into the composite or a product from it were used for the practical implementation of the methodological principles of creating nanocomposite materials for structural elements of metal-polymer systems with high performance parameters. Taking into account the limited brand range of nanosized particles produced in Belarus mainly by laboratory methods and related mainly to carbon-containing products of explosive (detonation nanodiamond (DND)) and plasmachemical (fullerenes, carbon nanotubes) synthesis, technologies for obtaining nanosized objects from metal-containing and silicon-containing compounds are proposed [24][25][26].
To obtain nanosized metal-containing particles, precursors were used-salts of organic acids, which decompose in a certain temperature range to form nanosized products. Decomposition of precursors in a polymer matrix which is in a solid or viscous state of aggregation provides protection against oxidation and intense adsorption interaction in statu nascendi of particles with active centers of polymer macromolecules with a metalpolymer nanostructure formation [13,21].
Silicate-containing nanoparticles from layered minerals such as clays, tripoli, micas were proposed to be obtained by thermal shock of mechanically acti- vated particles with a temperature gradient of 800-1000°С [24] or particles modified with thermally decomposing compounds (carbonates, formats, metal oxalates) or organic products that are components of vegetable oils [25,26].
Using nanoscale modifiers of various structures and production technologies-products of explosive synthesis (DND), products of gas-thermal synthesis of polytetrafluoroethylene (ultrafine polytetrafluoroethylene (UPTFE)), colloid-graphite preparation С-1 (KGP С-1), fluorine-containing oligomers "Foleox" and "Epilam," modified silicates (clays, shungite, tripoli), we have developed practical methods for implementing the principle of multi-level modification. The essence of the principle is the formation of an ordered structure (crystalline, quasi-crystalline) by introducing into the matrix binder (polymeric, oligomeric or combined) a set of functional components of various composition, structure and dispersion. The combination of reinforcing fillers in the form of fragments of carbon, glass, oxalon or other fibers of the micron range with nanosized particles of multifunctional action makes it possible to achieve synergistic effects of increasing the parameters of stress-strain and tribological characteristics with a significant increase in the resistance of products to elevated operating temperatures. Multilevel modification is effective for nanocomposites based on engineered thermoplastics (polyamides, polyacetals, polyesters), fluorine-containing polymers (PTFE, UPTFE), and high-viscosity polyolefins (ultra-high-molecularweight polyethylene (UHMWPE)).
The introduction of 10-20 wt % carbon fiber (CF) and nanosized particles of polytetrafluoroethylene (UPTFE) into the polyamide matrix (PA6) at a ratio of 1 : (0.1-0.5) allows not only to achieve increased tensile strength parameters (σ uts = 118-120 MPa), but also to reduce the wear coefficient from (0.3-2.0) ×  Implementation of multi-stage recycling of residual products of processing and amortized products with the introduction of nano-modifiers of the integration mechanism of action 10 -6 to (0.1-0.5) × 10 -6 mm 3 /(N m) with an increase in the hydrophobicity of the product [27].
Modification of polyolefins (HDPE, LDPE, PP, EVA copolymer) with a nanoparticle blend of diamond-like, graphite-like and amorphous (soot-like) fraction increases the parameter σ uts from 12.0 to 16.5 MPa for compositions with LDPE, from 17.0 to 27.0 MPa for compositions with HDPE, from 18.0 to 32.0 MPa for compositions with PP, from 4.5 to 7.5 MPa for compositions with EVA copolymer [28].
The values of wear resistance and hydrophobicity parameters increase while maintaining the adhesion strength of coatings formed on metal substrates when a carbon-containing shungite modifier in combination with a fluorine-containing oligomer were introduced into the composition of aliphatic polyamide (PA6, PA11, PA6.6) in combination with a fluorinecontaining oligomer [29].
A technically significant effect of a synergistic increase in wear resistance and adhesive strength of coatings is realized when polyamide is modified with nanoparticles blend of carbon-containing products of various modifications [30].
It is advisable to use a complex modifier containing polyamide11 and ultrafine carbon-containing particles (DND) to improve the parameters of tribological, thermophysical and stress-strain characteristics while maintaining the high adhesion strength of coatings made of nanocomposite material based on aliphatic polyamides (PA6, PA6.6) [31].
