Achieving Sustainable Development Goals in Bangladesh: An Organizational Analysis

The study aimed to understand where organizations currently stand about the allocation of business and achievement of the 2030 Agenda targets. Both primary and secondary data were used in this research. Secondary data sources were allocation of business, citizen charter, annual report, annual performance agreement (APA), budget allocation, current projects/programs, and completed projects. The allocation of 59 organizations' business was critically reviewed to understand their roles and responsibilities and find out the constraints in achieving the SDGs. It was found that the public sectors are working to achieve 111 targets of the SDGs out of 169. It can be considered remarkable progress made by any country in the world. Most of the targets were attended partially, and the full attainment is required to boost up the progress. On the other hand, every Ministry is not performing equally. There are dots in the allocation of business of different ministries and divisions. Allocations of various public institutions' businesses are not befitted to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG. Based on this research's findings, further in-depth analysis should be carried on each organization separately.


Introduction
Bangladesh is a top-performing country in achieving the "Millennium Development Goals (MDGs") [1]. Bangladesh is one of the front-runners in institutionalizing the SDG implementation mechanism. Bangladesh has appointed the "Chief Coordinator for Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) Affairs at the Prime Minister's Office (PMO)" and established a monitoring and coordination mechanism through forming an "SDG Implementation and Monitoring Committee." The Government has also created a "National Data Coordination Committee" to expedite the authentic data collection process and its utilization to measure SDGs' progress. The Planning Commission has integrated the "Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)" into the "7th Five year Plan (FYP)" and prepared a map of ministries by targets of SDGs. The "General Economics Division (GED) of the Planning Commission" plays the role of the focal point in attaining consensus on feasible action plans and assessing funding requirements. The commission has carried out a "data gap analysis" and "financial need analysis." GED has prepared a "monitoring and evaluation framework for sustainable development goals (SDGs) in Bangladesh perspectives." A "Voluntary National Review (VNR) report on SDGs" was presented at the "High-Level Political Forum (HLPF)" in New York in July 2017. Bangladesh was among the 44 countries to submit a VNR report on the progress of SDGs implementation. The "General Economics Division (GED) of Bangladesh Planning Commission" published the "Bangladesh Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) Progress Report 2018" [2]. Each ministry, division, and all public organizations have appointed an "SDG focal point." Most of the Ministries prepared their maps for the implementation of SDGs. Bangladesh has developed an SDG tracker to track progress towards attaining SDGs and other national development goals through a web-based information repository. To ensure the "Sustainable Development Goals" in Bangladesh by leaving no one behind in the possible short time, a set of 39 indicators has been selected under the instructions of the "SDG Working Committee of The Prime Minister's Office." Out of these indicators, some of the indicators were chosen from the global "Sustainable Development Goals," and some of the indicators were modified from Bangladesh's perspective. The "Governance Innovation Unit (GIU) of the PMO" is localizing the SDGs at the grass-root level by engaging all stakeholders.
Initiatives have also been taken to involve non-state stakeholders in the SDG implementation process's government institutional framework by adopting a "whole society approach." It is reported that more success has been achieved in the 'upstream' where lack of progress in the 'downstream.' Curiously, progress and path forward of the critical areas (such as targets under SDG 4) and the cross-cutting issues were not found to be aligned with the 7FYP. There is no clear direction and timeline frame as to how the "not-aligned" targets will be integrated into the current or future SDG-oriented national development plans, policies, and strategies. However, inclusively ensuring its proper implementation remains a significant challenge. There is also not much progress about harnessing more disaggregated data for addressing the vulnerable and marginalized groups, which would be key in ensuring that "no one is left behind" Hence, each step of the SDG implementation process from the early stage is critically important. There are also a few more issues that are felt to require further attention. It is often noticed that the Government's efforts are confined within the traditional conceptualization of inclusiveness. Hence, the fulfillment of the aspiration of "leaving no one behind" during the SDG implementation process may prove to be complicated. Overall, it may be said that, often at the implementation level, 'business as usual' actions have been put under "SDG bracket" rather than transforming these types of practices for delivering SDG aspirations. It appears that the SDGs Implementation Review (SIR) and the Annual Performance Agreement (APA) are considered as key annual follow-up and review processes at the national level. The organizational success in achieving SDG can be restricted due to lack of strategic focus, lack of medium and long term vision, inappropriate initiatives, complex cross-cutting issues at the cross-roads, lack of investments, insufficient know-how, lack of technical-intellectual capacity, and weak operational management [3]. To achieve SDGs, an organization must be competitive in the management, taking care of the integration with other organs and adopting the initiatives in which the business is inserted for the meeting targets and indicators of medium and long-term [4]. The organization should focus on operational strategies, such as quality, flexibility, speed, reliability, technology, policy, and costs (Briceño and Santos 2019). The allocation of business is becoming an important issue due to the increased complexity in achieving SDGs [5].
To check the progress of achieving the related targets of SDGs, examining the organizational level is essential. There was no systematic research on the organizational stands in attaining SDGs. It has been almost five years since the adoption of the SDGs on 25 September 2015. Therefore, it is high time to address institutions' challenges, planning, finance, monitoring, and review. The study will help the policymakers to understand the organizational current standings and challenges in achieving SDGs.The broader aim of this study was to understand where public organizations currently stand concerning the allocation of business and achievement of the targets of the 2030 Agenda.

