Designing Framework for Standardization Case Study: Lithium-Ion Battery Module in Electric Vehicle Application

Received Apr 6, 2017 Revised Jun 2, 2017 Accepted Jun 16, 2017 Standardization is one of the important things before to deploy a product. Regulation such as national standard has important roles in industry. The roles of standard such as ensuring safety for consumer and producer, increasing product competitiveness, and reducing trade berries. Indonesia is currently in the stage of developing industry of electric vehicle, so that standard which is related to electric vehicle, one of it is standard for the electric vehicle battery. Besides that, Indonesia does not have a relevant standard to regulate. This study is intended to make a framework for standardization of lithium-ion battery module product using A Framework for Analysis, Comparison, and Testing of Standard (FACTS) approach. There are three stages in FACTS approach, they are analysis, comparison, and testing. Based on the result of this research, the framework of lithium-ion battery module product standard consists of 8 parameters. Keyword:

. Battery system of electric vehicle [10] Case of this research is how to make a framework for product standard of lithium-ion battery in electric vehicle especially in module level. According to IEC 62620, module battery is group of cells connected together either in a series and/or parallel configuration with or without protective devices (e.g. fuse or PTC) and monitoring circuitry [13], [14]. Every battery module in assembly process consists of battery cells, the cell to cell interconnection, and the battery cell insulation, sensors, the cooling components, the Battery Module Controller (BMC) and the housing [15]. Figure 2 shows the battery module product. The framework for standard of lithium-ion battery module is done by using FACTS approach (A Framework for Analysis, Comparison, and Testing of Standard). FACTS approach analyzes, compares, and tests standard [16]. This approach is partially based on the Zachman Framework, which is used to bridge the perceived gap between standards as developed by domain expert and those standards as understood by stakeholders [16].  FACTS concept considers stakeholder requirements when designing standard framework, it is in line with BSN's consensus principle which considers relevant stakeholder opinions or requirements and does not side with a certain party or stakeholder to get the decision. Based on these, one of stages in FACTS namely, verification test is done by focus group discussion. In this research, the FGD involved the relevant stakeholders as participant.

RESEARCH METHOD
The object of this study is lithium-ion rechargeable battery which is used in electrical vehicle especially in module level. There are 3 stages in FACTS approach, they are analysis, comparison, and testing. The detail stages in FACTS can be seen in Figure 3. The analysis consists of a stakeholder and technical analysis [16]. The stakeholder analysis must be done to get stakeholder's requirements. Each stakeholder may also have multiple perspectives, for examples a manufacturing company can be either a buyer or a producer [16]. After doing stakeholder analysis, the next step which is done in stage of analysis is technical analysis. The technical analysis is intended to convert stakeholder's requirements into technical requirements by using Zachman framework which is used 6 based questions and they are What, How, When, Where, Who and Why (5W1H) [16]. The Comparison is intended to do identification of gaps and overlaps between two or more analysis results [14]. The last stage of FACTS is testing. Testing is done by doing verification and validation. Verification is done through Focus Group Discussion (FGD) and interview by using questionnaire. Validation is done by testing the product (Lithium-ion rechargeable battery) in accordance with the tests which have been decided.

Analysis
Stakeholder analysis was intended to define stakeholder requirements. In this research, the stakeholders which involved are government, battery tester laboratory, battery manufacture, the relevant experts, electric vehicle manufacture, and consumer. Table 1 shows the requirements of each stakeholder.
Technical analysis was intended to convert each stakeholder requirements into technical requirements. It help to define tests which needed for lithium-ion rechargeable battery in electric vehicle application. Technical analysis was done by using Zachman framework which used 6 basics questions (what, how, when, who, where, and why). Table 2 shows technical requirements of each stakeholder.

Comparison
Comparison was intended to know the gap between each standard which was used as reference. The standards which were used in this research is ISO 12405 series 1, 2 and 3. ISO 12405-1 provides specific test procedures for lithium-ion battery packs and systems specially developed for propulsion of road vehicles especially for high-power applications [40]. There are 4 main tests, namely general test, performance test, reliability test and abuse test. ISO 12405-2 provides specific test procedures for lithium-ion battery packs and systems specially developed for propulsion of road vehicles especially for high-energy applications [41]. ISO 12405-3 provides specific test procedures and related requirements to ensure an appropriate and acceptable level of safety of lithium-ion battery systems specifically developed for propulsion of road vehicles [42]. The other test is consisting of 5 steps, namely mechanical test, climatic tests, simulated vehicle accidents, electrical tests and system functionality tests. Subsequently, the comparison result between each test in the reference standards was associated to the result of technical analysis. Table 2 shows the result of technical analysis and comparison of standards.

Testing
There are two primary phases to test, first is verification and second is validation. Verification was done by Focus Group Discussion (FGD) with the stakeholders and interviewing the stakeholders using questionnaire. Verification was intended to know whether the standard had captured all the stakeholder requirements or not [16]. The verification through by FGD was done twice. The first is internal FGD which is done by drafters who consisted of battery testing laboratory, battery manufacture and the relevant experts. First FGD gave result that there were only 2 tests which were relevant to module battery lithium-ion, they were energy & capacity test and power and internal test which reference on ISO 12405-1 and ISO 12405-2. There were only 2 tests because the cost of module battery is expensive so the participants of FGD agreed that tests which have destructive character such as vibration, mechanical shock and short circuit were only to be done in cell level.
The second verification is external FGD, which was attended by all of the stakeholders in Indonesia. The FGD gave result that the national standard of lithium-ion battery module for electric vehicle still needed other tests which is intended to test the connection between cells in module form (assembled cell), ability of battery module in water environment, and the function of cooling system in battery module. Besides that, the stakeholders agreed that the cells which are used in module should be tested in accordance with cell standard. Besides doing FGD, the verification tests also have done by interviewing stakeholders by using questionnaire. Table 3 shows the questionnaire result.
Based on FGD and questionnaire, the new frameworks for module test have been done. The result is there are 8 parameters in standard. They related to battery cell performance, density energy of battery module, power of battery module, vibration, mechanical shock, water immersion, loss of thermal control/cooling, and short circuit. Figure 4 shows the detail of new framework for lithium-ion battery module in electric vehicle application.
The next steps after verification test is validation test. Validation test is going to be done by testing the module battery accordance with parameters in standard which have been agreed by all of the stakeholders.

BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS
Wahyudi Sutopo received his Master of Engineering and PhD in Industrial Engineering. He is currently a Associate Professor in Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta. His research is related to the battery and standardization of lithium battery and gets funded from ministry of higher education of Indonesia. Beside research his also active in professsiiional conclutancy in various if automotive industry in Indonesia and International.
Evizal Abdul Kadir received his Master of Engineering (M.Eng) and PhD in Wireless Communication from Faculty of Electrical Engineering Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Malaysia in 2008 and 2014. He is currently a Senior Lecturer in Universitas Islam Riau (UIR), Indonesia. He have been worked in several companies that provide system solution in telecommunication and radio frequency identification (RFID), currently is continuing his research activity related to the wireless communication, computer networking and information system, Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) and Wireless Sensor Network (WSN). His research interest is in the field of antenna design, smart system, RFID, wireless sensor network and computer networking.