Smart City Readiness based on Smart City Council’s Readiness Framework

ABSTRACT


INTRODUCTION
The growth of population and level of urbanization has changed the demographic cities in the world and in Indonesia. The world's population in 2010 will increase 26.42% in 2035, and increase 38.10% in 2050 [1]. Universally, urban areas will be the choice of people living than rural areas. The world population is 30% lived in urban areas in 1950, increased 54% in 2014, and projected 66% by 2050 [2]. Meanwhile, the projections for the next 25 years of Indonesia's population in 2010 to 2035 continue to increase 26.68%. The level of urbanization is estimated to reach 66.7% in 2035, which is Jakarta, West Java, Yogyakarta, and Banten Province already above 70% in 2035 [3].
The increasing level of urbanization is a momentum of smart cities movement characterized by increasing economic competitiveness, environmental issues; insufficient infrastructure; quickly upgrading Information and Communication Technology (ICT) capableness and reducing ICT prices [4][5][6][7]. The smart cities trend is worth for head of the region to make city initiatives smart [5]. Globally, cities are already implementing smart initiatives in providing better services for citizens, businesses, employees, and governments [4], [8]. The initiatives use the capabilities of advanced ICT as an enabler to make cities more liveable, more workable and more sustainable [5], [9], [10]. However, the way to smart cities have obstacles, such as siloed, redundancy implementations; lack of funding, ICT expertise, merged services, citizen participation, and smart city planning [11], [12].

RESEARCH METHOD
In order to measure the readiness of smart city, the ICT readiness of the city should be assessed. This research uses Smart City Readiness Framework provided by Smart City Council [5] as shown Figure 1. This framework describes the relationship between city services to accomplish for citizens and technology enablers that can make city services easier. The vertical city services represent essential responsibilities that city need. The horizontal enablers are technology abilities that increase city services.
The sampling using non-random sampling method (non-probability) with a convenience sampling survey technique of computer-delivered survey via instant messaging related to the relevant research group. A pilot study conducted with a sample size of 25 respondents with the questions [5] (see Appendix).

RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
The city measurement related ICT readiness uses Smart Cities Framework proposed by Smart Cities Council [5]. Key terms used are smart city services, enablers, and implementation progress. Smart city services provide cities essential responsibilities that must be available such as built environment, energy, telecommunications, transportation, health and human services, water and wastewater, public safety, and payments. Smart city services add the responsibilities, namely tourism and education.  mainly from academic institutions (67%) followed by government (28%) and business (8%). The respondents were dominated by staff (60%) followed by middle management (24%) and low management (16%). The working period of the respondents who worked more than 10 years was 36%. In terms of city services availability in Yogyakarta, the respondents mentioned several aspects such as education, telecommunications, transportation, health and human services, tourism, and environment. The profile of respondent is illustrated in Figure 3. Smart city enablers use the role of ICT to improve city services. According to [5], there are seven technology enablers to support city services. These include instrumentation and control, connectivity, interoperability, security and privacy, data management, computing resources, and analytics [5]. Implementation progress is the evaluation of smart city projects (technology as an enabler). The findings are presented in a separate section as follow.

Instrumentation & Control, Connectivity, and Data Management
Instrumentation and control are technology components and technology use which the capabilities of the control system to manage, monitor, and control city conditions [9], [11], [13], [15], [17], [5]. The instrumentation consists of sensors, closed circuit TV and video monitors; and control associated with remote management [5]. Gathering information using instrumentation and taking action using control devices are the purpose of this capability [5]. However, instrumentation issues should be mentioned, such as privacy and security, legacy devices, and connectivity [21]. Connectivity is a network and broadband connectivity, availability, interoperability, security, quality, and affordability [11], [13], [17], [18], [5]. Connectivity is also the connection of devices and control system in order to collect, analyse, and use data [5]. Networks linked to Wi-Fi, and cellular [18], [5]. Technology has changed the way to communicate, especially the robust technology enabler such as Internet of Things (IoT), machine-to-machine communications [11], [4], [5]. Data management is the accuracy, accessibility, reliability and timeliness of data in order to store, protect and process the data [4], [5], [11], [13][14][15], [19]. Data is managed properly by maintaining data integrity and value, making transparency and sharing policy related to access, authentication and authorization [5], [6], [18].  Generally, smart city project is related to instrumentation & control, connectivity, and data management is deployed partially in Yogyakarta, as presented Figure 4. This implementation progress implied that 72% of the respondents measured the optimal instrumentation implemented incompletely, 52% respondents evaluated the connection of devices with citywide, multi-service communications; and the implementation of creating a citywide data management, transparency and sharing policy applied partly. Data management related to sharing data problem was caused by siloed institutions approach, and institutions rarely share data and collaborate on initiatives [5]. Thus, integrated institutions approach, shared data between institutions, correlated with other data services will improve the results and reduce the cost.

Interoperability
Interoperability is the capability of data and information exchange from different products and services providers [11], [13], [18], [5]. Mostly technology enabler project was related interoperability respondents appraised the prioritizing use of legacy investments implemented moderately as presented Figure 5.

Security & Privacy
Security and privacy are data safety, privacy, physical property related to technology, policy, and practice [11], [13], [18], [5]. This includes privacy rule publication, cyber security system implementation in order to build trust [5]. In general, the implementation progress of smart city project is related to security & privacy deployed partly in Yogyakarta, such as 40% of the respondents measured the privacy rules publishing used relatively and 52% respondents considered the security framework and cyber security organized incompletely as accessible Figure 6.

Computing Resources
Computing resources include sophisticated hardware, software, and data storage needed for the smart city [4], [5]. A geographic information system (GIS) and cloud computing (public, private and hybrid models) [22] are the most capable resources to compute the city services [13], [5]. Commonly, the implementation progress of technology enabler is related to computing resources used moderately in Yogyakarta. This completing progress concluded that 52% respondents assessed the consideration of cloud computing framework implemented partially; 48% respondents evaluated the use of an open innovation platform deployed reasonably; 44% respondents judged the access of central GIS equitably; 48% respondents valued the access to comprehensive device management implemented more than 50% as displayed Figure 7.

Analytics
Analytics is the creation of new insight from the data provided by instrumentation [11], [13], [14], [18], [5]. Analytics utilize data from across departments to identify new knowledge, solutions and improve outcome [4], [5], [20]. City analytics provides analysing, forecasting, predicting, automatically plotting, and personalized city needs and services [15], [5]. Generally, the smart city project of technology enabler is related to analytics used moderately in Yogyakarta. This implementation progress depicted that 48% respondents judged the accomplishment of full situational awareness applied partly and so did the adoption of predictive analytics (36%); whereas 40% respondents assessed the achievement of operational and asset optimization executed more than 50%, as shown Figure 8. Based on the assessment of respondents related to progress implementation of all technology enabler to support smart city showed that the evaluation of smart city projects realized partly in Yogyakarta. Meanwhile, only operational and asset optimization and comprehensive device management implemented more than 50%. However, smart city project that needs to be improved consist of the optimization use of instrumentation; connection devices with citywide, multi-service communications; open standards; open integration architectures and loosely coupled interfaces; the use of legacy investments; privacy rules publishing; security framework; cyber security implementation; citywide data management, transparency and sharing policy; cloud computing framework; open innovation platform; the access to a central GIS; situational awareness; and predictive analytics.