Methodology
To carry out this research, Bangladesh Public Administration Training Centre (BPATC) established a partnership with the Governance Innovation Unit (GIU) of the Prime Minister's Office and the Cabinet Division. Fifty-nine researchers from BPATC, GIU, and Cabinet Division were assigned to 59 Ministries/ Divisions/ Public Organizations. A mentor was deployed for every 5 researchers to supervise their research activities. A national consultation workshop was held where the SDGs focal points of different organizations participated. The objectives of that workshop were awareness building and seeking cooperation from each organization in data collection. Both primary and secondary data were used in this research. Secondary data sources were allocation of business, citizen charter, annual report, annual performance agreement (APA), budget allocation, current projects/programs, and completed projects. The SDGs focal point of every organization was interviewed as the vital informant to validate the secondary data and collect primary data. Every researcher prepared a status matrix for the assigned organization through linking mandates, SDGs targets, and activities. Content analysis was done based on the researchers' data and key informant interviews [6,7,8]. The study took the following null hypotheses to validate the results.

Organizational standings in achieving SDGs
It was found that the public sectors are working to achieve 111 targets of SDGs out of 169. It can be considered as remarkable progress made by any country in the world. Most of the targets were attended partially, and the full attainment is required to boost progress. On the other hand, every ministry is not performing equally. But the actual gain will be far better than what was reflected in this report due to the study's limitations.

SDG 1: No poverty
Bangladesh has taken various initiatives for rapid economic growth and complementary strategies and policies to make the growth path inclusive, responsive, and adaptable to the transformation process. The Social Safety Net Programs (SSNPs) helped reduce poverty and inequality by addressing the risk and vulnerability of the poor and disasterprone people. Remittance has been a critical driver of economic growth, economic transformation, poverty reduction, wages, and entrepreneurship development in rural areas. Specific strategies have been taken to reduce the gender wage gap in the rural economy. Bangladesh has a rich experience in administering microcredit programs, which contributed to poverty alleviation significantly. Bangladesh Bank has taken a few initiatives to promote the financial inclusion of the poor. Bangladesh has been consistently maintaining a stable macroeconomic environment, which has contributed to poverty reduction. Out of the 17 SDGs, Bangladesh has made tremendous progress in reducing extreme poverty and poverty.  [9]. Resource mobilization, particularly from external sources and frequent natural disasters, remains the challenge in achieving this goal.

SDG 2: Zero hunger
The Government has taken policies and programs to ensure food security, to address specific hunger and nutrition issues. These include introducing nutrient-rich rice variety, adaptive crop varieties like salt-tolerant rice variety, high yielding variety, and crop diversification. Resilient agriculture, food adulteration, maintain genetic diversity, establishing gene banks, clearing trade barriers in the international market, and upgrading rural infrastructure remain the challenges in achieving this goal [10].  "Production of pulse, oil, and spices seeds in farmer level.'  "Production and distribution of improved rice, wheat and jute seeds at farmers level"  One project is working to produce a resilient variety of food grain funded by the "Climate Trust fund"  Preparation of floating Rice Seedbed, seedling production, and distribution among beneficiaries  Distribution of Pulse, oilseed, and bean seed among farmers  Rehabilitation of farmers with financial support  A program is continuing to support the peasant in Aus production  services, online services, public hearing, service automation, e-tendering, e-commerce, e-business, etc. are also introduced  Jetty and conveying systems have also been constructed in some areas.  TCB's go-downs have been constructed in food shortage areas, e.g., Rangpur, Moulovibazar, and Chittagong  Project and program have been taken to establish a data center regarding demand, supply, storage, import, and commodity market intelligence of neighboring countries.
Agriculture Orientation Index (+0.5) is satisfactory compared with other neighboring countries like India, Sri-Lanka, and Nepal (FPMU 2019). The number of donor aided projects has been reduced due to the change in partners' preferences to help agricultural sectors.