Modification of the thermoplastic matrix of aliphatic polyamide (PA6, PA6.6 or blends thereof) with reinforcing glass or carbon fibers in combination with UPTFE nanoparticles made it possible to achieve the value of the parameter σ uts in the range of 110-120 MPa while reducing the friction coefficient to values of 0.10-0.13 and wear coefficient up to (0.09-0.15) × 10 -6 mm 3 /(N m) [32].
The introduction of a combination of particles of different composition into the PTFE matrix-ultrafine ceramics in combination with DND treated with a fluorine-containing oligomer ("Foleox", "Epilam"), ensures the achievement of increased wear resistance, tensile strength with a decrease in the friction coefficient [33].
The strength parameter of the composite based on PTFE and its wear resistance increase significantly when using products of thermo-oxidative destruction of fiber fragments from thermoplastic polymers (polyamides, polyolefins, polysulfone, polyesters) and dry lubricant (colloidal graphite, molybdenum disulfide) as a reinforcing filler [34].
Nanoscale modifiers which are in a special energy state (nanostate), were used to implement the methodological principle of inhibiting unfavorable tribochemical processes in metal-polymer systems by changing the energy state of the components [13,19,21,[35][36][37][38].
With the introduction of nanosized UPTFE particles into the PTFE matrix reinforced with carbon or glass fiber when the value of the parameter σ uts = 20-27 MPa is reached, the wear resistance increases, estimated by the wear intensity parameter, which varies in the range of 6.1-13 at loads p = 10 MPa and sliding speed v = 1 m/s and in the range 2.0-4.5 under loads p = 1 MPa and sliding speed v = 0.5 m/s [36]. The effect is due to the formation of a separating layer from wear products, which reduces the intensity of unfavorable tribochemical processes.
Modification of the nanocomposite matrix or the surface layer of a product made from it with nanosized metal particles (Cu, Zn, Pb, etc.) leads to the inhibition of thermal-oxidative and thermal-destructive processes that intensify corrosion-mechanical wear. In this case, a reversible phase transition "metalmetal-containing compound" is possible, which changes the kinetics of unfavorable processes in the friction zone [35,38].
The principle of transformation of wear products into wear inhibitors of metal-polymer systems was proposed in [39] and developed in [21]. The essence of the practical implementation of the principle consists in introducing into the composition of the nanocomposite components capable of tribochemical interactions in the friction contact zone with the formation of products capable of forming separating layers on friction surfaces [39]. Another option for implementing the proposed principle is the formation of a special coating on the surface of the counterbody, which helps to fix wear products and form a separating film with high resistance to multi-cycle deformation and with a tendency to sign-alternating transfer [38].
The formation of an integrated supramolecular structure of a nanocomposite by introducing a set of nanoparticles of the same or different elemental composition and habitus into the matrix binder is possible by using the products of the explosive synthesis DND, which are blends of diamond-like, graphite-like, and soot-like modifications of carbon with various shapes [13], particles of layered silicates and metals (oxides) [25].
The essence of the methodological principle of physical compatibilization of blend components lies in the established effect of the formation of physical bonds between the active centers of polymer macromolecules and nanosized particles. Due to this, the formation of supramolecular structures with the participation of various macromolecules is possible, which contributes to an increase in the thermodynamic compatibility of polymer blends in a viscousflow state and the formation of boundary layers with a more perfect structure. Based on this methodological approach a number of compositions of functional nanocomposites on the base of polymer components with different thermodynamic compatibility, such as polyamides, polyesters, polyolefins, etc., have been developed [40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47]. An increase in the tensile strength parameter to values of 65-71 MPa is provided with high adhesion to steel substrates when modifying a mixture of aliphatic polyamides PA6 and PA11 with layered silicates (clays) [40]. The introduction of nanosized particles blend DND into the composite based on polyamide 6, polyolefin (HDPE, LDPE), a copolymer of styrene and acrylonitrile allows to maintain a high level of adhesive strength to metal substrates with increased resistance to impact [41,42]. The introduction of nanosized particles (montmorillonite, colloidal graphite) into the matrix of polyamide 6, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyamide 11 and other thermoplastics makes it possible to increase the resistance of tribological coatings when exposed to elevated temperatures, hydrophobicity while reducing the friction coefficient to values of 0.09-0.13 during operation tribological systems without lubrication [43].