Goal 3: Good health
Bangladesh is implementing the "Health, Population and Nutrition Sector Program (HPNSP)" currently. This program will indeed be in 2022. This program will help to achieve this goal. This program has three components: a) governance; b) health systems; and c) quality health services. The first component will regulate drug administration and management, legal and regulatory framework, and strengthen different stakeholders' roles other than the Government. The second component will maintain health systems.
The third component will improve access to quality health services. Community Clinics (CCs) have been established throughout the country as the first tier contact facility to provide "Primary Health Care (PHC)" and "Maternal and Neonatal Health (MNH)" services. "Expanded Program of Immunization (EPI)" is a successful Bangladesh activity in the development of maternal, neonatal, and child health. Bangladesh has successfully maintained the national coverage of fully vaccinated children by one year of age at a level of more than 80 percent. Prevention of noncommunicable diseases, stopping preventable deaths, reducing contagious diseases, substantially reducing deaths from traffic accidents, lack of health insurance, lack of health care adherence, lack of reproductive education and quality research, and outbreaks of various flues originating from mosquitoes are considered as the significant challenges in achieving this goal in Bangladesh.

SDG-4: Quality education
This goal focuses on quality education, reducing inequality, and enhancing science education and innovation. To achieve this goal, Bangladesh has been implementing specific programs/projects. "Primary Education Development Program (PEDP)" is being implemented to support primary education, and the "Secondary Education Development Program (SEDP)" is working to support secondary education covering grades 6-12 as well as post 12 grade technical and vocational education and training. "Higher Education Quality Enhancement Project" is being implemented to support quality improvement initiatives at the tertiary level in public and private universities. Despite progress in enrolment at the primary level, there is a significant portion of the children out of school throughout the country who are working children, disabled children, indigenous children, and children living in remote areas or slums or living in poverty. There is a vast disparity in the education system regarding gender, rural-urban, and economic status. Though Bangladesh has made significant progress in increasing enrolment rates at different levels of education, the country faces a more significant challenge in ensuring inclusive and equitable quality education promoting lifelong learning opportunities for all.

SDG-5: Gender equality
Bangladesh has been ranked the top country among its South Asian neighbors by performing the best in bringing down the gender gap, World Economic Forum said in its latest report. Bangladesh closed 72.6% of its overall gender gap and obtained 50th position out of 153 countries globally, the WEF said in its report titled "Global Gender Gap Report 2020". training, training to vulnerable women under the VGD program, and micro-credit to facilitate self-employment.  At present Government has taken the initiative to establish more 4883 adolescent clubs at Union and pourasavas  A total of 1,608 working women are getting hostel facilities in "eight working women hostels" throughout the country. Ministry of Land 5.a  To ensure equal rights of women to economic resources and access to ownership and control over land registration is done both with men and women. Special attention is given to widows while distributing lands among the landless through Guchchhogram and "Char Development and Settlement project" Post and Telecommunication division

5.b
 Introduced "Aparajita" by Teletalk Bangladesh Ltd, only for Women with a favorable call rate and data plan. Other private mobile phone operators follow the idea and introduce cheap, favorable, and separate packages only for women. The country has adopted several legal and policy measures to uphold the rights of women. Various initiatives have been taken to improve women's human capabilities, increase women's economic benefits, create an enabling environment for women's advancement, and prepare a gender-responsive budget. Eradicating Violence against women, preventing child marriage, equity in the public facilities, and the gender digital divide are still great challenges for Bangladesh [11].

SDG-6: Quality water and sanitation
Bangladesh has undertaken two lighthouse initiatives to ensure drinking water for all. They are excavating and re-excavating ponds to provide safe drinking water and keep local weather cool. Bangladesh has set a standard "WASH for Schools," especially in the Government Primary Schools. "Primary Education Development (PED) program" has been initiated to provide separated toilet facilities with running water supply for boys and girls. Hazaribag tannery industries have been shifted to Savar to improve the severely degraded water quality of the Buriganga River. To preserve the ecosystem of the Halda River, initiatives have been taken. Water pollution increased salinity in the coastal areas, and the freshwater ecosystem's biodiversity conservation is the challenge in achieving this goal. Plan and other city corporations also took steps to prepare Sewerage Master Plan.  The government plan for Faecal Sludge Management. A Regulatory Framework is under development now, and training will be provided to the relevant.  In Dhaka City, sludge will be treated through a city corporation waste management unit  A project for sewerage treatment is now under negotiation with World Bank  Reduce extraction of underground water using dupe tube well for drinking water supply and irrigation  Increase surface water treatment facilities to supply drinking water  Reduce waste of treated water from the water supply system. Reduce system loss from supply pipes and stop the illegal connection.  In each Ward, Union, Upazila, and District have a "water and sanitation (WATSAN) committee" where local communities are involved in water and sanitation management. Dhaka WASA:  At present, use surface water uses for treatment 22% and ground eater 78%; but by 2023, it will be reversed.  Update database on tube well  Installation of a tube well in rural/municipal areas  Develop a new tube well and install a newly develop tube well  Progress monitoring of surface water treatment plant installation  Creation of safe water for cities  Verify the treated water quality  Automation of DWASA billing system DPHE Projects/Initiatives in Urban and Rural Areas:  Provide tube wells, piped water supply, and surface water to primary schools in urban and rural areas  DPHE provided drinking water facilities in coastal districts where the groundwater salinity level is very high. Provided Pond Sand Filter to treat pond water for drinking, Reverse Osmosis water treatment facilities, and also rainwater harvesting facilities to ensure safe drinking water supply in the coastal areas. Pourashava:  At present safe drinking water supply coverage is 90% in municipalities where 60-70% is groundwater supply  DPHE plan to provide a surface water treatment plant where river water will be treated for drinking water supply instead of groundwater supply. Rural Area:  At present, one tube well for 88 people, Government plans to reduce it to 50 people one tube well.  The Government also plans to establish water point in the rural area where tube wells, Reverse osmosis, and pond sand filter provisions will be available  Piped water is also supplying in rural areas under a project as a pilot project.

SDG 7: Clean Energy
Bangladesh has made tremendous progress in ensuring access of 100% of households under electricity coverage by 2021. The proportion of the population with access to clean fuels and technology for cooking increased to 19% in 2019. Establishing "Ruppur Nuclear Power Plant (NPCBL)" and "Rampal Power Plant" is a great initiative to achieve energy security in Bangladesh. Bangladesh could not perform well in increasing the renewable energy ratio in the national energy mix. Old infrastructure and traditional energy services also remain more significant challenges for Bangladesh.  The economy could not create more productive jobs to absorb new entrants' flow with higher average schooling. Unemployment rates among youths continue to be high. There seem to be some inconsistencies between skills, demand, and supply. The skills of the workforce are not meeting the needs of industrial sectors. The difficulty of finding appropriately skilled workers is a substantial constraint to industries' growth [12].

SDG 9: Industry, infrastructure, and innovation
The share of manufacturing value-added in GDP in the country has been increasing significantly. The percentage of manufacturing employment in total employment increased up. International supports to build infrastructure has been growing sharply. The whole country is under a mobile network. On the contrary, the country lags in scientific research, resilient infrastructure, sustainable industrialization, and industrial ecology to support economic development.

SDG 10: Reduced inequality
Gini-coefficient is increasing in Bangladesh, and it was 0. 483 in 2016. It indicates an increase in income inequality gradually. Rising inequality shows the failure of offsetting the forces that create inequality in the economy. The rising inequality trend is also found in the Palma ratio, which measures the ratio of incomes of the wealthiest 10 percent and the poorest 40 percent of the population. The Palma ratio has gradually increased from 1.7 in the 1980s to 2.5 in the 2000s. The increasing inequality of growth negatively impacts poverty reduction and relative deprivation poses a challenge confronting Bangladesh.