An increased adhesive strength of coatings and their resistance to impact loads are provided when modifying polyamide 6 with thermoplastics (HDPE, PP, PTFE) or thermoplastic elastomers (EVA copolymer, thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), linear butadiene-styrene thermoplastic elastomer DST) with nanosized particles of natural silicates (clays) [46].
The parameters of tribological characteristics of friction unit operating without lubricant supplying significantly increase with the introduction of layered silicates and nanocarbon particles (colloid-graphite preparation С-1) into polyamides PA6 and PA11 while maintaining high adhesive parameters of coatings on metal substrates [47].
The principle of non-chain stabilization of polymer mono-and blend matrices by deactivating potential centers of degradation of macromolecules in the surface layer or volume of the product was developed based on the ability of nanosized particles to form physical bonds that change the kinetics of oxygen adsorption and oxidation and degradation processes. Technological methods for introducing nanosized particles into the structure of composite materials or the surface layers of products from them are deter-mined by the operating conditions of the metal-polymer system and the parameters of its efficiency and reliability [13,19,39]. For structural and tribological products, it is expedient to modify the matrix polymer with nanosized metal particles at the stage of composite material processing [13]. The produced metalpolymer structure has not only increased parameters of stress-strain characteristics, but also greatly increased resistance to long-term exposure to thermal-oxidative environments [13]. Such nanocomposites are widely used in the manufacture of metal-polymer systems for various purposes.
An effective technique is diffusion modification of the surface layer of the product followed by thermal fixation [19,22]. The development of these studies has shown that not only metal-containing but also other nanoparticles can be used as stabilizers of polymer matrices, which in the nanostate interact with the centers of macromolecules with the formation of supramolecular structures of various types.
The methodological principle of activating the favorable prevailing mechanism of interfacial interaction by forming an active nanorelief is effective to improve the performance characteristics of products operated under extreme conditions (under the influence of elevated temperatures, chemical environments, lack of lubrication, etc.). This principle intensifies interfacial interaction to the greatest extent in composite materials based on high-viscosity matrices (PTFE, UHMWPE) when they are filled with reinforcing components-fragments of carbon, glass, oxalon, aramid and other fibers. Special technological methods have been developed for the formation of an active nanorelief on the surface of such fragments by energy treatment, the application of nanosized finishing agents, and the metallization of the surface layer [48,49].
When a carbon fiber or carbon fabric is treated with nanosized products of thermogasdynamic synthesis of PTFE followed by mechanical and thermal fixation [48], a developed nanorelief is formed, which makes it possible at carbon fiber content of 10 and 20 wt %, to achieve the ultimate strength of composites σ uts = 21 and 31 MPa at wear rate I = (1.3 and 1.7) × 10 -7 mm 3 /(N m) respectively.
Modification of carbon-graphite fiber with fluorine-containing oligomers "Foleox" or "Epilam" with a molecular weight of 2000-5000 units (content 10-20 wt %) with subsequent processing in the corona discharge field provides the formation of a nanoscale relief and increased compatibility with the matrix polymer (PTFE), which leads to increase in the parameters of the stress-strain and tribological characteristics of products from fluorocomposites [49].
An effective methodological approach to obtaining composite materials with high parameters of stressstrain and tribological characteristics, developed on the basis of high-viscosity polymer matrices, is the catalysis of interfacial interaction by mechanochemical activation of components at the stages of preparation, combination, formation of products, calibration [50][51][52][53].
During sintering (monolithization) of a product made of a composite based on PTFE and UHMWPE with a carbon fiber content of 20 wt % in a tooling that provides triaxial compression (TC) due to the difference in the coefficients of thermal expansion of the matrix and filler, shear deformations are observed at the interface, which intensify mechanochemical processes leading to an increase in the ultimate tensile strength parameter σ uts from 17 to 22-33 MPa with a simultaneous decrease in wear intensity from 3.5 × 10 -7 to (1.5-2.3) × 10 -7 mm 3 /(N m) [50,51].