SDG 11: Sustainable cities and communities
There has been a significant improvement in housing quality in recent years in Bangladesh (HIES 2016). About 57% of urban households live in houses made of brick/cement walls. Besides, housing has been unaffordable for low-to-middle income groups because of skyrocketing land prices in Dhaka in recent years. The Government has undertaken various initiatives to ensure housing to urban people. It constructs houses and flats for government employees. It develops residential plots for low and middle-income group people. Because of the acute shortage of land, Bangladesh has started to construct high rise flats and sell those on affordable terms. "Bangladesh-Propoor Slums Integration Project" was started in 2016 to improve low-income people's shelter and living conditions. Road communication, waste management, and drainage infrastructure are being developed and maintained through LGD. Bangladesh has set an air quality standard, and several initiatives have been undertaken to reduce emissions.
Adequate, safe, and affordable housing and transportation are far away from the expected level. Bangladesh has done very little in waste management following 3R models, ensuring open spaces and greeneries, providing facilities for the disabled people, improving air quality, and upgrading the existing slums. Resource mobilization, coordination among different stakeholders, and building resilient societies are still major challenges in achieving this goal.

SDG 12: Sustainable consumption and production
Bangladesh has not prepared 10 years a long framework for ensuring responsible consumption and cleaner production. Food loss and waste is a matter of grave concern for Bangladesh. The industrial sector does not follow 3R technology completely for waste management. Pollutions of different types are not being improved at the expected level. The "Public Procurement Rules 2008" does not ensure sustainable public procurement. The tourism sector could not ensure community-based ecotourism facilitating local cultures and products. Cleaner production could not be possible without establishing industrial ecology, supplying clean energy, and extraction of a minimum level of natural resources extraction.

SDG 13: Climate action
In coping with the climate change issue, Bangladesh has made good progress by approving Disaster Risk Reduction Strategies of Bangladesh (2016-2020) in line with the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030 and other international protocol ratified by the Government of Bangladesh. The number of deaths, missing persons, and directly affected persons attributed to disasters per 100,000 populations decreases gradually. Combating against sea-level rise, salinization, and desertification; mitigation of climate change; addressing climate refugees issue; climate funding; integration and coordination among the key players; and building climate-resilient societies are the major challenges in achieving this goal. Thunderstorm and lightning detection system with telemetry, 4 air quality monitoring systems with telemetry and a necessary number of conventional weather equipment have been set up for the weather observatories of the country's 13 river ports.

SDG 14: Life below water
Bangladesh has recently expanded a vast swath of marine territory (118,813 sq. km in total [12]. Conservation and sustainable use of these resources is essential for sustainable development in achieving this goal. Most of the targets of this goal are to be achieved by 2020. Bangladesh has done very little to reduce marine pollution, eutrophication, acidification, anti-fouling agents. Conservation of estuary, 10% areas of the coasts, and the Bay and promoting artisanal fisheries are the challenges in achieving this goal. The conservation of the coral reefs and mangroves and ensuring sea safety are grave concerns for sea sustainability.

SDG 15: Life on land
Most of the goals' targets are to be achieved by 2020 to comply with international Aichi Biodiversity Targets 2020. To achieve this goal, Bangladesh has taken various steps like declaring a few sanctuaries, Ramsar sites, ecologically critical areas (ECA), protected areas (PAs), and National Parks. Bangladesh banned logging of the major tree species from the natural habitats. Social forestation and reforestation are going on to increase canopy coverage. Deforestation; degradation of the natural habitat; fragmentation of the natural habitats; piracy; poaching; application of poisons in the Sundarbans; absence of buffer zones; colonization of the invasive species; conservation of endangered and rare species; lack of natural succession; introduction of alien species in the natural habitats; conversion of forest types; and grabbing of natural habitats are the challenges in achieving this goal [13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23].

SDG 16: Peace, justice and strong institutions
To build effective and accountable institutions and combat corruption in public sectors, Bangladesh has been implementing some governance-related initiatives, e.g., "Annual Performance Agreement (APA," "Right to Information," Citizen Charter, "National Integrity Strategy (NIS)," and "Grievance Redress System (GRS)." The trends of committing intentional homicide are being reduced gradually. Appropriate measures have been undertaken to improve human trafficking and youth mental and physical abuse. Corruption in the public sectors and ensuring sustainable justice are the major challenges in achieving this goal.