The mechanical impact on the product when it is calibrated by pressure p m = (1.01-1.10) p y (where p y is the yield strength for a given time in the tooling) makes it possible to additionally intensify the interfacial interaction at the "CF-PTFE" interface due to micro-displacements during cold flow of matrix. Due to mechanochemical treatment, an increase in tensile strength by 1.1-1.5 times and wear resistance by 2.3-3.3 times is achieved [53].
Mechanochemical activation of a granule semifinished product based on PA6 and powdered UPTFE in a ball mill for 3-5 min makes it possible to achieve the ultimate tensile strength σ uts = 118-120 MPa, while reducing the friction coefficient from 0.2 to 0.13-0.15 and increase in wear resistance by at least 3-4 times during friction without lubrication [53].
The specific way in the use of mechanochemical transformations to activate the process of formation of nanostructured separating layers with the function of a wear inhibitor was the introduction of nanosized components of various composition, structure and production technology into a lubricating composition based on mineral oils and greases with thickeners in the form of salts of fatty acids, paraffins, etc. [54][55][56][57][58].
The introduction of nanosized particles of metals (Cu, Pb, Zn, etc.) into the grease by thermolysis of the precursor (formates, oxalates) in a liquid-phase medium provided, due to the formation of a nanocomposite film on the friction surfaces, not only high contact conductivity but also increased parameters of tribological characteristics. The synergistic effect is due to the realization, according to the Kirkendall rule, of the plasticity of metal nanoparticles which form a film structure with low shear resistance and high resistance to high-cycle deformation [54][55][56].
When dispersed particles of metal-polymer nanocomposites based on thermoplastics were introduced into the lubricating composition, a separating layer was formed which repeatedly reduced the intensity of corrosion-mechanical wear [57][58][59].
The principle of inhibition of corrosion-mechanical wear and contact destruction of metal-polymer systems by introducing fluorine-containing compounds into the friction contact zone is implemented when creating tribological composites based on thermoplastic matrices (polyamides, PTFE), nanocomposite coatings, lubricant compositions for heavily loaded friction units [59][60][61][62][63][64].
The introduction of carbon-containing nanoparticles and products of thermogasdynamic synthesis UPTFE into the composition of PTFE increases the wear intensity with a significant decrease in the friction coefficient due to the formation of a nanocomposite film on the contact surfaces and oligomeric fractions of fluorine-containing products and nanosized particles of PTFE and colloidal graphite [60].
Modification of aliphatic polyamides (PA6, PA610, PA6.6, PA11) or their blends with a combination of nanosized PTFE particles and oligomeric fluorine-containing products makes it possible to obtain nanocomposites with ultimate tensile strength parameter of (65-73) MPa, a friction coefficient of 0.08-0.13 for coatings with high wear resistance (I = 1.1 × 10 -9 -1.8 × 10 -9 mm 3 /(N m)). The synergistic effect is due to the formation of a nanocomposite separating layer on the friction surfaces based on oligomeric and polymeric fluorine-containing products [61].
Tribological nanocomposite coating of fluorinecontaining oligomers of polar and non-polar structure provides the value of wear intensity of the tribosystem "shaft-partial liner" in the range of values I = (0.08-0.09) × 10 -11 mm 3 /(N m) at a friction coefficient of 0.01 with a simultaneous increase in corrosion resistance and strength of the surface layer [62].
A hydrophobic coating formed from a composite material based on a polymer or oligomeric matrix and products of thermogasdynamic synthesis of polytetrafluoroethylene (UPTFE) on metal substrates has not only a high adhesive strength estimated by the method of lattice cuts with a value of 1 point and a protective ability of 1-2 points, but also wear resistance in the range of 9.7-12.5 kg/μm (according to the Russian State Standard GOST 20811-75). The cumulative effect is achieved by the nanostructure of the coating and the presence of fluorine-containing polymeric and oligomeric components in the surface layer [63].
Nanocomposite coating on solid substrates made of carbon steels, aluminum alloys (AK 15), polymeric materials (PA 6, HDPE), formed from a mixture of polymer and oligomeric fractions of fluorine-containing products of thermogasdynamic synthesis of PTFE, increases hydrophobicity, reduces wear intensity at a friction coefficient in the "finger-disk" pair in the range of 0.05-0.08. Nanocomposite coating is intended for processing elements of rolling bearings, polymer coatings made of polyamides PA6, PA11 or blends thereof, sealing elements made of rubber materials [64].