SDG 17: Global partnership
Achieving SDGs will critically depend on the availability of external resources, mobilization of internal resources, efficient use of resources effectively, and local, regional, and international partnerships. Economic Relation Division (ERD) is working hard to increase the global partnership. Every Ministry and public organizations are increasing the horizons of international partnership in their respective fields regarding resource collection, research, and data sharing. Moreover, developing country status will pose additional challenges in the future in terms of getting grants and low-interest loans.

Dots in the allocation of business
Allocations of businesses of different public organizations are not clearly defined and sufficient for aligning with SDGs. The first business of the Ministry of Shipping is 'port.' It is not clear whether this word indicates seaport or other ports like land, river, and air.

The 2020 Targets
Twenty-one SDG targets have a 2020 deadline, which Bangladesh is unlikely to meet. Twenty biodiversity targets have a 2020 endpoint because they were originally agreed under the UN Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), as part of the set of Aichi Biodiversity Targets. The Aichi agreement is set to end in 2020. Taken on as part of the 2030 Agenda, the targets are found in five separate SDGs: SDG 2 (zero hunger), SDG 6 (clean water and sanitation), SDG 12 (responsible consumption and production), SDG 14 (life below water) and SDG 15 (life on land). Bangladesh did little in achieving those targets.

Roadmap for sustainable consumption and production
The 10 Year Framework of Programmes (10YFP) is a global framework for action to enhance international cooperation and accelerate the shift towards sustainable consumption and production (SCP) patterns in developed and developing countries. The framework supports capacity building and facilitates access to technical and financial assistance for developing countries for this shift. The 10YFP aims at developing, replicating, and scaling up sustainable consumption pattern and resource efficiency initiatives, at national and regional levels, decoupling environmental degradation and resource use from economic growth, and thus increasing the net contribution of economic activities to resource efficiency and productivity, poverty eradication, social development, and environmental sustainability. The framework will encourage innovation and cooperation on a wider scale among all stakeholders to achieve a greater collective impact on the shift to sustainable consumption patterns. Till now, Bangladesh has not prepared any national framework for responsible consumption and production.

Sustainable Public Procurement
Public Procurement Rules 2008 cannot ensure sustainable public procurement (SPP). No provisions of green or sustainable procurement are found in PPR 2008. SPP enables governments to meet environmental goals such as reducing pollutions, improving energy and water efficiency, and supporting recycling. Social benefits of SPP include poverty reduction, improved equity, and respect for core labor standards. SPP can generate income, reduce costs, and support the transfer of skills and technology.

Data availability
Data are the lifeblood of decision making, and quality data are essential for achieving Sustainable Development Goals. One of the major challenges of Bangladesh in achieving SDGs is the unavailability of baseline data. Other challenges include lack of guidance to generate new data, outdated data, limited tools and methods for data disaggregation, lack of coordination in data sharing among agencies, and lack of knowledge about international metadata standards.

Financing
In the inaugural ceremony of the Asia-Pacific conference on "Financing Inclusive and Sustainable Development" at Hotel InterContinental in Dhaka on December 10, 2019, Foreign Affairs Minister AK Abdul Momen said 'Bangladesh would require an additional $928.48 billion to attain 169 targets under 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by 2030'. He also added that "there is simply no way to manage the finance from traditional financing methods/ sources."

Cross-cutting issues
Climate, gender, and governance are considered as the cross-cutting issues of SDGs. Every initiative and action should be gender and climate-sensitive, ensuring transparency and accountability. All the SDGs together form a unique structure, where justice and equality play the role of delineating the field for other goals to work by. Without ensuring equality, justice, and inclusiveness to pave the way for an inclusive society, achieving any of the goals is nothing but a daydream. Implementation is a particularly high hurdle for SDGs because of the most public organizations that stand in its way, and the players of different roles stand in the discrete paths.

Corruptions
Different ministries' focal points opined that combating corruption is the sole responsibility of the Anti Corruption Commission, and they had nothing to do. Every organization has the responsibility to fight against illicit finance flow and to achieve SDGs, and to ensure accountable and transparent governance within its jurisdiction. By 'Bangladesh Government Servants' (Discipline and Appeal) Rules 2018,' every organization is empowered to take departmental proceeding against bribery and other kinds of corruption.

Coordination and integration
Both horizontal and vertical coordination and integration of different players remain a great challenge for Bangladesh. Comprehensive strategies for successfully implementing the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) with the coordinated efforts of policymakers, society, non-government organizations, and private sectors are donors too much visualized. Even coordination among public organizations is lacking.