When dispersed particles of polymer fibers with a size of 0.01-5 μm modified with a fluorine-contain- ing oligomer, are introduced into the grease, the load capacity increases due to the formation of a nanocomposite separating layer [65]. Modification of a lubricant composition based on petroleum oil and a thickener of nanodispersed particles modified with a fluorine-containing oligomer of polar structure with a molecular weight of 2000-5000 units, leads to an increase in the wear resistance of friction units, including elements made of non-ferrous alloys (brass, bronze) [66].
The introduction of nanosized silicate-containing particles (clays), colloidal graphite, shungite, diamond graphite (DND) and fluorine-containing products of thermogasdynamic synthesis (UPTFE) into the grease composition leads to the formation of a nanocomposite separating layer in the friction contact zone which reduces the wear intensity of friction pairs "steel 45-steel 40X" and "steel 45-brass  to the values I = (0.09-0.11) × 10 -10 mm 3 /(N m) with a friction coefficient of 0.07-0.09 and 0.05-0.06 respectively, with an increase in seizing load from 9-14 to 14-18 MPa with a single application of the lubricant composition [67].
Modification of base greases with dispersed fragments of polymer fibers (carbon, polyacrylic, cellulose, polysulfone) treated with fluorine-containing oligomers reduces the wear rate to values I = (0.03-0.005) × 10 -11 mm 3 /(N m), and the time until friction pair seizing during single lubrication increases up to 60-120 min.
Practical approbation of the methodological principles of nanostate phenomenon implementation in materials science and technology of composites and metal-polymer systems in the form of functional materials based on polymer matrices, coatings and lubricants, carried out in metal-polymer systems for various purposes and design (automobile shock absorbers, brake chambers, cardan shafts, shut-off and control valves, technological equipment of metalworking equipment), confirmed the adequacy and relevance of the developed approaches for modern mechanical engineering [13,20,22]. Combination of several methodological approaches is effective for some types of metalpolymer systems, which makes possible to the fullest extent take into account the multifactorial effect of physicochemical, thermophysical, tribotechnical and other processes on the required service life.
It is necessary to emphasize the characteristic feature of the developed methodological principles for the creation of functional composite materials based on polymer matrices, which consists in their orientation to the existing technological base of domestic industrial enterprises, consisting mainly of traditional equipment for producing composites and processing them into products. This aspect expands the brand range and scope of production of functional nanocomposite materials based on polymer matrices produced by domestic enterprises on a large scale. Thus, the approach to nanomaterials and nanotechnologies as "providing infrastructure technologies" [6], which develops modern materials science and innovative functioning of the domestic industrial complex, is fully implemented.

CONCLUSIONS
A systematic analysis of the development of domestic materials science and technology of functional composites indicates an insufficient level of realization the potential of industrially produced polymer materials using modern achievements in the physical chemistry of polymers and condensed matter physics.
The conceptual directions are proposed of creating functional composites based on industrial polymer matrices for systems with enhanced performance parameters, realizing the nanostate phenomenon of material objects at various stages. An algorithm has been developed for the implementation of the nanostate phenomenon in materials science and nanocomposites technology which forms the conditions for the energy and technological correspondence of components and the methodological principles for its implementation in materials science of polymer composites. The proposed methodological principles form the basis for expanding the branded assortment of largecapacity industrial polymers and volume of production and application of functional nanocomposite materials with increased performance parameters.
Variants are presented for implementing the developed methodological principles in the compositions and technologies of functional nanocomposite materials for the manufacture of engineering and tribological products, coatings, lubricants for metal-polymer systems of various designs, the novelty and originality of which are confirmed by patents for inventions, and the effectiveness-by testing in the machine-building complex.

FUNDING
The research was carried out with the financial support of the Belarusian Foundation for Fundamental Research within the framework of the international scientific and technical project no. T19UZBG-003 "Thermoplastic Nanocomposite Materials for Technological Equipment and Functional Elements of Transport Communications."