Scientific research
Every goal of SDGs emphasizes on enhancing scientific knowledge and research. Unfortunately, Bangladesh cannot carry out quality scientific research due to limited enabling Environment for science and technology; weak legal and regulatory frameworks; technological and infrastructure divide; limited access to information; knowledge and skills divide; limited financial resources; donor-driven research; and fewer outputs.

Re-allocation of business:
The allocation of every Ministry should be reviewed to find out the loopholes and should be clarified to be fitted to the targets and indicators of SDGs.

Clearing overlapped jurisdiction:
The overlapped jurisdiction should be cleared from the existing business allocation to avoid conflict of interest and strengthen governance.
Comprehensive mapping: A comprehensive mapping of the targets and indicators of SDGs and mandates of all public organizations is required to remove anomalies and properly address all issues of achieving SDGs. This mapping should be done through intensive consultations with all stakeholders, key players, academics, and researchers.
Crush programs for achieving the 2020 Targets: Bangladesh should take crush programs immediately to address the targets to be achieved by 2020 related to nature conservation.

Preparing roadmap for sustainable consumption and production:
Bangladesh should prepare a ten years long roadmap to ensure responsible consumption and cleaner production; for efficient use of resources; and for protecting further depletion of natural resources.

Amendment of Public Procurement Rules 2008:
Bangladesh should amend the existing Public Procurement Rules 2008 to incorporate sustainable and green public procurement provisions.

A national data bank:
A national data bank should be established where each organization's relevant data will be stored and linked to the SDGs tracker. This will help in tracking the initiatives, monitoring, and measuring real progress.
Resource mobilization: Bangladesh should increase international partnerships to increase external resources. The remaining lion portion of the citizens outside the tax net should be included for paying income tax. Technical capacity should be increased to enforce VAT collection efficiently.
Addressing cross-cutting issues: Every initiative taken by any public organization should be gender and climate-sensitive, ensuring transparency and accountability.

Combating corruption:
The Ministry/ Department should take effective measures against corruption at all levels. For reducing corruption and bribery, departmental proceedings should be promoted and immediately disposed of. The actions taken against the culprits should be incorporated in the Annual Performance Agreement.

Strengthening coordination and integration:
The horizontal and vertical coordination and integration should be increased within the public organization, among the public sectors, with the private sectors, with the NGOs, with the donors, with the academics and the researchers.
Patronizing Scientific research: Every public organization should have a cell to look after a scientific quality research. To do scientific research, create an environment for science and technology, strengthen weak legal and regulatory frameworks, access to information, enhancement of knowledge and skills, and increase financial resources are essential.

Conclusions
SDGs were formulated to interlink society, economy, and Environment, designated by 03-P: people, planet, and prosperity. Bangladesh has integrated SDGs into its national five-year plan with an effective drive in SDG implementation by involving all public organizations, private sectors, NGOs, civil society, development partners, and various stakeholders as the "whole of society approach." Meanwhile, for monitoring sustainable development targets, Bangladesh has adopted an online monitoring system named as "SDG Tracker." Through this tracker, the Prime Minister's office directly supervises all activities about the implementation of SDGs. Even field-level development progress can be monitored by this online tool. Out of the 17 goals, Bangladesh has achieved 8 goals (goal- 1,2,4,5,7,8,9,17). These are poverty alleviation, food sufficiency, education, gender equality, energy security, infrastructure up-gradation, and global partnership. Bangladesh lags in achieving SDG 3,6,8,10,11,12,13,14,15,and 16. Different Ministries should work hard to ensure health and wellness, to reduce inequality, to build green city and society, to reduce consumption, to ensure cleaner production, to manage marine and terrestrial resources sustainably, to protect natural habitat and biodiversity, to ensure good governance and to create more decent jobs. However, within the next 10 years, the country will cover up the lags and gaps. Financing in developing countries in achieving SDGs is a big challenge. Bangladesh has prepared "SDG Financing Strategy: Bangladesh Perspective," which provides a well-defined work plan and highlights the actions necessary to attain significant SDGs progress. However, Bangladesh needs external resources to achieve SDGs. Public organizations have a major role in achieving goals 1, 2, 3, 4, 14, 15, 16, and 17. Public-Private partnerships can play a vital role in achieving other goals.

Fund:
The research carried out by the financial support of Bangladesh Public Administration Training Centre